newborn screening is an essential preventive public health function, used to identify at risk infants in the first few days of life, so that early treatment can be implemented to prevent mental retardation, chronic disability or death. the new jersey department of health has a long standing and effective program that assures testing, case follow - up tracking, and the provision of appropriate health care management of all infants detected as presumptively at risk for one of the specific conditions in the mandated screening panel. the state ’ s newborn screening ( nbs ) laboratory is mandated to screen for a total of fifty - four ( 54 ) metabolic and genetic disorders. forty - three ( 43 ) disorders, the amino acid disorders, the fatty acid oxidation disorders, the organic acidemias, and the urea cycle disorders, are screened using tandem mass spectrometry. other technology is used to screen for nine ( 9 ) other disorders, specifically biotinidase deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital hypothyroidism, cystic fibrosis, galactosemia and two ( 2 ) variants, also sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies. the nbs laboratory is responsible for specimen analysis, record keeping, quality control of laboratory methods and notification of results to hospitals, practitioners and the newborn screening follow - up program. the state ’ s newborn screening and genetic services follow - up program is responsible for tracking abnormal screening results, assuring that affected infants are referred for appropriate care and collecting final diagnoses on referred infants. the program collects and analyzes incidence data, and serves to disseminate information about newborn screening disorders to practitioners, parents and consumers. the unit is also the source of funding for specialized care centers. the purpose of newborn screening is to identify infants at risk for disorders, which if left untreated may result in mental retardation and / or other disabilities. the results of screening tests do not establish a diagnosis, but rather serve to identify patients who require further testing. the state nbs laboratory screens for the classical forms of disorders ; some variant forms may not be detected. transfusions can lead to false negative results. it is critical that practitioners be aware that newborn screening may not reveal all affected infants and does not replace a physician ’ s clinical awareness and diagnostic capability for the diseases screened and not screened. it is essential for health care providers to remain watchful for any sign or symptom of these conditions in their patients. a screening result should not be considered diagnostic


the whooping crane is an endangered bird native to north america. before europeans settled in the new world, there were an estimated 10, 000 of them. by the late 1800s, that number fell to about 1, 500. in 1941, there were twenty - three — two in captivity and just under two dozen in the wild. joe duff wanted to fix that. to do so, he and his colleagues decided to dress up kind of like the whooping cranes they wanted to save. duff is the co - founder and ceo of a not - for - profit organization called operation migration. the whooping crane population is at risk mostly due to habitat loss — the areas they have been migrating to and from, for generations, have slowly been eroded away as people have moved in. each subsequent generation of cranes learns the migratory path by following their parents, and unfortunately, the parents were going into a long - destroyed habitat, and many did not survive the season. without parents to guide them, the younger cranes were lost, and they, too, perished. to combat this, operation migration uses a development from the 1980s and 1990s. a canadian ultralight aircraft enthusiast named bill lishman — who would later become duff ’ s co - founder — theorized that certain waterfowl could be trained to follow such a plane to a different migratory destination. in 1993, lishman successfully led a group sixteen of canada geese from ontario to virginia. thirteen of the sixteen returned to ontario the next year — without needing a human guide. lishman ’ s innovation centered on the fact that waterfowl, soon after their birth, imprint upon the first creature they see. typically, this is their birth mother, but in a controlled environment, it could be basically any animal — including a person, if conditions are right. duff, in an interview with npr ’ s talk of the nation, explained : “ whooping cranes are hatched in the nest, in a marsh on the ground, basically, and they leave the nest almost immediately and follow their parents out to forage for food. and if they don ’ t follow their parents, they ’ re lost. so that natural instinct to imprint is there, and we just substitute parent for pilot and make sure they imprint on us. ” the pilots wear the above - seen costumes so that the whooping cranes, when reintroduced to the wild, are not familiar with humans. duff does not want them to learn that other people they come across are going to coddle and care for them because, simply, they won


- seen costumes so that the whooping cranes, when reintroduced to the wild, are not familiar with humans. duff does not want them to learn that other people they come across are going to coddle and care for them because, simply, they won ’ t. once the cranes are able — assuming they ’ ve learned to follow the pilot — operation migration continues their conditioning, training them to follow the ultralight aircraft, as seen below. according to an interview duff did with vetstreet. com, there are now roughly 500 whooping cranes in the wild — a roughly twenty - fold increase in just a few generations, although there is a long way to go. and there are unexpected problems along the way. as reported by the sierra club, toward the end of 2011 and into 2012, the federal aviation administration temporarily grounded operation migration ’ s aircraft due to an unclear rule requiring the organization to obtain a special waiver before they took flight again. they are working with the faa on a permanent solution to allow the flights to go off without further problems. bonus fact : for researchers and similar types, dressing up like the animals you are studying is not all that rare. in china, researchers transporting pandas into a wildlife reserve often don panda suits, as seen here. from the archives : going the distance : the tale of the incredibly long migratory path of the bar - tailed godwit.


layered magnetic structures : evidence for antiferromagnetic coupling of fe layers across cr interlayers grunberg, p., schreiber, r., pang, y., brodsky, m. b., & sowers, h. ( 1986 ) layered magnetic structures : evidence for antiferromagnetic coupling of fe layers across cr interlayers. phys. rev. lett. 57, 2442. essay about this article in albert fert ’ s thinking that lead to a realization of gmr, it was necessary to have an antiferromagnetic coupling between layers so that an external magnetic field could switch them to parallel alignment. it took another 20 years to achieve antiferromagnetically aligned magnetic layers sandwiched between non - magnetic metallic spacers. this achievement was due largely to a parallel development in multilayers that used semiconducting elements, in this case heterostructures. semiconducting elements have a lower affinity to interdiffuse at the interfaces between layers than do metallic elements ; therefore one was able to grow heterostructures by 1980. by following the recipe used for semiconductors several groups were able to achieve a controlled growth for metallic multilayers that demonstrated antiferromagnetic coupling between magnetic layers. notably peter grunberg grew fe / cr and fe / au double layers consisting of two fe layers separated by a thin spacer layer of cr or au, and demonstrated that the alignment between the fe layers was antiparallel before applying an external magnetic field. to determine the alignment and evaluate the interlayer coupling between the iron layers grunberg used the brillouin light scattering technique, in which light either excites or absorbs spin wave modes [ small deviations of the magnetization of the iron layers from their equilibrium positions ], and thereby either lowers or raises the frequency of the light. to ascertain the alignment of the iron layers grunberg noted whether an applied field shifted the light ’ s frequency. no shift indicated the magnetizations of the iron layers were parallel because either there is no coupling or a ferromagnetic coupling between layers. by varying the thickness of the spacer layer between a few and 20 a he identified the thicknesses where the alignments were antiparallel in zero field ; in particular he found that the coupling was definitively antiferromagnetic for 8 a of chromium. with this feat peter grunberg provided the material, a fe / cr


the alignments were antiparallel in zero field ; in particular he found that the coupling was definitively antiferromagnetic for 8 a of chromium. with this feat peter grunberg provided the material, a fe / cr multilayer, to test the idea of albert fert on gmr. parenthetically, the origin of the exchange coupling between magnetic layers across a nonmagnetic metallic spacer layer is similar to the ruderman - kittel - kasuya - yosida [ rkky ] interaction. that is, a magnetic moment immersed in a fermi sea of electrons creates a local polarization in the gas ; as only the electrons at the fermi level can produce the polarization, due to the availability of empty electron states to rearrange the electron distribution in the vicinity of the local moment, the induced magnetic polarization oscillates between being parallel and opposite to the local magnetic moment. this is reminiscent of the charge oscillations induced in a fermi sea of electrons by an added charge, which is known as friedel oscillations. when a second magnetic moment is in the proximity of the first it feels the magnetic polarization induced by it, i. e., it senses a local magnetic field, and aligns itself in its direction ; hence one establishes an indirect exchange interaction between the two moments through the metal ’ s electron gas. when a magnetic layer [ iron ] is in contact with a nonmagnetic metallic spacer it polarizes the electron gas in the spacer and provides the exchange field to couple to the magnetization of the magnetic layer at the opposite end of the spacer. this interlayer exchange coupling between magnetic layers is sizeable only for thin spacers of the order of a few nanometers, and oscillates between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic coupling due to the rkky or “ friedel ” oscillations. it should be mentioned that an interlayer exchange coupling was found about the same time as grunberg ’ s demonstration on fe / cr. groups at bell labs and at the university of illinois found an oscillatory coupling in multilayers containing rare - earth metals, e. g., dysprosium - yttrium [ dy - y ], where dy is magnetic and y nonmagnetic. after the discovery of gmr in magnetic multilayers there was tremendous interest in interlayer exchange coupling. stuart park


, published, or sold in whole or part, without prior written permission from the american physical society. select articles citing this paper himpsel, f. j., j. e. ortega, et al. ( 1998 ). " magnetic nanostructures. " advances in physics 47 ( 4 ) : 511 - 597. bruno, p. ( 1995 ). " theory of interlayer magnetic coupling. " physical review b 52 ( 1 ) : 411 - 439. unguris, j., r. j. celotta, et al. ( 1991 ). " observation of 2 different oscillation periods in the exchange coupling of fe / cr / fe ( 100 ). " physical review letters 67 ( 1 ) : 140 - 143. parkin, s. s. p., z. g. li, et al. ( 1991 ). " giant magnetoresistance in antiferromagnetic co / cu multilayers. " applied physics letters 58 ( 23 ) : 2710 - 2712. parkin, s. s. p., n. more, et al. ( 1990 ). " oscillations in exchange coupling and magnetoresistance in metallic superlattice structures - co / ru, co / cr, and fe / cr. " physical review letters 64 ( 19 ) : 2304 - 2307. binasch, g., p. grunberg, et al. ( 1989 ). " enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic - structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange. " physical review b 39 ( 7 ) : 4828 - 4830. baibich, m. n., j. m. broto, et al. ( 1988 ). " giant magnetoresistance of ( 001 ) fe / ( 001 ) cr magnetic superlattices. " physical review letters 61 ( 21 ) : 2472 - 2475.


