{"text": "health illustrated encyclopedia multimedia - symptoms itching is a tingling or irritation of the skin that makes you want to scratch the affected area. itching may occur all over the whole body or only in one location. itching may occur all over the whole body ( generalized ) or only in one location ( localized ). there are many causes of itching, including : - aging skin - atopic dermatitis - contact dermatitis ( poison ivy or poison oak ) - contact irritants ( such as soaps, chemicals, or wool ) - dry skin - insect bites and stings - parasites such as pinworm, body lice, head lice, and pubic lice - pityriasis rosea - rashes ( may or may not itch ) - seborrheic dermatitis - superficial skin infections such as folliculitis and impetigo generalized itching may be caused by : - allergic reactions - childhood infections ( such as chickenpox or measles ) - iron deficiency anemia - kidney disease - liver disease with jaundice - reactions to medications and substances such as antibiotics ( penicillin, sulfonamides ), gold, griseofulvin, isoniazid, opiates, phenothiazines, or vitamin a for persistent or severe itching, see your health care provider for a diagnosis and treatment instructions. in the meantime, you can take some steps to help deal with the itch : - avoid scratching or rubbing the itchy areas. keep fingernails short to avoid damaging the skin from scratching. family members or friends may be able to help by calling attention to your scratching. - wear cool, light, loose bedclothes. avoid wearing rough clothing, particularly wool, over an itchy area. - take lukewarm baths using little soap and rinsing thoroughly. try a skin - soothing oatmeal or cornstarch bath. - apply a soothing lotion after bathing to soften and cool the skin. - use moisturizer on the skin, particularly in the dry winter months. dry skin is a common cause of itching. - apply cold compresses to an itchy area. - avoid prolonged exposure to excessive heat and humidity. - take part in activities that distract from the itching during the day and make you tired enough to sleep at night. - try over - the - counter oral antihistamines such as diphenhydramine ( benadryl ), but be aware of possible side", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5021447202933624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9dc0e3d2-abaf-48b4-ab2b-dbeed1fd00c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.601286"}
{"text": "that distract from the itching during the day and make you tired enough to sleep at night. - try over - the - counter oral antihistamines such as diphenhydramine ( benadryl ), but be aware of possible side effects such as drowsiness. - try over - the - counter hydrocortisone cream on itchy areas. call your health care provider if call your doctor or nurse if you have itching and : - other, unexplained symptoms - is severe - does not go away - cannot be easily explained most itching does not require medical evaluation. look for an obvious cause of itching at home. it is sometimes easy for a parent to find the cause of a child ' s itching. looking closely at the skin will help you identify any bites, stings, rashes, dry skin, or irritation. often the cause of itching is fairly obvious, such as a mosquito bite. have the itching checked out as soon as possible if it keeps returning and does not have an obvious cause, you have total body itching, or you have hives that keep returning. unexplained itching may be a symptom of a disease that could be serious. what to expect at your health care provider ' s office your doctor or nurse will examine you and ask questions about your medical history and symptoms. you may be asked the following questions : - how long have you had this itch? - does it itch all the time? - does it seem to get worse, and has it spread? - what do you think caused this itch? - have you ever had this kind of itch before? what caused it then? - did you recently come in contact with any irritating substance? - do you have any allergies or sensitivities? - what medications are you taking? - have you started using any new product recently? what was it? - have you used any new soaps, fabric softeners, perfumes, deodorants, fabrics such as wool, or chemicals? - have you been around animals? - have you eaten shellfish or nuts recently? - have you had insect bites recently? - do you use lotions on your skin? - have you been in the sun recently? - what part of your body itches? - is it all over your body ( generalized itch )? - is the itch limited to a specific area? what area? - what does the skin that itches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4199964009268231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9dc0e3d2-abaf-48b4-ab2b-dbeed1fd00c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.602204"}
{"text": "been in the sun recently? - what part of your body itches? - is it all over your body ( generalized itch )? - is the itch limited to a specific area? what area? - what does the skin that itches look like? - is there a rash? if so, are there blisters or scales? - are you being treated for other medical conditions? - what other symptoms do you have? norris da. structure and function of the skin. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 443. habif tp. atopic dermatitis. in : habif tp, ed. clinical dermatology. 5th ed. st. louis, mo : mosby elsevier ; 2009 : chap 5. habif tp. urticaria and angioedema. in : habif tp, ed. clinical dermatology. 5th ed. st. louis, mo : mosby elsevier ; 2009 : chap 6. habif tp. infestations and bites. in : habif tp, ed. clinical dermatology. 5th ed. st. louis, mo : mosby elsevier ; 2009 : chap 15. reviewed by : linda j. vorvick, md, medical director and director of didactic curriculum, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, department of family medicine, uw medicine, school of medicine, university of washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42015426506144027, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9dc0e3d2-abaf-48b4-ab2b-dbeed1fd00c1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.602741"}
{"text": "as in the portrait of a scholar by chae yongsin ( 2012. 329 ), the subject here \u2014 a young woman wearing a traditional korean dress ( hanbok ) comprising a short jacket over a floor - length skirt \u2014 appears in front of a folding screen atop a patterned straw mat, though she sits on a chair in three - quarter view. floral motifs abound, highlighting the decorative quality of the painting : flanked by potted plants and a vase with floral decoration, the sitter holds a spray of peonies ; the blue tablecloth is dotted with small flowers ; and the background screen, faintly painted in monochrome ink, shows flowering trees rather than a landscape, the more standard backdrop for portraits of this time. curiously, greater care and visual emphasis have been placed on the setting and objects \u2014 note, for example, the gold - painted planter \u2014 than on the sitter. there are very few extant portraits of women in korean painting prior to the twentieth century. the confucian belief in strict separation of the sexes and in female modesty deemed inappropriate the practice of a woman sitting for a male artist. this representation of an unmarried woman ( as indicated by her long, braided hairstyle ) is unusual in that it is neither allegorical nor part of a husband - and - wife double portrait. purchased in 1943, this painting was recently cleaned and is displayed here for the first time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47426630919094875, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39b59485-fba5-4fe2-928f-2e9703670c65>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.605297"}
{"text": "- health library - research a disease or condition - lookup a symptom - learn about a test - prepare for a surgery or procedure - what to do after being discharged - self - care instructions - questions to ask your doctor - nutrition, vitamins & special diets pvl ; brain injury - infants periventricular leukomalacia ( pvl ) is a type of brain injury that affects infants. the condition involves the death of small areas of brain tissue around fluid - filled areas called ventricles. the damage creates \" holes \" in the brain. \" leuko \" refers to the brain ' s white matter and \" periventricular \" refers to the area around the ventricles. pvl is much more common in premature infants than in full - term infants. a major cause is thought to be changes in blood flow to the area around the ventricles of the brain. this area is fragile and prone to injury, especially before 32 weeks of gestation. infection around the time of delivery may also play a role in causing pvl. the more premature your baby is and the sicker your baby is, the higher the risk for pvl. premature babies who have intraventricular hemorrhage ( ivh ) are also at increased risk for developing this condition. exams and tests tests used to diagnose pvl include ultrasound and mri of the head. there is no treatment for pvl. the baby ' s heart, lung, intestine, and kidney functions will be monitored and treated so they remain as normal as possible. pvl often leads to nervous system and developmental problems in growing babies, usually during the first to second year of life. it may cause cerebral palsy ( cp ), especially tightness, or increased muscle tone ( spasticity ) in the legs. babies with pvl are at risk for major nervous system problems, especially involving movements such as sitting, crawling, walking, and moving the arms. these babies may need physical therapy. a baby who is diagnosed with pvl should be monitored by a developmental pediatrician or a pediatric neurologist, in addition to the child ' s regular pediatrician. volpe jj. neurology of the newborn. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2008 ; chap 8. reviewed by : kimberly g lee, md, msc, ibclc, associate professor of pediatrics, division of neonatology, medical university of south carolina, charleston, sc. review provided by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4723686098387077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cea6bb41-9b8d-4010-9c2c-c6518a7ac570>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.608953"}
{"text": "- crayola\u00ae model magic\u00ae - white - creatology\u2122 chenille stem - crayola\u00ae markers - wire cutter - follow package directions on crayola\u00ae model magic\u00ae and shape the bugs. let dry. - use markers to color bugs with polka dots and stripes as desired. use your imagination to combine colors. - adult : cut small pieces of chenille stem, poke into sides of bugs and bend to shape legs. tipsmodel magic\u00ae is an air - drying modeling compound, so read all the instructions on the package about drying time. it does not dry hard all the way through but will have a hard shell - like feel that still lets you easily insert the chenille stem for legs. craft notesadult supervision is required at all times. wire cutter for adult use only. backgroundif possible, use microscopes or magnifying glasses to have students examine insect and spider specimens. if that ' s not possible, provide books or posters with detailed pictures of insects and spiders. have students list the characteristics of each and compare and contrast. discuss the differences between the two species : \u2022 spiders have two body parts, eight legs, fangs, and most have eight eyes. they come in many different colors. \u2022 spiders lack wings and antennae. \u2022 insects, on the other hand, have three body parts, six legs, antennae, two eyes, and sometimes have wings. after the exploration, have students make their own insects and spiders to demonstrate their knowledge of the differences between the two species.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4763167647832334, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cc5f7b8-9e4b-4b94-bb89-b247e7f5e9b0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.613613"}
{"text": "a mask of money - in part one of this series we dealt with the names of men who gained control of the harvard corporation in the early 1800 ' s - - whose self - appointed successors still maintain control of the funds of that institution today. we showed how those men made their family fortunes by trading in slaves and drugs ( opium ). we also showed how they purchased respectability by donating enough money to harvard to allow them to continue their control of the university management, a position which makes their status as \" drug dealers \" almost impossible to be believed by the average american. the drug syndicate was first set up to smuggle the narcotic opium into china, alongside the british east india company ' s smugglers, who defied the laws of the chinese emperor and then got the british government to fight two wars under the banner of \" free trade \" in order to sell the lucrative drug to the chinese people. the american syndicate was operated from newburyport, massachusetts, and london, england, and was initially financed - - as was the east india company - - by britain ' s baring bank. this commercial enterprise, smuggling chiefly turkish opium, provided the bulk of the y fortunes for the cabots and other prominent ` ` blue - blood ' ' boston families. - in part two we showed that the same harvard men in massachusetts who made their wealth from transporting drugs were connected by family and business relationships to the board of the yale corporation. the various families who began the \" industry \" cashed out by allowing a consolidation of the perkins, sturgis and forbes companies into russell & company - - which started skull and bones at yale. but the harvard control was still intact through russell & co. ' s warren delano, jr., whose family included franklin delano roosevelt, who served as u. s. president from 1933 until his death in 1945. this final chapter, part three, has two primary goals : - first to show that the successors of the opium smuggling companies in america quickly established a system to use their dirty profits as \" venture capital \" for direct investment into the most advanced technology of their day and - second, that profits from the drug trade were funneled as \" charitable \" donations into educational institutions in order to use the huge tax - exempt endowments of the universities and, at the same time, to give the profiteers a mask of respectability and philanthropy to hide the true nature of their character and the source of their funds. drug money financed at & t robert bennet forbes - - whose father ralph bennet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48878985481383064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.642187"}
{"text": ", at the same time, to give the profiteers a mask of respectability and philanthropy to hide the true nature of their character and the source of their funds. drug money financed at & t robert bennet forbes - - whose father ralph bennet forbes was married to margaret perkins, a sister of thomas handasyd perkins - - became the foreign affairs manager for a merchant named houqua, who had himself been made responsible for all of china ' s foreign relations with the west by the chinese emperor. the other son, john murray forbes, took over managing houqua and china ' s foreign relations, after robert ' s death, and amassed a great fortune. profits made in china by the family firm were invested in the newest technology of that day ( the telephone ) invented by alexander graham bell. john murray forbes ' son, william hathaway forbes, was before long elected president of the consolidated companies incorporated as american bell telephone company. william married the daughter of transcendalist author, ralph waldo emerson, and they had a son named ralph emerson forbes, who married a cousin, elise cabot, daughter of walter channing cabot ( 1829 - 1904 ). ralph and elise were the parents of ruth forbes paine, whose son michael and daughter - in - law ruth hyde paine, were often mentioned in connection with marina oswald in the jfk assassination. ruth ' s first husband ( michael ' s father ) was george lyman paine, jr., a descendant of a signer of the declaration of independence. ( the forbes family history appears in minor musings at forbes clan and unititled aristocracy. here we will take a look at the cabot family into which elise was born. ) there was an almost endless stream of samuel cabots, thus making it difficult to keep one generation separate from another. the first of note was samuel cabot ( born in 1785 ), who married eliza perkins, a daughter of thomas handasyd perkins ( thus making china traders robert bennet and john murray forbes her first cousins ). samuel joined his wife ' s family ' s shipping firm - - j. and t. h. perkins. their son, known as dr. samuel cabot, was born in 1815 and became a physician after graduation from harvard medical school in 1839. he then married hannah lowell jackson. a son named samuel cabot, born to them in 1850, studied at massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) and switzerland ' s zurich polytechnicum. cabot ' s papers, including account books, letters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45497384589770284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.643530"}
{"text": "1839. he then married hannah lowell jackson. a son named samuel cabot, born to them in 1850, studied at massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) and switzerland ' s zurich polytechnicum. cabot ' s papers, including account books, letters, books, and travel diaries are on microfilm in the massachusetts historical society series. there is a wealth of correspondence from cabot and perkins family members to other prominent traders and members of boston ' s economic elite as well as vivid descriptions of travel accounts concerning the lucrative opium trade in which these families were heavily involved. trade with china was one of the largest growth segments of the boston mercantile establishment during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. this collection provides insight into the two boston families that were the most powerful china merchants : - samuel cabot, jr. and his wife ' s father foundation laid for nasa and operation paperclip elise cabot forbes, mentioned above, was also sam and eliza ' s daughter. their son who was also called samuel cabot, was born in 1850, graduated m. i. t. in 1872, and then studied chemistry in zurich, switzerland and explored chemical factories in germany. he returned to chelsea, massachusetts, where he set up a laboratory. sam and his brother, godfrey cabot ( harvard 1882 ) bought a plant in worthington, pennsylvania to process coal tar into paints and other products. godfrey also spent a year studying in zurich and two years traveling in other parts of europe. after his return the brothers built a plant in west virginia. their biggest customer would come to be standard oil. in 1896, godfrey went back to europe and also visited russia. back in the u. s. in time for the new century, he became fascinated with airplanes and became a pilot before world war i, after which he founded the national aeronautic association in washington, d. c. this group would form the base on which the national aeronautic and space administration ( nasa ) was founded, using technology gleaned from operation paperclip nazi scientists rescued from war crimes prosecution in germany. godfrey cabot ' s wife was maria moors ( daughter of john farwell moors ), and one of their sons, thomas dudley cabot, born in 1897, received his bachelor ' s degree in engineering from harvard in 1919. their cabot corporation became the major producer of carbon black with nine plants in texas and oklahoma - - establishing an inroad into synthetic rubber production and the manufacturing of paints and other chemicals. thomas ' son, louis w. cabot, also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41582477769753745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.644640"}
{"text": ". their cabot corporation became the major producer of carbon black with nine plants in texas and oklahoma - - establishing an inroad into synthetic rubber production and the manufacturing of paints and other chemicals. thomas ' son, louis w. cabot, also a harvard graduate, was sent to england to build a carbon black plant in stanlow, using technology the british had taken from the germans after world war ii ended. thomas dudley cabot, his brother, john moors cabot, and another relative, kermit roosevelt - - all graduates of harvard - - were involved in the coup in guatemala in the 1950s. john moors cabot, born in 1901, a 1923 harvard graduate, was a vice consul in peru 1927 - 28, in the dominican republic from 1929 - 31, mexico 1931 - 32, brazil 1932 - 35, then to the netherlands until 1938 and sweden in 1939. from 1939 - 41 he was in guatemala, becoming the chief of the division of caribbean and central american affairs in 1944. he was thereafter stationed in argentina, yugoslavia and shanghai, china, before becoming minister to finland, then ambassador to pakistan, ambassador to colombia ( 1957 - 59 ) ; ambassador to brazil ( 1959 - 61 ) ; and ambassador to poland ( 1962 - 65 ). in 1953 he was the assistant secretary of state for inter - american affairs ( all according to who ' s who in america 1954 - 55 ). trail of the octopus - - the forbes family and thomas jefferson coolidge the boston fruit company had been incorporated in 1885 to raise capital for its ship - captain owner, lorenzo dow baker, and his partners in boston. demand for bananas they imported from the caribbean had increased so much by 1898 that the bostonians merged with their chief rival, minor cooper keith of new york, who owned a great deal of land in costa rica, as well as the intercontinental railways of central america. the new corporation was organized in 1899 by thomas jefferson coolidge and took the name united fruit. in 1930 united fruit bought out the competing banana company of sam zemurray in new orleans who had plantations in honduras and guatemala - - giving him stock in the new company and making him its largest shareholder. in 1936 zemurray demanded to have a part in the management, and at the same time the company formalized an agreement to operate keith ' s railroad system. but the company ' s only concern was making a bigger and bigger profit - - a goal which set them at odds with the interests of guatemala ' s people and its leaders. t. j. coolidge,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39141126904941514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.645952"}
{"text": "to operate keith ' s railroad system. but the company ' s only concern was making a bigger and bigger profit - - a goal which set them at odds with the interests of guatemala ' s people and its leaders. t. j. coolidge, who represented the interest of the boston concern ' s investment in united fruit after 1899, was the son of joseph coolidge, jr. a man who, in 1836 had been hired by the scottish investment firm, jardine matheson company, to run opium past the chinese police. the chinese, in an effort to stop the british from flooding china with opium, forbade jardine matheson ships from docking in chinese ports. coolidge ' s clipper ships from boston did the job for a mere $ 10 million from jardine, giving him and his financiers a fortune to reinvest in legitimate enterprise. during 1873 these venture capitalists, formerly known as the \" boston concern, \" including john murray forbes and thomas jefferson coolidge, started expansion of the atchison, topeka and santa fe railroad, which suddenly began building across kansas to colorado. their securities were marketed by the baring brothers bank in england, sponsor of the world narcotics traffic throughout the nineteenth century. baring ' s american agent for many years was t. w. ward, who was followed by his sons samuel g. ward and george cabot ward. although the bank was based in england, it had originated in bremen, germany, prior to its move to exeter, england in 1717. by the end of that century, the bank had two american partners - - joshua bates and russell sturgis - - who were closely connected to the opium trade. [ source : dorothy r. adler, british investment in american railways, 1834 - 1898 ]. drug money builds a shortcut to the orient through texas the leaders of the santa fe railroad throughout the 1870 ' s attempted to prevent the construction of the competing denver & rio grande railroad from expanding its line into mexico. in march 1875 another railroad had been chartered by the corpus christi, san diego and rio grande narrow gauge railroad company. the railroad was promoted by uriah lott - - with the financial support of richard king and mifflin kennedy ( ship captains during the mexican war, who had built a fortune by blockade running, using their profits to acquire the world ' s biggest ranch in south texas. their partner was charles stillman whose son james stillman used his profit to set up national city bank of new york and marry off two of his daughters to william rockefeller", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40147203603390536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.646929"}
{"text": "running, using their profits to acquire the world ' s biggest ranch in south texas. their partner was charles stillman whose son james stillman used his profit to set up national city bank of new york and marry off two of his daughters to william rockefeller ' s sons ). in 1881 lott and kennedy exchanged the stock in their railroad for stock in a new company called the texas mexican railway company, and completed the remaining 110 miles to laredo in september 1881 with money derived from the new infusion of capital from t. j. coolidge ' s backers, jardine, matheson, the leading british firm in the china trade. [ source : economist, sl ( july 8, 1882 ), p. 848 ]. the committee which issued the bonds in 1882, in addition to matheson, included robert fleming and dillwyn parrish, both of whom were associated with scottish investment trusts. these same trusts would later steer much of their u. s. venture capital investments through the investment bank of brown brothers harriman - - including companies set up by george h. w. bush. the texas mexican absorbed the texas mexican northern railway company in 1906 and in 1930 acquired the san diego and gulf railway company. it is an interesting side note ( maybe more relevant than we realize ) that one of the residents of san diego, texas in 1882 was infant william frank buckley - - father of william f. buckley, jr. - - whose father john buckley was a merchant along the railroad line between laredo and corpus christi. [ source : w. f. b. - - an appreciation, privately printed by the buckley family in 1959 ]. incidentally, w. f. buckley, sr. and his brother grew up in tiny san diego and were educated at the university of texas law school where they were acquainted with many of the men who would become executives of oil companies in dallas and houston. both buckley brothers spent years in mexico during the oil boom at the same time the pearson interests from england were operating the mexican eagle there. the buckleys created their own oil company called pantipec, which would later employ a number of men who have been connected to the cia and to the assassination of john f. kennedy. the railroads competed viciously for a route through texas which would give the central interior of the u. s. quick access to the gulf of mexico, and from there to china. laredo is now the major port of entry for railroad traffic between the united states and mexico, and the texas mexican presently handles international traffic through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4202141278566953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.647874"}
{"text": "central interior of the u. s. quick access to the gulf of mexico, and from there to china. laredo is now the major port of entry for railroad traffic between the united states and mexico, and the texas mexican presently handles international traffic through laredo for the southern pacific line - - now merged with the union pacific. the tex mex became part of the kansas city southern ( the old kansas city, mexico & orient railway ) system in 1995 when kcsi acquired 49 percent of the tex mex from mexican partner transportacion maritima mexicana ( tmm ) - - a company repeatedly accused of drug smuggling, and its associated banks with money laundering. [ see article \" family affairs, \" insight on the news, march 29, 1999 by jamie dettmer. also see al giordano narco news bulletin. ] transportation - - the key to drug distribution another railroad into which drug money was poured was the chicago, burlington & quincy railroad co., stretching to burlington, iowa, and quincy, illinois, on the mississippi river. dominated by john murray forbes of boston, who was in turn assisted by charles perkins, president of the company from 1881 to 1901, the railroad eventually reached denver, its western terminus, and reached east to the chicago, kansas city and st. louis gateways. cb & q lines also went to omaha, nebraska, and st. joseph, missouri. by 1910 the rail line from corpus christi had not been connected to colorado, but the santa fe encouraged that expansion by men such as sam lazarus and b. f. yoakum, who got financing in st. louis through the firm of g. h. walker & co. in 1912, only seven years before walker left st. louis to set up the harrimans ' investment bank. given the fact that the atchison, topeka and santa fe railroad was based in st. louis, it is highly likely that walker had worked closely with its owners in handling financing of the various shorter lines which eventually were acquired by the atsf. in so doing, he would have come in contact with with thomas jefferson coolidge, of boston, who in 1880 was chosen president of the atchison, topeka & santa fe railroad company and all its branches. another railroad which made up a part of the atsf system was gulf, colorado and santa fe railway, purchased in 1879 by the sealy banking family of galveston. in 1911 george sealy ii, then manager of the line, bought several oil properties which he used to found magnolia petroleum company", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4246550893354663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.648758"}
{"text": "the atsf system was gulf, colorado and santa fe railway, purchased in 1879 by the sealy banking family of galveston. in 1911 george sealy ii, then manager of the line, bought several oil properties which he used to found magnolia petroleum company ( which he named for his wife manolia willis sealy ). magnolia was absorbed by standard oil company of new york ( socony ) in 1925 and is today part of exxon - mobil. the texas assets, many drilled on land grants given to the railroad absorbed by the atsf, were transferred to magnolia petroleum company. the magnolia pipe line company was also organized in november 1925 as a transporting subsidiary of the petroleum company. in 1931, when the standard oil company of new york and the vacuum oil company merged to form soconyvacuum oil company, magnolia became an affiliate of the new company. in 1949 all of magnolia pipeline ' s shares were owned by soconyvacuum except for qualifying shares owned by members of the board of directors. general offices were in dallas in 1949. the magnolia petroleum company merged with socony mobil oil company on september 30, 1959. more research needs to be done to determine what mineral rights were owned in these lands by the various interests. it is very possible that the rights were split among the coolidge faction from boston, the g. h. walker group including bush and the rockefeller group. the pipeline company would thus have been closely involved with dresser industries, which controlled the patent on the coupling joint used in all petroleum pipelines. dresser ' s stock was purchased in 1911 by w. a. harriman & company, inc., supposedly with the intention of reselling, but apart from subsequent stock flotations, the investment bank ( brown brothers, harriman ) continued to control what became dresser industries, inc. in 1944. the initial stock issue in 1928 was underwritten by roland ( bunny ) harriman and prescott bush while g. h. walker was president of the w. a. harriman firm. prescott bush served on the board of directors continuously until he went to the u. s. senate in 1953. it is very interesting that magnolia moved its headquarters to dallas at about the same time that dresser moved there. the cabots set up the cfr and learn from nazis thomas jefferson coolidge ( a descendant of thomas jefferson ) was, of course, a large donor to harvard - - one gift being the memorial jefferson laboratory. a generation later, archibald cary coolidge, a harvard history professor who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4094628296944635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.649690"}
{"text": "& co. in 1907, the step - daughter of clarence barron, jane waldron barron, married hugh bancroft, son of general william a. bancroft ( harvard 1878 ), who was first elected mayor of cambridge, mass. in 1893 and reelected three times. he was chairman of the brahmin - owned boston elevated railway, and was a member of the board of overseers of harvard university from 1893 to 1903. hugh bancroft also attended harvard, where he was admitted to the elite hasty pudding club. in 1912, bancroft was made treasurer of dow jones, the holding company of the journal. he became president in 1928, upon clarence barron ' s death. by that time, bancroft and his family controlled the majority of dow jones & company ' s shares. the bancroft descendants have continued among the most significant shareholders of dow jones and the wall street journal. the mysterious michael paine michael paine, sixth in descent from robert treat paine, a signer of the declaration of independence, was also a great - great - grandson of ralph waldo emerson. his mother ' s grandfather william hathaway forbes, was the first president of the american bell telephone company after the company consolidated a number of local telephone networks. his son, ralph emerson forbes, left an estate of $ 2. 5 million in 1937, in which ruth had a share. ralph ' s brother, ruth ' s \" uncle cam, \" ( harvard 1892 ), had started his career as a clerk with jackson & curtis, before moving to work as a partner in john murray forbes & co. he was elected a director of at & t, united fruit, and stone & webster, inc. in order to look after the family ' s large holdings in those companies. he was also appointed to the philippine commission and as vice governor of the islands until 1913. after that he was a receiver of a brazilian railway, and a presidential appointee to \" study conditions \" in the philippines and in haiti. he served as an overseer of harvard during 1914 - 20, then became a life member of mit corporation. from 1930 - 32 he was ambassador to japan. [ who ' s who in america, 1954 - 55 ]. michael paine was descended from the cabots on both his father ' s and his mother ' s side ; he was thus a second cousin once removed of thomas dudley cabot and a cousin of alexander cochrane forbes, who married a daughter of warren delano robbins ( fdr ' s cousin ) and served as a director of united fruit and trustee of cabot,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4431185765288119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.655080"}
{"text": "was thus a second cousin once removed of thomas dudley cabot and a cousin of alexander cochrane forbes, who married a daughter of warren delano robbins ( fdr ' s cousin ) and served as a director of united fruit and trustee of cabot, cabot and forbes. paul f. hellmuth ( among the first catholic laymen to serve on the board of notre dame ), and a vice - president of cabot, cabot and forbes was a trustee of the j. frederick brown foundation, a cia \" conduit \", along with g. c. cabot. thus the paine family [ had ] links with the blue - blood intelligence circles of the oss and cia, in the summer of 1963 it was ruth ( michael ' s wife ), rather than michael paine, who maintained close relations with the patrician paine and forbes families, traveling east in july to stay with her mother - in - law at the traditional forbes clan retreat of naushon island near wood ' s hole, massachusetts ( ce 416, 17 h 119 ). [ source : peter dale scott, the dallas conspiracy, ch. iv, pp. 2 - 4, as quoted in websites linked above ]. hellmuth ' s name would appear in 1974 in jack anderson ' s column as the law partner of richard nixon ' s impeachment attorney, allegedly involved in an industrial security company that was \" wholly owned \" by the cia and used to shred documents to maintain secrecy. how george h. w. bush ' s career developed by his use of sources of capital when george h. w. bush arrived in texas after graduation from yale, his career began with an interview with neil mallon, president of dresser industries in dallas. dresser, which owned the patent for the coupling joint used in laying petroleum pipelines, was a corporation wholly owned by the investment bank brown brothers, harriman. prescott bush was a director of dresser for decades, as well as being a partner in brown brothers harriman - - which had resulted from the merger of the bank set up by prescott ' s father - in - law, george herbert walker, at the request of the sons of union pacific railroad tycoon e. h. harriman. walker had previously had his own investment bank in st. louis where he financed railroads which eventually became part of the system known as the atchison, topeka and santa fe. an investment bank still exists in st. louis under the operation of the walker side of the family,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.445040059679271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.658363"}
{"text": "own investment bank in st. louis where he financed railroads which eventually became part of the system known as the atchison, topeka and santa fe. an investment bank still exists in st. louis under the operation of the walker side of the family, but that city is also the home of george h. w. bush ' s brother, william h. t. \" bucky \" bush, who is a past missouri gop state finance chairman. neil mallon had been hired as dresser ' s first president after it was purchased from the dresser heirs by brown brothers harriman. it was his first real job after he completed his education, plus at least six months in the european alps, where it might be worth noting that allen dulles had been stationed from 1942 until after the end of world war ii. the mallon family had strong ties to the tafts, who had been involved in the formation of the russell trust ( eventually to become known as skull and bones ). mallon gave george his first job after graduation from the same university and as a member of the same secret society - - an elite group to which george walker, prescott bush and both harriman sons belonged. when mallon went to work for dresser, the company was based in cleveland, ohio, where he was very active in the council on world affairs, which had been organized in the mid - 1930s by brooks emeny. the council on foreign relations, set up in new york in 1921, was quickly imitated by the chicago council on foreign relations in 1922. dresser relocated its headquarters to dallas in 1950, and mallon helped to organize another council on world affairs in that city. its operation was his \" chief outside interest. \" [ source : darwin payne, initiative in energy, pp. 248 - 49. ] one of the employees mallon hired was hans bernd gisevius, given the assignment of working on a worldwide economic development program called the \" institute on technical cooperation. \" [ source : richard bartholomew, \" possible discovery of an automobile used in the jfk conspiracy \" - - published online, p. 48 ; and bruce campbell adamson, \" oswald ' s closest friend : the george demohrenschildt story \" - - unpublished manuscripts, 1993 ) - - bush chapter, p. 31. adamson accused mallon of using dresser as a cover for cia activities. ] gisevius was a german abwehr ( german intelligence ) agent whose diplomatic cover was vice - consul at the german consulate in zurich while allen dulles was there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43750107899841184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.660913"}
