attorney, in the event of incapacity your loved ones may be forced to seek a court order to appoint somebody, usually called a “ guardian ”, who will be authorized to oversee your medical care, where you receive your care, and to enforce your wishes in relation to your care. although you are not required to designate an alternate agent, you may do so. the alternate agent ( s ) may make the same health care decisions as the designated agent if the designated agent is unable or unwilling to act. anyone may act as an agent other than the following : - the principal ’ s health care provider - an employee of the health care provider unless the person is a relative of the principal - the principal ’ s residential care provider - an employee of the principal ’ s residential care provider unless the person is the principal ’ s relative the medical power of attorney is broader in scope than other power of attorneys and includes all health care decisions with only a few exceptions. the medical power of attorney does not require that you be in a terminal or irreversible condition before your agent can make health care decisions on your behalf. a lawyer is not necessary in order to execute a medical power of attorney. the agent may, in the course of making a health care decision : - request, review, and receive information about your physical or mental health, including medical and hospital records - execute a release required to obtain the information - consent to the disclosure of the information your agent ’ s authority begins when your doctor certifies that you lack the competence to make health care decisions. your agent is obligated to follow your instructions when making decisions on your behalf. unless you state otherwise, your agent has the same authority to make decisions about your health care as you would have had. it is important that you discuss this document with your physician or other health care provider before you sign it to ensure that you understand the nature and range of decisions that may be made on your except to the extent you state otherwise, this document gives the person you name as your agent the authority to make any and all health care decisions for you in accordance with your wishes, including your religious and moral beliefs, when you are no longer capable of making them yourself. because “ health care ” means any treatment, service, or procedure to maintain, diagnose, or treat your physical or mental condition, your agent has the power to make a broad range of health care decisions for you. your agent may consent, refuse to consent, or withdraw consent to medical treatment and may make decisions about withdrawing or


##gnose, or treat your physical or mental condition, your agent has the power to make a broad range of health care decisions for you. your agent may consent, refuse to consent, or withdraw consent to medical treatment and may make decisions about withdrawing or withholding life - sustaining treatment. your agent may not consent to voluntary inpatient mental health services, convulsive treatment, psychosurgery, or abortion. a physician must comply with your agent ’ s instructions or allow you to be transferred to another physician. even after you have signed this document, you have the right to make health care decisions for yourself as long as you are able to do so. in such case, treatment cannot be given to you or stopped over your objection. this document may not be changed or modified. if you want to make changes in the document, you must create an entirely new one. a medical power of attorney may be revoked by notifying either the agent or your health care provider orally or in writing, of your intent to revoke. this revocation will occur regardless of your capacity to make health care decisions. further, if you execute a later medical power of attorney, then all prior ones are revoked. if you designate your spouse to be the agent, then a later divorce revokes the medical power of attorney. as long as you remain competent to manage your own legal affairs, you may terminate any power of attorney that you have previously executed. to the extent possible, you should collect and destroy the original powers of attorney and any copies, so as to avoid confusion or misrepresentation at a later date.


auroras invade the us earth ' s magnetic field is still reverberating from a cme strike on march 10, 2011 which resulted in a g1 - class geomagnetic storm. northern lights have rippling over the us - canadian border into states such as wisconsin, minnesota, and michigan. solar wind conditions favor more geomagnetic storming in the hours ahead. sky watchers, including those in the continental united states, should remain alert for auroras. 03. 10. 11 - another x - class solar flare and a cme march 9th ended with a powerful solar flare. earth - orbiting satellites detected an x1. 5 - class explosion from behemoth sunspot 1166 around 2323 ut. a movie from nasa ' s solar dynamics observatory ( above ) shows a bright flash of uv radiation plus some material being hurled away from the blast site. coronagraph data from the solar and heliospheric observatory show no bright coronal mass ejection ( cme ) emerging from this eruption. some material was surely hurled in our direction, but probably not enough for significant earth - effects. updates will be provided as more information becomes available. in addition, on march 10, 2011 around 0630 ut, a cme did strike a glaceing blow to earth ' s magnetic field. this was a result of an m3 flare that occurred late on march 7, 2011. at 2, 200 km / sec, this was the fasted cme since september 2005. below is an impact image provided from a sky watcher in canada. visit www. spaceweather. com for links to more great aurora imagery. this aurora image was taken just west of edmonton, alberta, canada by a sky watcher. credit : zoltan kenwell what is going on with all this recent solar activity? after four years without any x - flares, the sun has produced two of the powerful blasts in less than one month : feb. 15th and march 9th. this continues the recent trend of increasing solar activity associated with our sun ' s regular 11 - year cycle, and confirms that solar cycle 24 is indeed heating up, as solar experts have expected. solar activity will continue to increase as the solar cycle progresses toward solar maximum, expected in the 2013 time frame. what is a solar flare and what does x - class mean? a solar flare is an intense burst of radiation coming from the release of magnetic energy associated with sunspots. flares are our solar system ’ s largest explosive events. they are seen


what is a solar flare and what does x - class mean? a solar flare is an intense burst of radiation coming from the release of magnetic energy associated with sunspots. flares are our solar system ’ s largest explosive events. they are seen as bright areas on the sun and they can last from minutes to hours. we typically see a solar flare by the photons ( or light ) it releases, at most every wavelength of the spectrum. the primary ways we monitor flares are in x - rays and optical light. flares are also sites where particles ( electrons, protons, and heavier particles ) are accelerated. scientists classify solar flares according to their brightness in the x - ray wavelengths. there are three categories : c, m, x, with each one representing approximately 10x more power. the number following the letter indicates another factor applied to the basic classification scheme, from 1 - 9. at the high end, the x class can go higher than 9 because there is no higher letter classification. what is a coronal mass ejection ( cme )? the outer solar atmosphere, the corona, is structured by strong magnetic fields. where these fields are closed, often above sunspot groups, the confined solar atmosphere can suddenly and violently release bubbles of gas and magnetic fields called coronal mass ejections. a large cme can contain a billion tons of matter that can be accelerated to several million miles per hour in a spectacular explosion. solar material streams out through the interplanetary medium, impacting any planet or spacecraft in its path. cmes are sometimes associated with flares but can occur independently. tony phillips / holly zell nasa ' s goddard space flight center


origin of name : the name " the north - western territories, " initially assigned by the british government, once referred to all the lands held by the hudson ' s bay company. nickname : canada ' s last frontier, land of the polar bear, or north of sixty. entered confederation : 15 july 1870 ; reorganized 1 september 1905. motto : the new north ( unofficial ). coat of arms : the crest consists of two golden narwhals ( representing marine life ) on either side of a compass rose, which symbolizes the magnetic north pole. the white upper portion of the shield represents the polar ice pack and is crossed by a wavy blue band symbolic of the northwest passage. the wavy diagonal line symbolizing the treeline separates the red ( the tundra of the north ) from the green ( the forested lands of the south ). the historical economic resources of the land — mineral wealth and the fur industry — are represented respectively by gold bricks in the green portion and the head of a white fox in the red area. flag : the territorial shield of arms centered on a white field, with two vertical blue panels on either side. the white symbolizes the snow and ice of the winter, while the blue represents the territory ' s lakes and waters. floral emblem : mountain avens. tartan : the official tartan of the northwest territories is a registered design in shades of red, green, yellow, and blue. territorial bird : gyrfalcon. tree : jack pine. time : 5 am mst = noon gmt. at some time in its history, the northwest territories ( nwt ) has included all of alberta, saskatchewan, the yukon, and nunavut, and most of manitoba, ontario, and quebec. the northwest territories occupies about six percent of the total land area of the country. the nwt has a total area of 587, 206 square miles ( 1, 541, 844 square kilometers ), making it almost as large as the state of alaska. between 1905 and 1999, the northwest territories included all of canada north of the 60th parallel, except the yukon and portions of quebec and newfoundland. on 1 april 1999, the nwt was officially divided, with the eastern part becoming the new territory of nunavut. the western part so far has kept the name " northwest territories, " but is sometimes referred to as " western nwt " or " western arctic " in order to avoid confusion with the larger pre - 1999 nwt. the nwt is now bordered on the north by


far has kept the name " northwest territories, " but is sometimes referred to as " western nwt " or " western arctic " in order to avoid confusion with the larger pre - 1999 nwt. the nwt is now bordered on the north by the arctic ocean, beaufort sea, and polar ice ; on the east by nunavut ; on the south by saskatchewan, alberta, and british columbia ; and on the west by the yukon territory. from the 60th parallel, the nwt stretches 1, 240 miles ( 2, 000 kilometers ) to cape malloch on borden island ; the territory is 823 miles ( 1, 325 kilometers ) long from east to west. the nwt covers 452, 478 square miles ( 1, 171, 918 square kilometers ) and includes banks island, prince patrick island, and the western portions of victoria island and melville island. | estimated 2003 population | | 41, 900 | | population change, 1996 – 2001 | | - 5. 8 % | | percent urban / rural populations | | foreign born population | | 6. 4 % | | population by ethnicity | | north american indian | | 3, 375 | like the yukon, the nwt can be divided into two broad geographical regions : the taiga ( a boreal forest belt that circles the subarctic zone and is typified by stands of pine, aspen, poplar, and birch trees ), and the tundra ( a rocky arctic region where the cold climate has stunted vegetation ). one of the most remarkable features of the nwt is the mackenzie river, one of the world ' s longest at 2, 635 miles ( 4, 241 kilometers ). there are two major climate zones in the nwt : subarctic and arctic. in the subarctic zone, average temperatures in january are - 9°f ( – 23°c ) and 70°f ( 21°c ) in july, while average temperatures in the arctic zone range from - 27°f ( – 33°c ) in january to 50°f ( 10°c ) in july. the average temperatures in yellowknife are 8°f ( – 22°c ) from november to march and 57°f ( 14°c ) from june to august. as in the yukon, the varying amounts of daylight over the year are an important influence on the climate : between 20 and 24 hours of daylight in june and up to 24 hours of darkness in december. the lowest recorded temperature was - 71°f ( –


