simple tester checks christmas - tree lights william dias, brown & sharpe, north kingstown, ri - december 23, 1999 why is it that you always test 48 bulbs before you find the bad one in a 50 - light string? the simple circuit in figure 1 allows you to divide and conquer, greatly reducing the time it takes to find the bad bulb. the circuit uses a pair of ne2 neon bulbs with current - limiting resistors. you can use a pair of radio shack 272 - 1100 bulb - resistor sets. it ' s convenient to house the tester in a clear piece of plastic tubing, with the probe tip emerging from one end and a light - duty power cord emerging from the other end. you place the bulbs in the tube such that one is close to the probe tip and the other is near the power cord, so it ' s easy to remember which bulb lit last. the probe tip connects to common point between the neon bulbs. it consists of thin spring wire with all but the last ¼ in. insulated. you use the bare tip to make contact with the crimp connectors in the base of the bulbs. series - string christmas - tree lights come in two types. the first type is the continuous - series string ( figure 2a ). in this configuration, one wire from the plug goes from bulb to bulb until it reaches the last bulb. a return wire bypasses all the bulbs and returns to the plug. the second type is the alternating - series string ( figure 2b ). in this connection, one wire from the plug goes to the first bulb, and the other wire from the plug goes to the second bulb. the connections then alternate through the string. to troubleshoot a defective continuous series string : plug in both the tester and the bulb set. insert the tip of the tester ' s probe into the wire hole in the base of the first bulb. one of the neon bulbs should light ; remember which one. move halfway down the set and insert the probe again. if the same neon bulb lights, then the problem is in the second half of the set. if the other neon bulb lights, then the problem is in the first half of the set. either way, you are testing 25 of the 50 bulbs without breaking into a sweat. if the original neon bulb lights, move halfway down the remaining part of the set and try again. if the other neon bulb lights, you must move back halfway to the last bulb you tested and try again. this process should allow


into a sweat. if the original neon bulb lights, move halfway down the remaining part of the set and try again. if the other neon bulb lights, you must move back halfway to the last bulb you tested and try again. this process should allow you to find a bad bulb in a set of 50 in only seven steps. you know you have the bad bulb when inserting the probe tip into one side of the bulb lights one neon bulb and placing the tip in the other side lights the other neon bulb. to troubleshoot a defective set with many bad bulbs, use the same process as above. at some point, you will reach the dead spot between two or more bad bulbs. when you reach this point, neither neon lamp will light. back up, just as if the other neon bulb had lit. you know you have a bad bulb if the probe lights when you plug it into one side and nothing lights when you plug it into the other side. replace this bulb and start over. to troubleshoot an alternating - series string, you must work in pairs. test the first bulb, and one neon bulb lights. test the second bulb, and the other neon bulb lights. now move down the set an even number of lights and test the next pair of lights. when you pass the bad bulb, the same neon lamp lights for both series - string bulbs. ( di # 2457 ).


climate change resources alaska perspectives on earth and climate this collection of lesson plans and student activities from teacher ' s domain compares and contrasts the traditional knowledge of native people and ongoing scientific research and shows how the two can complement each other in looking for solutions to climate change. alliance for climate education the alliance for climate education ( ace ) is a national leader in high school climate education, providing a free, award - winning assembly on climate science and solutions. after the assembly, students are invited to start an action team to launch carbon - reducing projects at school. ace supports teams through free, in - person trainings for students and teachers to help build project management and leadership skills. " antarctica melting " is a centers for ocean sciences education excellence ( cosee ) networked ocean world four act story. each act is accompanied by a slide show and a classroom activity. the four acts include " a changing continent " narrated by dr. oscar schofield, " a small world after all " narrated by dr. debbie steinberg, " an adelie exit " narrated by dr. bill fraser and " a robotic armada " narrated by dr. oscar schofield. bering sea ecosystem collection the bering sea ecosystem collection from polartrec is a body of educational resources focused on understanding the impacts of climate change and dynamic sea ice over the eastern bering sea ecosystem. the collection includes individual activities, lesson plans, videos and presentations that will help to educate the next generation about this complex ecosystem. beyond penguins and polar bears " beyond penguins and polar bears " is an online magazine for k - 5 teachers, integrating science, literacy and the polar regions. lesson plans provided align with national science education standards while exploring the arctic and antarctica. beyond the lesson plans, this online magazine broadcasts free webinars, podcasts and provides electronic books for grades k - 5. climate change : the threat to life and a new energy future a companion piece to the exhibit at the american museum of natural history in new york, this website contains accurate information on the history and science behind climate change, as well as solutions to help combat its effects. the website also includes a climate change blog and resources for both educators and kids. climate change and water : perspectives from the forest service climate change and water : perspectives from the forest service is a summary of a forthcoming report by the forest service and u. s. department of agriculture which will detail the likely impacts of climate change on the nation ' s forested watersheds and highlight the importance of managing forests to provide clean, abundant water. climate change wildlife


of a forthcoming report by the forest service and u. s. department of agriculture which will detail the likely impacts of climate change on the nation ' s forested watersheds and highlight the importance of managing forests to provide clean, abundant water. climate change wildlife and wildlands : a toolkit for formal and informal educators the u. s. environmental protection agency, in partnership with six other federal agencies, developed this kit to aid educators in teaching how climate change is affecting our nation ' s wildlife and public lands, and how everyone can become " climate stewards. " the kit features case studies of 11 eco - regions in the united states, highlighting regional impacts to habitats and wildlife, and information on what kids can do to help. it also contains classroom activities, video, links and other materials. the eco - regions can be explored online and all of the kit materials are available for download from the website. climate kids, a nasa website aimed at students in grades 4 - 6, is a multimedia - rich companion to nasa ' s acclaimed global climate change site. this kid - friendly guide de - mystifies one of the most important science topics of our time using an interactive climate time machine, a section on green careers, educational games and more. the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ' s ocean service education program offers this page of climate change resources, including fact sheets, lesson plans, case studies and links. the site also provides information on the climate change educator conferences with archived videos. the site was developed in partnership with the national science teachers association. cool school challenge designed for grades 7 - 12, the cool school challenge is an online toolkit that engages students and teachers in practical strategies to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions schoolwide. through improved energy efficiency, reduced consumption, increased recycling and changes in transportation behaviors, participants learn how simple actions, taken together, can create a climate of change. cool the earth cool the earth is a program that educates k - 8 students and their families about climate change and inspires them to take simple actions to reduce carbon emissions. the five components of the program include a kick - off assembly ; action coupons that reward students for energy - saving actions ; action of the month, a school - wide energy - saving activity ; assembling an action team of parents and / or teachers ; and measuring success by tallying all of the action coupons that students turn in. earth gauge® is a free environmental information service for broadcast meteorologists based on the 3 - 5 day forecast. the service is designed to make


and / or teachers ; and measuring success by tallying all of the action coupons that students turn in. earth gauge® is a free environmental information service for broadcast meteorologists based on the 3 - 5 day forecast. the service is designed to make it easy to talk about the links between weather and the environment with simple facts and viewer action tips. the climate resource library includes tips, fact sheets and news stories regarding climate change that are science - based and appropriate for use in the classroom. earth : the operators ' manual earth : the operators ' manual ( etom ) is a new pbs climate change program hosted by richard alley. the program presents an objective assessment of climate change as it takes viewers around the globe to investigate sustainable energy projects. the etom website for educators streams clips from each episode for use in the classroom. etom provides teacher tips, hand - on activities, an annotated script and a glossary to accompany each clip. the website also lists external resources in multiple formats including dvds, books and useful links. ecological impacts of climate change this booklet is based on ecological impacts of climate change ( 2009 ), a report by an independent panel of experts convened by the national research council. it explains general themes about the ecological consequences of climate change and identifies examples of ecological changes across the u. s. the booklet can be downloaded as a pdf and printed. encyclopeida of earth : climate change the climate, adaptation, mitigation, e - learning ( camel ) project from the national council for science and the environment assists the climate change section of the encyclopedia of earth website. camel encourages educators to submit resources that are then featured on the encyclopedia of earth climate change website for public use. resources include images, articles, videos, data sets, presentations, classroom projects and lectures. the featured resource on the website is the climate literacy & energy awareness network which is a digital library of reviewed and annotated online resources relating to key climate and energy concepts. focus : forests, oceans, climate and us focus is a nationwide campaign in partnership with the forest service, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) and the wyland foundation, which uses art and science to make kids aware of the shared relationship between the health of each ecosystem and the health of the planet. the focus program features mural painting events in communities across the nation. forest service resources on climate change the forest service has created a webpage of climate change resources as part of their conservation education efforts. the resources include information the forest service has compiled on the effects


