hand - foot - and - mouth disease may cause some or all of the following signs and symptoms : - sore throat - feeling of being unwell ( malaise ) - painful, red, blister - like lesions on the tongue, gums and inside of the cheeks - a red rash, without itching but sometimes with blistering, on the palms, soles and sometimes the buttocks - irritability in infants and toddlers - loss of appetite the usual period from initial infection to the onset of signs and symptoms ( incubation period ) is three to seven days. a fever is often the first sign of hand - foot - and - mouth disease, followed by a sore throat and sometimes a poor appetite and malaise. one or two days after the fever begins, painful sores may develop in the mouth or throat. a rash on the hands and feet and possibly on the buttocks can follow within one or two days. when to see a doctor hand - foot - and - mouth disease is usually a minor illness causing only a few days of fever and relatively mild signs and symptoms. contact your doctor, however, if mouth sores or a sore throat keep your child from drinking fluids. contact your doctor also if after a few days, your child ' s signs and symptoms worsen. - hand, foot, & mouth disease ( hfmd ) : fast facts. centers for disease control and prevention. http : / / www. cdc. gov / ncidod / dvrd / revb / enterovirus / hfhf. htm. accessed july 12, 2011. - ng jj, et al. hand - foot - mouth disease. in : ferri ff. ferri ' s clinical advisor 2012. philadelphia, pa. : mosby elsevier ; 2011. http : / / www. mdconsult. com / books / linkto? type = bookhome & isbn = 978 - 0 - 323 - 05611 - 3 & eid = 4 - u1. 0 - b978 - 0 - 323 - 05611 - 3.. c2009 - 0 - 38601 - 8 - - top & uniq = 266352183 - 2. accessed july 12, 2011. - modlin jf. clinical manifestations and diagnosis of enterovirus infections. http : / / www. uptodate. com / home / index. html. accessed july 12, 2011. - non - polio enterovirus


risk factorsby mayo clinic staff while anyone can catch infectious diseases, you may be more likely to get sick if your immune system isn ' t working properly. this may occur if : - you ' re taking steroids or other medications that suppress your immune system, such as anti - rejection drugs for a transplanted organ - you have hiv or aids - you have certain types of cancer or other disorders that affect your immune system in addition, certain other medical conditions may predispose you to infection, including implanted medical devices, malnutrition and extremes of age, among others. - understanding microbes in sickness and in health. national institute of allergy and infectious diseases. http : / / www. niaid. nih. gov / topics / microbes / documents / microbesbook. pdf. accessed oct. 8, 2012. - long ss, et al. long : principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 4th ed. philadelphia, pa. : saunders elsevier ; 2012. http : / / www. mdconsult. com / books / about. do? about = true & eid = 4 - u1. 0 - b978 - 1 - 4377 - 2702 - 9.. c2009 - 0 - 41480 - 6 - - top & isbn = 978 - 1 - 4377 - 2702 - 9 & uniqid = 372964036 - 9. accessed oct. 8, 2012. - facts about infectious diseases. infectious diseases society of america. http : / / www. idsociety. org / facts _ about _ id / #. accessed oct. 8, 2012. - escherichia coli infections. world health organization. http : / / www. emro. who. int / health - topics / escherichia - coli - infections /. accessed oct. 10, 2012. - de martel c, et al. global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008 : a review and synthetic analysis. the lancet oncology. 2012 ; 13 : 607. - personal prevention of mrsa skin infections. centers for disease control and prevention. http : / / www. cdc. gov / mrsa / prevent / personal. html. accessed oct. 10, 2012. - sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ). centers for disease control and prevention. http : / / www. cdc. gov / std / treatment / 2006 / clinical. htm. accessed oct. 10,


monday, september 24, 2012 healthteacher recently released the first - ever interactive, pro - social mobile game to address one of the nation ’ s leading issues affecting youth : bullying. this game titled “ awesome upstander! ” encourages young kids to race through a school cafeteria and bathroom to help rescue a target from a bully. along the way, players must collect enough friends to stand up to the bully together. “ awesome upstander! offers a highly entertaining play experience for kids while teaching them they have the power to diminish bullying by banning together as upstanders, " said john herbold, vp product of healthteacher. " kids tell us awesome upstander! is fun to play, and parents say it gives them peace of mind knowing their children are learning how to deal with an issue affecting the emotional and physical safety of their kids. " filled with challenges, levels, hidden objects and fun sound effects, awesome upstander! is designed to engage kids just like other popular interactive games while promoting social good. at the awesome upstander! website www. awesomeupstander. com, teachers can download supporting material for their classroom, and parents can download resources for teaching their kids about upstanding at home. baptist health systems in jackson, miss. partnered with healthteacher last year, providing high quality health education resources for teachers, school nurses, and school counselors in 18 counties in central ms. healthteacher is an online resource of lessons and interactive tools that help kids live well. lessons cover relevant youth health issues and are designed to engage students and fold seamlessly into the classroom setting. baptist is the only hospital in mississippi offering this program. “ as the 2012 / 2013 school year kicked - off, we continue to work with the funded school districts providing healthteacher access and training, ” added shay lewis, health education coordinator for mississippi. “ the new interactive anti - bullying game is a powerful tool for engaging kids and teaching them how to make a stand against bullying. the video game can be played at home or in the classroom setting and works hand in hand with healthteacher ’ s lesson plans centered on the topic of bullying. ” according to a study by the national institute of child health and human development ( nichd ), 1. 6 million children in grades 6 through 10 in the united states are bullied at least once a week and 1. 7 million children bully others as frequently. bullying most often occurs where adult supervision is low or absent : schoolyards, cafeterias, bathrooms, hallways, and stairwell


through 10 in the united states are bullied at least once a week and 1. 7 million children bully others as frequently. bullying most often occurs where adult supervision is low or absent : schoolyards, cafeterias, bathrooms, hallways, and stairwells. according to the u. s. department of justice ’ s “ bullying in schools ” report, only 10 to 20 percent of non - involved students provide any real help when another student is victimized. bullying has been a hot topic in mississippi during the last few years. in 2010, the mississippi legislature passed senate bill 2015, requiring public schools to adopt an anti - bullying policy, prohibiting bullying or harassing behavior in schools. mary ann simpkins, director of community education for healthteacher stated that “ awesome upstander! is a great teaching tool for supporting ms anti - bullying policies and addressing the real - life issues of bullying in our schools. we all want our children to thrive and succeed in a safe environment, free of danger or barriers to learning. it is important to educate all kids about the importance of standing up for someone being bullied and to encourage them to be an upstander, not a bystander. ” dr. susan lipkins, child psychologist and leading expert in the development of awesome upstander!, believes playing this game can set the standards for teaching elementary - aged kids how to be an upstander, a person who knows how to intervene in a bully situation in a safe and positive manner. according to dr. lipkins, " bystanders are the answer... we ' re all bystanders. and when bystanders are empowered and they learn how to prevent and intervene in bullying, i think we ' re going to see a change. " awesome upstander! is brought to you by healthteacher, the interactive leader in youth health. awesomeupstander! can be played online for free at www. awesomeupstander. com, or purchased in the apple app store or google play for $. 99. about awesome upstander! awesome upstander!, the first - ever anti - bullying game for young kids, is the most fun way to learn how to deal with bullies. awesome upstander! is a side - scrolling adventure where players must race through school cafeterias and bathrooms to rescue a target from a bully. to successfully rescue the target, players must collect enough friends to become upstanders and stand up to the bully together. about baptist health systems ’ healthteacher partnership baptist


players must race through school cafeterias and bathrooms to rescue a target from a bully. to successfully rescue the target, players must collect enough friends to become upstanders and stand up to the bully together. about baptist health systems ’ healthteacher partnership baptist joined forces with teachers throughout 34 school districts in central mississippi to make it easy for them to teach good health habits to children. funded by baptist health foundation, the project includes health education materials and professional development for k - 12 schools, preschools, after school programs, and community organizations. the 2007 healthy students act requires that all schools implement 45 minutes of health education per week, and 150 minute of physical education / physical activity per week in grades k - 8. it also requires half carnegie unit of health education and physical education in high school for graduation. baptist health systems is the parent company of baptist medical center, the mississippi hospital for restorative care and a number of related healthcare services and programs. for over 100 years, baptist medical center has served mississippi and the surrounding states as a christian - based, non - profit comprehensive medical center. healthteacher is the interactive leader in youth health, creating games, apps, and educational resources to make health awesome for kids. healthteacher ' s research based products are designed to get kids moving and to develop healthy behaviors that last a lifetime. reaching over 6 million kids through its fast - growing network of 11, 000 + schools, healthteacher ’ s interactive products are used by teachers, parents, and kids to address important youth health issues, including physical activity, nutrition, and social and emotional well - being. to learn more, visit www. healthteacher. com. what can we help you find? close ×


