, 000 people. | | source : world bank. world development indicators 2000. | have paved runways. between 100, 000 and 200, 000 passengers typically pass through each airport annually. the government plans to privatize air malawi and the introduction of a second airline is also being discussed. malawi ' s principal source of energy — providing an estimated 90 percent of all its energy needs — is wood fuel ( firewood and charcoal ), about 44 percent of which comes from non - sustainable sources. demand is growing too, at a rate of some 6 percent per year, placing severe pressure on malawi ' s already depleted forests. electricity generation comes mostly from the 4 hydro - electric power stations on the shire river begun in 1989. but irregular water flow on the river, especially in the dry season, and problems with silting ( build up of sediment ) often make power supplies unreliable, a problem particularly damaging to industry. coal is imported to supplement local production, which because of under - investment is mined below capacity. all petroleum stocks are imported. telecommunications is also an underdeveloped sector, with a mere 45, 000 landlines, or 1 for every 230 malawians. there are hopes, however, to triple the number of lines by 2005 with the proceeds of the sale of the state - owned malawi telecom in 2001. a cellular system was launched in 1996, and the licensing of more networks is planned. malawi had 1 internet service provider as of 1999.


( naturalnews ) we often assume that if you ' re skinny you don ' t need to worry too much about exercise. however according to professor dick telford of the australian national university, findings show that a lack of fitness has an effect on death rates regardless if the person is skinny ( lean ) or fat ( overweight not obese ). in fact one study found that a skinny or lean person who does not exercise was twice as likely to die as a fat active person. the study, published in last year ' s journal of the american medical association, was conducted in dallas, texas and involved 2, 603 men and women aged 60 and over. those in the study had fitness and body fat levels measured and were tracked over 12 years. you were deemed fit if you walked for 30 minutes most days of the week. the conclusion of the study was that being unfit predicted higher death rates, while just being fat did not. therefore whatever body weight you have, you need to exercise to be fit and healthy. telford says that our evolution has endowed us with dna which works best in an active body. our predecessors were very active, and we developed our genes for strength and speed, or for endurance. this means that the relationship between our muscles and our important bodily functions is very strong. blood glucose levels and fat are kept under control by regularly used muscles helping to avoid damage from uncontrolled glucose and fat. if uncontrolled, the blood vessels which supply our vital organs come under attack. other reasons to keep fit : 1 ) to ward off diabetes 2 ) to keep dementia and alzheimer ' s at bay the fact that you can be fat and healthy is an interesting finding and appears to be consistent with our evolution as well. body fat was very useful during times when food was scarce or when disease struck. perhaps the proviso to keep in mind here is that 25 % of the population who are told they are fat or overweight are at the higher level of the normal distribution of body mass index ( bmi ). in relation to this, professor john dixon of the centre for obesity research and education says, " we think probably the healthiest way to be at the moment is right on the border of normal weight and overweight " ( smh 20 mar 08 ). he claims that the usefulness of the overweight category is uncertain because it is not known how dangerous being a bit overweight is. in addition, very muscular people like rugby players tend to fall into the overweight category. dick telford


mars has vast glaciers hidden under aprons of rocky debris near mid - latitude mountains, a new study confirms, pointing to a new and large potential reservoir of life - supporting water on the planet. these mounds of ice exist at much lower latitudes than any ice previously found on the red planet. " altogether, these glaciers almost certainly represent the largest reservoir of water ice on mars that ' s not in the polar caps, " said john holt of the university of texas at austin and the main author of the study. " just one of the features we examined is three times larger than the city of los angeles and up to one - half - mile thick, and there are many more. " the gently sloping mid - latitude debris flows have puzzled scientists since they were revealed by nasa ' s viking orbiters in the 1970s — they looked very different than the fans and cones of debris found near mountains and cliffs in mars ' equatorial regions. since their discovery, scientists have been debating how the features formed, with some proposing they were debris flows lubricated by ice that had since evaporated away. but more recent observations suggested that the features " might be more ice than rock, " holt said. in other words, they could be martian glaciers. holt and his colleagues used radar observations of the features, taken by nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter, to peer into the features. the findings, detailed in the nov. 21 issue of the journal science, suggest that the glacier theory is correct. finding huge deposits of ice at the martian mid - latitudes is a boon to both the study of past potential martian habitability, as well as future human exploration. glaciers are huge reservoirs of water once they melt, key to all life as we know it. the team used mro ' s shallow radar instrument to penetrate the rocky debris flows that lie in the hellas basin region of mars ' southern hemisphere. they examined the radar echoes to see what lay beneath the surface. all signs pointed to ice, and lots of it. the radar echoes received back by mro indicated that radio waves passed through the overlying debris material and reflected off a deeper surface below without losing much strength — the expected signal for thick ice covered by a thin layer of debris. the radar echoes also showed no signs of significant rock debris within the glaciers, suggesting that they are relatively pure water ice. " these results are the smoking gun pointing to the presence of large amounts of water ice at these latitudes, " said ali safaeinili, a shallow rader team member at nasa


the glaciers, suggesting that they are relatively pure water ice. " these results are the smoking gun pointing to the presence of large amounts of water ice at these latitudes, " said ali safaeinili, a shallow rader team member at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, calif. the sheer amount of ice present in the flows studied was surprising ; extrapolating from the hellas basin feature to the many others present in both martian hemispheres, there seems to be a lot of ice hiding under the martian surface. the researchers estimate that the amount of ice in these mid - latitude glaciers is about 1 percent of the ice that ' s in mars ' polar caps — roughly equivalent to the ratio of earth ' s non - polar glaciers to its polar ice, holt told space. com. the glaciers could hold as much as 10 percent of the ice in the polar caps, similar to comparing greenland ' s ice sheets to antarctica, holt added. but just how the ice got there is still a mystery. " you shouldn ' t have ice of this quantity at these latitudes, " holt said. the theory is that the ice formed when mars ' orbital tilt was much different than it is now ( the axis the planet spins on has considerable " wobble, " meaning its angle changes over time ) and the planet was much colder, allowing ice to form on the surface. ice on the surface of mars today would immediately sublimate ( or change directly into the gas phase ). the rocky debris covering the ice is likely what keeps it in place today and has allowed it to survive below the surface for millions of years. scientists aren ' t exactly sure during which past ice age the glaciers may have formed, but by counting the number of impact craters in the overlying debris, they estimate them to be about 100 million years old, said study team member jim head of brown university in providence, r. i. these ancient glaciers could hold clues that would shed more light on mars ' past, particularly whether or not it ever harbored life. " on earth, " head said, " such buried glacial ice in antarctica preserves the record of traces of ancient organisms and past climate history. " ancient ice layers in glaciers on earth preserve the signature of the current atmosphere at the time that they formed. head thinks the same could be true of the martian glaciers. in particular, small bubbles that form as the ice layers are deposited could have " samples of the atmosphere at that time, " he said. a lander capable of drilling down several meters


the following information was excerpted from the new jersey permanent statutes, title 52, section 52 : 9a - 4. title 52 state government, departments and officers 52 : 9a - 4. horse ; designation as state animal the horse ( equus caballus ) is designated as the new jersey state animal. new jersey permanent statutes. new jersey legislature. 2009. 8 april 2009 < http : / / www. njleg. state. nj. us / > shearer, benjamin f. and barbara s. state names, seals, flags and symbols : a historical guide third edition, revised and expanded. westport, conn : greenwood press, 3 sub edition, 2001. the new jersey state animal : official state of new jersey website. the horse : the american museum of natural history. horses : introduction : educational broadcasting corporation nature series. equus caballus ( horse ) information and pictures from the university of michigan museum of zoology ' s animal diversity web. equus caballus linnaeus, 1758 : integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) here you will find authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world. equus caballus ( horse ) : calphoto photographs. the biodiversity sciences technology group ( bscit ), a part of the berkeley natural history museums at the university of california, berkeley. state mammals : complete list of official state mammals. more symbols & emblems : complete list of official new jersey state symbols. hamilton farm : the united states equestrian team foundation headquarters, gladstone, n. j. horse breeds : breeds of livestock project - oklahoma state university, division of agricultural sciences and natural resources, department of animal science. equus caballus : the magazine of the domestic horse - the online journal of equine wellbeing. my first horse and pony book : from breeds and bridles to jophpurs and jumping, by judith draper, matthew roberts. 48 pages. publisher : kingfisher ( july 4, 2005 ) reading level : ages 4 - 8. this stunningly photographed book is just what young equestrian enthusiasts need to fuel their excitement, be they budding riders who already have their own pony or those who dream of horse ownership. the informative and inspiring text, combined with exquisite photographs, covers in detail all aspects of first horse and pony facts, care and riding. this comprehensive guide provides a solid foundation in the first principles of horse and pony management and an exciting introduction to the world of riding


and inspiring text, combined with exquisite photographs, covers in detail all aspects of first horse and pony facts, care and riding. this comprehensive guide provides a solid foundation in the first principles of horse and pony management and an exciting introduction to the world of riding. the horses of proud spirit, by melanie sue bowles. 208 pages. pineapple press ( fl ) ; 1 edition ( october 2003 ) there are approximately seven million horses in america. each year, over seventy thousand are abused, abandoned, and fated to slaughter by callous and irresponsible owners. with a heart as big as a pasture, author melanie bowles takes some of these horses into her sanctuary called proud spirit. here, horses that arrive listless and broken find a home where they finally know safety. a good horse is never a bad color, by mark rashid. 196 pages. spring creek press ( february 1996 ) rashid uses heart - warming and humorous stories to share his techniques of teaching horses by understanding their view of the world. these tales deal with many facets of buying, owning, and training horses. stories of arabs, appaloosas, and paints - mistrusted and mistreated because of their breed - will give you a new perspective on these breeds and others. rashid ' s accounts of horses bound for slaughter because they couldn ' t be trained will inspire you to give your own problem horse another look. and when wil, the ugliest horse you can imagine, turns out to be the best on the ranch, you ' ll understand why a good horse is never a bad color. the soul of a horse : life lessons from the herd, by joe camp. 256 pages. harmony ; 1 edition ( april 29, 2008 ) a surprise birthday gift plunged joe camp and his wife, kathleen, into the world of horses as complete neophytes without a clue as to what horses needed or wanted. the camps went searching for logic and sense in the rule books of traditional horse care and what they found was not what they had expected. written for everyone who has ever loved a horse or even loved the idea of having a horse in their lives, this memoir leads us on a riveting voyage of discovery as joe and kathleen navigate uncharted, often politically incorrect territory on their way to achieving a true relationship with their horses. seabiscuit : an american legend, by laura hillenbrand. 399 pages. ballantine books ; ballantine readers circle edition ( march 26, 2002 ) seabiscuit was one of the most elect


