cholesterol and oxidize it. that ’ s important because oxidized ldl cholesterol contributes to atherosclerosis. the best beans for this are black, red kidney, pinto and lentils. now for a treat : brownies! believe it or not, brownies can actually be healthy. replace up to half the shortening with pureed cannelloni beans. that will cut away 40 percent of the fat, give you fewer calories, and taste just as good. a study was done that did this and it found that the beans did not noticeably change the yumminess, the texture, color, or tenderness of the brownies. and doing this will help you battle heart disease and type - 2 diabetes while still enjoying a treat, plus save you money. canned white beans cost 80 percent less than butter and slightly less than margarine, ounce for ounce and make a great substitute if no cannelloni ’ s are available. and if you want even less fat and cholesterol, use egg replacer, which also does not alter the taste about the author : i have been doing a weekly radio show in honolulu since 1981 called “ health talk ”. in 2007 i was “ forced ” to get a masters degree in nutrition because of all the doctors that would call in asking for my credentials. they do not call in anymore. going to www. healthtalkhawaii. com enables you, among other things, to listen to the shows. i am an activist. in addition to espousing an organic vegan diet for optimum health, i am strongly opposed to gmos, vaccines, processed foods, msg, aspartame, fluoridation and everything else that the pimps ( big pharma, monsanto and the large food companies ) and the hookers ( the doctors, the government agencies, the public health officials, and the mainstream media ) thrust upon us, the tricks. after being vaccinated with the dtp vaccine as a child i developed asthma. after taking the organic sulfur crystals ( they are harvested from the pine trees in louisiana ) in november of 2008 for 10 days my asthma reversed and has not come back over 4 years later, 18 cases, so far, of autism have been reversed, as has cancer, alzheimer ’ s and parkinson ’ s disease, osteoarthritis, joint pain, astigmatism, gum disease, increased sexual activity, heavy metal and radiation elimination, parasite elimination, free radicals elimination,


, as has cancer, alzheimer ’ s and parkinson ’ s disease, osteoarthritis, joint pain, astigmatism, gum disease, increased sexual activity, heavy metal and radiation elimination, parasite elimination, free radicals elimination, faster athletic recovery time, increased blood circulation, reduced inflammation, resistance to getting the flu, reduction of wrinkles, allergy reduction, reduced pms and monthly period pain, nausea, migraines and so much more. and it ’ s only possible because of the oxygen it releases that floods the cells of the body. the sulfur, as proven by the university of southampton in england, enables the body to produce vitamin b12 and the essential amino acids. you can find out more about this incredible nutrient also on my website – www. healthtalkhawaii. com – products and services. there is also an organic, 70 %, cold processed dark chocolate out there that contains sulfur based zeolite, which removes radiation and heavy metals. you can find out more by reading the article “ a dark chocolate to die for ” on my website under articles, or by going to www. mywaiora. com / 701848. i am 73. i have been a vegetarian since 1975 years and a vegan since 1990. i have no illnesses and take no meds. i play basketball 2 hours a week, am in 2 softball leagues, racewalk, body surf, do stand - up paddling, do weight workouts and teach women ’ s self defense classes based upon 25 years of wing chun training. my firm belief – if it had a face and a mother or if man made it, don ’ t eat it.


a panel of food safety and nutrition experts agreed with the preliminary findings of the food and drug administration, saying it would be " premature " to remove rice from consumer diets following a consumer reports article on " arsenic in your food. " the fda is analyzing 1, 000 samples of rice and rice products to determine " what limits and other steps are needed to reduce exposure to arsenic in rice and rice products. " the fda aims to complete its analysis of the samples by the end of the year and then conduct a " full risk assessment and update recommendations as necessary. " the epa currently considers 10 parts per billion of arsenic safe in drinking water. the consumer reports article applied a 5 ppb standard to rice and urged the government to set lower limits while urging consumers to " limit their rice consumption. " meanwhile, health experts joined the usa rice federation in a teleconference on wednesday, sept. 20, 2012, to take exception to the consumer reports article and its recommendations to limit rice consumption. tanya remer altmann, a pediatrician, mother of two boys and a best - selling author, called rice " an important part of a healthy diet for infants and children " and cautioned parents against removing rice from their children ' s diet. " i do believe rice is safe. " it is fortified with iron and zinc and is the least allergenic of the cereals. pointing out that " arsenic is found in every food group, " julie jones, professor emeritus at the college of st. catherine in st. paul, minn., echoed the pediatrician ' s comments. she points to the benefits that eating rice has on health. " i wished people would focus on the real risk, " she says. " the real risk lies in our food choices … having a good diet is your best defense against arsenic. just because arsenic is in a product doesn ' t mean that it ' s being absorbed. " james coughlin, an independent food, nutritional and chemical toxicology consultant based in orange county, calif., says arsenic is in the soil, water and air and " can ' t be avoided. " arsenic comes in two forms : organic and inorganic. the word " organic " should not be confused with " organic farming. " enzymes in the body detoxify the inorganic arsenic — the form that ' s been associated with long term health effects - - convert it to its organic form and ship it off kidney, where it leaves the body through urine. " i don ' t believe there ' s any issue with arsenic because


arsenic — the form that ' s been associated with long term health effects - - convert it to its organic form and ship it off kidney, where it leaves the body through urine. " i don ' t believe there ' s any issue with arsenic because of detoxification in the body, " coughlin says. pointing to no link between arsenic levels and increased disease in japan, which eats five times more rice per day than u. s. consumers, coughlin says the standard of 10 parts per billion in drinking water is " generally safe. " that ( 10 parts per billion ) translates into 10 micrograms per liter of water, " coughlin says. the daily intake of rice in the u. s. is a third of a cup, coughlin says. " that ' s 1 to 2 micrograms of arsenic per day. i take a lot of comfort in that number. a day ' s consumption of rice is 10 to 20 times safer " than what the fda says is currently acceptable in relation to arsenic. while continuing to study the issue, the fda says there ' s an " absence of the necessary scientific data that shows a causal relationship between those who consume higher levels of rice and rice products and the type of illnesses usually associated with arsenic. the eu ' s codex commission has been studying the issue for more than three years. codex decided in march to study the issue for two more years before issuing maximum levels for arsenic, coughlin says. study is focusing on organic and inorganic forms of arsenic. the fda is working in parallel with most other governments, coughlin says. meanwhile, the u. s. rice industry is working with researchers and end users as well, looking at breeding methods as well as agronomic practices to reduce the arsenic uptake in rice, says anne banville, usa rice federation vice president for domestic promotion. for more information : www. arsenicfacts. usarice. com and the fda ' s web site at www. fda. gov.


the coming congressional debate over fiscal policy is sure to feature a wide array of proposals, some of which would hit certain taxpayers harder than others. but one idea being floated by congressional negotiators, as described in an article by the new york times ’ s jonathan weisman on thursday, is hard to defend from the standpoint of rational public policy making. its arithmetic could require that the 300, 000th dollar of income was taxed at a rate of about 50 percent – even while the three millionth dollar of income, or the three billionth, was taxed at a lower 35 percent rate instead. the math behind these calculations is not all that complicated. it ’ s just a matter of understanding how marginal tax rates work. take an american who earns $ 400, 000 a year in taxable income. ( this is roughly the threshold at which a taxpayer reaches the top 1 percent of households. ) the top marginal federal income tax rate is now 35 percent, and kicks in at earnings above $ 388, 350. someone making $ 400, 000 is above the $ 388, 350 threshold. does this mean that she ’ d be taxed at a 35 percent rate on all $ 400, 000 of income, meaning that she ’ d owe the government $ 140, 000? not under current law. instead, only a small fraction of the taxpayer ’ s income – the $ 11, 650 she earns after she ’ s already reached $ 388, 350 – is taxed at the top 35 percent rate. this is because the tax rates are applied on a marginal basis. for every dollar that a taxpayer earns up to $ 8, 700, she owes the federal government 10 cents in taxes — regardless of how much money she makes thereafter. the government then taxes 15 cents of every dollar once the taxpayer reaches $ 8, 701 in income, and continuing until she has earned $ 35, 350. there are several more steps in the scale until the taxpayer reaches the top marginal rate. because tax rates are applied in this way, a taxpayer making $ 400, 000 would owe about $ 117, 000 in federal taxes, or about 29 percent of her earnings — rather than $ 140, 000 if all her income had been taxed at the 35 percent rate. under the proposal described in mr. weisman ’ s article, that would change. “ one possible change would tax the entire salary earned by those making more than a certain level — $ 400, 000 or so — at the top rate of 35 percent rather than


proposal described in mr. weisman ’ s article, that would change. “ one possible change would tax the entire salary earned by those making more than a certain level — $ 400, 000 or so — at the top rate of 35 percent rather than allowing them to pay lower rates before they reach the target, as is the standard formula, ” he reports. in other words, under this proposal, the taxpayer making $ 400, 000 would in fact pay 35 percent in overall income taxes and would owe $ 140, 000 — about $ 23, 000 more than she does currently. the question is when the government would collect the additional $ 23, 000 of taxes. the most theoretically extreme case is if the government collected all of the additional taxes when the taxpayer made her 400, 000th dollar of income exactly. that is, the taxpayer would owe about $ 117, 000 in taxes if she made $ 399, 999, but $ 140, 000 if she made $ 400, 000 instead. thus, that one additional dollar of income would cost the taxpayer about $ 23, 000 in taxes. of course, the government might never see the money, since the taxpayer might do everything in her power to avoid crossing the $ 400, 000 threshold. here ’ s the problem : the government would now want to collect 35 percent of the taxpayer ’ s overall income, when it had been billing her at a lower rate on almost all the income she had earned so far. if the government simply started collecting 35 percent of every dollar she earned above a certain threshold, it would have no way to make up for the lower rates it had been charging her previously. instead, it needs to make up the deficit somewhere to collect that additional $ 23, 000 of taxes. it can only accomplish that by making the tax rate greater than 35 percent on at least some of the income that she has received. for example, the taxpayer might be asked to pay additional taxes on the $ 150, 000 of earnings between $ 250, 000 and $ 400, 000. to collect the extra $ 23, 000, the government would need to tax this income at a rate of about 15 percent — in addition to the marginal tax rates that are already applied under current law, which now range between 33 and 35 percent. thus, the taxpayer would owe close to 50 percent in federal income taxes on earnings between $ 250, 000 and $ 400, 000. ( if state taxes and medicare taxes are also considered, her marginal tax rate could be close to 60 percent in some states. ) perhaps you