{"text": "31. adamson accused mallon of using dresser as a cover for cia activities. ] gisevius was a german abwehr ( german intelligence ) agent whose diplomatic cover was vice - consul at the german consulate in zurich while allen dulles was there as the head of u. s. intelligence. while in switzerland dulles began a long - lasting love affair with a woman named mary bancroft. mary ' s mother ' s adopted father was clarence w. barron, then publisher of the wall street journal, which he purchased in 1902. in 1907, jane barron, whose mother jessie waldron had married c. w. barron in 1900, became mary ' s stepmother by marrying hugh bancroft. bancrofts were among the first settler families that, in 1632, founded lynn, massachusetts in essex county. during the next 50 years, the family was the sole exporter for the massachusetts bay colony, of sugar and tobacco, a trade that made it immensely wealthy. in 1943 dulles asked mary bancroft, who was working as a spy in zurich, and who was also having an affair with dulles, to translate a book written by gisevius about the third reich. gisevius and some of his fascist abwehr associates had been the planners of the july 20th plot to kill hitler with the idea of forming an alliance with britain and the u. s. against russia. [ source : mary bancroft, autobiography of a spy ( new york : william morrow, 1983 ), pp. 187 - 88. ] according to bancroft : \" i told allen it all made sense to me. difficult as it might be to believe, the conspirators actually hoped that if they got rid of hitler they would be able to take over the whole country and to negotiate peace with the anglo - americans. their hopes went even further : they envisaged the western allies joining them in a crusade against russia - - and communism. gisevius had been sent to switzerland to get in touch with the western allies. other emissaries were making similar contacts in sweden and elsewhere. \" [ source : bancroft, autobiography..., pp. 161, 168 - 170. ] mary bancroft ' s report back to dulles reminds us of what eventually did occur in operation paperclip, when dulles helped certain nazis avoid prosecution for war crimes, transfer nazi assets into u. s. corporations, and set up the military - industrial infrastructure within the united states. mary bancroft ' s first husband, sherwin badger, was a harvard graduate whose first job had been in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44479453096026084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.662487"}
{"text": "prosecution for war crimes, transfer nazi assets into u. s. corporations, and set up the military - industrial infrastructure within the united states. mary bancroft ' s first husband, sherwin badger, was a harvard graduate whose first job had been in the head office of united fruit in cuba. after a year in cuba he became a journalist in boston, later moving to the wall street journal and barron ' s in new york, both of which were published by mary ' s step - grandfather, clarence walker barron. mary also had a long friendship with the trotsky follower, architect george lyman paine, and his wife ruth forbes paine, whose son michael paine and his wife ruth befriended marina oswald the year prior to john kennedy ' s assassination. michael paine ' s uncle, eric schroeder, was a friend and investment associate of geologist everette degolyer, a long - time dresser industries director, who served on the dresser board with prescott bush. schroeder was a cousin of alexander \" sandy \" forbes, former director of united fruit who \" belonged to the elite tryall golf club retreat in jamaica with... paul raigorodsky. \" [ source : richard bartholomew, \" possible discovery, \" p. 38. see also mary bancroft, autobiography of a spy ( new york : william morrow, 1983 ). degolyer was an advisor to the university of texas board of regents and its chairman, harry huntt ransom, and was also a business partner of lewis macnaughton in the dallas oil exploration firm degolyer and macnaughton. macnaughton had many cia contacts and his personal accountant, george bouhe, was one of oswald ' s chief russian guardians in dallas in 1962. see lon tinkle, mr. de : a biography of everette lee degolyer, ( boston, ma : little, brown, 1970 ), pp. 224, 239 and peter dale scott, the dallas conspiracy, ch. iii, p. 6. bartholomew also cites as a source : peter dale scott, \" government documents and the kennedy assassination, \" ( unpublished manuscript ), ch. ii, p. 4, and states : \" note : the st. nicholas parish was a cia - subsidized russian orthodox church outside russia, restricted to aristocratic anti - bolshevik russians who had been ' checked, rechecked, and double checked ' by the cia - subsidized tolstoy foundation. ( 9 h 5, 7, cited in scott,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42637716825834115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.663527"}
{"text": "orthodox church outside russia, restricted to aristocratic anti - bolshevik russians who had been ' checked, rechecked, and double checked ' by the cia - subsidized tolstoy foundation. ( 9 h 5, 7, cited in scott, government documents..., ch. ii, p. 1. ) \" ] everett degolyer became a famous geologist from oklahoma, who spent virtually his entire career working for the pearson oil companies controlled by the same titled family that owned both the media conglomerate and lazard brothers investment bank. he was a long - time dresser director in dallas where he was a geophysical consultant for all the oil companies. his work as a geologist got a boost when as a young man he was employed by the mexican eagle oil co., owned by sir weetman pearson, who called him to london in 1918 and asked him to sell mexican eagle to royal dutch shell. the proceeds from the sale were invested by pearson in the creation of a new oil company founded and operated by de golyer in 1919 called amerada ( which some years later merged into amerada hess ), a big percentage of which was owned by the british government. degolyer maintained offices in houston as well as dallas and was well - known in the houston and dallas petroleum clubs frequented by george bush and the liedtkes. one of degolyer ' s daughters married george c. mcghee, a u. s. state department official, who was present in may 1954 at the first bilderberg meeting with george ball, david rockefeller, prince bernhard of holland and dr. joseph retinger. [ source : william engdahl, a century of war, p. 149. ] mcghee later served as a trustee of the aspen institute for humanistic studies, set up to shape the \" limits to growth \" agenda. [ source : engdahl, p. 160. ] by that time mcghee had left the state department to become a director of mobil oil, the company which absorbed magnolia oil company, a rockefeller company which was initially founded by galveston banking interests involved in constructing a railroad from the galveston - houston area to st. louis, which came to be part of the atchison, topeka and santa fe railroad financed by g. h. walker & co.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41001891350228725, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5b68568-ed14-46b6-bdff-d71a3ddc56a9>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.664558"}
{"text": "ed ( 1 ) bsd reference manual ed ( 1 ) ed - the standard text editor ed [ - ] [ - sx ] [ - p string ] [ file ] ed is a line - oriented text editor. it is used to create, display, modify, and otherwise manipulate text files. if invoked with a file argument, then a copy of file is read into the editor ' s buffer. changes are made to this copy and not directly to file itself. upon quitting ed, any changes not explicitly saved with a w command are lost. editing is done in two distinct modes : command and input. when first in - voked, ed is in command mode. in this mode, commands are read from the standard input and executed to manipulate the contents of the editor buffer. a typical command might look like :, s / old / new / g which replaces all occurrences of the string \" old \" with \" new \". when an input command, such as a ( append ), i ( insert ), or c ( change ) is given, ed enters input mode. this is the primary means of adding text to a file. in this mode, no commands are available ; instead, the standard input is written directly to the editor buffer. lines consist of text up to and including a newline character. input mode is terminated by enter - ing a single period ( '. ' ) on a line. all ed commands operate on whole lines or ranges of lines ; e. g., the d command deletes lines ; the m command moves lines, and so on. it is possi - ble to modify only a portion of a line by means of replacement, as in the example above. however, even here, the s command is applied to whole lines at a time. in general, ed commands consist of zero or more line addresses, followed by a single character command and possibly additional parameters ; i. e., commands have the structure : [ address [, address ] ] command [ parameters ] the address ( es ) indicate the line or range of lines to be affected by the command. if fewer addresses are given than the command accepts, then de - fault addresses are supplied. many ed commands and line addresses support basic regular expressions ( bres ). see re _ format ( 7 ) for more information on regular expressions. the options are as follows : - same as the - s option ( deprecated ). - p string specifies a command prompt. this may be toggled on and off with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.507698314381681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6fe919e-0296-4122-a9c3-bbd03ea433f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.684100"}
{"text": "re _ format ( 7 ) for more information on regular expressions. the options are as follows : - same as the - s option ( deprecated ). - p string specifies a command prompt. this may be toggled on and off with the p command. - s suppress diagnostics. this should be used if ed standard input is from a script. - x prompt for an encryption key to be used in subsequent reads and writes ( see the x command ). file specifies the name of a file to read. if file is prefixed with a bang ( '! ' ), then it is interpreted as a shell command. in this case, what is read is the standard output of file execut - ed via sh ( 1 ). to read a file whose name begins with a bang, prefix the name with a backslash ( ' \\ ' ). the default filename is set to file only if it is not prefixed with a bang. an address represents the number of a line in the buffer. ed maintains a current address which is typically supplied to commands as the default address when none is specified. when a file is first read, the current address is set to the last line of the file. in general, the current ad - dress is set to the last line affected by a command. a line address is constructed from one of the bases in the list below, optionally followed by a numeric offset. the offset may include any com - bination of digits, operators ( e. g., ' + ', ' - ', and ' ^ ' ), and whitespace. addresses are read from left to right, and their values are computed re - lative to the current address. one exception to the rule that addresses represent line numbers is the address 0 ( zero ). this means \" before the first line \", and is legal wher - ever it makes sense. an address range is two addresses separated either by a comma or semi - colon. the value of the first address in a range cannot exceed the value of the second. if only one address is given in a range, then the second address is set to the given address. if an n - tuple of addresses is given where n > 2, then the corresponding range is determined by the last two addresses in the n - tuple. if only one address is expected, then the last address is used. each address in a comma - delimited range is interpreted relative to the current address. in a semi -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5127416512218974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6fe919e-0296-4122-a9c3-bbd03ea433f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.690516"}
{"text": "determined by the last two addresses in the n - tuple. if only one address is expected, then the last address is used. each address in a comma - delimited range is interpreted relative to the current address. in a semi - colon - delimited range, the first address is used to set the current address, and the second address is interpreted relative to the first. the following address symbols are recognized :. the current line ( address ) in the buffer. $ the last line in the buffer. n the nth line in the buffer, where n is a number in the range [ 0, $ ]. - or ^ the previous line. this is equivalent to - 1 and may be repeated with cumulative effect. - n or ^ n the nth previous line, where n is a non - negative number. + the next line. this is equivalent to + 1 and may be repeated with cumulative effect. + n the nth next line, where n is a non - negative number., or % the first through last lines in the buffer. this is equivalent to the address range 1, $. ; the current through last lines in the buffer. this is equivalent to the address range., $. / re / the next line containing the regular expression re. the search wraps to the beginning of the buffer and continues down to the current line, if necessary. \" / / \" repeats the last search.? re? the previous line containing the regular expression re. the search wraps to the end of the buffer and continues up to the current line, if necessary. \"?? \" repeats the last search. ' lc the line previously marked by a k ( mark ) command, where lc is a lower case letter. all ed commands are single characters, though some require additional parameters. if a command ' s parameters extend over several lines, then each line except for the last must be terminated with a backslash ( ' \\ ' ). in general, at most one command is allowed per line. however, most com - mands accept a print suffix, which is any of p ( print ), l ( list ), or n ( enumerate ), to print the last line affected by the command. an interrupt ( typically ^ c ) has the effect of aborting the current com - mand and returning the editor to command mode. ed recognizes the following commands. the commands are shown together with the default address or address range supplied if none is specified ( in parentheses ), and other possible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49860389235852315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6fe919e-0296-4122-a9c3-bbd03ea433f8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.700903"}
{"text": "effect of aborting the current com - mand and returning the editor to command mode. ed recognizes the following commands. the commands are shown together with the default address or address range supplied if none is specified ( in parentheses ), and other possible arguments on the right. (. ) a appends text to the buffer after the addressed line. text is en - tered in input mode. the current address is set to last line en - tered. (.,. ) c changes lines in the buffer. the addressed lines are deleted from the buffer, and text is appended in their place. text is entered in input mode. the current address is set to last line entered. (.,. ) d deletes the addressed lines from the buffer. if there is a line after the deleted range, then the current address is set to this line. otherwise the current address is set to the line before the deleted range. e file edits file, and sets the default filename. if file is not speci - fied, then the default filename is used. any lines in the buffer are deleted before the new file is read. the current address is set to the last line read. e! command edits the standard output of! command, ( see! command below ). the default filename is unchanged. any lines in the buffer are deleted before the output of command is read. the current address is set to the last line read. e file edits file unconditionally. this is similar to the e command, ex - cept that unwritten changes are discarded without warning. the current address is set to the last line read. f file sets the default filename to file. if file is not specified, then the default unescaped filename is printed. ( 1, $ ) g / re / command - list applies command - list to each of the addressed lines matching a reg - ular expression re. the current address is set to the line current - ly matched before command - list is executed. at the end of the g command, the current address is set to the last line affected by command - list. if no lines were matched, the current line number remains unchanged. each command in command - list must be on a separate line, and every line except for the last must be terminated by a backslash ( ' \\ ' ). any commands are allowed, except for g, g, v, and v. a newline alone in command - list", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4615031564808366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6fe919e-0296-4122-a9c3-bbd03ea433f8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.703655"}
{"text": "be on a separate line, and every line except for the last must be terminated by a backslash ( ' \\ ' ). any commands are allowed, except for g, g, v, and v. a newline alone in command - list is equivalent to a p command. ( 1, $ ) g / re / interactively edits the addressed lines matching a regular expres - sion re. for each matching line, the line is printed, the current address is set, and the user is prompted to enter a command - list. at the end of the g command, the current address is set to the last line affected by ( the last ) command - list. if no lines were matched, the current line number remains unchanged. the format of command - list is the same as that of the g command. a newline alone acts as a null command list. a single ' & ' repeats the last non - null command list. h toggles the printing of error explanations. by default, explana - tions are not printed. it is recommended that ed scripts begin with this command to aid in debugging. h prints an explanation of the last error. (. ) i inserts text in the buffer before the current line. text is entered in input mode. the current address is set to the last line entered. (.,. + 1 ) j joins the addressed lines. the addressed lines are deleted from the buffer and replaced by a single line containing their joined text. the current address is set to the resultant line. (. ) klc marks a line with a lower case letter lc. the line can then be ad - dressed as ' lc ( i. e., a single quote followed by lc ) in subsequent commands. the mark is not cleared until the line is deleted or oth - erwise modified. (.,. ) l prints the addressed lines unambiguously. if a single line fills more than one screen ( as might be the case when viewing a binary file, for instance ), a \" - - more - - \" prompt is printed on the last line. ed waits until the return key is pressed before displaying the next screen. the current address is set to the last line print - ed. (.,. ) m (. ) moves lines in the buffer. the addressed lines are moved to after the right - hand destination address, which may be the address 0 ( zero ). the current address is set to the last line moved. (.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45270922686768755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6fe919e-0296-4122-a9c3-bbd03ea433f8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.707025"}
{"text": ". ) m (. ) moves lines in the buffer. the addressed lines are moved to after the right - hand destination address, which may be the address 0 ( zero ). the current address is set to the last line moved. (.,. ) n prints the addressed lines along with their line numbers. the current address is set to the last line printed. (.,. ) p prints the addressed lines. the current address is set to the last line printed. p toggles the command prompt on and off. unless a prompt was speci - fied with the command - line option - p string, the command prompt is by default turned off. q quits ed. q quits ed unconditionally. this is similar to the q command, except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning. ( $ ) r file reads file to after the addressed line. if file is not specified, then the default filename is used. if there was no default filename prior to the command, then the default filename is set to file. otherwise, the default filename is unchanged. the current address is set to the last line read. ( $ ) r! command reads to after the addressed line the standard output of! command, ( see! command below ). the default filename is unchanged. the current address is set to the last line read. (.,. ) s / re / replacement / (.,. ) s / re / replacement / g (.,. ) s / re / replacement / n replaces text in the addressed lines matching a regular expression re with replacement. by default, only the first match in each line is replaced. if the g ( global ) suffix is given, then every match is replaced. the n suffix, where n is a positive number, causes only the nth match to be replaced. it is an error if no substitutions are performed on any of the addressed lines. the current address is set the last line affected. re and replacement may be delimited by any character other than space and newline ( see the s command below ). if one or two of the last delimiters is omitted, then the last line affected is printed as though the print suffix p were specified. an unescaped ' & ' in replacement is replaced by the currently matched text. the character sequence \\ m, where m is a number in the range [ 1, 9 ], is replaced by the mth backreference expression of the matched text. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46992671397691754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6fe919e-0296-4122-a9c3-bbd03ea433f8>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.710346"}
{"text": ". ( 1, $ ) w! command writes the addressed lines to the standard input of! command, ( see! command below ). the default filename and current address are un - changed. ( 1, $ ) w file appends the addressed lines to the end of file. this is similar to the w command, except that the previous contents of file are not clobbered. the current address is unchanged. x prompts for an encryption key which is used in subsequent reads and writes. if a newline alone is entered as the key, then encryption is turned off. otherwise, echoing is disabled while a key is read. encryption / decryption is done using the bdes ( 1 ) algorithm. (. + 1 ) zn scrolls n lines at a time starting at addressed line. if n is not specified, then the current window size is used. the current ad - dress is set to the last line printed. ( $ ) = prints the line number of the addressed line. (. + 1 ) newline prints the addressed line, and sets the current address to that line.! command executes command via sh ( 1 ). if the first character of command is '! ', then it is replaced by text of the previous! command. ed does not process command for ' \\ ' ( backslash ) escapes. however, an unes - caped ' % ' is replaced by the default filename. when the shell re - turns from execution, a '! ' is printed to the standard output. the current line is unchanged. / tmp / ed. * buffer file ed. hup where ed attempts to write the buffer if the terminal hangs up the ed utility exits 0 on success, and > 0 if an error occurs. when an error occurs, ed prints a '? ' and either returns to command mode or exits if its input is from a script. an explanation of the last error can be printed with the h ( help ) command. since the g ( global ) command masks any errors from failed searches and substitutions, it can be used to perform conditional operations in scripts ; e. g., g / old / s / / new / replaces any occurrences of \" old \" with \" new \". if the u ( undo ) command occurs in a global command list, then the command list is executed only once. if diagnostics are not disabled, attempting to quit ed or edit another file before writing a modified buffer results in an error. if the command is entered a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5147565658130207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6fe919e-0296-4122-a9c3-bbd03ea433f8>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.715754"}
{"text": "undo ) command occurs in a global command list, then the command list is executed only once. if diagnostics are not disabled, attempting to quit ed or edit another file before writing a modified buffer results in an error. if the command is entered a second time, it succeeds, but any changes to the buffer are lost. bdes ( 1 ), sed ( 1 ), sh ( 1 ), vi ( 1 ), re _ format ( 7 ) \" a tutorial introduction to the unix text editor \", / usr / share / doc / usd / 09. edtut /. \" advanced editing on unix \", / usr / share / doc / usd / 10. edadv /. b. w. kernighan and p. j. plauger, software tools in pascal, 1981, addison - wesley. the ed utility is compliant with the ieee std 1003. 1 - 2008 ( \" posix \" ) specification. the flag [ - x ] as well as the commands w, x, and z are extensions to that specification. an ed command appeared in version 1 at & t unix. ed processes file arguments for backslash escapes, i. e., in a filename, any characters preceded by a backslash ( ' \\ ' ) are interpreted literally. if a text ( non - binary ) file is not terminated by a newline character, then ed appends one on reading / writing it. in the case of a binary file, ed does not append a newline on reading / writing. miros bsd # 10 - current april 9, 2011 6 generated on 2013 - 04 - 27 00 : 20 : 00 by $ miros : src / scripts / roff2htm, v 1. 77 2013 / 01 / 01 20 : 49 : 09 tg exp $ these manual pages and other documentation are copyrighted by their respective writers ; their source is available at our cvsweb, anoncvs, and other mirrors. the rest is copyright \u00a9 2002 \u2012 2013 the miros project, germany. this product includes material provided by thorsten glaser. this manual page \u2019 s html representation is supposed to be valid xhtml / 1. 1 ; if not, please send a bug report \u2013 diffs preferred.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5050050010329865, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6fe919e-0296-4122-a9c3-bbd03ea433f8>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.717845"}
{"text": "ginger has been used as both seasoning and medicine for over 50 years. during the middle ages, it was used against the plague. today, it is used for ailments that run from simple colds and sniffles to rheumatoid arthritis. its effectiveness against headaches has been documented. taken at the first sign of migraine, ginger can reduce the symptoms and severity of headaches by blocking prostaglandins, the chemicals that cause inflammation in blood vessels in the brain. this anti - inflammatory activity in ginger can shorten the discomfort of headaches, colds and flu. ginger blocks the production of substances that cause bronchial congestion and stuffiness. its main compounds, gingerols, are natural cough suppressants. it works as well to reduce joint swellings in people who suffer from rheumatoid arthritis. a recent study found that ginger eased the symptoms in 55 percent of people with osteoarthritis and 74 percent of those with rheumatoid arthritis. considering the health implications of drugs like vioxx and celebrex, ginger seems a much safer and more cost - effective alternative. ginger works like aspirin to thin the blood. a study involving danish women between the ages of 25 to 65 years, one group of whom consumed 70 grams of raw onion daily while a second group consumed 5 grams of ginger daily for one week, showed unequivocally the benefits of ginger. when the researchers tested both groups of women, they found that ginger, more clearly than onion, reduced thromboxane production by almost 60 percent. thromboxane compounds stimulate the clumping of blood platelets and the constricting of blood vessels. by dissolving the clumping quality of blood platelets, ginger reduces blood clots and the risk of heart attacks and strokes. ginger can also relieve menstrual cramps. chemical compounds in ginger act as anti - spasmodics inhibiting painful contractions of both smooth muscles of the digestive tract and the uterus. garlic is no less powerful. the restorative powers of garlic have been known to the ancient egyptians who gave garlic to slaves constructing the pyramids in order to increase their efficiency and stamina. garlic, like ginger, reduces the tendency of blood to clot. garlic improves blood flow throughout the body, not just in the coronary arteries. it acts as a vasodilator by causing blood vessels to expand and blood pressure to drop. researchers at the garlic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4404550390228972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b084f68-a094-4c13-a937-a41f48d08fd9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.745249"}
{"text": "reduces the tendency of blood to clot. garlic improves blood flow throughout the body, not just in the coronary arteries. it acts as a vasodilator by causing blood vessels to expand and blood pressure to drop. researchers at the garlic research bureau in suffolk, england, recently reported that \u201c even small amounts of garlic, say 3 or 4 grams, will have a pronounced effect on fibrinolytic ( breaking down of blood clots ) activity in doses from 25 grams ( 10 cloves ) to 50 grams. garlic seems to be highly effective in promoting beneficial changes in blood fat composition and platelet adhesiveness. \u201d garlic also lowers cholesterol, tryglycerides and ldl cholesterol levels while also increasing the beneficial cholesterol hdl. garlic also has anti - tumor properties. garlic oil inhibits enzymes that curtail the production of protaglandins ( many cancers are prostaglandin dependent ). research in china also shows an inverse relationship between the incidence of stomach cancer and garlic intake. studies even suggest that garlic may lower the risk of colon cancer by 35 percent and stomach cancer by as much as 50 percent. garlic inhibits the formation of nitrites, chemicals that could trigger stomach cancer. there is also laboratory evidence that garlic can shrink cancers of the breast, skin and lungs. finally, the essential oils in garlic are excreted through the lungs, which means that it is particularly effective for clearing respiratory ailments. research papers and references - \u201c characterization of food antioxidants, illustrated using commercial garlic and ginger preparations \u201d by okezie i. aruoma, jeremy p. e. spencera, donna warrena, peter jennera, john butlerb, barry halliwella in food chemistry volume 60, issue 2, october 1997, pages 149 - 156 antioxidants in food. abstract : www. sciencedirect. com / science / article / pii / s0308814695002545 - \u201c intake of garlic and its bioactive components \u201d by harunobu amagase, brenda l. petesch, hiromichi matsuura, shigeo kasuga and yoichi itakura. journal of nutrition. 2001 ; 131 : 955s - 962s. abstract : http : / / jn. nutrition. org / content / 131 / 3 / 955s. short - \u201c traditional indian spices and their health significance \u201d by kamala krishnasw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4639710402528076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b084f68-a094-4c13-a937-a41f48d08fd9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.746469"}
{"text": "; 131 : 955s - 962s. abstract : http : / / jn. nutrition. org / content / 131 / 3 / 955s. short - \u201c traditional indian spices and their health significance \u201d by kamala krishnaswamy. asia pac j clin nutr 2008 ; 17 ( s1 ) : 265 - 268. full article : http : / / apjcn. nhri. org. tw / server / apjcn / volume17 / vol17suppl. 1 / 265 - 268s15 - 2. pdf - \u201c changes in platelet function and susceptibility of lipoproteins to oxidation associated with administration of aged garlic extract \u201d by steiner, m. ; lin, r. s. in journal of cardiovascular pharmacology : june 1998 \u2013 volume 31 \u2013 issue 6 \u2013 pp 904 - 908. abstract : http : / / journals. lww. com / cardiovascularpharm / abstract / 1998 / 06000 / changes _ in _ platelet _ function _ and _ susceptibility _ of. 14. aspx - \u201c health - promoting properties of common herbs \u201d by winston j craig in american journal of clinical nutrition, vol. 70, no. 3, 491s - 499s, september 1999. abstract : http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pubmed / 10479221", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.505605338283368, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b084f68-a094-4c13-a937-a41f48d08fd9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.746983"}
{"text": "motorcycle history : part 2 in the first part of this series, we discussed the multiple paths taken by the self - propelled bicycle through the 1800s on its two - wheeled way to becoming a recognized motorcycle powered by gasoline fed, internal - combustion engines. here we sample the frantic pace of development as the 19th rumbles into the 20th century, as engines and chassis benefit from milestone - making innovations. 1899 orient : america \u2019 s first production motorcycle fans of the original indian motorcycle often like to remind their harley buddies that their springfield splendor preceded production of the milwaukee marvel by two years ; indian first appeared in 1901, harley - davidson in 1903. but both indian and harley were upstaged in the history books ( generally unread, it appears ), by a massachusetts bicycle concern called the waltham manufacturing company founded in 1893 by one charles h. metz. the name of his machine, and rightful heir to the title \u201c first usa production motorcycle \u201d was the orient - aster, better known simply as the orient. the aster relates to the machine \u2019 s french - built engine, a copy of the ubiquitous dedion - bouton. its history is traceable back to those so - called \u201c safety bicycles. \u201d one of the early such designs was produced by charles h. metz, apparently a rocket scientist on wheels, who conjured up the \u201c orient \u201d bicycle, apparently a very hot seller. motivation for attaching an internal combustion engine to a bicycle came about when metz wanted a means by which to train his bicycle racing team. metz constructed a tandem pacer bicycle with the pilot sitting up front, the rear passenger operating the dedion - bouton engine housed in the rear section, then put it to work on the waltham bicycle training track intent of giving his team something to shoot for. the idea worked, the orient bicycle team gaining victory after victory, which naturally translated to increased bicycle sales for the company. a light bulb went off in metz \u2019 s head. it occurred to metz that a self - propelled vehicle, minus the sweat of the brow propulsion, might interest the buying public, and his pacer motorcycle was the bridge between the two worlds. in 1898 he had tinkered up various tricycle and quadracycle versions, eventually focusing on a heavy - duty version of his production bicycle into which he stuffed the aster / dedion - bouton engine. apparently it wasn \u2019 t the best handling contraption, but it moved under its own power, and several prototypes were seen trundling around the waltham bicycle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43049211688384403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea473696-80bf-4822-95a9-fd7ec34d8640>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.774629"}
{"text": "his production bicycle into which he stuffed the aster / dedion - bouton engine. apparently it wasn \u2019 t the best handling contraption, but it moved under its own power, and several prototypes were seen trundling around the waltham bicycle track. a big believer in advertising, metz launched a media blitz of his day and made history when his 1899 catalog listed his pace machines as \u201c orient motor - cycles \u201d apparently the first published catalog usage of the term motorcycle. previously the ads and literature of the day had referred to them as motor - bicycles, so metz can also be one of several credited with officially coining the name \u201c motorcycle. \u201d the official public debut took place on july 31, 1900 when metz launched his invention at the charles river race park in boston which also happened to be the occasion for the first officially recorded motorcycle speed contest in the united states. the orient won. about a year later, in may 1901, the orient appeared in the winner \u2019 s circle again, this time venturing to the first west coast bike race which took place at a one - mile los angeles horse track. the factory rider was ralph hamlin who pied - pipered three other riders across the finish line, the 10 - lap race completed in 18. 5 minutes which factors out to be about 32 mph. the orient would go on to establish the american record for the mile at one minute and ten seconds. as a result of these much publicized successes, orients were soon being piloted around by adventuresome riders in many major u. s. cities. so confident was metz in his new motorcycle that he said good - bye to the waltham co. and opened his own business behind the woolworth store at whitney ave. and moody st. he was going to build his own motorcycles. sticker shock circa 1902 : $ 250 the orient motorcycle was relatively expensive at an msrp of $ 250, quite a lump sum more than a century ago. what you got was a 2 - hp gasoline engine that carried about five quarts of fuel, good enough to take you 100 miles, again a fair piece at the turn of the century, especially considering the quality of the roads. about four years later, metz introduced a two - cylinder version that doubled the horsepower of the single to 4. 0. at this point metz teamed up with the marsh co. of brockton, ma, the merger producing the high quality marsh - metz motorcycle appearing in 1908. the marsh brothers, w. t. and a. r., had first built their 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4235244411990188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea473696-80bf-4822-95a9-fd7ec34d8640>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.777637"}
{"text": "at this point metz teamed up with the marsh co. of brockton, ma, the merger producing the high quality marsh - metz motorcycle appearing in 1908. the marsh brothers, w. t. and a. r., had first built their 1 - hp single - cylinder bike in 1899 as the marsh motor bicycle. by 1902 they had built a 6 - hp belt - drive racer that could reach 60 mph. after the merger to form the american motor company, the motorcycles bore the name marsh & metz or m. m. and would mark another milestone when it produced the first 90 - degree v - twin in the u. s. marsh and metz also sold engines to other builders such as peerless, arrow and haverford, but by 1913 the company was no more, charles metz switching gears to automobiles. 1903 - first u. s. transcontinental bike ride the short - lived \u201c california \u201d was built by the california motor company of san francisco. it was founded in 1901 and made history in both the short run and the long run. in 1903 a benchmark in motorcycling history was accomplished aboard a 90cc california piloted by an intrepid fellow by the name george wyman when he became the first motorcyclist to make a transcontinental trip across america. make that the first ever to make the trip by means of any kind of motorized vehicle. starting in san francisco, he traveled over 3800 miles on his spindly 1. 25 - hp machine over non - existent roads. he arrived at new york city 50 days later, missing 1903 \u2019 s fourth of july by just two days. his hands were wrapped in bandages and he had to pedal the motorcycle the final 150 miles! newspapers and magazines of the day gave extensive coverage to the event, putting the name of the company, george and the state of california in the public \u2019 s eye. the california eventually morphed into the yale motorcycle after the original company was bought by the consolidate manufacturing co. of toledo. the first yale - badged bikes appeared in 1909, by then having grown to 3. 5 hp. considered a gentleman \u2019 s machine, with a stalwart reputation for reliability, the yale came appointed in elegant gray accentuated by polished nickel hardware. fuel is carried in the distinctive cylinder slung under the top frame member, while the large canister set astride the handlebar contained acetylene for powering the headlamp designed to light the way on a dark night \u2019 s ride. starting was via pedaling with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37985505589083146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea473696-80bf-4822-95a9-fd7ec34d8640>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.779670"}
{"text": "distinctive cylinder slung under the top frame member, while the large canister set astride the handlebar contained acetylene for powering the headlamp designed to light the way on a dark night \u2019 s ride. starting was via pedaling with the rear wheel up on its centerstand, while belt - drive propelled the bike. the \u201c 4p \u201d emblazoned on the gas tank along with the yale logo stood for the rated horsepower, sufficient for a well - mannered 45 mph. the yale became of the more successful of the early independent motorcycle manufacturers, the main factor being that the company was better capitalized than most other bike builders of the day. as a result they were able continue with their single - cylinder machines and also develop a v - twin model. the company was in production until 1915 when it switched to building more profitable products for wwi. 1905 \u2013 some 28, 000 motorcycles are officially registered in england. motorcycle sales are starting to boom, although several busts fell among the hundreds of motorcycle companies that came and went. 1905 also saw the debut of the world \u2019 s first v - twin, the 2300cc czech - designed laurin & klement ccr. 1907 \u2013 the fastest man in the world : glenn h. curtiss \u201c bullets are the only rivals of glenn h. curtiss of hammondsport. \" - 1907 newspaper headline on january 24, 1907, glenn curtiss roared across ormond beach on the east coast of florida at 136. 3 mph to set a land - speed record that would stand for 11 years \u2013 and then only surpassed by an automobile. it would not be until 1930 that a motorcycle would best his feat of daring - do and mechanical design. curtiss is a true american hero and a larger - than - life personality whose exploits would even inspire a popular series of youth books \" the adventures of tom swift \" penned by victor appleton. and yes, there was one volume circa 1910 titled \u201c tom swift and his motor - cycle or fun and adventures on the road. \u201d curtiss was always looking for new adventures on or off the road, whether in cars, boats or airplanes. back in 1907, the 29 - year old curtiss had already invented or developed many of the more than 500 designs and components he would conjure up during his lifetime, including a hand in the development of the wright brothers first airplane and additional aeronautical experiments in partnership with alexander graham bell that included developing and patenting the aircraft aileron now universally intrinsic to controlled flight. whether it was propeller - powered or rolled on wheels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4426773217337797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea473696-80bf-4822-95a9-fd7ec34d8640>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.781611"}