in the yukon, the varying amounts of daylight over the year are an important influence on the climate : between 20 and 24 hours of daylight in june and up to 24 hours of darkness in december. the lowest recorded temperature was - 71°f ( – 57. 2°c ) at fort smith on 26 december 1917. a short but intense summer produces many small but brilliant flowers, including purple mountain saxifrage and fireweed. the animal population of the nwt includes an estimated 700, 000 barren - ground caribou, 50, 000 muskoxen, 26, 000 moose, 10 – 40, 000 wolverines, 15, 000 wolves, and smaller numbers of woodland caribou, dall ' s sheep, bears ( polar, black, and grizzly ), bison, and mountain goats. bird species include grouse, ptarmigan, phalarope, pacific loon, and peregrine falcon. fish include lake trout, arctic grayling, arctic char, walleye, whitefish, and northern pike. the environmental protection service of the department of resources, wildlife, and economic development of the nwt ( rwed ) has programs to address hazardous substances, waste management, air quality, and environmental impact assessment. since the early 1990 ' s, dust conditions in yellowknife have improved and the 2002 total suspended particulate ( tsp ) levels were the lowest ever. the giant mine gold roaster was the largest single source of sulphur dioxide in the yellowknife area until it closed in 1999. only minor levels of sulphur dioxide had been detected by 2002. the arctic environmental strategy introduced by the federal government in 1991 as part of its green plan involves northerners in projects to protect the arctic environment. it also supports communities in the development of their own plans to deal with environmental issues. the nwt has a beverage recycling program and encourages composting. according to the 2001 census, the nwt had a population of 37, 360 ; only the yukon and nunavut were smaller. yellowknife, the capital, had a population of 16, 055 in 2001. other urban areas, and their 2001 populations, include hay river, 2, 892, and inuvik, 2, 884. the median age of the nwt in 2001 was 30. 1 years. this was much younger than the national average of 37. 6. it was second youngest only to nunavut, which was 22. 1 years. in 2001, aboriginals (


median age of the nwt in 2001 was 30. 1 years. this was much younger than the national average of 37. 6. it was second youngest only to nunavut, which was 22. 1 years. in 2001, aboriginals ( native peoples ) accounted for 47. 2 percent of the western nwt ' s population. in the western arctic, the dene have inhabited the forests and barrens for the past 2, 500 years. once nomads, today they live in communities, many still using traditional skills of hunting, trapping, and fishing. there are four major dene cultural groups : chipewyan, dogrib, slavey ( north and south ), and gwich ' in ( loucheux ). the inuvialuit reside primarily around the mackenzie river delta. the metis are descendants of dene and ethnic european parentage and comprise eight percent of the territory ' s population. other ethnicities found in the western nwt include irish, french, german, and ukrainian. the nwt has eight official languages, but english is the language used most often for business and commerce. as of 2001, 77 percent of the territory ' s residents claimed english as their native language, while 2. 6 percent declared french as their mother tongue. the dene have four linguistic groups : chipewyan, dogrib, slavey ( north and south ), and gwich ' in ( loucheux ). in 2001, 31. 3 percent of the population — about 11, 610 people — were protestant, including anglicans, members of the united church of canada, pentecostals, baptists, lutherans, and presbyterians, in that order. the territory also had about 17, 000 catholics and about 180 people of muslim faith. there were less than 160 people each of the following : eastern orthodox, jews, buddhists, sikhs, and hindus. about 6, 600 people had no religious affiliation in 2001. territorial highways are mostly all - weather gravel roads, with some paved sections ; clouds of dust, flying gravel, soft spots, and long distances between service stations are common. in the north, the dempster highway ( # 8 ) connects inuvik, on the mackenzie river delta, with dawson, yukon, across the richardson mountains. in the south, the mackenzie highway ( # 1 ) provides access to alberta via connecting roads leading from yellowknife ( # 3 ), hay river ( # 2 ), fort resolution ( # 6 ), and fort smith (


richardson mountains. in the south, the mackenzie highway ( # 1 ) provides access to alberta via connecting roads leading from yellowknife ( # 3 ), hay river ( # 2 ), fort resolution ( # 6 ), and fort smith ( # 5 ). the liard highway ( # 7 ) provides entry to british columbia. the canol road ( # 9 ) and the nahanni range road also provide access from the yukon, but terminate just inside the nwt border. in 2003, the nwt had 22, 005 registered motor vehicles, 3, 429 trailers, 371 motorcycles and mopeds, 95 buses, and 1, 105 off - road vehicles. from january to march, the coldest months of the canadian winter, truckers drive heavy and dangerous loads across hundreds of miles of ice roads plowed on frozen lakes in order to deliver supplies to mines. there are no roads to many of the mines, which are often isolated by hundreds of lakes scattered across the territory. ferry service is provided in the summer for highways 1, 3, and 8, which cross major rivers ; in the winter, motorists simply drive over the frozen rivers. during the freezing months of fall and thawing months of spring, however, crossings by vehicles are not possible. air canada provides service to yellowknife from edmonton, alberta. the northwest territories include many islands, lakes, rivers and the northernmost portions of mainland canada. the first inuit ( the name given to eskimos in canada ) are believed to have crossed the bering strait, a land bridge separating asia and north america, about 5, 000 years ago. they spread east along the arctic coast and were the only people in the area for thousands of years. the very first european explorers to arrive there were most likely the vikings, who sailed to the eastern arctic ocean around 1000 a. d. the first documented visit ( a visit for which definite records exist ) to the territory was led by english explorer martin frobisher in 1576. in 1610, english navigator henry hudson, while looking for a sea passage to asia ( the northwest passage that links the atlantic and pacific oceans ), landed briefly on the western shore of the bay that now bears his name. his discovery opened the door for further exploration of the new world ' s interior. in the years that followed, european explorers like thomas button, thomas james, and luke foxe traveled to the region and mapped a large portion of the eastern arctic, particularly the western coast of hudson bay. in 1670


the new world ' s interior. in the years that followed, european explorers like thomas button, thomas james, and luke foxe traveled to the region and mapped a large portion of the eastern arctic, particularly the western coast of hudson bay. in 1670, in an effort to stimulate the area ' s fur trade, the british government granted the lands west of modern ontario to the hudson ' s bay company. the company set up fur - trading posts along the rivers to the west as far as alberta. they also established a few posts farther north along the shores of hudson bay. in 1770, the company sent one of its employees, samuel hearne, on an expedition north of its territorial borders into what would become the northwest territories. although his journey was a success in terms of the area he covered — about 3, 200 kilometers in total — the number of fur - bearing animals he encountered was lower than he had expected. the exploration reports of a rival trading agency, the north west company, were more encouraging. in his 1789 journey along the river that now bears his name, alexander mackenzie noted that the forests lining this waterway were full of fur - bearing animals. the north west company soon set up posts along the mackenzie river. meanwhile, however, the hudson ' s bay company became interested in trading in the area. a fierce competition developed between the two companies, and the rivalry continued until 1821, when the north west company was taken over by the hudson ' s bay company. hudson ' s bay had succeeded in forming a trade monopoly over all of the explored land in northwestern canada and was responsible for maintaining law and order there as well. fur trading wasn ' t the only industry doing well in the northwest in the nineteenth century. whaling became a big business, as well. the inuit had hunted whales for centuries, eating the skin and blubber, using the whalebones to make tools and build furniture, and burning the oil for light and heat. europeans began whaling in the northwest back in the 1600s, mostly looking for valuable whale oil. whaling activity peaked between 1820 and 1840. between the fur traders and the whalers, europeans reshaped the northwest territories, bringing with them a new economy and way of life. communities grew around trading posts, mission schools, and royal canadian mounted police stations with the arrival of fur traders, missionaries, and government officials. caribou, used as food for the whalers, became scarce, so the inuit had to turn to the europeans for food and clothing. prior to this, the inuit were completely self -


arrival of fur traders, missionaries, and government officials. caribou, used as food for the whalers, became scarce, so the inuit had to turn to the europeans for food and clothing. prior to this, the inuit were completely self - sufficient, meaning they were able to live on their own from the land and the sea. this sudden reliance on trade with the settlers changed their lives forever. the europeans also brought diseases like typhus, scarlet fever, and measles to the northwest territories. the inuit had never been exposed to these diseases before, and many died because they lacked the resistance necessary to fight them off. in 1870, the british government transferred control of the hudson ' s bay company ' s land to canada. this included all of the northwest territories, as well as most of the rest of western canada. later, the government added the islands of the arctic archipelago to the territories. the westernmost part of the northwest territories was the location of the klondike gold strike in 1896. the resulting rush of settlers ( hence the term gold rush ) into the region prompted the canadian government to create a separate territory, the yukon territory, in 1898. in 1905, both alberta and saskatchewan were created from the territories. seven years later, the provinces of manitoba, ontario, and quebec were enlarged, and the northwest territories assumed the boundaries it would maintain until its division in 1999. since land in the northwest territories is so remote and its climate is so harsh, it was largely overlooked by settlers and developers for decades after its creation. by world war ii ( 1939 – 45 ), however, mineral exploration and the military were playing a role in northern development. radium, a radioactive metal, was discovered in the great bear lake region in the 1930s, and in 1935 a major gold find was made in yellowknife. this discovery, along with better transportation routes, brought more settlers to the area. yellowknife ' s population grew from 200 before 1930 to 1, 000 by the mid - 1940s. when a hydroelectric plant was built in yellowknife in 1948, even more people and industries were drawn to the city. during world war ii, the location of the northwest territories made it an important part of north america ' s defense. to protect canada and the united states from enemy attack, military bases and airstrips were built along the arctic coast. an oil pipeline was also built at this time to transport oil from the northwest territories to the yukon. during the 1950s and 1960s, bombers were stationed in the northwest