owe close to 50 percent in federal income taxes on earnings between $ 250, 000 and $ 400, 000. ( if state taxes and medicare taxes are also considered, her marginal tax rate could be close to 60 percent in some states. ) perhaps you think that someone earning $ 300, 000 or $ 400, 000 should be taxed much more than they are now. there is still a perversity introduced by this proposal. specifically, after the taxpayer had hit her 400, 000th dollar of income, her marginal tax rate would then decline. rather than owing 50 cents for each dollar earned, she ’ d be back to a 35 percent rate instead. suppose that the taxpayer is considering taking on a part - time job that would make her an additional $ 50, 000 in income. if the taxpayer had already earned $ 3, 000, 000 in income from her main job, then she would be able to keep 65 percent of the additional income from her side gig, owing 35 percent or $ 17, 500 in taxes. but if the taxpayer had “ only ” made $ 300, 000 from her main job, she would get to keep only about $ 25, 000 of earnings from her second job, owing the other $ 25, 000 to the government. faced with this steep tax rate, the taxpayer might decline the second job, meaning that the government would never collect the additional revenues from her earnings. this is what ’ s known as a “ tax bubble ” : when someone earning less income might be taxed at a higher marginal rate than someone making more. tax bubbles have existed at various times in the federal tax code, such as from 1986 through 1990. they also exist in some state tax codes. but the proposal described in mr. weisman ’ s article would create an especially steep one. to be clear, the people subjected to the tax bubble would be reasonably well off. an average family making $ 50, 000 a year would not pay any additional taxes because of it, nor would its incentives be distorted in any substantial way. also to be clear : many of the people writing about tax policy, from academic economists to yours truly, make incomes that are considerably above the national average. nonetheless, the proposal described in mr. weisman ’ s article would place its heaviest tax burden on the somewhat wealthy as opposed to the very wealthy, particularly as it is being proposed as an alternative to raising the top marginal rate. if the tax bubble were implemented, but the tax code were otherwise unchanged, then someone making $ 400, 000 would owe $


somewhat wealthy as opposed to the very wealthy, particularly as it is being proposed as an alternative to raising the top marginal rate. if the tax bubble were implemented, but the tax code were otherwise unchanged, then someone making $ 400, 000 would owe $ 140, 000 in federal income taxes, $ 23, 000 more than she does now, increasing her overall tax rate to 35 percent from about 29 percent. someone making $ 4 million would owe $ 1. 4 million in taxes, also reflecting a $ 23, 000 increase. but the increase would be minimal on a percentage basis, since it comes from a larger pool of income. their overall tax rate would rise to 35. 0 percent from 34. 4 percent. if, instead, the top two marginal tax rates were increased to 36 percent and 39. 6 percent, as they were under the clinton administration, then someone making $ 400, 000 would owe about $ 124, 000 in federal income taxes – or about 31 percent of her income. this would reflect a tax increase, but less than under the tax bubble proposal. however, the government would collect more taxes from the $ 4 million earner. someone making that much would owe $ 1. 55 million if the clinton - era rates were restored, with their tax rate rising to 38. 7 percent from 34. 4 percent. either policy would reflect a tax increase – whatever semantics the congress might use to describe it. it ’ s a question of which taxpayers would bear more of the burden. it ’ s also a question of whether the tax increase would make the tax code more efficient or less so. one might favor a flatter schedule of marginal tax rates or a steeper one. all taxes have the potential to discourage work. but smoother increases in marginal tax rates, as under current law, create less economic friction, and fewer deadweight losses, then those with a number of peaks and valleys. it is hard to see the economic rationale for creating a bubble in the middle of the tax code.


surveying for shipwrecked mariner graves off loch sloy, kangaroo island, saby maddy fowler and cassandra morris on the 27th march, kyle lent, cassandra morris and maddy fowler, maritime archaeology students at flinders university, embarked on the sealink ferry to kangaroo island to participate in the 2012 survey of historic shipwreck burial sites lead by amer khan from the department for environment and natural resources ( denr ). this project involved conducting an archaeological survey to investigate possible locations of the burials of twelve bodies recovered from the sea following the wreck of loch sloy. the vessel was bound for port adelaide when it wrecked north of cape de couedic in the early morning of 24th april 1899. the location of the remains of the shipwreck is at present unknown. upon arriving at the point where we would be leaving the vehicles and begin what turned out to be a four hour walk to site, the remoteness and isolation of where we were was suddenly impressed upon us. the walk took us along the cliff tops of the western coast of kangaroo island. there was no path to follow and the terrain was rough with broken limestone and low - lying vegetation. the feat of the four survivors of the wrecking event ( one of which would perish before reaching help ) was appreciated once the harsh environment into which they were thrown surrounded us. when we reached the northern limit of the survey area we split into two teams and the survey team began by assessing the sea conditions. after some initial observations were undertaken from the cliff top, the survey team climbed down to the base of the cliffs, where a flat rock shelf softens the impact of the waves ( figure 1 ). at this point it was clear that the tide was too high for a survey to be undertaken along the base of the cliffs as at high tide waves sweep up to the cliff face. it was decided that a survey along the top of the cliff would be undertaken. historical documents pointed to the burials being placed at the base of the cliff, although it is quite possible that some bodies were buried at the top. the survey team walked a transect from the northern point of the survey area to where the excavation team were located, approximately 200 metres ( m ), and two possible burial sites were identified. key points to look for in the landscape include : arranged stones usually in lines or with possible corner angles, upright stones, stones small enough to lift but big enough to hold back sediment, and an east - west alignment ( to indicate christian burials ). the team recorded these two possible sites by taking


: arranged stones usually in lines or with possible corner angles, upright stones, stones small enough to lift but big enough to hold back sediment, and an east - west alignment ( to indicate christian burials ). the team recorded these two possible sites by taking gps positions. in the initial site survey, which took place in december 2011, a cliff top survey was undertaken with some possible burial sites located. the excavation team further investigated one of these sites. a scale drawing was made of the linear rock feature that appeared to be a possible grave. the grave ran in an east west direction with three rocks creating a line on the western end and a very distinct line along the northern edge. the rock feature was roughly rectangular and approximately human sized and the rocks were small enough to be easily lifted by people ( figure 2 ). detailed photographs were also taken at this point. both teams then traced their way back across the landscape to the vehicles. due to the long and difficult walk to and from the site, a different approach was taken on the subsequent trip — approaching the site from the north rather than the south. this involved walking down a ravine, over a headland, along a beach and then over another headland. on this day two people from the abc news crew joined us. conditions on the following visit were improved as it was just after low tide, and the survey team was able to undertake a search along the rock shelf at the base of the cliffs. within the central section of the survey area, the rock shelf presented itself as a beach, with masses of rocks and boulders fallen from the cliffs ( figure 3 ). amongst the fallen cliff faces was a multitude of deposited timber remains, buoys, and odd pieces of rubbish ( a can of insect spray with spanish packaging perhaps the strangest piece, along with the occasional flip - flop ). in order to keep in contact with the other team, three volunteers remained at the top of the cliffs with one of the uhf radios to relay messages if need be. beginning the survey, possible sites were searched for while another team member acted as a spotter, watching the ocean in case of large waves. clambering over the rock fall, there were few sites above the high water mark with enough sediment to bury a body. from historical accounts, written by those conducting the burials, the graves were described as being above the high water mark, at the base of the cliff. to pinpoint many of these areas required climbing up a sand hill or fallen boulders. continuing along the base of the cliff until the beach


conducting the burials, the graves were described as being above the high water mark, at the base of the cliff. to pinpoint many of these areas required climbing up a sand hill or fallen boulders. continuing along the base of the cliff until the beach ran out, only two possible sites had been found — both along the same ridge but impossible to get to, lessening the likelihood of being burials. following this, the team moved on to survey the southern extent of the area ( figure 4 ). this survey was short as no possible area could be identified along the rock shelf. concluding the entire survey, it was decided that should the burials have been placed at the bottom of the cliffs, no trace remains to this day. the only possible location left unexplored was under the rocks and boulders. observing the coast with the knowledge of the violent winter storms that occur every year, it is thought to be unlikely that the burials would have lasted through the first storm, let alone surviving 100 years on the rugged coastline. while the survey was undertaken, the excavation team placed a 50 centimetre ( cm ) by 50 cm test pit and excavated to determine whether the primary possible gravesite contained human remains. this test pit was conducted using trowels to remove sediment in 10 cm spits. the spoil from each spit was sieved and the trench was photographed at each level ( figure 5 ). bedrock was reached at approximately 50 cm depth and no cultural material was identified. it is therefore unlikely that the rock feature represents a gravesite, however it cannot be ruled out entirely. it is possible that the test pit targeted the wrong area of the site. along with the grave survey, we also undertook other survey projects. one project was to relocate and record a small vessel located in the ravine des casoars that had been reported to denr by the park rangers when it was exposed in october of last year. based on a gps position we conducted a metal detector survey and dug test pits but were unable to relocate it ( figure 6 ). the river which flows nearby and exposed the wreck during high levels had also helped to cover the wreck in sand when it decreased. another project undertaken was to identify the location of a shelter hut at west bay, built to assist people who came ashore in the area after wrecking. we used an historical photograph to try to find the location and conducted a pedestrian survey through the dunes. no remains could be located on the surface but an approximate area for the structure was identified ( figure 7 ). a final task was to