adapting the universal signals of traffic lights to food packaging david leonhardt ’ s “ budgets behaving badly ” column from yesterday ’ s new york times is a must - read for nudge enthusiasts interested in how behavioral economics can be applied to public policy. one of the ideas in the column, also discussed in nudge, is the redesign of fuel economy stickers. another potential area for redesigned labels is food packaging, which one nudge reader thought could benefit from a traffic light theme. the cancer council of new south wales in australia is currently pushing the traffic light idea to help people make better nutritional decision making, following some field tests and surveys involving breakfast cereal, crispbread, and lasagna. ( hat tip to stephen laniel for pointing us to the study, which is here. ) researchers created a simple traffic light system ranking for levels of total fat, saturated fat, sugar and sodium. they compared these labels against other more detailed and complicated labels, which provided specific information on the percentage daily intake of bad items like fat and sodium, and good items like protein and fiber found in each food item. some of the daily intake labels used a traffic light color coding as well. the various labels are shown below. each label was attached to two versions of each food product, one healthy and one unhealthy. ( people weren ’ t told which. ) after observing the food package, consumers were asked to identify the healthy product. in the end, simpler turned out to be better. consumers using the traffic light system were five times more likely to correctly identify healthier food products compared to the monochrome % di system, and three times more likely to correctly identify the healthier products compared to the colour - coded % di system. there were no significant differences in consumers ’ ability to use the traffic light and the traffic light + overall rating systems, therefore including this additional overall rating information on front - of - pack labels may not be necessary. consumers reported that they could compare the healthiness of food products the fastest when using the traffic light and the traffic light + overall rating labelling systems, with significantly more consumers reporting they could make product comparisons using these systems at a glance, compared to consumers using the monochrome % di and colour - coded % di systems. what is most interesting about the survey is that consumers initially thought the traffic light labeling would be less useful than the daily intake percentage labels. before seeing the products, just 14 percent thought the traffic light label would be the most helpful, compared to 41 percent for the color - coded daily


frequently asked questions what are the different types of sleep disorders? snoring is very common but it may be a sign that something is seriously wrong with your breathing during sleep. when you snore the airway is not fully open and air has to be forced through the narrowed passageway. approximately 10 to 30 percent of adults snore and for the most part, there are no serious medical consequences. however, habitual snoring may be an indication of obstructive sleep apnea, a potentially life - threatening disorder. - sleep apnea sleep apnea is a disorder of breathing during sleep that is typically accompanied by loud snoring. apnea during sleep consists of brief periods throughout the night in which breathing stops. people with sleep apnea do not get enough oxygen during sleep. there are two major types. obstructive sleep apnea is the most common type and is due to an obstruction in the throat during sleep. bed partners notice pauses approximately 10 to 60 seconds between loud snores. the narrowing of the upper airway can be a result of several factors including inherent physical characteristics, excess weight, and alcohol consumption before sleep. central sleep apnea is caused by a delay in the signal from the brain to breathing. with both obstructive and central apnea you must wake up briefly to breathe, sometimes hundreds of times during the night. usually there is no memory of these brief awakenings. trouble falling asleep or staying asleep is known as insomnia. one in three americans suffer from insomnia, which afflicts people of all ages. many factors can contribute to insomnia, such as stress, stimulants ( i. e. caffeine or nicotine ) taken near bedtime, environmental factors such as noise, late hours or shift work, medications, and physical illness. although insomnia can last from a few days to a few weeks for some people it can last for months or years and seriously affect their day - to - day lives. - narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia narcolepsy is defined as undesirable sleepiness at inappropriate times. this disorder includes one or a combination of the following : excessive daytime sleepiness ; cataplexy, or brief loss of muscle control ; sleep paralysis ; and hallucinations or vivid dreamlike experiences that occur during drowsy episodes. while the exact cause of narcolepsy is unknown it is believed to come from the part of the central nervous system that controls sleep


muscle control ; sleep paralysis ; and hallucinations or vivid dreamlike experiences that occur during drowsy episodes. while the exact cause of narcolepsy is unknown it is believed to come from the part of the central nervous system that controls sleep and wakefulness. parasomnias refer to a wide variety of disruptive sleep - related events such as confusional arousals, night terrors, teeth grinding, sleepwalking and sleep talking, among others. although usually infrequent and mild, these events may occur often enough to require medical attention. - restless legs and periodic limb movement disorder people experiencing twitching in the legs or arms during the night suffer from periodic limb movement disorder ( plmd ). these muscle jerks may occur infrequently or as often as once or twice each minute. plmd seldom awakens the sleeper. however, it interferes with sound sleep and many people suffering from plmd suffer from insomnia and feel excessively sleepy during the day. in addition, people who have plmd may also have restless leg syndrome when awake. this syndrome causes a peculiar crawling sensation in the calves or thighs that occurs when the patient is sitting or lying down. how much does a sleep study cost? - most insurance companies and managed care plans cover the cost of evaluating, testing, and treating sleep disorders. the center ’ s staff can assist you and your doctor in obtaining the necessary pre - authorizations from your health plan. the edythe kurz center for sleep medicine at nyack hospital participates with most major insurance companies. under special circumstances individual payment plans can be arranged. don ’ t let cost cause a delay in diagnosis and treatment. call today for the care you need. are sleep disorders serious? consider these interesting facts : - sleepiness is a contributing factor to many motor vehicle accidents. four percent of all traffic fatalities and as many as 30 percent of fatalities on high - speed boring stretches of highway result from a driver falling asleep at the wheel. - sleepiness has been implicated as a contributing factor to major industrial accidents and environmental disasters such as the exxon valdez oil spill. - loud snoring can create a severe strain on a relationship. imagine sleeping next to a buzz saw every evening. - sleep apnea – when a person actually stops breathing – is closely associated with a number of serious medical conditions including hypertension, coronary artery disease and stroke. - untreated, chronic insomnia may lead to depression. - tiredness diminishes concentration and interest and saps


breathing – is closely associated with a number of serious medical conditions including hypertension, coronary artery disease and stroke. - untreated, chronic insomnia may lead to depression. - tiredness diminishes concentration and interest and saps the enjoyment from life. - each year sleep disorders, sleep deprivation, and sleepiness add an estimated $ 15. 9 billion to america ’ s healthcare bill. what is a polysomnogram? a polysomnogram or sleep study is a non - invasive overnight test which records your sleep pattern, breathing, oxygen level, heart rate and rhythm, and muscle tone while you sleep in a private hotel - like room at our center. how are sleep disorders diagnosed and treated? diagnosis begins with recognition of the possibility of a sleep disorder by patient bed, partner, or doctor. for some disorders such as insomnia or restless leg syndrome, history, sometimes supplemented by other testing or the maintenance of sleep diaries, reveals the problem. for other disorders such as sleep apnea or narcolepsy, the disorder must be confirmed by a sleep study or polysomnogram. for narcolepsy and occasionally other conditions, this study is followed the next day by a similar test performed during brief naps ( multiple sleep latency test ). sleep apnea may be treated by one or a combination of these therapies : surgery, dental appliance, weight loss and / or a breathing device called nasal cpap. narcolepsy and restless leg syndrome are treated with medications. insomnia is treated primarily by behavioral approaches including a re - learning of sleep habits.


to select their class projects, students review and vote their interest among a set of design challenges. these are short project proposals compiled by d - lab staff, based on criteria including community partner interest, past d - lab activity, and overall value. voting happens with the project selection form, which also helps the instructors create teams with an appropriate mix of skills, backgrounds and interests. - project selection form ( pdf ) the following table lists the six design challenges selected by the spring 2010 class to become class projects, followed by brief summaries of the other candidates not selected by the class. | topics | | summaries | | design challenges | | selected design challenges | | bamboo pencil maker | | process for easy manufacturing of bamboo pencils that are comparable to pencils made from wood. | | compiled descriptions ( pdf ) | | chlorine generation | | using locally run electrolysis for a do - it - yourself approach to chlorine generation. | | plastic bottle recycling | | device that granulates and cleans used plastic bottles into reusable flakes. | | portable bicilavadora ‡ | | pedal - powered washing machine that easily transports from house to house. | | spiral pine needle cookstove ‡ | | cookstove for burning pine needles as an alternative fuel source in india. | | vegetable cutter | | mechanized device for dicing large volumes of potatoes for an orphanage in peru. | | other candidates ( not selected ) | | braille typewriter | | low - cost braille typewriter that can be manufactured and distributed among blind and partially sighted individuals | | these design challenge descriptions are not available | | charcoal briquette maker | | faster briquette - making devices to improve the feasibility of producing charcoal from agricultural waste as an income generating activity in haiti | | clay molder | | device that helps women in brong - ahafo, ghana to mold clay more quickly into the appropriate shapes for selling | | forestry growth management | | sms integrated device to measure and record tree growth for forestry management in vietnam | | low co stove | | a fuel - efficient charcoal stove with low carbon monoxide emissions | | maize sheller attachment | | redesigning a component of a bicycle attachment to remove maize kernels from the cob so that the entire device can be made locally in tanzania | | paper bag maker | | improving the production process for recycled paper bags at a women ' s shelter in kolkata, india | | straw chopper | | chopping straw to use as a substrate for growing


the entire device can be made locally in tanzania | | paper bag maker | | improving the production process for recycled paper bags at a women ' s shelter in kolkata, india | | straw chopper | | chopping straw to use as a substrate for growing mushrooms, to supplement income in assam, india | | water siting | | low - cost tools to accurately locate groundwater before labor - intensive manual well drilling in ghana | ‡ for the portable bicilavadora and the spiral pine needle cookstove, the design review presentations and final reports are presented at the end of this page. the design packet describes the sequence of process steps and milestones to be followed by the design teams. the earlier steps serve as homework assignments, leading into a final phase of prototype fabrication, testing, and evaluation. complete design packet ( pdf ) for ease of use and website cross referencing, the design packet is also presented in this sequence of four webpages. sample project results these final project reports are presented courtesy of the students and used with permission. movilavadora ( portable bicilavadora ) ( pdf - 2. 8mb ) spiral pine needle cookstove ( pdf - 1. 7mb ) project follow - up survey ( pdf ) many d - lab projects continue through multiple years of testing and refinement. see the d - lab website for the latest information on recent projects.