states from enemy attack, military bases and airstrips were built along the arctic coast. an oil pipeline was also built at this time to transport oil from the northwest territories to the yukon. during the 1950s and 1960s, bombers were stationed in the northwest territories to keep an eye on northern canadian airspace. prior to the development of ballistic missiles, this served a vital role in the defense of north america against a possible nuclear attack from the soviet union. also in the late 1950s, the educational system in the northwest territories was largely reformed. until this point, schooling had been provided almost exclusively through church missions. in 1959, the federal government of canada instituted a territorial school system ; ten years later, operation of the school system was turned over to the territorial government. the issue of settling aboriginal, or native, land claims in the northwest territories ( as well as in other parts of canada ) emerged in the 1970s. the native people argued that their culture, ways of life, and rights to the land were lost with the arrival of europeans to the region. their grievances were presented to the federal government, and in 1984, a final agreement was reached with the inuvialuit of the western northwest territories. it provided some 2, 500 people with 91, 000 square kilometers ( 35, 100 square miles ) of land, monetary compensation, hunting rights, and a greater role in solving social and environmental problems. in 1992, the gwich ' in ( another group of native people ) settled a similar land claim that provided them with a variety of environmental rights, monetary compensation, and two portions of land : 22, 422 square kilometers ( 8, 657 square miles ) in the northwestern portion of the northwest territories and 1, 554 square kilometers ( 600 square miles ) in the yukon. by far, though, the largest land claim to be settled in canada was reached with the tungavik federation of nunavut in 1993. the agreement provided about 17, 500 inuit of the eastern northwest territories with 350, 000 square kilometers of land, financial compensation, a share in resource royalties, hunting rights, and a greater role in the management of land and the environment. the final agreement also led to the creation of a new territory, nunavut, on the first of april 1999. the creation of this new territory has changed the northwest territories considerably. the area is much smaller, and the population is now almost evenly split between aboriginals and non - aboriginals. matters such as land claims and self - government will undoubtedly continue to create controversy early in the twenty


territory has changed the northwest territories considerably. the area is much smaller, and the population is now almost evenly split between aboriginals and non - aboriginals. matters such as land claims and self - government will undoubtedly continue to create controversy early in the twenty - first century. in 2004, premier joe handley called for a greater openness and discussion in local communities. local and regional leaders were encouraged to work together in the emerging self - governments of municipalities. in the nwt, political power rests with elected representatives. although a federally appointed commissioner is technically in charge of the territorial administration, the role of that office has diminished, and it generally follows the lead of the elected territorial government. executive power is held by a 19 - seat elected assembly, whose members remain as political independents. this assembly then appoints a 7 - person executive council, of which 1 is chosen as government leader for the territorial government ( in 1994 the title " government leader " was changed to " premier " ). territorial legislators campaign as political independents. the last election was held on 24 november 2003. | 1905 – 19 | | frederick d. white | | 1919 – 31 | | william wallace cory | | 1931 – 34 | | hugh howard rowatt | | 1947 – 50 | | hugh llewellyn keenleyside | | 1950 – 53 | | hugh andrew young | | 1953 – 63 | | robert gordon robertson | | 1963 – 67 | | bent gestur sivertz | | 1967 – 79 | | stuart milton hodgson | | 1979 – 89 | | john havelock parker | | 1989 – 94 | | daniel leonard norris | | 1999 – 00 | | daniel joseph marion | | 2000 – | | glenna f. hansen | | 1985 – 87 | | nick gordon sibbeston | | 1987 – 91 | | dennis glen patterson | | 1991 – 94 | | nellie joy cournoyea | | 1994 – 95 | | nellie joy cournoyea | a village must have a total assessed value of c $ 10 million for the entire community to be incorporated ; for a town, c $ 50 million ; and for a city, more than c $ 200 million. as of 2004, yellowknife was the sole city ; there were also four towns, one village, ten hamlets, three settlements, and four charter communities. there were also twelve " first nations, " or aboriginal bands, which had a degree of self - government. the canadian constitution grants territorial and provincial jurisdiction over the administration of justice, and allows each territory and province


three settlements, and four charter communities. there were also twelve " first nations, " or aboriginal bands, which had a degree of self - government. the canadian constitution grants territorial and provincial jurisdiction over the administration of justice, and allows each territory and province to organize its own court system and police forces. the federal government has exclusive domain over cases involving trade and commerce, banking, bankruptcy, and criminal law. the federal court of canada has both trial and appellate divisions for federal cases. the nine - judge supreme court of canada is an appellate court that determines the constitutionality of both federal and territorial statutes. the tax court of canada hears appeals of taxpayers against assessments by revenue canada. the territorial court system consists of a territorial court, which deals with most criminal offenses, family law matters, youth proceedings, small claims, and traffic violations ; a supreme court of the northwest territories, which handles serious criminal and civil cases ; and a court of appeal, which is the highest court in the territories, hearing appeals from the territorial court and the supreme court of the northwest territories. the annual number of homicides varies, but usually ranges from 2 to 10. because of the small population, the nwt often has the highest homicide rate in canada. in 2002, there were 4 homicides in the territory. that year, there were 5, 688 violent crimes per 100, 000 persons and 6, 046 property crimes per 100, 000 persons. some 20, 000 to 30, 000 years ago, the ancestors of the modern day dene crossed a land bridge over the bering sea and dispersed throughout the western hemisphere. the dene first migrated into what is now the nwt some 7, 000 to 8, 000 years ago. the inuvialuit migrated into the nwt from alaska in the 1800s, replacing the mackenzie inuit who were decimated by diseases introduced from migrant whalers. in 2001, 19. 5 percent of the 2, 355 immigrants living in the nwt had come from the united kingdom, 9. 1 percent from united states, 21. 9 percent from southeast asia ( mostly from the philippines ), and 14. 2 percent from northern and western european countries other than the united kingdom ( mostly from germany ). during 2001, 1. 5 percent of the nwt population age 5 and over were living abroad. about 6. 6 percent were living elsewhere in the nwt, and 16. 8 percent were living in another province. most interprovincial migration is with alberta. the aboriginal peoples ' traditional subsistence activities — fishing, hunting,


were living abroad. about 6. 6 percent were living elsewhere in the nwt, and 16. 8 percent were living in another province. most interprovincial migration is with alberta. the aboriginal peoples ' traditional subsistence activities — fishing, hunting, and trapping — have an impact on the territorial economy. sports fishing and big - game hunting also play a small role. commercial fishery development in the nwt — both freshwater and saltwater — is being encouraged. fur harvesting continues to be very important, supplementing the income of many aboriginal families. inuit arts and crafts distribute a greater amount of income more widely than any other economic activity ; some 1 in 14 people of working age in the nwt earns some income by this means. the settling of northern land claims sets the stage for increased economic activity in which all can share and have a voice. but even if development is welcome and necessary for economic prosperity, it must be managed so as not to threaten the fragile arctic ecosystem and the traditional lifestyles of the northern peoples. in 2002, the nwt had a gross domestic product ( gdp ) of c $ 2. 9 billion, or about 0. 25 percent of the national total. in 2000, the average family income was c $ 79, 241 for a family of five. this was the highest average family income of all the provinces. industry in the nwt centers on processing raw materials. food products, wood, printing and publishing, nonmetallic mineral products, and chemical products are important manufacturing sectors. in 2002, the value of manufactured shipments for the nwt was c $ 43. 6 million. as of 2002, employment in the nwt was 21, 000 persons. there were 1, 300 unemployed persons, and the unemployment rate that year was 5. 8 percent. the hourly minimum wage as of january 2004 was c $ 8. 25, the second - highest rate among the provinces, behind nunavut. the sectors with the largest numbers of employed persons in 2002 were : public administration, 4, 500 ; trade, 2, 500 ; health care and social services, 2, 400 ; transportation and warehousing, 1, 800 ; forestry, fishing, mining, and oil and gas, 1, 500 ; educational services, 1, 400 ; accommodation and food services, 1, 400 ; construction, 1, 300 ; finance, insurance, and real estate and leasing, 900 ; professional, scientific, and technical services, 800 ; information, culture, and recreation, 700 ; other services, 700 ; management, administration, and


, 400 ; construction, 1, 300 ; finance, insurance, and real estate and leasing, 900 ; professional, scientific, and technical services, 800 ; information, culture, and recreation, 700 ; other services, 700 ; management, administration, and other support, 600 ; and manufacturing, 300. a brief but intense summer growing season ( due to the midnight sun ) limits local production of crops, of which seasonal berries and produce for home consumption are the most prominent. there were 30 farms in the nwt in 2001. farms in the territories are smaller than those in the southern provinces, averaging under 150 acres. hay accounts for three - quarters of total field crops in the territories. reindeer, musk - oxen, and horses are found on territory farms. the territorial government has been involved in a joint project with the university of alberta to study the use of fiber optics to illuminate greenhouses with natural light on a year - round basis. for centuries, indigenous peoples have bred dogs as draft animals to carry packs and later to pull sleds. before modern transportation was available, dog teams often served as the primary form of transportation during the winter months. the territory has no commercial cattle, pig, sheep, or poultry farms. fur trapping is still practiced and is an important contributor to the economy. in the 2001 / 02 season, fur production was valued at c $ 780, 000. the dene and inuvialuit once depended on subsistence fishing to sustain their families and dog teams. today, sport fishing is a popular activity and is a source of income from tourism. in 2000, there were 4, 720 active resident anglers in the nwt. over 20 world sport fishing records have been set in the nwt. principal species sought include lake trout, arctic grayling, arctic char, northern pike, walleye, and whitefish. although 151. 8 million acres ( 61. 4 million hectares ) — or 58 percent — of the nwt is covered by forests, only 35. 4 million acres ( 14. 3 million hectares ) of this land is useful for tree harvesting. the territorial government owns 83 percent of the forests and the federal government controls the remaining 17 percent. in 2002, the forest industry produced $ 110, 548 of domestic exports, almost entirely converted paper. cuba is the main export mining is by far the largest private sector of the nwt economy. in 2003, the total value of mineral production was c $ 1. 8 billion, with diamonds and gold accounting for nearly all of this amount. production