what is wheel hop? wheel hop is a nasty action whereby the driven wheels of a car voilently shake, vibrate, hop, grab, and / or thump upon acceleration. it ' s usually quite obvious when your car suffers from this condition, for it sounds and feels like your car fell off a garage lift three times every second. wheel hop doesn ' t just feel bad - it ' s bad for your car, too. for reasons that will be explained below, wheel hop can lead to broken drivetrain parts, including axles and rear differentials on a rear - wheel - drive car, and axles and transmissions on a front - wheel - drive car. if your car wheel hops - get it fixed! what causes wheel hop? a lot of people don ' t know why wheel hop occurs, which often leads to them throwing the incorrect parts at the car in an effort to eliminate the issue. fortunately understanding ( and correcting ) wheel hop is not difficult. here is what happens. when a car accelerates, you can picture the forces involved as something ( the ground ) pushing the driven wheels of the car forward. obviously if you push the wheels forward, the car is going to move forward also. however, the wheels are not rigidly fixed to the chassis, so when the ground pushes on the wheels, they move forward a bit in the wheel well. normally a car ' s acceleration is so small that this motion is negligible, but when a car accelerates quickly, especially during a launch, the wheels can move forward quite a bit in the wheel wells. as the wheels move forward, significant toe changes occur. now, everybody knows that a tire can provide the most grip when it is perpendicular to the ground, parallel with the acceleration, and pressurized to provide the optimal contact patch. that being said, if the toe of the driven wheels changes during acceleration, the grip of the tire must be changing. wheel hop is a result of this change in grip. here is the sequence of events : 1. ) acceleration begins with good grip. 2. ) the wheels move forward, toe changes, and available grip is reduced. wheelspin occurs. 3. ) during wheelspin, acceleration is very small. the wheels move back again, toe changes back, and the tire regains grip. 4. ) acceleration begins again, and the process repeats itself. this rapid switching between grippy acceleration and wheelspin is wheel hop. my above description of the wheel hop process sounds tame, but the frequency of the


and the tire regains grip. 4. ) acceleration begins again, and the process repeats itself. this rapid switching between grippy acceleration and wheelspin is wheel hop. my above description of the wheel hop process sounds tame, but the frequency of the grip changes and the magnitude of the forces involved is what makes wheel hop so violent. race tires can prevent wheel hop since they have more grip ( i. e., they don ' t lose grip even with the toe change ), but cars that wheel hop with race tires will do so in a much more violent fashion. how do i get rid of wheel hop? getting rid of wheel hop really isn ' t difficult. if you can limit the motion of the wheel with respect to the chassis, then the toe changes during acceleration will be small and the tire will not suddenly lose grip. if the tire does lose grip ( common on a high - hp car of course ), then it won ' t suddenly regain grip due to the wheel moving back to it ' s static position. how do you keep the wheel from moving with respect to the chassis? well, assuming your car has reasonably rigid suspension arms, then all you need to look at are the suspension bushings! the wheel can move with respect to the chassis because the bushings flex... especially old, stock rubber bushings. sometimes simply replacing old rubber bushings with new rubber bushings is all that is required. however, on a modified car that posesses more horsepower than the designer ' s intended, upgrading to stiffer materials like nylon or polyurethane may be required. the ultimate solution is to use rod ends or spherical bearings at every suspension joint, but that is unreasonable unless your car will never again see public roadways. anyway, by simply upgrading your bushings, the suspension bushings will not flex as much under strong acceleration, the wheel will not move far forward in the wheel well, the toe of the car will not appreciably change, and your tires will not lose grip. wheel hop will have been eliminated. in some cases weak shocks can allow a perturbed wheel to continue hopping up and down since the motion is not damped. this is a less likely scenario, but shocks should not be ruled out as a potential what doesn ' t get rid of wheel hop? as mentioned earlier, a lot of people throw the wrong parts at the car in an effort to eliminate wheel hop. first, springs and sway bars will generally not do anything to promote or prevent wheel hop. additionally, suspension


get rid of wheel hop? as mentioned earlier, a lot of people throw the wrong parts at the car in an effort to eliminate wheel hop. first, springs and sway bars will generally not do anything to promote or prevent wheel hop. additionally, suspension settings, such as camber and toe, will generally not help the issue. it is the change in toe that leads to wheel hop, not the static setting. tires do not cause wheel hop, though they do determine the grip level at which wheel hop occurs. for example, race tires, with their increased grip over street tires, will not break traction until you reach a higher level of acceleration. some people might think that race tires solved their wheel hop problems, but in truth they merely changed their " wheel hop acceleration threshold " from a level below their launch acceleration to a level above their launch acceleration. once they increase their horsepower to the point where they can accelerate enough to once again reach that threshold, their wheel hop will return. limited - slip differentials will also not prevent wheel hop. they may increase the acceleration threshold at which wheel hop occurs ( much like installing race tires ), but once again an increase in horsepower will eventually reintroduce the problem. check your shocks. if they are not malfunctioning, then you need to increase your bushing stiffness.


posttraumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) is a pathological anxiety disorder resulting after exposure to a traumatic event. current literature estimates that 8 % of the u. s. population meets the criteria for ptsd and while ptsd cases commonly involve combat or assault experiences, there is a wide range of events capable of triggering ptsd symptoms. these events include car accidents, kidnappings, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and any other traumatic experience where an individual experienced or witnessed an event that involved death or the threat of physical harm. for example, should a car accident occur, ptsd could result in the drivers, the passengers, or a witness ; yet, the development of ptsd in one individual does not imply the development of ptsd in others involved in the incident. how one responds to an event is dependent on a variety of factors that lie outside the traumatic experience itself. ptsd is characterized by 4 primary symptoms : - intrusion : recurrent recollections of the event - dreams, intrusive memories, and exaggerated emotional and physical reactions to events that remind person of trauma - numbing : emotional distancing from surrounding people and events - depression, loss of interest in activities, reduced ability to feel emotions ( particularly emotions of intimacy, tenderness, or sexuality ), irritability, hopelessness - avoidance : fear and avoidance behavior - fear and avoidance of people, places, thoughts, or activities associated with the trauma, development of anxiety disorders ( gad, panic, specific and social phobias ) - arousal : agitated state of constant wakefulness and alertness - hypervigilance, sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating take, for example, somebody who witnesses a major car accident on a highway by their home. over the following week, the individual begins to avoid driving on that highway and over the next month, avoids driving all together - either as a driver or a passenger. he / she may become irritable or angry while watching high - speed car chase scenes or avoid conversations about driving ; yet, despite the apparent discomfort, the individual may refuse to discuss his / her fear. moreover, although the witness is unwilling to discuss the fear or the traumatic event itself, he / she may still be haunted by the memory of the accident with segments of the event on “ constant replay ” in his / her mind. young children do not experience the same reliving of the experience as adults. the progression of ptsd in young children may initially involve dreams about the traumatic event, however, these dreams frequently transform into more generalized nightmares about


in his / her mind. young children do not experience the same reliving of the experience as adults. the progression of ptsd in young children may initially involve dreams about the traumatic event, however, these dreams frequently transform into more generalized nightmares about monsters or different threatening situations where they or another person is in danger. it is more difficult for children to express their sentiments verbally. therefore, it is necessary for parents or teachers or other adult observers to recognize behavioral changes such as a decreased interest in activity or an altered sense of the future ( i. e. the child now believing that he / she will no longer live to become an adult ). other signs of childhood ptsd may occur in the form of repetitive play if the child begins to recreate the incident with toys or may occur through the emergence of physical symptoms such as headaches or stomach aches. less common symptoms an individual ’ s ptsd might include additional symptoms, such as feelings of shame, or less commonly, compulsive or aggressive behaviors, or self - destructive behavior. these cases often interfere with an individual ’ s personal life and thus, they are also associated with certain social patterns. these patterns may include sexual dysfunction, marital conflicts, and job loss. there are also strong feelings of guilt and despair that lead to social withdrawal and substance abuse. rare cases of ptsd may involve auditory hallucinations and paranoid ideation. individuals who experience auditory hallucinations may experience tinnitus, a constant ringing in one ’ s ears, or they may hear a voice or set of voices that are not physically present. individuals who are experiencing paranoid ideation are highly guarded and constantly suspicious of being harmed and harassed by those around them. recently, researchers have begun to distinguish ptsd from a more severe form of the disorder, complex ptsd ( c - ptsd ). the new diagnosis is considered necessary in describing cases that result from prolonged, repeated trauma. c - ptsd is recognized by the following indications : - severe behavioral difficulties ( substance abuse, aggression, eating disorders ) - difficulty controlling intense emotions ( extreme anger outbursts, panic, depression ) - significant mental difficulties ( amnesia, dissociative symptoms ) the development of ptsd is somewhat unpredictable and can occur at any age. the severity and timing of ptsd symptoms differ with each individual. cases are thus categorized according to the following classifications : - acute : symptoms present less than three months - chronic : symptoms present three months or longer - with delayed onset : symptoms develop at least six months after the event pts