timeline of church history ( new testament era ) | timeline of church history | | this article forms part of the series | | holy scripture | the symbol of faith | the holy trinity | | god the father | the holy spirit | edit this box | the history of the church is a vital part of the orthodox christian faith. orthodox christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of jesus christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever - dynamic holy tradition of the orthodox church. new testament era - 168 bc - 70 ad late second temple period : the main internal struggles amongst the jews were between the pharisees and the sadducees, as well as the essenes and zealots. - 168 bc martyrdom of the holy seven maccabees, their mother solomonia, and their teacher eleazar. - 167 - 160 bc revolt of the maccabees under judas maccabeus. - 165 bc restoration of jewish worship at the temple in jerusalem ; the temple is purified and the idols erected there by antiochus iv are destroyed ; the reconsecration of the temple becomes an annual feast of dedication in the jewish calendar, hanukkah ( the wicks of the menorah miraculously burned for eight days, even though there was only enough sacred oil for one day ' s lighting ). - 63 bc judea becomes a roman client kingdom ( iudaea province by 6 ad ). - 46 bc julius caesar institutes julian calendar. - 40 the idumean herod the great, son of antipater, was designated " king of the jews " by the roman senate. - 27 bc - 180 ad pax romana. - 20 bc herod the great begins a massive renovation and expansion of the second temple complex ; treaty between rome and persia fixes boundary between the two empires along the euphrates. - ca. 4 bc christ is born in bethlehem ; 14, 000 holy innocents slain in bethlehem. - 1 assumption of moses, jewish apocrypha written. - 6 census of quirinius ; iudaea province created under direct roman administration with capital at caesarea, as the romans annex samaria, idumea, and judea ( corresponding to the region of the ancient kingdom of judah ). - 18 - 37 caiaphas becomes the high priest of the


under direct roman administration with capital at caesarea, as the romans annex samaria, idumea, and judea ( corresponding to the region of the ancient kingdom of judah ). - 18 - 37 caiaphas becomes the high priest of the jews. - ca. 25 - 26 death of joseph the betrothed. - 26 - 36 pontius pilate is appointed the roman prefect of judaea province. - ca. 28 john the baptist began his ministry in the " 15th year of tiberius " ( luke 3 : 1 - 2 ), preaching " repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near " ( matt 3 : 1 - 2 ), baptized christ in the jordan ( mark 1 : 4 - 11 ), was arrested and beheaded by herod antipas, tetrarch of galilee. - ca. 28 - 30 three year ministry of jesus christ, including : temptation ; appointment of the twelve apostles ; sermon on the mount ; miracles performed ; rejection ; transfiguration ; triumphal entry into jerusalem ; driving out the temple money changers ; cursing the fig tree ; giving the great commandment ; anointing ; mystical supper ; arrest ; sanhedrin trial ; before pilate ; passion ; crucifixion on good friday ; entombment by pharisees joseph of arimathea and nicodemus of the sanhedrin ; harrowing of hell ; resurrection on easter sunday ; appearances to various people over the next forty days ; giving the great commission ( matt. 28 : 16 - 20 ) ; and ascension. - ca. 30 martyrdom of stephen the deacon, the first christian martyr. - 30 conversion of apostle paul on road to damascus. - some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately. - the division of church history into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events. - this timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the orthodox church, though a number of non - orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to orthodoxy or for reference. - new testament - timeline of orthodoxy in america - timeline of orthodoxy in australia - timeline of orthodoxy in china - timeline of orthodoxy in greece - timeline of orthodoxy in new zealand - timeline of orthodoxy in japan - timeline of orthodox church and roman catholic relations the following are published writings that provide an overview of church history : from an orthodox perspective - schmemann, alexander.


of orthodoxy in greece - timeline of orthodoxy in new zealand - timeline of orthodoxy in japan - timeline of orthodox church and roman catholic relations the following are published writings that provide an overview of church history : from an orthodox perspective - schmemann, alexander. the historical road of eastern orthodoxy. - ware, timothy. the orthodox church : new edition. ( isbn 0140146563 ) - tsai, kathryn ( dr ). a timeline of eastern church history. divine ascent press, ca, 2004. isbn 0971413924 from a heterodox perspective - boer, harry r. a short history of the early church. ( isbn 0802813399 ) - cairns, earle e. christianity through the centuries : a history of the christian church. ( isbn 0310208122 ) - chadwick, henry. the early church. ( isbn 0140231994 ) - eusebius pamphilus ; cruse, c. f. ( translator ). eusebius ' ecclesiastical history. ( isbn 1565633717 ) - gonzalez, justo l. a history of christian thought, volume 1 : from the beginnings to the council of chalcedon. ( isbn 0687171822 ) - gonzalez, justo l. the story of christianity, volume 1 : the early church to the reformation. ( isbn 0060633158 ) - hall, stuart g. doctrine and practice in the early church. ( isbn 0802806295 ) - hastings, adrian, ed. a world history of christianity. ( isbn 0802848753 ) - hurtado, larry w. ( dr ). lord jesus christ : devotion to jesus in earliest christianity. wm. b. eerdmans publishing, 2005. ( isbn 9780802831675 ) - jones, timothy p. christian history made easy. ( isbn 1890947105 ) - schaff, philip. history of the christian church. ( isbn 156563196x ) - wace, henry ; piercy, william c., ed. a dictionary of christian biography : literature to the end of the sixth century a. d. with an account of the principal sects and heresies. ( isbn 1565630572 ) - walton, robert c. chronological and background charts of church history. ( isbn 0310362814 ) - history of orthodox christianity ( quicktime movies ) - timeline of patriarchal history. order of st


| excel orthopaedics and sports medicine 2801 north decatur road decatur, ga 30033 usa your shoulder is the most flexible joint in your body. it allows you to place and rotate your arm in many positions in front, above, to the side, and behind your body. this flexibility also makes your shoulder susceptible to instability and injury. depending on the nature of the problem, nonsurgical methods of treatment often are recommended before surgery. however, in some instances, delaying the surgical repair of a shoulder can increase the likelihood that the problem will be more difficult to treat later. early, correct diagnosis and treatment of shoulder problems can make a significant difference in the long run. the ball at the top end of the arm bone fits into the small socket ( glenoid ) of the shoulder blade to form the shoulder joint ( glenohumeral joint ). the socket of the glenoid is surrounded by a soft - tissue rim ( labrum ). a smooth, durable surface ( articular cartilage ) on the head of the arm bone, and a thin inner lining ( synovium ) of the joint allows the smooth motion of the shoulder joint. the upper part of the shoulder blade ( acromion ) projects over the shoulder joint. one end of the collarbone is joined with the shoulder blade by the acromioclavicular ( ac ) joint. the other end of the collarbone is joined with the breastbone ( sternum ) by the sternoclavicular joint. the joint capsule is a thin sheet of fibers that surrounds the shoulder joint. the capsule allows a wide range of motion, yet provides stability. the rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that attach your upper arm to your shoulder blade. the rotator cuff covers the shoulder joint and joint capsule. the muscles attached to the rotator cuff enable you to lift your arm, reach overhead, and take part in activities such as throwing or swimming. a sac - like membrane ( bursa ) between the rotator cuff and the shoulder blade cushions and helps lubricate the motion between these two structures. bursitis or tendinitis bursitis or tendinitis can occur with overuse from repetitive activities, such as swimming, painting, or weight lifting. these activities cause rubbing or squeezing ( impingement ) of the rotator cuff under the acromion and in the acromioclavicular joint. initially, these problems are treated by modifying the activity which causes the symptoms of pain and with a rehabilitation program for the shoulder.