wrecking. we used an historical photograph to try to find the location and conducted a pedestrian survey through the dunes. no remains could be located on the surface but an approximate area for the structure was identified ( figure 7 ). a final task was to relocate a threshing floor near american river. this site, built in the 1950s, is a ring of rocks with a flat dirt floor in which sheaves of grain would be placed to be ‘ threshed ’ — a process to tear grain from the stalks and loosen the husks. listed on the government register, this site had not been relocated for many years, despite several attempts being made. we left the road on a bearing towards a rough gps position. part way to the gps point we discovered a stone feature in a right - angled linear arrangement. this arrangement was recorded as it possibly relates to the threshing floor. the threshing floor was then located approximately 100 m further on. viewing the site amongst the tall grass and bushes, the construction of the ring was flawless — stones were all the same height and length and had been placed upright, fitting together perfectly. the site was recorded and a new gps point taken about 20 m away from the original mark. we would like to thank amer khan and cameron hartnell from denr for giving us the opportunity to volunteer on such a unique project. also terry drew, lynda bignell and steve saville for supplying a box of mars bars and entertaining stories. finally our appreciation to the flinders chase national park rangers : charlotte, caroline and alison, abc news crew : caroline and chris, and all the volunteers with the kangaroo island walking group for carrying our equipment. please tune into abc at 7 : 30 on friday 20th to see the news feature about the site and the loch sloy.


xerostomia is the medical term for a dry mouth due to a lack of saliva. xerostomia is sometimes colloquially called pasties or cottonmouth, the latter especially when occurring as a side effect, primarily after smoking marijuana or during a hangover. xerostomia can cause difficulty in speech and eating. it also leads to halitosis and a dramatic rise in the number of cavities, as the protective effect of saliva is no longer present, and can make the mucosa of the mouth more vulnerable to infection. it may be a sign of an underlying disease, such as sjogren ' s syndrome, poorly controlled diabetes, or eaton - lambert syndrome, but this is not always so. other causes of insufficient saliva include side effects of drugs, medications, or alcohol, trauma to the salivary glands or their ducts or nerves, dehydration, excessive mouth breathing, or previous radiation therapy. playing or exercising a long time outside on a hot day will often cause your saliva glands to simply dry up as your bodily fluids are concentrated elsewhere. marijuana acts as a particularly strong catalyst in drying out one ' s throat, mouth, and lips. http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / xerostomia there ya go. hope that helps


| join our mailing list! | nine out of 10 lgbt teenagers experience bullying and harassment at school, and lgbt teens are four times likelier to attempt suicide. but lgbt adults aren ' t allowed to talk to these kids. schools and churches don ' t bring us in to talk to teenagers who are being bullied. many of these kids have homophobic parents who believe that they can prevent their lgbt children from ever coming out by depriving them of information, resources, and positive role models. itgetsbetter. org is a place where young people who are lesbian, gay, bi, or trans can see how love and happiness can be a reality in their future. it ' s a place where our straight allies can visit and support their friends and family members. it ' s a place where people can share their stories, take the it gets better project pledge and watch videos of love and support. in addition to running a website that encourages lgbt youth, donations to the it gets better project benefit lgbt youth service organizations and resources. many lgbt youth can ' t picture what their lives might be like as openly lgbt adults. they can ' t imagine a future for themselves. so let ' s show them what our lives are like, let ' s show them what the future may hold in store for them. let ' s show them it gets better.


questions & answers : supply, demand, production cost and pricing how do businesses decide what to make and sell? emily : basically, businesses want to sell things that consumers like you and me want to buy. here at the candy store, the owner has probably figured out which candies people like the most. he ' ll be sure to keep plenty of the popular stuff in stock because he knows it ' s gonna sell, and make him some money. deciding what items to sell, and what they should cost has a lot to do with something called supply and demand. what ' s supply and demand? isaac : well, supply refers to the amount of goods, like candy, available to purchase at any given time. demand measures how many consumers actually want to buy those goods. at a store like this, supply and demand affects things like what kind of candy is sold, and how much it ' s gonna cost you. how does supply and demand affect prices? emily : if a particular candy is way popular, meaning the demand is high, it usually sells at full price because people are willing to pay it. if there ' s low demand for something — like if no one ' s really crazy about a certain candy bar, or it tastes really terrible — the store might try selling it really cheap. and even then people might not buy it. so most of the time, high demand leads to higher prices, low demand leads to lower prices. on the other hand, high supply — when there ' s lots of a product — usually means lower prices, and low supply — when there ' s not enough of an item — usually means higher prices! what else affects how much stuff costs? isaac : prices aren ' t determined by supply and demand alone. a product ' s price can be also related to the quality and cost of the materials used to make it. take hand - made gourmet chocolates for example — they ' re going to be a lot more expensive than candy that ' s been mass - produced in a factory. that ' s because the gourmet candies use high quality ingredients, take more time to make, and there ' s less of a supply of them. all that makes them much more expensive. plus they taste incredible … which is why people are willing to pay such high prices for them. but stores can only charge as much as their customers are willing to pay, so one of the biggest factors in determining the price is you — the consumer. emily : yep. there are still a few more factors that affect price


bored? play our free word games – interactive hangman oronyms and homophonesoronyms ( or homophones ) are words which sound the same. generally the word homophone is used to describe one of a pair or group of words that have the same sound ( like prince and prints ; allowed and aloud ), whilst oronyms are normally strings of words ( phrases ) such as iced ink and i stink. psycholinguist steven pinker defines oronyms in his bestselling popular linguistics book the language instinct : [ in speech ] it is impossible to tell where one word ends and the next begins. the seamlessness of speech is... apparent in " oronyms, " strings of sound that can be carved into words in two different ways : here are some more phrases that sound the same : oronym ( homophone ) poetrythere is a well - known poem called eye halve a spelling chequer ( i have a spelling checker ) that written almost entirely with homophones. it could be considered an oronym poem : it came with my pea sea it plainly marques four my revue miss steaks eye kin knot sea. eye strike a key and type a word as soon as a mist ache is maid eye have run this poem threw it an oronym story – ladle rat rotten huteven more impressive in length is the following oronym story. it is the tale of little red riding hood... but not the famous version ; this one is constructed entirely from homophones : ladle rat rotten hut. this curious version was written in 1940 by a professor of french named h. l. chace. he wanted to show his students that intonation is an integral part of the meaning of language. try reading it out loud ( best in the accent of southern / central usa )! wants pawn term, dare worsted ladle gull hoe lift wetter murder inner ladle cordage, honor itch offer lodge, dock, florist. disk ladle gull orphan worry putty ladle rat cluck wetter ladle rat hut, an fur disk raisin pimple colder ladle rat rotten hut. wan moaning, ladle rat rotten hut ' s murder colder inset. " ladle rat rotten hut, heresy ladle basking winsome burden barter an shirker cockles. tick disk ladle basking tutor cordage offer groinmurder hoe lifts honor udder site offer florist. shaker


ladle rat rotten hut, heresy ladle basking winsome burden barter an shirker cockles. tick disk ladle basking tutor cordage offer groinmurder hoe lifts honor udder site offer florist. shaker lake! dun stopper laundry wrote! dun stopper peck floors! dun daily - doily inner florist, an yonder nor sorghum - stenches, dun stopper torque wet strainers! " " hoe - cake, murder, " resplendent ladle rat rotten hut, an tickle ladle basking an stuttered oft. honor wrote tutor cordage offer groin - murder, ladle rat rotten hut mitten anomalous woof. " wail, wail, wail! " set disk wicket woof, " evanescent ladle rat rotten hut! wares are putty ladle gull goring wizard ladle basking? " " armor goring tumor groin - murder ' s, " reprisal ladle gull. " grammar ' s seeking bet. armor ticking arson burden barter an shirker cockles. " " o hoe! heifer gnats woke, " setter wicket woof, butter taught tomb shelf, " oil tickle shirt court tutor cordage offer groin - murder. oil ketchup wetter letter, an den - o bore! " soda wicket woof tucker shirt court, an whinney retched a cordage offer groin - murder, picked inner windrow, an sore debtor pore oil worming worse lion inner bet. en inner flesh, disk abdominal woof lipped honor bet, paunched honor pore oil worming, an garbled erupt. den disk ratchet ammonol pot honor groin - murder ' s nut cup an gnat - gun, any curdled ope inner bet. inner ladle wile, ladle rat rotten hut a raft attar cordage, an ranker dough ball. " comb ink, sweat hard, " setter wicket woof, disgracing is verse. ladle rat rotten hut entity betrum an stud buyer groin ~ murder ' s bet. " o grammar! " crater ladle gull historically, " water bag icer gut! a nervous sausage bag ice! " " battered lucky chew whiff, sweat hard, " setter bloat - thursday woof, wetter wicket small honors phase. " o grammar, water bag