- natural disasters such as tornados, floods, earthquakes, or fires - life - threatening accidents, such as automobile accidents, airplane crashes, or boating accidents both experienced or witnessed - violent crimes, both experienced or witnessed the prevalence of ptsd differs according to both gender and ethnicity. an estimated 8 % of the u. s. adult population matches the criteria for ptsd with women more likely to develop symptoms than men. within the u. s., there is evidence that african - americans, hawaiin - americans, native americans and latino - americans develop more severe forms of ptsd than european - americans. research also suggests that asian - americans have the lowest rates of ptsd within the country. these differences are attributed to a variety of cultural and socioeconomic phenomena. globally, iceland and australia are credited with the lowest prevalence of ptsd. iceland has a rate of 0. 6 % and australia, a slightly higher rate of 1. 5 %. this follows the general finding that developed countries have significantly lower rates of ptsd than the developing world. the prevalence of ptsd in the developing world is, however, reasonable given the harsher political and economic climates. national institute of mental health ( nimh ) - an organization with the national institute of health dedicated to mental health research : army behavioral health - a ptsd informational website provided by the u. s. army medical department for the support of soldiers and their families : national center for ptsd ( ncptsd ) - a center established by the u. s. department of veteran affairs to improve the well - being of u. s. veterans through ptsd research and education :


sex can trigger " remarkable " responses in women, including altered fertility, immunity, libido as well as changes in eating and sleep patterns, according to a new study on fruit flies. scientists say the findings could, in principle, be similar to responses in many animals, including humans, when sperm and semen is released inside the female ' s body during copulation. the study, published in the journal proceedings of the royal society b, looked at how female drosophila melanogaster, or fruit flies, respond to mating. investigators from the university of east anglia discovered that a single protein found in semen elicits a wide range of responses in many genes in females, and that these changes become apparent at different times and in different parts of the female ' s body after mating. " it ' s already known that seminal fluid proteins transferred from males during mating cause remarkable effects in females - - including altered egg laying, feeding, immunity, sleep patterns, water balance and sexual receptivity, " lead researcher professor tracey chapman, of uea ' s school of biological sciences, said in a statement. however, researchers from the current study focused on the effects of only one enigmatic seminal fluid protein called the " sex peptide " and found that it changed the expression of a " remarkable array of many genes in females - both across time and in different parts of the body, " chapman said. " there were significant alterations to genes linked to egg development, early embryogenesis, immunity, nutrient sensing, behavior and, unexpectedly, photo - transduction - or the pathways by which they see, " he added. he said that the latest findings showed that the semen protein is a " master regulator, " meaning that male fruit flies have a direct and global influence on the behavior and reproductive system of the female fruit flies, and that this effect may also occur across many species. " an additional and intriguing twist is that the effects of semen proteins can favor the interests of males whilst generating costs in females, resulting in sexual conflict, " he said. " for example, there can be a tug - of - war, where males employ semen proteins to ensure that females make a large investment in the current brood - even if that doesn ' t suit the longer term interests of females. " published by medicaldaily. com


high blood pressure ( cont. ) john p. cunha, do, facoep john p. cunha, do, facoep john p. cunha, do, is a u. s. board - certified emergency medicine physician. dr. cunha ' s educational background includes a bs in biology from rutgers, the state university of new jersey, and a do from the kansas city university of medicine and biosciences in kansas city, mo. he completed residency training in emergency medicine at newark beth israel medical center in newark, new jersey. in this article renal ( kidney ) hypertension diseases of the kidneys can cause secondary hypertension. this type of secondary hypertension is called renal hypertension because it is caused by a problem in the kidneys. one important cause of renal hypertension is narrowing ( stenosis ) of the artery that supplies blood to the kidneys ( renal artery ). in younger individuals, usually women, the narrowing is caused by a thickening of the muscular wall of the arteries going to the kidney ( fibromuscular hyperplasia ). in older individuals, the narrowing generally is due to hard, fat - containing ( atherosclerotic ) plaques that are blocking the renal artery. how does narrowing of the renal artery cause hypertension? first, the narrowed renal artery impairs the circulation of blood to the affected kidney. this deprivation of blood then stimulates the kidney to produce the hormones, renin and angiotensin. these hormones, along with aldosterone from the adrenal gland, cause a constriction and increased stiffness ( resistance ) in the peripheral arteries throughout the body, which results in high blood pressure. renal hypertension is usually first suspected when high blood pressure is found in a young individual or a new onset of high blood pressure is discovered in an older person. screening for renal artery narrowing then may include renal isotope ( radioactive ) imaging, ultrasonographic ( sound wave ) imaging, or magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) of the renal arteries. the purpose of these tests is to determine whether there is a restricted blood flow to the kidney and whether angioplasty ( removal of the restriction in the renal arteries ) is likely to be beneficial. however, if the ultrasonic assessment indicates a high resistive index within the kidney ( high resistance to blood flow ), angioplasty may not improve the blood pressure because chronic damage in the kidney from long - standing hypertension already exists. if any of


the ultrasonic assessment indicates a high resistive index within the kidney ( high resistance to blood flow ), angioplasty may not improve the blood pressure because chronic damage in the kidney from long - standing hypertension already exists. if any of these tests are abnormal or the doctor ' s suspicion of renal artery narrowing is high enough, renal angiography ( an x - ray study in which dye is injected into the renal artery ) is done. angiography is the ultimate test to actually visualize the narrowed renal artery. a narrowing of the renal artery may be treated by balloon angioplasty. in this procedure, the physician threads a long narrow tube ( catheter ) into the renal artery. once the catheter is there, the renal artery is widened by inflating a balloon at the end of the catheter and placing a permanent stent ( a device that stretches the narrowing ) in the artery at the site of the narrowing. this procedure usually results in an improved blood flow to the kidneys and lower blood pressure. moreover, the procedure also preserves the function of the kidney that was partially deprived of its normal blood supply. only rarely is surgery needed these days to open up the narrowing of the renal artery. any of the other types of chronic kidney disease that reduce the function of the kidneys can also cause hypertension due to hormonal disturbances and / or retention of salt. it is important to remember that not only can kidney disease cause hypertension, but hypertension can also cause kidney disease. therefore, all patients with high blood pressure should be evaluated for the presence of kidney disease so they can be treated appropriately. reviewed by jay w. marks, md on 4 / 11 / 2012 viewers share their comments high blood pressure - effective treatments question : what kinds of treatments have been effective for your high blood pressure? high blood pressure - numbers question : was your top number or bottom number the bigger problem with your blood pressure? high blood pressure - causes question : did you ever figure out the causes of your high blood pressure? get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!


san antonio - - foreign - born children who did not have allergies when they came to the u. s. became more likely to develop them after 10 years of residence, researchers found. compared with foreign - born children who had lived in the u. s. for 2 or fewer years, children who lived in the u. s. for over a decade were at three times the risk for developing any allergic disorder ( adjusted odds ratio [ aor ] 3. 04, 95 % ci 1. 08 to 8. 60, p = 0. 03 ), particularly eczema ( aor 4. 93, 95 % ci 1. 18 to 20. 62, p = 0. 03 ) and hay fever ( aor 6. 25, 95 % ci 1. 70 to 22. 96, p = 0. 006 ), according to jonathan silverberg, md, phd, of st. luke ' s - roosevelt hospital center in new york, n. y., and colleagues. although their risk of developing allergies does increase the longer they stay in the u. s., foreign - born children start out with an advantage when it comes to allergies. so, overall, birthplace outside of the u. s. and having one or more parents born outside of the u. s. offered a protective benefit against most allergic conditions ( p < 0. 0003 ), they reported at a poster session during the meeting of the american academy of allergy, asthma, and immunology. silverberg noted that allergic disease is much less common in other countries - - such as mexico and china - - than it is in the u. s., which may be in part due to conditions including socioeconomic status, ethnicity, urban living, nutrition, adiposity, and pollutants. however, even after adjusting for ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and urban residence, the investigators found that u. s. residence of foreign - born children over long periods of time was " a previously unrecognized factor in the epidemiology of atopic disease. " to study this association, the researchers gathered data from 78, 853 participants in the 2007 - 2008 national survey of children ' s health on prevalence of allergic disorders. the sample included 1, 989 children born outside of the u. s. and 76, 864 u. s. - born children. researchers asked participants ' parents questions on whether their child had been diagnosed with ever or current asthma, eczema or other


1, 989 children born outside of the u. s. and 76, 864 u. s. - born children. researchers asked participants ' parents questions on whether their child had been diagnosed with ever or current asthma, eczema or other skin allergies, hay fever, and food allergies. they also assessed place of birth for the mother, father, and child, as well as length of u. s. residency for the child. other characteristics included the child ' s age, sex, and ethnicity, as well as household income, residency in a metropolitan area, and history of moving to a new address. among foreign - born participants, children were a mean 11. 5 years old and most were hispanic ( 53. 4 % ), white ( 17. 2 % ), or black ( 12. 5 % ) and lived in a metropolitan area ( 94. 7 % ). children whose parents were born outside of the u. s. were significantly less likely to have an atopic disorder than those whose parents were born in the u. s. overall. children born to foreign mothers were significantly less likely to have any allergy overall, asthma, eczema, hay fever ( p < 0. 001 for all ), or food allergies ( p = 0. 001 ). those born to foreign fathers had protective effects against any allergy overall, ever asthma, eczema, food allergy ( p < 0. 001 for all ), current asthma ( p = 0. 009 ), and hay fever ( p = 0. 01 ). birthplace outside of the u. s. also offered a protective benefit against allergic disease, including against any allergy overall, ever or current asthma, hay fever ( p < 0. 001 for all ), or eczema ( p = 0. 003 ), but there was no significant difference in rates of food allergy ( p = 0. 46 ). the longer foreign - born children lived in the u. s., the more likely they were to develop allergies. " the odds of developing allergic disease significantly increased after residing in the u. s. for a decade or more, " silverberg presented, noting the difference between those who had lived in the u. s. for more than 10 years with those who lived there 2 years or less ( p = 0. 03 ). " this suggested that foreign - born u. s. residents might be at increased risk for later onset of allergic disease, " the authors