impingement ) of the rotator cuff under the acromion and in the acromioclavicular joint. initially, these problems are treated by modifying the activity which causes the symptoms of pain and with a rehabilitation program for the shoulder. impingement and partial rotator cuff tears the conservative nonsurgical treatment is modification of activity, light exercise, and, occasionally, a cortisone injection. nonsurgical treatment is successful in a majority of cases. if it is not successful, surgery often is needed to remove the spurs on the underside of the acromion and to repair the rotator cuff. full - thickness rotator cuff tears if pain continues, surgery may be needed to repair full - thickness rotator cuff tears. arthroscopic techniques allow shaving of spurs, evaluation of the rotator cuff, and repair of some tears. both techniques require extensive rehabilitation to restore the function of the shoulder. the two basic forms of shoulder instability are subluxations and dislocations. a subluxation is a partial or incomplete dislocation. if the shoulder is partially out of the shoulder socket, it eventually may dislocate. even a minor injury may push the arm bone out of its socket. a dislocation is when the head of the arm bone slips out of the shoulder socket. some patients have chronic instability. shoulder dislocations may occur repeatedly. patients with repeat dislocation usually require surgery. open surgical repair may require a short stay in the hospital. arthroscopic surgical repair is often done on an outpatient basis. following either procedure, extensive rehabilitation, often including physical therapy, is necessary for healing. fractured collarbone and acromioclavicular joint separation fractured head of the humerus ( arm bone ), or proximal humerus fracture osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis - a medical history to gather information about current complaints ; duration of symptoms, pain and limitations ; injuries ; and past treatment with medications or surgery. - a physical examination to assess swelling, tenderness, range of motion, strength or weakness, instability, and / or deformity of the shoulder. - diagnostic tests, such as x - rays taken with the shoulder in various positions. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) may be helpful in assessing soft tissues in the shoulder. computed tomography ( ct ) scan may be used to evaluate the bony parts of the shoulder. some surgical procedures require hospitalization for a number of days. your doctor may discuss planning for the


) may be helpful in assessing soft tissues in the shoulder. computed tomography ( ct ) scan may be used to evaluate the bony parts of the shoulder. some surgical procedures require hospitalization for a number of days. your doctor may discuss planning for the period after surgery. you may need to either stay in an extended care facility or have someone help you when you return home. - no food or drink after midnight before surgery. - discuss with your doctor what to do about medications taken in the morning. - an hour before surgery, you will be assessed in the preoperative area by a nurse anesthetist or anesthesiologist. you may be given the option to have an arthroscopic procedure or an open surgical procedure. recovery and rehabilitation is related to the type of surgery performed inside the shoulder, rather than whether there was an arthroscopic or open surgical procedure. there are always some risks with any surgery, even arthroscopic procedures. these include possible infection, and damage to surrounding nerves and blood vessels. however, modern surgical techniques and close monitoring have significantly minimized the occurrence of these problems. after surgery, some pain, tenderness, and stiffness are normal. you should be alert for certain signs and symptoms that may suggest the development of complications. - fever after the second day following surgery - increasing pain or swelling - redness, warmth, or tenderness which may suggest a wound infection - unusual bleeding ( some surgical wound drainage is normal and, in fact, desirable - numbness or tingling of the arm or hand it is important that you continue a shoulder exercise program with daily stretching and strengthening. in general, patients who faithfully comply with the therapies and exercises prescribed by their orthopaedic surgeon and physical therapist will have the best medical outcome after surgery. your orthopaedic surgeon is a medical doctor with extensive training in the diagnosis and nonsurgical and surgical treatment of the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves. the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons 6300 n. river road rosemont, il 60018


for those of you who already recycle and are looking to further reduce your environmental impact, composting can be a fun and rewarding activity. it ’ s also a resourceful way to feed your houseplants or garden. but what if you don ’ t live in a house or have a yard for big composting bins? if you have extra space in a closet or a cabinet, have a balcony or are allowed on the roof of your apartment building, you can still compost effectively. compost can be made up of almost everything you throw away in your kitchen. fruit scraps, vegetable waste, paper napkins and even coffee grounds can make for a suitable compost fertilizer, according to the environmental protection agency. to get started, you can use a few five - gallon buckets to make your own compost bin. you can also buy special indoor bins from hardware and gardening stores or purchase them online. backyard bins can be bought from the los angeles county department of public works for $ 40 each. the los angeles county department of public works will hold a composting workshop at the botanic garden in palos verdes june 15 from 9 : 30 - 11 a. m. the workshop will provide hands - on instruction in composting and sustainable gardening. the epa offers a few tips on how to create an effective compost mixture : - browns - this includes materials such as dead leaves, branches, and twigs. - greens - this includes materials such as grass clippings, vegetable waste, fruit scraps, and coffee grounds. - water - having the right amount of water, greens, and browns is important for compost development. your compost pile should have an equal amount of browns to greens. you should also alternate layers of organic materials of different - sized particles. the brown materials provide carbon for your compost, the green materials provide nitrogen, and the water provides moisture to help break down the organic matter. for the adventurous, adding worms to your heap can help make your mixture a richer fertilizer. worms will aerate your mixture while burrowing for food and they excrete a natural substance that contains more nutrients than topsoil. do you compost? are you planning on starting? share some of your tips or experiences in the comments below.


george lopez got serious yesterday when talking about bullying, and he had a lot to say on the subject. here ' s george on protecting kids from being bullied : “ we all were bullied. here ’ s what we have to understand : we cannot live in the past. we were all bullied as kids. i had the biggest hair and the darkest skin. what we have to do now is save the kids who are being bullied on computers and bullied in school and bullied by friends and bullied on facebook. ” george on how he protects his own daughter from bullying : “ i am a parent. i do not allow my daughter to have a facebook page or a myspace page or twitter. if you ’ re looking for positive, don ’ t look to twitter, and for us who are older, let ’ s not go into the past and talk about our bullying, but help kids now. ” more from george on his how to stop bullying : “ we focus our attention on computers and parents being parents in their own home, not allowing their child to dress provocatively, to not allow facebook and myspace and to have text messages. you have to eliminate the electronics because it ’ s almost like a weapon that kids aren ’ t supposed to have. ” social networking websites have certainly been a source of controversy when it comes to bullying. we ' re not sure how realistic it would be to try to completely ban kids from using these sites, but if they are to use them, parents should definitely engage in open dialogues about the sites with their kids. do u think kids shouldn ' t be allowed to use social networking sites? what about text messaging? [ image via wenn. ] tags : banned, bullying, computers, electronics, facebook, george lopez, kids, myspace, text messages


researchers on thursday challenged a tenet of modern medicine that higher levels of " good " cholesterol automatically boost cardiovascular health. in a study published in the lancet, investigators said they found no evidence to back the belief that higher levels of high - density lipoprotein ( hdl ) cholesterol routinely reduce the risk of a heart attack. high concentrations of hdl are one of the big markers for blood tests. they are monitored as much as low levels of " bad " cholesterol ( low - density lipoprotein, or ldl ) as a yardstick of dangerously clogged arteries. the paper used a method called mendelian randomisation to compare heart - attack risk among people who inherited known genetic variants that gave them higher hdl levels. according to conventional wisdom, these individuals would have a lower risk of a coronary. but the study, which looked at nearly 12, 500 people with a history of a heart attack and over 41, 000 otherwise healthy counterparts, found this was not always the case. the results are important because of the use of drugs, sometimes inflicting side effects, which are administered to boost hdl cholesterol levels. " these results show that some ways of raising hdl cholesterol might not reduce risk of myocardial infarction [ heart attack ] in human beings, " said sekar kathiresan of massachusetts general hospital and harvard medical school. " therefore, if an intervention such as a drug raises hdl cholesterol, we cannot automatically assume that risk of myocardial infarction will be reduced. " in contrast, the study said " bad " cholesterol remained an accurate marker of cardiac risk. separately, a study, also carried in thursday ' s lancet, confirmed the benefits of ldl - lowering statins for protecting people with no previous history of cardiovascular disease.


| abstract | | a “ we are always already thrown into concrete factual circumstances, facing possibilities that we need to come to grips with. by choosing some we exclude others, thus making them no longer possible. a what we are thrown into is the past and present, and the possibilities loom ahead of us, though we may try to turn our back on them. a the future is the home of the possibilities while the present and past define the circumstances in which we make our choices, circumstances we can no longer affect. a ” a or so we might say, and there is something right about this way of talking. a our basic conception of ourselves as agents is radically temporally asymmetric. and so we adopt asymmetric metaphors for time : we talk of time having a direction, as flowing from the future, through the present, to the past, closing possibilities that once were open ; or perhaps we think of time as a measure of our own movement from the past to the future. such metaphors are of very limited value. a to think of time as having a direction spatializes time ; a to think of time as flowing or of ourselves as moving in time is to invite the question of how fast it is flowing or how fast we are moving ( at one second per second, perhaps, one might quip, thereby inviting the question of why it cannot flow at two seconds per second instead ). a a a a a a a a a a a a although the metaphors are flawed, we need to come to grips with an inextricable asymmetry between past and future in them. as agents, we deliberate about the future, while the past we can only bewail or rejoice over. we know the future not only through theoretical knowledge, but also through the intentional knowledge that the agent has of the effects she intends to produce. a we think a life that started in years of sorrow but ended in great joy is preferable to one that started with a great joy and ended in years of sorrow.. | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | only published papers are available at libraries | similar books and articles rupert read ( 2011 ). why there cannot be any such thing as “ time travel ”. philosophical investigations 35 ( 2 ) : 138 - 153. leena kakkori ( forthcoming ). education and the concept of time. educational philosophy and theory. kristie miller ( 2008 ). backwards causation, time, and


travel ”. philosophical investigations 35 ( 2 ) : 138 - 153. leena kakkori ( forthcoming ). education and the concept of time. educational philosophy and theory. kristie miller ( 2008 ). backwards causation, time, and the open future. metaphysica 9 ( 2 ) : 173 - 191. michael tooley ( 2000 ). time, tense, and causation. oxford university press. bradford skow ( 2012 ). why does time pass? nous 46 ( 2 ) : 223 - 242. matthew h. slater ( 2005 ). the necessity of time travel ( on pain of indeterminacy ). the monist 88 ( 3 ) : 362 - 369. marta somogyvari ( 2009 ). time and responsibility. world futures 65 ( 5 ) : 342 - 355. tydings hall, honors 229f the problem of time : puzzles about time in philosophy, literature, and film tuth 11 - 12 : 15. craig bourne ( 2006 ). a future for presentism. oxford university press. pierre uzan ( 2007 ). the arrow of time and meaning. foundations of science 12 ( 2 ). d. h. mellor ( 1998 ). real time ii. routledge. eric olson ( 2009 ). the passage of time. in robin le poidevin ( ed. ), the routledge companion to metaphysics. routledge. etienne klein ( 2007 ). about the confusion between the course of time and the arrow of time. foundations of science 12 ( 3 ). added to index2010 - 12 - 22 total downloads29 ( # 42, 388 of 549, 087 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 4 ( # 19, 228 of 549, 087 ) how can i increase my downloads?