“ my parents were horrified to find out that i had bullied other kids in my school and neighborhood, ” says john nelson ( name changed to protect his privacy ). “ they tried everything to get me to change my behavior, but ultimately they were at a loss, and so was i. i knew i was on a road to disaster, but i didn ’ t know how to stop. ” nelson and his parents were right to be concerned, experts say. bullying often escalates into more serious behavior, the nea points out, and 40 percent of boys identified as bullies in grades six through nine had three or more arrests by age 30. bullies are at greater risk of suicide than their victims, and often grow up to perpetuate domestic violence in their own homes, the nea says. for help, nelson ’ s family turned to a resource that some parents might find surprising : military school. nelson ’ s parents enrolled him in robert land academy, a private military - themed school located in canada that accepts students throughout the school year from the u. s. and around the world. with the prevalence of bullying throughout schools in the u. s. and canada, many of the academy ’ s students have experienced bullying, witnessed someone else being bullied or committed an act of bullying themselves. many also suffer from behavioral and health problems, including attention deficit disorders. “ bullying is damaging all around, ” says deputy headmaster colin doig of robert land academy. “ it ’ s obviously awful for the victims, but it also damages the perpetrator and his or her relationship with family, friends and others in the community. any solution to bullying must address the need for change in the bully as well as protecting the victim. ” doig cites rla ’ s structured environment and emphasis on self - discipline as key factors in helping students change self - destructive behaviors, from poor eating habits to discipline problems and even bullying. the school ’ s stand against bullying led a group of rla cadets to share their anti - bullying commitment with the world. at www. nobystanders. me, visitors can view a video of rla students courageously talking about their experiences, both being bullied and being bullies. guests can sign a pledge promising he or she will not be a bully and will not stand by silently when witnessing someone else being bullied. every student at rla has signed the pledge. “ you can fight bullying in your own community, ” doig says. “ it ’ s important to know the signs of


bully and will not stand by silently when witnessing someone else being bullied. every student at rla has signed the pledge. “ you can fight bullying in your own community, ” doig says. “ it ’ s important to know the signs of when someone is being bullied and when someone might be acting as a bully. ” according to www. stopbullying. gov, a website sponsored by the u. s. department of health and human services, signs a child is being bullied include : * unexplained injuries * lost or destroyed possessions, including books, mobile devices and jewelry * frequent illnesses like headaches or stomachaches, or faking illness * changes in eating habits * problems sleeping and / or frequent nightmares * declining grades and loss of interest in school * loss of friends * decreased self esteem * self - destructive behavior like running away from home * talking about suicide signs a child is acting out as a bully include : * engaging in physical or verbal fights * associating with others who bully * increasingly aggressive behavior * frequently in trouble at school * having unexplained extra money or new belongings * blaming their problems on others * shirking responsibility for their actions * overly competitive and worrying about their reputation or popularity “ the structure and self - discipline i learned at rla helped set me on a better path, ” says nelson.


today, patients with precancerous lesions, or early - stage breast cancer are usually diagnosed after a mammography screening. this method of detection can lead to false - positives and overtreatment, since mammography cannot determine whether pre - cancerous cells will actually turn into breast cancer. this may all change after sidney fu, m. d., professor of medicine at the george washington school of medicine and health sciences ( smhs ), completes his study of early breast cancer detection using novel small rna ( microrna or mirna ) biomarkers. fu, who received a two - year, $ 362, 060 grant from the national cancer institute to do this research, hopes to develop a blood test to determine with greater precision whether a patient carries cells that will eventually turn into breast cancer. this test could save women all around the world from unnecessary trauma and stress from chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. breast cancer generally develops in the cells surrounding the milk - producing breast ducts. somehow, either through internal or environmental factors, those cells gradually change in a patient who may develop breast cancer. initially, cells will just accumulate. at this point, they are normal cells, which are called hyperplasia. if the cells continue to progress, they then become abnormal and enter into the atypical ductal hyperplasia ( adh ) stage. at the adh stage, cells look abnormal under the microscope, but they are not cancer cells. if cells continue to progress into the ductal carcinoma in situ ( dcis ) stage ( the most common type of non - invasive breast cancer ), the cells then become cancer cells. unfortunately, women who are diagnosed with dcis have a higher risk of developing invasive breast cancer and surgery, radiation or a mastectomy to remove dcis has become standard treatment. however, there is no proven way to predict which women diagnosed with dcis will eventually develop invasive breast cancer over the years, or if they never will. with fu ' s research, novel biomarkers may be discovered to help physicians determine whether or not a patient diagnosed with dcis should be treated rigorously or with simple follow - ups.


vaccines are supposed to prevent disease. but for the first time we have evidence that a lethal virus has developed from vaccines that were meant to protect against it. in 2007, something different happened. chicken farmers in australia were using two live vaccines, both made from australian viral strains, against a poultry disease called infectious laryngotracheitis ( ilt ). then they began using a third live vaccine containing a european strain. the following year, they saw outbreaks of new forms of ilt. glenn browning at the university of melbourne in australia and colleagues sequenced the viruses and found that they arose when the european strain acquired genes from the australian strains. the real surprise was that, unlike the vaccine viruses, the hybrids were as deadly as wild ilt ( science, doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1217134 ). other unexplained disease outbreaks may have a similar cause, browning says. if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article


speculation regarding jesus ’ marital status has been refreshed by the discovery of a coptic papyrus fragment that scholars believe dates from the fourth century. from this fragment jesus “ appears to be in conversation about family and discipleship – who is worthy? who dwells with, and in, the lord? the account contains a momentous line : ‘ jesus said to them, ‘ my wife … ” ( time 10 / 01 / 12 ) through the centuries it has been assumed that jesus was single since a wife is not mentioned in the canonical scriptures. but from other early writings we learn that jesus was comfortable in the company of women and that he might have had a special relationship with mary magdalene. scholars think it unlikely that jesus and mary magdalene had a traditional jewish marriage including a dowry from mary ’ s parents. jesus and mary were also free spirited in light of some of the remarks they made about family. but there is documentation as to the special nature of their relationship. from early gospels not included in the bible we learn that mary magdalene is the companion of jesus and that they kissed each other often ( gospel of philip 32 ). from the gospel of mary we read that jesus loved her more than any other woman ( 6 : 1 ) and that jesus knew her completely and loved her devotedly ( 10 : 10 ). there are also texts that support mary magdalene being the beloved disciple rather than john. some scholars offer the possibility that mary magdalene may even be the author of the gospel of john. ( sandra m. schneiders ) as my brother wrote in his last book, “ the evidence is clear that mary magdalene and jesus are companions, soul - mates, and partners in ministry. ” from his scholarly perspective all their work springs from their own experience with each other in a sacred union. he asks, “ is there any greater marriage than that? ” ( sacred partnership by john b. butcher ) this new coptic scrap of codex with the words, “ jesus said to them, ‘ my wife … ’ ” came to the attention of karen l. king of harvard divinity school by way of an anonymous collector. she says that this fragment is not evidence of jesus ’ marital status, but taken together with the contemporaneous gnostic gospels of mary, philip and thomas, if in fact authentic, “ does shed light on debates within early christianity about sexuality and marriage. ” ( time 10 / 01 / 2012 ) in these debates celibacy was favored as a route to spiritual purity. while clergy were married in the early centuries of the church, it was later discouraged


on debates within early christianity about sexuality and marriage. ” ( time 10 / 01 / 2012 ) in these debates celibacy was favored as a route to spiritual purity. while clergy were married in the early centuries of the church, it was later discouraged and then prohibited by the roman catholic church in 1139 at the second lateran council. the assumption was that clergy were following the example of jesus, observing sexual purity. a more practical reason for celibacy was that properties held by the church and clergy did not have to be passed down to their legitimate children through inheritance. it is noted that it would have been unusual for jesus not to have been married. the expectation in the culture was that men would marry. we know, however, that st. paul was not married and it is assumed that john the baptist was single ; but the first pope, st. peter, was married. his mother - in - law is mentioned in the gospels ( mk. 1 : 30 ; luke 4 : 38 ) this contemporary discussion of whether or not jesus had a wife opens up again the discussion of putting sexuality and marriage in a proper perspective. most christians have honored the union of marriage and have not given it a second place status as st. paul did. paul thought that if one ’ s sexual urges were too strong, then one should be married ( 1 cor. 7 : 09 - 36 ) ; but he suggested that if a spouse died, one should remain single awaiting the second coming of christ assumed to be soon. a more common understanding as presented in “ the celebration and blessing of a marriage ” in the book of common prayer, states that “ the union of husband and wife in heart, body, and mind is intended by god for their mutual joy ; for the help and comfort given one another in prosperity and adversity ; and, when it is god ’ s will, for the procreation of children and their nurture in the knowledge and love of the lord. ” ( bcp, p. 423 ) the continuing discussion regarding jesus ’ marital status is a titillating inquiry, but the outcome should it be verified one way or the other won ’ t change our respect for those who marry and those who remain single. if anything, the possibility that jesus was married only highlights his humanity as being one of us. and it is in his humanity that we have been able to see the divine light of god ’ s presence in human form — a light that is intended to shine in each of us.