there is risk when publishing your images online. whether you are a professional or just writing a personal blog, there is a chance of theft or, more properly, copyright infringement when someone “ borrows ” your photographs. it feels horrible. worse, you might have received some money if your images were used with your permission. however, there are ways to prevent copyright infringement and to encourage people to get your permission to use your photographs. a watermark is a mark, text or image digitally added to another image. it could be your name, your company logo or company name, a copyright symbol or nearly anything. it should be something that uniquely brands your images. some watermarks are obvious while others are hidden ( much to the chagrin of a thief ). watermarks are used on nearly every banknote and passport. watermarking is an ancient practice, dating back to at least 13th century italy. as soon as papermaking started, watermarking became necessary. cartiere miliani in fabriano is credited with the earliest watermark dating 1282 c. e. people are still protecting their paper and electronic works using watermarks. watermarking your photographs can be done a number of ways. the most popular route is to create and add a watermark through a software such as adobe photoshop or lightroom. there are plenty of tutorials online to teach how to create and apply watermarks to a single image or batch of images. there are also online services to let you watermark your images ( e. g. watermark - images ). in either case, you customize the watermark. one tricky part of watermarking is choosing the position of the watermark on the images. copyrighting is a more legalistic way to protect electronic works than watermarking. according to the united states copyright office, it is the “ protection provided by the laws of the united states ” for “ original works of authorship. ” this protection is available to both published and unpublished works. the 1976 copyright act generally gives the owner of copyright the exclusive right to do and to authorize others to do at least the following : - reproduce the work ( make copies ) - prepare derivative works based upon the work - distribute copies of the work to the public by sale or other means - display the work publicly copyright gives you control of what happens with any image as long as you own the copyright. why would someone use a watermark or copyright their images? you should ask yourself some questions. - is your work available to the public? - can


work publicly copyright gives you control of what happens with any image as long as you own the copyright. why would someone use a watermark or copyright their images? you should ask yourself some questions. - is your work available to the public? - can someone see your pictures? - are your images uploaded to a photo hosting website? - do you have a blog that you post photos to? - do you share your work digitally? - do you get paid for your work? - do you not get paid for your work? - are you using your photographs in this year ’ s christmas card? if you answered yes to any of these questions, you need to use a watermark. a watermark can help you prove authorship of your picture which can help you to enforce the copyright in your work. how do i copyright my work? to copyright your images, you can go about it two ways : the easy, free way or the u. s. way. according to the berne convention ( which you should read to better understand what it covers and how it legally protects you ), as soon as you press down the shutter on your camera you own the captured image. the copyright is automatic and instantly yours. you own the copyright of that photograph for a minimum of 25 years ( duration of copyright depends on the medium ). the berne convention states that people can use your work as long as they credit you with it. the berne convention does not ensure you will get paid every time someone else uses your photo. it does not clarify how you are to prove that the photo, if it were to come into question, would be proven as yours. registering your work with the u. s. copyright office is required to enforce your copyright in your work. you can register your work either online or on paper ( the website offers a pdf file for you to download, fill out and mail in ). registering online is much less cumbersome, quicker and provides you with a status tracker. it is also cheaper to file online : only $ 35 versus $ 50 for the paper route. you can register a single image or an entire body of published work ( form gr / pph / con is needed for a group of published works ). registering your work with the copyright office is especially useful for those who sell their work to distributed publications. if in fact someone were to steal or abuse an image, you have the copyright office and the power of the united states courts, government and fbi on your side. the berne convention is like your angry big


clinical trials : should you participate? being involved in a clinical trial has risks and benefits. being informed and asking lots of questions can help you make a decision. a clinical trial is a research study that uses human volunteers to try to answer a specific question. whenever a new arthritis drug or breast cancer treatment hits the market, clinical trials are an important step in the approval process. clinical trials are conducted for different reasons, according to the national institutes of health ( nih ) : treatment trials test experimental treatments, new combinations of drugs or new types of surgery or radiation therapy. prevention trials test new ways to prevent certain diseases or prevent a disease from recurring. diagnostic trials look at new tests or procedures that diagnose disease. screening trials test new methods for finding disease. quality of life trials look at new ways to improve quality of life for people with chronic illness. clinical trials are done in phases, designated as i through iv. each phase has a different purpose, the nih says : phase i trials use a small group of people, usually 20 to 80, to check the safety, dosage and side effects of a treatment. phase ii trials expand to 100 to 300 people and look at the effectiveness and safety of a treatment. phase iii trials include 1, 000 to 3, 000 people and try to confirm the results of the earlier trials and compare the new treatment with other commonly used treatments. more data are collected to help determine safe usage. phase iv trials are done after the treatment is approved for the general public. these trials collect additional information on risks and benefits of the new treatment. the good news is that most clinical trials test treatments that already have shown some promise of being more effective than existing therapies. in addition, all u. s. clinical trials must be overseen by an institutional review board ( irb ) at each site participating in the research. the irb helps ensure low risks and proper trial procedures. all clinical trials have guidelines that describe the criteria for participants. to ensure that a trial ' s results are reliable, people are included or excluded from the trial according to these criteria. in most trials, one group of patients is given a standard treatment, while another group receives the therapy being tested. neither the patient nor the clinical doctor knows which treatment each individual person receives. before you sign up as a clinical trial participant, you must sign an informed consent document that gives many details about the study and what you can expect. the document doesn ' t require you to complete the entire study. you have the right to leave at any time


sign up as a clinical trial participant, you must sign an informed consent document that gives many details about the study and what you can expect. the document doesn ' t require you to complete the entire study. you have the right to leave at any time and will be immediately withdrawn if you have negative health effects. should you sign up? here are the pros to consider : you may be among the first to benefit from a new treatment. you ' ll be helping others by contributing to medical research. you ' ll be closely monitored and receive high - quality medical care. weigh those against the cons : experimental treatments may bring unpleasant or serious side effects. the treatment may not work for you, or it may end up being less effective than the available treatment. participating may require more of your time and energy than a normal treatment regimen. there may be more tests and doctor visits, complex dosage requirements, or hospital stays. your health plan may not cover all your costs. you may have to change doctors. before you sign up, talk with your family and your doctor to decide if this is a good option for you. in addition, the nih advises that you get answers to these questions before participating : what ' s the purpose of the study? who will be in the study? why do researchers believe the experimental treatment being tested may be effective? what kinds of tests and experimental treatments are involved? how do the possible risks, side effects, and benefits of the study compare with my current treatment? how might this trial affect my daily life? how long will the trial last? who will pay for the experimental treatment? what type of long - term follow - up care is part of this study? how will i know the experimental treatment is working? will i receive the results of the trial?


abstract expressionism, the style of painting that achieved prominence in the 1950s, encompasses two very different sensibilities. one, exemplified by the work of jackson pollock and willem de kooning, is characterized by energetic brushwork and rhythmic, dynamic compositions ; the other, contemplative in tone and made up of subtle color harmonies, relatively static compositions, and simple forms, is embodied by the paintings of mark rothko. by 1950 rothko developed the compositional format that he was to use, with refinements and variations, for the rest of his life. in these completely abstract works, color and shape replace traditional narrative content and figurative imagery. two or three horizontal bars of varying size and color dominate the large, primarily vertical canvases, and they appear to hover on the picture surface. this effect is produced in part by the " halo " created around the horizontal bands as they overlap the background color. it is also enhanced by the translucency of the paint, which was so diluted that it actually saturated and stained the fibers of the canvas. although rothko minimized the tactile nature of the medium, these paintings still retain a painterly quality in their subtle brushwork and in the ragged edges of the forms. in rothko ' s oeuvre color varies greatly, and it evokes a full range of emotions. the primary hues of red and yellow that make up " no. 13 ( white, red on yellow ) " are bright and joyous, while other works are composed of dark, brooding maroons, blues, and greens. in the two years before his suicide in 1970, the artist produced a large series of dark paintings, the majority of which were executed on paper with acrylics. made up of opaque, monochromatic grays, browns, and blacks, these works are generally simpler in structure and eliminated the floating effect that previously enlivened paintings like " no. 13 ( white, red on yellow ). "


mission field - mexico city - if mexico city had 330 missionaries they would each need to reach 100, 000 people to evangelize the city - the growth rate nearly 2, 000 people daily. - there are 800, 000 college students in mexico city without one separated gospel witness, ( 300, 000 alone in the world ' s largest university - unam ). - one half of the population is under the age of 20. children under 15 make up 63 % of population. - there are millions of children, with 200, 000 being born yearly in mexico city. - over one million children are orphans. - there are areas of 2 - 3 million people without one gospel preaching missionary. - 10 % of latin america ' s population - more people than all the countries in central america - only 3 countries, brazil, argentina, and columbia have more people than mexico city in latin america. - air pollution is very bad, so the city bans one fifth of its cars each day of the workweek, which is determined by its license plate number. - the largest taxi fleet in the world is found in mexico city. the city boasts a fleet of over 60, 000 taxis. - mexico city covers 571 square miles. the metro area covers 900 sq miles. - compared to north america - 7. 5 % of north america ' s population - more people than canada - over twice the size of new york city - more people than each of the following areas of the united states : - florida, georgia, south carolina, and north carolina. - west virginia, maryland, delaware, pennsylvania, and new jersey - connecticut, rhode island, massachusetts, vermont, new hampshire, and maine. almost 700 years ago, on an island in the water of lake texcoco, the aztecas founded tenochtitlan. tenochtitlan was built in 1325 by the aztecs. it was destroyed by the spanish when they conquered mexico. hernando cortez first entered the valley of mexico in 1519. with fewer than 200 soldiers and a few horses, he conquered the aztecs. in 1521 the spanish destroyed the city of tenochtitlan. this ancient wonder later became the largest capital city the world has ever known. the city ' s secular past melds three distinct cultures ; the prehispanic, the colonial and the modern. these unique personalities have came together in the anthology we know today as mexico city. prehispanic influences can still be found in the faces of its people and the buildings and monuments built


those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it. - - george santayana at the hni shareholders meeting, president and ceo, stan askren, made a point to tell shareholders that the past does not predict the future. there are always unforeseen events that are random or exogenous that lie outside the realm of normal that alter the future. for example, who could foresee the credit crisis and the mortgage mess. what ’ s wrong with looking at history and making an inference about the future? bestselling author, nicholas taleb, points out that history suffers from a problem of induction that he calls the black swan. when one moves from specific examples to general conclusions, there ’ s always a problem that a random event can alter the expected outcome. looking at history provides comfort because it rules out randomness. it ’ s like a brain suave for those who are afraid of risk. in fact, economists say that one should not let sunk costs determine future decisions. what happened in the past should be irrelevant to future decisions. there ’ s another problem when using history as a guide in teaching economics. the problem lies in the brain ’ s tendency to find patterns in past events and think that one should have predicted the events that followed given these past events. this is what taleb calls the post hoc narrative fallacy. in other words, hindsight is 20 / 20. so when economics is taught in the history department, there ’ s tendency to teach it with a post hoc narrative and tendency to use induction. for these two reasons alone, economics should be taught in the business department.