researchers at rensselaer polytechnic institute have created a razor - like material that is truly on the “ cutting edge ” of nanotechnology. called nanoblades, these first - of - their - kind magnesium nanomaterials challenge conventional wisdom about nanostructure growth, and could have applications in energy storage and fuel cell technology. the discovery is detailed in the september 2007 issue of the journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology. the sharp nanometer - scale surface is vastly different from any other nanomaterial that has been created before using oblique angle deposition, according to lead researcher gwo - ching wang, professor and head of physics, applied physics, and astronomy at rensselaer. the team ’ s nearly two - dimensional structure changes the traditional understanding of oblique angle deposition, which was previously thought to always create cylindrical structures like nanorods or nanosprings. unlike three - dimensional springs and rods, nanoblades are extremely thin, with very large surface areas. they also are surprisingly spread out for a uniform nanomaterial, with one to two micron meters in between each blade, according to wang. the materials could be extremely useful for energy storage, particularly hydrogen storage, wang said. in order to store hydrogen, a large surface area is needed to provide room for the material to expand as more hydrogen atoms are stored. the vast surface area of each nanoblade, coupled with the large spaces between each blade, could make them ideal for this application. to create the nanoblades, the researchers used oblique angle vapor deposition. this widely used fabrication technique builds nanostructures by vaporizing a material — magnesium in this case — and allowing the vaporized atoms to deposit on a surface at an angle. as the deposition angle changes, the structure of the material deposited on the surface also changes. when the researchers deposited the magnesium straight onto a surface at zero degrees, the blades resembled a handful of cornflakes — flat, flakey structures overlapping one another. it wasn ’ t until the deposition angle was increased that the blade - like nature of these new nanomaterials became apparent. as the magnesium deposition angle was increased, the researchers were surprised that the structures first tilted away from the magnesium vapor source instead of the expected inclination toward the source. the blades then quickly curved upward to form nearly vertical structures resembling nano - scale razorblades. the blades also become ultra thin. from the side, the nanoblades resemble an overgrown lawn with thin, blade - like spires. at a 75 degree


blades then quickly curved upward to form nearly vertical structures resembling nano - scale razorblades. the blades also become ultra thin. from the side, the nanoblades resemble an overgrown lawn with thin, blade - like spires. at a 75 degree angle, the nanoblades had a thickness of as little as 15 nanometers and a width of a few hundred nanometers. researchers at rensselaer are now looking at ways to coat the magnesium nanoblades with metallic catalysts to trap and store hydrogen. the researchers monitored the blades as they were growing using a reflection high - energy electron diffraction ( rheed ) technique to create a surface pole figure or image. the new technique, created at rensselaer, is different from other diffraction techniques such as x - rays because it monitors the surface structure of the material as it grows. x - rays and other technologies measure the entire material, from the tip of the new growth straight through the substrate that the material is growing on. tracking the surface evolution of the material provides insight into how the structure evolves over time and helps scientists understand the mechanism of nanostructure formation, allowing engineers to later recreate ideal nanomaterials in the future. the creation of surface pole figures was particularly important in understanding the growth of nanoblades, as the surface morphology changed vastly over time. the surface pole figure technique was first outline by fu tang, a postdoctoral research associate in wang ’ s group, in a 2006 issue of applied physics letters. in that paper, surface pole figures were created for nanorod growth. the researchers are now working to analyze nanoblade growth to provide additional insight into the growth patterns of these new nanomaterials. other rensselaer researchers involved with the project are toh - ming lu, the r. p. baker distinguished professor of physics ; gaann fellow tom parker ; and postdoctoral research associate huafang li. source : rensselaer polytechnic institute explore further : researchers develop method to inkjet print highly conductive, bendable layers of graphene


the drug allopurinol, which lowers uric acid levels, appears to reduce blood pressure in adolescents with newly diagnosed hypertension, according to a preliminary report in the august 27 issue of jama. hypertension is commonly associated with hyperuricemia ( elevated blood level of uric acid, a by - product of normal chemical processes in the body and found in the urine and blood ). early research suggested uric acid had a causal role in hypertension, but an elevation of uric acid in hypertension could be a consequence of several factors, and hyperuricemia is not considered a true risk factor for hypertension, according to background information in the article. recent studies have challenged this belief, including evidence supporting a causal role of uric acid in hypertension, as indicated from experimental studies in laboratory animals. daniel i. feig, m. d., ph. d., of the baylor college of medicine, houston, and colleagues conducted a randomized, placebo - controlled " crossover " trial to determine whether lowering uric acid levels with the drug allopurinol would reduce blood pressure ( bp ) in hyperuricemic adolescents ( age 11 - 17 years ) with newly diagnosed hypertension. thirty patients were randomly assigned to receive either allopurinol or placebo, twice daily for four weeks. this was followed by a two week " washout " period during which the patients received neither allopurinol nor placebo, after which they received the other therapy ( allopurinol or placebo ) they had not received earlier, for four more weeks. allopurinol treatment was associated with a significant decrease in casual and ambulatory systolic and diastolic bp. the average decrease in casual bp during allopurinol treatment was −6. 9 mm hg for systolic and −5. 1 mm hg for diastolic bp ; for placebo, the respective changes were −2. 0 and −2. 4. the average changes in 24 - hour ambulatory bp during allopurinol were −6. 3 mm hg, systolic ; −4. 6, diastolic bp. systolic bp increased slightly during the placebo phase by 0. 8 mm hg and diastolic bp slightly decreased by 0. 3. the decrease in ambulatory bp directly correlated with allopurinol treatment. twenty of the 30 participants achieved normal bp by casual and ambulatory


by 0. 8 mm hg and diastolic bp slightly decreased by 0. 3. the decrease in ambulatory bp directly correlated with allopurinol treatment. twenty of the 30 participants achieved normal bp by casual and ambulatory criteria during the allopurinol phase, whereas only 1 of 30 achieved normal bp during the placebo phase. " the results of this study represent a potentially new therapeutic approach, that of control of a biochemical cause of hypertension, rather than nonspecifically lowering elevated bp. although not representing a fully developed therapeutic strategy, this study raises an alternative strategy that may prove to be more effective than currently available options, " the authors write. " despite these findings, this clinical trial is a small one and allopurinol is not indicated for the treatment of hypertension in adolescents or other populations. the potential adverse effects of allopurinol, including gastrointestinal complaints and especially stevens - johnson syndrome [ a severe, allergic reaction ], make allopurinol an unattractive alternative to available antihypertensive medications. more clinical trials are needed to determine the reproducibility of the data and whether it can be generalized to the larger hypertensive population. nevertheless, the observation that lowering uric acid can reduce bp in adolescents with newly diagnosed hypertension raises intriguing questions about its role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, " the researchers conclude. source : jama and archives journals explore further : researchers find genetic risk factor for pulmonary fibrosis


scientists in the united kingdom and russia are reporting identification of a long - sought chink in the armor of the parasite that causes african sleeping sickness, a parasitic disease that kills at least 50, 000 people each year. their study appears in the current edition of acs chemical biology. in the study, michael ferguson and colleagues cite an " urgent " need for new treatments for the disease, which is spread by the tsetse fly and also affects cattle — a precious possession that represents a bank account on four feet to impoverished people in sub - sahara africa. current treatments for african sleeping sickness, ferguson says, are not only difficult to administer, but also expensive and toxic. their research identified the first compound to impede a key step in an essential biochemical pathway in the sleeping sickness parasite. blocking this pathway disrupts the production of a key glycolipid that anchors protective proteins to the surface of the parasite. the analysis also revealed notable differences between pathways of parasitic and human cells, which could reveal insight into possible therapeutic targets. article : " probing enzymes late in the trypanosomal glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthetic pathway with synthetic glycosylphosphatidylinositol analogues " dx. doi. org / 10. 1021 / cb800143w explore further : conservationists release manual on protecting great apes in forest concessions


major section : guard most users can probably profit by avoiding dealing with guards most of the time. if they seem to get in the way, they can be ` ` turned off ' ' using the command nil ; for more about this, see set - guard - checking. for more about guards in general, see guard. the guard on a function symbol is a formula about the formals of the function. to see the guard on a function, use the keyword command args. see args. to specify the guard on a function at defun - time, use the xarg. see xargs. guards can be seen as having either of two roles : ( a ) they are a specification device allowing you to characterize the kinds of inputs a function ` ` should ' ' have, or ( b ) they are an efficiency device allowing logically defined functions to be executed directly in common lisp. briefly : if the guards of a function definition are ` ` verified ' ' ( see verify - guards ), then the evaluation of a call of that function on arguments satisfying its guard will have the following property : all subsequent function calls during that evaluation will be on arguments satisfying the guard of the called function. the consequence of this fact for ( a ) is that your specification function is well - formed, in the sense that the values returned by this function on appropriate arguments only depend on the restrictions of the called functions to their intended domains. the consequence of this fact for ( b ) is that in the acl2 system, when a function whose guards have been verified is called on arguments that satisfy its guard, then the raw lisp function defined by this function ' s defunevent is used to evaluate the call. note however that even when the user - supplied defunis not used, acl2 uses a corresponding ` ` executable counterpart ' ' that generally performs, we expect, nearly as well as the raw lisp function. see comp to see how compilation can speed up both kinds of execution. let us turn next to the issue of the relationship between guards and evaluation. see guards - and - evaluation.