source newsroom : university of alabama huntsville newswise — dr. michael briggs, a member of nasa ’ s fermi gamma - ray burst monitor ( gbm ) team at the university of alabama in huntsville today announced that the gbm telescope has detected beams of antimatter produced above thunderstorms on earth by energetic processes similar to those found in particle accelerators. " these signals are the first direct evidence that thunderstorms make antimatter particle beams, " said michael briggs, a university researcher whose team, located at uahuntsville, includes scientists from nasa marshall space flight center, the university of alabama in huntsville, max - planck institute in garching, germany, and from around the world. he presented the findings during a news briefing at the american astronomical society meeting in seattle. scientists think the antimatter particles are formed in a terrestrial gamma - ray flash ( tgf ), a brief burst produced inside thunderstorms that has a relationship to lighting that is not fully understood. as many as 500 tgfs may occur daily worldwide, but most go undetected. the spacecraft, known as fermi, is designed to observe gamma - ray sources in space, emitters of the highest energy form of light. fermi ’ s gbm constantly monitors the entire celestial sky, with sensors observing in all directions, including some toward the earth, thereby providing valuable insight into this strange phenomenon. when the antimatter produced in a terrestrial thunderstorm collides with normal matter, such as the spacecraft itself, both the matter and antimatter particles immediately are annihilated and transformed into gamma - rays observed by the gbm sensors. the detection of gamma - rays with energies of a particular energy - - 511, 000 electron volts - - is the smoking - gun, indicating that the source of the observed gamma - rays in these events is the annihilation of an electron with its antimatter counterpart, a positron, produced in the tgf. since the spacecraft ’ s launch in 2008, the gbm team has identified 130 tgfs, which are usually accompanied by thunderstorms located directly below the spacecraft at the time of detection. however, in four cases, storms were a far distance from fermi. lightning - generated radio signals, detected by a global monitoring network, indicated the only lightning at the time of these events was hundreds or more miles away. during one tgf, which occurred on december 14, 2009, fermi was located over egypt. however, the active


signals, detected by a global monitoring network, indicated the only lightning at the time of these events was hundreds or more miles away. during one tgf, which occurred on december 14, 2009, fermi was located over egypt. however, the active storm was in zambia, some 2, 800 miles to the south. the distant storm was below fermi ’ s horizon, so any gamma - rays it produced could not have been detected directly. although fermi could not see the storm from its position in orbit, it was still connected to it through sharing of a common magnetic field line of the earth, which could be followed by the high - speed electrons and positrons produced by the tgf. these particles travelled up along the earth ’ s magnetic field lines and struck the spacecraft. the beam continued past fermi along the magnetic field, to a location known as a mirror point, where its motion was reversed, and then 23 milliseconds later, hit the spacecraft again. each time, positrons in the beam collided with electrons in the spacecraft, annihilating each other, and emitting gamma - rays detected by fermi ’ s gbm. nasa ' s fermi gamma - ray space telescope is an astrophysics and particle physics partnership. the spacecraft is managed by nasa ' s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, md. the gbm instrument is a collaboration between scientists at nasa ' s marshall space flight center, the university of alabama in huntsville, and the max - planck institute in garching, germany. the fermi mission was developed in collaboration with the u. s. department of energy, with important contributions from academic institutions and partners in france, germany, italy, japan, sweden and the united states.


november 03, 2010 mansoor amiji, distinguished professor of pharmaceutical sciences at northeastern university, believes tumor cells - like people - become more aggressive in pursuit of nourishment when they ' re " hungry. " he theorizes that clusters of cancer cells deep within a tumor, where they receive limited oxygen and other nutrients, have higher stress levels and are more aggressive in fighting off chemotherapy. working from this theory, amiji, who chairs the department of pharmaceutical sciences in the school of pharmacy within the bouve college of health sciences, will collaborate with researchers at northeastern and massachusetts general hospital to explore innovative drug delivery and gene - silencing strategies to target these cancers. assistant professor of chemical engineering rebecca carrier and matthews distinguished university professor of chemistry and chemical biology robert hanson are amiji ' s northeastern collaborators. the researchers are working on using nanoparticles, engineered for drug delivery, to reverse the tumor cell clusters ' resistance to anti - cancer therapies. the nanoparticles would permeate the parts of tumors where the aggressive cells live, carrying rna molecules that would block messages from disease - causing genes. cutting off that communication would prevent the tumor cells from developing certain proteins that make them aggressive. amiji predicts suppressing their aggression - or " hunger " - could be a major breakthrough in treating highly aggressive ovarian and lung cancers. " when living in this ( hostile ) environment, the threshold for killing tumor cells is much higher, " amiji said. " we want the threshold to be minimal so low doses of chemotherapy will kill those cells and make the treatment safer. " relapse is common for ovarian and lung cancers, and drugs used in the first round of treatment often become ineffective in future treatments, amiji explained. as a result, a doctor ' s primary recourse is to create cocktails of multiple drugs and increase the dosages. but amiji hopes his new approach can replace this current treatment method. amiji ' s project, which advances northeastern ' s leadership in use - inspired, interdisciplinary health research, is funded by a five - year, $ 2. 32 million cancer nanotechnology platform partnership grant from the national cancer institute ' s ( nci ) alliance for nanotechnology in cancer program. through this grant, amiji and his team will also develop a library of target - specific nanoparticles they can screen and select from on a case - by - case basis when treating various forms of cancer. amiji pointed to northeastern ' s tremendous momentum in nanotech


why is it important to get enough sleep, and is there a recommended amount per night? sleep is really a basic necessity of life and as important to our wellbeing as air, food and water. when we sleep well, we wake up feeling refreshed, alert and ready to meet the day ’ s challenges. the national sleep foundation is a good resource for information. this issue has also become more of a concern for health and wellbeing in recent years, to the point that more sleep centers nationwide are focusing on sleep disorders. daily sleep recommendations are by nature generalizations, and people are different and must assess their own individual needs. but recommendations range from 12 – 18 hours for newborns to 8. 5 – 9. 25 hours for teenagers and 7 – 9 hours for adults. i teach a wellness class each semester in which my students choose an individual behavior they want to change to enhance their wellness, and students who have selected sleep have shown good results. one student indicated she noticed an immediate shift in mood when getting 7 – 8 hours of sleep, woke up refreshed and able to accomplish more and motivated to exercise rather than having to force herself. what are the health risks associated with lack of sleep, and how does it affect the body in other ways? first and foremost, a lack of sleep leads to a decreased ability to pay attention, react to signals and remember new information. one specific study by a researcher, jane ferrie, at the university college london medical school supported the idea that sleep regenerates neurons that enable the brain to function optimally. the study also found participants whose sleep decreased over a five - year period experienced an accelerated mental decline during cognitive testing. there ’ s also more research going on investigating the effects of too much sleep. other studies have suggested links between lack of sleep other problems : an increased risk of auto accidents, [ weight gain ] due to an increased appetite caused by sleep deprivation, diabetes, heart problems and psychiatric conditions such as depression and substance abuse. can you offer tips for people looking to fall asleep earlier, or easier, at night? it ’ s very important that individuals create a regular, relaxing bedtime routine that quiets the mind and spirit — especially with all the technology available to us. it ’ s hard to go from facebook and being on the computer right to sleep. the routine could include soaking in a hot bath, listening to soothing music, meditation or even doing sudoku or a crossword puzzle. other tips include establishing a consistent sleep and wake schedule ; creating a sleep


i. history of the stafford cabin the stafford cabin is a log and frame building located in bonita canyon, a small drainage from the west side of the chiricahua mountains into the dry but productive sulphur spring valley in cochise county, arizona. the cabin is individually listed in the national register of historic places ( march 31, 1975 ) and is also contained in the faraway ranch historic district ( august 27, 1980 ), part of chiricahua national monument. it is managed by the superintendent of the monument. chiricahua national monument, established in 1924 to protect the unique rock formations popularly known as the " wonderland of rocks " which adorn the upper reaches of this section of the mountains, is surrounded on three sides by the coronado national forest, and on the fourth, or west side, by sulphur spring valley, most of which is privately owned. 1 the 110 - year - old homestead cabin and surrounding land became part of chiricahua national monument in december, 1968. the structure is a two - room log cabin with a stone fireplace and chimney, a shed - roofed " kitchenette " and bathroom addition, an open porch, and an attached garage. the cabin sits on a flat expanse of the canyon once occupied by an orchard, from which a few trees remain. bonita creek is located a short distance north of the cabin. the history of the stafford cabin involves a number of facets, from a homestead claim during the apache resistance to family life in a pioneer environment to its last decades as a guest cottage at a modestly popular dude ranch. perhaps of foremost significance is the pioneer era, or the stafford years, 1880 - 1918, a time when the earliest settlers appeared in the area and developed a ranching and agricultural legacy in the sulphur spring valley. this document will hopefully shed new light on the significance of the stafford cabin in the history of the southwest. last updated : 25 - aug - 2008