. cuba is the main export mining is by far the largest private sector of the nwt economy. in 2003, the total value of mineral production was c $ 1. 8 billion, with diamonds and gold accounting for nearly all of this amount. production in 2003 included 2, 746 kilograms ( 6, 053. 8 pounds ) of gold and 11. 2 million diamond carats. that year, the nwt provided 100 percent of the value of canada ' s diamond and tungsten production. the nwt also produced small amounts of silver, sand and gravel, and stone in 2003. the first major gold discovery in the western nwt was made in 1935 on the west side of yellowknife bay, an area than is still mined. in 1991, the discovery of diamonds in the nwt started one of the largest land claim rushes in recent canadian history. during 1993 – 98, expenditures on diamond exploration in the nwt totaled c $ 744 million and accounted for more than 15 percent of canada ' s mining exploration expenditures. expenditures on diamonds increased to about c $ 160 million in 2000. canada ' s first diamond mine, the ekati open - pit mine at lac de gras, opened in october 1998. as of 2003, there were five kimberlite pipes ( pipe - shaped deposits of molten rock that has solidified ) at the ekati diamond mine at lac de gras ( panda, koala, misery, fox, and leslie ), and applications were being processed for three more ( beartooth, sable, and pigeon ). four additional pipes were being sampled. oil and gas exploration and development are important to the territory ' s economy, but the industry is open to wide fluctuations in world markets. the norman wells oil field has been in production since 1943. the field was expanded in 1985. the field produces between 11 and 12 million barrels per year, valued at c $ 250 – c $ 300 million per year. natural gas is produced at fort liard, pointed mountain, ikhil, and norman wells. new gas discoveries around fort liard came on stream in 2000. initial production rates of 50 million cubic feet per day have been achieved. in 2002, 1. 24 million cubic meters of crude petroleum were produced, valued at c $ 289. 27 million. that year, 848 million cubic meters ( 29. 95 billion cubic feet ) of natural gas were produced, worth c $ 107. 28 million. in 2000 / 01, electricity generated totaled 334 gigawatt hours. in 2002, total merchandise exports


that year, 848 million cubic meters ( 29. 95 billion cubic feet ) of natural gas were produced, worth c $ 107. 28 million. in 2000 / 01, electricity generated totaled 334 gigawatt hours. in 2002, total merchandise exports for the northwest territories, nunavut, and the yukon amounted to c $ 1. 1 billion. total imports for the three territories amounted to c $ 65 million. the major export markets were belgium, the united kingdom, germany, the united states, and finland. the major import suppliers were the united states, france, germany, the united kingdom, and singapore. over 83 percent of merchandise exports from the three territories were pearls and precious stones ( including diamonds ). retail trade in the nwt amounted to c $ 505. 6 million in 2002. inuit arts and crafts account for a great amount of retail income in the nwt, spread out over a wide geographical area. about one in 14 persons of working age in the nwt earns some income through the sales of craft items. services related to tourism have become increasingly important sources of income. the fiscal year runs from 1 april to 31 march. for fiscal year 2002 / 03, total revenues were estimated at c $ 856 million, about 45 percent coming from the government of canada. expenditures were almost c $ 853 million. major expenditure areas were health, education, public works, social services, municipal and community services, nwt housing corporation, renewable resources, transportation, and economic development and tourism. the nwt has no provincial sales tax. there is a c $ 0. 107 per liter tax on gasoline, and a tax of c $ 33. 20 per carton on cigarettes. the territorial income tax rates in 2003 ranged from 7. 2 to 13. 05 percent. the combined federal / territorial tax rate on ordinary income was 42. 05 percent for the top marginal rate. in 2001, there were 613 live births in the nwt, a decrease of 8. 9 percent over 2000. there were 163 deaths that year, a 3. 8 increase over 2000. the nwt was one of only four provinces or territories to have an increase in the number of deaths in 2001. the life expectancy in 2001 was 74. 4 years for men, and 79. 6 years for women. these were the second - lowest life expectancy rates in canada. only nunavut had lower life expectancy rates. reported cases of selected diseases in 2002 for the nwt included gonococcal infections, 123 ; chicken po


for women. these were the second - lowest life expectancy rates in canada. only nunavut had lower life expectancy rates. reported cases of selected diseases in 2002 for the nwt included gonococcal infections, 123 ; chicken pox, 68 ; giardiasis, 10 ; and salmonellosis, 8. between november 1985 and june 2003, 35 residents had become infected with hiv, the virus that causes aids. larger communities such as yellowknife, inuvik, hay river, and fort smith have well - equipped hospitals ; smaller communities have nursing stations. air ambulance ( medevac ) service is available throughout the nwt and is coordinated by the local nursing stations. excessive alcohol consumption is a health problem in the nwt. smoking rates are among the highest in canada. in 2001, there were 12, 565 households in the nwt, and the average number of persons in a household was 2. 9, the second - highest number after nunavut. due to permafrost and a short construction season, the cost of building a house is more expensive in nwt than elsewhere in canada. in 2001, 8, 085 households lived in single - detached houses, 245 households lived in apartments in buildings with five or more stories, 485 households lived in mobile homes, and 3, 745 households lived in other dwellings, including row houses and apartments in buildings with fewer than five stories. in 2002, c $ 102. 1 million was invested in residential construction. elementary and secondary schools are supported by eight community boards of education and by the provincial department of education. there are 46 public schools offering instruction in english, 2 schools offering instruction in french, and 3 private schools. there were approximately 9, 800 students enrolled in all schools in 2001. aurora college ( formerly the arctic college ) has campuses in inuvik, fort smith, and yellowknife. there are community learning centres ( clc ), operated by aurora college, in most communities. postsecondary community college enrollment in western nwt in 2001 was about 1, 200 full - and part - time students. nearly every community in the nwt has artisans who produce clothing, accessories, tools, weavings, beadwork, jewelry, or carvings. other skilled crafts include the making of birchbark baskets, moose - hair tuftings, and porcupine quillwork. studios are often found in the more populous areas of holman, inuvik, fort laird, and yellowkni


skilled crafts include the making of birchbark baskets, moose - hair tuftings, and porcupine quillwork. studios are often found in the more populous areas of holman, inuvik, fort laird, and yellowknife. inuvik is the site of the mid - summer great northern arts festival, which draws artisans from throughout the territory. per capita territorial spending on the arts in the nwt in 2000 / 01 was c $ 172, much higher than the national average ( c $ 68 ) for the territories and provinces. the nwt public library services, based in hay river, coordinates public library service throughout the territory. member libraries are located in fort norman, fort simpson, fort smith, hay river, hay river reserve, igloolik, inuvik, norman wells, and yellowknife. museums in the nwt include the prince of wales northern heritage centre in yellowknife, the northern life museum & national exhibition centre at fort smith, and the nunatta sunaqutangit museum at iqaluit. yellowknife has 3 radio stations ( 2 am and 1 fm ). cabl - tv is a cable television station based in yellowknife ; mackenzie media ltd. provides cable service to the capital. periodicals and magazines published in the nwt include above & beyond, l ' aquilon, deh cho drum, inuvik drum, news / north, slave river journal, up here, and the yellowknifer. recently, tourism has become increasingly important. the nwt offers a variety of landscapes of great natural beauty, which are well - suited to fishing, wildlife observation, and other outdoor activities. the western nwt has four national parks : nahanni national park reserve, west of the liard river in the mackenzie mountains ; wood buffalo national park, west of fort smith and extending into alberta ; aulavik national park, on northern banks island ; and tuktut nogait national park, located northeast of inuvik. great slave lake ' s east arm is currently under consideration as the nwt ' s fifth national park. local sporting organizations ( for such sports as badminton, basketball, track and field, and volleyball ) are popular in the territory, as are canoeing and kayaking. early english explorers who traveled the waterways of the nwt in search of a northwest passage included sir martin frobisher ( 1539? – 94 ) and henry hudson ( d. 1611 ). famous early fur


are canoeing and kayaking. early english explorers who traveled the waterways of the nwt in search of a northwest passage included sir martin frobisher ( 1539? – 94 ) and henry hudson ( d. 1611 ). famous early fur traders included sir alexander mackenzie ( b. scotland, 1764 – 1820 ), who explored the slave river and great slave lake area, and american peter pond ( 1740 – 1807 ), who established the first trading post. nellie joy cournoyea ( b. 1940 ), from aklavik, became the first woman head of government in canada upon her 1991 election as government leader of the nwt. ethel blondin - andrew ( b. 1951 ), from fort norman, became the first native woman elected to the canadian parliament, in 1988. actress margot kidder ( b. 1948 ) is a native of yellowknife. bumsted, j. m. the peoples of canada. new york : oxford university press, 1992. daitch, richard w. northwest territories. minneapolis : lerner publications, 1996. holmes, j. r. the story of fort steuben. steubenville, oh : fort steuben press, 2000. levert, suzanne. northwest territories. philadelphia : chelsea house, 2001. moore, christopher. the big book of canada. toronto : tundra books, 2002. roy, geoffrey. north canada : yukon, northwest territories, nunavut : the bradt travel guide. guilford, ct : globe pequot, 2000. weihs, jean. facts about canada, its provinces and territories. new york : h. w. wilson, 1995. goverment of northwest territories. http : / / www. gov. nt. ca ( accessed on march 22, 2004 ). statistics canada. http : / / www. statcan. ca ( accessed on march 22, 2004 ). travel canada : northwest territories. http : / / www. travelcanada. ca / tc _ redesign / app / en / ca / destinations. do? provinceid = 7l ( accessed on march 22, 2004 ).