what really defines the middle class these days? during this presidential primary season, it is clear that the democrats consider an income of $ 250, 000 as marking the upper end of being " middle class. " that seems high, but maybe it is not. i would have said something in the $ 85, 000 to $ 150, 000 range or say $ 100, 000 or $ 125, 000 to pick a single number. i suppose it depends on how you characterize the quality of life that comes with being middle class. does it mean that you can afford to send three kids to " some " college, or send all three to the top ivy league universities? to me, being middle class is more a matter of a sense of security than what you can technically afford. by my definition, very few people have truly secure streams of income. so many people who may have incomes above $ 100, 000 today may be one pink slip away from falling a dozen rungs down the ladder. i think we do need to distinguish at least lower - middle, middle - middle, and upper middle class. sure, a couple of attorneys or professors might well be " struggling " on $ 200, 000 per year, but that is an entirely different " class " of struggle than a household with an income of $ 35, 000 and three kids. and each of these tiers probably has three sub - tiers. i would suggest that the middle - middle class ranges from $ 50, 000 to $ 100, 000, with some clear distinctions in lifestyle and choices between the $ 50, 000 to $ 65, 000 range, the $ 65, 000 to $ 85, 000 range, and the $ 85, 000 to $ 100, 000 range. i freely admit that some people would insist that the $ 85, 000 to $ 100, 000 range should be considered upper - middle class. now, the question becomes whether the upper - middle class extends only from $ 100, 000 to $ 125, 000, to $ 150, 000, to $ 175, 000, to $ 200, 000, to $ 225, 000, to $ 250, 000, or even beyond. if we read the wikipedia article on middle class, we find that the defining characteristics are no income or spending per se, but degree of economic independence and degree of social influence and power. the lower class has no economic independence and no social influence or power. the upper class has both economic independence and social influence and power. the middle class has a degree of economic independence but not a great


economic independence and degree of social influence and power. the lower class has no economic independence and no social influence or power. the upper class has both economic independence and social influence and power. the middle class has a degree of economic independence but not a great deal of social influence or power. i would draw the line between middle class and upper class as whether a household has to spend most ( more than 75 % ) of its energy focusing on maintaining economic independence. if the household income is high enough, the household can spend most ( more than 75 % ) of its energy either on other pursuits such as charity, social causes, etc. or pursuing additional income not because it is needed for economic independence but simply for the satisfaction or power that comes with it. my 75 % threshold is arbitrary. it could be 80 % or 90 % or 60 % or even 50 %. i would note that even households with very modest incomes manage to squeeze in some amount of non - economic social efforts such as volunteering, church, youth activities, charities, social organizations, etc. the issue is whether the household income is sufficient so that the household can choose to reduce income in favor of non - economic activities without feeling any significant financial pinch. one could take the approach of defining upper class as a household than absolutely does not need to work to maintain its economic independence. so - called " trust babies " would fit this bill. otoh, there are plenty of households which have very high incomes but do not have the wealth to support a middle - class life style solely on income from wealth and investments. they may in fact be on a path to the upper class, but they have not yet arrived. i have argued that you need $ 50 million to be comfortably wealthy. maybe we need another category called working wealthy which covers households which are clearly capable of living the lifestyle of the upper class, but only because they are working a very - high - paying jobs. so, i am torn here by using the criteria of not needing to work for upper class while households with very - high incomes of $ 500, 000 or more clearly do not have the same issues as the true middle class ( e. g., whether they can afford to send their kids to top - tier universities or even private schools ). for now, i am going to suggest that my working wealthy should in fact be categorized as upper class. alas, that still does not finish the job. what about households earning between $ 150, 000 and $ 500, 000? where do you draw the line? $


going to suggest that my working wealthy should in fact be categorized as upper class. alas, that still does not finish the job. what about households earning between $ 150, 000 and $ 500, 000? where do you draw the line? $ 250, 000 seems rather arbitrary. i will suggest that the primary criteria is the extent to which the household shares the common middle class issues. i suggest that you are no longer even upper - middle class if you meet at least a few of these criteria : - you can afford to send your kinds to private school - you can afford to send three kids to top - tier universities without any financial strain - you never worry about the cost of health care - you can afford to own or at least rent a yacht - you can afford to give each of your kids a high - end automobile - you live comfortably enough on a single income that having significantly higher income from a second income in the household is not a significant incentive to do so it is possible for investment bankers and hedge fund managers and high - end attorneys and doctors and professors to reach those levels of income that allow them to live a lifestyle comparable to those who are truly wealthy, but an average attorney or professor could well fail to meet more than one or two of my criteria for being working wealthy and hence on the bottom rungs of the upper class. so, if we have a household with two attorneys or two professors earning over $ 150, 000, the question is whether they really do need most of that income to maintain basic economic independence. there is a vast gray area since obviously they may " need " the income to afford a summer house and two high - end automobiles, but maybe they could live just as comfortably with a more modest summer cottage and mid - range automobiles. the extent to which they can freely choose to spend money on high - end luxuries gradually begins to phase the household from middle class to upper class. if they can only afford the luxuries with two earners, that says that maybe they are still middle class, but that they may simply be straddling the fence between middle class struggling to make ends meet for non - luxuries and upper class " struggling " to decide which luxuries to choose from. in the end, i think it all comes down to degree of choice that a household feels that it has. the threshold for entering the middle class is that you have sufficient income to afford what a person with common sense would consider basic necessities for a modern household, such as not worrying how to pay


degree of choice that a household feels that it has. the threshold for entering the middle class is that you have sufficient income to afford what a person with common sense would consider basic necessities for a modern household, such as not worrying how to pay for food, access to basic health care, can afford basic amenities such as cable tv, internet access, annual vacation, etc. i would define the upper class as having the flexibility to take on a fair amount of non - financial activities without putting their financial independence at risk. i am tempted to define yet another category that is not clearly middle class or upper class or even working wealthy. i will call it the working near - wealthy, where the households are clearly spending a lot of money on luxuries or other discretionary expenses or charities but not quite to the level of a truly wealthy household, and maybe they are only able to support this level of near - wealth by having two incomes. now the question becomes whether the working near - wealthy are in fact the highest rung of the middle class or the lowest rung of the upper class. maybe they are in fact both, depending on the context of the question. i am tempted to define the working near - wealthy as the range $ 150, 000 to $ 350, 000. i do not think a household earning $ 125, 000 would be considered " wealthy " by almost any metric and i think that a household earning close to $ 400, 000 would clearly be considered in the working wealthy category. again, these numbers are quite rough and arbitrary. it so happens that the midpoint of my working near - wealthy range is $ 250, 000. that seems like a good compromise. after all of this, i am still not sure where to draw the line between middle class and upper class, or between middle class and the working wealthy, other than that it is somewhere between $ 150, 000 and $ 350, 000. otoh, this issue has only come up in the context of government tax policy. the issue seems to be that the lower tiers of the working wealthy, the working near - wealthy, very much resent being treated as if they were the same as those several rungs higher on the ladder. and the people at those higher rungs still have enough of a " work " mentality that they are happy to keep a few more of their bucks all because politicians want to salve the resentments of the lower rungs of the working wealthy ( the working near - wealthy. ) the democrats seem to understand the economics here


a risk factor is something that increases your likelihood of getting a disease or condition. you can develop autism with or without the risk factors listed below. however, the more risk factors you have, the greater your chance of developing autism. there is no known way to change your child ' s risk for autism. genetics is believed to play a role in the risk of autism. this is because the condition is more common in : - identical twins recent studies have linked deletions in a section of chromosome 16. this chromosome abnormality may account for a small percentage of autism cases. caucasian males are more likely to be affected by autism than females. but, when girls are affected, they may have more profound symptoms. age of parents older parents, such as a woman over age 35, may have a higher risk of having a child with autism. autism occurs more frequently in children with rare genetic disorders or other medical conditions, including : - tuberous sclerosis — a rare, multi - system genetic disease. it causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs. the organs include the kidneys, heart, eyes, and skin. it commonly affects the central nervous system. this results in a combination of symptoms. these include seizures, developmental delay, behavioral problems, skin abnormalities, and kidney disease. - fragile x syndrome — a hereditary disorder of the x chromosome. it is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability. - neurofibromatosis — a genetic disorder of the nervous system. it causes tumors to grow on the nerves in any part of the body. neurofibromatosis can also produce other abnormalities. these include changes in the skin and deformed bones. - phenylketonuria ( pku ) — a genetic disorder of the enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine. phenylalanine is an amino acid found in certain foods. without a proper diet, pku can lead to intellectual disability. - problems during pregnancy or delivery, including rubella — rubella is a mild, highly contagious illness that is caused by a virus. the symptoms are a rash, swollen glands, and joint pain. if a pregnant woman has rubella, it can cause birth defects in her baby. other possible risk factors include breech delivery and birth at less than 35 weeks gestation. - epilepsy — this term refers to any disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. a seizure can have many symptoms. you may lose consciousness, stare into space, have abnormal jerking of the muscles


delivery and birth at less than 35 weeks gestation. - epilepsy — this term refers to any disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. a seizure can have many symptoms. you may lose consciousness, stare into space, have abnormal jerking of the muscles, or experience abnormalities of sensation or emotion. - tourette ’ s syndrome - newborn encephalopathy — this is a syndrome of disturbed brain function. it results in breathing difficulties, problems with reflexes, seizures, and other symptoms. - moebius syndrome, cytomegalovirus, herpes encephalitis — these are sometimes listed as associated conditions. - birth defects — birth defects may also make a child more likely to develop autism. - fetal alcohol syndrome — caused when a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy. it can cause birth and developmental defects in the child. - angelman syndrome — a genetic disorder that affects the nervous syndrome and causes delayed development, intellectual disability, speech problems, and problems with movement and balance. - rett syndrome — a problem with the development of the nervous syndrome. it is most common in girls. - smith - lemli - opitz — a metabolic disorder caused by a gene mutation. people with the disorder cannot make enough cholesterol. - west syndrome — causes a specific type of seizure seen in an epilepsy syndrome of infancy and childhood. there has been much attention around a link between vaccines and autism. this is partly because of a vaccine preservative called thimerosol. but, studies have not found an association between vaccines and the development of autism.