- accept the challenge - about nrl - doing business - public affairs & media - field sites - visitor info - contact nrl in 1963, nrl astronomers made the first positive identification of discrete sources of stellar x rays. a new nrl - developed x - ray detector system was flown on an aerobee rocket, and the result was the discovery of two x - ray sources - scorpius x - 1 and the crab nebula. these findings suggested the possibility that the source of the x rays was a neutron star, a densely packed body of neutrons formed from the collapse of a star. nrl scientists wanted to prove this hypothesis, and in 1964 nrl conducted an experiment on an aerobee flight during the occultation of the crab nebula by the moon. nrl ' s data did not confirm the neutron star theory, which in turn spurred more intensive investigations. as a result, between 1964 and 1973, 125 discrete sources were discovered, including supernova remnants, pulsars, radio galaxies, and quasars. specific nrl contributions included : - the first x - ray detection of a pulsar in the crab nebula in 1969 ; - the detection of x - ray galaxies during aerobee flights in 1967 and 1968 ; - the compilation of the first comprehensive galactic x - ray sources map ; - the discovery of a distinctive difference in time behavior between soft and hard x rays in 1971 ; and - the discovery of the variability of cygnus x - 1, a possible black hole in the cygnus constellation. the rapid development of x - ray astronomy, combined with developments in infrared, ultraviolet, and cosmic - ray investigations, led in the 1970s to the utilization of satellites for high - energy astronomy research. in 1972, nasa initiated the high energy astronomy observatory ( heao ) program to study cosmic ray, x - ray, and gamma - ray sources in deep space. nrl was selected to develop one of the four instrument packages to be flown on the heao i, which was launched in august 1977. the nrl package, the large area x - ray survey array, was the largest space instrument ever to be flown on any satellite. consisting of seven modules of large - area proportional counters, the instrument mapped the entire sky for high - energy sources, which included radio pulsars, binary pulsars, black holes, quasars, and extragalactic x - ray sources, resulting in a new map of nearly 1000 discrete x - ray sources.


investment in battling malnutrition on a global scale will help save and improve millions of lives, but will also save billions of euros in lost potential gdp for countries where malnutrition is a problem, according to the united nations world food programme. malnutrition is a global problem that leads to stunted growth and the wasting of bodily tissues. yet for a relatively small investment the problem of malnutrition, and all of the issues that accompany it could be resolved, says nils grede of the united nations world food programme. “ stunting [ stunted growth due to malnutrition ] imposes an enormous cost on individuals and on economies in terms of mortality, morbidity, loss of productivity, and chronic disease, ” said the un expert. speaking at the european federation of food science and technology ( effost ) in montpellier, france, grede explained that people need around 40 different nutrients for a healthy life. “ no one or two or three foods can give us a balanced diet that includes all of these nutrients, ” he said. “ therefore dietary diversity is absolutely critical. ” grede said that the world food programme can sometimes struggle to make the simple point that the right food, containing these nutrients, are critical to overcoming malnutrition – and stunting in particular. the problem of stunting " stunting is the failure to grow in line with ones genetic potential, ” explained grede. he “ for adults stunting means being about 13 or 14 centimetres shorter than their genetic potential. " “ the tragedy is that once we reach age two or three, the game is over, ” he said. “ once, stunted, always stunted. ” this stunting of growth, which affects around 165 million children under the age of five, which corresponds to around 25 % of the world ' s children being stunted. “ we want to prevent stunting because we cannot treat it, ” said grede. “ after age two you cannot leave the road that you have embarked on, you ’ re travelling on a set growth curve – which may be much lower than your potential growth curve may have been. ” " we need to target those who are most at risk and make sure that they do not grow up stunted. ” a lifetime of trouble in addition to stunting being impossible to reverse after onset, the un expert warned that stunting can have a number of consequences for health and wellness over a lifetime. “ firstly, because it kills, ” said grede – revealing that as


of trouble in addition to stunting being impossible to reverse after onset, the un expert warned that stunting can have a number of consequences for health and wellness over a lifetime. “ firstly, because it kills, ” said grede – revealing that as many children die because they are stunted as die because they are severely malnourished and start to waste muscle and body mass. on top of this increased risk of death, stunting can also reduce productivity and lifetime earnings because it reduces early brain development and therefore negatively impacts on educational outcomes, he said. an economic problem? according to one study, stunting is associated with a 65 % less income, while another study has estimated that gdp in central american countries is about $ 6. 7 billion per year - or 6 % of total gdp – lower than it could be as a result of stunting, said grede. " researchers have estimated that it will cost around 10 billion dollars per year to address all forms of malnutrition, " he said. " what a good investment if for 10 billion [ globally ] we can get a payback of nearly 7 billion in just these countries ” “ one doesn ’ t have to be an investment banker to understand this logic. ” “ not only is a stunted child more likely to get sick and die early, learn less, and earn less, but also they will be affected by a much higher incidence of chronic diseases later in life, ” said the un expert. “ its too good of an investment for the world to not make. "


noaa releases east pacific hurricane below normal seasonal activity expected in 2005 may 16, 2005 - noaa, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, today released its 2005 east pacific hurricane season outlook. the outlook calls for a high likelihood of below normal activity. noaa scientists are expecting 11 - 15 tropical storms. six to eight of these are expected to become hurricanes, including two to four major hurricanes. “ there tends to be a seesaw affect between the east pacific and north atlantic hurricane seasons, ” said jim laver, director, noaa ’ s climate prediction center in camp springs, md. “ when there is above normal seasonal activity in the atlantic there tends to be below normal seasonal activity in the pacific. this has been especially true since 1995. six of the last ten east pacific hurricane seasons have been below normal, and noaa scientists are expecting lower levels of activity again this season. ” the seesaw effect between the east pacific and north atlantic hurricane seasons occurs because the two dominant climate factors that control much of the activity in both regions often act to suppress activity in one region while enhancing it in the other. like the atlantic hurricane season, the el nino / la nina cycle is a dominant climate factor influencing the east pacific hurricane season. “ however, this hurricane season we are most likely to be in a neutral pattern in regards to el nino / la nina, ” said vernon kousky, noaa ’ s el nino / la nina expert. while the thought of a hurricane is a sobering image to many people, there are some positive aspects in regards to the east pacific hurricane season. in contrast to its sibling - the north atlantic hurricane season, which can cause deadly storms in the southern and eastern united states - “ the east pacific hurricane season can bring much needed precipitation to the usually dry southwestern united states during the summer months, ” said muthuvel chelliah, noaa ’ s climate prediction center ’ s lead coordinator for the east and central pacific hurricane season outlooks. “ most east pacific tropical storms trek westward over open waters, sometimes reaching hawaii and beyond. yet, during any given season, one or two tropical storms can either head northward or re - curve toward western mexico, ” said chelliah. after two years of successful experimental outlooks issued by noaa in 2003 and 2004, the east pacific hurricane season outlook becomes an operational product this year. unlike the north atlantic, the east pacific hurricane season outlook does not have a scheduled mid - season update at this time. the east pacific hurricane season runs from may 15 through


and 2004, the east pacific hurricane season outlook becomes an operational product this year. unlike the north atlantic, the east pacific hurricane season outlook does not have a scheduled mid - season update at this time. the east pacific hurricane season runs from may 15 through november 30, with peak activity occurring during july through september. in a normal season, the east pacific would expect 15 or 16 tropical storms. nine of these would become hurricanes, of which four or five would be major hurricanes. the east pacific hurricane season outlook is a product of noaa ’ s climate prediction center, hurricane research division and national hurricane center. the national hurricane center has forecasting responsibilities for the east pacific region. noaa, an agency of the u. s. commerce department, is dedicated to enhancing economic security and national safety through the prediction and research of weather and climate - related events and providing environmental stewardship of the nation ’ s coastal and marine resources. carmeyia gillis, noaa climate prediction center, ( 301 ) 763 - 8000, ext. 7163 related web sites : background on the eastern pacific hurricane season : http : / / www. cpc. ncep. noaa. gov / products / epac _ hurr / background _ information. html noaa ’ s climate prediction center : http : / / www. cpc. ncep. noaa. gov


q : i have an avocado tree that is around 10 or 11 years old and has been bearing fruit for the past three or four years. not sure what breed, they ' re not hass, as the skins don ' t go black, or reed, as the skins aren ' t smooth and shiny. fuerte maybe? it was in flower in september / october and i ' m wondering how long the process from fruit - setting to maturity should take? i have found past crops are very thin skinned, the fruit is watery, tasteless, and almost sour, and the seed inside is dried and loose inside the fruit. if i leave them on the tree, either, the birds start pecking at the bottom of them, or the ends go black. also, sometimes the flesh inside is " thready " and goes black easily. basically, i need to know when to pick them. - many thanks, sheridan a : i think your avocado may be a fuerte. these have poorer keeping qualities than both the hass and the reed. to improve the fruit, dress the tree with blood and bone as well as a good dose of compost. mulch and keep well - watered. also look at pruning the tree to open the canopy. this will allow more light on to the fruit. i would also suggest removing some of the young fruit to improve the quality of the remaining fruit. q : we have a passionfruit problem we are hoping you can help with. we inherited an established passionfruit vine when we moved to our house in march this year. we harvested lots of fruit and even gave some away to friends. it survived very well in the winter - few leaves fell off and the vine stayed green. we were expecting another good season, however, in mid to late september the leaves started to turn yellow and fall off and the vines withered as well. it looks like it is dying. but there are parts where you see new leaves shooting out. we have put some thrive granular citrus food and sheep pellets around the root in september. does that have something to do with the vine suddenly becoming ill? or is it some disease? - sarah liu a : sound like last year ' s crop was a lot to live up to. there are many things which could be affecting your vine. firstly passionfruit require lots of watering but also good drainage is essential. so make sure the roots have lots of good quality mulch and compost around them and that the soil