{"text": "including a hand in the development of the wright brothers first airplane and additional aeronautical experiments in partnership with alexander graham bell that included developing and patenting the aircraft aileron now universally intrinsic to controlled flight. whether it was propeller - powered or rolled on wheels, curtiss was always pushing the envelope. while his lasting fame would rest with aircraft, it all began with motorcycles. as a result of his experience as a bicycle racer, western union bicycle messenger and bicycle shop owner curtiss became interested in motorcycles. in 1901 he began motorizing bicycles with his own single - cylinder internal combustion engines, initially fashioned from tomato cans. he not only talked the talk, he walked the walk, racing what he built and earning the accolade in 1903 as the \u201c first american motorcycle champion \u201d by reaching 54. 6 mph. by 1905, he set the world speed records for one -, two - and three - mile events. besides piloting his speedsters, he also tinkered out a number of advancements, including the handlebar twistgrip throttle control. his new record - breaking bike came into existence due to the ever increasing demand for more powerful aircraft engines for the burgeoning production of early 20th - century flying machines. the bike was basically a rolling, but not quite flying, test bed for the new curtiss 40 - hp \u201c monster \u201d motor. the configuration was based on a very square 3. 25 x 3. 25 inch bore and stroke that displaced a potent 269 cubic inches. while his preceding engines were primarily single cylinder and 50 - degree v - twins, curtis went to a 90 - degree design featuring cast - iron f - type heads as utilized on his smaller displacement powerplants. moreover, it dispensed with head gaskets thanks to the quality of its design and manufacture. inside the massive hunk of metal lurked a solid billet steel crank, while internal lubrication was handled via a dry sump and random splash system. under the valve covers, inlet valves were activated by atmospheric pressure while pushrods actuated the exhaust valves. fed by twin carbs, also curtiss designs, the throttle cables were hidden inside the handlebars. the electrical system relied upon jump - spark ignition energized by dry - cell batteries. while it looked ungainly with its 4000cc engine suspended in what was a heavily beefed up bicycle frame with a 64 - inch wheelbase, the overall design benefited from a power to weight ratio ( one hp per 6. 8 pounds ) that was advanced by any standard, especially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41855259853887294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea473696-80bf-4822-95a9-fd7ec34d8640>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.788034"}
{"text": "with its 4000cc engine suspended in what was a heavily beefed up bicycle frame with a 64 - inch wheelbase, the overall design benefited from a power to weight ratio ( one hp per 6. 8 pounds ) that was advanced by any standard, especially by those of 1907. the bike supposedly tipped the scales at merely 275 lbs. the four - mile course at ormond beach was divided into a two - mile section for reaching top speed, a third mile for timing purposes, and last but not least, a \u201c slow down and stop \u201d mile. as the bike was shaft - driven with no clutch and but one tall gear, it was an all or nothing proposition. one kept twisting the throttle and let the speed build while the screaming unmuffled pipes scattered sea birds for miles. as the curtiss museum director comments, \u201c it must have sounded like the wrath of god! \u201d curtis was clocked at 136. 3 mph in the timed section of the course. he would be the first man to travel one mile in 25. 25 seconds, a feat of mechanical design and personal courage that earned him the title of the fastest man on earth. armchair pundits of the day reportedly snorted with disbelief, espousing their firm belief that is was a hoax or fable since no mortal man could breathe at the reported speed. it would be the v8 \u2019 s one and only day in the sun, the only time glenn curtiss would take it up to speed. but once was enough. if you want to see the real mccoy, you \u2019 ll find it at the new smithsonian steven f. udvar - hazy center located adjacent to the dulles international airport in chantilly, va ( http : / / www. nasm. si. edu / ). 1908 indian \u201c camelback \u201d the year 1908 was a time of prodigious american achievements that would reshape the world. henry ford rolled out the first model t, aka the \u201c tin lizzy, \u201d opening the door and roadways to millions with an affordable automobile. in the same year his competition, a company called general motors, was also founded. but whether four wheels or two, the roads traveled by either car or motorcycle were an endurance challenge for machine and passengers. the indian motorcycle co. of springfield, massachusetts, endeavored to smooth out the rough ride with a cartridge - spring front fork for its 213cc single - cylinder - powered machine. another major improvement over previous models included twist grips that could now control both the throttle and the spark advance / retard,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4004085184049907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea473696-80bf-4822-95a9-fd7ec34d8640>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.789741"}
{"text": "offered to the public in 1908. it is estimated that only 20 of the first edition of the camelback still exist today. 1910 \u2013 more than 86, 414 british bike riders have registered their machines. by this year 31 u. s. motorcycle companies are in still in production, although several have fallen by the wayside the flying merkel in 1911, the u. s. - built flying merkel came in both race and street trim. the touring version was one of the first motorcycles to employ suspension beyond just seat springs and rubber tires. a monoshock system mounted beneath the seat supported the rear wheel, while twin springs suspended the front fork. the advanced suspension design reportedly produced the addition of \" flying \u201d term to the merkel name, while others say it was its speed and performance that left its competitors literally in the dust. 1911 pierce - the four - cylinder luxury motorcycle pierce had become in 1909 the first american motorcycle offering a four - cylinder engine. the company was at the leading edge in all things with wheels, including bicycles, cars and motorcycles. the company \u2019 s guiding force, george n. pierce, started all the wheels rolling as the founder of both the great arrow motor car company and the pierce cycle company, both enterprises located in buffalo, new york. pierce - arrow automobiles were the acknowledged \u201c prestige cars \u201d circa 1901 - 38. but it was george \u2019 s son, percy, who steered the company toward motorcycles after he was given charge of the company \u2019 s bicycle activities in 1908. it seems that percy had a been bitten by the bike bug after a trip overseas to belgium where he encountered the now famous fn four - cylinder machine designed by paul kelecom. so impressed, in fact, that percy purchased one and brought it home to buffalo and went on to develop the pierce line of fine motorcycles in keeping with the reputation for fine motor cars. the introduction of the pierce four engine design in 1909 literally astounded the american motorcyclist of the day, as it was that much of a \u201c quantum \u201d leap over the standard single - and twin - cylinder fare available. while the pierce did appear to be a clone of the belgian fn, it differed from the fn \u2019 s intake - over - exhaust design in several ways. instead of using a side - valve arrangement with intake valves on one side of the engine and exhaust found on other, the pierce used a two - cam system that took on the name \u201c t - head. \u201d the 696cc engine was used as a stressed member of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3886468442767082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea473696-80bf-4822-95a9-fd7ec34d8640>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.799273"}
{"text": "side - valve arrangement with intake valves on one side of the engine and exhaust found on other, the pierce used a two - cam system that took on the name \u201c t - head. \u201d the 696cc engine was used as a stressed member of the chassis, and its four cylinders and 7 horsepower could vault it to a heady 55 mph. its shaft - driven rear wheel was the first such final - drive application in an american motorcycle. early models were direct drive, but by 1910 it was available with a clutch and two - speed transmission. the sophisticated lines of the elegantly designed machine can be attributed to the 3. 5 inch diameter, 18 - gauge steel frame tubes that were internally copper plated. the upper and rear frame tubes could hold seven quarts of fuel while the front downtube carried five pints of oil. the pierce, later available with a 592cc single - cylinder engine, was described as \u201c the vibrationless motorcycle, \u201d with exports to 14 different countries. but the expensive - to - produce machines weren \u2019 t profitably to build, and by 1913, pierce ceased its motorcycle operations. 1912 henderson four cylinder \u2013 elegance in motion or at rest detroit - based tom and william henderson had started building their four - cylinder machines in 1912. four individually cast cylinders were mated to an aluminum crankcase on three main bearings, producing a purported 7 horsepower via 965cc and good for a claimed 55 - mph top speed in 1913. it was uprated in 1914 to 1065cc and 8 hp. instead of pedal start, standard for the day, the design employed a car - style crankshaft, the very nature of the inline - four imparting an automotive aura to the long wheel - based machine that exuded elegance, refinement and grace of movement. it offered the rider the smooth transmission of power, fine handling and easily controllable operation. it would establish a benchmark for others to follow. from 1912 - 1916 the henderson four round tank, long wheelbase was produced in a variety of configurations, but the 1912 and 1913 garner the most favor. while the early machines are single speed and do not have transmissions, they did feature a small clutch on the motor sprocket chain drive. a two - speed transmission became available in 1914. other features included a rear band brake, rear - mounted tool box, dual brake pedals and interesting footboards. in a not so hostile takeover, bicycle mogul ignaz schwinn acquired the vaunted excelsior company in 1911 and then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44206744379589735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea473696-80bf-4822-95a9-fd7ec34d8640>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.807691"}
{"text": "included a rear band brake, rear - mounted tool box, dual brake pedals and interesting footboards. in a not so hostile takeover, bicycle mogul ignaz schwinn acquired the vaunted excelsior company in 1911 and then in 1917 acquired another \" trophy \" company in the form of the henderson motorcycle co., purveyors of the now iconic henderson four seen here. it is estimated that less than half a dozen 1913 henderson fours have appeared worldwide over the past two decades. 1913 \u2013 bike registrations in england have jumped to 180, 000, adding nearly 100, 000 riders over the previous three years. 1914 \u2013 cyclone whips up on the competition for a brief but brilliant moment, the american - made cyclone was in the spotlight, its prowess earning it praise as \u201c the most feared competition machine of the era. \u201d its first appearance took place in early 1914 at a california dirt tracks facing off against the top dogs of the day, harleys and the new indian 8 - valve racer that was also making its first showing at the tracks. when the checkered flag fell, it had vanquished all that came up against, reaching speeds of 105 mph. it even set a record when racing and winning against the reigning king of speed, barney oldfield driving his then - famous 300 - hp racecar. just as suddenly as its star had risen, the cyclone faded from the race tracks, the company falling into financial hard times and folding altogether in 1915. cyclones in private hands continued to appear in events for several years, as late as 1922, cyclone motorcycles were banned from many competitions because \u201c they were too fast for the tracks. \u201d or too fast for the other manufacturers still in the business of selling motorcycles to the public? the war years on a sunny sunday, june 28, 1914, two pistol shots fired in the streets of sarajevo, bosnia by a 19 - year old would change the world forever. empires would fall away and the machine age would catapult warfare into a catastrophic new dimension as europe and eventually the u. s. would be embroiled in the \u201c war to end all wars. \u201d this was an international upheaval that would dramatically affect the world ' s motorcycle industry, as civilian production was diverted to the demands of the military on all fronts, but which would eventually \u201c trickle \u201d down in the post - war years to benefit the consumer, both on the street and on the track. motorcycle history : part 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4199411784506693, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea473696-80bf-4822-95a9-fd7ec34d8640>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.813827"}
{"text": "press release from mars hill college mars hill college will host a program on monday, march 4, which will explore the usda \u2019 s forest service forwarn system, a set of satellite - based forest assessment tools for examining threats for healthy forests. the program, titled \" forwarn : a forest disturbance change detection system to aid forest managers, \" will take place at 7 pm in room 135 of the ferguson math and science center. it will be led by dr. bill hargrove, research ecologist with the usda \u2019 s forest service eastern forest environmental threat assessment center. the event is free and open to the public since 2006, dr. hargrove has worked at the efetac, on a satellite - based forest disturbance monitoring system for the contiguous united states. the system delivers new forest change images every eight days and provides tools for attributing abnormalities to insects, disease, wildfire, storms, human development or unusual weather. according to dr. scott pearson, professor of biology at mars hill college, healthy forests are important because they provide clean water, timber products, and recreational opportunities. \u201c dr. hargrove and his collaborators at efetac have developed forwarn, an innovative system to monitor the health of forest ecosystems nationwide, \u201d he said. \u201c this system can alert scientists and the general public to changes due to insects outbreaks, fires, weather events, and human activities. forwarn integrates satellite data, gis mapping, and multivariate statistics to create accurate, up - to - date maps of these threats. his talk will give students and the public insight into how creative scientists can harness the power of data and complementary technologies to address a practical problem. \u201d this program will also serve as the topic for the march meeting of sigma xi, a scientific research society of scientists and engineers based at unc asheville, warren wilson college, brevard college, and mars hill college. mars hill college is a private, liberal arts institution offering over 30 baccalaureate degrees and one graduate degree in elementary education. founded in 1856 by baptist families of the region, the campus is located just 20 minutes north of asheville in the mountains of western north carolina. www. mhc. edu 1 - 866 - mhc - 4 - you. read the full article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4678225806590186, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2957eda2-f60b-4bea-b89b-d239a3f5e53b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.824510"}
{"text": "in superinfection, an individual already infected with the hepatitis b virus becomes infected with hepatitis d virus. this might occur in a drug user who already has chronic hepatitis b and continues to inject drugs. superinfection with the hepatitis d virus may be associated with a sudden worsening of liver disease and symptoms such as jaundice. the blood alt and ast activities may become more elevated. individuals with chronic hepatitis b who are superinfected with hepatitis d virus usually become chronically infected with hepatitis d virus, too. the risk of developing cirrhosis is greater in individuals chronically infected with both the hepatitis b and hepatitis d viruses compared to those infected with hepatitis b virus alone. as many as 80 percent of individuals chronically infected with both of these viruses may ultimately develop cirrhosis. more information on multaq and liver damage the hepatitis d virus is transmitted in ways similar to the hepatitis b virus. one mode of transmission is intravenous drug use. transmission from multiple blood transfusions is also possible, but screening of the blood supply for hepatitis b virus eliminates the hepatitis d virus. sexual transmission of the hepatitis d virus is less efficient than for the hepatitis b virus. although hepatitis d virus can be transmitted from mothers to their newborn babies, transmission by this route is rare. the global distribution of hepatitis d virus infection is similar to that for hepatitis b virus. in some parts of the world, such as southern italy and russia, hepatitis d virus infection is fairly common among individuals chronically infected with hepatitis b. it is found in about 20 percent of so - called chronic carriers and in as many as 60 percent of individuals with clinical hepatitis caused by hepatitis b virus. in northern italy, spain, and egypt, about 10 percent of asymptomatic chronic carriers infected with hepatitis b and about 30 to 50 percent of symptomatic patients with hepatitis b are infected with the hepatitis d virus. in most of china and other parts of southeast asia where the prevalence of chronic hepatitis b virus infection approaches 10 percent of the entire population, hepatitis d virus infection is rare. information from other sources on multaq and liver damage diagnosis of hepatitis d virus infection is determined by blood testing. in acute co - infection, igm and igg antibodies to hepatitis d virus are detectable during the course of infection. igm antibodies will be detected earlier after acute infection and igg later or while the patient is recovering. igg antibody concentrations in blood generally fall to levels that cannot be detected after the acute infection resolve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47152235422701677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2344a63b-9f78-41bd-b1a4-48563ca12260>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.856427"}
{"text": "virus are detectable during the course of infection. igm antibodies will be detected earlier after acute infection and igg later or while the patient is recovering. igg antibody concentrations in blood generally fall to levels that cannot be detected after the acute infection resolves. there is no reliable marker that persists to indicate past infection with hepatitis d virus. in hepatitis d virus superinfection, high levels of both igxvi and igg antibodies against the hepatitis d virus become detectable after infection. both igm and igg antibodies persist in serum as long as the patient remains infected. hepatitis d virus co - infection often is not diagnosed. in cases in which acute hepatitis b is not too severe, the doctor will not search for hepatitis d co - infection. if liver disease is unusually severe in a highrisk individual, testing for antibodies against hepatitis d virus may be performed and the diagnosis of acute co - infection made. in chronic hepatitis d, which occurs usually as superinfection, the presence of igg antibodies in blood against hepatitis d virus, in a patient with detectable blood hbsag, establishes the diagnosis. testing will usually be performed in a patient with known chronic hepatitis b whose condition deteriorates. our use of the term or terms multaq and liver damage is for descriptive purposes only. there is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. our use of the words recall, class action lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. refer to the website of the united states food and drug administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. if a class action lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the class action is formed. a class action lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post. to keep up to date on multaq and liver damage visit our site often.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48379178742825063, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2344a63b-9f78-41bd-b1a4-48563ca12260>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.859249"}
{"text": "there are different types of power of attorney. the greatest need for a power of attorney is made in anticipation of a medical emergency or disability. that is, if you are in an accident, or suffer a disease or disorder that may leave you unable to articulate your own wishes, a medical power of attorney form allows you to choose in advance who will represent your interests, and can impose upon them the restrictions you wish. you may wish to make clear, for example, that the person is not authorized to override your \u201c living will \u201d, a document which limits the right of doctors and hospitals to resuscitate you or to utilize invasive life support to keep you alive. a medical power of attorney is a document, signed by a competent adult, i. e., \u201c principal, \u201d designating a person that the principal trusts to make health care decisions on the principal \u2019 s behalf should the principal be unable to make such decisions. the individual chosen to act on the principal \u2019 s behalf is referred to as an \u201c agent. \u201d the agent should be knowledgeable about your wishes, values, and religious beliefs, and in whom you have trust and confidence. in the event your agent does not know of your wishes, that agent should be willing to make health care decisions based upon your best interests. the person must be 18 years of age or older or a person under 18 years of age who has been legally emancipated. an agent may make health care decisions on your behalf only if your attending physician certifies in writing that you are incompetent. treatment may not be given to or withheld from you if you object. this is true whether or not you are incompetent. under a medical power of attorney, an agent is given wide latitude when consenting to treatment on your behalf. however, an agent cannot consent to : - commitment to a mental institution - convulsive treatment - neglect of comfort care and in the medical power of attorney document itself, you may limit the agent \u2019 s decision - making authority. the medical power of attorney is not legally effective unless you sign a disclosure statement that you have read and understood the contents of the medical power of attorney before signing the medical power of attorney itself. if you do not have a medical power of attorney, in the event of incapacity your loved ones may be forced to seek a court order to appoint somebody, usually called a \u201c guardian \u201d, who will be authorized to oversee your medical care, where you receive your care, and to enforce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40736179608582873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8325bdef-33ed-4cde-9257-a5e32225140b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.890775"}
{"text": "attorney, in the event of incapacity your loved ones may be forced to seek a court order to appoint somebody, usually called a \u201c guardian \u201d, who will be authorized to oversee your medical care, where you receive your care, and to enforce your wishes in relation to your care. although you are not required to designate an alternate agent, you may do so. the alternate agent ( s ) may make the same health care decisions as the designated agent if the designated agent is unable or unwilling to act. anyone may act as an agent other than the following : - the principal \u2019 s health care provider - an employee of the health care provider unless the person is a relative of the principal - the principal \u2019 s residential care provider - an employee of the principal \u2019 s residential care provider unless the person is the principal \u2019 s relative the medical power of attorney is broader in scope than other power of attorneys and includes all health care decisions with only a few exceptions. the medical power of attorney does not require that you be in a terminal or irreversible condition before your agent can make health care decisions on your behalf. a lawyer is not necessary in order to execute a medical power of attorney. the agent may, in the course of making a health care decision : - request, review, and receive information about your physical or mental health, including medical and hospital records - execute a release required to obtain the information - consent to the disclosure of the information your agent \u2019 s authority begins when your doctor certifies that you lack the competence to make health care decisions. your agent is obligated to follow your instructions when making decisions on your behalf. unless you state otherwise, your agent has the same authority to make decisions about your health care as you would have had. it is important that you discuss this document with your physician or other health care provider before you sign it to ensure that you understand the nature and range of decisions that may be made on your except to the extent you state otherwise, this document gives the person you name as your agent the authority to make any and all health care decisions for you in accordance with your wishes, including your religious and moral beliefs, when you are no longer capable of making them yourself. because \u201c health care \u201d means any treatment, service, or procedure to maintain, diagnose, or treat your physical or mental condition, your agent has the power to make a broad range of health care decisions for you. your agent may consent, refuse to consent, or withdraw consent to medical treatment and may make decisions about withdrawing or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4209344629935205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8325bdef-33ed-4cde-9257-a5e32225140b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.903151"}
{"text": "##gnose, or treat your physical or mental condition, your agent has the power to make a broad range of health care decisions for you. your agent may consent, refuse to consent, or withdraw consent to medical treatment and may make decisions about withdrawing or withholding life - sustaining treatment. your agent may not consent to voluntary inpatient mental health services, convulsive treatment, psychosurgery, or abortion. a physician must comply with your agent \u2019 s instructions or allow you to be transferred to another physician. even after you have signed this document, you have the right to make health care decisions for yourself as long as you are able to do so. in such case, treatment cannot be given to you or stopped over your objection. this document may not be changed or modified. if you want to make changes in the document, you must create an entirely new one. a medical power of attorney may be revoked by notifying either the agent or your health care provider orally or in writing, of your intent to revoke. this revocation will occur regardless of your capacity to make health care decisions. further, if you execute a later medical power of attorney, then all prior ones are revoked. if you designate your spouse to be the agent, then a later divorce revokes the medical power of attorney. as long as you remain competent to manage your own legal affairs, you may terminate any power of attorney that you have previously executed. to the extent possible, you should collect and destroy the original powers of attorney and any copies, so as to avoid confusion or misrepresentation at a later date.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4296094065379056, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8325bdef-33ed-4cde-9257-a5e32225140b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.904681"}
{"text": "auroras invade the us earth ' s magnetic field is still reverberating from a cme strike on march 10, 2011 which resulted in a g1 - class geomagnetic storm. northern lights have rippling over the us - canadian border into states such as wisconsin, minnesota, and michigan. solar wind conditions favor more geomagnetic storming in the hours ahead. sky watchers, including those in the continental united states, should remain alert for auroras. 03. 10. 11 - another x - class solar flare and a cme march 9th ended with a powerful solar flare. earth - orbiting satellites detected an x1. 5 - class explosion from behemoth sunspot 1166 around 2323 ut. a movie from nasa ' s solar dynamics observatory ( above ) shows a bright flash of uv radiation plus some material being hurled away from the blast site. coronagraph data from the solar and heliospheric observatory show no bright coronal mass ejection ( cme ) emerging from this eruption. some material was surely hurled in our direction, but probably not enough for significant earth - effects. updates will be provided as more information becomes available. in addition, on march 10, 2011 around 0630 ut, a cme did strike a glaceing blow to earth ' s magnetic field. this was a result of an m3 flare that occurred late on march 7, 2011. at 2, 200 km / sec, this was the fasted cme since september 2005. below is an impact image provided from a sky watcher in canada. visit www. spaceweather. com for links to more great aurora imagery. this aurora image was taken just west of edmonton, alberta, canada by a sky watcher. credit : zoltan kenwell what is going on with all this recent solar activity? after four years without any x - flares, the sun has produced two of the powerful blasts in less than one month : feb. 15th and march 9th. this continues the recent trend of increasing solar activity associated with our sun ' s regular 11 - year cycle, and confirms that solar cycle 24 is indeed heating up, as solar experts have expected. solar activity will continue to increase as the solar cycle progresses toward solar maximum, expected in the 2013 time frame. what is a solar flare and what does x - class mean? a solar flare is an intense burst of radiation coming from the release of magnetic energy associated with sunspots. flares are our solar system \u2019 s largest explosive events. they are seen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45099497228991436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d7eeb62-d140-4302-86f2-fa20f353c81d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.989389"}
{"text": "what is a solar flare and what does x - class mean? a solar flare is an intense burst of radiation coming from the release of magnetic energy associated with sunspots. flares are our solar system \u2019 s largest explosive events. they are seen as bright areas on the sun and they can last from minutes to hours. we typically see a solar flare by the photons ( or light ) it releases, at most every wavelength of the spectrum. the primary ways we monitor flares are in x - rays and optical light. flares are also sites where particles ( electrons, protons, and heavier particles ) are accelerated. scientists classify solar flares according to their brightness in the x - ray wavelengths. there are three categories : c, m, x, with each one representing approximately 10x more power. the number following the letter indicates another factor applied to the basic classification scheme, from 1 - 9. at the high end, the x class can go higher than 9 because there is no higher letter classification. what is a coronal mass ejection ( cme )? the outer solar atmosphere, the corona, is structured by strong magnetic fields. where these fields are closed, often above sunspot groups, the confined solar atmosphere can suddenly and violently release bubbles of gas and magnetic fields called coronal mass ejections. a large cme can contain a billion tons of matter that can be accelerated to several million miles per hour in a spectacular explosion. solar material streams out through the interplanetary medium, impacting any planet or spacecraft in its path. cmes are sometimes associated with flares but can occur independently. tony phillips / holly zell nasa ' s goddard space flight center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5129374708381763, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d7eeb62-d140-4302-86f2-fa20f353c81d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:17.997643"}
{"text": "origin of name : the name \" the north - western territories, \" initially assigned by the british government, once referred to all the lands held by the hudson ' s bay company. nickname : canada ' s last frontier, land of the polar bear, or north of sixty. entered confederation : 15 july 1870 ; reorganized 1 september 1905. motto : the new north ( unofficial ). coat of arms : the crest consists of two golden narwhals ( representing marine life ) on either side of a compass rose, which symbolizes the magnetic north pole. the white upper portion of the shield represents the polar ice pack and is crossed by a wavy blue band symbolic of the northwest passage. the wavy diagonal line symbolizing the treeline separates the red ( the tundra of the north ) from the green ( the forested lands of the south ). the historical economic resources of the land \u2014 mineral wealth and the fur industry \u2014 are represented respectively by gold bricks in the green portion and the head of a white fox in the red area. flag : the territorial shield of arms centered on a white field, with two vertical blue panels on either side. the white symbolizes the snow and ice of the winter, while the blue represents the territory ' s lakes and waters. floral emblem : mountain avens. tartan : the official tartan of the northwest territories is a registered design in shades of red, green, yellow, and blue. territorial bird : gyrfalcon. tree : jack pine. time : 5 am mst = noon gmt. at some time in its history, the northwest territories ( nwt ) has included all of alberta, saskatchewan, the yukon, and nunavut, and most of manitoba, ontario, and quebec. the northwest territories occupies about six percent of the total land area of the country. the nwt has a total area of 587, 206 square miles ( 1, 541, 844 square kilometers ), making it almost as large as the state of alaska. between 1905 and 1999, the northwest territories included all of canada north of the 60th parallel, except the yukon and portions of quebec and newfoundland. on 1 april 1999, the nwt was officially divided, with the eastern part becoming the new territory of nunavut. the western part so far has kept the name \" northwest territories, \" but is sometimes referred to as \" western nwt \" or \" western arctic \" in order to avoid confusion with the larger pre - 1999 nwt. the nwt is now bordered on the north by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4584824081564927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.037192"}
{"text": "far has kept the name \" northwest territories, \" but is sometimes referred to as \" western nwt \" or \" western arctic \" in order to avoid confusion with the larger pre - 1999 nwt. the nwt is now bordered on the north by the arctic ocean, beaufort sea, and polar ice ; on the east by nunavut ; on the south by saskatchewan, alberta, and british columbia ; and on the west by the yukon territory. from the 60th parallel, the nwt stretches 1, 240 miles ( 2, 000 kilometers ) to cape malloch on borden island ; the territory is 823 miles ( 1, 325 kilometers ) long from east to west. the nwt covers 452, 478 square miles ( 1, 171, 918 square kilometers ) and includes banks island, prince patrick island, and the western portions of victoria island and melville island. | estimated 2003 population | | 41, 900 | | population change, 1996 \u2013 2001 | | - 5. 8 % | | percent urban / rural populations | | foreign born population | | 6. 4 % | | population by ethnicity | | north american indian | | 3, 375 | like the yukon, the nwt can be divided into two broad geographical regions : the taiga ( a boreal forest belt that circles the subarctic zone and is typified by stands of pine, aspen, poplar, and birch trees ), and the tundra ( a rocky arctic region where the cold climate has stunted vegetation ). one of the most remarkable features of the nwt is the mackenzie river, one of the world ' s longest at 2, 635 miles ( 4, 241 kilometers ). there are two major climate zones in the nwt : subarctic and arctic. in the subarctic zone, average temperatures in january are - 9\u00b0f ( \u2013 23\u00b0c ) and 70\u00b0f ( 21\u00b0c ) in july, while average temperatures in the arctic zone range from - 27\u00b0f ( \u2013 33\u00b0c ) in january to 50\u00b0f ( 10\u00b0c ) in july. the average temperatures in yellowknife are 8\u00b0f ( \u2013 22\u00b0c ) from november to march and 57\u00b0f ( 14\u00b0c ) from june to august. as in the yukon, the varying amounts of daylight over the year are an important influence on the climate : between 20 and 24 hours of daylight in june and up to 24 hours of darkness in december. the lowest recorded temperature was - 71\u00b0f ( \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44661084213915986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.038268"}
{"text": "in the yukon, the varying amounts of daylight over the year are an important influence on the climate : between 20 and 24 hours of daylight in june and up to 24 hours of darkness in december. the lowest recorded temperature was - 71\u00b0f ( \u2013 57. 2\u00b0c ) at fort smith on 26 december 1917. a short but intense summer produces many small but brilliant flowers, including purple mountain saxifrage and fireweed. the animal population of the nwt includes an estimated 700, 000 barren - ground caribou, 50, 000 muskoxen, 26, 000 moose, 10 \u2013 40, 000 wolverines, 15, 000 wolves, and smaller numbers of woodland caribou, dall ' s sheep, bears ( polar, black, and grizzly ), bison, and mountain goats. bird species include grouse, ptarmigan, phalarope, pacific loon, and peregrine falcon. fish include lake trout, arctic grayling, arctic char, walleye, whitefish, and northern pike. the environmental protection service of the department of resources, wildlife, and economic development of the nwt ( rwed ) has programs to address hazardous substances, waste management, air quality, and environmental impact assessment. since the early 1990 ' s, dust conditions in yellowknife have improved and the 2002 total suspended particulate ( tsp ) levels were the lowest ever. the giant mine gold roaster was the largest single source of sulphur dioxide in the yellowknife area until it closed in 1999. only minor levels of sulphur dioxide had been detected by 2002. the arctic environmental strategy introduced by the federal government in 1991 as part of its green plan involves northerners in projects to protect the arctic environment. it also supports communities in the development of their own plans to deal with environmental issues. the nwt has a beverage recycling program and encourages composting. according to the 2001 census, the nwt had a population of 37, 360 ; only the yukon and nunavut were smaller. yellowknife, the capital, had a population of 16, 055 in 2001. other urban areas, and their 2001 populations, include hay river, 2, 892, and inuvik, 2, 884. the median age of the nwt in 2001 was 30. 1 years. this was much younger than the national average of 37. 6. it was second youngest only to nunavut, which was 22. 1 years. in 2001, aboriginals (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45838653757327424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.040850"}