historically, " water bag icer gut! a nervous sausage bag ice! " " battered lucky chew whiff, sweat hard, " setter bloat - thursday woof, wetter wicket small honors phase. " o grammar, water bag noise! a nervous sore suture anomolous prognosis! " " battered small your whiff, doling, " whiskered dole woof, ants mouse worse waddling. " o grammar, water bag mouser gut! a nervous sore suture bag mouse! " daze worry on - forger - nut ladle gull ' s lest warts. oil offer sodden, caking offer carvers an sprinkling otter bet, disk hoard hoarded woof lipped own pore ladle rat rotten hut an garbled erupt. mural : yonder nor sorghum stenches shut ladle gulls stopper torque wet strainers. oronyms and mondegreenson a similar theme to oronyms are mondegreens. why not visit the mondegreens page of our malapropisms section to find out more? | • nym word books | | link to this site | version of this page tell a friend | about this page | boggle jr. : wacky world of wor... | more boggle items | all word games | | the cambridge encyclopedia of the englis... | | buy this book at amazon | view all in this category : | general wordplay books hundreds more books at : | wordplay book store wild madagascar on bbc two | with david attenborough


growing beans from seed whether you want to grow green, yellow or purple beans, climbers or bush beans, snap or dried beans, you will want to give your beans a good rich soil with plenty of compost dug in. you might even want to side dress your planting with a little fertilizer. even though the bean family ( leguminosae ) has roots that actually fix nitrogen in the soil, most beans will benefit from adding a bean inoculant or a little nitrogen to the soil. plant beans at a depth that is double their size, and keep soil moist yet well - drained. place them at least three inches apart if you do not have specific directions to follow on your seed packet. beans do not like the cold so wait until you can be sure the temperature will stay above 40 ′ f at the coldest time of day ( or night ). you can start them indoors while the weather is cool since they are easy to transplant. in fact, beans are excellent for growing in big pots outdoors on balconies or patios. one exception to the warmth - loving bean family is the fava bean. this one is fine for growing even in the winter in low - frost climates. beans love full sun and will take all the sunshine you want to give them. plant your beans in rows for the best productivity, but feel free to use some of the climbing varieties to decorate trellises, fences or walls. use high quality seed that will not carry diseases. wet soil can cause rot, mildew and fungus, and there are a number of insects that can bother beans, especially in more moist climates. in dry climates, there are fewer pests, but if summers get too hot and dry, flowers have difficulty setting seed and plants will not produce big crops. watch out for rabbits and deer if you have them in your neighborhood. they love beans! ( you might consider protecting your beans with wire cages or netting. ) beans are best rotated with other crops. since the roots do fix nitrogen in the soil, leafy green vegetables like lettuce, spinach, swiss chard, etc. will flourish well planted where last season ’ s beans grew. you will also find your beans will grow better if they are not planted on the same site year after year. beans are fun to grow from seed. the hardest part is to decide what kind of beans you want to grow. there are enough varieties to fill a whole vegetable garden! how to seed cool season crops as the warm weather of...


scientists have developed a low - cost, paper - based microfluidic point - of - care test that they claim can can identify drug - induced liver toxicity from a fingerprick of blood in just 15 minutes. the multiplex, postage stamp - sized test semiquantitatvely measures levels of the serum transaminases aspartate aminotransferase ( ast ) and alanine aminotranserase ( alt ), and provides the results as a color - change reaction akin to that of a litmus paper test for measuring ph. the beth israel deaconess medical center ( bidmc ) team say the platform could form the basis of a cheap, easy - to - use assay that could be used routinely in any poc or field setting to monitor for liver status in patients with underlying liver disease, or those receiving potentially heptatotoxic drugs for diseases such as tuberculosis or hiv. moreover, the test format could be adapted to measure a diverse range of analytes. monitoring for hepatotoxicity in resource - limited settings is often hampered by expense, as well as logistic and practical issues, explain nina r. pollock, m. d., george m. whitesides, and colleagues. such testing, where available, requires venipuncture, which patients may object to strongly, and the testing procedure is also often carried out in centralized laboratories, which delays results. consequently many patients receive little monitoring during treatment for hiv or tuberculosis. unlike paper - based lateral - flow assays that can only run multiple tests if they use compatible reagents, paper - based microfluidic devices can be designed to direct the flow of sample within channels, and split a single, low - volume sample into multiple sections, for assaying using completely different reagents. one of the major benefits is that, like lateral - flow tests, paper - based microfluidic assays require no external pumps, instrumentation or power, are portable and disposable. these factors make such technology ideal for poc testing, particularly in resource - limited settings. however, while proof - of - principle studies have confirmed that paper - based microfluidics can be harnessed for clinical chemistry, enzymatic, immunoassay, and elisa tests on patterned paper, “ there has been minimal validation of paper - based microfluidic devices using actual clinical specimens, and a field - ready clinical test for monitoring hepatotoxicity has yet to be demonstrated,


the first “ sit - in ” : revolt against rule by professors on the afternoon of june 22, 1966, more than 3, 000 students gathered below the windows of the senate meeting hall. the student speakers for the senate had violated the confidentiality of the session by publicizing the secret agenda, which enabled the assembly of protesters to openly discuss the same problems as the senate. delegations elected by the assembly demanded that the rector and the senators take part in this public discussion in order for them to discuss their resolutions before and with those gathered. when the professors refused, the students entered the building and started a sit - down strike. the discussion continued there and was briefly interrupted when the rector appeared ; he promised the students that he would meet with student representatives. he also told them to go home, but the assembly decided to continue the discussion. a teach - in, which lasted until after midnight, was held with various professors and assistants. around 10 pm the student speakers for the senate announced that the academic senate had formally reversed its decision not to authorize any political events in the rooms of the free university. what the tactics and confidential negotiations of student representatives had not been able to accomplish was pushed through by a massive demonstration by the rank and file of the university. the sit - in was concluded with the demand for equal representation on student reform commissions and a resolution : “ resolution of june 22, 1966, passed by the students of the free university of berlin gathered at the sit - in : “ we are fighting not only for the right to study for a longer period of time and to have a greater voice in expressing our opinions. that is only half of it. we are more concerned that decisions affecting students be made democratically and with student participation. “ what is going on right now in berlin is a conflict, like that in society at large, the main point of which is neither longer periods of study nor increased vacation time. instead, it is about dismantling oligarchic rule and implementing democratic freedom in all areas of society. “ we oppose all those who do not respect the spirit of the constitution, in whatever way, even if they presume to be grounded in the constitution. this is about viewing freedom in the university as a problem that points beyond the realm of the university itself. for this reason the students see the need to work together with all democratic organizations in society in order to assert their demands. ” source : uwe bergmann, “ das erste ‘ sit in ’ : revolte gegen die ordinarien - herrschaft


2. system components ( 1 ) redox flow battery ( 1 mw x 5 hours ) a redox flow battery is a storage battery that comprises a charging / discharging cell section and a tank full of metal ion electrolyte. it charges / discharges through oxidation - reduction of vanadium or other ions. the battery features long service life as the electrodes and electrolyte are not subject to deterioration even after repeated charge / discharge operations and is easily maintained as its uses the same electrolyte in both the cathode and anode. it also provides increased safety as it does not require any combustible substances and is operated at ambient temperatures. this battery is suitable for irregular, highly fluctuating charge / discharge operations, enabling accurate monitoring and control of stored electric power. accordingly, it is an optimal storage battery for efficient use of renewable energy and surplus electricity supplied during the night. ( 2 ) concentrator photovoltaic ( cpv ) unit ( maximum power generation of a total of 28 units : 200 kw ) a cpv unit is a photovoltaic system incorporating small - size photovoltaic cells for energy conversion, directing high - intensity sunlight converged by a lens to photovoltaic cells. the power generation efficiency of the cpv panel is about twice that of silicon solar panels currently on the market as cpv cells are made from a special compound semiconductor material. installed at an elevated position, concentrator panels provide usable space below them. the newly developed cpv unit offers 7. 5 times greater output power ( 7. 5 kw / unit ), and yet the cpv panels are thinner and lighter than conventional ones. ( 3 ) energy management system ( ems ) the ems monitors the amounts of electric power generated by a total of 28 cpv units, provided via commercial power networks, stored in a redox flow battery, and consumed at an office or plant to manage the electric power flow. obtained data is sent by optical communication networks to be collectively controlled at the central control server. this system will be used in the demonstration test held at the yokohama to achieve optimal supply - demand balance ( maximum demand control of 1 mw ) and power demand control based on preset schedules.