focus program features mural painting events in communities across the nation. forest service resources on climate change the forest service has created a webpage of climate change resources as part of their conservation education efforts. the resources include information the forest service has compiled on the effects climate changing is having and will have on wildlife, wildlands, forests and other natural resources. global climate change education nasa ' s global climate change education initiative seeks to improve climate literacy by improving teaching and learning about climate change, increasing the use of nasa earth observation data system models to investigate and analyze climate change topics and increasing the number of students prepared for employment in fields relevant to climate change. visit the website for more information on grants and educator resources. greenhouse gases, climate change, and energy this brochure, created by the energy information administration breaks down the science behind greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on climate change. the brochure can be downloaded as a pdf and printed. journey north enables students in thousands of schools to track the seasons on a real - time basis. students monitor migration patterns, plant budding, seasonal changes in sunlight, temperature patterns and other natural events. they share their local observations with classmates across north america and analyze current and long - term data from other classrooms and professional scientists. as they do so, participants are better prepared to recognize indicators of climate change and consider its implications. kid ' s crossing : living in the greenhouse operated by the university corporation for atmospheric research, living in the greenhouse provides a wealth of information about the global climate. students can explore how earth ' s cycles affect climate, the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases, ancient climate changes and climate events and news. ncse - nasa interdisciplinary climate change education the ncse - nasa interdisciplinary climate change education team is developing a curricular package on climate change based on a university of california davis course taught by professor arnold bloom. the curriculum includes modules that cover a wide range of topics relevant to climate change. data produced by nasa is used to create data - driven modules focusing on ice core and recent climate change observations. other modules include exercises examining climate change impacts on the colorado river water supply, exploring seasonality from the perspective of satellite maps and introducing remote sensing metrics. noaa climate services : education noaa climate services provides information and data desigend to help citizens understand climate science. the education section of the website provides teaching resources, professional development and multimedia that assist classroom teachers in understanding and teaching about climate. nova online : warnings from the ice explore how antarctica ' s ice has preserved the past - from chernobyl


climate science. the education section of the website provides teaching resources, professional development and multimedia that assist classroom teachers in understanding and teaching about climate. nova online : warnings from the ice explore how antarctica ' s ice has preserved the past - from chernobyl to the little ice age - going back hundreds of thousands of years, and then see how the world ' s coastlines would recede if some or all of this ice were to melt. this site for kids also includes a guide and resources for educators. oceans effect on climate and weather : global circulation patterns this brief lesson plan explores ocean circulation patterns and the effect oceans have on climate. learning outcomes include explaining how the oceans might influence and affect local weather and climate ; describing the cause of hurricanes and frequency of hurricanes ; explaining how changes in ocean temperatures influence weather patterns ; and listing the major variables that affect the transfer of energy throughout the ocean. available for free via the national science teachers association online bookstore. correlates with three earth science national learning standards. plant for the planet : billion tree campaign created by the united nations environment programme, plant for the planet encourages people, communities, organizations, business and industry, civil society and governments to plant trees and enter their tree planting pledges on this web site. the objective is to plant at least one billion trees worldwide each year. science education resource center : climate change and global warming this science education resource center ( serc ) site guide offers a general collection of climate change resources for educators while highlighting relevant resources from projects within websites hosted by serc. resources are arranged by categories, including websites and data sets, teaching activities, visualizations, courses, workshops and upcoming opportunities for educators. take aim at climate change this environmentally - minded music video, featuring the artists rhythm, rhyme, results, tommy boots and jene, imparts climate change information with a beat, making sure to empower its viewers at the end with simple ways they can make a difference. the video was developed with the support of nasa, the national science foundation and passport to knowledge. young voices on climate change young voices on climate change is a film series featuring young people who are making a difference by shrinking the carbon footprint of their homes, schools and communities. watch the inspiring videos online.


- news brief - research & policy - culture and review - media centre reach tens of thousands of people instantly by advertising with ekklesia. find out more today, ( 20 february 2013 ) is the un world day of social justice. its origins, purpose and remit is described as follows : " social justice generally means that people should have equal rights and opportunities ; everyone deserves equal justice in all aspects of society. there has been a need to promote efforts to tackle issues such as poverty, exclusion and unemployment all over the world. " therefore the united nations general assembly decided to observe a day to address this issue in the form of world day of social justice. it is one of the most recent observed days which started in february 2009. the united nations ' ( un ) world day of social justice is annually observed on february 20 to encourage people to look at how social justice affects poverty eradication. it also focuses on the goal of achieving full employment and support for social integration. " history : the world summit for social development was held in copenhagen, denmark, in 1995 and resulted in the copenhagen declaration and programmed of action. at this summit, more than 100 political leaders pledged to make the conquest of poverty and full employment, as well as stable, safe and just societies, their overriding objectives. they also agreed on the need to put people at the centre of development plans. " nearly 10 years later, the un ' s member states reviewed the copenhagen declaration and programme of action when they gathered at a session of the commission for social development in new york in february 2005. they also agreed to commit to advance social development. on 26 november 2007, the un general assembly named 20 february as the annual world day of social justice. the day was scheduled to be first observed in 2009. " * world day of social justic3 2013 : http : / / www. un. org / en / events / socialjusticeday / * un declares 20 february as world day of social justice : http : / / www. un. org / apps / news / story. asp? newsid = 24801tweet


print this page. home / browse / category / government and politics / political issues and controversies / arkansas plan the 1976 proposal known as the “ arkansas plan ” represented an important innovation in the relationship between the state and its localities, and its defeat became one of the greatest policy failures for governor david pryor. at its core, the plan would have greatly expanded local control over important public policies as well as taxing authority, shifting such decision making from the state level. when the plan was introduced in october 1976, pryor was in the midst of an easy reelection campaign. the energy that pryor invested over the months following in a failed effort to get the plan passed became a major distraction from other aspects of his political agenda. pryor ’ s arkansas plan was a follow - up to a 1974 amendment to the state constitution — amendment 55 — that had transformed and modernized county governments in arkansas. amendment 55 had reduced the size of the county quorum courts so that they could serve as legitimate legislative bodies and had reduced the power of county judges so that they were modern chief executives sharing power with the quorum courts. amendment 55 also gave counties “ home rule ” so that they could enact regulations and create new programs as long as they were not specifically proscribed by the constitution or state statute. the arkansas plan would have expanded the power of counties even more and would have extended this new potency to municipalities. specifically, they would be given dramatically enhanced power to raise their own revenues through the imposition of a variety of taxes. pryor contended that the plan would reconnect arkansas ’ s citizens with their government because those citizens would gain so much direct power over the actions of these empowered local governments. as pryor said in the december address : “ we can no longer say that we have all the answers to local problems …. [ t ] he people know their own problems better than we know them in little rock. this is why state government should become a partner, and not a parent. ” however, these counties and municipalities would lose all “ turnbacks, ” the funds traditionally given to the local governments to be spent freely on projects. since these expenditures would no longer exist in the state budget, and since most local governments would now be asking local voters to raise taxes, the arkansas plan called for a permanent one - quarter decrease in the state income tax and a bar to expanding the state sales tax during the pryor era. traveling and holding town hall meetings throughout the state following the roll - out of the multifaceted plan, pry


called for a permanent one - quarter decrease in the state income tax and a bar to expanding the state sales tax during the pryor era. traveling and holding town hall meetings throughout the state following the roll - out of the multifaceted plan, pryor invested significant political capital in the program ’ s passage. emphasizing the empowerment of local citizens inherent in the proposal, pryor said at a meeting that the citizens of the state would decide whether the extra money that they received as a result of the income tax cut could be spent on raising local taxes or on “ a new shotgun or coon dog. ” the plan was thus nicknamed the “ coon dog plan. ” the fear that local voters would make a choice against taxes ( and, therefore, against services ) created expansive opposition to the plan by local government officials, education advocates, and editorialists at the arkansas gazette. as pryor later said, “ i don ’ t think i had one group who were really in my corner, but it was a heck of a great fight …. i didn ’ t feel bitter about it one bit. ” recognizing the power of the opposition, pryor announced in late december major revisions to the plan that gutted its core principles. thus, this grand experiment in devolution of power to the local level in arkansas effectively died only two months after its announcement. all that survived after the legislature acted on the proposal was some enhancement in the power of quorum courts and more freedom for localities to raise a limited number of taxes for their own use. while some observers deemed the defeat of the effort a political death knell for pryor, less than two years later, he went to washington as arkansas ’ s junior u. s. senator. for additional information : kincaid, diane. “ the arkansas plan : coon dogs or community service? ” publius 8 ( winter 1978 ) : 117 – 134. jay barthhendrix college last updated 10 / 24 / 2007 about this entry : contact the encyclopedia / submit a comment / submit a narrative


1. quote - listen to the quote and guess what the slang means. “ what are the chances there is a god, really? he is a blank slate, and we saw him as black. ” - actress and comedian sarah silverman on representing god as a black person on the sarah silverman program. ( men dot style dot com ) 1. definition - study the definition. undeveloped, free of information or associations ; the idea that all knowledge is learned, that you ’ re born knowing nothing 2. use - learn how the slang is used. this one goes back to latin. the phrase tabula rasa is used by philosophers to discuss the idea that people aren ’ t with any built - in knowledge. tabula rasa translates to english as blank slate and it has many simple uses in addition to the philosophical meaning. anything that can be manipulated freely is a blank slate. if you ’ re at a party and everyone has just arrived, you could say it is a blank slate. everyone could dance, or sing, or play a game or sit and talk. it will be what you make it. a slate is a flat piece of rock that ancient people used to carve messages into. it ’ s sort of like a blank piece of paper. when you think about it, god is sort of like a blank piece of paper too. if you asked a group of people to draw god, they would all draw different things because there is no shared idea of what god looks like. when an interviewer asked sarah silverman about how god is portrayed by a black man on her television show, she replies that god is a blank slate. he could be any race. heck, he could be a giant alligator. silverman is unsure if god exists, so she certainly has no idea about how he would look. so she filled in the blank slate however she liked. 1. examples - hear some example sentences. “ my little brother is new to the world of rock music. he ’ s a total blank slate, so i intend to show him all the coolest bands and make sure he has good taste. “ “ when you first start your blog, it ’ s a blank slate. it can be whatever you want it to be. but as you gain readers, they ’ ll develop expectations.