{"text": "median age of the nwt in 2001 was 30. 1 years. this was much younger than the national average of 37. 6. it was second youngest only to nunavut, which was 22. 1 years. in 2001, aboriginals ( native peoples ) accounted for 47. 2 percent of the western nwt ' s population. in the western arctic, the dene have inhabited the forests and barrens for the past 2, 500 years. once nomads, today they live in communities, many still using traditional skills of hunting, trapping, and fishing. there are four major dene cultural groups : chipewyan, dogrib, slavey ( north and south ), and gwich ' in ( loucheux ). the inuvialuit reside primarily around the mackenzie river delta. the metis are descendants of dene and ethnic european parentage and comprise eight percent of the territory ' s population. other ethnicities found in the western nwt include irish, french, german, and ukrainian. the nwt has eight official languages, but english is the language used most often for business and commerce. as of 2001, 77 percent of the territory ' s residents claimed english as their native language, while 2. 6 percent declared french as their mother tongue. the dene have four linguistic groups : chipewyan, dogrib, slavey ( north and south ), and gwich ' in ( loucheux ). in 2001, 31. 3 percent of the population \u2014 about 11, 610 people \u2014 were protestant, including anglicans, members of the united church of canada, pentecostals, baptists, lutherans, and presbyterians, in that order. the territory also had about 17, 000 catholics and about 180 people of muslim faith. there were less than 160 people each of the following : eastern orthodox, jews, buddhists, sikhs, and hindus. about 6, 600 people had no religious affiliation in 2001. territorial highways are mostly all - weather gravel roads, with some paved sections ; clouds of dust, flying gravel, soft spots, and long distances between service stations are common. in the north, the dempster highway ( # 8 ) connects inuvik, on the mackenzie river delta, with dawson, yukon, across the richardson mountains. in the south, the mackenzie highway ( # 1 ) provides access to alberta via connecting roads leading from yellowknife ( # 3 ), hay river ( # 2 ), fort resolution ( # 6 ), and fort smith (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45574260972508884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.044058"}
{"text": "richardson mountains. in the south, the mackenzie highway ( # 1 ) provides access to alberta via connecting roads leading from yellowknife ( # 3 ), hay river ( # 2 ), fort resolution ( # 6 ), and fort smith ( # 5 ). the liard highway ( # 7 ) provides entry to british columbia. the canol road ( # 9 ) and the nahanni range road also provide access from the yukon, but terminate just inside the nwt border. in 2003, the nwt had 22, 005 registered motor vehicles, 3, 429 trailers, 371 motorcycles and mopeds, 95 buses, and 1, 105 off - road vehicles. from january to march, the coldest months of the canadian winter, truckers drive heavy and dangerous loads across hundreds of miles of ice roads plowed on frozen lakes in order to deliver supplies to mines. there are no roads to many of the mines, which are often isolated by hundreds of lakes scattered across the territory. ferry service is provided in the summer for highways 1, 3, and 8, which cross major rivers ; in the winter, motorists simply drive over the frozen rivers. during the freezing months of fall and thawing months of spring, however, crossings by vehicles are not possible. air canada provides service to yellowknife from edmonton, alberta. the northwest territories include many islands, lakes, rivers and the northernmost portions of mainland canada. the first inuit ( the name given to eskimos in canada ) are believed to have crossed the bering strait, a land bridge separating asia and north america, about 5, 000 years ago. they spread east along the arctic coast and were the only people in the area for thousands of years. the very first european explorers to arrive there were most likely the vikings, who sailed to the eastern arctic ocean around 1000 a. d. the first documented visit ( a visit for which definite records exist ) to the territory was led by english explorer martin frobisher in 1576. in 1610, english navigator henry hudson, while looking for a sea passage to asia ( the northwest passage that links the atlantic and pacific oceans ), landed briefly on the western shore of the bay that now bears his name. his discovery opened the door for further exploration of the new world ' s interior. in the years that followed, european explorers like thomas button, thomas james, and luke foxe traveled to the region and mapped a large portion of the eastern arctic, particularly the western coast of hudson bay. in 1670", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4247990601748057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.045047"}
{"text": "the new world ' s interior. in the years that followed, european explorers like thomas button, thomas james, and luke foxe traveled to the region and mapped a large portion of the eastern arctic, particularly the western coast of hudson bay. in 1670, in an effort to stimulate the area ' s fur trade, the british government granted the lands west of modern ontario to the hudson ' s bay company. the company set up fur - trading posts along the rivers to the west as far as alberta. they also established a few posts farther north along the shores of hudson bay. in 1770, the company sent one of its employees, samuel hearne, on an expedition north of its territorial borders into what would become the northwest territories. although his journey was a success in terms of the area he covered \u2014 about 3, 200 kilometers in total \u2014 the number of fur - bearing animals he encountered was lower than he had expected. the exploration reports of a rival trading agency, the north west company, were more encouraging. in his 1789 journey along the river that now bears his name, alexander mackenzie noted that the forests lining this waterway were full of fur - bearing animals. the north west company soon set up posts along the mackenzie river. meanwhile, however, the hudson ' s bay company became interested in trading in the area. a fierce competition developed between the two companies, and the rivalry continued until 1821, when the north west company was taken over by the hudson ' s bay company. hudson ' s bay had succeeded in forming a trade monopoly over all of the explored land in northwestern canada and was responsible for maintaining law and order there as well. fur trading wasn ' t the only industry doing well in the northwest in the nineteenth century. whaling became a big business, as well. the inuit had hunted whales for centuries, eating the skin and blubber, using the whalebones to make tools and build furniture, and burning the oil for light and heat. europeans began whaling in the northwest back in the 1600s, mostly looking for valuable whale oil. whaling activity peaked between 1820 and 1840. between the fur traders and the whalers, europeans reshaped the northwest territories, bringing with them a new economy and way of life. communities grew around trading posts, mission schools, and royal canadian mounted police stations with the arrival of fur traders, missionaries, and government officials. caribou, used as food for the whalers, became scarce, so the inuit had to turn to the europeans for food and clothing. prior to this, the inuit were completely self -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44063501881906375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.046112"}
{"text": "arrival of fur traders, missionaries, and government officials. caribou, used as food for the whalers, became scarce, so the inuit had to turn to the europeans for food and clothing. prior to this, the inuit were completely self - sufficient, meaning they were able to live on their own from the land and the sea. this sudden reliance on trade with the settlers changed their lives forever. the europeans also brought diseases like typhus, scarlet fever, and measles to the northwest territories. the inuit had never been exposed to these diseases before, and many died because they lacked the resistance necessary to fight them off. in 1870, the british government transferred control of the hudson ' s bay company ' s land to canada. this included all of the northwest territories, as well as most of the rest of western canada. later, the government added the islands of the arctic archipelago to the territories. the westernmost part of the northwest territories was the location of the klondike gold strike in 1896. the resulting rush of settlers ( hence the term gold rush ) into the region prompted the canadian government to create a separate territory, the yukon territory, in 1898. in 1905, both alberta and saskatchewan were created from the territories. seven years later, the provinces of manitoba, ontario, and quebec were enlarged, and the northwest territories assumed the boundaries it would maintain until its division in 1999. since land in the northwest territories is so remote and its climate is so harsh, it was largely overlooked by settlers and developers for decades after its creation. by world war ii ( 1939 \u2013 45 ), however, mineral exploration and the military were playing a role in northern development. radium, a radioactive metal, was discovered in the great bear lake region in the 1930s, and in 1935 a major gold find was made in yellowknife. this discovery, along with better transportation routes, brought more settlers to the area. yellowknife ' s population grew from 200 before 1930 to 1, 000 by the mid - 1940s. when a hydroelectric plant was built in yellowknife in 1948, even more people and industries were drawn to the city. during world war ii, the location of the northwest territories made it an important part of north america ' s defense. to protect canada and the united states from enemy attack, military bases and airstrips were built along the arctic coast. an oil pipeline was also built at this time to transport oil from the northwest territories to the yukon. during the 1950s and 1960s, bombers were stationed in the northwest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4379251840315444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.047151"}
{"text": "states from enemy attack, military bases and airstrips were built along the arctic coast. an oil pipeline was also built at this time to transport oil from the northwest territories to the yukon. during the 1950s and 1960s, bombers were stationed in the northwest territories to keep an eye on northern canadian airspace. prior to the development of ballistic missiles, this served a vital role in the defense of north america against a possible nuclear attack from the soviet union. also in the late 1950s, the educational system in the northwest territories was largely reformed. until this point, schooling had been provided almost exclusively through church missions. in 1959, the federal government of canada instituted a territorial school system ; ten years later, operation of the school system was turned over to the territorial government. the issue of settling aboriginal, or native, land claims in the northwest territories ( as well as in other parts of canada ) emerged in the 1970s. the native people argued that their culture, ways of life, and rights to the land were lost with the arrival of europeans to the region. their grievances were presented to the federal government, and in 1984, a final agreement was reached with the inuvialuit of the western northwest territories. it provided some 2, 500 people with 91, 000 square kilometers ( 35, 100 square miles ) of land, monetary compensation, hunting rights, and a greater role in solving social and environmental problems. in 1992, the gwich ' in ( another group of native people ) settled a similar land claim that provided them with a variety of environmental rights, monetary compensation, and two portions of land : 22, 422 square kilometers ( 8, 657 square miles ) in the northwestern portion of the northwest territories and 1, 554 square kilometers ( 600 square miles ) in the yukon. by far, though, the largest land claim to be settled in canada was reached with the tungavik federation of nunavut in 1993. the agreement provided about 17, 500 inuit of the eastern northwest territories with 350, 000 square kilometers of land, financial compensation, a share in resource royalties, hunting rights, and a greater role in the management of land and the environment. the final agreement also led to the creation of a new territory, nunavut, on the first of april 1999. the creation of this new territory has changed the northwest territories considerably. the area is much smaller, and the population is now almost evenly split between aboriginals and non - aboriginals. matters such as land claims and self - government will undoubtedly continue to create controversy early in the twenty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4758784808870158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.048160"}
{"text": "territory has changed the northwest territories considerably. the area is much smaller, and the population is now almost evenly split between aboriginals and non - aboriginals. matters such as land claims and self - government will undoubtedly continue to create controversy early in the twenty - first century. in 2004, premier joe handley called for a greater openness and discussion in local communities. local and regional leaders were encouraged to work together in the emerging self - governments of municipalities. in the nwt, political power rests with elected representatives. although a federally appointed commissioner is technically in charge of the territorial administration, the role of that office has diminished, and it generally follows the lead of the elected territorial government. executive power is held by a 19 - seat elected assembly, whose members remain as political independents. this assembly then appoints a 7 - person executive council, of which 1 is chosen as government leader for the territorial government ( in 1994 the title \" government leader \" was changed to \" premier \" ). territorial legislators campaign as political independents. the last election was held on 24 november 2003. | 1905 \u2013 19 | | frederick d. white | | 1919 \u2013 31 | | william wallace cory | | 1931 \u2013 34 | | hugh howard rowatt | | 1947 \u2013 50 | | hugh llewellyn keenleyside | | 1950 \u2013 53 | | hugh andrew young | | 1953 \u2013 63 | | robert gordon robertson | | 1963 \u2013 67 | | bent gestur sivertz | | 1967 \u2013 79 | | stuart milton hodgson | | 1979 \u2013 89 | | john havelock parker | | 1989 \u2013 94 | | daniel leonard norris | | 1999 \u2013 00 | | daniel joseph marion | | 2000 \u2013 | | glenna f. hansen | | 1985 \u2013 87 | | nick gordon sibbeston | | 1987 \u2013 91 | | dennis glen patterson | | 1991 \u2013 94 | | nellie joy cournoyea | | 1994 \u2013 95 | | nellie joy cournoyea | a village must have a total assessed value of c $ 10 million for the entire community to be incorporated ; for a town, c $ 50 million ; and for a city, more than c $ 200 million. as of 2004, yellowknife was the sole city ; there were also four towns, one village, ten hamlets, three settlements, and four charter communities. there were also twelve \" first nations, \" or aboriginal bands, which had a degree of self - government. the canadian constitution grants territorial and provincial jurisdiction over the administration of justice, and allows each territory and province", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3804986613419976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.049099"}
{"text": "three settlements, and four charter communities. there were also twelve \" first nations, \" or aboriginal bands, which had a degree of self - government. the canadian constitution grants territorial and provincial jurisdiction over the administration of justice, and allows each territory and province to organize its own court system and police forces. the federal government has exclusive domain over cases involving trade and commerce, banking, bankruptcy, and criminal law. the federal court of canada has both trial and appellate divisions for federal cases. the nine - judge supreme court of canada is an appellate court that determines the constitutionality of both federal and territorial statutes. the tax court of canada hears appeals of taxpayers against assessments by revenue canada. the territorial court system consists of a territorial court, which deals with most criminal offenses, family law matters, youth proceedings, small claims, and traffic violations ; a supreme court of the northwest territories, which handles serious criminal and civil cases ; and a court of appeal, which is the highest court in the territories, hearing appeals from the territorial court and the supreme court of the northwest territories. the annual number of homicides varies, but usually ranges from 2 to 10. because of the small population, the nwt often has the highest homicide rate in canada. in 2002, there were 4 homicides in the territory. that year, there were 5, 688 violent crimes per 100, 000 persons and 6, 046 property crimes per 100, 000 persons. some 20, 000 to 30, 000 years ago, the ancestors of the modern day dene crossed a land bridge over the bering sea and dispersed throughout the western hemisphere. the dene first migrated into what is now the nwt some 7, 000 to 8, 000 years ago. the inuvialuit migrated into the nwt from alaska in the 1800s, replacing the mackenzie inuit who were decimated by diseases introduced from migrant whalers. in 2001, 19. 5 percent of the 2, 355 immigrants living in the nwt had come from the united kingdom, 9. 1 percent from united states, 21. 9 percent from southeast asia ( mostly from the philippines ), and 14. 2 percent from northern and western european countries other than the united kingdom ( mostly from germany ). during 2001, 1. 5 percent of the nwt population age 5 and over were living abroad. about 6. 6 percent were living elsewhere in the nwt, and 16. 8 percent were living in another province. most interprovincial migration is with alberta. the aboriginal peoples ' traditional subsistence activities \u2014 fishing, hunting,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46680381476983857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.049999"}
{"text": "were living abroad. about 6. 6 percent were living elsewhere in the nwt, and 16. 8 percent were living in another province. most interprovincial migration is with alberta. the aboriginal peoples ' traditional subsistence activities \u2014 fishing, hunting, and trapping \u2014 have an impact on the territorial economy. sports fishing and big - game hunting also play a small role. commercial fishery development in the nwt \u2014 both freshwater and saltwater \u2014 is being encouraged. fur harvesting continues to be very important, supplementing the income of many aboriginal families. inuit arts and crafts distribute a greater amount of income more widely than any other economic activity ; some 1 in 14 people of working age in the nwt earns some income by this means. the settling of northern land claims sets the stage for increased economic activity in which all can share and have a voice. but even if development is welcome and necessary for economic prosperity, it must be managed so as not to threaten the fragile arctic ecosystem and the traditional lifestyles of the northern peoples. in 2002, the nwt had a gross domestic product ( gdp ) of c $ 2. 9 billion, or about 0. 25 percent of the national total. in 2000, the average family income was c $ 79, 241 for a family of five. this was the highest average family income of all the provinces. industry in the nwt centers on processing raw materials. food products, wood, printing and publishing, nonmetallic mineral products, and chemical products are important manufacturing sectors. in 2002, the value of manufactured shipments for the nwt was c $ 43. 6 million. as of 2002, employment in the nwt was 21, 000 persons. there were 1, 300 unemployed persons, and the unemployment rate that year was 5. 8 percent. the hourly minimum wage as of january 2004 was c $ 8. 25, the second - highest rate among the provinces, behind nunavut. the sectors with the largest numbers of employed persons in 2002 were : public administration, 4, 500 ; trade, 2, 500 ; health care and social services, 2, 400 ; transportation and warehousing, 1, 800 ; forestry, fishing, mining, and oil and gas, 1, 500 ; educational services, 1, 400 ; accommodation and food services, 1, 400 ; construction, 1, 300 ; finance, insurance, and real estate and leasing, 900 ; professional, scientific, and technical services, 800 ; information, culture, and recreation, 700 ; other services, 700 ; management, administration, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4376031693281694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.051045"}
{"text": ", 400 ; construction, 1, 300 ; finance, insurance, and real estate and leasing, 900 ; professional, scientific, and technical services, 800 ; information, culture, and recreation, 700 ; other services, 700 ; management, administration, and other support, 600 ; and manufacturing, 300. a brief but intense summer growing season ( due to the midnight sun ) limits local production of crops, of which seasonal berries and produce for home consumption are the most prominent. there were 30 farms in the nwt in 2001. farms in the territories are smaller than those in the southern provinces, averaging under 150 acres. hay accounts for three - quarters of total field crops in the territories. reindeer, musk - oxen, and horses are found on territory farms. the territorial government has been involved in a joint project with the university of alberta to study the use of fiber optics to illuminate greenhouses with natural light on a year - round basis. for centuries, indigenous peoples have bred dogs as draft animals to carry packs and later to pull sleds. before modern transportation was available, dog teams often served as the primary form of transportation during the winter months. the territory has no commercial cattle, pig, sheep, or poultry farms. fur trapping is still practiced and is an important contributor to the economy. in the 2001 / 02 season, fur production was valued at c $ 780, 000. the dene and inuvialuit once depended on subsistence fishing to sustain their families and dog teams. today, sport fishing is a popular activity and is a source of income from tourism. in 2000, there were 4, 720 active resident anglers in the nwt. over 20 world sport fishing records have been set in the nwt. principal species sought include lake trout, arctic grayling, arctic char, northern pike, walleye, and whitefish. although 151. 8 million acres ( 61. 4 million hectares ) \u2014 or 58 percent \u2014 of the nwt is covered by forests, only 35. 4 million acres ( 14. 3 million hectares ) of this land is useful for tree harvesting. the territorial government owns 83 percent of the forests and the federal government controls the remaining 17 percent. in 2002, the forest industry produced $ 110, 548 of domestic exports, almost entirely converted paper. cuba is the main export mining is by far the largest private sector of the nwt economy. in 2003, the total value of mineral production was c $ 1. 8 billion, with diamonds and gold accounting for nearly all of this amount. production", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.468090421402165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.052381"}
{"text": ". cuba is the main export mining is by far the largest private sector of the nwt economy. in 2003, the total value of mineral production was c $ 1. 8 billion, with diamonds and gold accounting for nearly all of this amount. production in 2003 included 2, 746 kilograms ( 6, 053. 8 pounds ) of gold and 11. 2 million diamond carats. that year, the nwt provided 100 percent of the value of canada ' s diamond and tungsten production. the nwt also produced small amounts of silver, sand and gravel, and stone in 2003. the first major gold discovery in the western nwt was made in 1935 on the west side of yellowknife bay, an area than is still mined. in 1991, the discovery of diamonds in the nwt started one of the largest land claim rushes in recent canadian history. during 1993 \u2013 98, expenditures on diamond exploration in the nwt totaled c $ 744 million and accounted for more than 15 percent of canada ' s mining exploration expenditures. expenditures on diamonds increased to about c $ 160 million in 2000. canada ' s first diamond mine, the ekati open - pit mine at lac de gras, opened in october 1998. as of 2003, there were five kimberlite pipes ( pipe - shaped deposits of molten rock that has solidified ) at the ekati diamond mine at lac de gras ( panda, koala, misery, fox, and leslie ), and applications were being processed for three more ( beartooth, sable, and pigeon ). four additional pipes were being sampled. oil and gas exploration and development are important to the territory ' s economy, but the industry is open to wide fluctuations in world markets. the norman wells oil field has been in production since 1943. the field was expanded in 1985. the field produces between 11 and 12 million barrels per year, valued at c $ 250 \u2013 c $ 300 million per year. natural gas is produced at fort liard, pointed mountain, ikhil, and norman wells. new gas discoveries around fort liard came on stream in 2000. initial production rates of 50 million cubic feet per day have been achieved. in 2002, 1. 24 million cubic meters of crude petroleum were produced, valued at c $ 289. 27 million. that year, 848 million cubic meters ( 29. 95 billion cubic feet ) of natural gas were produced, worth c $ 107. 28 million. in 2000 / 01, electricity generated totaled 334 gigawatt hours. in 2002, total merchandise exports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4675655198225556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.053363"}
{"text": "that year, 848 million cubic meters ( 29. 95 billion cubic feet ) of natural gas were produced, worth c $ 107. 28 million. in 2000 / 01, electricity generated totaled 334 gigawatt hours. in 2002, total merchandise exports for the northwest territories, nunavut, and the yukon amounted to c $ 1. 1 billion. total imports for the three territories amounted to c $ 65 million. the major export markets were belgium, the united kingdom, germany, the united states, and finland. the major import suppliers were the united states, france, germany, the united kingdom, and singapore. over 83 percent of merchandise exports from the three territories were pearls and precious stones ( including diamonds ). retail trade in the nwt amounted to c $ 505. 6 million in 2002. inuit arts and crafts account for a great amount of retail income in the nwt, spread out over a wide geographical area. about one in 14 persons of working age in the nwt earns some income through the sales of craft items. services related to tourism have become increasingly important sources of income. the fiscal year runs from 1 april to 31 march. for fiscal year 2002 / 03, total revenues were estimated at c $ 856 million, about 45 percent coming from the government of canada. expenditures were almost c $ 853 million. major expenditure areas were health, education, public works, social services, municipal and community services, nwt housing corporation, renewable resources, transportation, and economic development and tourism. the nwt has no provincial sales tax. there is a c $ 0. 107 per liter tax on gasoline, and a tax of c $ 33. 20 per carton on cigarettes. the territorial income tax rates in 2003 ranged from 7. 2 to 13. 05 percent. the combined federal / territorial tax rate on ordinary income was 42. 05 percent for the top marginal rate. in 2001, there were 613 live births in the nwt, a decrease of 8. 9 percent over 2000. there were 163 deaths that year, a 3. 8 increase over 2000. the nwt was one of only four provinces or territories to have an increase in the number of deaths in 2001. the life expectancy in 2001 was 74. 4 years for men, and 79. 6 years for women. these were the second - lowest life expectancy rates in canada. only nunavut had lower life expectancy rates. reported cases of selected diseases in 2002 for the nwt included gonococcal infections, 123 ; chicken po", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4370482259989109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.054339"}
{"text": "for women. these were the second - lowest life expectancy rates in canada. only nunavut had lower life expectancy rates. reported cases of selected diseases in 2002 for the nwt included gonococcal infections, 123 ; chicken pox, 68 ; giardiasis, 10 ; and salmonellosis, 8. between november 1985 and june 2003, 35 residents had become infected with hiv, the virus that causes aids. larger communities such as yellowknife, inuvik, hay river, and fort smith have well - equipped hospitals ; smaller communities have nursing stations. air ambulance ( medevac ) service is available throughout the nwt and is coordinated by the local nursing stations. excessive alcohol consumption is a health problem in the nwt. smoking rates are among the highest in canada. in 2001, there were 12, 565 households in the nwt, and the average number of persons in a household was 2. 9, the second - highest number after nunavut. due to permafrost and a short construction season, the cost of building a house is more expensive in nwt than elsewhere in canada. in 2001, 8, 085 households lived in single - detached houses, 245 households lived in apartments in buildings with five or more stories, 485 households lived in mobile homes, and 3, 745 households lived in other dwellings, including row houses and apartments in buildings with fewer than five stories. in 2002, c $ 102. 1 million was invested in residential construction. elementary and secondary schools are supported by eight community boards of education and by the provincial department of education. there are 46 public schools offering instruction in english, 2 schools offering instruction in french, and 3 private schools. there were approximately 9, 800 students enrolled in all schools in 2001. aurora college ( formerly the arctic college ) has campuses in inuvik, fort smith, and yellowknife. there are community learning centres ( clc ), operated by aurora college, in most communities. postsecondary community college enrollment in western nwt in 2001 was about 1, 200 full - and part - time students. nearly every community in the nwt has artisans who produce clothing, accessories, tools, weavings, beadwork, jewelry, or carvings. other skilled crafts include the making of birchbark baskets, moose - hair tuftings, and porcupine quillwork. studios are often found in the more populous areas of holman, inuvik, fort laird, and yellowkni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46248288912984437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.055381"}
{"text": "skilled crafts include the making of birchbark baskets, moose - hair tuftings, and porcupine quillwork. studios are often found in the more populous areas of holman, inuvik, fort laird, and yellowknife. inuvik is the site of the mid - summer great northern arts festival, which draws artisans from throughout the territory. per capita territorial spending on the arts in the nwt in 2000 / 01 was c $ 172, much higher than the national average ( c $ 68 ) for the territories and provinces. the nwt public library services, based in hay river, coordinates public library service throughout the territory. member libraries are located in fort norman, fort simpson, fort smith, hay river, hay river reserve, igloolik, inuvik, norman wells, and yellowknife. museums in the nwt include the prince of wales northern heritage centre in yellowknife, the northern life museum & national exhibition centre at fort smith, and the nunatta sunaqutangit museum at iqaluit. yellowknife has 3 radio stations ( 2 am and 1 fm ). cabl - tv is a cable television station based in yellowknife ; mackenzie media ltd. provides cable service to the capital. periodicals and magazines published in the nwt include above & beyond, l ' aquilon, deh cho drum, inuvik drum, news / north, slave river journal, up here, and the yellowknifer. recently, tourism has become increasingly important. the nwt offers a variety of landscapes of great natural beauty, which are well - suited to fishing, wildlife observation, and other outdoor activities. the western nwt has four national parks : nahanni national park reserve, west of the liard river in the mackenzie mountains ; wood buffalo national park, west of fort smith and extending into alberta ; aulavik national park, on northern banks island ; and tuktut nogait national park, located northeast of inuvik. great slave lake ' s east arm is currently under consideration as the nwt ' s fifth national park. local sporting organizations ( for such sports as badminton, basketball, track and field, and volleyball ) are popular in the territory, as are canoeing and kayaking. early english explorers who traveled the waterways of the nwt in search of a northwest passage included sir martin frobisher ( 1539? \u2013 94 ) and henry hudson ( d. 1611 ). famous early fur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41204175042087665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.056367"}
{"text": "are canoeing and kayaking. early english explorers who traveled the waterways of the nwt in search of a northwest passage included sir martin frobisher ( 1539? \u2013 94 ) and henry hudson ( d. 1611 ). famous early fur traders included sir alexander mackenzie ( b. scotland, 1764 \u2013 1820 ), who explored the slave river and great slave lake area, and american peter pond ( 1740 \u2013 1807 ), who established the first trading post. nellie joy cournoyea ( b. 1940 ), from aklavik, became the first woman head of government in canada upon her 1991 election as government leader of the nwt. ethel blondin - andrew ( b. 1951 ), from fort norman, became the first native woman elected to the canadian parliament, in 1988. actress margot kidder ( b. 1948 ) is a native of yellowknife. bumsted, j. m. the peoples of canada. new york : oxford university press, 1992. daitch, richard w. northwest territories. minneapolis : lerner publications, 1996. holmes, j. r. the story of fort steuben. steubenville, oh : fort steuben press, 2000. levert, suzanne. northwest territories. philadelphia : chelsea house, 2001. moore, christopher. the big book of canada. toronto : tundra books, 2002. roy, geoffrey. north canada : yukon, northwest territories, nunavut : the bradt travel guide. guilford, ct : globe pequot, 2000. weihs, jean. facts about canada, its provinces and territories. new york : h. w. wilson, 1995. goverment of northwest territories. http : / / www. gov. nt. ca ( accessed on march 22, 2004 ). statistics canada. http : / / www. statcan. ca ( accessed on march 22, 2004 ). travel canada : northwest territories. http : / / www. travelcanada. ca / tc _ redesign / app / en / ca / destinations. do? provinceid = 7l ( accessed on march 22, 2004 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4051086897694437, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee974860-d6e8-4d4b-9936-69003df2b76c>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.057074"}
{"text": "not in keeping with \u201c civilization \u201d indian office orders end of long hair, dances, and feasts william a. jones, the commissioner of indian affairs in the office of indian affairs, has ordered his agents and superintendents on the reservations to see to it that indian men not be allowed to wear long hair. jones states that long hair is \u201c not in keeping with the advancement they are making or will soon be expected to make, in civilization. \u201d according to jones \u2019 s order, if indian men who are employed by the government do not comply, their food rations should be stopped. if they became troublesome, jones believes that \u201c a short confinement in the guard - house at hard labor, with shorn locks, should furnish a cure. \u201d jones also ordered his reservation officials to end face - painting and traditional dances and feasts and to encourage the discarding of indian dress. when reporters questioned whether he had gone too far, jones responded that his actions were in line with the policies set down by secretary of the interior henry m. teller. \u201c at one extreme there is a cold brutality which recognizes the dead indian as the only good indian, and at the other a sickly sentimentalism that crowns the indian with a halo and looks up to him as a persecuted saint, \u201d jones told reporters. \u201c between the two, \u201d jones continued, \u201c will be found the true friend of the indian, who, looking upon him as he really is and recognizing his inevitable absorption by a stronger race, are endeavoring to fit him under new conditions for the struggle of life. with these i desire to be numbered. \u201d jones was appointed in 1897 by republican president william mckinley. a business man from mineral point, wisconsin, jones has been very active in the republican party. by dr. d. jerome tweton originally published as the north star dakotan student newspaper, written by dr. d. jerome tweton and supported by the north dakota humanities council. describe how community life has changed from past ( i. e., pioneer and tribal ) to the present identify examples of how different groups, societies, and cultures are similar and different ( e. g., in beliefs, traditions, family relationships, celebrations, institutions, folklore ) identify similarities and differences between past events and current events in north dakota ( e. g., in the lives of people from different cultures past and present ) identify the characteristics of a sovereign nation in terms of tribal government in north dakota explain the contributions of various ethnic groups ( e. g., native americans,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4169641129574101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4850b9b-c2e9-4fe1-a97b-bdd08f1aa7e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.061939"}
{"text": "dakota ( e. g., in the lives of people from different cultures past and present ) identify the characteristics of a sovereign nation in terms of tribal government in north dakota explain the contributions of various ethnic groups ( e. g., native americans, immigrants ) to the history of north dakota ( e. g., food, traditions, languages, celebrations ) describe similarities and differences between past events and current events in u. s. history ( e. g., in the lives of people from different cultures past and present ) explain how differences among cultures ( e. g., differences in beliefs and governments ) often result in conflict. explain how political leaders ( e. g., andrew jackson, william henry harrison, martin van buren, john tyler ) dictated national policy ( e. g., states \u2019 rights, closure of national bank, indian removal act ) analyze the rationale for western expansion and how it affected minorities ( e. g. reservations, indian removal act, treaties, chinese exclusion act, dawes act, manifest destiny, homestead act ) explain the significance of key events ( e. g., settlement and homesteading, statehood, reservations ) and people ( e. g., roughrider recipients ) in north dakota and tribal history analyze federal policy and action regarding american indians ( e. g. dawes act, changes in federal and state indian policies, civil rights movement ; current issues surrounding gaming, housing, distribution of wealth, and healthcare, indian reorganization act, bureau of indian affairs, indian civil rights act, indian child welfare act, american indian religious freedom act, indian gaming regulatory act, citizenship, american indian movement ) explain how political and economic forces have affected the sovereignty of tribal nations ( e. g., constitutional provisions ; supreme court cases ; laws used in forming the basis of the federal - tribal relationship ; political and economic forces affecting sovereignty of tribal nations ) explain the various purposes of social groups, general implications of group membership, and different ways that groups function ( e. g., minority groups, cliques, counterculture, family relations and political groups ) analyze conflict, cooperation, and interdependence among individuals, groups, and institutions ( e. g., gender roles, social stratification, racial / ethnic bias )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49785132611105376, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4850b9b-c2e9-4fe1-a97b-bdd08f1aa7e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.062891"}
{"text": "for terms and their definitions, please see the associated glossary which accompanies this compendium. compendium of the reforms of the roman breviary, 1568 - 1961 by gregory dipippo for publication on the new liturgical movement part 4 - 1629 : the hymns of urban viii in the context of the divine office, \u2018 hymnus \u2019 means a metrically composed song, arranged in strophes, or \u2018 stanzas \u2019 in the modern musical terminology derived from italian. they are relative late - comers to the public worship of the church ; they were not accepted into general use in the office at rome until the 13th century, and were never adopted into the oldest forms of the divine office, tenebrae, easter, and the office of the dead. however, the complete rejection of them by the council of braga in 563, for example, or by agobard of lyon in the mid - 9th century, is clearly a minority opinion. the approval of them by saint benedict in his rule guaranteed that they must eventually become a constituent part of the office, and one of the chief criticisms of cistercians made in their earliest days was precisely the fact that they made notable changes to the well - established corpus of hymns. saint benedict \u2019 s term for a hymn is \u2018 ambrosianum \u2019, because it was saint ambrose who introduced their use into the west, in the famous episode of the portian basilica. ( see the confessions of saint augustine, book 9, chapter 7, and paulinus \u2019 life of saint ambrose, chapter 13. ) for this reason, a very large number of the commonly used hymns of the office are attributed to him, while others were said to be the work of saints hilary of poitiers or gregory the great. the great hymns of passiontide are the work saint venantius fortunatus, composed for the reception of some relics of the true cross which his friend, queen radegund, received as a gift from the byzantine emperor and installed in the monastery of the holy cross at poitier, where venantius was bishop. the vesperal hymn of saints peter and paul, aurea lucis was long attributed to elpis, the legendary first wife of the philosopher boethius, but this attribution, like so many others, is now rejected by the majority of liturgical scholars, ( in the specific case of elpis, because she did not exist. ) poetry in the latin and greek classical tradition is not based on rhyme,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.491333893795335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3615fdd7-36b1-499a-b840-75af44dfaa01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.078034"}