not in keeping with “ civilization ” indian office orders end of long hair, dances, and feasts william a. jones, the commissioner of indian affairs in the office of indian affairs, has ordered his agents and superintendents on the reservations to see to it that indian men not be allowed to wear long hair. jones states that long hair is “ not in keeping with the advancement they are making or will soon be expected to make, in civilization. ” according to jones ’ s order, if indian men who are employed by the government do not comply, their food rations should be stopped. if they became troublesome, jones believes that “ a short confinement in the guard - house at hard labor, with shorn locks, should furnish a cure. ” jones also ordered his reservation officials to end face - painting and traditional dances and feasts and to encourage the discarding of indian dress. when reporters questioned whether he had gone too far, jones responded that his actions were in line with the policies set down by secretary of the interior henry m. teller. “ at one extreme there is a cold brutality which recognizes the dead indian as the only good indian, and at the other a sickly sentimentalism that crowns the indian with a halo and looks up to him as a persecuted saint, ” jones told reporters. “ between the two, ” jones continued, “ will be found the true friend of the indian, who, looking upon him as he really is and recognizing his inevitable absorption by a stronger race, are endeavoring to fit him under new conditions for the struggle of life. with these i desire to be numbered. ” jones was appointed in 1897 by republican president william mckinley. a business man from mineral point, wisconsin, jones has been very active in the republican party. by dr. d. jerome tweton originally published as the north star dakotan student newspaper, written by dr. d. jerome tweton and supported by the north dakota humanities council. describe how community life has changed from past ( i. e., pioneer and tribal ) to the present identify examples of how different groups, societies, and cultures are similar and different ( e. g., in beliefs, traditions, family relationships, celebrations, institutions, folklore ) identify similarities and differences between past events and current events in north dakota ( e. g., in the lives of people from different cultures past and present ) identify the characteristics of a sovereign nation in terms of tribal government in north dakota explain the contributions of various ethnic groups ( e. g., native americans,


dakota ( e. g., in the lives of people from different cultures past and present ) identify the characteristics of a sovereign nation in terms of tribal government in north dakota explain the contributions of various ethnic groups ( e. g., native americans, immigrants ) to the history of north dakota ( e. g., food, traditions, languages, celebrations ) describe similarities and differences between past events and current events in u. s. history ( e. g., in the lives of people from different cultures past and present ) explain how differences among cultures ( e. g., differences in beliefs and governments ) often result in conflict. explain how political leaders ( e. g., andrew jackson, william henry harrison, martin van buren, john tyler ) dictated national policy ( e. g., states ’ rights, closure of national bank, indian removal act ) analyze the rationale for western expansion and how it affected minorities ( e. g. reservations, indian removal act, treaties, chinese exclusion act, dawes act, manifest destiny, homestead act ) explain the significance of key events ( e. g., settlement and homesteading, statehood, reservations ) and people ( e. g., roughrider recipients ) in north dakota and tribal history analyze federal policy and action regarding american indians ( e. g. dawes act, changes in federal and state indian policies, civil rights movement ; current issues surrounding gaming, housing, distribution of wealth, and healthcare, indian reorganization act, bureau of indian affairs, indian civil rights act, indian child welfare act, american indian religious freedom act, indian gaming regulatory act, citizenship, american indian movement ) explain how political and economic forces have affected the sovereignty of tribal nations ( e. g., constitutional provisions ; supreme court cases ; laws used in forming the basis of the federal - tribal relationship ; political and economic forces affecting sovereignty of tribal nations ) explain the various purposes of social groups, general implications of group membership, and different ways that groups function ( e. g., minority groups, cliques, counterculture, family relations and political groups ) analyze conflict, cooperation, and interdependence among individuals, groups, and institutions ( e. g., gender roles, social stratification, racial / ethnic bias )


for terms and their definitions, please see the associated glossary which accompanies this compendium. compendium of the reforms of the roman breviary, 1568 - 1961 by gregory dipippo for publication on the new liturgical movement part 4 - 1629 : the hymns of urban viii in the context of the divine office, ‘ hymnus ’ means a metrically composed song, arranged in strophes, or ‘ stanzas ’ in the modern musical terminology derived from italian. they are relative late - comers to the public worship of the church ; they were not accepted into general use in the office at rome until the 13th century, and were never adopted into the oldest forms of the divine office, tenebrae, easter, and the office of the dead. however, the complete rejection of them by the council of braga in 563, for example, or by agobard of lyon in the mid - 9th century, is clearly a minority opinion. the approval of them by saint benedict in his rule guaranteed that they must eventually become a constituent part of the office, and one of the chief criticisms of cistercians made in their earliest days was precisely the fact that they made notable changes to the well - established corpus of hymns. saint benedict ’ s term for a hymn is ‘ ambrosianum ’, because it was saint ambrose who introduced their use into the west, in the famous episode of the portian basilica. ( see the confessions of saint augustine, book 9, chapter 7, and paulinus ’ life of saint ambrose, chapter 13. ) for this reason, a very large number of the commonly used hymns of the office are attributed to him, while others were said to be the work of saints hilary of poitiers or gregory the great. the great hymns of passiontide are the work saint venantius fortunatus, composed for the reception of some relics of the true cross which his friend, queen radegund, received as a gift from the byzantine emperor and installed in the monastery of the holy cross at poitier, where venantius was bishop. the vesperal hymn of saints peter and paul, aurea lucis was long attributed to elpis, the legendary first wife of the philosopher boethius, but this attribution, like so many others, is now rejected by the majority of liturgical scholars, ( in the specific case of elpis, because she did not exist. ) poetry in the latin and greek classical tradition is not based on rhyme,


this attribution, like so many others, is now rejected by the majority of liturgical scholars, ( in the specific case of elpis, because she did not exist. ) poetry in the latin and greek classical tradition is not based on rhyme, which was considered a defect by the ancients, but on the length of syllables. the earliest christian hymns in latin, beginning with those of saint ambrose, were mostly composed in a meter called the iambic dimeter. the iamb consists of a short syllable followed by a long one, and is used in pairs ; the first short syllable in a pair may be substituted by a long one. other substitutions are also possible, making the dimeter, i. e. two pairs of iambs, quite flexible within a constant length of eight syllables. other meters, such as the sapphic stanza, ( named for its inventor, the poetess sappho, ) are also used. each stanza of the iambic dimeter and the sapphic has four lines, as do most other meters, although a few have six. each hymn is concluded with a doxology, on the analogy of the great doxology “ glory be unto the father ”, which is sung in the office at the end of every psalm and canticle. by the time of the tridentine reform it had become the universal custom of the western rite to change the doxology according to the season, and feasts of the virgin had a special doxology as well. thus, for example, from christmas day to the vigil of the epiphany, the common doxology “ praesta, pater piissime, ” was everywhere substituted by “ gloria tibi, domine, / qui natus es de virgine. ” ( glory to you, o lord, that wast born of the virgin. ) the medieval church produced a truly vast number of hymns. a german - produced catalog of hymns written from 500 to 1400 a. d., the analecta hymnica medii aevi, was printed in 55 volumes over the course of fourty years, 1886 to 1926 ; the first volume, containing hymns written in bohemia from the 13th to 15th centuries, has over 200 entries. however, the church of rome, as mentioned before, took a long time to accept the use of hymns in the office, and in its habitual liturgical conservatism, adopted fewer of them than other medieval rites. the hymns of prime, terce,


church of rome, as mentioned before, took a long time to accept the use of hymns in the office, and in its habitual liturgical conservatism, adopted fewer of them than other medieval rites. the hymns of prime, terce, sext, none and compline are the same every day of the year. each of the great seasons, such as advent or lent, has three proper hymns, one for matins, one for lauds and one for vespers. many major feasts, however, such as christmas and the epiphany, have only two, the hymn of either vespers or lauds being sung also at matins. a similar conservatism is found among the hymns of the saints. of the 39 saints named in the roman canon, ( apart from the virgin mary ) only john the baptist and the apostles peter and paul have their own hymns ; all the rest have hymns taken from the common offices. of the seven common offices of saints, only that of several martyrs has a separate hymn for each of the three major hours. the virgin mary ’ s common office, adapted from the office of the assumption, also has three hymns, which are used on nearly all of her feasts, in the saturday office, and in the little office as well. as a result, some of the finest gems of medieval hymnody are not found in the historical roman rite, such as the christmas hymn, veni, redemptor gentium, the easter hymn, chorus novae jerusalem, the hymn of the assumption, o quam glorifica, and the hymn of st. stephen, sancte dei pretiose ; all of these are commonly found in most other medieval breviaries. the use of sarum, which predominated in pre - reformation england, has four more hymns for lent than the roman use : a proper hymn for compline, sung throughout the season, and different hymns for matins, lauds and vespers of the third and fourth week. greater variety of this sort is typical of non - roman breviaries before trent. it would be unfair, however, to ascribe the relative paucity of hymns in the roman breviary to mere laziness or lack of interest. any medieval collection of hymns, whatever its size, is in the final analysis highly repetitive ; a limited corpus of hymns makes them easier to learn by heart, no small matter in an age in which books were not