what is braille? braille is an arrangement of clusters of six points, some of which are raised, representing letters, sounds and words. the fingertips are passed over the embossed dots enabling the reader to feel the points. this process means that a visually impaired or blind person who understands the significance of the patterns at his / her fingertips can read. who was louis braille? louis braille was a frenchman. born in 1809, he was a normally - sighted baby. unfortunately he lost his sight three years later when his eyes became infected after an accident. seven years later he won a scholarship to the national institute for the blind in paris where he learned to play musical instruments. he was an intelligent student and soon went on to play the organ in churches all round the country. the school was a leader in the field of teaching the blind and its founder had invented a system of raised letters on paper in order to teach blind children to read. there were drawbacks to this method, however. the books were large and unwieldy, and although the children learned to read they did not learn to write. fortunately this situation was soon to change. in 1821 a former officer of the french army paid a visit to the school. his name was charles barbier and he had been commanded by napoleon to invent a system for writing at night, silently and without light, for use in the french army. barbier had come up with a system of twelve dots and dashes, raised on paper. the code had not taken off very well, however, as it was too difficult to learn. nevertheless he told the institute about it and the idea sparked louis braille ’ s creative abilities. he quickly spotted the flaw in barbier ’ s system and set about simplifying the code to six dots which made it much easier to learn to use. the beauty of braille ’ s system lay in the fact that the fingertip did not need to move around in order to trace out each letter or cover a 12 - dot cluster – the pattern of just six raised dots could be read with one touch. also, blind people could write as well as read with this method. louis braille worked tirelessly on his system until he completed it in the mid 1820s, while still in his teens. in later years he widened the scope of the code so that both music and mathematics could be read and produced with it. by 1830 the first book in braille had been published. in adulthood louis braille stayed on at the institute as a teacher though


in later years he widened the scope of the code so that both music and mathematics could be read and produced with it. by 1830 the first book in braille had been published. in adulthood louis braille stayed on at the institute as a teacher though he didn ’ t teach his system for reading and writing to the children there – ‘ braille ’ had yet to catch on officially. in 1852 he succumbed to tuberculosis and died. just two years later his code of raised dots was given official recognition as the system to be used when teaching literacy to the blind. exactly one hundred years after his death louis braille ’ s remains were transferred to the pantheon in paris, re - interred and accorded the honours the inventor of a reading and writing system for the blind deserved. in spite of the fact that the use of braille is declining nowadays due to advances in technology, louis braille ’ s place in history is assured. see also : more important problems to deal with than blindness? quick quiz : read the clues below and write the solutions on a piece of paper. then take the first letter of each answer and rearrange them to find the hidden word connected with this talking point. 1. he lost his sight three years later when his eyes became infected after an _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. 2. the school was a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the field of teaching the blind. 3. there were _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to this method, however. 4. a former officer of the french army paid a visit to the school whose name was charles _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. 5. he had been commanded by napoleon to invent a system for writing at _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, silently and without light. 6. barbier had come up with a system of twelve dots and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, raised on paper. 7. the beauty of braille ’ s system lay _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the fact that the fingertip did not need to move around in order to trace out each letter or cover a 12 - dot cluster. 8. louis braille worked tirelessly on his system until he completed it in the mid 1820s, while still in his _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. 9. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ one hundred years after his death louis braille ’ s remains were transferred to the pantheon


rain and snow spell relief for great lakes by jonathan spicer toronto ( reuters ) - twice as much autumn rain and early winter ice helped lake superior, the biggest of north america ' s great lakes, bounce back from record low water levels reached last year. the deep, cold lake on the canada - u. s. border - - the largest freshwater body of water in the world by surface area - - rose about 31 cm ( 1 foot ) in seven months, with half of that in april alone as the spring thaw melted heavy winter snowfall that arrived late in the season. the turnaround in the uppermost of the great lakes could literally trickle down to its four lower cousins, spelling relief for shippers who use the major waterway and residents concerned over shallow channels and receding shorelines. " the spring runoff was much anticipated, and conditions have appeared to return to normal, " said melissa kropfreiter, a hydraulic engineer with the u. s. army corps of engineers, which studies the water levels. in the last 30 years, precipitation has decreased while evaporation has increased. that led to higher water temperatures and, in recent years, lower water levels in the three upper great lakes - - superior, huron and michigan. with the inland waterway a key route for shipping bulk commodities like grain, steel or coal, the low water forced ships to lighten their loads. last summer, some of the shallows and riverbeds used by fish for spawning dried up. but that pattern, seen by many as a mark of global climate change, appears to have reversed at least over the last half year. huron, michigan also rising lake huron and lake michigan, which share the same water level, also rose through the winter and spring as 50 percent more snow fell in a region that includes the u. s. states of wisconsin and michigan, and parts of the canadian province of ontario. ice on the water curbs winter evaporation, helping to maintain levels. but much of the snowpack evaporates before the spring thaw and never reaches the lakes, which may explain why huron and michigan are still slightly lower than last year, experts say. " if there are a lot of cool, sunny days, the snow goes straight into water vapor, " said ralph moulton, a senior engineer at environment canada who studies canada - u. s. boundary waters. the new data on water levels comes as the international joint commission, an independent body formed by the u. s. and canadian governments, studies whether dredging on the


a better plastic researchers at the university of leeds and durham university have solved a long - standing problem that could revolutionize the way new plastics are developed. the breakthrough will allow experts to create the perfect plastic with specific uses and properties by using a high - tech ' recipe book '. it will also increase our ability to recycle plastics. the research is published in the journal science. a plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi - synthetic organic solids used in the manufacture of industrial products. plastics are typically polymers of high molecular mass, and may contain other substances to improve performance and / or reduce production costs. monomers of plastic are either natural or synthetic organic compounds. the paper ' s authors form part of the microscale polymer processing project, a collaboration between academics and industry experts which has spent 10 years exploring how to better build giant macromolecules. these long tangled molecules are the basic components of plastics and dictate their properties during the melting, flowing and forming processes in plastics production. low - density polyethylenes ( ldpes ) are used in trays and containers, lightweight car parts, recyclable packaging and electrical goods. up until now, industry developed a plastic then found a use for it, or tried hundreds of different recipes to see which worked. this method could save the manufacturing industry time, energy and money. the mathematical models used put together two pieces of computer code. the first predicts how polymers will flow based on the connections between the string - like molecules they are made from. a second piece of code predicts the shapes that these molecules will take when they are created at a chemical level. these models were enhanced by experiments on carefully synthesized perfect polymers created in labs of the microscale polymer processing project. dr daniel read, from the school of mathematics, university of leeds, who led the research, said : " plastics are used by everybody, every day, but until now their production has been effectively guesswork. this breakthrough means that new plastics can be created more efficiently and with a specific use in mind, with benefits to industry and the environment. " professor mcleish added that as plastics production moves from oil - based materials to sustainable and renewable materials, the trial and error phase in developing new plastics could now be by - passed. he said : " by changing two or three numbers in the computer code, we can adapt all the predictions for new bio - polymer sources. " dr. ian robinson of lucite international, one of the industrial participants in the wider project


insight into causes, prevention & when to see an ent swimmer ' s ear is an infection of the outer ear structures. it typically occurs in swimmers, but since the cause of the infection is water trapped in the ear canal, water from bathing or showering may also cause this common infection. when water is trapped in the ear canal, bacteria that normally inhabit the skin and ear canal multiply, causing infection and irritation of the ear canal. if the infection progresses it may involve the outer ear. treatment for the early stages of swimmer ' s ear includes careful cleaning of the ear canal and eardrops that inhibit bacterial growth. mild acid solutions such as boric or acetic acid are effective for early infections. for more severe infections, if you do not have a perforated eardrum, ear cleaning may be helped by antibiotics. if the ear canal is swollen shut, a sponge or wick may be placed in the ear canal so that the antibiotic drops will be effective. pain medication may also be prescribed. follow - up appointments are very important to monitor progress of the infection, to repeat ear cleaning, and to replace the ear wick as needed. your otolaryngologist has specialized equipment and expertise to effectively clean the ear canal and treat swimmer ' s ear. signs and symptoms the most common symptoms of swimmer ' s ear are mild to moderate pain that is aggravated by tugging on the outer ear and an itchy ear. other symptoms may include any of the following : - sensation that the ear is blocked or full - decreased hearing - swollen lymph nodes - intense pain that may radiate to the neck, face, or side of the head - the outer ear may appear to be pushed forward or away from the skull - why do ears itch? an itchy ear is a maddening symptom. sometimes it is caused by a fungus or allergy, but more often it is a chronic dermatitis ( skin inflammation ) of the ear canal. one type is seborrheia dermatitis, a condition similar to dandruff in the scalp ; the wax is dry, flaky, and abundant. some patients with this problem will do well to decrease their intake of foods that aggravate it, such as greasy foods, carbohydrates ( sugar and starches ), and chocolate. doctors often prescribe a cortisone eardrop at bedtime when the ears itch. there is no long - term cure, but it can be kept controlled. a dry