up to. there are many things which could be affecting your vine. firstly passionfruit require lots of watering but also good drainage is essential. so make sure the roots have lots of good quality mulch and compost around them and that the soil is not a clay - type soil and holding too much water. because the vine was so prolific last year it may need a jolly good feed, so dress it with blood and bone and water in a cup of magnesium sulphate diluted in a 10 - litre bucket of water. another possibility is your vine could have a virus spread by sucking insects like psyllid or a bad infestation of white fly. try spraying your passionfruit with a baking soda and oil spray ( 1 tbsp each of of baking soda, olive oil and garden - friendly dish soap, mixed in a litre of water ). make sure you spray under the leaves especially and repeat spray every 10 days. if your passionfruit hasn ' t recovered it may have a viral or bacterial infection, in which case i would remove it, asap. q : we live in an apartment with a sizeable planter box on our terrace. last year we successfully grew tomatoes, runner beans, silverbeet, parsley and sweet basil. that is until one morning we awoke to find the beans and basil were completely destroyed and the silverbeet looking sad. a street light shines directly on to our terrace and it seems likely night moth is the culprit. we were destroying at least 20 caterpillars every day for some time. covering the planter box could be a problem because the wind would likely lift it off. the sprays that have been suggested to us are egmont ' s beat - a - bug insect spray and / or yates ' mavrik insect and mite spray. we would welcome your advice please. - shirl a : try covering the pots with a microfibre, which is a fine mesh fabric. this will stop the butterflies landing on your pots. also try moth traps, which are yellow plastic squares and in a confined space like yours will do a good job. i have heard that you can suffocate the caterpillars with flour. i ' d be really interested to see if it works. do try it and report back to us, please. do you have a gardening, diy or landscaping question for justin? email firstname. lastname @ example. org with your question and we will be happy to answer it in our pages


4. method of solution there are three versions of the program in the code package. spacetran - i uses the surface angular fluxes calculated by the discrete ordinates sn code anisn, as input. spacetran - ii assumes that the surface angular flux for all energies can be represented as a function ( cos ( phi ) ) * * n, where phi is the angle between surface outward normal and radiation direction, and n is an integer specified by the user. for both versions the energy group structure and the number and location of detectors is arbitrary. the flux ( or response function ) for a given energy group at some detection point is computed by summing the contributions from each surface area element over the entire surface. the surface area elements are defined by input data. spacetran - iii uses surface angular fluxes from dot - 3. spacetran - i handles contributions either from a cylinder ' end ' or ' side ', so the total contributions must be obtained by adding the results of separate end and side runs. anisn angular fluxes are specified for discrete directions. in general, the direction between the detector and contributing area will not exactly coincide with one of these discrete directions. in this case, the anisn angular flux for the ' closest ' discrete direction is used to approximate the contribution to the detector. spacetran - ii handles contributions from both the side and end of a cylinder in a single run. since the assumed angular distribution is specified by a continuous function, it is not necessary to perform the angle selection described above. for each detector specified, both versions compute the flux and a response proportional to flux in each energy group and also compute the sum of these quantities over all energy groups.


5. eugene, oregon eugene, oregon, is in the top five for a number of reasons, but the biggest of these reasons has to do with electricity. the city of eugene gets almost half of its electricity from renewable resources. most of western oregon gets around 34 % of its energy from hydroelectric dams, but eugene takes things a step further by adding on 9 % from wind farms. the city ’ s water utility – eweb – even buys back excess energy produced by residential solar arrays. 4. oakland, california the city of oakland, in the state of california, has been long - heralded as one of the most forward - thinking cities in the us on the environmental front, and that has helped to drive new technologies in oakland. the most impressive of these technologies are the hydrogen - powered buses that roam the streets. these buses have significantly cut down the pollution in the city, and have helped to develop this technology into a more economical form. 3. boston, massachusetts boston has a highly developed public transit system, as well as an impetus toward innovation and new technologies. this is highly evidenced by the unique system that boston is implementing to help produce methane for generators. they are using bacteria within residential glass clippings to produce the methane. this is a fuel source that is readily available, and which would only be going to waste otherwise. modest projections state that the system has the potential to create enough methane to power 1. 5 megawatts of electricity. at the end of the composting cycle, the grass and leaves will have turned into a source of fertilizer that can be used for residential or farm fertilizer. 2. san francisco, california san francisco, california, is another of the cities with a highly developed transportation sector. public transportation is a large part of how people get around here, and it has a significant impact on the air quality and health of the people living here. also, san francisco has one of the most aggressive large - scale photovoltaic projects in the country, with massive potential for both environmental and financial benefits. 1. portland, oregon portland, oregon, is the most eco - friendly city in the united states. while it lags behind other cities in terms of energy and electricity, it blows past them on things like public transit and green construction. 35 buildings in portland are certified by the u. s. green building council, and a quarter of workers in portland commute by bike or public transit.


sarah margaret fuller, marchesa ossoli, author, conversationalist, feminist, and transcendentalist, ma rgaret fuller ( 1810 - 1850 ) was america ' s first woman correspondent and reported to americans on the italian revolution of 1848 - 49. her sympathies lay with the republicans, and she used her writing to enlist the sympathy and aid of americans in the cause of italian independence and unification. sarah margaret fuller was born in cambridgeport, massachusetts on may 1810, the oldest of eight children born to timothy and margaret crane fuller. her father, a harvard - educated lawyer and stern new england puritan, believed women were the intellectual equals of men and educated his first - born accordingly. supervised by her father - - even when he was serving in congress - - margaret fuller followed a rigorous regimen of classical studies, learning latin ( in which she was fluent by age six ) and greek as well as german, french, and italian. as an adult, margaret fuller gravitated to the northeastern intellectual establishment dominated by such men as emerson, channing, thoreau, holmes, hawthorne, alcott, and longfellow. with her brothers educated and her sisters married by 1840, margaret, who had supported her family by teaching following her father ' s death in 1835, accepted the editorship of the dial, the journal of the transcendentalists. in 1844, horace greeley invited margaret fuller to write for the herald tribune as the first female reporter in america. a year later, greeley published fuller ' s woman in the nineteenth century, the first women ' s liberation book in the united states and her best - known work. commissioned by greeley to write articles on the political scene in europe, fuller set out for the continent in 1846. during visits to london and paris, she met thomas and jane carlyle, who introduced her to the italian exile giuseppe mazzini ; the polish poet adam mickiewicz ; and george sand. it was in italy, however, that margaret found her european home. she arrived in time to witness the 1848 - 49 upheaval in italian politics, on which she reported extensively for the tribune. as a friend and follower of mazzini, who devoted his life to the ideal of the unification of italy as a republic, margaret fuller ardently supported the republicans and their short - lived roman republic in the papal states. however, the republican experiment in rome ended in july 1849 when french forces restored the pope to power. during the struggle for rome,


italy as a republic, margaret fuller ardently supported the republicans and their short - lived roman republic in the papal states. however, the republican experiment in rome ended in july 1849 when french forces restored the pope to power. during the struggle for rome, fuller was put in charge of the hospital of the fate bene fra telli by princess belgiojoso, director of all the hospitals in rome. during this time, garibaldi ' s heroic efforts on behalf of the republic won the admiration of fuller, who had earlier shared the popularly held opinion that he was little more than a brigand. meanwhile, margaret fuller had met the italian nobleman, the marchese giovanni angelo ossoli, whom she later married. unlike his family, who were high ranking functionaries in the papal government, angelo ossoli supported a re publican italy and, as a member of the guardia nazionale, served under garibaldi during the siege of rome ( 1849 ). on september 5, 1848, fuller gave birth to ossoli ' s son, but she and ossoli kept the child ' s birth a secret until their marriage in late 1849 - early 1850. following the fall of the roman republic, fuller and ossoli retreated to florence, but persistent political pressures and poverty constrained fuller to return to the united states with her new family in 1850 to s eek a publisher for her history of the italian revolution of 1848 - 49 which she had written following the fall of rome. on july 19, within sight of the new jersey shore, her ship struck ground on fire island and broke apart. the ossoli family perished in the disaster. no collected works of margaret fuller have been published and, since the majority of her literary efforts appeared in the journals for which she wrote, her major works are not easily accessible even though recent renewed interest in her had resulted in publication of some of her writings. her published works, besides woman, include conversations with goethe ( 1839 ), gunderode ( 1842 ), summer on the lakes ( 1843 ), and papers on literature and art ( 1846 ). fuller ' s history of the italian revolution was lost with her at sea. joan b. huffman since the memoirs of margaret fuller ossoli ( 2 vol, 1852 ), edited by ralph waldo emerson, william h. channing, and james freeman clarke were extensively edited so as not to offend, it is necessary to consult additional sources to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of this " liberated " woman and her work. these include