isaac, joseph, and moses the western most window in the st anne chapel, malvern priory, has twelve scenes depicting the story of isaac, joseph, and moses. it is dated to between 1440 - 1450 and was probably the gift of isabel despenser and richard de beauchamp, 13th earl of warwick. and isaac came from the way of the well lahairoi ; for he dwelt in the south country. and isaac went out to meditate in the field at the eventide : and he lifted up his eyes, and saw, and, behold, the camels were coming. and rebekah lifted up her eyes, and when she saw isaac, she lighted off the camel. for she had said unto the servant, what man is this that walketh in the field to meet us? and the servant had said, it is my master : therefore she took a vail, and covered herself. and the servant told isaac all things that he had done. and isaac brought her into his mother sarah ' s tent, and took rebekah, and she became his wife ; and he loved her : and isaac was comforted after his mother ' s death. and they said one to another, behold, this dreamer cometh. come now therefore, and let us slay him, and cast him into some pit, and we will say, some evil beast hath devoured him : and we shall see what will become of his dreams. and reuben heard it, and he delivered him out of their hands ; and said, let us not kill him. and reuben said unto them, shed no blood, but cast him into this pit that is in the wilderness, and lay no hand upon him ; that he might rid him out of their hands, to deliver him to his father again. ” and it came to pass, when joseph was come unto his brethren, that they stript joseph out of his coat, his coat of many colours that was on him ; and they took him, and cast him into a pit : and the pit was empty, there was no water in it. and they sat down to eat bread : and they lifted up their eyes and looked, and, behold, a company of ishmeelites came from gilead with their camels bearing spicery and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to egypt. and the woman conceived, and bare a son : and when she saw him that he was a goodly child, she hid him three months.


camels bearing spicery and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to egypt. and the woman conceived, and bare a son : and when she saw him that he was a goodly child, she hid him three months. and when she could not longer hide him, she took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch, and put the child therein ; and she laid it in the flags by the river ' s brink. and his sister stood afar off, to wit what would be done to him. and the daughter of pharaoh came down to wash herself at the river ; and her maidens walked along by the river ' s side ; and when she saw the ark among the flags, she sent her maid to fetch it. and when she had opened it, she saw the child : and, behold, the babe wept. and she had compassion on him, and said, this is one of the hebrews ' children. then said his sister to pharaoh ' s daughter, shall i go and call to thee a nurse of the hebrew women, that she may nurse the child for thee? and pharaoh ' s daughter said to her, go. and the maid went and called the child ' s mother. and pharaoh ' s daughter said unto her, take this child away, and nurse it for me, and i will give thee thy wages. and the women took the child, and nursed it. and when the people saw that moses delayed to come down out of the mount, the people gathered themselves together unto aaron, and said unto him, up, make us gods, which shall go before us ; for as for this moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of egypt, we wot not what is become of him. and aaron said unto them, break off the golden earrings, which are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them unto me. and all the people brake off the golden earrings which were in their ears, and brought them unto aaron. and he received them at their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf : and they said, these be thy gods, o israel, which brought thee up out of the land of egypt. and when aaron saw it, he built an altar before it ; and aaron made proclamation, and said, to morrow is a feast to the lord. and they rose up


gods, o israel, which brought thee up out of the land of egypt. and when aaron saw it, he built an altar before it ; and aaron made proclamation, and said, to morrow is a feast to the lord. and they rose up early on the morrow, and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings ; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play. and the lord said unto moses, go, get thee down ; for thy people, which thou broughtest out of the land of egypt, have corrupted themselves : they have turned aside quickly out of the way which i commanded them : they have made them a molten calf, and have worshipped it, and have sacrificed thereunto, and said, these be thy gods, o israel, which have brought thee up out of the land of egypt. then moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said, who is on the lord ' s side? let him come unto me. and all the sons of levi gathered themselves together unto him. and he said unto them, thus saith the lord god of israel, put every man his sword by his side, and go in and out from gate to gate throughout the camp, and slay every man his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his neighbour. and the children of levi did according to the word of moses : and there fell of the people that day about three thousand men. for moses had said, consecrate yourselves today to the lord, even every man upon his son, and upon his brother ; that he may bestow upon you a blessing this day. and it came to pass on the morrow, that moses said unto the people, ye have sinned a great sin : and now i will go up unto the lord ; peradventure i shall make an atonement for your sin.


political divisions within the black community are extremely rare. not only do the overwhelming majority of black americans vote democratic in presidential races, but a majority also express fairly uniformly liberal views. yet when president bush nominated black conservative clarence thomas to the supreme court, early opinion polls showed blacks uncharacteristically divided. and when anita hill ' s allegation of sexual harassment became public, even more blacks came to favor thomas. by the end of the special hearings, not only did opinion polls show that a majority of black americans as well as whites believed thomas over hill, but blacks also sided with whites in favor of thomas ' s confirmation. in the thomas hearing, black opinion carried perhaps more weight than usual. in the final 52 - 48 vote, a number of his swing southern democratic backers in the senate attributed much of their decision to thomas ' s strong support in the black community. black women ' s opinions were also crucial here. had black women turned against thomas, feminist supporters of anita hill might have had more influence in the outcome. why did black americans, the vast majority of whom are liberal, support thomas? why did hill ' s charges actually strengthen black support for thomas? and why were black women not as believing of hill as other groups? evidently, hill appeared neither more credible nor more heroic to black women than to black men or to whites. observers have offered a variety of explanations. perhaps black women, a majority of whom are working class, could not identify personally with professor hill or her ordeal, since many such black women themselves had experienced and survived even worse sexual assaults in the workplace. another theory holds that black women are not particularly sympathetic to feminism ; or that they ascribed to hill jealousy of thomas ' s white wife ; or that black women ' s general protectiveness of black men explained their surprisingly unsupportive reaction to hill. the real story is tangled, complex, and revealing. the black majority ' s liberal interests and its stakes in the judicial process would have predicted an almost uniform opposition to thomas. blacks, after all, had been opposed to robert bork, whom both civil rights and feminist organizations viewed as a dangerously extreme conservative. in a 1987 gallup poll, while 34 percent of whites thought that bork should have been confirmed, only 14 percent of blacks thought so. moreover, in contrast to most whites, a majority of blacks desire a more liberal supreme court. another 1987 gallup poll found that 53 percent of blacks surveyed favored a more liberal supreme court, compared to less than 30 percent of the white respondents


so. moreover, in contrast to most whites, a majority of blacks desire a more liberal supreme court. another 1987 gallup poll found that 53 percent of blacks surveyed favored a more liberal supreme court, compared to less than 30 percent of the white respondents. blacks have rarely supported black conservatives in the voting booth, and surveys show a majority opposed in principle to racial voting. black republicans have obtained no more than a quarter of the black vote in statewide or national races. bill lucas, a black republican who ran for governor of michigan in 1985, got only 21 percent of the black vote. black republicans have tended to do better in working - class and poor black areas, however. for example, alan keyes, another black republican, received 41 percent of the vote in the majority - black city of baltimore in his 1988 senate bid compared to bush ' s 25 percent. however, he received only 30 percent of the vote in prince george ' s county, a middle and lower - middle - class suburb of washington that is half black. but thomas was not running for office, and there was no opposition candidate to him. rather, he faced an up or down vote of confirmation to the supreme court. and this reality apparently led to greater black ambivalence toward thomas than had he run for an elected office. in the absence of concerted black opposition, thomas undoubtedly did better among blacks than most black conservatives. the naacp was the only civil rights group to oppose him. the southern christian leadership conference favored his confirmation, while the national black urban league remained neutral. thomas had also distanced himself from some of his more controversial past policy statements, maintaining that speeches made in the past were political statements, not declarations of judicial outlook or philosophy. many blacks nursed the hope that despite his conservatism, thomas, as the lone black on the court would not forget his humble origins from pin point, georgia, his roots, and most of all, his race. others simply viewed thomas ' s confirmation as perhaps the only opportunity to maintain black representation on the supreme court, with thurgood marshall stepping down. in the end, the symbolism of having a black on the supreme court greatly outweighed other considerations for many blacks, including thomas ' s conservative record. the thomas - hill confrontation took an emotional toll on americans generally. in spite of some analysts ' assertions of silver linings, few actually saw anything good in the event ; an abc - washington post survey that 58 percent had considered the proceedings a public embarrassment. but for black americans, the