laziness or lack of interest. any medieval collection of hymns, whatever its size, is in the final analysis highly repetitive ; a limited corpus of hymns makes them easier to learn by heart, no small matter in an age in which books were not cheap to produce. the two hymns of the common of apostles, sung on all of the apostles ’ feasts, originated in rome as hymns for the feast of the roman church ’ s founders, saints peter and paul. by singing these hymns on the feasts of all of the apostles, the church signifies the unity of their evangelizing work, and the unity of the peoples throughout the world brought by them to christ. the corpus of hymns in the breviary of 1529 is carried over into the pian breviary almost identically ; as with the antiphons, the exceptions are mostly cases where the entire office of a particular feast is changed. such is the case with the feast of the holy trinity, for which one office was substituted with a different, earlier office, and with the presentation of the virgin mary, which had four proper hymns, ( matins, lauds, and both vespers ), but was removed from the calendar by st. pius v. it may seem, therefore, all the more remarkable that in 1629, pope urban viii appointed a commission for the revision of the hymns, and after three years of work, promulgated a new hymnal for use in the roman breviary, the last substantial revision of the breviary until the reform of the psalter in 1911. prior to his election to the papacy in 1623, cardinal maffeo barberini had been well known as a scholar and a latinist ; a book of his latin poems written before his election was published in 1637, and the latin epigrams on the bases of two of gian lorenzo bernini ’ s sculptures are also his work. as pope, he personally composed the hymns of saints hermenegild, martina and elizabeth of portugal, all in various classical meters, rather than in iambic dimeters. to him, as to many latinists of the renaissance before him, the simple diction of the traditional hymns, their disregard for the rules of classical metrics, and especially the large number of later latin words not used by the great classical authors such as virgil and horace, or even an occasional non - latin word, could only seem as blemishes on the public prayer of the church. the job of the commission


the large number of later latin words not used by the great classical authors such as virgil and horace, or even an occasional non - latin word, could only seem as blemishes on the public prayer of the church. the job of the commission, therefore, was to conform the hymns to the vocabulary and metric forms of classical latin poetry. the commission consisted of four jesuits, three italians and a pole, but pope urban appears to have done much of the work himself, although the precise degree of his contribution has been disputed. in the course of their work, hardly a single hymn was left untouched, notwithstanding their antiquity or the sanctity of their authors. the hymns of st. ambrose, to whom far more were attributed at the time than modern scholars will now grant, had been in more or less continuous use in the church for over 12 centuries. even the magnificent passiontide hymns of st. venantius were substantially reworked. in his history of the roman breviary, msgr. pierre batiffol gives an example of the reformed text of the hymns, the very first hymn of the ecclesiastical year, conditor alme siderum, placed side by side with the revised version of the same, without commentary. following his example, it may be beneficial to examine a few of the specific changes made to this hymn, as examples of the work of pope urban and his commission. the first stanza of the original reads : conditor alme siderum, aeterna lux credentium christe, redemptor omnium, exaudi preces supplicum. ( kindly creator of the stars, / eternal light of believers, / christ, redeemer of all, / hear the prayer of your suppliants. ) the revised version of the same stanza reads : creator alme siderum, aeterna lux credentiuum, jesu, redemptor omnium, intende votis supplicum. the change of conditor, accented on the first syllable, to creator, accented on the second, is more in keeping with the classical form of an iamb ; it also avoids all possibility of misreading the word as conditor, although we may safely hope that few people in the preceding centuries thought they were addressing the “ kindly embalmer of the stars ”. the change of christe to jesu likewise conforms the verse to a more classical understanding of the iamb, although christian poetry had always been


few people in the preceding centuries thought they were addressing the “ kindly embalmer of the stars ”. the change of christe to jesu likewise conforms the verse to a more classical understanding of the iamb, although christian poetry had always been much more flexible about the arrangement of syllables. intende votis in place of exaudi preces is also a metrical correction, and could not be a more perfect example of the exchange of a christian latin expression for a ciceronian one. the penultimate stanza of this same hymn begins with the words “ te deprecamur, hagie, / venture judex saeculi, ” – “ we beseech thee, o holy one, / judge of the world that art to come. ” hagie is greek for sancte, the vocative of sanctus, and was commonly used in medieval christian latin. it is here chosen because its extra syllable neatly finishes the eight - syllable line of the iambic dimeter. the unknown 9th century author probably did not know, and certainly would not have cared if he did, that all three syllables of hagie are short, where the fifth syllable of an iambic dimeter should, according to the classical rules, be long. it is a greek word, the use of which is peculiarity of the greek - born christian tradition, alien to the prose of cicero and the poetry of horace and ovid. the two verses are therefore revised to read : “ te deprecamur ultimae / magnum diei judicem, ” – “ we beseech thee as the great judge of the last day. ” examples of this sort could be multiplied at great length ; apart from its doxology, the new version of conditor alme siderum alone changes all but 15 words of the original sixty - four, and half of the 15 are in the first stanza. all together, there are several hundred metrical corrections in the hymnal, and some hymns, such as the two of the dedication of a church, and the three of eastertide, were so drastically rewritten as to constitute entirely different works. the hymn of saint michael ’ s day, tibi christe, splendor patris, was completely altered in both text and meter. although the new hymns became the standard text of the roman breviary, and remain so to this day in the extraordinary form of the roman rite, they were not everywhere received. the chapters of many major churches retained the use


both text and meter. although the new hymns became the standard text of the roman breviary, and remain so to this day in the extraordinary form of the roman rite, they were not everywhere received. the chapters of many major churches retained the use of the older hymns, not least among them that of saint peter ’ s basilica itself. none of the religious orders which retained the use of their proper breviaries after trent, such as the premonstratensians, ever adopted the new text, nor did any of the monastic breviaries. less than twenty years later, in 1647, the cistercian abbot - general claude vaussin brought about a thorough revision of his order ’ s liturgical books, but rejected the new hymns ; this, despite the fact that his reason for reforming the books was to stave off a movement within the order to abandon the benedictine use altogether in favor of the liturgical books of st. pius v. since the days of dom gueranger, liturgical scholarship has been as unsparing in its criticism of the urban viii revision as the religious orders were unwelcoming of it. msgr. batiffol calls the new hymns “ deformed ”, likening them to the broken ancient statues discovered in rome, which “ the barberini … and many others restored …, attaching to them new limbs which are a greater disfigurement to them than all the mutilations inflicted on them by the rude hand of time. ” ( p. 221 ) fr. adrian fortescue is equally, characteristically severe. in the preface to a 1916 collection of latin hymns and english translations by alan g. mcdougall, he writes ( p. 27 - 28 ) “ whatever good the renaissance may have done in other ways, there can be no question that it was … disastrous to christian hymns. there came the time when no one could conceive anything but the classical meters and classical language. so they wrote frigid imitations of classical lyrics … there is nothing to be done with this stuff but to glance at it, shudder, and pass on. … ( t ) hose absurd renaissance people did not realize that, because an original is beautiful, it does not follow that a bad imitation will be. ” but not even fr. fortescue ’ s barbs can match the oft - quoted witticism of pope urban ’ s contemporaries, many of whom were less than impressed by the new hymns : “ accessit latinitas, recessit pie


but not even fr. fortescue ’ s barbs can match the oft - quoted witticism of pope urban ’ s contemporaries, many of whom were less than impressed by the new hymns : “ accessit latinitas, recessit pietas. – latinity came in, piety went out. ” the 1970 liturgy of the hours there is a popular misconception that the new liturgy of the hours promulgated by pope paul vi in 1970 restored the hymns to their pre - urban viii text. this is only very partially true. it is true that the older text was the basis of the reform, and that most of what was done under pope urban did not find its way into the post - conciliar version of the hymnal. in this sense, the criticism of msgr. batiffol and fr. fortescue, among many others, have been amply vindicated. however, a very large number of changes were made to the older texts by the committee responsible for a new selection and revision of the hymns. in the year 1984, dom anselmo lentini, o. s. b., the head of the committee published a very informative dossier of its work called te decet hymnus, noting in the introduction that, of the numerous committees that produced the new liturgy, his was almost the only one to publish a complete record of its activities. the hymns are arranged in an order similar to the order in the breviary itself : hymns of the psalter, of the liturgical seasons, the proper of the saints, and the common offices. each hymn is accompanied by a critical apparatus, indicating its author and age, if known, its meter, the critical editions of the hymn, where available, and the breviaries in which it was used after the tridentine reform, where applicable. there then follow notes on the changes to the original text made by the committee. as in the work of pope urban viii, metrical corrections abound in the newest version of the hymnal ; as a general rule, they are less intrusive than those of the 17th century, and the modern revisers clearly had a better understanding of medieval poetry. many of the corrections are justified in the critical notes as rendering the hymns easier to sing ; for example, a verse of the christmas hymn christe, redemptor omnium, is changed from “ memento, salutis auctor ” to “ salutis auctor, recole. ” i