are you a professional, all the time? you know that it ' s essential to be professional if you want to be a success. but what does " being professional " actually mean? for some, being professional might mean dressing smartly at work, or doing a good job. for others, being professional means having advanced degrees or other certifications, framed and hung on the office wall. professionalism encompasses all of these definitions. but, it also covers much more. so, what is professionalism, and why does it matter? and how can you be completely professional in your day - to - day role? in this article we ' ll explore all of these questions, so that you can present a really professional image in the workplace the merriam - webster dictionary defines professionalism as " the conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or mark a profession or a professional person " ; and it defines a profession as " a calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation. " these definitions imply that professionalism encompasses a number of different attributes, and, together, these attributes identify and define a professional. so, what are these attributes? first and foremost, professionals are known for their specialized knowledge. they ' ve made a deep personal commitment to develop and improve their skills, and, where appropriate, they have the degrees and certifications that serve as the foundation of this knowledge. not all business areas have a stable core of knowledge ( and the academic qualifications that go with this ) ; not all areas demand extensive knowledge to practice successfully ; and not all professionals have top degrees in their field. what matters, though, is that these professionals have worked in a serious, thoughtful and sustained way to master the specialized knowledge needed to succeed in their fields ; and that they keep this knowledge up - to - date, so that they can continue to deliver the best work possible. professionals get the job done. they ' re reliable, and they keep their promises. if circumstances arise that prevent them from delivering on their promises, they manage expectations up front, and they do their best to make the situation right. professionals don ' t make excuses, but focus on finding solutions. professionals exhibit qualities such as honesty and integrity. they keep their word, and they can be trusted implicitly because of this. they never compromise their values, and will do the right thing, even when it means taking a harder road. more than this, true professionals are humble – if a project or job falls outside their scope of expertise, they ' re not afraid to admit this.


compromise their values, and will do the right thing, even when it means taking a harder road. more than this, true professionals are humble – if a project or job falls outside their scope of expertise, they ' re not afraid to admit this. they immediately ask for help when they need it, and they ' re willing to learn from others. professionals hold themselves accountable for their thoughts, words, and actions, especially when they ' ve made a mistake. this personal accountability is closely tied to honesty and integrity, and it ' s a vital element in professionalism. they also stay professional under pressure. for instance, imagine a customer service employee who ' s faced with an irate customer. instead of getting upset or angry in return, the employee exhibits true professionalism by maintaining a calm, business - like demeanor, and by doing everything that she can to make the situation right. genuine professionals show respect for the people around them, no matter what their role or situation. they exhibit a high degree of emotional intelligence ( ei ) by considering the emotions and needs of others, and they don ' t let a bad day impact how they interact with colleagues or clients. professionals look the part – they don ' t show up to work sloppily dressed, with unkempt hair. they ' re polished, and they dress appropriately for the situation. because if this, they exude an air of confidence, and they gain respect for this. as you can see from these characteristics, professionals are the kind of people that others respect and value. they are a genuine credit to their organizations! this is why it ' s so important that we work to earn a professional reputation in the workplace. true professionals are the first to be considered for promotions, they are awarded valuable projects or clients, and they are routinely successful in their careers. now that you have a clear view of what constitutes professionalism, are you demonstrating these characteristics to the people around you? it ' s likely you ' re already showing some characteristics, but you may find yourself lacking in others : to build your own professionalism, focus on improving each of these characteristics. ( focus on one at a time, so you don ' t get overwhelmed. ) additionally, here are some further strategies that will help you be more professional in the workplace : take our bite - sized training session on building expert power to find out how to build and maintain your own expert power. professionals can sense the emotional needs of others. they ' re able to give clients and coworkers what they need, because


: take our bite - sized training session on building expert power to find out how to build and maintain your own expert power. professionals can sense the emotional needs of others. they ' re able to give clients and coworkers what they need, because they know how to listen actively and observe what ' s happening. so, if you want to improve your professionalism, focus on developing emotional intelligence. whenever you make a promise to your boss, colleagues, or clients, keep it. if it looks as if you won ' t be able to meet a deadline, let your boss, team or client know as soon as sensibly possible. however, do what you can to avoid ending up in this situation! don ' t make excuses – instead, focus on meeting expectations as best you can, and on making the situation right. be kind and polite and use good manners to everyone you come into contact with, no matter what their role is, and no matter how you ' re feeling. this might sound unimportant, but it makes a significant impact. do you show up to a client meeting lacking important samples? or arrive at work, only to realize that you left a vital file at home? or do you find yourself operating in situations where you don ' t have the skills needed to do a good job? although professionalism means keeping commitments, doing high quality work, and having expert status, occasionally the pursuit of these attributes might tempt you not to volunteer for projects that fall outside your " comfort zone. " however, this doesn ' t necessarily mean that you shouldn ' t try! analyze risks beforehand to minimize the consequences of getting things wrong, be honest about any skills gaps that you have, and work to fill them. then do the best you possibly can! professionalism is a trait that ' s highly valued in the workforce. it has many attributes, including : to improve your own professionalism, focus on improving in each of these areas. you can also exude professionalism by being kind and polite to everyone, presenting a professional image in your attitude and dress, and showing up for work or meetings fully prepared. with the mind tools club, you get much, much more than you do here for free. learn on the move with the free mind tools iphone, ipad and android apps. short bursts of business training ideal for busy people.


' superpowered ' bacteria may lurk behind sinus infections wednesday, sept. 12 ( healthday news ) - - a small new study offers insight into the germ warfare that goes on inside the heads of people with chronic sinus infections. harmless bacteria become superpowered and create trouble in the sinuses of affected people, the findings suggest. the research doesn ' t seem likely to immediately help relieve long - lasting sinus infections, which can be extremely difficult to treat and cause intense misery in sufferers. but the study could open the door to greater understanding of the disease, said study co - author susan lynch, an associate professor of medicine at the university of california, san francisco. " this may be why some patients never recover, " she said. " there ' s promise of maybe having an alternative approach to treatment. " sinus infections are defined as chronic when they last for more than three months. bacteria can cause them, often after a cold, and they lead to swelling and lots of mucus production. viruses and allergies can also cause sinus infections. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention estimates that at least 30 million adults in the united states suffer from diagnosed sinus infections. the new study examines what happens in the sinuses of infected people, which - - like other parts of the body - - are home to bacteria that aren ' t normally harmful. researchers looked into the sinuses of 10 people with chronic sinus infections and 10 healthy people. they found evidence that normally benign bacteria become superpowered and turn bad, possibly because other bacteria aren ' t around to keep them in check. why does this happen? possibly because antibiotic treatment for sinus infections focuses on getting rid of bad bacteria, which creates an opening for good bacteria to multiply and become a problem, lynch said. the next step, she said, is to test new treatments in humans that keep this in mind. dr. jordan josephson, a sinus and allergy specialist at lenox hill hospital in new york city, cautioned that the picture is even more complicated because of the presence of other things in the sinuses, such as fungus. another sinus specialist, dr. reginald baugh, chair of otolaryngology at the university of toledo in ohio, agreed that other factors are part of sinus infections. " additional studies are indicated to replicate and further substantiate their findings, " he said. baugh added that the findings of the study sound reasonable. it ' s possible, he