##hydrates ( sugar and starches ), and chocolate. doctors often prescribe a cortisone eardrop at bedtime when the ears itch. there is no long - term cure, but it can be kept controlled. a dry ear is unlikely to become infected, so it is important to keep the ears free of moisture after swimming or bathing. q - tips should not be used for this purpose, because they may pack material deeper into the ear canal, remove protective earwax, and irritate the thin skin of the ear canal creating the perfect environment for an infection. the safest way to dry your ears is with a hair blow - dryer. if you do not have a perforated eardrum, rubbing alcohol or a 50 : 50 mixture alcohol and vinegar used as eardrops will evaporate excess water and keep your ears dry. before using any drops in the ear, it is important to verify that you do not have a perforated eardrum. check with your otolaryngologist if you have ever had a perforated, punctured, or injured eardrum, or if you have had ear surgery. people with itchy ears, flaky or scaly ears, or extensive earwax are more likely to develop swimmer ' s ear. if so, it may be helpful to have your ears cleaned periodically by an otolaryngologist.


on the road what you can do on the road - federal fuel economy guide - federal bicycle and pedestrian program - public transportation website - green vehicle guide - alternative fueling station locator - climate change and transportation printable version : what you can do on the road ( pdf ) ( 1 pg., 202 kb, about pdf ) did you know? driving your vehicle releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and contributes to climate change — but you can take simple, easy steps to cut your emissions, reduce our nation ' s dependence on oil, and save money. 1. buy smart : purchase a fuel - efficient, low - greenhouse gas vehicle when shopping for a new or used vehicle ( or even renting a vehicle ), choose the cleanest, most fuel - efficient vehicle that meets your needs. with a wide range of clean, fuel - efficient vehicles available today, it ’ s easier than ever to go green — for the environment, and for your wallet. check out www. fueleconomy. gov, to find the best, most comprehensive information on vehicle emissions and fuel economy. you can also learn more about the fuel economy and environment label that you ’ ll see on all new vehicles. the label has been redesigned and updated for even easier comparison shopping. these new window stickers provide fuel economy and environmental ratings for all new vehicles, including advanced technology vehicles like electric cars and plug - in hybrids. and while at the showroom, you can scan the qr code® on each vehicle ’ s label to be connected to additional information online, including personalized cost and energy - use estimates. 2. drive smart to improve your fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, go easy on the brakes and gas pedal, avoid hard accelerations, reduce your time spent idling ( no more than 30 seconds ), and unload unnecessary items in your trunk to reduce weight. if you have a removable roof rack and you are not using it, take it off to improve your fuel economy. use cruise control if you have it, and for vehicles with selectable four - wheel drive, consider operating in two - wheel drive mode when road conditions make it safe to do so. for more information, take a look at these tips for driving more efficiently. 3. remember maintenance... get regular tune - ups, follow the manufacturer ’ s maintenance schedule ( which can be found in your owner ’ s manual ), and use the recommended grade of motor oil. a well - maintained car is more fuel - efficient, produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions,


tune - ups, follow the manufacturer ’ s maintenance schedule ( which can be found in your owner ’ s manual ), and use the recommended grade of motor oil. a well - maintained car is more fuel - efficient, produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions, is more reliable, and is safer! for more details, including potential fuel savings, check out these tips for keeping your car in shape. 4.... and don ’ t forget your tires! check your tire pressure regularly. under - inflation increases tire wear, reduces your fuel economy, and leads to higher greenhouse gas and other air pollutant emissions. if you don ’ t know the correct tire pressure for your vehicle, you can find it listed on the door to your vehicle ’ s glove compartment, or on the driver ' s - side door pillar. and when it ’ s time for new tires, consider purchasing tires with “ low rolling resistance, ” an energy - saving feature. 5. give your car a break use public transportation, carpool, or walk or bike whenever possible to avoid using your car. leaving your car at home just two days a week can reduce your greenhouse gas emissions by an average of two tons per year. also consider telecommuting ( working from home via phone or the internet ), which can reduce the stress of commuting, reduce harmful emissions, and save you money. and when driving, try combining your errands and activities into one trip. 6. use renewable fuels give e85 and biodiesel a try. both are renewable fuels ( made from renewable sources such as corn ) that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from your vehicle. e85 is a fuel blend containing 85 % ethanol and 15 % gasoline that can be used in certain vehicles called flex fuel vehicles ( ffvs ). ffvs are designed to be fueled with either e85 or traditional gasoline. there are millions of ffvs on the road today — to find out if you own one, check the inside of your car ' s fuel door for an identification sticker, or consult your owner ’ s manual. if you own a diesel vehicle, consider filling up with a biodiesel blend such as b5, which is a diesel fuel blend containing 5 % biodiesel. the department of energy ’ s alternative fueling station locator can help you locate both e85 and biodiesel fuel stations in your area.


jump to main content or bold kids site navigation the osv bold supports a variety of monitoring and educational tasks. the ship carries high - tech instruments to collect data from the water column, sediments, and even marine life. the bold also carries onboard equipment that can take underwater video, side - scan sonar, and sampling instruments such as corers, dredges, and trawls. onboard laboratories allow scientists to process, analyze, and store samples while they are out at sea. the sturdy a - frame on the back deck of the bold, helps the scientists deploy the equipment for sampling and monitoring. a bottom grab, does exactly what it sounds like! this piece of equipment catches muddy sediment, and it can collect down to about two feet into the bottom. the grab is lowered to the bottom by a cable and water is able to flow through it as it is lowered down. when it hits the bottom, it releases a catch that allows the two doors to close, capturing the mud. scientists use this grabbing technique to measure the concentrations of pollutants in the mud or to look at the small marine invertebrates, such as worms ( polychaetes ), crustaceans ( such as amphipods ), or mollusks ( such as small clams ) that may live in the surface of the sediments. this type of sample is incredibly important. scientists can tell if the study area is a healthy environment or polluted depending on the types of species of organisms they find in the mud grabs. next to the onboard dry lab, there is a computer room. in here, scientists can use remote control equipment to steer the side scan tow fish, tell the ctd how deep to go and watch underwater video of the area they are studying! a ctd is the primary tool for understanding the physical properties of sea water that are essential for supporting marine life. c stands for " conductivity, " t stands for " temperature, " and d stands for " depth ". a ctd gives scientists an accurate and comprehensive charting of the distribution and change in water temperature, salinity, and density for the water column they are studying. all of these are important for understanding how healthy an area of water is for supporting marine life. how does a ctd work? the ctd is made up of a set of small high tech probes, attached to the large metal rosette water sampler. the rosette is lowered on a cable down to the depths that the scientists want to evaluate, sometimes all the way to the seafloor.


of a set of small high tech probes, attached to the large metal rosette water sampler. the rosette is lowered on a cable down to the depths that the scientists want to evaluate, sometimes all the way to the seafloor. while the ctd is still underwater it reports electronic messages through a cable back to the onboard computer lab. while the ctd is gathering data underwater, computers on the ship are constantly reading that data and creating charts and line graphs. this helps the scientists understand right away the changes in the water column as the ctd goes deeper and deeper. a typical ctd drop, or hydro - cast as the scientists like to call it, can take 5 to 15 minutes depending on how deep the scientists want to go. for the work that epa does, generally within depths of 300 feet, gathering a complete set of ctd data can take less than 20 minutes. true or false? salinity and conductivity both refer to the amount of dissolved salt in a body of water. up in the dry lab, on board the ship, scientists can look at organisms under microscopes. these organisms can be collected in the mud, or water and by looking at the species, the scientists can tell if the environment is healthy or polluted, or even being taken over by invasive species that don ' t naturally belong there. believe it or not! some oceanic organisms like pollution, and there presence in a mud sample can tell a scientist a lot about that underwater environment. the otter trawl is a specialized net for catching fish on the bottom of the ocean in sandy, silty seabeds. contrary to the name, it is not used for collecting otters! when scientists are trying to determine the health of ocean bottom environment, it is sometimes helpful to collect real fish for the study. if the ocean bottom is too muddy, or has too many rocks or boulders, the otter trawl doesn ' t work very well. when it is slowly dragged on the bottom, ( at about 2 knots, or 2 mph ) the scientists do not want it to get snagged on a boulder that could tear it! in 2007, this type of trawl helped scientists on the osv bold check on some close - to - shore habitats for winter flounder in rhode island sound. the population of winter flounder has decreased dramatically off the coast of rhode island in the past 25 years. to try to better understand why this has happened, the scientists wanted to identify the most important nursery zones for fl