hymns easier to sing ; for example, a verse of the christmas hymn christe, redemptor omnium, is changed from “ memento, salutis auctor ” to “ salutis auctor, recole. ” i cannot say from experience that this does in fact render the line easier to sing. it is perhaps worth noting, however, that the original version was sung five times a day every day for centuries in the hymn for the minor hours of the little office of the virgin. the vocabulary of the hymns is also retouched, although with much less severity, and much better taste, than in the 17th century reform. the line cited above from the vesper hymn of advent, “ te deprecamur, hagie ”, is re - written “ te, sancte, fide quaesumus, ” a metrical correction that eliminates the use of a greek word branded “ exotic ” in the critical notes, although it was still being used by the benedictines, dominicans and others even as the committee did its work. some of these changes are motivated by external factors. with the suppression of the church ’ s discipline of lenten fasting, the latin word for fasting, ‘ jejunium ’, is removed from the original text of the traditional hymns of lent, substituted by ‘ abstinentia ’. many of the hymns are shortened by the elimination of entire stanzas, “ for the sake of brevity ”, as the critical notes state repeatedly. the christmas hymn veni, redemptor gentium is added to the repertoire of hymns for advent, but without its fifth strophe. in the recording of this very beautiful hymn by the schola gregoriana magyar, this strophe is sung in 17 seconds ; in the dominican chant, it takes a full 28 seconds. the repertoire of hymns is very considerably expanded. for example, the new liturgy of the hours has nine proper hymns for lent, two each for matins ( now known as the office of readings ), lauds and vespers, and proper hymns for the minor hours of terce, sext and none. ( prime is of course suppressed in the new office. ) the great defect of te decet hymnus is that it indicates which hymns or versions of hymns were used in post - tridentine, non - roman breviaries, but does not say anything about the pre - tridentine sources from which hymns which have been added. the three lent


well, maybe – and maybe not. while it ’ s an important scientific advance, this is also very early - stage research, the kind that may or may not ever make it to market. in short, the researchers found a drug called jq1 that shuts off sperm production in mice – and though it ’ s just mice, that ’ s already more advanced than many studies that are reported as big news. many studies claiming to a big deal basically say “ we found a gene / ion channel / whatever that is key for sperm production / function. now if we can just find a drug to affect it! we ’ re looking hard! and then we ’ ll need to see what else the drug happens to do to men and whether it ’ s safe. check back in 5 or 10 years! ” these researchers, by contrast, are a step ahead : they have already found a drug that works in mice, called jq1, that they discovered while working on cancer. but not all drugs that work in mice work in humans, as was discovered to great disappointment with another promising male contraceptive lead, zavesca. and even if it works, it will take many years of testing to determine whether the drug affects anything else in the body besides sperm production. is it really a magic bullet against sperm production only, or does it just happen to turn your hair green or raise your cholesterol while it ’ s at it? only time will tell. in the meantime, it is important to keep funding contraceptive methods further along the pipeline. too often, researchers get promising early results like these in mice and then find they can ’ t get the scale of funding needed to take the work to the finish line. some methods in this category : gamendazole and the clean sheets pill, which have already been shown to work in animals ; risug and vasalgel, highly - effective methods that can provide hassle - free contraception for more than 10 years ; and gandarusa, a plant - based pill slated to go on the market in indonesia next year but that has not been pursued at all in the west. new research is important, but we must also finish the jobs we start. this week researchers from ucla and the population council reported that their combination hormone contraceptive gel lowers sperm count in many of the men who take it. is this the advance we ’ ve been waiting for? mcip applauds the population council ’ s work on nestorone, a “ designer progestin ” that is more


in a new study researchers in the u. s. have shown that organic diets meant that children had less exposure to two common pesticides. according to a study by emory university researcher chensheng " alex " lu, phd, an organic diet was found to lower children ' s dietary exposure to two common pesticides used in u. s. agricultural production. lu says the substitution of organic food items for children ' s normal diets substantially decreased the pesticide concentration to non - detectable levels. he says previous research has linked organophosphorus pesticides to causes of neurological effects in animals and humans, and the use of such pesticides in residential areas has now either been banned or restricted by recent regulatory changes. this he says helps to minimize children ' s exposure, but few restrictions have as yet been imposed on agriculture. in his initial research, dr. lu and his colleagues from emory university and the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), specifically measured the exposure of two organophosphorus pesticides ( op ) malathion and chlorpyrifos, in 23 elementary students in the seattle area by testing their urine over a 15 - day period. the children age ages 3 to 11 - years - old, were first monitored for three days on their conventional diets before the researchers substituted most of the children ' s conventional diets with organic food items for five consecutive days. the children were then re - introduced to their normal foods and monitored for an additional seven days.


unesco ( united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ) is a specialized agency of the united nations established in 1945. its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the un charter. in total, 191 nations belong to unesco. the organization is based in paris, with over 50 field offices and several institutes and offices throughout the world. most of the field offices are " cluster " offices covering three or more countries ; there are also national and regional offices. unesco pursues its action through five major programmes : education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information. projects sponsored by unesco include literacy, technical, and teacher - training programmes ; international science programmes ; the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press ; regional and cultural history projects, the promotion of cultural diversity ; international cooperation agreements to secure the world cultural and natural heritage and to preserve human rights ; and attempts to bridge the world - wide digital divide. as early as 1942, in wartime, the governments of the european countries, which were confronting nazi germany and its allies met in the united kingdom for the conference of allied ministers of education ( came ). the second world war was far from over, yet those countries were looking for ways and means to reconstruct their systems of education once peace was restored. very quickly, the project gained momentum and soon took on a universal note. new governments, including that of the united states, decided to join in. upon the proposal of came, a united nations conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization ( eco / conf ) was convened in london from 1 to 16 november 1945. scarcely had the war ended when the conference opened. it gathered together the representatives of forty - four countries. spurred on by france and the united kingdom, two countries that had known great hardship during the conflict, the delegates decided to create an organization that would embody a genuine culture of peace. in their eyes, the new organization must establish the “ intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind ” and, in so doing, prevent the outbreak of another world war. at the end of the conference, thirty - seven countries made the birth of the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization. the constitution of unesco, signed on 16 november 1945, came into force on 4 november 1946 after ratification by twenty countries : australia, brazil, canada, china, czechoslovakia, denmark, dominican republic


birth of the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization. the constitution of unesco, signed on 16 november 1945, came into force on 4 november 1946 after ratification by twenty countries : australia, brazil, canada, china, czechoslovakia, denmark, dominican republic, egypt, france, greece, india, lebanon, mexico, new zealand, norway, saudi arabia, south africa, turkey, united kingdom, united states. the first session of the general conference of unesco took place in paris from 19 november to 10 december 1946 with the participation of representatives from 30 governments entitled to vote. the ashes of the second world war are reflected in the composition of the founding member states of unesco. japan and the federal republic of germany became members in 1951, spain in 1953. other major historical factors, as the cold war, the decolonization process and the dissolution of the ussr, also left their trace on unesco. the ussr joined unesco in 1954 and was replaced by the russian federation in 1992. 19 african states became members in 1960. 12 republics emanating from the former soviet union entered unesco in 1991 - 93. as a consequence of the entry of the people ’ s republic of china into the united nations it has been the only legitimate representative of china at unesco since 1971. the german democratic republic was a member from 1972 to 1990, when it joined the federal republic of germany. origins of unesco the main predecessors of unesco were : • the international committee of intellectual co - operation ( cici ), geneva 1922 - 1946, • its executing agency, the international institute of intellectual co - operation ( iici ), paris, 1925 - 1946 • the international bureau of education ( ibe ), geneva, 1925 - 1968 ; the latter has since 1969 been part of the unesco secretariat under its own statutes. the new director - general is elected every four years by the general conference. under his authority, the secretariat is expected to translate into reality the programmes approved by the general conference. visit the official portal of unesco


somebody went and vandalized billy the kid ’ s tombstone, which is a 2, 000 - pound gravestone, and while they were at it, they stole three antique rifles and a shotgun from the old fort sumner museum in new mexico. the thieves also vandalized other gravestones in the cemetery. de baca county authorities said that the criminals were still at large and that there is a $ 1, 000 reward for information leading to the arrest. billy the kid, born william henry mccarty, jr. in 1859, became a famed outlaw in the wild west who according to legend killed 21 people, although it is generally believed that he actually killed between four and nine people. he was a central figure in a violent, irish - english land war in new mexico, and was beloved by mexican - american ranchers who felt discriminated against by racist white bankers and land thieves. the kid ’ s end came only after he refused to abandon his mexican - american teen girlfriend. most likely born in new york city, he came to new mexico with his mother while searching for a better economic future. it was in silver city, n. m., that a young billy the kid learned spanish and mexican dances as he mingled easily among the territory ’ s large mexican - american population when others from the east coast didn ’ t even bother, according to paul hutton, a university of new mexico american west historian, who appears in the new film. when his mother died of tuberculosis when he was 15, billy the kid was left an orphan and raised largely by mexican - american ranchers and sheepherders. this helped the kid later when he was on the run from the law and was given shelter by poor mexican - americans ranchers he befriended, hutton said.