{"text": "this attribution, like so many others, is now rejected by the majority of liturgical scholars, ( in the specific case of elpis, because she did not exist. ) poetry in the latin and greek classical tradition is not based on rhyme, which was considered a defect by the ancients, but on the length of syllables. the earliest christian hymns in latin, beginning with those of saint ambrose, were mostly composed in a meter called the iambic dimeter. the iamb consists of a short syllable followed by a long one, and is used in pairs ; the first short syllable in a pair may be substituted by a long one. other substitutions are also possible, making the dimeter, i. e. two pairs of iambs, quite flexible within a constant length of eight syllables. other meters, such as the sapphic stanza, ( named for its inventor, the poetess sappho, ) are also used. each stanza of the iambic dimeter and the sapphic has four lines, as do most other meters, although a few have six. each hymn is concluded with a doxology, on the analogy of the great doxology \u201c glory be unto the father \u201d, which is sung in the office at the end of every psalm and canticle. by the time of the tridentine reform it had become the universal custom of the western rite to change the doxology according to the season, and feasts of the virgin had a special doxology as well. thus, for example, from christmas day to the vigil of the epiphany, the common doxology \u201c praesta, pater piissime, \u201d was everywhere substituted by \u201c gloria tibi, domine, / qui natus es de virgine. \u201d ( glory to you, o lord, that wast born of the virgin. ) the medieval church produced a truly vast number of hymns. a german - produced catalog of hymns written from 500 to 1400 a. d., the analecta hymnica medii aevi, was printed in 55 volumes over the course of fourty years, 1886 to 1926 ; the first volume, containing hymns written in bohemia from the 13th to 15th centuries, has over 200 entries. however, the church of rome, as mentioned before, took a long time to accept the use of hymns in the office, and in its habitual liturgical conservatism, adopted fewer of them than other medieval rites. the hymns of prime, terce,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.484760215889953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3615fdd7-36b1-499a-b840-75af44dfaa01>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.078980"}
{"text": "church of rome, as mentioned before, took a long time to accept the use of hymns in the office, and in its habitual liturgical conservatism, adopted fewer of them than other medieval rites. the hymns of prime, terce, sext, none and compline are the same every day of the year. each of the great seasons, such as advent or lent, has three proper hymns, one for matins, one for lauds and one for vespers. many major feasts, however, such as christmas and the epiphany, have only two, the hymn of either vespers or lauds being sung also at matins. a similar conservatism is found among the hymns of the saints. of the 39 saints named in the roman canon, ( apart from the virgin mary ) only john the baptist and the apostles peter and paul have their own hymns ; all the rest have hymns taken from the common offices. of the seven common offices of saints, only that of several martyrs has a separate hymn for each of the three major hours. the virgin mary \u2019 s common office, adapted from the office of the assumption, also has three hymns, which are used on nearly all of her feasts, in the saturday office, and in the little office as well. as a result, some of the finest gems of medieval hymnody are not found in the historical roman rite, such as the christmas hymn, veni, redemptor gentium, the easter hymn, chorus novae jerusalem, the hymn of the assumption, o quam glorifica, and the hymn of st. stephen, sancte dei pretiose ; all of these are commonly found in most other medieval breviaries. the use of sarum, which predominated in pre - reformation england, has four more hymns for lent than the roman use : a proper hymn for compline, sung throughout the season, and different hymns for matins, lauds and vespers of the third and fourth week. greater variety of this sort is typical of non - roman breviaries before trent. it would be unfair, however, to ascribe the relative paucity of hymns in the roman breviary to mere laziness or lack of interest. any medieval collection of hymns, whatever its size, is in the final analysis highly repetitive ; a limited corpus of hymns makes them easier to learn by heart, no small matter in an age in which books were not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4268292462894442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3615fdd7-36b1-499a-b840-75af44dfaa01>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.079900"}
{"text": "laziness or lack of interest. any medieval collection of hymns, whatever its size, is in the final analysis highly repetitive ; a limited corpus of hymns makes them easier to learn by heart, no small matter in an age in which books were not cheap to produce. the two hymns of the common of apostles, sung on all of the apostles \u2019 feasts, originated in rome as hymns for the feast of the roman church \u2019 s founders, saints peter and paul. by singing these hymns on the feasts of all of the apostles, the church signifies the unity of their evangelizing work, and the unity of the peoples throughout the world brought by them to christ. the corpus of hymns in the breviary of 1529 is carried over into the pian breviary almost identically ; as with the antiphons, the exceptions are mostly cases where the entire office of a particular feast is changed. such is the case with the feast of the holy trinity, for which one office was substituted with a different, earlier office, and with the presentation of the virgin mary, which had four proper hymns, ( matins, lauds, and both vespers ), but was removed from the calendar by st. pius v. it may seem, therefore, all the more remarkable that in 1629, pope urban viii appointed a commission for the revision of the hymns, and after three years of work, promulgated a new hymnal for use in the roman breviary, the last substantial revision of the breviary until the reform of the psalter in 1911. prior to his election to the papacy in 1623, cardinal maffeo barberini had been well known as a scholar and a latinist ; a book of his latin poems written before his election was published in 1637, and the latin epigrams on the bases of two of gian lorenzo bernini \u2019 s sculptures are also his work. as pope, he personally composed the hymns of saints hermenegild, martina and elizabeth of portugal, all in various classical meters, rather than in iambic dimeters. to him, as to many latinists of the renaissance before him, the simple diction of the traditional hymns, their disregard for the rules of classical metrics, and especially the large number of later latin words not used by the great classical authors such as virgil and horace, or even an occasional non - latin word, could only seem as blemishes on the public prayer of the church. the job of the commission", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4286093220613218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3615fdd7-36b1-499a-b840-75af44dfaa01>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.080832"}
{"text": "the large number of later latin words not used by the great classical authors such as virgil and horace, or even an occasional non - latin word, could only seem as blemishes on the public prayer of the church. the job of the commission, therefore, was to conform the hymns to the vocabulary and metric forms of classical latin poetry. the commission consisted of four jesuits, three italians and a pole, but pope urban appears to have done much of the work himself, although the precise degree of his contribution has been disputed. in the course of their work, hardly a single hymn was left untouched, notwithstanding their antiquity or the sanctity of their authors. the hymns of st. ambrose, to whom far more were attributed at the time than modern scholars will now grant, had been in more or less continuous use in the church for over 12 centuries. even the magnificent passiontide hymns of st. venantius were substantially reworked. in his history of the roman breviary, msgr. pierre batiffol gives an example of the reformed text of the hymns, the very first hymn of the ecclesiastical year, conditor alme siderum, placed side by side with the revised version of the same, without commentary. following his example, it may be beneficial to examine a few of the specific changes made to this hymn, as examples of the work of pope urban and his commission. the first stanza of the original reads : conditor alme siderum, aeterna lux credentium christe, redemptor omnium, exaudi preces supplicum. ( kindly creator of the stars, / eternal light of believers, / christ, redeemer of all, / hear the prayer of your suppliants. ) the revised version of the same stanza reads : creator alme siderum, aeterna lux credentiuum, jesu, redemptor omnium, intende votis supplicum. the change of conditor, accented on the first syllable, to creator, accented on the second, is more in keeping with the classical form of an iamb ; it also avoids all possibility of misreading the word as conditor, although we may safely hope that few people in the preceding centuries thought they were addressing the \u201c kindly embalmer of the stars \u201d. the change of christe to jesu likewise conforms the verse to a more classical understanding of the iamb, although christian poetry had always been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48426944122401216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3615fdd7-36b1-499a-b840-75af44dfaa01>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.081699"}
{"text": "few people in the preceding centuries thought they were addressing the \u201c kindly embalmer of the stars \u201d. the change of christe to jesu likewise conforms the verse to a more classical understanding of the iamb, although christian poetry had always been much more flexible about the arrangement of syllables. intende votis in place of exaudi preces is also a metrical correction, and could not be a more perfect example of the exchange of a christian latin expression for a ciceronian one. the penultimate stanza of this same hymn begins with the words \u201c te deprecamur, hagie, / venture judex saeculi, \u201d \u2013 \u201c we beseech thee, o holy one, / judge of the world that art to come. \u201d hagie is greek for sancte, the vocative of sanctus, and was commonly used in medieval christian latin. it is here chosen because its extra syllable neatly finishes the eight - syllable line of the iambic dimeter. the unknown 9th century author probably did not know, and certainly would not have cared if he did, that all three syllables of hagie are short, where the fifth syllable of an iambic dimeter should, according to the classical rules, be long. it is a greek word, the use of which is peculiarity of the greek - born christian tradition, alien to the prose of cicero and the poetry of horace and ovid. the two verses are therefore revised to read : \u201c te deprecamur ultimae / magnum diei judicem, \u201d \u2013 \u201c we beseech thee as the great judge of the last day. \u201d examples of this sort could be multiplied at great length ; apart from its doxology, the new version of conditor alme siderum alone changes all but 15 words of the original sixty - four, and half of the 15 are in the first stanza. all together, there are several hundred metrical corrections in the hymnal, and some hymns, such as the two of the dedication of a church, and the three of eastertide, were so drastically rewritten as to constitute entirely different works. the hymn of saint michael \u2019 s day, tibi christe, splendor patris, was completely altered in both text and meter. although the new hymns became the standard text of the roman breviary, and remain so to this day in the extraordinary form of the roman rite, they were not everywhere received. the chapters of many major churches retained the use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4801758898273644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3615fdd7-36b1-499a-b840-75af44dfaa01>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.082584"}
{"text": "both text and meter. although the new hymns became the standard text of the roman breviary, and remain so to this day in the extraordinary form of the roman rite, they were not everywhere received. the chapters of many major churches retained the use of the older hymns, not least among them that of saint peter \u2019 s basilica itself. none of the religious orders which retained the use of their proper breviaries after trent, such as the premonstratensians, ever adopted the new text, nor did any of the monastic breviaries. less than twenty years later, in 1647, the cistercian abbot - general claude vaussin brought about a thorough revision of his order \u2019 s liturgical books, but rejected the new hymns ; this, despite the fact that his reason for reforming the books was to stave off a movement within the order to abandon the benedictine use altogether in favor of the liturgical books of st. pius v. since the days of dom gueranger, liturgical scholarship has been as unsparing in its criticism of the urban viii revision as the religious orders were unwelcoming of it. msgr. batiffol calls the new hymns \u201c deformed \u201d, likening them to the broken ancient statues discovered in rome, which \u201c the barberini \u2026 and many others restored \u2026, attaching to them new limbs which are a greater disfigurement to them than all the mutilations inflicted on them by the rude hand of time. \u201d ( p. 221 ) fr. adrian fortescue is equally, characteristically severe. in the preface to a 1916 collection of latin hymns and english translations by alan g. mcdougall, he writes ( p. 27 - 28 ) \u201c whatever good the renaissance may have done in other ways, there can be no question that it was \u2026 disastrous to christian hymns. there came the time when no one could conceive anything but the classical meters and classical language. so they wrote frigid imitations of classical lyrics \u2026 there is nothing to be done with this stuff but to glance at it, shudder, and pass on. \u2026 ( t ) hose absurd renaissance people did not realize that, because an original is beautiful, it does not follow that a bad imitation will be. \u201d but not even fr. fortescue \u2019 s barbs can match the oft - quoted witticism of pope urban \u2019 s contemporaries, many of whom were less than impressed by the new hymns : \u201c accessit latinitas, recessit pie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42541393109512904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3615fdd7-36b1-499a-b840-75af44dfaa01>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.083505"}
{"text": "but not even fr. fortescue \u2019 s barbs can match the oft - quoted witticism of pope urban \u2019 s contemporaries, many of whom were less than impressed by the new hymns : \u201c accessit latinitas, recessit pietas. \u2013 latinity came in, piety went out. \u201d the 1970 liturgy of the hours there is a popular misconception that the new liturgy of the hours promulgated by pope paul vi in 1970 restored the hymns to their pre - urban viii text. this is only very partially true. it is true that the older text was the basis of the reform, and that most of what was done under pope urban did not find its way into the post - conciliar version of the hymnal. in this sense, the criticism of msgr. batiffol and fr. fortescue, among many others, have been amply vindicated. however, a very large number of changes were made to the older texts by the committee responsible for a new selection and revision of the hymns. in the year 1984, dom anselmo lentini, o. s. b., the head of the committee published a very informative dossier of its work called te decet hymnus, noting in the introduction that, of the numerous committees that produced the new liturgy, his was almost the only one to publish a complete record of its activities. the hymns are arranged in an order similar to the order in the breviary itself : hymns of the psalter, of the liturgical seasons, the proper of the saints, and the common offices. each hymn is accompanied by a critical apparatus, indicating its author and age, if known, its meter, the critical editions of the hymn, where available, and the breviaries in which it was used after the tridentine reform, where applicable. there then follow notes on the changes to the original text made by the committee. as in the work of pope urban viii, metrical corrections abound in the newest version of the hymnal ; as a general rule, they are less intrusive than those of the 17th century, and the modern revisers clearly had a better understanding of medieval poetry. many of the corrections are justified in the critical notes as rendering the hymns easier to sing ; for example, a verse of the christmas hymn christe, redemptor omnium, is changed from \u201c memento, salutis auctor \u201d to \u201c salutis auctor, recole. \u201d i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41339630893496904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3615fdd7-36b1-499a-b840-75af44dfaa01>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.084503"}
{"text": "hymns easier to sing ; for example, a verse of the christmas hymn christe, redemptor omnium, is changed from \u201c memento, salutis auctor \u201d to \u201c salutis auctor, recole. \u201d i cannot say from experience that this does in fact render the line easier to sing. it is perhaps worth noting, however, that the original version was sung five times a day every day for centuries in the hymn for the minor hours of the little office of the virgin. the vocabulary of the hymns is also retouched, although with much less severity, and much better taste, than in the 17th century reform. the line cited above from the vesper hymn of advent, \u201c te deprecamur, hagie \u201d, is re - written \u201c te, sancte, fide quaesumus, \u201d a metrical correction that eliminates the use of a greek word branded \u201c exotic \u201d in the critical notes, although it was still being used by the benedictines, dominicans and others even as the committee did its work. some of these changes are motivated by external factors. with the suppression of the church \u2019 s discipline of lenten fasting, the latin word for fasting, \u2018 jejunium \u2019, is removed from the original text of the traditional hymns of lent, substituted by \u2018 abstinentia \u2019. many of the hymns are shortened by the elimination of entire stanzas, \u201c for the sake of brevity \u201d, as the critical notes state repeatedly. the christmas hymn veni, redemptor gentium is added to the repertoire of hymns for advent, but without its fifth strophe. in the recording of this very beautiful hymn by the schola gregoriana magyar, this strophe is sung in 17 seconds ; in the dominican chant, it takes a full 28 seconds. the repertoire of hymns is very considerably expanded. for example, the new liturgy of the hours has nine proper hymns for lent, two each for matins ( now known as the office of readings ), lauds and vespers, and proper hymns for the minor hours of terce, sext and none. ( prime is of course suppressed in the new office. ) the great defect of te decet hymnus is that it indicates which hymns or versions of hymns were used in post - tridentine, non - roman breviaries, but does not say anything about the pre - tridentine sources from which hymns which have been added. the three lent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41458657080274575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3615fdd7-36b1-499a-b840-75af44dfaa01>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.085497"}
{"text": "well, maybe \u2013 and maybe not. while it \u2019 s an important scientific advance, this is also very early - stage research, the kind that may or may not ever make it to market. in short, the researchers found a drug called jq1 that shuts off sperm production in mice \u2013 and though it \u2019 s just mice, that \u2019 s already more advanced than many studies that are reported as big news. many studies claiming to a big deal basically say \u201c we found a gene / ion channel / whatever that is key for sperm production / function. now if we can just find a drug to affect it! we \u2019 re looking hard! and then we \u2019 ll need to see what else the drug happens to do to men and whether it \u2019 s safe. check back in 5 or 10 years! \u201d these researchers, by contrast, are a step ahead : they have already found a drug that works in mice, called jq1, that they discovered while working on cancer. but not all drugs that work in mice work in humans, as was discovered to great disappointment with another promising male contraceptive lead, zavesca. and even if it works, it will take many years of testing to determine whether the drug affects anything else in the body besides sperm production. is it really a magic bullet against sperm production only, or does it just happen to turn your hair green or raise your cholesterol while it \u2019 s at it? only time will tell. in the meantime, it is important to keep funding contraceptive methods further along the pipeline. too often, researchers get promising early results like these in mice and then find they can \u2019 t get the scale of funding needed to take the work to the finish line. some methods in this category : gamendazole and the clean sheets pill, which have already been shown to work in animals ; risug and vasalgel, highly - effective methods that can provide hassle - free contraception for more than 10 years ; and gandarusa, a plant - based pill slated to go on the market in indonesia next year but that has not been pursued at all in the west. new research is important, but we must also finish the jobs we start. this week researchers from ucla and the population council reported that their combination hormone contraceptive gel lowers sperm count in many of the men who take it. is this the advance we \u2019 ve been waiting for? mcip applauds the population council \u2019 s work on nestorone, a \u201c designer progestin \u201d that is more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4900951687612266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f2ebf9e-bdc5-48cf-ae0b-8bd245ebd6b7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.090540"}
{"text": "in a new study researchers in the u. s. have shown that organic diets meant that children had less exposure to two common pesticides. according to a study by emory university researcher chensheng \" alex \" lu, phd, an organic diet was found to lower children ' s dietary exposure to two common pesticides used in u. s. agricultural production. lu says the substitution of organic food items for children ' s normal diets substantially decreased the pesticide concentration to non - detectable levels. he says previous research has linked organophosphorus pesticides to causes of neurological effects in animals and humans, and the use of such pesticides in residential areas has now either been banned or restricted by recent regulatory changes. this he says helps to minimize children ' s exposure, but few restrictions have as yet been imposed on agriculture. in his initial research, dr. lu and his colleagues from emory university and the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), specifically measured the exposure of two organophosphorus pesticides ( op ) malathion and chlorpyrifos, in 23 elementary students in the seattle area by testing their urine over a 15 - day period. the children age ages 3 to 11 - years - old, were first monitored for three days on their conventional diets before the researchers substituted most of the children ' s conventional diets with organic food items for five consecutive days. the children were then re - introduced to their normal foods and monitored for an additional seven days.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45977725391354374, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e311a31e-20f4-43b6-8b46-3a97208f9eb9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.094458"}
{"text": "unesco ( united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization ) is a specialized agency of the united nations established in 1945. its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the un charter. in total, 191 nations belong to unesco. the organization is based in paris, with over 50 field offices and several institutes and offices throughout the world. most of the field offices are \" cluster \" offices covering three or more countries ; there are also national and regional offices. unesco pursues its action through five major programmes : education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information. projects sponsored by unesco include literacy, technical, and teacher - training programmes ; international science programmes ; the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press ; regional and cultural history projects, the promotion of cultural diversity ; international cooperation agreements to secure the world cultural and natural heritage and to preserve human rights ; and attempts to bridge the world - wide digital divide. as early as 1942, in wartime, the governments of the european countries, which were confronting nazi germany and its allies met in the united kingdom for the conference of allied ministers of education ( came ). the second world war was far from over, yet those countries were looking for ways and means to reconstruct their systems of education once peace was restored. very quickly, the project gained momentum and soon took on a universal note. new governments, including that of the united states, decided to join in. upon the proposal of came, a united nations conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization ( eco / conf ) was convened in london from 1 to 16 november 1945. scarcely had the war ended when the conference opened. it gathered together the representatives of forty - four countries. spurred on by france and the united kingdom, two countries that had known great hardship during the conflict, the delegates decided to create an organization that would embody a genuine culture of peace. in their eyes, the new organization must establish the \u201c intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind \u201d and, in so doing, prevent the outbreak of another world war. at the end of the conference, thirty - seven countries made the birth of the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization. the constitution of unesco, signed on 16 november 1945, came into force on 4 november 1946 after ratification by twenty countries : australia, brazil, canada, china, czechoslovakia, denmark, dominican republic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5456183910951882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ee7d896-66e7-4bb5-bb8f-b655db9265e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.100208"}
{"text": "birth of the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization. the constitution of unesco, signed on 16 november 1945, came into force on 4 november 1946 after ratification by twenty countries : australia, brazil, canada, china, czechoslovakia, denmark, dominican republic, egypt, france, greece, india, lebanon, mexico, new zealand, norway, saudi arabia, south africa, turkey, united kingdom, united states. the first session of the general conference of unesco took place in paris from 19 november to 10 december 1946 with the participation of representatives from 30 governments entitled to vote. the ashes of the second world war are reflected in the composition of the founding member states of unesco. japan and the federal republic of germany became members in 1951, spain in 1953. other major historical factors, as the cold war, the decolonization process and the dissolution of the ussr, also left their trace on unesco. the ussr joined unesco in 1954 and was replaced by the russian federation in 1992. 19 african states became members in 1960. 12 republics emanating from the former soviet union entered unesco in 1991 - 93. as a consequence of the entry of the people \u2019 s republic of china into the united nations it has been the only legitimate representative of china at unesco since 1971. the german democratic republic was a member from 1972 to 1990, when it joined the federal republic of germany. origins of unesco the main predecessors of unesco were : \u2022 the international committee of intellectual co - operation ( cici ), geneva 1922 - 1946, \u2022 its executing agency, the international institute of intellectual co - operation ( iici ), paris, 1925 - 1946 \u2022 the international bureau of education ( ibe ), geneva, 1925 - 1968 ; the latter has since 1969 been part of the unesco secretariat under its own statutes. the new director - general is elected every four years by the general conference. under his authority, the secretariat is expected to translate into reality the programmes approved by the general conference. visit the official portal of unesco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4463702218776478, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ee7d896-66e7-4bb5-bb8f-b655db9265e5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.101268"}
{"text": "somebody went and vandalized billy the kid \u2019 s tombstone, which is a 2, 000 - pound gravestone, and while they were at it, they stole three antique rifles and a shotgun from the old fort sumner museum in new mexico. the thieves also vandalized other gravestones in the cemetery. de baca county authorities said that the criminals were still at large and that there is a $ 1, 000 reward for information leading to the arrest. billy the kid, born william henry mccarty, jr. in 1859, became a famed outlaw in the wild west who according to legend killed 21 people, although it is generally believed that he actually killed between four and nine people. he was a central figure in a violent, irish - english land war in new mexico, and was beloved by mexican - american ranchers who felt discriminated against by racist white bankers and land thieves. the kid \u2019 s end came only after he refused to abandon his mexican - american teen girlfriend. most likely born in new york city, he came to new mexico with his mother while searching for a better economic future. it was in silver city, n. m., that a young billy the kid learned spanish and mexican dances as he mingled easily among the territory \u2019 s large mexican - american population when others from the east coast didn \u2019 t even bother, according to paul hutton, a university of new mexico american west historian, who appears in the new film. when his mother died of tuberculosis when he was 15, billy the kid was left an orphan and raised largely by mexican - american ranchers and sheepherders. this helped the kid later when he was on the run from the law and was given shelter by poor mexican - americans ranchers he befriended, hutton said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37794090731527014, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0a8b241-6de6-4ede-b667-a2a9809fd010>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.103256"}
{"text": "nhtsa joins raleigh safety advocates to highlight dangers of child heatstroke in hot cars wednesday, july 18, 2012 contact : lynda tran, 202 - 366 - 9550 auto safety agency urges caregivers to think \u2018 where ' s baby? look before you lock. ' raleigh \u2013 with the north carolina summer already heating up, david strickland, administrator of the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ), today joined safe kids, north carolina department of transportation officials and health professionals to discuss ways to prevent child deaths and injuries in hot cars and urge parents and caregivers to think \" where ' s baby? look before you lock. \" \" this campaign is designed for families with young children, but it applies to everyone who cares about the safety of children, \" said u. s. transportation secretary ray lahood. \" we hope these simple tips will save lives and help families avoid heartache. \" statewide, at least 19 children have lost their lives to vehicular heatstroke since 1998, with most deaths occurring among children ages 3 and younger. heatstroke is the leading cause of non - crash, vehicle - related deaths for children under the age of 14. in response to a growing incidence of heat - related deaths, nhtsa and safe kids worldwide announced a new partnership during july to prevent heatstroke. as part of this joint effort, the nation ' s top auto safety agency and one of the country ' s most vocal child safety organizations will host public events throughout the summer to highlight the dangers of heatstroke. \" everything we know about this terrible danger to children indicates heatstroke in hot cars can happen to any caregiver from any walk of life \u2013 and the majority of these cases are accidental tragedies that can strike even the most loving and conscientious parents, \" said nhtsa administrator strickland. \" we hope our campaign not only helps caregivers avoid accidentally harming a child but also clears up some of the misconceptions about the causes of child heatstroke in cars. \" when outside temperatures are in the low 80s, the temperature inside a vehicle can reach deadly levels in only 10 minutes, even with a window rolled down two inches. children ' s bodies in particular overheat easily, and infants and children under four years old are at the greatest risk for heat - related illness. data from the san francisco state university department of geosciences show 33 children died last year due to heatstroke \u2013 medically termed \" hyperther", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4493839133290519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb8cc3f7-7071-4d3b-8b55-b6ee655df2c0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.109833"}
{"text": "and infants and children under four years old are at the greatest risk for heat - related illness. data from the san francisco state university department of geosciences show 33 children died last year due to heatstroke \u2013 medically termed \" hyperthermia \" \u2013 while there were at least 49 deaths in 2010. an unknown number of children are also injured each year due to heatstroke in hot cars, suffering ailments including permanent brain injury, blindness, and the loss of hearing, among others. often heatstroke deaths and injuries occur after a child gets into an unlocked vehicle to play unbeknownst to the parent. other incidents can occur when a parent or caregiver who is not used to transporting a child as part of their daily routine inadvertently forgets a sleeping child in the back of the vehicle. in addition to north carolina, through the partnership, nhtsa, safe kids, and its safety partners will also visit arizona, georgia, mississippi and missouri to urge parents and caregivers to take the following precautions to prevent heatstroke incidents from occurring : - never leave a child unattended in a vehicle \u2013 even if the windows are partially open or the engine is running and the air conditioning is on ; - make a habit of looking in the vehicle \u2013 front and back \u2013 before locking the door and walking away ; - ask the childcare provider to call if the child does not show up for care as expected ; - do things that serve as a reminder a child is in the vehicle, such as placing a cell phone, purse or briefcase in the back seat to ensure no child is accidentally left in the vehicle, writing a note or using a stuffed animal placed in the driver ' s view to indicate a child is in the car seat ; and, - teach children a vehicle is not a play area and store keys out of a child ' s reach. nhtsa and safe kids urge community members who see a child alone in a hot vehicle to immediately call 911 or the local emergency number. a child in distress due to heat should be removed from the vehicle as quickly as possible and rapidly cooled with water. to learn more about nhtsa ' s \" where ' s baby? look before you lock. \" campaign, visit www. safercar. gov / heatstroke. safe kids supports nhtsa ' s hyperthermia education campaign and the increased national coordination on the issue. in addition, with the support of the gm foundation, safe kids and its network of 600 coalitions and chapters across the nation are helping to educate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4785433967086624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb8cc3f7-7071-4d3b-8b55-b6ee655df2c0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.113184"}
{"text": "a seed is a dense amalgam of bioinformation. since darwin did his first experiment on seeds, they have also been subject to biopolitics in the most direct sense. as monsanto and other corporations seek to privatize the genetic commons, it \u2019 s time to join the seed revolution. charles darwin \u2019 s first published experiment was called \u201c does sea water kill seeds? \u201d this apparently innocuous question concealed a major biopolitical contest. darwin sought to prove whether or not seeds could germinate after being soaked in sea water. as he observed in his essay : such experiments \u2026 have a direct bearing on a very interesting problem, which has lately, especially in america, attracted much attention, namely whether the same organic being has been created at one point or on several on the face of our globe. darwin spliced two related issues here : first, the debate prompted by british geologist edward forbes who asserted that europe \u2019 s landmass had been far more extensive in the relatively recent past so as to account for the spread of plant varietals to islands like the azores. for the \u201c common sense \u201d of received science said that sea water killed all seeds. therefore, if the same species was observed in different places, then it must have been \u201c created \u201d separately. pro - slavery apologists used this argument to propose that there were distinct and different forms of the human species and it was therefore acceptable for white north americans to enslave africans. darwin \u2019 s simple test demolished the theory : seeds germinate perfectly well after an immersion in salt water, meaning that they could be disseminated by the ocean across the planet. species thus originated once and not repeatedly. but other interesting questions opened : but when the seed is sown in its new home, then comes the ordeal : will the old occupants in the great struggle for life allow the new and solitary immigrant room and sustenance? darwin \u2019 s language here is fascinating and provocative, showing that five years before the formal publication of origin of species, he was already thinking far down the road. his experiment did not, of course, demolish slavery \u2019 s logic but it removed one of its purported strands of \u201c empirical evidence. \u201d fast - forward to our own day, and the occupants are making very little \u201c room and sustenance \u201d for the \u201c immigrants \u201d in all senses. as the chart below shows, only 4 % of the commercial vegetable varieties being grown in 1903 are still in cultivation today. whereas there were nearly 500 commercial varieties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.523724061054115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc74bc4e-fcae-48df-a169-f8739f49f60a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.118579"}