. bathymetry is the study of underwater depth. check out this map! purple areas are the deepest, yellow shows areas of land above the surface of the water. side scan sonar can be used to conduct surveys for maritime archaeology ; along with seafloor samples, the sonar can help scientists understand the different materials and textures of the seabed. the pictures that the sonar tow fish sends back to the ship oftentimes find debris items left from human activities. check out our gallery of side scan images! what else can side scan sonar help with? on the bold, the side - scan sonar is called the " tow fish " because it is pulled behind the ship underwater. slowly, and carefully, the ship ’ s crew guides the ship in a set path to gather an image of the ocean floor beneath. to make the image, the sonar " tow fish " sends out a fan shaped series of pulses ( sound frequencies ) down toward the seafloor. the intensity of the acoustic reflections from the seafloor of this fan - shaped beam is recorded in a series of cross - track slices. when stitched together by a computer, these slices can form an image of the sea bottom within the swath ( coverage width ) of the beam. one of the inventors of side - scan sonar was german scientist, dr. julius hagemann, who worked for the us navy mine defense laboratory in florida after ww ii. his work is documented in us patent 4, 197, 591, which remained classified by the us navy until it was issued in 1980. in 1963 dr. harold edgerton, edward curley, and john yules used side - scan sonar to find the sunken vineyard lightship in buzzards bay, massachusetts. a team led by martin klein developed the first successful towed, commercial, ( non - military ) side - scan sonar system from 1963 to 1966. in 1967, klein ' s sonar helped find king henry viii ' s flagship mary rose. that same year the side scan sonar also aided in the archaeologist george bass, find a 2000 year old ship off the coast of turkey. in 1968 klein founded klein associates, inc, the company that designed the side scan sonar that is used on the bold. why do you think this area is called the wet lab? this room is right on the deck where scientists on the bold deploy the sampling equipment. this way, a mud grab can be put directly into the wet lab to be studied. sometimes the scientists hose down the sediment to see what organisms are in it and it


you ' re just like me!! this is not a personal idea of mine but i thought it was great! depending on the number and type of students in the class, make up some categories and write them on the board. examples of categories teacher can write on the board • sports fanatics = love to play or watch sports • bookworms = love to read • gamblers = like to take chances • clotheshorses = are very fashion - conscious and often have a lot of clothes or spend a lot of time and money on their wardrobes • food freaks = really love food and eating • homebodies = prefer staying home to going out • workaholics = are very hard workers and often work overtime • couch potatoes = prefer watching tv or reading to going out or getting exercise • teacher explains each category. • ask students to choose one category that they think best describes their personality. ( note : tell students that this is just for fun so they shouldn ' t take their choice too seriously. ) • students who chose the same category form a group. • groups discuss why they chose the category they did, why they think it is a good description of themselves, and why it is fun. • each student writes down on worksheet a few ideas of what he has heard and each group puts their ideas together. • a chosen secretary within the group synthesizes the ideas. • a chosen spokesperson within each group presents the ideas to the class. language targeted by activity : use of the present verb tense. the formulation of opinion sentences using because. use of argument to prove category is the most fun. language needed for interaction : i choose _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ because, i like, enjoy, i think _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the best, greatest because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. proper sentence structure when using because. proper intonation use in persuasion sentences. choice of effective ideas in argument proper choice and use of adjectives. world ' s best jobs! dave ' s esl cafe copyright © 2008 dave sperling. all rights reserved.


what is bpa? bisphenol a, or bpa, is an industrial chemical used to make two common synthetics : - polycarbonate, a clear, rigid, shatter - resistant plastic found in a wide variety of consumer products, including food and drink containers. - epoxy resins, used in industrial adhesives and high - performance coatings. epoxy coating lines most of the 131 billion food and beverage cans made in the u. s. annually. what are its health risks? bpa is a synthetic estrogen that can disrupt the endocrine system, even in small amounts. it has been linked to a wide variety of ills, including infertility, breast and reproductive system cancer, obesity, diabetes, early puberty, behavioral changes in children and resistance to chemotherapy treatments. bpa reaches children beginning in the womb surveys by the federal centers for disease control and prevention have found bpa in the bodies of nearly every person over the age of 6. in 2009, the environmental working group detected bpa in 9 of 10 cord blood samples. most of this contamination is believed to come from food packaging. bpa molecules leach into foods and beverage from plastic food containers and the epoxy linings of metal cans. in 2009, under pressure from consumers, major manufacturers of hard, clear baby bottles, sippy cups and sports water bottles voluntarily switched to other plastics. the federal food and drug administration barred bpa in baby bottles and children ' s cups in june 2012. the fda still allows bpa in food cans. ewg advises consumers to limit their consumption of canned products not made by those few companies that use non - bpa can linings. in 2007, ewg found bpa in 53 of 97 canned foods tested. in 2011, fda tests of 78 popular canned foods found the chemical in 71, or 90 percent. bpa concentrations in different cans of the same food vary dramatically, so it ' s impossible to draw definitive conclusions. a few canned foods sometimes measure high in bpa – beans, green beans, green peas and chili. others, mainly fruits and beverages, tend to have low concentrations of bpa. in 2011, researchers at the harvard school of public health determined that volunteers who ate a single serving of canned soup a day for five days had ten times the amount of bpa in their bodies as when they ate fresh soup daily. campbell ' s and other major canned food makers are seeking alternatives but have not yet switched to bpa - free cans. how to limit


day for five days had ten times the amount of bpa in their bodies as when they ate fresh soup daily. campbell ' s and other major canned food makers are seeking alternatives but have not yet switched to bpa - free cans. how to limit your family ' s exposure to bpa completely eliminating contact with bpa is virtually impossible, but you can reduce your family ' s exposure to this chemical. - buy baby formula in plastic, glass or other non - metal containers. when possible, choose powdered formula because the packaging contains less bpa and because the powder is diluted with fresh water. if your baby needs liquid formula, look for brands sold in plastic or glass containers. - limit your consumption of canned food, particularly if you are pregnant. - look for canned food labeled as bpa - free or buy food packed in glass jars or waxed cardboard cartons. a few small companies sell cans lined with non - bpa alternatives hard plastic containers repurpose old baby bottles, cups, dishes and food containers marked with the letters " pc, " for polycarbonate, or recycling label # 7. not all # 7 products are polycarbonate, but they may be. do not microwave food in plastic containers. bpa in store receipts ewg ' s tests of major retailers ' store receipts, conducted in 2010, found that 40 percent were coated with bpa. the chemical can rub off on hands or food items. some may be absorbed through the skin. how to limit exposure to bpa in receipts - say no to receipts when possible - keep receipts in an envelope. - never give a child a receipt to hold or play with. - wash your hands before preparing and eating food after handling receipts. - do not recycle receipts and other thermal paper. bpa residues will contaminate recycled paper.


what is it about human nature that causes people to never be satisfied with the quality of the things that they see, hear, smell, taste, or experience? invariably, there is always someone who will point out something wrong or complain even when everything seems perfect. as soon as this individual says something, soon everyone is dissatisfied and looking for other imperfections. often, complaining is the easy thing to do, however, complaining is a much more serious matter than one might realize. contained within exodus 16 : 1 - 15 is a story of complaining. here, the people of god ( who were released from slavery because of the plagues that god brought, saw the red sea parted and walked through the middle of it, and who witnessed the bad water being made drinkable ) are complaining that they do not have any food ; they even suggest that going back into slavery would be better than their life now. apparently, they do not understand that god is providing for them. moses understands that the people are not complaining against him, but against god. god provides bread and meat for them, but the point of this passage is that when people complain about something, they are complaining against god. people complain because of fear, unbelief, or not being satisfied with what they have. these things are wrong, and only lead to wrong complaining. god tells his people to ask and they will receive. asking is not wrong, but complaining is. one should be careful to ask and not to complain. often complaining brings more of what one does not want.


whether you ' re a beginner or a veteran, you won ' t get far in tracing your family tree if you don ' t understand the lingo. build your genealogical vocabulary with this glossary. skip ahead to a particular letter by clicking on it below : a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z can ' t find a term here? suggest additions to the editorial staff. an abbreviated transcription of a document that includes the date of the record and every name it contains ; it may also provide relationships or descriptions ( witness, executor, bondsman, son, widow ) of the people mentioned. a german word meaning “ ancestor table. ” this system of numbering gives each ancestor a number and makes organization and reference easier. fathers are even numbers, mothers odd. to find a father ’ s number, double the child ’ s number ( if you are # 1, then, your father is # 2 ). add one to the father ’ s number to get the mother ’ s number ( your mother would be # 3 ). in the rectangular survey system, a description for an exact subdivision of a section of land. aliquot parts use directions and fractions to indicate the land ’ s location — for example, “ w 1 / 2 se 1 / 4 ” represents the west half of the southeast quarter of a township. the relatives you descend from directly, including parents, grandparents, great - grandparents and so on. your number of ancestors doubles each generation you move backward ; for example, you have four grandparents, eight great - grandparents and 16 great - great - grandparents. genetic material inherited equally from mother and father. it ’ s less useful genealogically than y - dna and mtdna because it mutates more often. genetic tests to determine ethnic origins — african, native american, viking — typically analyze autosomal dna. banns ( or marriage banns ) church - generated documents publicly stating couples ’ intent to marry. the custom dates back to colonial america ; banns were posted or read on three consecutive sundays. a one -, two -, or three - digit number that describes a block ( or piece ) of land within a township. a written, signed and witnessed agreement requiring someone to pay a specified amount of money by a given date. land granted by the colonial and federal governments as a reward for military service. bounty - land warrants — documents granting the right to the land — were assigned to soldiers, their heirs and