by ralph waldo emerson, william h. channing, and james freeman clarke were extensively edited so as not to offend, it is necessary to consult additional sources to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of this " liberated " woman and her work. these include the fuller papers in the boston public library and the houghton library at harvard university ; the writings of margaret fuller, at home and abroad ( 1856 ) and life within and without ( 1859 ), also highly selective, which were edited by her brother, arthur b. fuller ; and the numerous biographies of margaret fuller. the standard biography is mason wade ' s margaret fuller : whetstone of genius ( 1940 ). more recent studies include paula blanchard ' s margaret fuller : from transcendentalism to revolution, ( 1978 and 1987 ) ; madeleine b. stern ' s the life of margaret fuller ( 1942 and 1991 ) ; perry miller ' s margaret fuller : american romantic ( 1963 and 1970 ) ; and joseph jay deiss ' the roman years of margaret fuller ( 1969 ). see also the biographical sketches of fuller in the macmillan dictionary of women ' s biography ( 1982 and 1984 ) ; notable american women, 1706 - 1950, i, 678 - 682 ; biographical dictionary of american journalism ( 1989 ) ; and the dictionary of american biography, iv, 63 - 66. jgc revised this file ( http : / / www. ohiou. edu / ~ chastain / dh / fuller. htm ) on october 18, 2004. please e - mail comments or suggestions to firstname. lastname @ example. org © 1997, 2004 james chastain.


each week, three wellingtonians fall victim to sudden cardiac arrest ( sca ) at home, at work or on the street. sca can happen to anyone at any time, without any known heart disease or other risk factors. the condition occurs when electrical impulses in the heart become rapid or chaotic, which causes the heart to suddenly stop beating. wellington free ambulance ( wfa ) is launching a new community initiative, designed to make wellington the leading sca - survival city in the southern hemisphere. wellington ’ s current survival rate for sca is comparable with other major cities, but wfa wants to greatly improve residents ’ capabilities - to help us match leading international cities such as seattle, copenhagen & oslo, and double the survival rate of witnessed sca in wellington. wfa wants wellingtonians to " take the three rs to heart " with its new operation heartbeat community training programme, to help save the lives of those three people in the region who suffer from sca each week. research shows that can be achieved by providing cpr and defibrillation ( first shock ) as soon as possible after a victim collapses. the public can play a major role in performing both of these life saving actions ; bystander cpr, and if they have access to an aed ( automated external defibrillator ), defibrillation before paramedic arrival. providing cpr to a sca victim can double or even triple their chances of survival.


although the hurricane itself dissolved two years ago, the storm is still raging inside the minds of people who lived through it. studies show alarming increases of depression, anxiety, divorce, domestic abuse and drug use among hurricane survivors of every socioeconomic class. according to medical reports, at least 20 percent of the population is suffering from delayed post - traumatic stress disorder. locals have even come up with a term for the poor memory, poor concentration and disrupted sleeping patterns they suffer — " katrina brain. " chris rose, a pulitzer prize - nominated columnist in new orleans, wrote the book 1 dead in attic. although he has no history of mental health problems, chris is one of many gulf - area residents who eventually found himself on the edge. " i ' ve had a number of friends kill themselves since the storm. i now understood why people did such things. " chris received psychiatric treatment, but many residents of the city are not so fortunate. according to the journal of the american medical association, the number of psychiatrists in new orleans has dropped from approximately 200 before katrina to just around 20 in august 2007. but while the number of doctors has dramatically decreased, the need for help has not. a recent annuals of emergency medicine study shows that suicide attempts in louisiana and mississippi fema parks are 79 percent above the national average.


the ' snare hypothesis ' is a model explaining the process of docking and fusion of vesicles to their target membranes. according to this model, membrane proteins from the vesicle ( v - snares ) and proteins from the target membrane ( t - snares ) govern the specificity of vesicle targeting and docking through mutual recognition. once the 2 classes of snares bind to each other, they form a complex that recruits the general elements of the fusion apparatus, namely nsf ( n - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor ) and snaps ( soluble nsf - attachment proteins ), to the site of membrane fusion, thereby forming the 20s fusion complex. alpha - and gamma - snap are found in a wide range of tissues and act synergistically in intra - golgi transport. the sequence of the predicted 295 - amino acid human protein encoded by napa shares 37 %, 60 %, and 67 % identity with the sequences of yeast, drosophila, and squid alpha - snap, respectively. platelets contain some of the same proteins, including nsf, p115 / tap, alpha - snap, gamma - snap, and the t - snares syntaxin - 2 and syntaxin - 4, that are used in many vesicular transport processes in other cell types. platelet exocytosis uses a molecular mechanism similar to that used by other secretory cells, such as neurons, although the proteins used by the platelet and their modes of regulation may be quite different. [ provided by refseq ] * shipping is in business days * origene provides validated application data and protocol, with money back guarantee.


researchers have theorised that a peptide found in primates could halt the hiv - 1 virus from infecting blood cells. the discovery could form the crux of an effective drug therapy, which may overcome resistance exhibited by current treatment use. modern combinations of antiretroviral therapies have been used successfully to treat many people with hiv. however, concern is growing that new medications will be required as the virus mutates to render current drugs ineffective. the hiv - 1 virus often mutates quickly to overcome antiviral compounds designed to prevent infections. but the researchers demonstrated that over the course of 100 days the virus developed a weak resistance to retrocyclin, a defence peptide still found in monkeys and lower primates. lead researcher, professor alexander cole of ucf ' s burnett college of biomedical sciences said that if additional laboratory tests could demonstrate only weak resistance, the next step would be to study how retrocyclin could be developed into a drug designed to prevent the hiv virus from entering human cells. there are three classes of defensin peptides, and most research has focused on alpha and beta defensins, the two types that humans still make. however, previous studies have demonstrated that theta - defensins are more active against hiv - 1 than the other two types of defensins and can be developed in laboratories. cole is now working to develop a way to grow retrocyclin through genetically engineered tobacco plants. the retrocyclin gene would be incorporated into the chloroplast genome of tobacco cells before the plants grow. a similar approach has been developed to grow anthrax vaccine in tobacco plants. an inexpensive way to produce the drug with only a small amount of tobacco would help to make it accessible in areas such as southeast asia, africa and the caribbean where the disease spreads most quickly. " if we could develop retrocyclin in plants and produce enough of the drug cheaply, we could potentially save a lot of lives, " cole said. at the end of 2005 there were an estimated 40. 3m people living with hiv worldwide. there were 4. 9m new hiv infections in 2005 and 3. 1m aids - related deaths. hiv - 1 is the most common form of the human immunodeficiency virus that causes aids. the disease is often transmitted sexually, and the drugs produced from cole ' s research would be applied to the vagina in the form of a gel or cream. many of the laboratory tests have shown that retrocyclin can


got questions? we ' ve got answers from experts and parents who ' ve been there. what can i do when my child repeats bad words from siblings? first, help your older child learn to watch what he says around his little sister. explain how she wants to be just like him and therefore imitates him, which is why it ' s important for him to show his sister acceptable ways to communicate. then sit down with your children and develop some " family rules " about words. let them know they can get angry or frustrated, but that it ' s not okay to use hurtful, inappropriate, or rude words, and brainstorm with them words they can use instead to express themselves. but if, despite all your good efforts, your child continues to call her cousin a butthead or tells people to shut up, try to respond matter - of - factly. children crave our attention - - be it negative or positive, and a big reaction makes them think, this worked great. i ' ll have to try it again! so the less emotional you are, the less rewarding it is for your kids to use that word again. in a serious, calm voice, tell your daughter, " it ' s not okay to call people names. it hurts your cousin ' s feelings. " then help her express herself in more acceptable ways. for example, you can say, " i know you ' re angry with emma for taking your doll. let ' s ask her to return it. " remember that toddlers are still learning about impulse control, so slipups are expected. but with a calm and consistent response from you, your kids will eventually choose the more appropriate words. originally published in american baby magazine, september 2004. the answers from our experts are for educational purposes only. please always refer to your child ' s pediatrician and mental health expert for more in - depth advice.