{"text": "making very little \u201c room and sustenance \u201d for the \u201c immigrants \u201d in all senses. as the chart below shows, only 4 % of the commercial vegetable varieties being grown in 1903 are still in cultivation today. whereas there were nearly 500 commercial varieties of lettuce in 1903, now we must choose from only 36 \u2013 if you \u2019 ve ever wondered why your \u201c mesclun \u201d always tastes the same, here \u2019 s your answer. the reduction in variety is part of the effort to commandeer the food supply. monsanto now controls 93 % of the soybeans and 80 % of the corn growth in the united states by its seed monopoly and produces 27 % of all seeds sold. many of these, especially the corn and soy, are genetically manipulated and have worked their way into the entire food chain. activists have had some signal successes against this monopoly in europe where france and hungary recently joined germany, austria, peru and luxemburg in banning gmo seeds. hungary insisted that sprouted plants from genetically - modified seeds be thoroughly destroyed. in the us, while the seed industry remains in charge, organizers have created a brilliant alternative strategy : the seed library. the seed library stocks seeds of all kinds, \u201c lends \u201d them to a library user, who then \u201c returns \u201d them once the crop is harvested. one of the founders of this movement was gary paul nabhan, co - founder of native seeds / search. seed libraries are formal and informal, sometimes actually taking space in public libraries next to books as in richmond, va. the action combines two of the best internal projects of the occupy movement : to offer nutritious, organic and non - genetically modified food to the occupiers and others ; and to create libraries. on february 27, there is a day of action for occupy the food supply. more exactly, following darwin, the project is to un - occupy food, seeds and thereby our bodies. their coalition of organic farmers, farm laborers, urban farmers, seed activists, librarians, foodies and all those concerned with personal health reaches far beyond the stereotype of occupy. join them, support the action, plant heirloom seeds, join a seed library \u2013 it \u2019 s all fun and it \u2019 s all radical in the old sense : it goes to the root.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4574719001719939, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc74bc4e-fcae-48df-a169-f8739f49f60a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.119523"}
{"text": "a participant ' s guide to mental health clinical research purpose of this document choosing to take part in clinical research is an important personal decision. your decision to participate will depend on your interests, needs, and expectations about research. this brochure, prepared by the national institute of mental health ( nimh ), provides answers to common questions about volunteering for mental health clinical research. nimh is part of the national institutes of health ( nih ), the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting medical research. our goal is to give you basic information about clinical research and help you make a decision about whether to participate. please review this information and discuss it with those close to you. as you read, write down questions you may want to ask. what is clinical research? clinical research refers to studies in which people participate as patients or volunteers. different terms are used to describe clinical research, including clinical studies, clinical trials, studies, research, trials, and protocols. clinical research may have a number of goals, such as developing new treatments or medications, identifying causes of illness, studying trends, or evaluating ways in which genetics may be related to an illness. strict rules for clinical studies have been put in place by nih and the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ). some studies involve promising new treatments that may directly benefit participants. others do not directly benefit participants, but may help scientists learn better ways to help people. confidentiality is an important part of clinical research and ensures that personal information is seen only by those authorized to have access. it also means that the personal identity and all medical information of clinical trial participants is known only to the individual patient and researchers. results from a study will usually be presented only in terms of trends or overall findings and will not mention specific participants. people sometimes think that participating in a study will require changes to their current treatment, but this is not always the case. though some studies may require participants to try new medications or treatments, other studies use techniques such as brain scans, psychological tests, behavioral observation, or blood tests for genetic evaluation. such studies may not require any change in treatment. why do people choose to participate in research? people participate in research for several reasons. some hope to get the most advanced treatment available for mental and behavioral illnesses. others participate because they want to assist scientists in developing better ways to help people. research is our best hope for understanding and treating mental illnesses. thanks to help from volunteers, medical researchers are learning more and more about the causes of mental and behavioral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.523178623647735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.147566"}
{"text": "illnesses. others participate because they want to assist scientists in developing better ways to help people. research is our best hope for understanding and treating mental illnesses. thanks to help from volunteers, medical researchers are learning more and more about the causes of mental and behavioral disorders, and are finding new ways to treat and prevent illnesses. without this important relationship between research participants and those studying their illnesses, it would be much more difficult to improve health treatments. volunteers of all ethnic and cultural backgrounds are needed. by having a variety of volunteers participate, researchers can learn how different people react to medications and other treatments. for example, by studying the differences in men and women, researchers discovered that these groups have very different warning signs for a heart attack. a comparison : participating in clinical research and seeing your doctor for treatment participating in clinical research is not the same as seeing your doctor. here are some differences : | participating in clinical research | | seeing your doctor | | the researcher \u2019 s goal is to learn about your illness. | | your doctor \u2019 s goal is to treat your condition. | | the researcher must use standardized procedures. you will probably be removed from the study if your illness worsens. | | your doctor will change your treatment as necessary. | | you will be randomly assigned to a group taking a standard treatment or placebo, also known as an inactive pill ( control group ), or a group taking a new treatment ( treatment group ). | | your doctor will usually offer standard treatment for your illness. | | the results from your participation may help researchers develop new treatments and may be published so that other researchers can learn. | | your treatment is designed to help you, not to help the doctor learn how to treat people with your illness. | | in some cases, costs of the study may be covered, and you may receive additional compensation. | | you will likely need to pay or use insurance for treatment. | | with your permission, researchers may check in with your doctors to learn about your conditions and past treatments. | | your doctor usually won ' t share your information with researchers. ( in some cases, he or she may ask permission to share information ). | what are the different types of clinical research? different types of clinical research are used depending on what the researchers are studying. below are descriptions of some different kinds of clinical research. treatment research ( also called \u201c clinical trials \u201d ) generally involves an intervention such as medication, psychotherapy, new devices, or new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy. prevention research looks for better ways to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4949124033469376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.148693"}
{"text": "are descriptions of some different kinds of clinical research. treatment research ( also called \u201c clinical trials \u201d ) generally involves an intervention such as medication, psychotherapy, new devices, or new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy. prevention research looks for better ways to prevent disorders from developing or returning. different kinds of prevention research may study medicines, vitamins, vaccines, minerals, or lifestyle changes. this refers to the practice of looking for better ways to identify a particular disorder or condition. screening research aims to find the best ways to detect certain disorders or health conditions. quality of life also known as \u201c supportive care, \u201d this research explores ways to improve comfort and the quality of life for individuals with a chronic illness. genetic studies aim to improve the prediction of disorders by identifying and understanding how genes and illnesses may be related. research in this area may explore ways in which a person \u2019 s genes make him or her more or less likely to develop a disorder. this may lead to development of tailor - made treatments based on a patient \u2019 s genetic make - up. epidemiological studies seek to identify the patterns, causes, and control of disorders in groups of people. an important note : some clinical research is \u201c outpatient, \u201d meaning that participants do not stay overnight at the hospital. some is \u201c inpatient, \u201d meaning that participants will need to stay for at least one night in the hospital or research center. be sure to ask the researchers what their study requires. phases of clinical trials : when clinical research is used to evaluate medications and devices clinical trials are a kind of clinical research designed to evaluate and test new interventions such as psychotherapy or medications. clinical trials are often conducted in four phases. the trials at each phase have a different purpose and help scientists answer different questions. phase i trials researchers test an experimental drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time. the researchers evaluate the treatment \u2019 s safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects. phase ii trials the experimental drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety. phase iii trials the experimental study drug or treatment is given to large groups of people. researchers confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the experimental drug or treatment to be used safely. phase iv trials post - marketing studies, which are conducted after a treatment is approved for use by the fda, provide additional information including the treatment or drug \u2019 s risks, benefits, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5379624553111645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.149768"}
{"text": "that will allow the experimental drug or treatment to be used safely. phase iv trials post - marketing studies, which are conducted after a treatment is approved for use by the fda, provide additional information including the treatment or drug \u2019 s risks, benefits, and best use. examples of other kinds of clinical research many people believe that all clinical research involves testing of new medications or devices. this is not true, however. some studies do not involve testing medications and a person \u2019 s regular medications may not need to be changed. healthy volunteers are also needed so that researchers can compare their results to results of people with the illness being studied. some examples of other kinds of research include the following : - a long - term study that involves psychological tests or brain scans - a genetic study that involves blood tests but no changes in medication - a study of family history that involves talking to family members to learn about people \u2019 s medical needs and history. what are the risks and benefits of participating in research? clinical research can involve risk, but it is important to remember that routine medical care also involves risk. it is important that you weigh the risks and benefits of participating in research before enrolling. when thinking about risk, consider two important questions : - what is the chance that the study will cause me harm? - if there is a chance of harm, how much harm could i experience? if you are interested in participating in a study, ask the researchers any questions that will help you decide whether to participate. taking time to share your concerns will help you feel safe if you do decide to volunteer. ( you can find sample questions at the end of this booklet. ) it may be helpful to involve close family members, your doctors, or friends in this decision - making process. the nature of the risks depends on the kind of study. often, clinical studies pose the risk of only minor discomfort that lasts for a short time. for example, in some mental health studies, participants take psychological tests ; this is obviously a different kind of risk from undergoing surgery as part of a study. a participant in a study requiring surgery may risk greater complications. risk can occur in many different ways, and it is important to speak with the research team to understand the risks in a particular study. keep in mind that all research sites are required to review their studies for any possible harm, and to share any potential risks with study volunteers. possible risks include the following : - the treatment involved may have health risks for you, such as unwanted side effects. - the study may require more time and attention than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.490949271944407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.150871"}
{"text": "their studies for any possible harm, and to share any potential risks with study volunteers. possible risks include the following : - the treatment involved may have health risks for you, such as unwanted side effects. - the study may require more time and attention than standard treatment. you may need to visit the study site, take additional blood tests, stay in the hospital, or manage complex dosage requirements for medication. - the treatment may not make you or other participants better. - you may enroll in the study hoping to receive a new treatment, but you may be randomly assigned to receive a standard treatment or placebo ( inactive pill ). - whether a new treatment will work cannot be known ahead of time. there is always a chance that a new treatment may not work better than a standard treatment, may not work at all, or may be harmful. - the treatment you receive may cause side effects that are serious enough to require medical attention. benefits to participating in a study include : - treatment with experimental or study medications not widely available elsewhere. - care from a research team that includes doctors and other health care professionals who are familiar with the most advanced treatments available. - treatment that has been reviewed by many people, including other doctors and researchers. - research - related care or medicine at no cost. - the opportunity to learn more about an illness and how to take care of it. - the satisfaction of helping others by contributing to medical knowledge, or helping to identify possible new treatments. what rights do i have? deciding whether or not to participate if you are eligible for a clinical study, you will be given information that will help you decide whether or not to take part. as a patient, you have the right to : - be told about important risks and benefits. - require confidentiality, or having maintained as private all personal medical information and personal identity. - know how the researchers plan to carry out the research, how long your participation will take, and where the study will take place. - know what is expected of you. - know any costs you or your insurers will be responsible for. - know if you will receive any financial compensation or reimbursement for expenses. - be informed about any medical or personal information that may be shared with other researchers directly involved in the clinical research. - talk openly with doctors and ask any questions. once you have decided to participate after you join a clinical research study, you have the right to : - leave the study at any time. participation is strictly voluntary. you can choose not to participate in any part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4704481251175467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.151998"}
{"text": "openly with doctors and ask any questions. once you have decided to participate after you join a clinical research study, you have the right to : - leave the study at any time. participation is strictly voluntary. you can choose not to participate in any part of the research. however, you should not enroll if you do not plan to complete the study. - receive any new information that might affect your decision to be in the study. - continue to ask questions and get answers. - maintain your privacy. neither your name nor any other identifying information will appear in any reports based on the study. - ask about your treatment assignment once the study is completed, if you participated in a study that randomly assigned you to a treatment group. what are the possible financial costs? in some clinical research studies, the medical facility conducting the research pays for your treatment and other expenses. in other trials, you may be responsible for costs. be sure to ask about possible expenses. - you or your health insurer may have to pay for some costs of your treatment that are considered part of standard care. this may include hospital stays, laboratory and other tests, and medical procedures. - if you have health insurance, find out exactly what it will cover. if you don \u2019 t have health insurance, or if your insurance company will not cover your costs, talk to the researchers or their staff about other options for covering the cost of your care. - you also may need to pay for travel between your home and the clinic. who can participate in clinical research? each clinical research study has different requirements that determine whether a person can participate. these requirements are called \u201c inclusion \u201d and \u201c exclusion \u201d criteria. the criteria are used to help researchers answer the study questions and to ensure the safety of all volunteers. depending on what the study is testing, inclusion and exclusion criteria may include a person \u2019 s : - health history - past or current treatment - age or sex - address ( a person living too far from where the study takes place may not be eligible to participate ). what is randomization? in clinical research studies that seek to test the effectiveness of a new intervention ( for example : a new medication or a new psychotherapy technique ), participants will usually be evenly placed in different study groups. participants do not know to which group they have been assigned. one group receives the experimental intervention ; the other receives standard or no treatment. this process, called randomization, allows researchers to compare results between the two groups. it is important to note that many studies \u2014 such as those involving brain imaging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45234325898969985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.153049"}
{"text": "been assigned. one group receives the experimental intervention ; the other receives standard or no treatment. this process, called randomization, allows researchers to compare results between the two groups. it is important to note that many studies \u2014 such as those involving brain imaging or genetics \u2014 may not require randomization. people who take part in studies requiring randomization are generally placed in a group based on chance, not choice. some participants are placed in the \u201c experimental \u201d group, and the others are placed in the \u201c control \u201d group. the control group will receive standard treatment, a placebo, or other intervention based on the design of the study. to understand how this works, imagine that 100 people decide to participate in a study that compares a new treatment to a standard treatment. each participant is randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the control group. to do this, researchers use a \u201c coin toss \u201d or similar method. half of the people are assigned to the treatment group and half are assigned to the control group. the researchers then compare the results of the two groups to see which treatment works better. they also try to figure out why it works better. the picture below helps explain how randomization works. what is informed consent? before you take part in a study, it is important to fully understand it and to understand what participation may be like. researchers will help by providing an \u201c informed consent \u201d statement. this is a document that has detailed information about the study, including its length, the number of visits required, and the medical procedures and medications in which you will take part. the document also provides expected outcomes, potential benefits, possible risks, any available treatment alternatives, expenses, terms of confidentiality, and contact information for people you can call if you have questions or concerns. when needed, a translator may be provided. researchers will review the informed consent statement with you and answer your questions. if you decide to participate after reviewing the statement, getting all the information you need, and talking with staff and your family, you will need to sign the informed consent statement. your signature indicates that you understand the study and agree to participate voluntarily. you may still leave a study at any time and for any reason even after signing the informed consent document. sometimes, a potential participant may not be able to give informed consent because of memory problems or mental confusion. someone else, usually a family member with a durable power of attorney, can give consent for that participant. that caregiver must be confident there is small risk to the participant, and that he or she would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5333211133935679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.154318"}
{"text": "because of memory problems or mental confusion. someone else, usually a family member with a durable power of attorney, can give consent for that participant. that caregiver must be confident there is small risk to the participant, and that he or she would have agreed to consent if able to do so. what else should i consider? you should consider whether you want to empower someone you trust to make health decisions for you if you become sick. this is very important if you choose to participate in a study that changes your regular medication routine, and you and the researchers are unsure about how your body will react. for example, if your thinking becomes impaired, you might make a decision that you would not make if you were thinking clearly. in this case, you may want someone you trust to make a decision for you. you are not always required to name someone else to make decisions if you become impaired. if you wish to do so, however, speak to the researcher to make sure he or she understands what you want ; you may also want to ask what kind of paperwork is required to ensure that your representative will be contacted. how do researchers make sure that participants are safe? it \u2019 s a good idea to ask questions and gather information before you make a decision about participating in research. it \u2019 s also important to remember that strict rules protect participants in research studies. researchers take these rules very seriously because they care about participants \u2019 health. additionally, researchers must follow the rules if they want to be allowed to do more research. below is information about how study participants are kept safe. - protect the rights and well - being of clinical research participants. federal agencies including the fda and nih oversee much of the medical research in the united states. - informed consent is the process of learning about a clinical research study before you decide if you want to participate. for more information about informed consent, see the \u201c what is informed consent? \u201d section in this guide. institutional review boards ( irbs ) - irbs oversee the research centers where clinical studies are conducted. irbs review and approve study protocols ( plans ) for scientific merit, participant safety, and ethical considerations. participants who have questions may contact the irbs at the research center they are considering. irb members usually include scientific experts as well as community members. leaving the trial - participants who wish to leave the trial because they feel unsafe may do so without penalty. - federal agencies may review individuals and institutions conducting research. primary health care - if you participate in a study, talk with your regular doctor to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4991920657672467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.155507"}
{"text": ". leaving the trial - participants who wish to leave the trial because they feel unsafe may do so without penalty. - federal agencies may review individuals and institutions conducting research. primary health care - if you participate in a study, talk with your regular doctor to be sure that medications you normally take are safe to use with any medications you may take for the study. sometimes the researcher will ask for permission to speak with your regular doctors to make sure you get the best treatment. - a protocol is a plan that details what researchers will do during a study. every study must have a protocol. the protocol includes information on how researchers will work to keep participants safe. what kinds of results will come from the research? - researchers will sum up what they learned from the study. - researchers will never identify you individually. they usually discuss trends and sometimes provide examples or stories, if they can do so without identifying participants. - if you would like to know what the researcher learns from the study, ask how and when you can expect to find out about the results. - the researcher may suggest that you contact the study \u2019 s office at a certain time, that you provide your contact information so study results can be mailed or e - mailed to you, or that you check online. - a frustrating thing about research is that it can take a long time to complete. sometimes, years may pass between the time you were involved in the study and the time when results become available. - the researchers may need to work with many more participants after you, and then analyze all the results. - check in with the researcher if you do not hear about results at the expected time. how can i enroll in clinical research? as a starting point for information on nimh research studies, visit the nimh web site. nih also maintains a database that includes information on clinical trials. visit the nih clinical trials database. this web site provides information on federally funded and other clinical trials. on clinicaltrials. gov, a contact person and phone number or e - mail address is usually listed with each study description. information about clinical studies is also sometimes advertised in local newspapers, magazines or on radio and television. for a clinical study that you may have heard about or seen advertised, you can contact the clinical trial or study coordinator. you can find this information in the description. your health care provider may also want to talk to this person about your health conditions. the first step after finding out about a study is to set up a screening appointment. during this appointment, researchers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4891881662868205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.156559"}
{"text": "coordinator. you can find this information in the description. your health care provider may also want to talk to this person about your health conditions. the first step after finding out about a study is to set up a screening appointment. during this appointment, researchers will ask you questions and may test you to see if you meet the needs of the study. what kinds of questions should i ask the researcher? as a participant, you are a partner in the study. it is important that you know what is likely to happen during the study and the purpose of the research. one good way to find out about whether you want to participate is to ask the researcher questions. below are some ideas about what to ask. feel free to add your own questions. - why do you want me in your study? - what is the research about? how will this research help doctors treat or understand my disorder? - how might this study help me, my relatives, or other people with my disorder? - will taking part in this study affect my daily life? - what are the standard treatments for my illness or condition? - what is likely to happen to me without a new treatment? - are there risks for me if i participate? if so, what are they? - will this study involve any change in my medications? remember to ask again if you would like further explanation or if you did not understand the answer you received. you are entitled to understand! if you forget to ask a question or forget the answers to the questions, ask again. it is part of the researcher \u2019 s job to help you understand. essential terms for understanding mental health clinical research comparison \u2013 to learn more, researchers compare results from patients in the experimental groups with results from patients in the control groups. confidentiality regarding participants \u2013 this refers to the practice of maintaining as private all information related to clinical trial participants, including their personal identity and all personal medical information. results from the study will usually be presented in terms of trends or overall findings and will not mention any specific participants. control group \u2013 the group of participants that receives standard treatment or a placebo. the control group may also be made up of healthy volunteers. researchers compare results from the control group with results from the experimental group to find and learn from any differences. double - blind research design \u2013 a study in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant is in the treatment or control group. durable power of attorney \u2013 the authority to act for another person in specified or all legal or financial matters. double - blind, randomized, controlled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4982699419608469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.157907"}
{"text": "study in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant is in the treatment or control group. durable power of attorney \u2013 the authority to act for another person in specified or all legal or financial matters. double - blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial \u2013 this is a clinical trial in which the researchers evenly divide study participants into a group receiving the experimental intervention and a group receiving standard or no treatment. neither group knows how it has been assigned. this practice reduces the chance for a \u201c placebo effect, \u201d in which a treatment with no active ingredient produces results expected from a treatment with an active ingredient. experiment \u2013 a study done to answer a question. other words to describe an experiment are \u201c research, \u201d \u201c study, \u201d and \u201c protocol. \u201d experimental group \u2013 the group of participants in a study that receive the experimental or study intervention ( such as medication or psychotherapy ). food and drug administration ( fda ) \u2013 the fda is the federal agency responsible for ensuring that foods are safe, wholesome and sanitary ; human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices are safe and effective ; cosmetics are safe ; and electronic products that emit radiation are safe. some of the agency \u2019 s specific responsibilities include regulating medications and devices. healthy volunteer \u2013 in a clinical study, a person who does not have the disorder or disease being studied. results from healthy controls are compared to results from the group being studied. inclusion / exclusion criteria \u2013 inclusion criteria are the factors that allow someone to participate in a clinical trial. exclusion criteria are the factors that prevent someone from participating in the trial. these factors may include a person \u2019 s illness, health history, past treatment, age, sex, or where he or she lives. informed consent \u2013 when a participant provides informed consent, it means that he or she has learned the key facts about a research study and agrees to take part in it. for more detailed information, see the \u201c what is informed consent? \u201d section in this guide. inpatient \u2013 a person who is hospitalized for at least one night to receive treatment or participate in a study. national institutes of health ( nih ) \u2013 part of the u. s. department of health and human services, nih is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting medical research. nih scientists investigate ways to prevent disease as well as the causes, treatments, and even cures for common and rare diseases. composed of 27 institutes and centers, nih provides leadership and financial support to researchers in every state and throughout the world. outpatient \u2013 a person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5524466411028016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.159157"}
{"text": "to prevent disease as well as the causes, treatments, and even cures for common and rare diseases. composed of 27 institutes and centers, nih provides leadership and financial support to researchers in every state and throughout the world. outpatient \u2013 a person who receives treatment or participates in a study but is not hospitalized overnight. placebo \u2013 an inactive pill. this is sometimes called a \u201c sugar pill. \u201d in some studies, participants may be assigned to take a placebo rather than the study medication. ask the researcher if this is a possibility for the study that interests you. placebo effect \u2013 sometimes people taking a study medication receive benefits that are not from the chemicals in the medicine. this is called a \u201c placebo effect. \u201d for example, if a participant feels hopeful about a treatment, he or she may be more likely to notice positive changes than negatives ones. a researcher \u2019 s hope may also sway a participant \u2019 s response. double - blind research design helps minimize the placebo effect. post - marketing studies \u2013 studies done after a treatment, medication or device is approved for use by the fda. these studies gather additional information about a product \u2019 s safety, effectiveness, or best use. protocol \u2013 a study done to answer a question. other words to describe a protocol are \u201c research, \u201d \u201c study, \u201d and \u201c experiment. \u201d \u201c protocol \u201d also refers to the plan that details what researchers will do during the study. randomization / random assignment \u2013 this is the process in which researchers evenly assign study participants into a group receiving the experimental treatment being studied, and others into a group receiving standard or no treatment. participants are assigned to a group based on chance, not choice. you have the same chance to be placed in any of the test groups. research \u2013 a study done to answer a question. scientists do research when they \u2019 re not sure what will work best to help people with an illness. other words to describe clinical research are \u201c clinical trial, \u201d \u201c protocol, \u201d \u201c study, \u201d and \u201c experiment. \u201d sponsors \u2013 clinical trials are sponsored or funded by various organizations or individuals, including physicians, foundations, medical institutions, voluntary groups, and pharmaceutical companies, as well as federal agencies such as nih, fda, the department of defense, and the department of veterans affairs. standard treatment \u2013 the treatment that medical professionals consider at the time of the study to be the most prevalent and best available treatment. standardized procedures \u2013 these are study rules that researchers must follow exactly for every participant, regardless of what each participant is used to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5950042318037067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.160996"}
{"text": ". standard treatment \u2013 the treatment that medical professionals consider at the time of the study to be the most prevalent and best available treatment. standardized procedures \u2013 these are study rules that researchers must follow exactly for every participant, regardless of what each participant is used to. for example, if you normally take a medicine by injection but the experiment is testing the same medicine in pill form, the researcher must prescribe pills to you. the researcher cannot use a different method for you. study \u2013 conducted by a principal investigator who is often a doctor. members of the research team regularly monitor the participant \u2019 s health to determine the study \u2019 s safety and effectiveness. other words to describe a study are \u201c clinical trial, \u201d \u201c protocol, \u201d \u201c experiment, \u201d and \u201c research. \u201d single - blind research design \u2013 a study in which one party, either the investigator or participant, is unaware of what medication or intervention the participant is taking ; also called single - masked study. for more information on clinical research and clinical trials - visit the national library of medicine \u2019 s medlineplus, en espanol - information on mental health clinical trials - national library of medicine clinical trials database information from nimh is available in multiple formats. you can browse online, download documents in pdf, and order paper brochures through the mail. if you would like to have nimh publications, you can order them online. for the most up - to - date information on this topic, please check the nimh web site. if you do not have internet access and wish to have information that supplements this publication, please contact the nimh information center at the following numbers : national institute of mental health science writing, press & dissemination branch 6001 executive boulevard room 8184, msc 9663 bethesda, md 20892 - 9663 phone : 301 \u2013 443 \u2013 4513 or 1 \u2013 866 \u2013 615 \u2013 nimh ( 6464 ) toll - free tty : 866 \u2013 415 \u2013 8051 toll - free web site : http : / / www. nimh. nih. gov this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission from nimh. we encourage you to reproduce it and use it in your efforts to improve public health. citation of the national institute of mental health as a source is appreciated. however, using government materials inappropriately can raise legal or ethical concerns, so we ask you to use these guidelines : - nimh does not endorse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5859798459084269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.162080"}
{"text": "improve public health. citation of the national institute of mental health as a source is appreciated. however, using government materials inappropriately can raise legal or ethical concerns, so we ask you to use these guidelines : - nimh does not endorse or recommend any commercial products, processes, or services, and our publications may not be used for advertising or endorsement purposes. - nimh does not provide specific medical advice or treatment recommendations or referrals ; our materials may not be used in a manner that has the appearance of such information. - nimh requests that non - federal organizations not alter our publications in ways that will jeopardize the integrity and \u201c brand \u201d when using the publication. - addition of non - federal government logos and web site links may not have the appearance of nimh endorsement of any specific commercial products or services or medical treatments or services. if you have questions regarding these guidelines and use of nimh publications, please contact the nimh information center at 1 \u2013 866 \u2013 615 \u2013 6464 or e - mail at email @ example. com. the photos in this publication are of models and are used for illustrative purposes only. u. s. department of health and human services national institutes of health nih publication no. 08 - 4379", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5002001826252381, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915aa092-17ea-4c7d-b4e3-7c792d27503e>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.162595"}