someone to pay a specified amount of money by a given date. land granted by the colonial and federal governments as a reward for military service. bounty - land warrants — documents granting the right to the land — were assigned to soldiers, their heirs and other individuals. bureau of land management general land office ( glo ) the us government office historically in charge of disposing of public land. usually, several branch land offices existed for each state. its web site contains a searchable database with millions of digitized federal land patents. records of the names and death dates of those buried, as well as maps of grave sites. these records are usually kept by cemetery caretakers. more - detailed records, including the names of the deceased ' s relatives, may also be included. in addition to these paper records, tombstones also can provide information such as birth and death dates and the names of other family members. a census is an official count of the population in a particular area. in addition to counting the inhabitants of an area, the census generally collects other details, such as names, ages, citizenship status and ethnic background. the us government began collecting census data in 1790, and has done so every 10 years since then. selected states have conducted their own censuses over the years. a copy made and attested to by officers having charge of the original and who are authorized to give copies. a threadlike strand of dna that carries genes and transmits hereditary information. studying your ancestor as part of a group, or “ cluster, ” of relatives, friends and neighbors and associates. the cluster approach can help you find ( or confirm ) details you might miss by looking only at an individual ancestor. any kin who aren ’ t in your direct line, such as siblings, aunts, uncles and cousins. a document transferring land to be paid for in installments over a four - year period. a delinquent payment or nonpayment of the full balance resulted in forfeiture. in 1820, congress required full payment for land at the time of purchase. declaration of intention an alien ’ s sworn statement that he or she wants to become a us citizen, also called “ first papers. ” these records, which were filed in federal court, list personal details such as name, age, occupation, birthplace, last foreign residence and more. a document transferring ownership and title of property. unlike a patent, a deed records the sale of property from one private individual to another. similar to an outline descendant chart, the descendant report in generations also includes


, birthplace, last foreign residence and more. a document transferring ownership and title of property. unlike a patent, a deed records the sale of property from one private individual to another. similar to an outline descendant chart, the descendant report in generations also includes dates and places of birth, death and burial. it ’ s useful as a compact format for displaying detailed information on a person ’ s descendants. an ancestor ’ s offspring — children, grandchildren and every new generation in the direct line. the molecule that contains each cell ’ s genetic code, organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes. genetic genealogy tests analyze your y - dna, mtdna or autosomal dna. the process of citing your sources of family history information. thorough documentation makes it easier for you to keep track of the details and sources you ’ ve already researched ; it also allows other researchers to verify your findings. divisions of each county and some large cities used to make census taking more efficient and accurate. for large cities, the boundaries of enumeration districts often match those of wards or precincts. family group record ( or sheet ) succinctly summarizes your information on a couple and their children. includes names ; dates and places of birth, baptism, marriage, death and burial ; and source citations. arrange these sheets by husband ’ s last name in a three - ring binder for easy reference at home and on research outings. family history library ( fhl ) the world ’ s largest genealogical information collection, founded in 1894 by the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints. the main branch is in salt lake city, utah, but many of the library ’ s microfilmed records can be loaned for use at one of its 3, 700 worldwide family history centers. the fhl ’ s familysearch web site contains the social security death index, the military index, the ancestral file and the international genealogical index, plus searchable census data from the united states, canada and the united kingdom. basically, your family tree. the five - generation chart has five columns reading from left to right. column one ( a single box ) contains your vital information. column two ( two lines ) contains the names of your parents and their vital information. the third, fourth and fifth columns have four, eight and sixteen lines, respectively, for you to list the names and vital information of everyone through your great - great - grandparents. a male released from slavery ; an emancipated person. a geographical dictionary ; a book giving names and descriptions of places, usually


, respectively, for you to list the names and vital information of everyone through your great - great - grandparents. a male released from slavery ; an emancipated person. a geographical dictionary ; a book giving names and descriptions of places, usually in alphabetical order. genealogy data communications, or, the universal file format for genealogy databases that allows users of different software programs to share their data with others. a hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of dna that occupies a specific location on a chromosome, and determines a particular characteristic in an organism. the study of your family ’ s history ; the process of tracing your ancestors back through time. represents a specific location on a chromosome where the basic genetic units exist in a variable number of repeated copies the compilation of multiple genetic markers ; serves as the unique genetic identifier for any given individual. an identification of the genetic group your ancient ancestors ( 10, 000 to 60, 000 years ago ) belonged to ; sometimes referred to as your branch of the world ' s family tree collectively, the marker values on your y - dna test results usually, a home on land obtained from the us government. part of the agreement between the homesteader and the government was that the individual had to live on the land and make improvements to it, such as adding buildings and clearing fields. homestead act of 1862 a law allowing people to settle up to 160 acres of public land if they lived on it for five years and grew crops or made improvements. the land didn ’ t cost anything, but the settler paid a filing fee. in genealogical terms, an alphabetical list of names taken from a particular set of records. for example, a census index lists the names of people named in a particular set of census records, such as the 1870 or 1900 census. indexes come in book form and on cd - rom, microfilm and microfiche. international genealogical index ( igi ) the international genealogical index ( igi ) is one of the resources of the family history library of the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints. containing approximately 250 million names, it is an index of people ' s names that were either submitted to the church, or were extracted from records that the church has microfilmed over the years. description of a person who died without leaving a will. the calendar used from 46 bc to 1582, named for julius caesar. it ’ s often referred to as the " old style " calendar and was replaced by the gregorian calendar. land - entry case file a file created when a person claimed land


. the calendar used from 46 bc to 1582, named for julius caesar. it ’ s often referred to as the " old style " calendar and was replaced by the gregorian calendar. land - entry case file a file created when a person claimed land under an act of congress, such as the homestead act of 1862. the person first filled out an application at the local general land office, and sometimes provided other information ( such as marriage or immigration documents ). the file also might contain receipts ; affidavits of occupation, immigration, marriage and homestead application ; or other materials. you can obtain land - entry file information for eastern states from the national archives and records administration a settler ’ s application to receive public land. public land given to an individual by the government, usually as a reward for military service. a document transferring land ownership from the federal government to an individual. legal land description in a land patent, an exact identification of the land being transferred using survey terms. property or money bequeathed to someone in a will. a claim placed on property by a person who is owed money. usually, a book about a particular town or county. local histories were quite popular in the late 19th century. while they often give the history of the development of the area, they usually also include some information about the important families that lived there. handwritten documents and records such as diaries, letters, or family bible entries that can contain items relating to family, business or organization papers. you can find manuscript collections by consulting the national union catalog of manuscript collections ( nucmc ), which shows libraries ’ holdings. paperwork associated with medical treatments. medical records, because they are considered private documents, may not be accessible to the public, but hospital records, doctors ’ or midwives ’ journals, veterans ’ files and asylum records can be found with some hunting. an imaginary north - south line. a principal meridian is the starting point for a rectangular land survey. metes and bounds a land survey method employing compass directions, natural landmarks and distances between points. beginning with the american revolution, records of military service have been kept in one form or another by the federal government. military records fall into two basic categories — compiled service records and veterans ’ benefits — and can include volunteer records, pension and bounty land warrant applications, draft registration cards and military discharge papers. an indexing system similar to soundex that was used to organize the results of the 1910 census. miracode index cards are computer generated rather than handwritten, and are organized first by soundex code, then


draft registration cards and military discharge papers. an indexing system similar to soundex that was used to organize the results of the 1910 census. miracode index cards are computer generated rather than handwritten, and are organized first by soundex code, then alphabetically by county, then alphabetically by given name. genetic material both males and females inherit from their mothers. because it ’ s passed down mostly unchanged from mothers to daughters, mtdna can tell you about your maternal line — but the results reveal only “ deep ancestry, ” not definitive links to recent generations. a section of the federal census listing information about persons who died during the census year. national archives and records administration ( nara ) the united states ’ archive of all federal records, including census records, military service rolls and pension applications, passenger lists and bounty - land warrants. in addition to the primary archives in washington, dc, nara has a branch in college park, md., and 13 regional facilities across the nation. documents of the process by which an immigrant becomes a citizen. an individual has to live in the united states for a specific period of time and file a series of forms with a court before he or she can become naturalized. naturalization records provide the birth place and date, date of arrival into the united states, place of residence at the time of naturalization, a personal description and sometimes the ship names and the individual ' s occupation. ngs quarterly ( ngsq ) system a narrative report showing an individual ’ s descendants arranged by generation, this uses an alternative numbering system to the register report. every child in a family gets both a roman numeral and an arabic numeral. a plus sign indicates that a child appears as a parent in the next generation. both the ngs quarterly report and register report make good books. named for the journal of the national genealogical society new england historical and genealogical register system a genealogical numbering system showing an individual ’ s descendants arranged by generation. all children in a family get roman numerals ( i, ii, iii … ) and every child later listed as a parent also gets an arabic numeral ( 2, 3, 4 … ) so you can easily trace a family line from generation to generation. named for the journal of the new england historic genealogical society a collection of family stories told by a member of the family or by a close family friend. you can transcribe an oral history onto paper, or video or tape - record it. oral histories often yield stories and information you won ' t find written in records.