in a professional kitchen, cleanliness is not only a vital health issue, it directly impacts the efficient operation of the kitchen and everyone who works in it. here are five tricks professional chefs use to maximize cleanliness and efficiency in their kitchens : 1. don ’ t touch – from the culinary student who chops the onions for the french onion soup, to the chef that cooks the food and puts it on the plate, every team member in a professional kitchen knows that touch spreads germs. home chefs can reduce the spread of germs in their own kitchens by minimizing the need to touch key tools, like the faucet. touch - free faucets, like kohler ’ s sensate touchless kitchen faucet, allow you to control the flow of water in your kitchen sink without ever having to touch a potentially germy surface. a state - of - the - art sensor allows the faucet to respond in 20 milliseconds, and eliminates the need for bare - skin taps or awkward waving to activate the sensor. to learn more about the latest in kitchen faucet design and technology, visit www. kohler. com. 2. always be prepared – in professional kitchens, staff use separate cutting boards – and often utensils – for preparing meats, vegetables and fruits. storing utensils, pots and pans according to their tasks facilitates quick and easy access when preparing food. mis - en - place ( pronounced meez - ahn - place ), a french adage and popular chef ’ s practice, involves gathering all ingredients and implements needed before cooking begins. with everything in its place, you ’ ll be able to move smoothly and efficiently through a recipe without halting food prep to dig through the refrigerator or pantry. 3. countertop savvy – countertop savvy goes beyond just keeping them clean. just as you use separate cutting boards for meats and vegetables, consider the value of task - specific countertop surfaces. avid bakers, for example, can benefit from marble countertops because the material helps keep the dough cool. if such an installation falls outside your budget, consider a marble pastry board instead. place it on the kitchen table to transform your eating area into an impromptu bake station. bonus : rolling dough on a surface slightly shorter than standard 36 - inch countertops provides a more comfortable, ergonomic experience. 4. work the triangle – you may be familiar with the concept of the work triangle : arranging the refrigerator ( food


first of all, based on a more careful reading of the nativity stories, as found in the new testament, it is very unlikely that the historical jesus was born in december to begin with ( winters in judea tend to be very cold, and shepherds are described as tending their sheep in the fields ; the two definitely don ’ t go together ). had you expanded your careful reading a little bit, you ’ d be aware that christmas is “ the feast of the nativity, ” not “ jesus ’ s birthday. ” while modern fundamentalists typically claim it ’ s jesus ’ s actual birthday because they ’ re theologically and historically ignorant, mainline denominations have never so claimed. it is well known that the romans celebrated saturnalia around the 25th, while in later centuries it was the holiday of the unconquered sun ( sol invictus ), the chief holiday of one of the most important cults of the late empire ( one held in special regard by such emperors as constantine and julian “ the apostate ” and also one extremely popular among the roman soldiers who spread the cult, along with mithraism all over the empire ). this fails to take into account movement of the dates relative to the solar year and relative to the calendar due to adjustments to the julian calendar, the creation of leap - year and 10 - day readjustment in the middle ages, and the switch from julian to gregorian calendars. but it would be a really nice argument if it were true! christmas used to be somewhat different in date - relationship to saturnalia and the solstice. ( also, you ’ ve failed to provide any support whatsoever for the assertion that coincidence in time equals shared origins. ) the pagans of northern europe celebrated ( and continue to celebrate ) yule at that time, long before jesus was born and most of present - day christmas customs, including carols, christmas tree etc. have, beyond any doubt, origins in celtic or germanic winter solstice customs. here again we have a “ yes, but. ” you ’ ve failed to provide an important connecting point : did christians have contact with northern europeans at the time of the setting of the date for christmas? in fact, no. christmas was set near the date of yule before christians were evangelizing northern europeans or, according to extant evidence, had any meaningful contact with that culture. ( and again, you ’ ve failed to provide support for the assertion that coincidence in time equals shared origins. ) furthermore, the “ present - day christmas


and some were used as christmas decor, but not exclusively because there ’ s other greenery available during that season, so there ’ s not the same strong association of christmas with firs. lots of cultures prefer christmas lilies. in northern europe, lilies had to be confined to easter. ) it wasn ’ t until 350 ce that the church of rome declared december 25 as the day of “ christ ’ s ” birth, in order to ease the process of converting pagans to this new religion. the same process is clearly visible in easter and other main christian holidays. so rather than being christian holidays with added pagan symbolism, it is more accurate to say that they are christianized pagan holidays. oooooh, brilliant! you ’ ve hit all my favorite calendrical myths in one paragraph! point the first : easter is not set according to any pagan date, which should be immediately obvious to even the most casual observer. easter is set according to the date of passover because jesus ’ s crucifixion coincided with passover. prior to the 9th century, jews ( who use a luni - solar calendar ; that is, a lunar calendar with solar corrections so it doesn ’ t “ march backwards ” around the year with way the islamic calendar does, because several jewish feasts are agricultural in nature and that ’ s silly when it turns up in the wrong season ) set the date of passover and certain other important dates, including beginnings of months, based on actual physical sightings of the moon ( as muslims still do today ). ( the reasons jews went to an astronomical calendar in the 9th and 10th centuries – it was a process, not an event – has largely to do with the diaspora and slow communication that made it difficult for one rabbi to tell all the jews when to start the month. ) for christians, this presented a problem after their asses were booted from the temple prior to its destruction in 70ish ce. ( there ’ s some debate but it doesn ’ t actually matter for our purposes. ) as christianity became more and more gentile, and diverged from judaism even in areas where jewish christians were the norm, they had to find their own way of setting the date of easter, since the jewish authorities were no longer willing to “ share ” the calendar - setting info with the apostates, and the gentiles were ever - farther away from jerusalem. the debate began almost as soon as christ ’ s death, and by 180 ad there were two firm camps : one that wanted


” the calendar - setting info with the apostates, and the gentiles were ever - farther away from jerusalem. the debate began almost as soon as christ ’ s death, and by 180 ad there were two firm camps : one that wanted the date always to fall on nisan 14, which could be any day of the week, and one that wanted the date to always fall on the sunday closest to nisan 14. there ’ s an important theological point to this, which has to do with the saturday sabbath as the seventh day, and sunday as the first. since jesus was arose on a sunday and this made a “ new ” creation, sunday became both the 8th day ( fruition of god ’ s plan in creation ) and the 1st day ( new creation ). weekly sunday celebrations were conceived as “ little easters ” – smaller celebrations on every 1st / 8th day of the week to commemorate the resurrection and new creation and fulfillment of god ’ s promises. so to put easter on a not - sunday, argued one side of the debate, was to reject this important theological point. but to put it on not - nisan 14, argued the other side, was to reject the actual commemoration of the historical date. by the third century, christian / jewish relations were getting relatively ugly, and sunday won out. different systems developed, but the one that eventually was adopted for setting the date of easter so that it would be near passover and universal across a church that could take a long time to communicate, but didn ’ t require jewish assistance in sighting the moon, was to set easter for the first sunday after the first ( astronomical ) full moon after the spring equinox. this is basically how the jewish luni - solar calendar corrects itself, using the equinoxes, so this puts easter within a week of passover. according to their calculations on the julian calendar, early church calendar obsessives thought that jesus was crucified on march 25. ( tertullian, who was notably bad at calendar math and was in fact wrong, was the first to say so, although it ’ s clear the date of march 25 was important to christians prior to that because of earlier extant texts and tertullian ’ s obsession with fitting the calendar to that date. ) this must mean, they decided round about ad 220, that because jesus was in all way perfect, his life began on the same date. so they set the date for jesus ’ s conception on march 25. which means that his


that date. ) this must mean, they decided round about ad 220, that because jesus was in all way perfect, his life began on the same date. so they set the date for jesus ’ s conception on march 25. which means that his birth, because jesus is an all ways perfect, had to be exactly nine months after the conception. ( these are already celibate monks. nine months is as good an approximation for a “ perfect ” pregnancy duration as we ’ re going to get from them. ) this put the celebration of jesus ’ s birth on dec. 25. ( early authorities, incidentally, suggest the actual physical date of jesus ’ s birth was around 25 pachon / 20 may in 28 augustus. but jesus was a nobody in a backwater, so who was really keeping track? ) although, in point of fact, the earlier celebration is epiphany, dating back at least to the 2nd century and extant texts suggest even earlier, which celebrates the revelation of christ to the magi. we ’ re not entirely clear why epiphany was january 6, but it wasn ’ t until your magic date of 350 ce that christmas was broken out from the earlier and holier date of epiphany. the 25th – 12 days before the 6th – was chosen for a variety of reasons, including that it was 9 months after tertullian ’ s magic date march 25 ( now firmly the feast of the annunciation ), and that it beautifully fit with the happy number of 12 ( apostles, etc. ). however, the elements of the christmas liturgies existed in the epiphany liturgies long before the 350 ce breakout. finally, to reiterate, christmas is not “ jesus ’ s birthday. ” it is “ the feast of the nativity. ” feasts mean we celebrate it on that day, not that we believe it actually happened on that day. ( otherwise “ the feast of st. thomas more ” would be quite silly, because how could he himself occur entirely on that day? ) so, to sum up : christian calendar dates based on jewish calendar dates, quasi - mystical beliefs about perfection, and sometimes crappy math. easter is the earliest celebration, and the setting of its date has zero relationship to anything but jewish celebrations ( and again, if you have done a “ careful reading, ” this should be utterly obvious ). most other early christian calendar dates are based off easter, with the exception of the mysterious date - preference of epiphan


to anything but jewish celebrations ( and again, if you have done a “ careful reading, ” this should be utterly obvious ). most other early christian calendar dates are based off easter, with the exception of the mysterious date - preference of epiphany. ( moreover, in terms of importance of the holidays, it goes easter, epiphany, lent, then christmas. christmas is low man on the liturgical totem pole. ) to cut a long story short, neither is it christ ’ s actual birthday, nor the customs have anything to do with jesus or christian doctrine. everything about is far more pagan than it could ever be christian, which is, again, why i don ’ t have any problems with celebrating it. and to sum up the entire post, your assertions are wrong in almost all particulars. it appears to me that you have a particular bias – that christianity is pagan - derived – and that you have set out to only consider evidence that proves your belief. a truly careful examination of extant evidence would have shown you how baseless your assertions are. even a cursory examination of the bible and a glance at the modern calendar might have clued you in to easter ’ s dating basis, so your assertion that easter ’ s date is pagan - based leads me to conclude that you ’ ve looked at evidence with serious blinders on that only allowed you to consider things that proved your biases. finally, your last sentence is unbelievably rude and presumptuous. would you like it if a christian walked into your holy day and said, “ well, everything here is obviously christian - derived, even if you ’ re too stupid to know it. ”? why do you feel comfortable being so dismissive about my holy day, and being so rude about my level of intellect? do you really feel comfortable telling a billion and a half christians that they ’ re actually celebrating a pagan holiday and just haven ’ t noticed? or do you think it ’ s remotely possible that even if any of your assertions had been remotely based in fact and christmas were a pagan - derived holiday, that those billion and a half christians were actually managing to celebrate a holy event of their faith, regardless of date? does it please you when fundamentalists inform you that even if you don ’ t know it, you ’ re actually worshipping satan? why, then, do you feel it ’ s okay to tell me that even if i don ’ t know it, i ’ m celebrating a pagan holiday?