" the succession to doctor franklin at the court of france was an excellent school of humility. ” so thomas jefferson reflected as he prepared notes for a eulogy that would be read in memory of benjamin franklin ( january 17 ( january 6 o. s. ), 1706 - april 17, 1790 ) at the american philosophical society on march 1, 1791. yet this “ school of humility ” was never one that jefferson seemed to begrudge. he lauded franklin as scientist, statesman, and a “ great and dear friend, whom time will be making greater while it is sponging us from its records. ” as neither man has been expunged from history, it is interesting to consider the nine months they spent together in paris, a time when they renewed the relationship begun in the continental congress of 1775 - 76 and when the younger jefferson again had the opportunity to work closely with franklin, seasoned veteran of international diplomacy, science, and letters. when jefferson arrived in august 1784 to assist in the negotiation of commercial treaties, franklin had been in france for more than seven years. he had arrived late in 1776, primarily to secure french support for the american colonies in their fight for independence from great britain. by 1783, he was concluding the peace treaty that formally ended the conflict. jefferson ’ s arrival was little noticed amid the fanfare and notoriety that surrounded franklin. “ no one was more fashionable, more sought after in paris than doctor franklin. the crowd chased after him in parks and public places ; hats, canes, and snuffboxes were designed in the franklin style, and people thought themselves very lucky if they were invited to the same dinner party as this famous man, ” one parisian observed. franklin ’ s reputation as a man of science and as a statesman had preceded him. his experiments and observations on electricity had been translated into french in 1752 and endorsed by king louis xv, who requested that his compliments be conveyed to the author. other of franklin ’ s essays and writings were available in french as well. his testimony before the house of commons in 1766 in rebuttal of the stamp act had been reprinted in france with the advice to readers that “ they will see what constitutes the superiority of intelligence, the presence of mind and the nobility of character of this illustrious philosopher, appearing before an assembly of legislators. ” franklin was described as “ one of the greatest and the most enlightened and the noblest men the new world had seen born and the old world has ever admired. ” and the french had watched carefully his


appearing before an assembly of legislators. ” franklin was described as “ one of the greatest and the most enlightened and the noblest men the new world had seen born and the old world has ever admired. ” and the french had watched carefully his negotiations on america ’ s behalf with their traditional enemy, england. jefferson had given similar voice to franklin ’ s abilities in his own notes on the state of virginia, in which he rebuffed european charges that america, among other things, was devoid of genius. “ in physics we have produced a franklin, than whom no one of the present age has made more important discoveries, nor has enriched philosophy with more, or more ingenious solutions of the phenomena of nature, ” jefferson wrote. but despite his avid defense of american genius, jefferson upon settling in paris was drawn to the stimulating, intellectual atmosphere of the french salons and scientific circles. he hoped introductions initiated by franklin would open “ a door of admission for me to the circle of literati. ” it was at the salon of madame helvetius, a very close and particular friend of franklin ’ s, where jefferson met and established lasting relationships with members of the french literati such as the comte de volney, destutt de tracy, and pierre - georges cabanis, among others. jefferson ’ s only observation of a deficiency in franklin ’ s diplomatic skills was his elder friend ’ s lack of training in the law. jefferson cited a consular agreement made between franklin and france ’ s foreign minister, the comte de vergennes, that allowed privileges and exemptions to french consuls assigned to the united states contrary to the laws of many of the states. jefferson, trained in the law, would later renegotiate these points. however, jefferson recognized this same deficiency as one of franklin ’ s strengths. unlike lawyers, “ whose trade it is to question everything, yield nothing, and talk by the hour, ” jefferson noted that when he had served in the continental congress, franklin never spoke as much as 10 minutes at a time and then only addressed the main point to be decided. along with this ability to listen carefully, jefferson listed among franklin ’ s diplomatic skills his amiable temperament and reasonable disposition, “ sensible that advantages are not all to be on one side. ” during jefferson ’ s first nine months in paris, there were few accomplishments in negotiating commercial treaties. he fretted that europe did not respect the u. s. government and looked upon it as lacking “ tone and energy, ” and recognized


. ” during jefferson ’ s first nine months in paris, there were few accomplishments in negotiating commercial treaties. he fretted that europe did not respect the u. s. government and looked upon it as lacking “ tone and energy, ” and recognized that franklin ’ s cachet had been a major factor in the previous interest afforded the cause of the united states. as preparations were made for franklin ’ s departure and his own step into the position of minister plenipotentiary, jefferson cautioned in letters to the united states that “ europe fixes an attentive eye on your reception of doctor franklin. ” despite some old political opponents who questioned franklin ’ s loyalty to the united states because of the number of years he had been away, franklin was welcomed back for the most part with accolades, and his appointment to the constitutional convention to assist in the drafting of the new constitution indicated a continued confidence in his abilities. soon after jefferson ’ s own return to the united states four years later, he visited the “ beloved and venerable franklin ” at his home in philadelphia and tried to soothe his anxieties about his acquaintances who he feared were caught up in the political upheavals that erupted into the french revolution. upon hearing the news from france, franklin ’ s “ animation [ was ] almost too much for his strength, ” jefferson noted. nonetheless, jefferson still encouraged franklin to complete his autobiography. this would be their last visit, as franklin died a month later, on april 17, 1790. jefferson maintained his lasting respect and admiration for franklin, and concluded his notes for his eulogy with a confession : “ on being presented to any one as the minister of america, the commonplace question, used in such cases, was, ‘ c ’ est vous, monsieur, qui remplace le docteur franklin? ’ ‘ it is you, sir, who replace doctor franklin? ’ i generally answered, ‘ no one can replace him, sir ; i am only his successor. ' " - gaye wilson, 2005. originally published as gaye wilson, " benjamin franklin, jefferson ' s ' beloved and venerable ' friend, " monticello newsletter, 16 ( winter 2005 ). - benjamin franklin home in london - library of congress. benjamin franklin resource guide. a selected list of sources for research on franklin provided by the staff of the library of congress. - papers of benjamin franklin. full text of benjamin franklin ' s letters, published by yale university. - look for sources on benjamin franklin in the thomas jefferson portal


ms explainedthe cause of symptoms in ms, only nerves in the brain or spinal cord are damaged. however, as these nerves control the functions of the whole body, symptoms can affect many different areas, although an individual with ms will only experience some of these. as well as the variety of symptoms, the severity and duration will also vary from person to person. how ms affects an individual depends on where damage occurs and which nerve messages are interrupted or blocked. some people can have mri scans that show a number of areas of scarring but in areas that have not caused them to experience noticeable symptoms. conversely, a single scar that damages an area controlling bladder function, for instance, can have a serious impact on someone ' s life. similarly, the actual level of disease activity can remain constant with a consistent number of areas of scarring. however, if a new scar interrupts an important function, such as walking, it can seem to the individual as though the ms has accelerated. whilst the complexity of the brain and how it handles information are still far from fully understood, certain areas are associated with specific functions. this section gives a very broad overview of how damage caused by ms to these areas can lead to certain symptoms being experienced. the following pages cover a range of symptoms that ms can cause, but it is important to stress that most people only experience a small number of these. although there are no drugs to cure ms, there are treatments for many of the symptoms. information on treatments can be found in other ms trust publications or by contacting the ms trust information service. | site of damage | | symptom | | 1 spinal cord | | | 2 brainstem | | visual problems | | 3 optic nerve | | optic neuritis | balance and dizziness tremor and ataxia | 5 areas involved with thought and emotion | | | symptoms not associated with a single area | | fatigue speech and swallowing next page - the spinal cord


yet modern, fabulously rich yet achingly poor. city of bombay originally consisted of seven islands, namely colaba, mazagaon, old woman ' s island, wadala, mahim, parel, and matunga - sion. this group of islands, which have since been joined together by a series of reclamations, formed part of the kingdom of ashoka, the famous emperor of his death, these islands passed into the hands of various hindu rulers until 1343. in that year, the mohammedans of gujerat took possession and the kings of that province of india ruled for the next two centuries. the only vestige ( mark ) of their dominion over these islands that remains today is the mosque at mahim. 1534 the portuguese, who already possessed many important trading centers on the western coast, such as panjim, daman, and diu, took bombay by force of arms from the mohammedans. this led to the establishment of numerous churches which were constructed in areas where the majority of people were roman catholics. there used to be two areas in bombay called " portuguese church ". however, only one church with portuguese - style facade still remains ; it is the st. andrew ' s church at bandra. the portuguese also fortified their possession by building forts at sion, mahim, bandra, and bassien which, although in disrepair, can still be seen. they named their new possession as " bom baia " which in portuguese means " good bay ". hundred and twenty - eight years later the islands were given to the english king charles ii in dowry on his marriage to portuguese princess catherine of braganza in 1662. in the year 1668 the islands were acquired by the english east india company on lease from the crown for an annual sum of 10 pounds in gold ; so little did the british value these islands at that time. the company, which was operating from surat, was in search for another deeper water port so that larger vessels could dock, and found the islands of bombay suitable for development. the shifting of the east india company ' s headquarters to bombay in 1687 led to the eclipse of surat as a principal trading center. the british corrupted the portuguese name " bom baia " to " bombay ". the kolis used to call the islands " mumba " after mumbadevi, the hindu deity to whom a temple is dedicated at babulnath near chowpatty ' s sandy beaches. first parsi to arrive in bombay was dora