stories told by a member of the family or by a close family friend. you can transcribe an oral history onto paper, or video or tape - record it. oral histories often yield stories and information you won ' t find written in records. an orphanage, or home for children whose parents have died. list of the names and information about passengers that arrived on ships into the united states. these lists were submitted to customs collectors at every port by the ship ' s master. passenger lists were not officially required by the united states government until 1820. before that date, the information about each passenger varied widely, from names to number of bags. list of a person ’ s ancestors. a benefit paid regularly to a veteran ( or his widow ) for military service or a military service - related disability. periodical source index ( persi ) a print and online index to more than 2000 genealogy and local history periodicals published in the u. s. and canada between 1847 and 1985. persi is a project of the allen county library in fort wayne, ind., and available through heritagequest online ( access through a subscribing library ). a drawing that shows the boundaries and features of a piece of property. in genealogy, platting refers to creating such a drawing from a metes - and - bounds or legal land description as a surveyor would have done. the right of a settler to acquire property that he had occupied before the government officially sold or surveyed it. a record or other source created at the time of a particular event. a primary source is always the original record — for example, birth and death certificates are primary sources for those events. but an original record is not always a primary source : for example, a death certificate isn ' t a primary source of birth information. records disposing of a deceased individual ' s property. they may include an individual ' s last will and testament, if one was made. the information you can get from probate records varies, but usually includes the name of the deceased, either the deceased ' s age at the time of death or birth date, property, members of the family, and the last place of residence. land originally owned by the federal government and sold to individuals. a member of the religious group called the society of friends. quakers kept detailed records of their congregations, including vital statistics. in the rectangular survey system, one - fourth of a section of land, equal to 160 acres. a row or column of townships lying east or west of the principal meridian and numbered successively to the east


detailed records of their congregations, including vital statistics. in the rectangular survey system, one - fourth of a section of land, equal to 160 acres. a row or column of townships lying east or west of the principal meridian and numbered successively to the east and to the west from the principal meridian. land and anything attached to it, such as houses, building, barns, growing timber and growing crops. rectangular survey system the land survey method that the general land office used most often. it employs base lines, one east - west and one north - south, that cross at a known geographic position. two large rectangles, called townships — each generally 24 miles square — are described in relation to the base lines. townships are subdivided into sections. self - addressed, stamped envelope ( sase ) when you request records or other information from people and institutions, you should include a self - addressed, stamped envelope ( sase ) in your letter. a record created after an event occurred, such as a biography, local history, index, oral history interview or computer database. original records also can be secondary sources for information about earlier events — for example, a marriage certificate would be a secondary source for a birth date because the birth took place several years before the time of the marriage. use the details you find in secondary sources as clues until you can verify them in original records. a division of land within a township that measures one square mile ( 640 acres ) — about 1 / 36 of a township. sections were further subdivided into half sections, quarter sections and sixteenth sections, or into lots. social security death index an index of social security death records. generally this includes names of deceased social security recipients whose relatives applied for social security death benefits after their passing. also included in the millions of records are approximately 400, 000 railroad retirement records from the early 1900s to 1950s. a system of coding surnames based on how they sound, which was used to index the 1880 and later censuses the soundex system is useful in locating records containing alternate surname spellings. soundex cards are arranged first by soundex code, then alphabetically by given name, then ( if necessary ) alphabetically by place of birth. land originally owned by a state or another entity, rather than the federal government. in a government survey, it ’ s a square tract six miles on each side ( 36 square miles ) ; a name given to the civil and political subdivisions of a county. a parcel of land that isn ’ t fully contained within a single section. tracts within a township are


it ’ s a square tract six miles on each side ( 36 square miles ) ; a name given to the civil and political subdivisions of a county. a parcel of land that isn ’ t fully contained within a single section. tracts within a township are numbered beginning with 37 to avoid confusion with section numbers. union list or catalog a bibiliography or catalog of materials held by multiple libraries or repositories, such as the national union catalog of manuscript collections, a library of congress - generated finding aid for personal papers in institutions nationwide. this term used to refer to all interest paid, not just illegally high interest as it does today. on a 1910 miracode index card, the house number of the indexed individual. the most basic information available for a person ; these statistics — found in vital records — include birth ( abbreviated b ), marriage date and place ( abbreviated m ), divorce date and place if applicable ( abbreviated div ) and death date and burial place ( abbreviated d and bur ). a woman who followed a military regiment as a sutler or canteen keeper. though exact numbers are unknown, many women served in this capacity during the american civil war. on a soundex or miracode index card, the number of the census volume in which the indexed name appears. a list of registered voters for each state. voter registration lists are sometimes the first public records of former slaves. many states have microfilmed their lists or make them available on interlibrary loan. a document in which a person outlines what should be done with his or her estate after death. the legal process to see that those instructions are carried out is called probate. a person who sees an event and signs a document attesting to its content being accurate. although family members often served as witnesses, don ’ t assume that witnesses on a record are relatives — friends, neighbors and business associates also commonly witnessed documents. what the signer of a document would often write if he couldn ’ t write his name. a witness would typically label this “ his mark. ” genetic material passed down from father to son. because surnames also pass from father to son, y - dna tests can confirm ( or disprove ) genealogical links through a paternal line. y - dna surname studies are the most popular application of genetic genealogy. a name adopted by some civil war union volunteer regiments, who wore brightly colored uniforms, similar to the french light infantry units of the same name.


animal & veterinary farad – resource for residue problem avoidance fda veterinarian newsletter july / august 2003 volume xviii, no 4 the food animal residue avoidance databank ( farad ) is a computer - based decision support system originally designed to provide livestock producers, extension specialists, and veterinarians with practical information on how to avoid drug, pesticide and environmental contaminant residue problems. however, farad also offers emergency response assistance for accidental or deliberate chemical exposures to food animals. since 1982 the farad has provided emergency hotline assistance to state and federal agencies dealing with chemical contamination in food animals. farad is a collaboration between usda, fda, and three universities ( north carolina state university, university of florida, and university of california, davis ). farad was authorized by congress in 1998 ( public law 105 - 185 ). dr. jim riviere, professor, north carolina state university, college of veterinary medicine says one of farad ’ s functions is “ to provide withdrawal time guidance in support of extra - label drug use under amduca. ” dr. riviere adds, “ they also provide such information to the fda - supported veterinary antimicrobial decision support system ( vadss ) program on prudent antimicrobial use and internationally to the commonwealth agricultural bureau, international ( cabi ), which is a global storehouse and disseminator of agricultural databases. ” farad personnel at the university of california, davis and the university of florida comb through numerous sources of residue avoidance information and extract information that will be of greatest use. these data are reviewed by residue experts to ensure accuracy and consistency, and further analysis is done by farad personnel at north carolina state university to explore novel ways in which the data may be used to prevent residue problems. farad maintains an up - to - date computerized compilation of : - current label information including withdrawal times on all drugs approved for use in food animals in the united states and on hundreds of products used in canada, europe and australia. - official tolerances for drugs and pesticides in tissues, eggs and milk. - descriptions and sensitivities of rapid screening tests for detecting residues in tissues, eggs and milk. - data on the fate of chemicals in food animals. farad maintains the largest database of animal pharmacokinetic data in the world. these data describe the time - course of chemical ( drugs, pesticides, environmental contaminants and toxins ) depletion in the tissues and products of animals. far


creeper is a type of plant, which cannot stand by itself, it trails or climbs. most creepers are flowering plants. climbers can be annual, bi - annual or perennial. climbers are commonly used on walls, arches, pergolas, trellises, porches, arbours, and pillars. bare walls can effectively be decorated by growing colorful climbers on them. fences & trellises also provide scope for these plants to grow and be decorative. it is often felt that among the various types of ornamental plants, the least interest is taken on creepers and only a few species or varieties are found growing in a locality. even a good amateur gardener seldom knows more than a dozen climbers and practical information on many of these plants are not readily available. annual & perennial creepers annual climbers grow flower & complete their lifecycle within a year. lathyrus odoratus ( sweet pea ) & ipomoea rubro - caerulea ( blue morning glory ) are important and widely grown annual climbers. many climbers which grow & flower for several years are perennials and they are valued because once established & trained on support, they continue to flower with little care. quisqualis indica ( madhabilata or rangoon creeper ), gloriosa rothschildiana ( agnisikha ), clitoria ternatea ( aparajita ) are examples of perennial creeper. in a shady place where the flowering climbers fail to grow or flower, those with attractive foliage and luxuriant growth can be selected both for indoor & outdoor creeper. ficus pumila, scindapsus aureus ( pothos or money plant ), several varieties of philodendron, monstera deliciosa are some of the foliage creepers. creepers for screening purpose climbers which grow quickly & show a thick and neat growth are mostly used for screening. vernonia elaeagnifolia has been found to cover high wall or fences very effectively in a warm humid climate like kolkata or india in a broader aspect. creepers for low walls & trellis for low walls & trellis, normally light type of climbers are selected, i. e. gloriosa ( agnisikha ), climatis flammula, clerodendrum thomsoniae ( bleeding heart ). climbers for pergola for long pergolas in a garden or roof - top usually heavy climbers are grown which include allamanda cathart