{"text": "fit is an acronym for feed - in tariffs. what does fit mean? this terminology has become common in today \u2019 s discussion about solar energy and how it is encouraged by allowing those who create their own solar power with roof - top or pole mount solar panel installations to sell back excess power to their utility company. many times the fit programs make this a lucrative proposition that makes installation of solar technology for individual homeowners and small businesses more economical. as this chart illustrates, germany has a lower fit rate than others but leads the world in solar pv on residential roof tops. where state and federal governments pass these programs they are designed to incentivize solar pv installations. the political arguments run hot on both sides as to how they actually work in the long run. an introduction to feed - in tariffs ( fits ) have you heard about feed - in tariffs ( fits ) but you aren \u2019 t really sure what fit is or how it works? our purpose in being here is to answer just this kind of question. there \u2019 s much that could be said about this effort to ultimately increase the amount of renewable energy, including solar power, being used on the planet. here \u2019 s a brief rundown on fit. feed - in tariffs are designed to encourage individuals and businesses to become producers of renewal energy by offering cost - based compensation along with long - term contracts which help to fund investments in, for instance, solar panels and wind turbines. fits usually include three standard provisions : \u00b7 long - term contracts for the production of electricity \u00b7 guaranteed grid access \u00b7 purchase prices which are grounded upon what the cost is to generate the renewable energy when a feed - in tariff is established in a particular state in the united states or in a country, the private investors, farmers, homeowners, or business owners who provide renewable electricity are paid for the renewable electricity they produce. the beauty of this arrangement is that it encourages the development of renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, and bio - gas. these fits should help to make it cost - effective to install solar panels or whichever form of energy is desired. a huge push toward solar electricity, wind technology, and other sources of clean energy is needed in the united states ; and that \u2019 s where fits as incentives come in. as to whether fit programs are effective, over 50 countries have enacted feed - in tariff policies, including canada. as for the usa, a few states have adopted fits and more are moving in that direction. actually, compared to european nations, feed - in tariffs are hardly utilized in the us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5087036486817427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73f7a442-3322-4fea-a4f3-78ff958a7338>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.166805"}
{"text": "over 50 countries have enacted feed - in tariff policies, including canada. as for the usa, a few states have adopted fits and more are moving in that direction. actually, compared to european nations, feed - in tariffs are hardly utilized in the us. in fact, in most states, tax incentives and renewable portfolio standards are the more typical inducements toward clean energy sources. policymakers across the usa often drag their feet in pushing for more rapid development of solar power and other forms of renewable energy ; the strength of the fossil fuel and utility industries are among the varied reasons. a program attempting to unleash renewable energy in new york called clean local energy accessible now \u2013 feed - in tariff ( clean - fit ) is one example of a targeted effort to increase clean energy sources. besides providing rapid deployment of renewable energy, this program is expected to create many jobs. in ontario, canada, a fit program was recently established ; and, as a result, 20, 000 jobs have been created. from what one of our nass members in ontario tells us, ontario had a program that is called microfit that requires 60 % ontario made components, but also rewarded the investment with electricity that goes back into the grid at a reimbursement rate of 80 cents a kwhr for energy that cost 6 cents a kwhr to buy. that is a super fit deal for sure. the rate of reimbursement has gone down to 54 cents but will still be very much of an incentive. this also supports the manufacturers in ontario that produce solar panels and components. too bad we couldn \u2019 t get some of that type of action state - side too! fit programs make the financing of projects to create renewable energy less expensive, more appealing, less complicated, and more possible for individuals, communities, and small businesses because they provide an investment climate that \u2019 s stable. while canada, some states in the us, and other places throughout the world are achieving the desired goal of fit programs, new york policymakers have not enacted the clean - fit program. a new effort is being launched in new york in 2012. a solar renewable energy credit ( srec ) bill is being proposed. while this would be a step in the right direction toward ultimately adopting clean - fit, it falls short of where many believe new york should be in the switch to renewables. every state and community has its own story about the indifference or move towards fit programs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4616102496513804, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73f7a442-3322-4fea-a4f3-78ff958a7338>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.167900"}
{"text": "ways to minimize the risk of contracting the current flu frequent hand - washing just isn ' t enough in the midst of this flu epidemic. \" right now we ' re really talking about heroic measures to make sure you are not going to come into the environment where you know [ illness is ] intensified, \" said gary munk, chief of virology at hackensack university medical center. some of munk ' s recommendations to minimize the risk may sound extreme : rescheduling gatherings, putting off parties, declining invitations and avoiding crowded places. \" i think we ' re there right now, \" said munk. \" for planning purposes, if you defer for a few more weeks, you will have gotten through. it ' s probably in everyone ' s best interest to do that because you can ' t go somewhere where there ' s not this type of heightened activity right now. \" munk and jeffrey kocher, a physician with the department of infectious diseases at englewood hospital, stressed social responsibility, common sense and changes in routine. healthy people need to stay away from people who are obviously sick and avoid indoor crowds, said kocher. munk will not shake hands and he institutes a 7 - foot - rule, attempting to keep that distance between himself and people ( especially sick people ) wherever possible. \" if somebody is coughing and sneezing, i don ' t want to step into their sphere if i know they are not being responsible, \" he said. \" if they ' re sneezing into the air or coughing into the air, i create my own 7 - foot - rule, because it won ' t reach you. it ' s on a cell and the cell, like the magic carpet ride, will settle down. \" munk stressed that it is not just influenza making people sick right now. those who feels lousy may assume they have the flu, but many respiratory viruses, two strains of influenza and three strains of parainfluenza are circulating locally at the moment. some people are getting them in succession, with the viruses taking advantage of those who are already at low resistance. other illnesses are causing secondary bacterial infections that might require antibiotic treatment. while certain foods are believed to boost immunity and grandma ' s chicken soup may always make things seem better, these doctors said inundating oneself with supposed flu - fighting superfoods shouldn ' t be considered a way to ward off the current scourge. \" adequate nutrition and avoidance of dietary deficiencies is important ; getting enough rest is important,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4154333002649324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb067a97-e1ad-446c-8f5f-a4d9b49ccc80>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.171222"}
{"text": "the white arrows in these two tumor samples point to a subset of tumor cells that are in a resting state. the white arrows in these two tumor samples point to a subset of tumor cells that are in a resting state. nature scientists reported new evidence wednesday that supports a provocative theory about cancer. three separate teams of scientists said they had, for the first time, shown that so - called cancer stem cells can be found naturally in brain tumors and early forms of skin and colon cancer. evidence has been mounting in recent years for the existence of these cells, which would be especially insidious. they are believed to resist standard chemotherapy and radiation and fuel the growth of tumors and relapses. \" after a tumor is treated by many conventional forms of therapy, the non - stem cells in a cancer are wiped out but the cancer stem cells may survive and thereafter regenerate an entirely new tumor, leading to what one calls clinical relapse, \" said robert weinberg, a cancer biologist at the whitehead institute for biomedical research in boston. the existence of these cells has been highly controversial. the evidence came mostly from manipulating cancer cells in laboratory dishes and transplanting human cancer cells into animals. it remained far from clear whether they really occurred on their own and for all types of cancers. the new experiments set out to answer some of those doubts by studying cancers that occur naturally in laboratory mice. \" this was the first example of examination of a spontaneously growing tumor in its normal site of development where we were able to trace the existence of cancer stem cells, \" said luis parada, a professor of developmental biology at the university of texas southwestern medical center. parada and his colleagues performed a series of experiments in which they used sophisticated genetic techniques to trace and analyze brain tumor cells in mice. two other teams in europe conducted similar tests, but this time with early forms of either skin cancer or colon cancer. all the research is being published this week in three papers in the journals nature and science. \" with these three studies we can say that in fact three different kinds of tumors adhere to the cancer stem cell hypothesis, \" parada said. even though the studies were done in mice, weinberg, parada and others say there ' s no reason to think the findings don ' t apply to people. and if that ' s the case, the research could lead to new ways to fight cancer. \" it means that we ' ve identified the enemy, finally, \" he said. the key to defeating this enemy may be new drugs that specifically target these cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5192884812471151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72969711-e6e4-4355-9f03-8b0fb16b7d0a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.174741"}
{"text": "if that ' s the case, the research could lead to new ways to fight cancer. \" it means that we ' ve identified the enemy, finally, \" he said. the key to defeating this enemy may be new drugs that specifically target these cancer stem cells. \" previously we thought all we needed to do was kill off all the cells in the tumor without having any recognition of the existence of these subpopulations of cancer stem cells, \" weinberg said. \" now we come to realize that both the non - stem cells and the stem cells need to be eliminated in a tumor in order for one to have a durable clinical response, which may eventually lead actually to a cure. \" but not everyone is convinced. some scientists remain skeptical that what the researchers have found are really cancer stem cells, or that they exist for all forms of cancer. \" the main issue is, ' can you prove that these things exist? and that means considering the range of alternative explanations and disproving each one \u2014 one after another. and that ' s just not being done, \" said scott kern, who studies the genetics of cancer at johns hopkins. \" i think the field has not matured. \" despite the skeptics, drug companies have already started designing drugs to target cancer stem cells. \" these three studies add further impetus to us moving ahead with these trials to try to eliminate these cancer stem cells in the hope that it will improve the outcome for patients with a variety of different kinds of cancer, \" said max wicha, who is studying some of the experimental medicines at the university of michigan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45475823222403255, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72969711-e6e4-4355-9f03-8b0fb16b7d0a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.175687"}
{"text": "discover our shared heritage travel itinerary places reflecting america ' s diverse cultures explore their stories in the national park system blackstone river valley national heritage corridor massachusetts, rhode island in the area from providence, rhode island to worcester, massachusetts, blackstone river valley national heritage corridor tells the story of industrialization in america and the transformation of a river from a source of food to a floating highway. growth and change in this region is also the story of thousands of people who came from across the globe looking for work. many still come today, creating new communities and adding to the diversity of the area. visitors to blackstone river valley national heritage corridor have the opportunity to explore over 300 years of american history at this birthplace of the american industrial revolution that is a dynamic landscape of historic and natural sites to see. william blackstone and roger williams were among the earliest european settlers in the blackstone river valley. blackstone helped to found boston and then came west to around present - day cumberland, rhode island in 1635. roger williams helped to settle the providence, rhode island area. initially, most of the settlers were farmers. following king phillip \u2019 s war in the late 1600s, life in the valley began to change. towns rebuilt after the war embraced new technological developments including the widespread use of waterpower and mills for manufacturing. in the late 1700s, moses brown, a merchant from providence, and samuel slater, an englishman, established a successful loom manufacturing company in pawtucket, rhode island at slater mill, america \u2019 s first textile mill. the company set the standard for the development of mills throughout the blackstone valley. today, visitors can visit old slater mill as part of the slater mill museum and learn more about life in the mills. the need for a faster, cheaper way to move goods from the mills to markets and to bring in raw goods led to the construction of the blackstone canal that runs along, and sometimes in, the blackstone river. completed in 1828, the canal enabled mills to spread throughout the valley from providence to worcester. canal boats pulled by horses transported products and passengers for only about 20 years, after which the railroad replaced boat traffic. in that time, the valley changed dramatically. irish laborers built the canal, which was responsible for bringing immigrants to the united states. between providence and worcester, visitors can bike along portions of the towpath, canoe, or kayak, and explore the history of the canal at a number of museums and historic homes by taking these blackstone valley canal tours. the waters farm in sutton, massachusetts is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4233975986352295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00bf3939-2a1f-4640-9a27-417242d0b87e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.180512"}
{"text": "worcester, visitors can bike along portions of the towpath, canoe, or kayak, and explore the history of the canal at a number of museums and historic homes by taking these blackstone valley canal tours. the waters farm in sutton, massachusetts is a good example of the farms that dominated the region before mills. the waters family built the first part of the farm in 1728. they produced apples and apple cider to earn a living, but commercial trade was not a major part of life on the farm. instead, the waters family made and maintained the goods they needed on the farm. at one point, the farm had its own blacksmith and carpenter \u2019 s shop, barn, and cider mill. visitors can tour the farm and learn more about pre - industrial life in the river valley and the waters family, who lived on the property from the early 1700s to the late 1900s. visitors can also explore the historic town of sutton which, like much of the valley, grew more industrialized over time. later, larger mill construction took place in chepachet village, part of gloucester, rhode island, one of the earliest towns changed by the industrial revolution. visitors today can see an early mill constructed in 1814 to take advantage of the water that runs through the village. this mill, the stone mill, is one of a number of downtown buildings that date from the early 1800s. agriculture and family businesses that dominated the area beginning in the 1600s began to give way to other types of commerce. in chepachet, a mill, a masonic hall, a tavern, and a grocery store made the town a center of commercial activity. larger mill buildings from a later period are also in the town. by the mid - 1800s, the larger mills needed more employees, which led to the growth of mill towns. in georgiaville, part of smithfield, rhode island, zachariah allen established a particularly successful mill in 1853 that became the basis for the life of the community. mill housing still lines stillwater road. in this company town, the mill provided both a paycheck and a place to live. workers and supervisors lived in separate employee housing. at georgiaville pond, visitors can look out over a landscape changed for the mill where dams on the woonasquatucket river created ponds that helped ensure a constant water level so that the mill could always run. founded in the 1840s as a utopian village, hopedale, massachusetts is another good example of a mill town. here, as in smithfield, the mill and its owners shaped the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4268651587028747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00bf3939-2a1f-4640-9a27-417242d0b87e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.181459"}
{"text": "ensure a constant water level so that the mill could always run. founded in the 1840s as a utopian village, hopedale, massachusetts is another good example of a mill town. here, as in smithfield, the mill and its owners shaped the town. the draper corporation constructed houses and institutional buildings. at the time, the company thought that by providing workers with good homes and other amenities, employees would work harder and the company could attract better prospective employees. the draper corporation became the largest manufacturer of equipment for the production of cotton textiles in the country. workers came from all over to work the factory, including men and women from england, scotland, canada, ireland, and italy. by 1916, roughly 1, 700 people worked in the factories ; this number grew to almost 3, 500 by 1951. in the 1920s, mills began to decline in the united states, as manufacturing in the northeast weakened. life in the blackstone river valley is much different now than it was when samuel slater and moses brown teamed up to establish the textile industry in the united states roughly 130 years ago. the presence of the textile industry has diminished, though its impact has not. the area is still home to a rich mix of peoples. until most of the mills closed, french - canadians, lithuanians, ukrainians, swedes, poles, and the portuguese were among the largest immigrant groups to come to the valley looking for opportunities. today, new immigrants come from south america, cambodia, laos, and viet nam. the john h. chafee blackstone river valley national heritage corridor brings alive the story of the industrial revolution in the united states. in its historic mill towns and other sites, visitors can learn firsthand what drew so many diverse peoples to the promise of opportunity there.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46761034403804347, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00bf3939-2a1f-4640-9a27-417242d0b87e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.182150"}
{"text": "\u00a7 140. 3 definitions. as used in this part, ( a ) act means the atomic energy act of 1954 ( 68 stat. 919 ) including any amendments thereto. ( b ) commission means the nuclear regulatory commission or its duly authorized representatives. ( c ) federal agency means a government agency such that any liability in tort based on the activities of such agency would be satisfied by funds appropriated by the congress and paid out of the united states treasury. ( d ) financial protection means the ability to respond in damages for public liability and to meet the cost of investigating and defending claims and settling suits for such damages. ( e ) government agency means any executive department, commission, independent establishment, corporation, wholly or partly owned by the united states of america which is an instrumentality of the united states, or any board, bureau, division, service, office, officer, authority, administration, or other establishment in the executive branch of the government. ( f ) nuclear reactor means any apparatus, other than an atomic weapon, designed or used to sustain nuclear fission in a self - supporting chain reaction. ( g ) person means : ( 1 ) any individual, corporation, partnership, firm, association, trust, estate, public or private institution, group, government agency other than the commission or the department, except that the department shall be considered a person within the meaning of the regulations in this part to the extent that its facilities and activities are subject to the licensing and related regulatory authority of the commission pursuant to section 202 of the energy reorganization act of 1974 ( 88 stat. 1244 ), any state or any political subdivision thereof, or any political entity within a state, any foreign government or nation or any political subdivision of any such government or nation, or other entity ; and ( 2 ) any legal successor, representative, agent, or agency of the foregoing. ( h ) plutonium processing and fuel fabrication plant means a plant in which the following operations or activities are conducted : ( 1 ) operations for manufacture of reactor fuel containing plutonium, where the license or licenses authorize the possession of either five or more kilograms of plutonium, excluding that contained in sealed sources and welded or otherwise sealed unirradiated or irradiated fuel rods, at the site of the plant or authorize the processing of one or more kilograms of plutonium, excluding that contained in sealed sources and welded or otherwise sealed unirradiated or irradiated fuel rods, at the plant, including any of the following processes : ( i ) preparation of fuel material ; (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5797228262885501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6df2b6e5-0379-4e8c-bbe2-dca315dbe1fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.186675"}
{"text": "one or more kilograms of plutonium, excluding that contained in sealed sources and welded or otherwise sealed unirradiated or irradiated fuel rods, at the plant, including any of the following processes : ( i ) preparation of fuel material ; ( ii ) formation of fuel material into desired shapes ; ( iii ) application of protective cladding ; ( iv ) recovery of scrap material ; and ( v ) storage associated with such operations ; or ( 2 ) research and development activities involving any of the operations described in paragraph ( h ) ( 1 ) of this section, except for research and development activities where the operator is licensed to possess or use plutonium in amounts less than those specified in paragraph ( h ) ( 1 ). ( i ) source material means source material as defined in the regulations contained in part 40 of this chapter. ( j ) special nuclear material means : ( 1 ) plutonium, uranium 233, uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235, and any other material which the commission, pursuant to the provisions of section 51 of the act, determines to be special nuclear material, but does not include source material ; or ( 2 ) any material artifically enriched by any of the foregoing, but does not include source material. ( k ) testing reactor means a nuclear reactor which is of a type described in \u00a7 50. 21 ( c ) of this chapter and for which an application has been filed for a license authorizing operation at : ( 1 ) a thermal power level in excess of 10 megawatts ; or ( 2 ) a thermal power level in excess of 1 megawatt, if the reactor is to contain : ( i ) a circulating loop through the core in which the applicant proposes to conduct fuel experiments ; or ( ii ) a liquid fuel loading ; or ( iii ) an experimental facility in the core in excess of 16 square inches in cross - section. ( l ) department means the department of energy established by the department of energy organization act ( pub. l. 95 - 91, 91 stat. 565, 42 u. s. c. 7101 et seq. ), to the extent that the department, or its duly authorized representatives, exercises functions formerly vested in the u. s. atomic energy commission, its chairman, members, officers and components and transferred to the u. s. energy research and development administration and to the administrator thereof pursuant to sections 104 ( b ), ( c ) and ( d ) of the energy reorganization act of 1974 ( pub. l. 93 - 438", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5733500725603393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6df2b6e5-0379-4e8c-bbe2-dca315dbe1fe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.187588"}
{"text": "components and transferred to the u. s. energy research and development administration and to the administrator thereof pursuant to sections 104 ( b ), ( c ) and ( d ) of the energy reorganization act of 1974 ( pub. l. 93 - 438, 88 stat. 1233 at 1237, 42 u. s. c. 5814 ) and retransferred to the secretary of energy pursuant to section 301 ( a ) of the department of energy organization act ( pub. l. 95 - 91, 91 stat. 565 at 577 - 578, 42 u. s. c. 7151 ). ( m ) uranium enrichment facility means : ( 1 ) any facility used for separating the isotopes of uranium or enriching uranium in the isotope 235, except laboratory scale facilities designed or used for experimental or analytical purposes only ; or ( 2 ) any equipment or device, or important component part especially designed for such equipment or device, capable of separating the isotopes of uranium or enriching uranium in the isotope 235. [ 25 fr 2944, apr. 7, 1960, as amended at 40 fr 8793, mar. 3, 1975 ; 42 fr 48, jan. 3, 1977 ; 45 fr 14201, mar. 5, 1980 ; 57 fr 18394, apr. 30, 1992 ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5837186321352692, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6df2b6e5-0379-4e8c-bbe2-dca315dbe1fe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.188257"}
{"text": "environmental news : media centermain page | archive embargoed until tuesday, february 6, 2001 press contact : elliott negin or liz heyd, 202 - 289 - 6868 if you are not a member of the press, please write to us at email @ example. com or see our contact page. nrdc proposes ' responsible ' energy policy for the 21st century report shows that america can meet its energy needs without drilling in alaska wildlife refuge or suspending clean - air standards in california washington ( february 6, 2001 ) - nrdc ( natural resources defense council ) today released a balanced plan for u. s. energy policy that would meet the nation \u2019 s needs and save consumers billions of dollars annually - - without destroying pristine wilderness areas or rolling back environmental safeguards. the report also offers a solution for california \u2019 s electricity crisis that would not suspend state or federal air quality standards. among other things, nrdc \u2019 s analysis shows that president bush \u2019 s proposal to open the arctic national wildlife refuge coastal plain to oil development would not lessen u. s. oil dependence, lower gasoline prices, or have an impact on the california electricity crisis. the president \u2019 s proposal will be the centerpiece of an omnibus senate republican energy bill that is expected to be introduced sometime this month. \" drilling for oil in the arctic refuge coastal plain makes no sense from an environmental, economic or energy perspective, \" said gregory wetstone, nrdc \u2019 s director of programs. \" one can quibble over just how much economically recoverable oil there is under the coastal plain \u2019 s tundra, but there \u2019 s not enough to make a difference. the real solution to our energy problems is increased fuel efficiency. it would be faster, cheaper and cleaner than drilling in the refuge. \" according to nrdc, drilling proponents grossly overstate how much oil could be recovered in the arctic refuge and understate the potential environmental consequences. the u. s. geological survey concluded that the area likely holds only about 3. 2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil - - less than what the nation uses in six months. production would be spread over the 50 years of the field \u2019 s lifetime and would likely peak at 150 million barrels per year in 2027 - - amounting to only 1. 5 percent of projected u. s. consumption that year. given that current u. s. demand for oil - - which is more than 7. 1 billion barrels per year - - is increasing about 2 percent annually, the coastal plain would contribute less than 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48128867295932587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff8b173a-a7cc-4c21-b571-4d255261f14b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.193355"}
{"text": "of projected u. s. consumption that year. given that current u. s. demand for oil - - which is more than 7. 1 billion barrels per year - - is increasing about 2 percent annually, the coastal plain would contribute less than 1 percent of the oil we are projected to consume over the next 50 years. moreover, even if oil companies started exploration in the arctic refuge today, it would take at least 10 years for the first oil to arrive at west coast refineries. the cornerstone of nrdc \u2019 s plan is increased energy efficiency relying on readily available and cost - effective processes and technologies. in the short term, the plan calls for increased reliance on natural gas as a bridge to renewable and environmentally sound energy sources in the future. correspondingly, the plan calls for reducing reliance on dirtier fossil fuels - - oil and coal. key nrdc recommendations include : - raising fuel economy standards for new cars, sport utility vehicles ( suvs ) and other light trucks to an average of 39 miles per gallon over the next decade ; - requiring replacement tires to be as fuel - efficient as the original tires on new vehicles ; - expanding programs to weatherize housing for low - income americans ; - keeping development out of the arctic national wildlife refuge and sensitive offshore areas, including moratorium areas, alaska and the eastern gulf of mexico ; - maintaining protections for sensitive onshore public lands and extend protection to other special places ; - establishing comprehensive limits on power plant air pollution covering emissions of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and mercury ; - ending subsidies for so - called \" clean coal \" technology and nuclear power ; - providing incentives for the construction of energy - efficient buildings and manufacturing of energy efficient heating, cooling and water - heating equipment ; and - planning a gas pipeline if needed to deliver prudhoe bay gas to the lower 48 states that follows the trans - alaska pipeline and the alaska - canadian highway, complies with all environmental laws, and incorporates the best pipeline safety and environmental measures. \" the united states cannot produce its way out of oil dependence, \" said dr. daniel lashof, an nrdc senior scientist. \" what we can do is dampen u. s. consumption, which amounts to about 25 percent of world petroleum demand. for example, increasing average fuel efficiency for new cars, suvs and light trucks to 39 miles per gallon over the next decade would save 51 billion barrels of oil over the next 50 years - - more than 15 times the likely yield from the arctic refuge. \" nrdc does welcome provisions it expects to see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4782439069825386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff8b173a-a7cc-4c21-b571-4d255261f14b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.194804"}
{"text": "suvs and light trucks to 39 miles per gallon over the next decade would save 51 billion barrels of oil over the next 50 years - - more than 15 times the likely yield from the arctic refuge. \" nrdc does welcome provisions it expects to see in the senate republican energy bill providing tax incentives for energy - efficiency improvements, but the group rejects any legislation allowing oil drilling in the arctic refuge in exchange for energy - efficiency measures. \" as long as the bush administration and senator frank murkowski insist on opening the arctic refuge to oil development, the positive elements in their package are nothing more than a trojan horse, \" said chuck clusen, an nrdc senior policy analyst. \" if republican leaders are serious about enacting energy - efficiency provisions, they \u2019 ll have to come up with a clean bill. \" finally, the public does not support oil development in the arctic refuge coastal plain. according to a associated press poll announced last week, americans, by a 53 to 33 percent margin, oppose the plan to explore for oil in the refuge. ( an additional 13 percent said they did not know. ) the natural resources defense council is a national, nonprofit organization of scientists, lawyers and environmental specialists dedicated to protecting public health and the environment. founded in 1970, nrdc has more than 400, 000 members nationwide, served from offices in new york, washington, los angeles and san francisco. related nrdc pages a responsible energy policy for the 21st century additional downloadable materials for the press introductory statement of greg wetstone in microsoft word format, 87k sign up for nrdc ' s online newsletter nrdc gets top ratings from the charity watchdogs - charity navigator awards nrdc its 4 - star top rating. - worth magazine named nrdc one of america ' s 100 best charities. - nrdc meets the highest standards of the wise giving alliance of the better business bureau.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43316468309213735, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff8b173a-a7cc-4c21-b571-4d255261f14b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.195900"}
{"text": "leptospirosis and equine recurrent uveitis in horses from time - to - time, horse owners and veterinarians see equine recurrent uveitis, also known as periodic ophthalmia or moon blindness, in horses. horse owners will see this as a painful eye. painful eyes result from either damage or disease to the cornea or to the uvea ( iris, ciliary body and choroid ). the differential diagnosis includes traumatic injury, parasite infection by onchocerca cervicalis, face fly irritation, and leptospira - induced uveitis. shapiro and stevenson recently reported equine abortions and recurrent uveitis associated with leptospirosis infections in horses in eastern ontario ( 1, 2 ). leptospires are motile bacteria called spirochetes. the leptospires are grouped into serovars and serogroups of which pomona, grippotyphosa, hardjo, bratislava, canicola, and icterohaemmorhagiae are the ones we are most interested in. leptospires are very common in domestic and wild animals and can also infect humans. in particular regions, there will be one or more maintenance hosts which serve as the reservoir for the infection. leptospires will be transmitted to incidental hosts by shedding into the environment from a maintenance host. they can invade the mucous membranes and / or damaged skin and migrate to various body organs of an incidental host ( 3 ). the maintenance hosts can be wildlife such as deer, raccoons, and rodents. researchers have believed that recurrent uveitis was an immune - mediated reaction and a sequella to a leptospira pomona infection which occurred months or years previously ( 4 ). however, a recent german study isolated leptospires from the eyes of 27 % of 130 affected horses. these isolates belong to the grippotyphosa serogroup ( n = 31 ) and to the australis serogroup ( n = 4 ). this is a remarkable achievement because of the difficulty of isolating this bacterium. ( 5 ) clinical signs will often disappear followed by recurrence. severe attacks can lead to calcific band keratopathy ( calcification of the cornea ), permanent blindness, atrophy of the eye and / or glaucoma. the horse is presented with signs of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47097937791408706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08e4ee26-4721-4045-9e34-a1103cf89ca1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.201863"}
{"text": "inside relativelayoutby james elliott, coauthor of java swing, 2nd edition as promised in my first article, \" relativelayout : a constraint - based layout manager, \" here ' s a look inside the relativelayout package. this article explains how the layout manager works, and discusses how to extend it to support new kinds of constraints. readers should be familiar with the original article, which introduces relativelayout and explains how to use it as a tool. once you download and expand the source archive, you ' ll find the following items inside of it ( figure 1 shows everything it will contain once you ' re ready to build and run figure 1 : relativelayout source this is a build file for the ant tool from apache ' s jakarta project. it is used to compile and test relativelayout. once you have installed ant on your system ( which you have likely done already, since it has rapidly and deservedly become the build tool of choice for java projects ) you can compile relativelayout simply by moving to the top - level source directory and typing ant compile ( after you ' ve set up the lib directory as described below ). other interesting build targets you can run include : ant ex1 : runs the first example program discussed in the first article. similarly, the targets ex3run the second and third examples. ant doc : builds the javadoc for relativelayout. you may want to refer to this documentation from time to time as you read the overview of how the classes work, below. ant dist : builds the distribution file relativelayout. jarso you can easily use relativelayoutwith other projects. ant clean : cleans up any generated files and removes the these files are used by the xml - based examples in the first article. they contain the layout constraints used by the second and third example programs. contains libraries used by relativelayout. it ' s empty when you first download and expand the source archive, because these libraries are available from separate organizations. in order to compile and use relativelayout, you ' ll need the jdom library and ( if you ' re using a java sdk earlier than version 1. 4 ) an xml parser such as apache xerces, as discussed in the first article. once you ' ve downloaded any libraries you need ( which you likely did in order to run the examples when reading part 1 ), copy their library jars ( e. g. xerces. jar ) into the lib directory, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46757166927953797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b0ddc5f-b616-4f83-9c81-b11dbb31528f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.208442"}
{"text": "article. once you ' ve downloaded any libraries you need ( which you likely did in order to run the examples when reading part 1 ), copy their library jars ( e. g. xerces. jar ) into the lib directory, and relativelayout will compile and run properly. i used this file along with a test program while i was developing relativelayout. it ' s not too useful now, unless you want to study and play with that test program. note that the current configuration of the program ( invoked through ant test ) and this file are inconsistent and cause an over - constraint error to be reported. if you ' re into that sort of thing, debugging and fixing the problem could be an interesting exercise. the rest of the source is organized under the src directory, so let ' s move in there and see what we find. - the files these are the three example programs discussed in part 1. this is the test program that works with test. xmlas described above. it ' s no longer of much interest except for software archaeology, in that it provides a little insight into the development of the package. this package overview document is used by javadoc to provide introductory information on the starting page. the java source for relativelayoutitself is grouped under this directory. to be precise, it ' s in the nested directory src / com / brunchboy / util / swing / relativelayout, corresponding to the package in which the classes themselves are organized, com. brunchboy. util. swing. relativelayout. the classes that make up relativelayoutare explained in the next few sections. you ' ll best understand how everything works if you can examine the source itself while you read the descriptions below, perhaps by printing one or the other. relativelayoutdirectory also contains the file package. html, used by javadoc to provide an introductory explanation for the classes in the directory, and constraint - set. dtd, the xml document type definition ( described below ), used by xmlconstraintbuilderto parse constraint specifications expressed as xml.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49816078563168653, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b0ddc5f-b616-4f83-9c81-b11dbb31528f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.211741"}