. the kolis used to call the islands " mumba " after mumbadevi, the hindu deity to whom a temple is dedicated at babulnath near chowpatty ' s sandy beaches. first parsi to arrive in bombay was dorabji nanabhoy patel in 1640. the parsis, originally from iran, migrated to india about 900 years ago. this they did to save their religion, zoroastrianism, from invading arabs who proselytized islam. however, in 1689 - 90, when a severe plague had struck down most of the europeans, the siddi chief of janjira made several attempts to re - possess the islands by force, but the son of the former, a trader named rustomji dorabji patel ( 1667 - 1763 ), successfully warded off the attacks on behalf of the british with the help of the ' kolis ', the original fisher - folk inhabitants of these islands. the remnants of the koli settlements can still be seen at backbay reclamation, mahim, bandra, khar, bassien and madh island. george oxenden became the first british governor of the islands, and was succeeded later by mr. gerald aungier who made bombay more populous by attracting gujerati traders, parsi ship - builders, and muslim and hindu manufacturers from the mainland. he fortified defenses by constructing the bombay castle ( the fort, since then vanished except for a small portion of the wall ) and provided stability by constituting courts of law. 1822 and 1838, cattle from the congested fort area used to graze freely at the camp maidan ( now called azad maidan ), an open ground opposite the victoria terminus. in 1838, the british rulers introduced a ' grazing fee ' which several cattle - owners could not afford. therefore, sir jamshedji jeejeebhoy spent rs. 20, 000 from his own purse for purchasing some grasslands near the seafront at thakurdwar and saw that the starving cattle grazed without a fee in that area. in time the area became to be known as " charni " meaning grazing. when a railway station on the bb & ci railway was constructed there it was called charni road. zoroastrian towers of silence on malabar hill were built by seth modi hirji vachha in 1672. the zoroastrians believe in venerating the earth, fire, and water and hence they prefer to expose their dead to the elements and flesh - eating birds within the confines


built by seth modi hirji vachha in 1672. the zoroastrians believe in venerating the earth, fire, and water and hence they prefer to expose their dead to the elements and flesh - eating birds within the confines of the towers of silence. the first fire - temple was also built in the same year by seth vachha opposite his residence at modikhana within the british fort. both of the these structures can still be seen today although they have been expanded and inroads of the sea at worli, mahim, and mahalaxmi turned the ground between the islands into swamps making bombay an extremely unhealthy place at that time. many commuters going to the fort by boat between islands lost their lives when there was a storm during the monsoons ( july to september ). during the next 40 years much was done to improve matters. reclamation work to stop the breeches at mahalaxmi and worli were undertaken. the hornby vellard was completed in 1784, during the governorship of mr. hornby. in 1803 bombay was connected with salsette by a causeway at sion. the island of colaba was joined to bombay in 1838 by a causeway now called colaba causeway and the causeway connecting mahim and bandra was completed in 1845 at the total cost of rs. 1, 57, 000 donated entirely by lady avabai jamsetjee jeejeebhoy, wife of the first baronet sir jamsetjee jeejeebhoy with a stipulation that no toll would be charged to citizens for its use by the government. initially the cost was estimated at rs. 100, 000 but as the work commenced in 1842 the cost escalated. when the initial sum was exhausted and work about to stop lady jeejeebhoy once again dipped in to her personal purse with a second donation to the treasury of rs. 57, 000. robert grant ( 1779 - 1838 ) governed bombay from 1835 to 1838 and was responsible for the construction of a number of roads between bombay and the hinterland. the thana and colaba causeways were built during his tenure as well as the grant medical college attached to the sir jamshedji jeejeebhoy ( j. j. ) group of hospitals. saturday 16th of april, 1853 a 21 - mile long railway line, the first in india, between bombay ' s victoria terminus and thana was opened. the great indian peninsular ( gip ) and the bombay baroda and central india ( bb


. saturday 16th of april, 1853 a 21 - mile long railway line, the first in india, between bombay ' s victoria terminus and thana was opened. the great indian peninsular ( gip ) and the bombay baroda and central india ( bb & ci ) railway were started in 1860 and a regular service of steamers on the west coast was commenced in 1869. also during this period bombay enjoyed great economic wealth. raw cotton from gujerat was shipped to lancashire in england through bombay port, and after being spun and woven into cloth, returned to be sold in the indian market. the outbreak of the american civil war in 1861 increased the demand for cotton in the west and several personal fortunes were made during this period from the resulting trade. the opening of the suez canal in 1869 brought the west closer to bombay, and as the city became more prosperous, many schemes were launched for reclaiming additional land and building more roads and wharves. bombay began to attract fortune hunters by the hundreds and the population had swelled from 13, 726 in 1780 to 644, 405 in 1872, in a little less than a hundred years. by 1906 the population of bombay was to become 977, 822. 1858, following the first war of independence ( the british called it the " sepoy mutiny " ) of 1857 in which the rani of jhansi and her infant son strapped on her back were killed, the east india company was accused of mismanagement and the islands reverted to the british crown. in 1862 sir baartle frere was appointed governor, an office which he held until 1867. by 1862 the town had spread over the lands reclaimed through constructions of causeways and it is from this date we have the rise of the modern city of bombay. in 1864 a fountain was to be erected in his honour at the victoria gardens by the agri - horticultural society of western india. somehow, the plans were changed at the last moment and the fountain, named after the greek goddess flora, was placed in the centre of the city on what used be known as hornby road. unfortunately, no plaque was placed on the fountain to commemorate the name of governor in whose memory it was supposed to have been erected. 1860 the piped water supply from tulsi and vehar lakes ( and later tansa ) was inaugurated. one reform which met with much superstitious opposition, before it was implemented, was the sealing and banning the use of water from open wells and tanks that bred mosquitoes. a good drainage system was also constructed at


later tansa ) was inaugurated. one reform which met with much superstitious opposition, before it was implemented, was the sealing and banning the use of water from open wells and tanks that bred mosquitoes. a good drainage system was also constructed at the same time. however, several decades later, the same wells were to serve bombay by providing non - potable water to supplement the same from the lakes. this was true especially during those years when the monsoons failed to provide sufficient water in the catchment areas of the lakes. however, well water is now used all over the city to supplement the water received from the lakes. later half of the 19th century was also to see a feverish construction of buildings in bombay, many of which such as, the victoria terminus, the general post office, municipal corporation, the prince of wales museum, rajabai tower and bombay university, elphinstone college and the cawasji jehangir hall, the crawford market, the old secretariat ( old customs house ) and the public works department ( pwd ) building, still stand today as major landmarks. the gateway of india was built to commemorate the visit of king george v and queen mary for the darbar at delhi in 1911. docks at bombay are a monument of the industry, enterprise and integrity of the wadia family which moved in from surat at the instigation of the british. in 1870 the bombay port trust was formed. in 1872, jamshedji wadia, a master ship - builder constructed the " cornwalis ", a frigate of 50 guns, for the east india company, a success which led to several orders from the british navy. in all the wadias, between 1735 - 1863 built 170 war vessels for the company, 34 man - of - war for the british navy, 87 merchant vessels for private firms, and three vessels for the queen of muscat at bombay docks. princess dock was built in the year 1885 and the victoria dock and the mereweather dry docks in 1891. alexandra dock was completed in 1914. the closing years of the 19th century were tragic for bombay as the bubonic plague caused great destruction of human life once more. one significant result of the plague was the creation of the city improvement trust which in later years encouraged the development of the suburbs for residential purposes to remove the congestion in the city. bombay ' s superintendent of police in 1885, charles forjett was a favourite of the indian people. many wept openly when he returned to england. he sacked british constables who undul


suburbs for residential purposes to remove the congestion in the city. bombay ' s superintendent of police in 1885, charles forjett was a favourite of the indian people. many wept openly when he returned to england. he sacked british constables who unduly harassed the locals and cracked down on the parsi mafia which was involved in the liquor business in the falkland road area, which included the famous " play house " which the locals corrupted to " pillhouse ". the " pillhouse " area would acquire notoriety in later years as the infamous " cages " area housing bombay ' s infamous red - light district. sandhurst governed bombay between 1895 and 1900 and it was during his tenure that the act was passed which constituted the city improvement trust which, among other things, built the sandhurst road in 1910 and handed it over to the municipality. the sandhurst road railway station ( upper level ) was built in 1921. result of a mysterious fire which started in one of its holds, on a very hot summer ' s day on friday april 14, 1944, the ship " fort stikine " ( 7420 tons ) blew up in the bombay docks. at the time the ship was about to unload a lethal combination of cargo of dried fish and cotton bales ( loaded from karachi ), timber, gun powder, ammunition, and gold bars from london ( the latter to stabilize the indian rupee, which was sagging due to the second world war and fear of invasion from japan ). the gold bullion was valued at approx. two million pounds sterling at that time. nobody is certain as to how the fire started but the two explosions which followed were so loud that windows rattled and / or shattered as far away as dadar, a distance of 8 miles. the destruction in the docks and surrounding area was immense and several hundred dock workers were killed instantly. a majority of brave men of the bombay fire brigade, who answered the call to duty immediately after the first blast, lost their lives in the second explosion ( a monument has been erected in the docks in their honour ). the population of the city was panic stricken as rumours spread rapidly that the explosions signaled the commencement of hostilities by the japanese on the same style as the surprise attack on pearl harbour in the hawaiian islands in december 1941. the japanese were in fact nowhere near bombay since they were engaged in fighting a losing battle with the british army in burma at that time. nevertheless, the bombay central ( bb & ci ) and victoria terminus ( gip ) stations were packed to capacity with terrorized people


in fact nowhere near bombay since they were engaged in fighting a losing battle with the british army in burma at that time. nevertheless, the bombay central ( bb & ci ) and victoria terminus ( gip ) stations were packed to capacity with terrorized people fleeing the city in whichever train they could board for their villages with all belongings they could carry. at the time of the explosion, one of the gold bars crashed through the roof of the third floor apartment of a parsi named d. c. motivala more than a mile from the docks. he promptly returned the gold bar to the authorities. almost all of the other gold bars were subsequently recovered from different parts of the city ; the last ones to be found were hauled up from the bottom of the sea in the docks. however, during normal dredging operations carried out periodically to maintain the depth of the docking bays one or two gold bars were found intact sporadically as late as the 1970s and returned to the british government. the government took full responsibility for the disaster and monetary compensation was paid to citizens who made a claim for loss or damage to property. port trust railway from ballard pier to wadala was opened in 1915. along this railway were built grain and fuel oil depots. the kerosene oil installations were developed at sewri and for petrol at wadala. in the same year the first overhead transmission lines of the tata power company were erected, and in 1927 the first electric locomotives manufactured by metropolitan vickers of england were put into service for passenger trains up to poona and igatpuri on the gip railway and later electric multiple unit ( emus ) commuter trains ran up to virar on the bb & ci railway and up to karjat and kasara of the gip railway. during the second world war these emus were joined together to form long trains which carried troops and small arms and ammunition to and from bombay to the hinterland. fort ( downtown ) area in bombay derives its name from the fact that the area fell within the former walled city, of which only a small fragment survives as part of the eastern boundary wall of the st. george ' s hospital. in 1813 there were 10, 801 persons living in the fort, 5, 464, or nearly 50 %, of them parsis. with the growth of the city more people came from the fort to such suburbs as byculla, parel, malabar hill, and mazagaon. european sports clubs for cricket and other games came in to existence early in the 19th