the american crocodile in florida what a croc! it surprises a lot of people to learn there are american crocodiles in florida. not regular old alligators... we have lots of those. i ' m talking honest - to - goodness, genuine pointy - snouted crocodiles. what we have here in the sunshine state is known by scientists as crocodylus acutus. that ' s a combination of greek and latin meaning " sharp - pointed pebble worm. " go figure. the current croc situation in florida today, about 2, 000 of these leftover dinosaurs prowl the state ' s southernmost reaches, mostly from biscayne bay and the upper keys to cape sable and around the west coast up to sanibel island. their numbers are up from less than 400 in the mid 1970s when they were listed and protected as an endangered species. as the florida croc population increases, their range expands. recently, according to a st. pete times article by jeff klinkenberg they ' ve been seen as far north as palm beach on the east coast and up to tampa bay on the west coast. crocodile habitat and nesting unlike alligators which prefer fresh water, crocodiles inhabit primarily brackish or saltwater estuaries. they like south florida ' s mangrove swamps, especially those coves and creeks where the waters are deeper, well protected, and not too salty. cape sable in everglades national park - - a good place for crocodiles while alligators are found throughout florida, crocodiles are limited in florida to the state ' s southernmost regions because they are more susceptible to cold than are alligators. crocodiles can ' t tolerate temperatures less than 60 degrees fahrenheit. crocodile nests are often just holes in the side of a marl bank or on a beach. they lay about from 8 to 60 eggs, which hatch in about 90 days, in late july to early august. once on a kayak trip to east cape on cape sable, my friend and i decided to explore the saltwater marshes near lake ingraham. we ventured up the east cape canal, making a turn to the west up one of the little waterways emptying into the canal. in the mud flats at low tide, we saw crocodile slides - - those belly imprints in the mud revealing where crocodiles had entered the water. we were also fortunate to see some crocs. one really big one - - maybe nine or 10 feet from nose to tail - - slid hurriedly into the narrow and three - foot


biologist with the u. s. fish and wildlife service "... the american crocodile is a real sweetheart when compared to the alligator, whose presence is often taken for granted. " does this mean we can be cavalier about crocs? i don ' t think so. my guess is it means we ' d be wise to view crocodiles with no more or less fear than we view our much more familiar alligators. treat them with the same respect, and you ' ll probably be fine. also, although american crocodile attacks on humans in florida are rare to non - existent, attacks have been reported elsewhere in their range. a personal observation once, while in everglades national park at the flamingo marina, i watched hector, a 10 - foot crocodile skulk lazily around the marina basin. that ' s him in the sidebar photo. the marina basin is walled by concrete, much like a swimming pool, but the drop to the water is several feet. as i stood near but a safe distance from edge watching hector a few feet below, i shuddered somewhat while every instinct in my head said " you do not want to fall in this water right now. it won ' t be pretty. " hector had that blank predator stare of a huge and hungry, pea - brained eating machine. had i fallen in, i have little doubt that he would ' ve been on me before the water had time to soak my clothes. the whole scenario just had that dangerous feel about it. american crocodile video about florida this national geographic video discusses in just under two minutes - some distinctions between alligators and crocodiles - a bit about their temperament - the importance of maintaining crocodile habitat - the presently increasing crocodile population living with crocodiles please don ' t mess with the crocodiles a florida fish and wildlife conservation commission phamplet - - a guide to living with crocodiles - - offers a few safety tips, which i ' ve summarized in bold below. the sub - bullets are my own thoughts. - don ' t allow small children to play near the water unsupervised. - small mammals are part of a crocodile ' s natural diet. a small child is a small mammal. - swim only during daylight hours. - crocodiles feed mostly at night. they can see you and you probably can ' t see them. - don ' t allow pets to enter the water in crocodile areas. - small mammals are part of a crocodile ' s natural diet. fido and rover are small mammals. - leave crocodiles alone


you and you probably can ' t see them. - don ' t allow pets to enter the water in crocodile areas. - small mammals are part of a crocodile ' s natural diet. fido and rover are small mammals. - leave crocodiles alone - - no feeding, killing, or harassing them. - feeding a croc makes it associate humans with food. they ' re protected by law. they have big teeth and don ' t like being harassed. - keep a safe distance from crocodiles. - if you ' re not sure it ' s safe, you ' re too close. no " hold - my - beer - and - watch - this " tricks. : - ) what is it... a croc or a gator? florida is the only place in the world where crocodiles and alligators coexist. the untrained observer might not know how to distinguish one from the other. here a few simple clues that might help : | american crocodile | | alligator | | snout is relatively long, narrow, and pointed. | | snout is much more rounded. | | coloration is normally a light brownish gray. | | coloration is black ( not green as are cartoon alligators ). | | fourth tooth on the lower jaw remains exposed when the mouth is shut. | | fourth tooth on the lower jaw is hidden when the mouth is shut. | | usually found in saltwater and brackish waters. | | usually found in fresh - water locations. | what do american crocodiles eat? feeding mostly at night, american crocodiles eat fish, birds, crabs, turtles, and small mammals. crocodiles are opportunistic feeders and may chomp down on whatever wanders too close to their powerful jaws. important crocodile locales in florida florida power and light ' s turkey point nuclear plant - - located east of homestead on biscayne bay, this plant built in 1972 has become a major breeding ground for crocodiles. as it turns out, the extensive system of canalsand banks built on site as part of a plant cooling system functions also as a baby crocodile nursery. about five hundredof florida ' s 2, 000 adult crocodiles live here at the plant. florida power and light is active in helping the crocodile population to flourish. crocodile lake national wildlife refuge - - the crocodile lake national wildlife refuge located in north key largo is a 6, 700 - acre reserve established in 1980 " to protect critical breeding and nesting habitat " of what few crocs remained at that time -


developer syd kitson wanted to create the greenest city on earth on a southwest florida cattle ranch. six years later, his survival shows the importance of another kind of green. from under the crossed - horns arch over the front gate, a long road runs by waterlogged pastures deep into babcock ranch. down a turnoff is a lakeside lodge. outside, sunning itself on a peninsula, rests an alligator as black as the water around it. inside the lodge sits syd kitson, a forward - thinking guy who has found the way ahead longer and bumpier than he had envisioned. in 2006, kitson made national news with his bold purchase of babcock, a 142 - square - mile, 91, 000 - acre cattle ranch in charlotte and lee counties in southwest florida. the ranch was an environmental showpiece, maintained with care by babcocks since its acquisition in 1914 by lumber industrialist and pittsburgh mayor edward vose babcock. kitson instantly fulfilled the dreams of environmentalists by selling the state 73, 000 acres. the sale was the state ’ s largest land preservation deal. for the remaining 17, 800 acres, kitson had a grand plan. he would keep nearly half the acreage as green space and parks. that meant that of the original 91, 000 acres, only 10 % or so would be developed. on that tenth, he envisioned a green city of 50, 000 residents living in 19, 500 homes built to energy - conservation standards and 20, 000 workers in 6 million square feet of energy - efficient buildings. people could walk out of their doors and onto 30 to 40 miles of walking trails. they would get around on autonomous electric vehicles. “ how many people get to build a new city? ” kitson told the new york times in 2006. “ this is how i ’ m going to change the world. ” six years later, the new city remains pasture. “ i discovered why so few people have created cities, ” he says. kitson ’ s road to developer of the “ world ’ s smartest city ” — as company materials put it — started in his native new jersey, wound through wake forest and five seasons in the nfl, from 1980 to 1984 with the packers and briefly with the cowboys, before leading to real estate back in jersey. he developed communities in the northeast until 1996, when a predecessor company to his kitson & partners bought a partially finished country club development in west palm beach, and he began shifting his base to palm beach gardens. he acquired a


estate back in jersey. he developed communities in the northeast until 1996, when a predecessor company to his kitson & partners bought a partially finished country club development in west palm beach, and he began shifting his base to palm beach gardens. he acquired a 1. 6 - million - sq. - ft. portfolio of florida retail centers. in keeping with his agreement with the babcocks, kitson never has disclosed what he and his co - investor, morgan stanley, paid for the ranch. the commonly reported figure is $ 750 million, but kitson says the true price was “ clearly not in that world. ” the state paid him $ 350 million for its 73, 000 acres, the environmentally important part of the ranch. it was money well spent, environmentalists say. babcock and its varied ecosystems are important as a water source and as a habitat and corridor for panthers, bears, endangered species and other wildlife. “ it was significant in a number of ways, ” says eric draper, audubon of florida ’ s executive director. less well noticed than kitson ’ s purchase of the babcock ranch in 2006 was an agreement that same year with private equity fund evergreen real estate partners. evergreen committed up to $ 750 million to kitson & partners for other residential developments and shopping centers. evergreen and kitson merged as kitson evergreen, doing business as kitson & partners. the deal allowed kitson to acquire talis park, a high - end residential development in naples, and bay pines in pinellas county ’ s seminole, approved for 1, 119 residences. kitson is negotiating for more properties and is confident that kitson evergreen ranks among florida ’ s larger developers. meanwhile, kitson had begun the design and permitting process for his city of babcock — expected to take 20 years and $ 2 billion to build out. “ enormously complex, ” kitson says of the prep work, and “ very, very, very expensive. ” the start of construction kept receding. once projected for 2010, the project was pushed back to 2011, then 2012. the design and permitting work delayed major investment in construction. it turned out to be “ very fortuitous, ” kitson says, because it kept the project from being deep in debt as the bubble burst and the market evaporated. even so, kitson laid off about half of the babcock - devoted staff — eight people.