the federal government ’ s fiscal policies are contributing to unsustainable deficits and debt in the long term. high debt loads can lead to rising interest rates, the crowding out of private investment and other government spending, and increased risk of a fiscal crisis that would necessitate quick and dramatic changes in spending and revenue policies. policy makers are considering ways to address the deficit and debt, including spending cuts, tax reform, and the possibility of a new consumption tax, such as a value - added tax ( vat ). the paper, using a vat for deficit reduction, by the tax policy center ( tpc ), is designed to help policy makers better understand the impact of a vat if used for deficit reduction. it compares adoption of a new vat and higher income tax rates as alternative strategies for raising revenue to reduce the deficit. it looks at these two options in isolation from other policies such as spending cuts that also could contribute to deficit reduction and would allow for a lower vat or smaller income - tax increases. in addition, it does not model any behavioral consequences of implementing these revenue policies. this paper is the second in a series, written by tpc and sponsored by the pew fiscal analysis initiative, that analyzes issues related to enactment of a vat. this series will provide analysis and facts as policy makers consider options for a new consumption tax over the next several years. executive summary


meeting photo challenges creative image processing nature & outdoor creating better photographics night & low light photography light & exposure close - up & macro digital black & white color & design choosing & using lenses digital photography equipment dynamic range defines just how bright that snowy field can be and how dark the shadows in the canyon can be and still get details in each area when you make a careful exposure reading. it is the limitation of the recording material, and is an important aspect of making good exposure decisions. as you gain experience one of the most important matters to concentrate on is developing a sense of this range and understanding what your camera can and cannot do. in short, learn how it handles different light values ( contrast ) within the same scene. the ability of the sensor to capture a range of brightness values will determine when you will be able to capture all the values in the scene ( or at least all the important values ) and when you might have to give up shadow detail in order to control the highlight areas. this shot was made late in the day in new york city with a bright sky and the buildings in shadow. the high contrast is part of the character of the shot, and the limits of dynamic range are exploited for a graphic interpretation of the scene. this bracketed shot shows both high - and low - key effects. while excessive underexposure will render an image useless, due to the amount of noise generated during correction, slight underexposure is no problem. this photo is about 1. 5 stops underexposed, but some easy software work brings back a nice range of values. while still dark overall it has enhanced color and contrast. to order back issues ( volumes 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 ) hone your skills with fast - paced tutorials and easy - to - follow tips from the archives of photographic and edigitalphoto magazines.


the idlgrtessellator class is a helper class that converts a simple concave polygon ( or a simple polygon with holes ) into a number of simple convex polygons ( general triangles ). a polygon is simple if it includes no duplicate vertices, if the edges intersect only at vertices, and exactly two edges meet at any vertex. tessellation is useful because the idlgrpolygon object accepts only convex polygons. using the idlgrtessellator object, you can convert a concave polygon into a group of convex polygons. the idlgrtessellator : : init method takes no arguments. use the following statement to create a tessellator object : mytess = obj _ new ( ' idlgrtessellator ' ) see idlgrtessellator for details on creating tessellator objects. the procedure file obj _ tess. pro, located in the examples / visual subdirectory of the idl distribution, provides an example of the use of the idlgrtessellator object. to run the example, enter obj _ tess at the idl prompt. the procedure creates a concave polygon, attempts to draw it, and then tessellates the polygon and re - draws. finally, the procedure demonstrates adding a hole to a polygon. ( you will be prompted to press return after each step is displayed. ) you can also inspect the source code in the obj _ tess. pro file for hints on using the tessellator object.


refraction at a boundary need to see it? view the broken pencil animation from the multimedia physics studios. flickr physics visit the physics classroom ' s flickr galleries and enjoy a photo overview of the topic of refraction and lenses. flickr physics visit the physics classroom ' s flickr galleries and enjoy the terrific display of photos showing the refraction of light by dew drops. flickr physics view a collection of incredible photos of reflection and refraction phenomena from tpc ' s flickr pool. looking for a lab that coordinates with this page? try the refraction action lab from the laboratory. flickr physics view a collection of incredible photos of reflection and refraction phenomena from tpc ' s flickr pool. curriculum corner learning requires action. give your students this sense - making activity from the curriculum corner. treasures from tpf need ideas? need help? explore the physics front ' s treasure box of catalogued resources on ray optics, including the topic of refraction. refraction and sight in unit 13 of the physics classroom tutorial, it was emphasized that we are able to see because light from an object can travel to our eyes. every object that can be seen is seen only because light from that object travels to our eyes. as you look at mary in class, you are able to see mary because she is illuminated with light and that light reflects off of her and travels to your eye. in the process of viewing mary, you are directing your sight along a line in the direction of mary. if you wish to view the top of mary ' s head, then you direct your sight along a line towards the top of her head. if you wish to view mary ' s feet, then you direct your sight along a line towards mary ' s feet. and if you wish to view the image of mary in a mirror, then you must direct your sight along a line towards the location of mary ' s image. this directing of our sight in a specific direction is sometimes referred to as the line of sight. as light travels through a given medium, it travels in a straight line. however, when light passes from one medium into a second medium, the light path bends. refraction takes place. the refraction occurs only at the boundary. once the light has crossed the boundary between the two media, it continues to travel in a straight line. only now, the direction of that line is different than it was in the former medium. if when sighting at an object, light from that object changes media on the way to your eye,


two media, it continues to travel in a straight line. only now, the direction of that line is different than it was in the former medium. if when sighting at an object, light from that object changes media on the way to your eye, a visual distortion is likely to occur. this visual distortion is witnessed if you look at a pencil submerged in a glass half - filled with water. as you sight through the side of the glass at the portion of the pencil located above the water ' s surface, light travels directly from the pencil to your eye. since this light does not change medium, it will not refract. ( actually, there is a change of medium from air to glass and back into air. because the glass is so thin and because the light starts and finished in air, the refraction into and out of the glass causes little deviation in the light ' s original direction. ) as you sight at the portion of the pencil that was submerged in the water, light travels from water to air ( or from water to glass to air ). this light ray changes medium and subsequently undergoes refraction. as a result, the image of the pencil appears to be broken. furthermore, the portion of the pencil that is submerged in water appears to be wider than the portion of the pencil that is not submerged. these visual distortions are explained by the refraction of light. in this case, the light rays that undergo a deviation from their original path are those that travel from the submerged portion of the pencil, through the water, across the boundary, into the air, and ultimately to the eye. at the boundary, this ray refracts. the eye - brain interaction cannot account for the refraction of light. as was emphasized in unit 13, the brain judges the image location to be the location where light rays appear to originate from. this image location is the location where either reflected or refracted rays intersect. the eye and brain assume that light travels in a straight line and then extends all incoming rays of light backwards until they intersect. light rays from the submerged portion of the pencil will intersect in a different location than light rays from the portion of the pencil that extends above the surface of the water. for this reason, the submerged portion of the pencil appears to be in a different location than the portion of the pencil that extends above the water. the diagram at the right shows a god ' s - eye view of the light path from the submerged portion of the pencil to each of your two eyes. only the left and right


different location than the portion of the pencil that extends above the water. the diagram at the right shows a god ' s - eye view of the light path from the submerged portion of the pencil to each of your two eyes. only the left and right extremities ( edges ) of the pencil are considered. the blue lines depict the path of light to your right eye and the red lines depict the path of light to your left eye. observe that the light path has bent at the boundary. dashed lines represent the extensions of the lines of sight backwards into the water. observe that these extension lines intersect at a given point ; the point represents the image of the left and the right edge of the pencil. finally, observe that the image of the pencil is wider than the actual pencil. a ray model of light that considers the refraction of light at boundaries adequately explains the broken pencil observations. flickr physics photo the broken pencil phenomenon occurs during your everyday spearfishing outing. fortunately for the fish, light refracts as it travels from the fish in the water to the eyes of the hunter. the refraction occurs at the water - air boundary. due to this bending of the path of light, a fish appears to be at a location where it isn ' t. a visual distortion occurs. subsequently, the hunter launches the spear at the location where the fish is thought to be and misses the fish. of course, the fish are never concerned about such hunters ; they know that light refracts at the boundary and that the location where the hunter is sighting is not the same location as the actual fish. how did the fish get so smart and learn all this? they live in schools. now any fish that has done his / her physics homework knows that the amount of refraction that occurs is dependent upon the angle at which the light approaches the boundary. we will investigate this aspect of refraction in great detail in lesson 2. for now, it is sufficient to say that as the hunter with the spear sights more perpendicular to the water, the amount of refraction decreases. the most successful hunters are those who sight perpendicular to the water. and the smartest fish are those who head for the deep when they spot hunters who sight in this direction. since refraction of light occurs when it crosses the boundary, visual distortions often occur. these distortions occur when light changes medium as it travels from the object to our eyes.