question : " when were the gospels written? " answer : it is important to understand that the dating of the gospels and other new testament books is at best an educated guess and at worst foolish speculation. for example, suggested dates for the writing of the gospel of matthew range from as early as a. d. 40 to as late as a. d. 140. this wide range of dates from scholars indicates the subjective nature of the dating process. generally, one will find that the presuppositions of the scholars greatly influence their dating of the gospels. for example, in the past many liberal theologians have argued for a later dating of many of the new testament books than is probably warranted or valid, in an attempt to discredit or cast doubts upon the content and authenticity of the gospel accounts. on the other hand, there are many scholars who look to a much earlier dating of the new testament books. there are some that believe there is good evidence to support the view that the whole new testament, including revelation, was written prior to the destruction of jerusalem in 70 a. d. it is our contention that the evidence supports the earlier dating more than it does the later dating. there are scholars who believe the gospel of matthew was written as early as ten to twelve years after the death of christ. those who hold to this earlier dating of matthew believe he first wrote his gospel in aramaic, and then it was later translated into greek. one of the evidences of this earlier dating of matthew ’ s gospel is that early church leaders such as irenaeus, origen, and eusebius recorded that matthew first wrote his gospel for jewish believers while he was still in palestine. in fact eusebius ( a bishop of caesarea and known as the father of church history ) reported that matthew wrote his gospel before he left palestine to preach in other lands, which eusebius says happened about 12 years after the death of christ. some scholars believe that this would place the writing of matthew as early as a. d. 40 - 45 and as late as a. d. 55. even if the gospels were not written until 30 years after christ ’ s death, that would still place the writing of them prior to the destruction of jerusalem in a. d. 70. this presents no major problem with their authority or accuracy. passing on oral traditions and teachings was commonplace in the jewish culture of that day, and memorization was highly cultivated and practiced. also, the fact that even at that time there would have been a considerable number of eye


problem with their authority or accuracy. passing on oral traditions and teachings was commonplace in the jewish culture of that day, and memorization was highly cultivated and practiced. also, the fact that even at that time there would have been a considerable number of eyewitnesses around to dispute and discredit any false claims, and the fact that none of the “ hard sayings ” of jesus were taken from the gospel accounts, further supports their accuracy. had the gospels been edited before being written down, as some liberal scholars contend, then it was a very poor job. the writers left far too many “ hard sayings, ” and culturally unacceptable and politically incorrect accounts that would need explaining. an example of this is that the first witnesses of the resurrection were women, who were not considered reliable witnesses in the culture of that day. the bottom line for christians is this — whether the gospels were written soon after the death of christ, or not until 30 years after his death, does not really matter, because their accuracy and authority does not rest on when they were written but on what they are : the divinely inspired word of god ( 2 timothy 3 : 16 ). we should also remember that one of the promises jesus gave his disciples was that he would send them “ another helper, ” the holy spirit, who would teach them all things and “ bring to your remembrance all that i said to you ” ( john 14 : 26 ). so, whether it was few years or many after jesus ’ death that the gospels were written, we can have total confidence and faith in their completeness and accuracy, knowing that they were written by “ men moved by the holy spirit ” ( 2 peter 1 : 21 ), who accurately recorded the very words of god. © copyright 2002 - 2013 got questions ministries.


jaundice is a yellow coloring in your baby ’ s skin and sometimes the whites of the eyes. newborn jaundice happens during the first weeks of life. there are many types of jaundice, including : - physiologic jaundice - breastfeeding jaundice - breast milk jaundice ( human milk jaundice syndrome ) - jaundice caused by hemolysis or increased bilirubin production - jaundice caused by inadequate liver function ( due to inborn errors of metabolism, prematurity, or enzyme deficiencies ) this condition can be treated. contact your doctor if you think your baby may have jaundice. the yellow coloring is caused by bilirubin. bilirubin is a waste product. it is created when red blood cells are broken down. bilirubin normally passes out of the body through feces or urine. jaundice occurs when there is an abnormal buildup of bilirubin. different types of jaundice have different reasons for the abnormal buildup of bilirubin : - may be caused by the breakdown of fetal red blood cells. - the baby ’ s body does not get rid of bilirubin very efficiently in the first days of life. - occurs in about 13 % of breastfed babies. - this type of jaundice is caused by dehydration and poor calorie intake. it may happen in babies that are not taking in enough breast milk. breast milk jaundice - occurs in only 2 % of babies. - it may be caused by a substance in breast milk that blocks the elimination of bilirubin. - caused by massive breakdown of red blood cells. - may be caused by mismatched blood types in mom and baby such as rh disease. - this type of jaundice will occur within the first 24 hours of life. it occurs before the baby leaves the hospital and can be harmful. inadequate liver function - the liver may be impaired by an infection or liver disease. - this type of jaundice usually happens before the baby leaves the hospital. the following factors increase your baby ’ s chances of developing newborn jaundice : - prematurity — babies born before 36 weeks of pregnancy - brother or sister treated for jaundice - baby has a different blood type than mother, resulting in hemolysis - east asian, mediterranean, or native american descent - poor feeding with breast or bottle - large bruises or a condition called cephalhematom


sister treated for jaundice - baby has a different blood type than mother, resulting in hemolysis - east asian, mediterranean, or native american descent - poor feeding with breast or bottle - large bruises or a condition called cephalhematoma ( bleeding under the scalp related to labor and delivery ) - high bilirubin levels or signs of jaundice in the first 24 hours of life ( before leaving the hospital ) - certain liver enzyme deficiencies the main symptom of jaundice is yellow skin color. the color usually starts in the face. the yellow color may then spread down to the stomach and legs. certain environments may make your baby appear yellow. to look for yellow skin, place your baby near a window or in a room with fluorescent light. if you are still unsure, press gently on the baby ’ s forehead or chest. watch as the color reappears. if your baby has yellow skin do not assume it is due to newborn jaundice. these symptoms may be caused by other health conditions. when to call the doctor call your baby ' s doctor if you suspect your baby has jaundice. if your baby has been diagnosed with jaundice, call your doctor if : - yellow color gets deeper - yellow color spreads to other parts of the body or the eyes - jaundice lasts for more than three weeks. very high levels of bilirubin in your baby ’ s blood can be dangerous. it can lead to a very rare form of brain damage called kernicterus. it is important to see a doctor if your baby has signs of this condition. call the doctor immediately if your baby : - is tired all the time or difficult to wake - sucks or nurses poorly - looks weak or floppy - arches his or her back or neck backwards - develops a high - pitched cry or fever - has convulsions or spasms the american association of pediatricians recommends that all babies are assessed for jaundice before they leave the hospital. your baby will be checked again at 3 - 5 days of age. if your doctor suspects jaundice, he will ask about your baby ’ s symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. tests may include the following : - examination of baby ’ s skin - transcutaneous bilirubin ( tcb ) — a light is passed through the baby ' s skin to screen for high bilirubin levels - blood test — to check level of bilirubin in blood, may be done if tc


students compete with underwater robots they build themselves what ' s going on in your neighborhood this month? meet other people and learn together at recreational and educational events! our new dynamic calendar is updated daily with current educational events. correlated to education standards? yes table of contents bell live is a virtual field trip to lake superior, accompanied by demonstrations and experiments. the curriculum is divided into four sections each providing a variety of activities and experiments related to that topic, and backed up by on - line information and activities. bell live! is an annual series of virtual field trips, accompanied by demonstrations and experiments. the year 2000 focuses on a journey to the great lakes. the intention of the program and curriculum is to raise awareness of the great lakes, specifically lake superior, by raising the understanding of forces that influence these lakes. the curriculum guide contains activities that focus mainly on issues related to lake superior, where the bell live! 2000 broadcast took place. the program provides a broad introduction to lake superior, beginning with its creation. the curriculum is divided into four sections - skills, setting the stage, all about water, and life in the lake - each providing a variety of activities and experiments related to that topic. an index of lessons indicates which national science standards are met by each lesson. the bell live! 2000 website ( http : / / www. bellmuseum. org / distancelearning / belllive. html ) provides supplemental information to some activities. it also provides activities and information not found in the curriculum guide, including chat sessions with researchers and experts, online ecogames, teacher and student bulletin boards, a great lakes field guide, and the minnesota and national science standards. the bell live! broadcast took place on october 12, 2000 from lake superior itself and from the great lakes aquarium in duluth, minnesota. a 1 - hour video features the best of the october 12, 2000 on - line broadcast, and is available for purchase. the curriculum guide is $ 30. a dvd or vhs of the one - hour virtual field trip is $ 30. the curriculum guide and the dvd / video together cost $ 55. to compare this title with other materials, click here. disclaimer : the reviews of this and the other great lakes fisheries education materials were conducted by a single independent reviewer. the views of this reviewer do not necessarily reflect the views of glin, the great lakes commission, the great lakes fishery trust, or the university of michigan.


the new york times has come out with an editorial position on the keystone xl tar sands pipeline, and it ’ s unusually definitive, considering that we still have news media trying to represent “ both sides ” of the climate change “ debate. ” here ’ s how they break it down. canada and the u. s. want to build a pipeline thousands of miles long from canada to texas, to carry bitumen from the tar sands to refineries where it can be turned into fuel. on the one hand, this seems like a good idea : as long as we ' re stuck with oil, why not buy it from people we can probably annex in an emergency, rather than people who are at least in theory plotting our downfall? the problem is, a pipeline that long is probably going to leak, and that will be a big nasty mess. just as important, facilitating the transport and refining of oil from canada ' s tar sands will only further perpetuate our addiction to oil. this is bad for the climate, and therefore all future generations of life on earth. oil from tar sands leads to significantly more greenhouse - gas emissions than conventional crude. those emissions are likely to cause canada to increase, rather than reduce, its net carbon emissions. perhaps, as a northerly country, canada ' s government believes it is uniquely well - suited to adapt to climate change. that would be true, except for the part where climate - abetted resource scarcity and mass migrations cause world wars and economic crashes the likes of which we can scarcely imagine. i ' m sure future generations won ' t mind, though, because they ' ll be so “ wealthy ” as a result of all the “ sound investments ” their ancestors made with their oil largesse.