toll on americans generally. in spite of some analysts ' assertions of silver linings, few actually saw anything good in the event ; an abc - washington post survey that 58 percent had considered the proceedings a public embarrassment. but for black americans, the event was especially painful. to paraphrase one black commentator, here were two upstanding, attractive, and articulate black professionals " beating up one another " in a publicly televised forum. hill ' s allegations about thomas were graphic and disturbing. but in the end, the issue boiled down to credibility and evidence. in the absence of definitive proof - - of tape - recorded conversations and eye witnesses to the fact - - most people based their opinions on prior judgments about thomas ' s fitness to be on the supreme court, their beliefs about the fairness of the confirmation process, and their views about the pervasiveness and social relevance of the issue of sexual harassment. the centrality of race throughout the thomas hearings, race remained a pervasive factor, sometimes implicit, sometimes explicit. race was a central issue in thomas ' s qualification for the position - - was he selected merely because he was black? race was made an issue in confirmation proceedings - - featured most prominently in thomas ' s " lynching " remark, but also evident in the uneasy, even gentle, way liberal interests attacked the nominee and the exultant and sly way conservative interests rallied around him. even the sexual harassment charge was racialized. hill ' s allegation of sexual harassment was complicated by the fact that she, a black woman, had been harassed by a black man, a charge that would have altered public opinion dramatically if it had been made by a white woman of hill ' s professional stature and personal history. white opinion might not so readily have condoned the sexual debasement of a white woman by a black man, while the debasement of a black woman could be passed off by many as an aspect of the black subculture. in those circumstances, blacks would have rallied to thomas ' s defense. moreover, faced with a hotter, more racially polarized conflict, the committee might well have insisted on a dosed session. race, therefore, permeated every aspect of the proceedings, visibly, from beginning to end. it most critically affected black opinions of the process and accounts for thomas ' s high level of black support. thomas received roughly equal support from black women and black men, even after hill ' s accusations were publicized. the absence of a gender gap in the black community and the


black opinions of the process and accounts for thomas ' s high level of black support. thomas received roughly equal support from black women and black men, even after hill ' s accusations were publicized. the absence of a gender gap in the black community and the lack of majority support for hill led some analysts took to suggest black indifference, if not hostility, to feminists, who had emerged as hill ' s principal defenders. the notion of black anti - feminism is sometimes carried to an extreme by feminists and anti - feminists alike. supposedly, black american women have no need for women ' s liberation, having better rapport and relations with their male counterparts than do middle - class white males and females. orlando patterson, for example, a black sociologist at harvard, suggested in the new york times that the brand of sexual harassment raised by hill - - a supervisor talking dirty to a subordinate and suggesting a sexual relationship - - reflected unrepresentative preoccupations of white feminists from the professional class, and was not a primary concern for most black people or for the working class generally. hill ' s complaint, patterson wrote, reflected a " legalistic, neo - puritanical and elitist model of gender relations promoted by the dominant school of american feminists. " thomas was merely practicing a " down - home style of courting... " yet countless opinion polls have shown that a majority of black women do support feminist objectives. most black women consider sex discrimination to be a pressing problem. in a 1984 national telephone survey of black americans, 69 percent of the female respondents felt that sex discrimination was a serious problem for women today, while only 27 percent felt that it was not. moreover, data gathered by political scientist jane mansbridge show that black women, in fact, are more likely than white women to identify themselves as feminists. for example, in a 1986 gallup survey, 69 percent of the black women polled identified themselves as feminists in contrast to 55 percent of the white women. and when asked in a 1989 yankelovitch survey, " do you consider yourself to be a feminist? " 42 percent of the black women respondents said " yes, " as opposed to 31 percent of the white women respondents. the paradox of the black superwoman it seems clear enough that black women do not reject feminism. rather, a better partial explanation of black public opinion on thomas and hill is the myth of the black matriarch or black superwoman. black matriarchy has often been characterized as an unfortunate or negative trait, as


women do not reject feminism. rather, a better partial explanation of black public opinion on thomas and hill is the myth of the black matriarch or black superwoman. black matriarchy has often been characterized as an unfortunate or negative trait, as in the controversial 1965 report by daniel patrick moynihan. but lately the view of black women as matriarchal has been seized upon in some quarters as a source of strength : black women, supposedly, are " super - tough " and generally can take care of themselves. they know how to survive and endure. some black women are flattered by the myth, and they can drastically overestimate their individual strengths relative to men. given the presumed strength of black women - - as illustrated by hill ' s own cool dignity - - many people simply could not understand why hill, as a strong black professional woman, had not reported thomas at the beginning. as orlando patterson wrote : my own daughter, barbara, a post - feminist young woman brought up by two feminists who came of age in the 60 ' s, believes along with her friends that judge thomas did say those raunchy things, should have been told at once what a " dog " he was and reported to the authorities by professor hill if his advances had continued to annoy her. among some blacks, hill apparently lost personal credibility because of her ten - year silence, since a " real " black woman would have taken the necessary steps to put a stop to her harassment. some have speculated that black working - class women, subjected to far cruder and more physical forms of harassment, were scornful of hill and her belated claims of virtue wronged. yet, paradoxically, the framing of the issue as the strong black female against the more vulnerable black male tilted public sympathy away from hill toward thomas. hill, after all, was now a tenured law professor at a large state university, while if her charges stuck, thomas would suffer - - in his words - - a fate worse than death. as patterson remarked : " there is no evidence that she suffered any emotional or career damage, and the punishment she belatedly sought was in no way commensurate with the offense. " despite their mixed feelings about thomas, few in the black community really wanted to see him " shamed " in this way. the myth of the greatly advantaged, black super - female versus the greatly disadvantaged and besieged black male has particular resonance today since public and scholarly attention has contrasted the plight of black males with the apparent


to see him " shamed " in this way. the myth of the greatly advantaged, black super - female versus the greatly disadvantaged and besieged black male has particular resonance today since public and scholarly attention has contrasted the plight of black males with the apparent success of black professional women. black men currently have unemployment rates twice that of white men and life expectancy rates significantly lower than white men. black men are over - represented in the prisons and more likely to be on death row. but even for those not in trouble, the 1980 census revealed that black men take home to their families about 62 percent of what white men take home. concern in the black community over the plight of black males has recently led to the idea of separate schools for black boys in milwaukee and detroit. however, the american civil liberties union ( aclu ) successfully challenged the constitutionality of publicly funded schools for black boys - - and it was a black woman who filed the suit with the aclu. that woman apparently wanted the city to work to improve the educational opportunities for her daughter in the public school system, but in doing so, blocked the new educational opportunities for black boys. it is a tragedy that this issue of the educational needs of black children has pitted black females against black males, but the fact remains that black girls are as badly educated in detroit ' s public school system, and have equally high drop - out rates, as black boys. furthermore, while black males indeed face the genuine, not imagined, threat of social annihilation given their high rates of incarceration and homicide, black females also face serious problems linked to their gender and race that often sentence them to a lifetime of poverty and welfare dependency. still, the public has accepted the myth that black women are generally economically secure whereas black men are not. many black people, therefore, felt it especially important to side with thomas given the vulnerable position of black males in this country even if they found hill to be credible. as one black woman said in an interview with a new york times reporter : i ' ve got a husband and two sons. as a woman, i can relate to anita hill. god knows we ' ve all been subjected to some form of sexual harassment in our lives. but as a mother and wife, i know this society has a history of mistreatment and abuse toward black men. you have to wonder, what if my son is accused of this. is he going to get a fair shake? what gives the myth of black women ' s economic prosperity its credibility are published analyses that began


mistreatment and abuse toward black men. you have to wonder, what if my son is accused of this. is he going to get a fair shake? what gives the myth of black women ' s economic prosperity its credibility are published analyses that began with the 1980 census. these analyses indicate that relative to white women, black women ' s economic situation improved during the 1970s, while black men ' s economic situation relative to white men has not. one highly publicized finding based on the 1980 census is that college - educated black women now take home slightly higher average annual salaries than college - educated white women. such findings taken out of context are very misleading since significant race differences remain between black and white women. most black women, of course, do not go to college. black women ' s unemployment rates remain higher than those for white women, and in some instances, twice that of white women ' s. moreover, as heads of households, black women are often the ones in poverty. nonetheless, because of the image of black women ' s improving economic status ( relative to white women ), rarely do they enter public policy debates nowadays. in the few instances when they do appear in policy discussions, black women are likely to be stigmatized as welfare queens and vaguely implicated in the problems black men face in the inner - city ghettos. it is revealing that during the confirmation process, few liberals took much notice of the way judge thomas characterized and then belittled his own sister as a hardcore welfare recipient. ( see article below. ) in the 1991 fall issue of tikkun, kimberle crenshaw, a black ucla law professor, faulted white liberals and feminists for missing the way that gender and race interact in the black community to the particular detriment of black women. when the supposed cure for social problems in the black community is " strong men " and " loyal, subservient women, " wrote crenshaw, there is a special kind of oppression that even white feminists fail to perceive. although surveys show that the majority of black women are concerned about sex discrimination, their support of feminist causes is limited by their mistrust of white feminists, partly for historical reasons stemming from white women ' s participation in the larger system of racial oppression. furthermore, many white feminists tend to heighten that mistrust by overstating the similarities between the conditions and status of white and black women, ignoring what black women perceive to be their more marginal position in society as a result of the double negative associated with being