nhtsa joins raleigh safety advocates to highlight dangers of child heatstroke in hot cars wednesday, july 18, 2012 contact : lynda tran, 202 - 366 - 9550 auto safety agency urges caregivers to think ‘ where ' s baby? look before you lock. ' raleigh – with the north carolina summer already heating up, david strickland, administrator of the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ), today joined safe kids, north carolina department of transportation officials and health professionals to discuss ways to prevent child deaths and injuries in hot cars and urge parents and caregivers to think " where ' s baby? look before you lock. " " this campaign is designed for families with young children, but it applies to everyone who cares about the safety of children, " said u. s. transportation secretary ray lahood. " we hope these simple tips will save lives and help families avoid heartache. " statewide, at least 19 children have lost their lives to vehicular heatstroke since 1998, with most deaths occurring among children ages 3 and younger. heatstroke is the leading cause of non - crash, vehicle - related deaths for children under the age of 14. in response to a growing incidence of heat - related deaths, nhtsa and safe kids worldwide announced a new partnership during july to prevent heatstroke. as part of this joint effort, the nation ' s top auto safety agency and one of the country ' s most vocal child safety organizations will host public events throughout the summer to highlight the dangers of heatstroke. " everything we know about this terrible danger to children indicates heatstroke in hot cars can happen to any caregiver from any walk of life – and the majority of these cases are accidental tragedies that can strike even the most loving and conscientious parents, " said nhtsa administrator strickland. " we hope our campaign not only helps caregivers avoid accidentally harming a child but also clears up some of the misconceptions about the causes of child heatstroke in cars. " when outside temperatures are in the low 80s, the temperature inside a vehicle can reach deadly levels in only 10 minutes, even with a window rolled down two inches. children ' s bodies in particular overheat easily, and infants and children under four years old are at the greatest risk for heat - related illness. data from the san francisco state university department of geosciences show 33 children died last year due to heatstroke – medically termed " hyperther


and infants and children under four years old are at the greatest risk for heat - related illness. data from the san francisco state university department of geosciences show 33 children died last year due to heatstroke – medically termed " hyperthermia " – while there were at least 49 deaths in 2010. an unknown number of children are also injured each year due to heatstroke in hot cars, suffering ailments including permanent brain injury, blindness, and the loss of hearing, among others. often heatstroke deaths and injuries occur after a child gets into an unlocked vehicle to play unbeknownst to the parent. other incidents can occur when a parent or caregiver who is not used to transporting a child as part of their daily routine inadvertently forgets a sleeping child in the back of the vehicle. in addition to north carolina, through the partnership, nhtsa, safe kids, and its safety partners will also visit arizona, georgia, mississippi and missouri to urge parents and caregivers to take the following precautions to prevent heatstroke incidents from occurring : - never leave a child unattended in a vehicle – even if the windows are partially open or the engine is running and the air conditioning is on ; - make a habit of looking in the vehicle – front and back – before locking the door and walking away ; - ask the childcare provider to call if the child does not show up for care as expected ; - do things that serve as a reminder a child is in the vehicle, such as placing a cell phone, purse or briefcase in the back seat to ensure no child is accidentally left in the vehicle, writing a note or using a stuffed animal placed in the driver ' s view to indicate a child is in the car seat ; and, - teach children a vehicle is not a play area and store keys out of a child ' s reach. nhtsa and safe kids urge community members who see a child alone in a hot vehicle to immediately call 911 or the local emergency number. a child in distress due to heat should be removed from the vehicle as quickly as possible and rapidly cooled with water. to learn more about nhtsa ' s " where ' s baby? look before you lock. " campaign, visit www. safercar. gov / heatstroke. safe kids supports nhtsa ' s hyperthermia education campaign and the increased national coordination on the issue. in addition, with the support of the gm foundation, safe kids and its network of 600 coalitions and chapters across the nation are helping to educate


a seed is a dense amalgam of bioinformation. since darwin did his first experiment on seeds, they have also been subject to biopolitics in the most direct sense. as monsanto and other corporations seek to privatize the genetic commons, it ’ s time to join the seed revolution. charles darwin ’ s first published experiment was called “ does sea water kill seeds? ” this apparently innocuous question concealed a major biopolitical contest. darwin sought to prove whether or not seeds could germinate after being soaked in sea water. as he observed in his essay : such experiments … have a direct bearing on a very interesting problem, which has lately, especially in america, attracted much attention, namely whether the same organic being has been created at one point or on several on the face of our globe. darwin spliced two related issues here : first, the debate prompted by british geologist edward forbes who asserted that europe ’ s landmass had been far more extensive in the relatively recent past so as to account for the spread of plant varietals to islands like the azores. for the “ common sense ” of received science said that sea water killed all seeds. therefore, if the same species was observed in different places, then it must have been “ created ” separately. pro - slavery apologists used this argument to propose that there were distinct and different forms of the human species and it was therefore acceptable for white north americans to enslave africans. darwin ’ s simple test demolished the theory : seeds germinate perfectly well after an immersion in salt water, meaning that they could be disseminated by the ocean across the planet. species thus originated once and not repeatedly. but other interesting questions opened : but when the seed is sown in its new home, then comes the ordeal : will the old occupants in the great struggle for life allow the new and solitary immigrant room and sustenance? darwin ’ s language here is fascinating and provocative, showing that five years before the formal publication of origin of species, he was already thinking far down the road. his experiment did not, of course, demolish slavery ’ s logic but it removed one of its purported strands of “ empirical evidence. ” fast - forward to our own day, and the occupants are making very little “ room and sustenance ” for the “ immigrants ” in all senses. as the chart below shows, only 4 % of the commercial vegetable varieties being grown in 1903 are still in cultivation today. whereas there were nearly 500 commercial varieties


making very little “ room and sustenance ” for the “ immigrants ” in all senses. as the chart below shows, only 4 % of the commercial vegetable varieties being grown in 1903 are still in cultivation today. whereas there were nearly 500 commercial varieties of lettuce in 1903, now we must choose from only 36 – if you ’ ve ever wondered why your “ mesclun ” always tastes the same, here ’ s your answer. the reduction in variety is part of the effort to commandeer the food supply. monsanto now controls 93 % of the soybeans and 80 % of the corn growth in the united states by its seed monopoly and produces 27 % of all seeds sold. many of these, especially the corn and soy, are genetically manipulated and have worked their way into the entire food chain. activists have had some signal successes against this monopoly in europe where france and hungary recently joined germany, austria, peru and luxemburg in banning gmo seeds. hungary insisted that sprouted plants from genetically - modified seeds be thoroughly destroyed. in the us, while the seed industry remains in charge, organizers have created a brilliant alternative strategy : the seed library. the seed library stocks seeds of all kinds, “ lends ” them to a library user, who then “ returns ” them once the crop is harvested. one of the founders of this movement was gary paul nabhan, co - founder of native seeds / search. seed libraries are formal and informal, sometimes actually taking space in public libraries next to books as in richmond, va. the action combines two of the best internal projects of the occupy movement : to offer nutritious, organic and non - genetically modified food to the occupiers and others ; and to create libraries. on february 27, there is a day of action for occupy the food supply. more exactly, following darwin, the project is to un - occupy food, seeds and thereby our bodies. their coalition of organic farmers, farm laborers, urban farmers, seed activists, librarians, foodies and all those concerned with personal health reaches far beyond the stereotype of occupy. join them, support the action, plant heirloom seeds, join a seed library – it ’ s all fun and it ’ s all radical in the old sense : it goes to the root.


a participant ' s guide to mental health clinical research purpose of this document choosing to take part in clinical research is an important personal decision. your decision to participate will depend on your interests, needs, and expectations about research. this brochure, prepared by the national institute of mental health ( nimh ), provides answers to common questions about volunteering for mental health clinical research. nimh is part of the national institutes of health ( nih ), the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting medical research. our goal is to give you basic information about clinical research and help you make a decision about whether to participate. please review this information and discuss it with those close to you. as you read, write down questions you may want to ask. what is clinical research? clinical research refers to studies in which people participate as patients or volunteers. different terms are used to describe clinical research, including clinical studies, clinical trials, studies, research, trials, and protocols. clinical research may have a number of goals, such as developing new treatments or medications, identifying causes of illness, studying trends, or evaluating ways in which genetics may be related to an illness. strict rules for clinical studies have been put in place by nih and the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ). some studies involve promising new treatments that may directly benefit participants. others do not directly benefit participants, but may help scientists learn better ways to help people. confidentiality is an important part of clinical research and ensures that personal information is seen only by those authorized to have access. it also means that the personal identity and all medical information of clinical trial participants is known only to the individual patient and researchers. results from a study will usually be presented only in terms of trends or overall findings and will not mention specific participants. people sometimes think that participating in a study will require changes to their current treatment, but this is not always the case. though some studies may require participants to try new medications or treatments, other studies use techniques such as brain scans, psychological tests, behavioral observation, or blood tests for genetic evaluation. such studies may not require any change in treatment. why do people choose to participate in research? people participate in research for several reasons. some hope to get the most advanced treatment available for mental and behavioral illnesses. others participate because they want to assist scientists in developing better ways to help people. research is our best hope for understanding and treating mental illnesses. thanks to help from volunteers, medical researchers are learning more and more about the causes of mental and behavioral


illnesses. others participate because they want to assist scientists in developing better ways to help people. research is our best hope for understanding and treating mental illnesses. thanks to help from volunteers, medical researchers are learning more and more about the causes of mental and behavioral disorders, and are finding new ways to treat and prevent illnesses. without this important relationship between research participants and those studying their illnesses, it would be much more difficult to improve health treatments. volunteers of all ethnic and cultural backgrounds are needed. by having a variety of volunteers participate, researchers can learn how different people react to medications and other treatments. for example, by studying the differences in men and women, researchers discovered that these groups have very different warning signs for a heart attack. a comparison : participating in clinical research and seeing your doctor for treatment participating in clinical research is not the same as seeing your doctor. here are some differences : | participating in clinical research | | seeing your doctor | | the researcher ’ s goal is to learn about your illness. | | your doctor ’ s goal is to treat your condition. | | the researcher must use standardized procedures. you will probably be removed from the study if your illness worsens. | | your doctor will change your treatment as necessary. | | you will be randomly assigned to a group taking a standard treatment or placebo, also known as an inactive pill ( control group ), or a group taking a new treatment ( treatment group ). | | your doctor will usually offer standard treatment for your illness. | | the results from your participation may help researchers develop new treatments and may be published so that other researchers can learn. | | your treatment is designed to help you, not to help the doctor learn how to treat people with your illness. | | in some cases, costs of the study may be covered, and you may receive additional compensation. | | you will likely need to pay or use insurance for treatment. | | with your permission, researchers may check in with your doctors to learn about your conditions and past treatments. | | your doctor usually won ' t share your information with researchers. ( in some cases, he or she may ask permission to share information ). | what are the different types of clinical research? different types of clinical research are used depending on what the researchers are studying. below are descriptions of some different kinds of clinical research. treatment research ( also called “ clinical trials ” ) generally involves an intervention such as medication, psychotherapy, new devices, or new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy. prevention research looks for better ways to