realizing bakke ’ s legacy : affirmative action, equal opportunity, and access to higher education editors patricia marin and catherine l. horn provide a comprehensive overview of the lingering impact the u. s. supreme court ’ s 1978 landmark decision in regents of the university of california v. bakke has had on race - conscious policies — broadly termed affirmative action — in education. the publication of their new book is timed to coincide with the decision ’ s thirtieth anniversary, and its nine articles contribute new research and legal analysis that will benefit administrators and policymakers in their ongoing efforts toward improving educational equity. marin and horn divide the book into three parts, beginning with a legal and philosophical introduction to the case, and concluding with implications for future policy and practice. in part one, angelo ancheta, a legal scholar, presents a thorough yet accessible overview of affirmative action jurisprudence during the last three decades. distilling the competing ideologies of anticlassification and antisubordination norms, he provides readers with a framework to understand the six separate opinions that were written in bakke, as well as subsequent court opinions pertaining to affirmative action. philosopher michelle moses unmasks the deeply personal viewpoints surrounding affirmative action issues by outlining the moral and political disagreements over the ideals of equality and liberty at the root of the debate. by including these two different perspectives, marin and horn provide a rich foundation that assists advocates of affirmative action policies to frame the debate and generate effective strategies for addressing racial and ethnic inequities in education. the three articles in part two explore the educational pipeline and document the cumulative barriers to access that exacerbate racial and ethnic disparities in educational attainment and achievement. authors john t. yun and chungmei lee provide a comprehensive overview of the persistent inequities in k – 12 educational resources and outcomes among racial and ethnic groups, while authors donald heller and michal kurlaender and erika felts document how these disparities continue at the college level and beyond. these articles ’ findings reveal the overwhelming challenge educators face in realizing justice sandra day o ’ connor ’ s statement in the 2003 grutter v. bollinger decision that race - conscious policies may no longer be necessary in the next two decades. the five articles in the final section of the book provide a rich contextual understanding of higher education admissions practices and highlight the complicated yet increasingly critical role institutional decisionmakers play in attaining a racially and ethnically diverse student body. in “ is 1500 the new 1280? ”


final section of the book provide a rich contextual understanding of higher education admissions practices and highlight the complicated yet increasingly critical role institutional decisionmakers play in attaining a racially and ethnically diverse student body. in “ is 1500 the new 1280? ” catherine l. horn ( editor ) and john t. yun illuminate how admissions practices that rely on standardized test scores as a sole measure of merit may be undermining the diversity efforts endorsed in bakke. their findings challenge institutions to reconceptualize their definitions of merit and shatter the “ false dichotomy between diversity and academic excellence. ” in the next article, legal scholar william c. kidder explains the important role race - conscious policies have played in maintaining racial and ethnic diversity within the legal profession. the book concludes with two of the most practical chapters for institutional decisionmakers. first, attorney karen miksch examines the roles of the general counsel ’ s office and the media in determining whether race - conscious policies are implemented, followed by social scientists patricia marin ’ s ( editor ) and stella m. flores ’ s exploration of the interrelation between state - and institutional - level policies for maintaining student body diversity. the book is admittedly a snapshot of the consequential issues that contribute to the ongoing debate over affirmative action policies. marin and horn conclude with a call for future research, such as the need to better understand the educational benefits of racial and ethnic diversity. an important consideration that is not included in the recommendations is an analysis of whether the diversity - based rationale espoused in bakke has left racial equity efforts more vulnerable to political manipulation than the pre - bakke equity - based rationale that sought to address lingering effects of past discrimination. the weight institutional leaders give to the various meanings of diversity — which range from racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences to geographic location and musical interests — have consequences for issues of racial equity that are worth exploring in more substantive detail. realizing bakke ’ s legacy is grounded in a thorough understanding of higher education law and policy. the array of perspectives presented shows how justice powell ’ s swing vote thirty years ago has influenced and guided policies that seek to reduce educational inequities. the compilation of articles provides theoretical tools for conceptualizing the affirmative action debate, supplies new social science research to inform educational policies, and offers cogent strategies for implementing institutional policies to realize this nation ’ s promise of equal educational opportunity.


during partitions of poland, zbaraz was a part of austro - hungarian empire and there weren ' t good railway connections between galician towns and those at russian side, also because of different breadth of rails. this way i believe your grandmother could use the railway connection between tarnopol and krakow, which was part of galician railway of archduke charles louis. and from there she could take another train going through kielce to warsaw, as from what i know, that was the easiest way. you can see the possible route on the linked map, which shows the state of connections in 1897. here ' s its smaller version : as for the next part, between warsaw and gdansk, this map of german railways in 1899 can provide some details : the main differences that could change the possible way after 1899 were the development of russian railways in the first decade of 20th century and the overall development and changes in railways during the world war i. still, take in mind that when the war finished, there were only a few rail connections between areas of poland that were previously parts of different empires. so it was much easier to go by train from polish town to another country than to another polish town. it ' s possible that she didn ' t take the train from warsaw, as many polish peasants who tried to emigrate were crossing the border illegally, paying the bribe, which was was much easier on smaller routes. with the help of google you can translate this post from polish genealogy board speaking about polish emigration to usa in the end of 19th century, which covers this subject among others. of course it could look pretty different in the times of world war i. also are you sure about gdansk? because at the same article it ' s written that at the end of 19th century the main ports from which poles were leaving to usa were bremen, antwerp and hamburg. edit : i ' ve found the following map, showing ports from which emigrants from another galician town, swilcza, were coming to new york between 1897 and 1924. as we can see, there ' s also gdansk on the list, even if the numbers show it was much less popular option. more details at the linked website in polish language. you should also read another website, containing local press articles in which galician citizens write about their road to usa. the first one ( 1902 ) was written by journalist who focuses on the ship itself, but the more interesting is the second relation ( 1903 ), describing how emigrants from galicia were treated in germany on their way in trains and in the ports.


the following definitions reflect those used by the international energy agency ( iea ) ; definitions used by other organisations and publications may vary. operation and maintenance open - cycle gas turbine oxidative coupling of methane official development assistance outward direct investment original equipment manufacturer online information system, an oecd / iea system for submitting official documents for oecd and iea committees, standing groups and working parties other major economies oil market report ( iea publication ) organic rankine cycle ocean thermal energy conversion the production decline rate of an oil or gas field after all measures have been taken to maximise production. it is the aggregation of all the production increases and declines of new and mature oil or gas fields in a particular region. includes crude oil, condensates, natural gas liquids, refinery feedstocks and additives, other hydrocarbons ( including emulsified oils, synthetic crude oil, mineral oils extracted from bituminous minerals such as oil shale, bituminous sand and oils from ctl and gtl ) and petroleum products ( refinery gas, ethane, lpg, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, gas / diesel oil, heavy fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes and petroleum coke ). nominal oil expenditures ( demand multiplied by the crude price ) divided by nominal gdp. this is a proxy of how much any given economy spends on its oil needs in a given year. typically, the global oil burden hovers around 2 % of gdp – excepting during oil price shocks, most recently in 2008, and perhaps in 2011 as well, if prices continue to rise. in other words, the oil burden is one leading indicator of potential economic trouble ahead. debt and equity issued by a company which appears on the company ’ s balance sheet to fund investments. instruments that convey the rights, but not the obligation to engage in a future transaction on an underlying security or in a future contract. this term covers the use of energy by transformation industries and the energy losses in converting primary energy into a form that can be used in the final consuming sectors. it includes losses by gas works, petroleum refineries, coal and gas transformation and liquefaction. it also includes energy used in coal mines, in oil and gas extraction and in electricity and heat includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide / wave / ocean energy for electricity generation. the direct use of geothermal and solar heat is also included in this category.


to hear religious apologists tell it, the triumph of atheism would mean a swift descent into selfishness and chaos. the defenders of the faith argue that atheism inevitably leads to selfishness and nihilism, and that only religion can justify charity or compassion, bind people together in community, or inspire a lively and flourishing culture. but this assertion can only be sustained by ignoring the accomplishments of famous nonreligious people throughout history, of which there have been many. to dispel the myth that nonbelievers have never contributed anything of worth or value to human civilization, i want to highlight some who ' ve left their mark in the arts, the sciences and the humanities. demonstrating that the godless count distinguished members of the human race among our numbers is a way to fight back against this prejudice and to demonstrate that we, too, have a historical legacy we can be proud of. not all of the people profiled here were strict atheists, but all of them were freethinkers, a broader umbrella term that embraces a rainbow of unorthodoxy, religious dissent, skepticism, and unconventional thinking. it ' s no surprise that so many influential thinkers and creative types have come from the ranks of these intellectual revolutionaries. organized religion tends to reward people not for thinking creatively or critically, but for reciting and defending the dogmas of the previous generation. throughout human history, it has consistently been true that hidebound theocracies have been mired in poverty, backwardness and intellectual stagnation, whereas the most dramatic advances have come about in times and places where people had the freedom to think for themselves, to freely question and debate. the lives of the men and women recounted here bear testimony to this. the archetypal scientific genius, einstein inaugurated a revolution in physics that bears fruit to this day. his theories and equations undergird the 20th century : technologies from nuclear power to gps satellites only exist because of his discoveries. but beyond his impressive scientific contributions, he was known as a peacemaker and civil - rights advocate : he was one of the first to warn the world of the dangers of nazism, joined anti - lynching campaigns, publicly opposed mccarthyism, and called for nuclear disarmament worldwide. later in life, he was offered the presidency of israel but turned it down, saying that he was unqualified. einstein famously made statements like, " god does not play dice with the universe " that have inspired religious apologists to try to claim him as their own,