parsis. with the growth of the city more people came from the fort to such suburbs as byculla, parel, malabar hill, and mazagaon. european sports clubs for cricket and other games came in to existence early in the 19th century. the bombay gymkhana was formed in 1875 exclusively for europeans. other communities followed this example, and various parsi, muslim, and hindu gymkhanas were started nearby with fierce sports competitions among them being organized on a communal basis. this was opposed by several secular minded persons, such as the late a. f. s. talyarkhan, and sports teams based on community, especially cricket teams, came to an end gradually after independence from british rule in 1947. historic session of the all india congress committee began on the 7th of august 1942. its venue was the gowalia tank maidan, where the congress was born in 1885. it was at this session that the " quit india " call was given by mahatma gandhi and other indian national congress leaders. the indian leaders were arrested by the british soon afterwards but the momentum of the quit india movement could not be stopped and led to the final withdrawal of the british on 15 august 1947. the last british troops on indian soil left for england through the archway of the gateway of india on that day. they bade farewell from where they had entered 282 years before. the people of bombay, in a gesture of generosity wished them bon voyage, forgetting the bitter memories of the fight for independence. today the maidan from where the call to " quit india " was given is called the " august kranti maidan ". independence the congress party led by jawaharlal nehru at the center was swept to power in most of the indian states, which were constituted on the basis of language spoken by the majority of its people. the bombay state included the city as its seat of government. in 1960 the state of bombay was split into maharashtra and gujarat states again on linguistic basis, the former retaining bombay city as its capital. the congress party continued to administer maharashtra until 1994 when it was replaced by the shiv sena - bharatiya janata party ( bjp ) coalition. the success of the back - bay reclamation scheme in the late 1960s and early 1970s nariman point became the hub of the business activity. several offices shifted from the ballard estate to nariman point which ultimately became one of the most expensive real estate in the world as high demand pushed prices to astronomical limits. nariman point is named after k. f. narim


business activity. several offices shifted from the ballard estate to nariman point which ultimately became one of the most expensive real estate in the world as high demand pushed prices to astronomical limits. nariman point is named after k. f. nariman, president of the bombay provincial congress committee and former mayor of bombay. churchgate street was also renamed as veer nariman road stock exchange at bombay was established in 1875 as " the native share and stockbrokers association " which has evolved over the decades in to its present status as the premier stock exchange in india. it is one of the oldest in asia having preceded even the tokyo stock exchange which was founded in 1878. in the early days the business was conducted under the shade of a banyan tree in front of the town hall. the tree can still be seen in the horniman circle park. in 1850 the companies act was passed and that heralded the commencement of the joint stock companies in india. the american civil war of 1860 helped indians to establish brokerage houses in bombay. the leading broker at the time, premchand roychand, assisted in framing conventions, ground rules and procedures for trading which are respected even now. he was the first indian broker who could speak and write in fluent english. the exchange was established with 318 members with a fee of re. 1 / -. this fee has gradually increased over the years and today it is a over a crore. january 1899, the brokers ' hall was inaugurated by james m. maclean, m. p. after the first world war the bombay stock exchange ( bse ) was housed in an old building near the town hall. in 1928, the present plot of land was acquired surrounded by dalal street, bombay samachar marg, and hammam street. a building was constructed in 1930 and occupied in december of 1995 the operations and dealings of the bse were fully computerized and thus the famous out - cry system of share trading was replaced by screen based trading as in other modern stock exchanges around the world. today bombay is the financial and business capital of india. the bse is housed in the 28 - storied phiroze jeejeebhoy towers in the same place where the old building once stood. sir phiroze jamshedji jeejeebhoy was the chairman of the exchange from 1966 till his death in 1980. the building has been named after him since its construction commenced during his chairmanship and was completed just as he passed away. and abridged from


ohio valley — despite excessive advertising for vaccinations, the number of flu cases and flu related symptoms have recently increased compared to previous flu seasons. as reported by the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), the number of reported influenza - like illnesses ( ili ) have increased and the flu is considered to be widespread in ohio and west virginia, as well as many other states. although the exact number of flu cases were not available, diana riddle, nursing administrator at the mason county health department, stated the number of ili in mason county have increased compared to previous flu seasons and since the last week of dec. 2012, has doubled. riddle said the health department does call local hospitals once a week for these numbers to see where the flu is circulating throughout the county and to what extent it is present. according to tonya mcguire, public health epidemiologist with the gallia county health department, there have been reports of six individuals, ranging from four years to 94 years old, who have been hospitalized for the flu, the first being in nov. 2012, and the most recent in the beginning of january. when compared to previous flu seasons, it was reported that only one child was hospitalized during the entire 2011 - 12 flu season and a total of six were hospitalized in the 2010 - 11 season, the first not being until january of that season. it was also reported that the cdc follows flu activity on a weekly basis not only during flu season, but year round. as a result of this research, the cdc stated that the number of people seeing their health care provider for ili in the u. s. has increased in the last four weeks, going from 2. 8 percent to 5. 6 percent. during last year ’ s flu season, this number peaked at 2. 2 percent. riddle also stated the mason county health department still has vaccinations available for both adults and children. as previously reported, riddle and other health department staff have administered over 2000 doses of the vaccination throughout various clinics and at the health department and previously had run out of the adult vaccine. vaccinations are available from 8 a. m. to 3 : 30 p. m. on a weekday basis at the health department. the gallia county health department as well still has vaccinations available to gallia county residents free of charge. for more information, visit www. galliacohealth. org or call 740 - 441 - 2018. for more on the 2012 - 13 flu season and other related information


opportunity ' s first neighborhood on rim of endeavour this image taken from orbit shows the path of the path driven by nasa ' s mars exploration rover opportunity in the weeks around the rover ' s arrival at the rim of endeavour crater. the sol number ( number of martian days since the rover landed on mars ) are indicated along the route. sol 2674 corresponds to aug. 2, 2011 ; sol 2688 corresponds to aug. 16, 2011. the route leads to a rock informally named " tisdale 2, " which is a block of material ejected by the excavation of a small crater called " odyssey " on the endeavour rim fragment called " cape york. " the next endeavour rim fragment to the south is called " sutherland point, " and a gap between cape york and sutherland point is called " botany bay. " the base image of the map is a portion of an image taken by the high resolution imaging science experiment ( hirise ) instrument on nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter, on july 23, 2010. other image products from this observation are available at http : / / hirise. lpl. arizona. edu / esp _ 018701 _ 1775. nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology, pasadena, manages the mars exploration rover project and the mars reconnaissance orbiter project for the nasa science mission directorate, washington. the university of arizona, tucson, operates the hirise camera, which was built by ball aerospace & technologies corp., boulder, colo. lockheed martin space systems, denver, is the spacecraft development and integration contractor for the project and built the spacecraft. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / university of arizona


malawi - infrastructure, power, and communications malawi ' s infrastructure is in urgent need of attention. its road and rail networks are inadequate both in their quality and extent, a problem made more serious by the country ' s reliance on land transport to compensate for its lack of sea access. while the road system has been expanded by 44 percent since independence in 1964, malawi ' s population in the same period has doubled ; of its 28, 394 kilometers ( 17, 647 miles ) of road, only 5, 833 kilometers ( 3, 265 miles ) are paved ( 18. 5 percent ). the poor condition of the roads has contributed to malawi having one of the worst road accident rates in the world — despite its very low car - to - person ratio of 2 per 1, 000. rail, too, is in considerable disrepair, having been very badly affected by mozambique ' s long civil war in the 1980s and 1990s, which closed off malawi ' s access to the indian ocean ports of nacala and beira, once the distribution hubs of 95 percent of all malawian trade. starved of this traffic, on which it relied heavily, malawi ' s national railroad was forced into bankruptcy in 1993. however, the company ' s sale in 1999 to a u. s. - african consortium is aimed at bringing new investment and reviving services. malawi has 788 kilometers ( 490 miles ) of track, all of which is narrow gauge. malawi has 2 international airports — at lilongwe and blantyre — and is served by a variety of international carriers. malawi has 44 total airports, only 5 of which | country | | newspapers | | radios | | tv sets a | | cable subscribers a | | mobile phones a | | fax machines a | | personal computers a | | internet hosts b | | internet users b | | dem. rep. of congo | | 3 | | 375 | | 135 | | n / a | | 0 | | n / a | | n / a | | 0. 00 | | 1 | | a data are from international telecommunication union, world telecommunication development report 1999 and are per 1, 000 people. | | b data are from the internet software consortium ( http : / / www. isc. org ) and are per 10, 000 people. | | source : world bank. world development indicators 2000. | have paved runways. between 100, 000 and 200, 000 passengers typically pass through each airport annually. the government plans to privatize air malawi and the introduction of