was offered the presidency of israel but turned it down, saying that he was unqualified. einstein famously made statements like, " god does not play dice with the universe " that have inspired religious apologists to try to claim him as their own, but on other occasions, he made it clear that this was nothing but poetic metaphor. he made his views known in letters, writing, for example : " i do not believe in a personal god and i have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. if something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it. " on another occasion, he wrote, " the word god is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the bible a collection of honorable but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish. " 2. robert ingersoll. one of the most famous americans most people today have never heard of, colonel robert green ingersoll, known in his lifetime as the " great agnostic, " once commanded national fame and renown. in an era before television and radio, public oratory was the leading form of entertainment, and ingersoll set the gold standard. he was one of the most sought - after speakers in the country ; he drew crowds of thousands, and on one occasion, after hearing him speak, mark twain observed, " what an organ is human speech when it is employed by a master! " he was a staunch abolitionist who served honorably for the union in the civil war, and went on to advocate progressive causes like free speech, women ' s rights, anti - racism and the abolition of corporal punishment. though politicians repeatedly sought his endorsement and his rhetorical talents, the highest position that ingersoll himself ever held was the attorney general of illinois - - due, no doubt, to his willingness to eloquently express his freethought views. in a eulogy, the new york times observed that only his outspoken irreligious views kept him from taking " that place in the... public life of his country to which by his talents he would otherwise have been eminently entitled. " not that ingersoll himself would have wanted it any other way : as he declared, a truly spiritual man " attacks what he believes to be wrong, though defended by the many, and he is willing to stand for the right against the world. " 3. w. e. b. dubois. contrary to popular impression


he declared, a truly spiritual man " attacks what he believes to be wrong, though defended by the many, and he is willing to stand for the right against the world. " 3. w. e. b. dubois. contrary to popular impression, the black community in america has a long tradition of involvement with freethought and secularism, as exemplified by one of its most influential racial - justice activists, w. e. b. dubois. one of the first black men to get a ph. d. from harvard, dubois was one of the founders of the naacp and a prolific and critically praised writer, educator and historian. by dubois ' own account, he was raised religious and attended an orthodox missionary college, but his doubts about religion blossomed while studying in europe. when he returned to america, he taught at a black methodist college, wilberforce university, but drew the wrath of school administrators for refusing to lead students in prayer. as susan jacoby quotes him in her book freethinkers, " i flatly refused again to join any church or sign any church creed. from my 30th year on i have increasingly regarded the church as an institution which defended such evils as slavery, color caste, exploitation of labor and war. " he also said he wanted " to make the negro church a place where colored men and women of education and energy can work for the best things regardless of their belief or disbelief in unimportant dogmas and ancient and outworn creeds. " 4. zora neale hurston. like dubois, zora neale hurston was an influential black freethinker and an acclaimed early 20th - century author. she attended columbia university on a scholarship, and while living in manhattan at the height of the harlem renaissance, met scholars and artists like margaret mead and langston hughes. she herself wrote both fiction and anthropological works about the black community. her masterwork, the 1937 novel their eyes were watching god, was judged one of the 100 best english - language novels of the 20th century. in her autobiography, dust tracks on a road, hurston makes her freethought views clear and denies that the prospect of nonexistence after death holds any fear for her : prayer seems to me a cry of weakness, and an attempt to avoid, by trickery, the rules of the game as laid down. i do not choose to admit weakness. i accept the challenge of responsibility. life, as it is, does not frighten me, since i have made my


an attempt to avoid, by trickery, the rules of the game as laid down. i do not choose to admit weakness. i accept the challenge of responsibility. life, as it is, does not frighten me, since i have made my peace with the universe as i find it, and bow to its laws... it seems to me that organized creeds are collections of words around a wish. i feel no need for such. i know that nothing is destructible ; things merely change forms. when the consciousness we know as life ceases, i know that i shall still be part and parcel of the world. i was a part before the sun rolled into shape and burst forth in the glory of change. i was, when the earth was hurled out from its fiery rim. i shall return with the earth to father sun, and still exist in substance when the sun has lost its fire, and disintegrated into infinity to perhaps become a part of the whirling rubble of space. why fear? the stuff of my being is matter, ever changing, ever moving, but never lost ; so what need of denominations and creeds to deny myself the comfort of all my fellow men? 5. elizabeth cady stanton. although no one person deserves sole credit for laying the groundwork for the 19th amendment, elizabeth cady stanton comes close. stanton organized and shepherded one of the pivotal early events in the suffrage movement, the 1848 seneca falls convention, and she played a key role in issuing the famous declaration of sentiments that first called for women ' s suffrage ( against the wishes of other attendees, some of whom felt that demanding the vote was too radical even for them ). despite a lifetime of organizing and lobbying for women ' s suffrage, stanton was often shunted aside by her own movement for her controversial, outspoken freethought views and her attacks on religion as a major justification for the continued oppression of women, including her scathing the woman ' s bible. on one occasion, she wrote, " i have endeavoured to dissipate these religious superstitions from the minds of women, and base their faith on science and reason, where i found for myself at least that peace and comfort i could never find in the bible and the church. " some of stanton ' s spiritual descendants in the feminist movement had similarly irreligious views. one of the most famous was margaret sanger, one of the founders of planned parenthood and a fearless crusader in the fight to make birth control available and


some of stanton ' s spiritual descendants in the feminist movement had similarly irreligious views. one of the most famous was margaret sanger, one of the founders of planned parenthood and a fearless crusader in the fight to make birth control available and legal to american women. sanger ' s motto was " no gods, no masters, " and her newsletter had the memorable title the woman rebel. 6. asa philip randolph. the 20th - century american civil rights movement is often identified with christianity, which is almost single - handedly due to the influence of the rev. dr. martin luther king jr. but secular humanists played almost as important a role. one of them was asa philip randolph, a trailblazing labor organizer whose career spanned the 20th century and who was one of the pioneers of the strategy of nonviolent civil disobedience. randolph entered the civil - rights movement by way of the labor movement, beginning by organizing mainly black railroad workers. but he soon set his sights higher, especially as the country was drawn into world war ii and the defense industry was booming. he took the lead in organizing civil - rights marches that convinced presidents roosevelt and truman to issue executive orders ending segregation in defense contractors and the armed services. as his star rose, he served as vice president of the afl - cio and helped organize the march on washington for jobs and freedom, where king delivered his " i have a dream " speech. in addition to all this, randolph was a lifelong freethinker. he was the founder of a literary magazine, the messenger, whose masthead declared that " prayer is not one of our remedies... we consider prayer as nothing more than a fervent wish. " he was also one of the signers of the humanist manifesto in 1970. 7. robert frost. new england ' s most famous poet is justly immortalized for his poetic tributes to nature and rural life, but his religious skepticism is lesser known. frost ' s views on god are complex ; for much of his life, he grappled with a deep - seated superstitious fear he could never fully shake. but after 20 years of marriage, his wife said that he was an atheist, and he didn ' t deny it. what ' s interesting is that this comes through inadvertently in his poetry. when speaking of his fellow human beings and their relationships, frost is warm, welcoming, thoroughly humanist. but when he turns to the subject of god, he more often than not becomes dark and terrifying,


is that this comes through inadvertently in his poetry. when speaking of his fellow human beings and their relationships, frost is warm, welcoming, thoroughly humanist. but when he turns to the subject of god, he more often than not becomes dark and terrifying, depicting the idea of a deity as a savage force of nature more than a worthy object of reverence. his famous poem " design " calls the suffering and predation in nature a " design of darkness. " the poem " once by the pacific, " frost ' s vision of the apocalypse, has the poet looking out at crashing ocean waves and envisioning them as a harbinger of doomsday. the poem " a loose mountain " envisions god as a cosmic destroyer waiting to hurl a meteor at the earth, like a stone thrown from a sling, biding his time so he can release it when it will cause the maximum amount of devastation. 8. emma lazarus. like robert frost, emma lazarus was a poet whose words have defined the american experience. she may not have as many classics to her name, but her one crowning achievement may be even better known than any of his : her poem " the new colossus, " best known as the words engraved on the pedestal of the statue of liberty : " give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free... " the statue was originally a symbol of republicanism, but lazarus ' poem recast it as a beacon for immigrants from all over the world. even when america has fallen short of this ideal, these words remind us that we can do better and inspire us to work for positive change. lazarus came from a jewish background, but she was known as a freethinker. as the jewish virtual library records, on one occasion she told a rabbi who asked her to contribute to a hymn book, " i shall always be loyal to my race, but i feel no religious fervor in my soul. " 9. yip harburg. e. y. " yip " harburg isn ' t a household name, but some of his works are. harburg was the broadway lyricist who wrote the words to some of america ' s most memorable and culturally significant songs, including " it ' s only a paper moon, " " brother, can you spare a dime? " and all the music from the wizard of oz, including " somewhere over the rainbow. " harburg was known as " broadway ' s social conscience " for the progressive


the habsburg empire may be dead, but its honest bureaucracy ' s legacy lives on when i think habsburg empire, i think of archduke franz ferdinand, whose assassination famously marked the beginning of world war i and less famously, the decline of the empire itself until its dissolution in 1918. however, the silhouette of the empire still marks a psychologically different part of europe, according to research by sascha becker and ludger woessmann. in their 2011 short paper, the empire is dead, long live the empire! long - run persistence of trust and corruption in the bureaucracy, ( summarized here ) they compared levels of trust on opposite sides of the long - gone habsburg empire border within five countries. surprisingly, they found that the border was still meaningful. within the border, firms and people have higher trust in courts and police. outside the border - - specifically in regions that were once part of the ottoman empire - - levels of trust are relatively lower. historians have described the habsburg bureaucracy as “ fairly honest, quite hard - working, and generally high - minded ” ( taylor 1948 ). according to becker and woessman, this lies at the root of the higher trust levels. taylor, ajp ( 1948 ), the habsburg monarchy 1809 - 1918 : a history of the austrian empire and austria - hungary, penguin books ( reprint 1990 )


the unknown korean war : the truth and reconciliation commission of korea and excavation of the remains of mass - murdered victims translation by nobuko adachi this is the sixtieth anniversary of the start of the korean war. we are now just starting to learn about the mass murder of civilians by both korean armies and the united states, and the policies that made this possible. in south korea, little by little the remains of some of these victims are being uncovered through the work of the truth and reconciliation commission and korean citizens. one of the most popular books in south korea in the 1980s was t ’ aebaek mountain range, 1 by one of the country ’ s most famous authors, cho chong - rae ( b. 1943 ). despite political pressure from the chun doo - hwan military regime, it sold over five million copies. it was also translated into japanese and published by shuei - sha press in tokyo. the novel is about the suffering of the people of polgyo — a seaport town in the ch ’ ollanam - do area of south korea — during the korean war. it tells of efforts to build a new nation after finally being free of japanese rule after world war ii. for the most part, the korean people were little informed about their own history by the military government, but through this novel they finally read some of the truth of their recent past. i think this book was instrumental in helping south korean become a democratic nation. from this long novel, i learned about mass killing in both south and north korea. after finishing this book, i decided to leave for kyongsan city, in kyongbuk, south korea. the closed cobalt mine : the killing fields in the spring of 2009 i heard rumors that some acts of genocide during the korean war occurred at p ’ yongsan - dong in kyongsan city. i visit there in early july. a week before i arrived, official excavation of the site began, though the surviving family members of the victims had already previously excavated in the area several times. kyongsan city is located at about twenty kilometers south of daegu, one of the three largest cities in south korea. the excavated site — p ’ yongsan - dong — is located on a hill in the suburbs. lee tae - jun, president of the association of the kyongbuk cobalt mine survivors, showed me around the site. he was 71 years old at the time. exhumation site at kyongbuk cobalt mine lee told me that about 3, 500 people were


president of the association of the kyongbuk cobalt mine survivors, showed me around the site. he was 71 years old at the time. exhumation site at kyongbuk cobalt mine lee told me that about 3, 500 people were killed by the south korean police and military here between july and september, 1950. this was around the time when the korean war was just starting. the majority were murdered at the site of a former mine owned by the japanese cobalt mine and munitions company during the japanese colonial period. this is in the daewon valley, located right next to the hill. the cobalt was used for making munitions, including aviation ammunition. those who were killed here were 2, 500 political prisoners from daegu prison and 1, 000 members of the national guard alliance. the national guard alliance consisted of some 330, 000 people, and was actually organized by the rhee syngman regime, in order to allow the government to better control former left - wingers and partisans. according to lee tae - jun, they were killed because of government fears of their communist sympathies and north korea leanings. the local people and prisoners were brought in chains to the mine by truck. it is said that everyday about five trucks arrived at the site. eight or so people at a time were lined up and shot at the entrance of the mine each time a truck arrived. if a person did not die by bullet, he or she was clubbed or stabbed. the bodies were thrown into the mine. some of the bodies were doused in oil and burned. the shaft is about 70 to 80 meters deep. it is said some that 2, 300 people were thrown down at the spot i was standing. when i stood where they were shot, i felt the fear and hopeless the victims must have experienced just before they died. remains unearthed at kyongbuk cobalt mine thigh bones glowing in the water mr. lee put on a helmet and took me down to the site. the entrance of the area of excavation is a tunnel about fifty - meters long. the tunnel area is granite, a very hard stone. so i also wore a helmet. water was dripping from the granite, because of abundant groundwater. neighbors told me that in those days they saw the victims ’ blood running from the shaft into the outside river for several months. they blew open the airway of the entrance in 2001 to make excavation possible. we walked about 150 meters down the shaft to the excavation site. i saw hundreds of pails of plastic bags all around


the shaft into the outside river for several months. they blew open the airway of the entrance in 2001 to make excavation possible. we walked about 150 meters down the shaft to the excavation site. i saw hundreds of pails of plastic bags all around the area. mr. lee explained that there were bones and sand in the bags, waiting to be classified. some bones, which were dug up as recently as a week ago, were lying in a yellow polyurethane box. the box contained ten thigh bones. assuming two thigh bones per person, it was estimated that about 400 bodies — out of the alleged 2, 300 victims — had been discovered. during the military dictatorships and repressive regimes of president rhee syngman, 2 general chun doo - hwan, and president park chung - hee, these atrocities were kept secret. thus, when bereaved families finally organized an association in the 1960s, the instigators were imprisoned. in south korea until the 1980s, guilt - by - association was commonplace, and relatives of supposed leftists were prohibited from traveling overseas and could not get positions in public service. as a result, many victims and relatives of the kyongbuk cobalt mine incident did not come forward to add their names to the organization. they simply kept silent. it took great courage, then, for mr. lee to finally stand up and organize this group. regardless of the consequences, he finally acted. he was motivated by the fact that his cousin was accused of being a north korean partisan and was executed. furthermore, because of his cousin, mr. lee himself could not become an officer in the army. since then, he has dedicated himself to learning the truth behind the massacre and restoring the reputation of the victims. throughout the years of the dictatorship, the incident was kept secret, and the site at p ’ yongsan - dong was often pillaged and looted. one poor youth took the gold - fillings of a victim ’ s teeth to pay some bills. one looter who entered the shaft died by suffocation. after this, rumors spread that he was killed by a demon. i also heard that local children long ago had played a bone - matching game with the bones they found the mine. today the excavated bones are categorized by body - part into polyurethane boxes temporarily stored in a prefabricated building near the mine. they are to be shipped to yeungnam university in pusan therefore study. some skulls had bullet holes in them, while others were of a


- part into polyurethane boxes temporarily stored in a prefabricated building near the mine. they are to be shipped to yeungnam university in pusan therefore study. some skulls had bullet holes in them, while others were of a dark color. according to mr. lee the dark - colored skulls were those of people killed by flame - throwers. i saw a bullet, which had become aquamarine, between some bones. the truth and reconciliation commission was established in 2005 during the kim dae - jung administration, a special law was passed concerning the cheju uprising3 of 1948, and another special law was also passed under kim young - sam concerning the kwangju massacre4 of 1980. through such democratization processes, the reputations of the victims are slowly being restored. there were, however, many other unrecognized innocent deaths caused by official acts during the early years of the south korean government. for example, many civilian mass murders occurred during the political struggles between koreans after the japanese colonial occupation, world war ii, and the korean war. people who were suspected of being communists were executed by the park chung - hee regime ( these incidents are collectively known as the people ’ s revolutionary party incidents5 ). for these cases, finding the truth and restoring the reputations of the victims had to wait until the truth and reconciliation in history law passed in may, 2005 during the presidency of roh moo - hyun. the truth and reconciliation commission was organized in december, 2005 and research on the past began as a national public project. in an effort to find out the historical facts about civilian genocide during the korean war, the committee has been studying all kinds of data, including testimonies of surviving family members of deceased persons, forensic evidence, examination of victims ’ bones, and excavating remains. the excavation of the kyongbuk cobalt mine site is one of the committee ’ s projects. at this site the excavation of bones has been undertaken under the guidance of the truth and reconciliation commission since 2008. however, after the lee myung - bak presidency, the project got behind schedule and the committee requested a larger budget to hire more people to complete the research in a timely way. furthermore, the committee requested : 6 ( 1 ) appropriate maintenance of the bones after they have been gathered, and respect paid to honor the victims, including cremation, interring of ashes, and burial. ( 2 ) permission to excavate a golf course and rehabilitation facility near p ’ yongsan - dong.


bones after they have been gathered, and respect paid to honor the victims, including cremation, interring of ashes, and burial. ( 2 ) permission to excavate a golf course and rehabilitation facility near p ’ yongsan - dong. ( 3 ) designation of the mine as an historical site, and construction of a memorial monument for peace. the moving battlefields that caused the genocides the korean war started when the people ’ s army of north korea attacked on june 25, 1950. within a month the allied forces of the south korean army and the united states were pushed south down the pusan peninsula, establishing a line of defense east of naktong - gang. however, when the american military landed on the west coast at inch ’ on in mid - september, the front line of the people ’ s army of north korea was cut off, and they were pushed back toward the yalu river. however, when the chinese people ’ s volunteer army joined the north korean forces at the end of october, the battle line was again pushed south, crossing the 38th parallel. in january, 1951, the allies pushed back north korean and chinese forces, and by april crossed north of the 38th parallel. as a result, much of korea became a battlefield, and each time power changed hands, locals were punished, at times massacred. the capital city of south korea — seoul — was occupied four different times during the war. each time when power changed, mass murder of civilians occurred. the people who killed civilians were the army, police, and gangs of youths from the northwest who had fled south. while they were fleeing toward the south, these youths murdered political refugees and members of the national guard alliance. 7 mass murders took place all over korea, including sanch ’ ong, hamgyong, koch ’ ang, pusan, mokp ’ o, and puongsan - dong. the american army killed many civilians with machine - gun fire at nogun - ri. after north korean forces invaded inch ’ on in 1949 they killed many anti - north korean government officials and south korean pows in seoul. some north korean government documents state that an estimated 60, 000 civilians were murdered. it is said that during the war, each time an occupier withdrew, the prisons were filled with the bodies of political and religious prisoners — in both the north and south. since so many were killed, today few christians remain in the north and few socialists remain in the south. the people who fled to the south became partisans in