{"text": "heat loss and hydrothermal ciruculation due to sea - floor spreading. abstract ( summary ) lithospheric cooling along the galapagos spreading center at 86\u00b0w longitude, as determined by surface heat - flow measurements, appears dominated by hydrothermal circulation. this same phenomena apparently exists on the mid - atlantic ridge at 36\u00b0n and presumably, in some form on all active oceanic ridges. it is responsible for removing the majority of the heat ( ) 80 % ) lost through young ( few m. y. old ) oceanic crust. this component of heat has been ignored in previous calculations of the total rate of heat loss by the earth. a theoretical expression is used to estimate the heat released by sea - floor spreading, since current technology does not provide any means for direct measurement. the revised va lue of lo. 2 x iol2 cal / sec ( il5 % ) represents a 32 % increase over previous estimates. more than 20 % of this heat apparently escapes through hydrothermal vents near sea - floor spreading centers. the previously accepted equality of oceanic and continental heat flux is invalid. the revised analysis indicates the oceanic heat flux is 2. 2 x io - 6 cal / cm2 - sec ( hfu ) versus l. 5 hfu for the continents. the average for the earth is then approximately 2. 0 hfu. the horizontal wavelength of inferred hydrothermal convection at the galapagos spreading center, in the one dimension measured, is 6 il km. the systematic modulation suggests cellular convection. if the system is dominated by cellular convection, the depth of penetration, based on laboratory modeling experiments should be 3 to 4 kilometers. - 3 - the data from the galapagos spreading center and laboratory experiments both suggest that the position of the cells in a cellular convection system can be a strong function of the local topography, the rising limbs of flow being located beneath topographic highs and the descending limbs beneath topographic lows. the addition of topography enhances the heat transfer efficiency of a convection system. lateral variation in permeability or the systems bottom boundary condition will also influence the position of cells. even if the circulation system were strongly influenced by some combination of variations in the strength of the heat source, topography or discrete zones of high permeability, it would probably still be cellular in nature, and similar deep penetration is indicated. if the galapagos spreading center is typical, there are presumably numerous hydrothermal springs and fissures in each square kilometer of near - ridge sea floor and sediment thicknesses of at least 50", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5310934527688865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b27fe4e-b678-4b8b-965f-6d6a0bdfc6c7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.215996"}
{"text": "cellular in nature, and similar deep penetration is indicated. if the galapagos spreading center is typical, there are presumably numerous hydrothermal springs and fissures in each square kilometer of near - ridge sea floor and sediment thicknesses of at least 50 meters are apparently penetrable to the flow of water. as the sea floor ages the surface of the hydrothermal system becomes less permeable and eventually both the surface and the deep system are completely clogged and sealed. the age at which this occurs varies from ridge to ridge but there is evidence that suggests it may not be complete until the crust is at least 8 m. y. old and possibly as much as 40 - 50 m. y. old. most of the surface is apparently sealed long before hydrothermal circulation stops, although some vents do persist. this behavior of the hydrothermal system has a dramatic effect on conductive heat - flow measurements and is largely responsibte - - fbr ene variations observed in conductive heat flow near active spreading ridges. the results of this study show the difficulties in resolving systematic patterns in the heat - flow distribution on spreading ridges. numerous, closely - spaced measurements with precise navigation combined with a relatively uniform sediment cover, appear to be necessary ingredients for recognition of the heat - flow pattern near active sea - floor spreading centers. thesis supervisor : dr. richard p. von herzen ti tle : senior scientist - 4 - school location : usa - massachusetts source type : master ' s thesis date of publication :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5077560755398718, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b27fe4e-b678-4b8b-965f-6d6a0bdfc6c7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.216614"}
{"text": "t ' vault, william g. ( 1806 - 1869 ) william green t \u2019 vault had a wide - ranging career in early oregon. a truculent and controversial political figure during the territorial and civil war periods, t ' vault was a slavery - and - secession advocate who became a prominent, strident voice for the minority of oregonians who agreed with him. t \u2019 vault was born in 1806, but his birthplace is uncertain. some accounts give it as tennessee, but others report that he was born either during his immigrant parents \u2019 voyage from france or soon after their arrival in charleston, south carolina. he grew up in tennessee, where he studied law, married the widow rhoda boone burns ( a granddaughter of daniel boone ), and may have run for local office before immigrating to oregon in 1845. the leader of a 300 - person wagon party on the overland trail, t ' vault was named oregon \u2019 s first postmaster - general soon after he reached oregon city. in 1846, he won election to the provisional legislature and became oregon \u2019 s first newspaper editor, overseeing publication of oregon city \u2019 s oregon spectator until differences with the paper \u2019 s owners led to his departure. t \u2019 vault joined several partners in establishing an express mail service through the rogue river valley to link the town of winchester with the mining camp of yreka, california. he led some of the trips himself. in 1851, he rode with major phil kearney \u2019 s army detachment heading south to california and took part in kearney \u2019 s battle with the takelma indians near present - day shady cove. later that year, t \u2019 vault led an ill - fated attempt to find a route up the rugged rogue river canyon from the coast, intending to join the california - oregon trail in the rogue \u2019 s main valley. he assumed that the distance between the ocean and the valley could be little more than forty miles, but the group soon found their way blocked by sheer cliffs and steep slopes covered with dense brush. turning north, they wandered through the upper coquille river country until the terrain gentled and the river widened. a local native offered to guide them to the coast by canoe, but within a few miles of the ocean the men were attacked by coquille indians and barely escaped with their lives. the following year, t \u2019 vault led another freight - route exploration from the umpqua river overland toward port orford. he filed a land claim in what would become jackson county at a narrow rocky place on the rogue river he named \u201c dardenelles \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40485817361331916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3537b068-4dbf-4f01-9a75-9203bfc4dd6b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.227965"}
{"text": "year, t \u2019 vault led another freight - route exploration from the umpqua river overland toward port orford. he filed a land claim in what would become jackson county at a narrow rocky place on the rogue river he named \u201c dardenelles \" ; it later came to be called rock point. t \u2019 vault \u2019 s interest in southern oregon increased in 1852 when gold strikes were made near jacksonville. in 1853, he served with joseph lane and other volunteers during the brief 1853 rogue river war. in 1855, he established jacksonville ' s table rock sentinel ( changing its name to oregon sentinel in 1858 ), using the newspaper \u2014 the first in southern oregon \u2014 to renew his political career and to propose the creation of a territory of jackson in southern - most oregon that would be open to slavery. praising the u. s. supreme court ' s dred scott decision of 1857, he defended the rights of slaveholders to bring their human property to oregon despite the territorial constitution ' s prohibition of chattel slavery. supported by a considerable number of states - rights democrats in jackson county, t ' vault won election to the territorial legislature in 1858 ; once in salem, he was chosen as speaker of the house. by 1859, some of t ' vault ' s opinions echoed those of extremist southern fire - eaters in the east, and he was out of office by 1860. when the south ' s firing on fort sumter brought a temporary alliance between oregon republicans and pro - union democrats, pro - secessionist figures like t ' vault declined in popularity. he sold the newspaper to a colleague and left for the gold strikes in idaho as the civil war got underway. returning to jackson county in 1862, t ' vault trumpeted the idea of an independent, slave - holding pacific republic comprised of california, oregon, and nearby territories. disgusted to find that republicans now owned the sentinel, he termed it the \" scent - in - hell. \" in 1863, he founded the oregon intelligencer, in which he castigated his opponents as a \" black republican, union, negro - worshipping gang \" that blindly followed \" their dictator lincoln. \" by the end of the war, with his political star burned out, t ' vault was considered a local aberration, a colorful anachronism. an 1884 history of southern oregon recalled that he had \" force of character \u2026 and a lack of culture \u2026 uncompromising in his animosities but fair to his friends. \" he died in jacksonville in 1869 of smallpox during the closing days of the town", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4320084220536531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3537b068-4dbf-4f01-9a75-9203bfc4dd6b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.229678"}
{"text": "winter isn ' t easy on most of us. piles of ice and snow greet us weekly, and short days make brief periods of sunshine even harder to come by. that, combined with bitterly cold temperatures, means most of us wind up staying inside our well - sealed energy - efficient homes, rather than get outside for fresh air. and that could put your lungs at risk. there are a wide variety of toxic chemicals lurking in your home, and while you can take steps to minimize them, one the most prevalent chemicals in your home isn ' t easy to get rid of. formaldehyde, a volatile organic compound that is emitted in low levels by a variety of household building products and furniture, may cause cancer in humans and has been known to trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions when present in high levels. a common component of glues that hold pressed - wood or particleboard furniture and cabinets together, it ' s also emitted by natural gas stoves, carpet glues, flooring glues, caulks, sealants, paints, furniture finishes, and the water - and stain - repellent finishes applied to upholstery and clothing. government regulations have reduced the amount of formaldehyde that is used in insulation and particleboard furniture, but the sheer number of potential formaldehyde emitters found in the average home makes the chemical difficult to avoid. the good news is, you have a cheap, easy, green tool at your disposal to get rid of it. in 1989, nasa scientists tested a variety of houseplants for their ability to remove formaldehyde from the air, and one of the authors, b. c. wolverton, later published the findings in a book titled how to grow fresh air ( penguin, 1996 ). following is a list of their top formaldehyde removers, as well as a few other plants that clean the air and may bring a little sunshine into your winter. but before you head to your local greenhouse, ask your friends if they can give you any clippings or root cuttings. not only are they free, but it ' s also difficult ( if not impossible ) to find organically grown houseplants. greenhouses are breeding grounds for aphids and other plant pests, and as a result, growers commonly use herbicides and fumigants. keep reading for the 7 best air - cleaning plants. # 1 : boston fern. boston ferns remove more formaldehyde than any other plant. they ' re also highly efficient at removing other indoor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4841800125355211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfc654e0-8317-4e94-9cb0-82c524a4a1d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.236834"}
{"text": ". janet craigs will tolerate more abuse and neglect than rubber trees, but rubber trees are a little more aesthetically pleasing. # 4 : english ivy. grown outdoors, english ivy is an invasive species that can damage your home ' s exterior and tear off your gutters. but bring it inside, and it ' s an effective formaldehyde remover. thanks to its ability to climb structures, it ' s easy to grow as topiary and use as a decorative element in your living spaces. english ivy likes part sun and part shade, so it ' s a good plant to try indoors, and it ' s not as temperamental as boston ferns are. occasional waterings and mistings during the winter will keep it healthy. # 5 : peace lily. one of few houseplants that will bloom indoors, the peace lily with its seashell - shaped spathes really will bring a touch of summer into a dreary winter. one of the best plants for removing formaldehyde, it also removes benzene and certain vocs that are emitted by harsh cleaning products ( making it another good office plant, particularly if your maintenance staff doesn ' t use green cleaners ). it also prefers low - light conditions and has a high transpiration rate that will humidify your air. just be aware that the leaves can be poisonous to pets and children, so peace lily may not be a great choice for new parents or pet owners. # 6 : golden pothos. though not high on the list of formaldehyde removers, we ' ve included this plant because you can practically hit it with a hammer and not kill it. it tolerates a lot of neglect and is forgiving when over - watered. and it ' s still relatively effective at removing air pollutants. for those reasons, it ' s a great \" starter houseplant \" for people without much indoor - gardening experience. golden pothos are often mistakenly sold as philodendrons, which are related plants that are equally good at removing formaldehyde, and almost as forgiving to newbie houseplant tenders. # 7 : flowering air purifiers. nothing is better at beating the trifecta of winter blues \u2014 dirty air, and lackluster decor \u2014 than a flowering houseplant. florists ' mum and gerbera daisies ( pictured ) are the best at removing formaldehyde, with tulips not far behind. of course, nothing worth having comes easy. flowering plants require more careful watering and feeding,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4103118987433596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfc654e0-8317-4e94-9cb0-82c524a4a1d0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.239016"}
{"text": "1. industrial shanghai vs. interior china - part three the tragedy of shanghai industry is that it does nothing to improve the economy of the interior. shanghai is actually a foreign city. only 20 % to 25 % of the raw cotton in 1940 was supplied by chinese farmers, and this came from japanese territory. during the first five months of 1940 shanghai imported us $ 24, 000, 000 \" worth of cotton ( 101, 428 tons ) from the united states, india, egypt and africa. during january - may, 1940, shanghai exports of cotton yarn and piece goods averaged us $ 2, 000, 000 monthly, one - third being yam and two - thirds piece goods. half the piece goods and 65 % of the yarn was marketed in the asiatic parts of the british empire. british india, the netherlands east indies, siam and the philippines are the best customers outside the british empire. shanghai accounted for over half of all the foreign commerce of china, and only 1 / 5th of the city ' s trade was produced from, and goods sent to, the interior. of china ' s total imports in 1939 valued at gold customs units 539, 000, 000 ( as compared with gu 386, 000, 000 for 1938 ), the japanese empire supplied 34 % - - in spite of the great quantities of raw cotton brought from elsewhere and the competitive textile boom in shanghai. the united states supplied 16 %. in 1939 raw cotton was imported from abroad to the value of gu 69, 700, 000, whereas in 1938, also a year of heaw imoorts, the figure 5, 500, 000. the abnormal and unhealthy condition in this fantastic city of shanghai can hardly be described. the price level rose to more than four times the pre - war figure, and the real wages of labor dropped over half. rice riots and strikes resulted, while industry was reaping huge profits. due to the uncertain status of the city, investment is largely speculative - - it seeks inordinate short - term profits hoping to withdraw when danger threatens. in 1938, for example, one of the chinese sung sing cotton mills in shanghai made a profit of $ 9, 000, 000, unprecedented in history. ewo, the big british cotton mill, made a profit of $ 8, 000, 000, while all the cotton mills in the settlement made profits of over a million. since the beginning of 1938 net profit on a bale of yam manufactured has been from $ 50 to $ 150 - - this in spite of the low", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44447493716367964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e76bc5e-948f-4f4e-953b-8b09c6de5b04>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.242318"}
{"text": "000, 000, while all the cotton mills in the settlement made profits of over a million. since the beginning of 1938 net profit on a bale of yam manufactured has been from $ 50 to $ 150 - - this in spite of the low exchange of chinese currency for purchase of raw cotton abroad. how does this compare with the situation in free china? according to the above tables, about nine chinese mills have been in continuous operation outside of shanghai, presumably in free china, and about six moved their machinery to free china. these tables may not be quite complete, as the ministry of economics reported that 80 weaving and spinning units were transported inland, though probably most of these were small factories not counted among the big mills, and some are for silk, ramie, etc. no separate figures on textile factories were available when these figures were given out. as compared with 100 big cotton mills in shanghai and japanese - occupied territory, 71 being in the hands of the japanese, free china has probably about a dozen big mills operating and three times as many smaller factories, aside from the industrial cooperatives who have about 600 wool and cotton weaving societies, and employ in addition about 35, 000 men and women spinners and weavers, with over 50, 000 spindles and looms. in addition domestic industry is being revived.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4532132909004324, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e76bc5e-948f-4f4e-953b-8b09c6de5b04>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.245402"}
{"text": "spinach and silicon for solar powercategory : science & technology posted : september 4, 2012 05 : 31pm when thinking about solar power, some may think it is this new technology that has been developed most extensively in recent times as a clean energy source. the truth is though that solar power has been in development for millions and even billions of years. nature has been harnessing the power of sunlight for longer than man has existed, and researchers know that and are trying to take advantage of that. photosystem 1 ( ps1 ) is a protein involved in photosynthesis that can convert sunlight to electrical energy with almost 100 % efficiency ; almost three times higher than the maximum efficiency possible with typical semiconductor solar cells. this protein also can continue function after it has been harvested from plants like spinach, but not always for long and is difficult to integrate with our technology. researchers at vanderbilt university overcame this though by doping the silicon substrate ps - 1 was placed on. this is to prevent the protein from pulling electrons from the silicon to fill holes formed by the useable electric current. the biohybrid solar cell the researchers created was able to generate 850 microamps per square centimeter and 0. 3 v. that may not sound like much but represents nearly two and a half times better performance than previous biohybrid solar cells. with further work the researchers are confident they can improve the cells ' performance even further and give new meaning to the phase ' green energy. '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5593292109877521, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5322412-6f1a-48ed-bfca-dc5a7ba63280>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.247411"}
{"text": "hormone inhibin a the inhibin a test is done to measure the amount of this reference hormone opens new window in a pregnant woman ' s blood to see if the baby may have reference down syndrome opens new window. inhibin a is made by the reference placenta opens new window during pregnancy. the level of inhibin a in the blood is used in a reference maternal serum quadruple screening test. generally done between 15 and 20 weeks, this test checks the levels of four substances in a pregnant woman ' s blood. the quad screen checks alpha - fetoprotein ( afp ), human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ), a type of estrogen ( unconjugated estriol, or ue3 ), and the hormone inhibin a. the levels of these substances \u2014 along with a woman ' s age and other factors \u2014 help the doctor estimate the chance that the baby may have certain problems or birth defects. - opens new window pregnancy : should i have the maternal serum triple or quadruple test? opens new window | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference april 4, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference sarah marshall, md - family medicine reference siobhan m. dolan, md, mph - reproductive genetics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49747160999217455, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82c2e61c-e9fb-4286-9388-3f8eb4e261c0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.249717"}
{"text": "what is the appendix? the appendix is a 3 - 5 centimeter tubular structure which is connected to the cecum, the first part of the colon. the purpose of the appendix isn ' t known, but it does not aid in digestion and there are no side effects of having it removed. what is appendicitis? appendicitis is when the appendix becomes inflamed. this happens when the opening to the appendix becomes obstructed, or blocked, usually by stool or by swollen lymph tissue. in older people, cancer can sometimes cause the obstruction. appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency - 250, 000 appendectomies are performed each year in the united states. the lifetime risk of having appendicitis is 7 %. the peak age of occurrence is between 10 - 30 years. what are the usual symptoms of appendicitis? appendicitis begins as abdominal pain, frequently around the belly button. this pain then moves to the right lower abdomen and is usually constant. nausea is frequently present with occasional vomiting. a low - grade fever may also be present. how is appendicitis diagnosed? appendicitis is diagnosed by an experienced doctor based upon the history that the patient gives as well as the examination that the doctor performs. if these are inconclusive, then a ct scan is usually ordered. the symptoms of appendicitis can be similar to several other conditions, which sometimes makes the diagnosis difficult. how is the appendix removed? the appendix can be removed through an open operation or performed laparoscopically. in the open procedure, a 3 - 4 cm incision is made in the right lower abdomen, just over the appendix. the appendix is then divided at its connection to the colon. when done laparoscopically, there are 3 very small incisions used to insert instruments and a camera. there are benefits to both the open and laparoscopic procedure. surgeons decide on a case by case basis which procedure is best for the patient. what if my appendix is ruptured? the longer the appendix is inflamed, the more likely it is to rupture. once symptoms have been present for 36 hours, about 50 % of patients will have had their appendix rupture. at 48 hours, this reaches 75 %. when this occurs, there are more likely to be complications, including wound infections, intra - abdominal abscess, and ileus ( bowels are slow to return to normal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4507489325642974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35acce7f-8cbe-4a43-9ff4-8ff960874e1d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.255156"}
{"text": "this act states that food must not be contaminated by any pest species and food premises should have suitable controls in place to do this. they should protect food against external sources of pests and must also avoid harbouring pests within their premises. refuse stores should be designed and constructed to prevent pests gaining access and windows in food preparation, processing or treatment rooms must, where necessary, be fitted with insect - proof screens. penalties include : - as described under the food safety act above. health and safety at work etc. act ( including control of substances hazardous to employers must take the necessary measures to secure the health, safety and welfare of employees and other people, to avoid, for example, pathogenic diseases carried by pests, slippery conditions caused by bird droppings, bites from fleas and contamination of food by pests. \u00b7 improvement notices. \u00b7 prohibition notices. \u00b7 maximum penalty two years imprisonment plus unlimited fines. other acts include : \u00b7 the local authorities act \u00b7 protection of animals act ( control of substances hazardous to health regulations ) these regulations, made under the health and safety at work etc. act are designed to protect people from harmful substances that they may encounter at work. each time our technicians visit your premises, they complete a pest prevention report which lists the substances which have been used, in order to minimise the risks that accompany the use of pesticides. a schedule of pesticides is also present in the pest prevention folders that we provide to our contract customers, which gives further details on these substances. safety data sheets are also available on request. guardian technicians are trained and equipped to apply pesticides correctly and safely. all the pesticides that we use are approved by the control of pesticides regulations and treatments are made in the appropriate places where they will be most effective.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45706352448225185, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e1bc381-e3da-4b07-8709-e7cebbfe47d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.257138"}
{"text": "washington, d. c. - 06 / 11 / 2002 - the science needed for government regulators to assess allergies in genetically engineered foods could be greatly improved, according to a new report issued today from the pew initiative on food and biotechnology. the report, \" a snapshot of federal research on food allergy : implications for genetically modified food, \" found that nine federal agencies or institutes currently supervise 33 food allergy research projects totaling between $ 4. 2 and $ 7 million, but that those funds are spread thin and with little coordination among federal agencies or between research teams. moreover, the study found that the existing research focuses on known allergens such as peanuts and milk, and that almost no studies examine the allergenicity of novel proteins potentially introduced by foods created through biotechnology. in other words, the funds that have been committed to address the problem are not being strategically allocated to ensure research needs and opportunities are fully met. food allergy is an immune - mediated disease caused by food antigens ; it occurs only among people who are sensitive to those antigens. as many as 10 million americans are estimated to have allergies to one or more foods, and for them, reactions to those foods can result in illness or even death. little is known today about why some people have reactions to food in general. in addition, the increasing use of genetically modified ( gm ) crops raises several issues relevant to food allergies. on the one hand, biotechnology may help remove or change proteins that can cause allergies, but genetically modified foods could also introduce new proteins into foods that could cause allergic reactions. without prior experience with the new protein, it is difficult for regulators to predict the potential of the protein to be a serious allergen. gm foods currently on the market have been screened for possible allergenicity problems. but some new gm foods may be difficult to judge with current science, as illustrated recently in the case of starlink, a type of genetically modified corn that was approved for use only in animal feed because it could not be shown that the new protein in the corn was not an allergen. \" almost two years ago, starlink accidentally made its way into the human food supply, \" noted michael rodemeyer, executive director of the initiative. \" after massive consumer product recalls, lawsuits, buybacks from farmers and a disruption to american farm export markets that continues today, we still lack answers to the basic science questions posed by government regulators whether starlink was or was not an allergen, \" he said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49864086190388646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3f2e706-7f92-4145-8505-87978f9e8d13>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.262442"}
{"text": "consumer product recalls, lawsuits, buybacks from farmers and a disruption to american farm export markets that continues today, we still lack answers to the basic science questions posed by government regulators whether starlink was or was not an allergen, \" he said. \" was the starlink recall even necessary for allergy reasons? we just don \u2019 t know. \" unfortunately, this lack of scientific knowledge is hindering both the government as well as the private sector - - we need to invest in the science to give regulators the tools and information they need to evaluate new products and protect the public, \" he concluded drs. lynn r. goldman and luca bucchini of the johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health conducted the study. the authors reviewed food allergy research funded by the federal government and aimed at investigating food safety. research abstracts were sourced from crisp ( computer retrieval of information on scientific projects ), a database of research supported by the department of health and human services, and cris ( current research information system ), a database supported by the us department of agriculture as well as additional sources. because of the way crisp and cris are maintained, the study is a snapshot in time ; it captures research projects that were active in q3 2001 and does not account for studies that may have just been completed or that will soon be approved. the study also does not include research undertaken by the private sector, ngos or states, which all may have an impact on the advancement of food allergy research but are not easily investigated. the study did not include ongoing federal research projects that more generally investigate allergy and may, in time, produce results that contribute to understanding of food allergy. the pew initiative on food and biotechnology is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research project whose goal is to inform the public and policymakers on issues about genetically modified food and agricultural biotechnology, including its importance, as well as concerns about it and its regulation. it is funded by a grant from the pew charitable trusts to the university of richmond.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4705777176938115, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3f2e706-7f92-4145-8505-87978f9e8d13>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.263317"}
{"text": "chocolate lovers live longer real cocoa can help your muscles move better, promote graceful aging, enhance brain power, and reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer and alzheimer \u2019 s dr. phil maffetone off the northern coast of panama in the south caribbean sea lie the san blas islands. for generations, the kuna natives who live there continue to consume large amounts of the fruits from the malvaceae tree, an evergreen native to the tropics of the americas. the fruits are also known as theobroma cacao, or cocoa as it \u2019 s come to be known. theobroma is from the greek, meaning \u201c food of the gods. \u201d the kuna, whose main beverage is made from cocoa, have great longevity, and a very low incidence of many diseases. harvard medical school \u2019 s dr. norman hollenberg and colleagues studied the people living on the san blas islands, along with neighboring panamanians who ate similarly but did not use much cocoa. the researchers found the non - cocoa consumers had over a 1, 000 percent higher incidence of heart disease, and over 600 percent increase in cancer. many studies have long shown that a group of phytonutrients called flavonoids ( also referred to as bioflavonoids or flavanols ) could help prevent cardiovascular disease, cancer and many other chronic illnesses. cocoa is the richest natural food source of these nutrients. however, just grabbing a candy bar or instant hot chocolate won \u2019 t give you much healthy benefits because processed cocoa \u2014 the most common form available \u2014 has a significantly reduced content of flavonoids. most of these products also contain harmful, high - glycemic sugars, unhealthy dairy, and other ingredients that can actually contribute to illness ( see \u201c milk proteins : the good and the bad \u201d ). flavonoids exert powerful effects on blood vessels, one of the reasons they can reduce blood pressure and improve heart function. those with blood sugar problems are especially vulnerable to circulatory problems, and these individuals may benefit from cocoa \u2019 s nutrition as well. there are, perhaps, more than a billion of these people on earth who are carbohydrate intolerance \u2014 probably 100 million in the u. s. alone. their conditions include the full spectrum of diabetes, those with abnormal blood sugar regulation, and other problems with varying degrees that lead to blood vessel complications. when chronic, this circulatory distress can also damage the liver, muscles, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4136753387942228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a2ce014-419c-4e53-8214-ea744eb82a29>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.270129"}
{"text": ". alone. their conditions include the full spectrum of diabetes, those with abnormal blood sugar regulation, and other problems with varying degrees that lead to blood vessel complications. when chronic, this circulatory distress can also damage the liver, muscles, and the nervous system, including the brain. these individuals should avoid all refined carbohydrates, especially sugar, and make their own low - glycemic, healthy cocoa - rich foods. cocoa \u2019 s phytonutrients include many other compounds, including the powerful group of polyphenols, but most research has focused on the health benefits of flavonoids. these include some very specific actions in the body. first is the increased natural production of nitric oxide, a compound that can significantly improve the function of blood vessels, which can increase circulation. this means more nutrient - rich blood is delivered to organs, glands, muscles and bones, and more metabolic byproducts are removed. in the case of the brain, consuming cocoa has been shown to improve circulation for two to three hours after consumption. this makes having a phil \u2019 s bar or other cocoa snack a valuable asset before an important meeting, a long drive or for students taking tests. but this idea can backfire if eating a high glycemic product, which can impair brain function. flavanol - rich cocoa may also work much like aspirin to promote better circulation by preventing blood platelets from sticking together. in addition to improving circulation, flavonoids are powerful antioxidants. as such they can control chemicals called free radicals, which cause us to age quicker and increase the risk of many diseases. ( see also, \u201c keys to successful aging. \u201d ) the production of nitric oxide and antioxidant action can also improve muscle function. this is particularly important when working out, and especially for competitive athletes \u2014 and, need i say, for aging muscles, which are more easily damaged by free radicals. don \u2019 t be fooled into thinking you can get all your antioxidants in a pill \u2014 you can \u2019 t. many studies in past decades have shown the vital need to obtain these key nutrients from foods, especially fresh fruits and vegetables, and cocoa, while other studies have failed to demonstrate dietary supplements containing antioxidants can accomplish the same. with all these wonderful healthy nutrients from a food consumed by millions of people in large amounts, one might think the benefits would be more apparent, such as less heart disease, high blood pressure and cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4674052423758436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a2ce014-419c-4e53-8214-ea744eb82a29>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.271093"}
{"text": "supplements containing antioxidants can accomplish the same. with all these wonderful healthy nutrients from a food consumed by millions of people in large amounts, one might think the benefits would be more apparent, such as less heart disease, high blood pressure and cancer. just like there are two kinds of healthy desserts \u2014 chocolate and everything else \u2014 there are two very different types of chocolate : health and unhealthy. most people eat unhealthy chocolate - containing foods in the form of desserts, shakes, energy bars and various types of candies. but it \u2019 s all junk food, including the vast majority of products sold in health stores \u2014 even the organic versions. as such, these foods diminish health starting with the first bite. this is due to the many bad ingredients used to make these products, most notably white sugar, often disguised as cane juice, beet sugar, and other fancy names. ( see, \u201c what really is junk food. \u201d ) when making your own chocolate recipes, use only pure cocoa \u2014 without sugar, dairy or other unwanted ingredients. while these forms of cocoa are not always easy to find ( because junk food cocoa is cheaper and more readily available ), healthy cocoa comes in powder and solid forms, as dark, unsweetened cocoa. use these options to make your own healthy desserts, snacks, shakes and other foods, sweetened with honey or fruit to maintain a low glycemic index. ( see recipes! ) while buying raw, organic cocoa for your recipes is the obvious choice, avoiding highly processed types are also important. this includes cocoa labeled, \u201c processed with alkali, \u201d which is also known as dutch processing or dutching. it might sound sexy, but this kind of cocoa contains significantly reduced levels of phytonutrients \u2014 up to 90 percent less flavonoids. ( the different types of cocoa i use are listed in recommended kitchen aids. ) another issue with chocolate, as reported by forbes online in 2011, is about the serious problem of child labor abuses in african cocoa farms. the international institute of tropical agriculture says that there were 284, 000 children working on such farms, often in dangerous conditions, often in some form of indentured servitude. these plantations supply chocolate to major us candy makers. you can avoid this issue by buying organic cocoa and making your own healthy treats. real, unsweetened cocoa typically contains significant protein content of about 7 or 8 grams per ounce. it is also low in carbohydra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4619438061611435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a2ce014-419c-4e53-8214-ea744eb82a29>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.272094"}
{"text": "us candy makers. you can avoid this issue by buying organic cocoa and making your own healthy treats. real, unsweetened cocoa typically contains significant protein content of about 7 or 8 grams per ounce. it is also low in carbohydrate \u2014 between 8 and 13 grams per ounce, with 50 to 60 percent or more of that carbohydrate coming in the form of fiber. like other beans, cocoa contains many vitamins and minerals, including natural folates, niacin, zinc, and magnesium. about half of the content of cocoa is natural fat. this cocoa butter also has great health benefits, with great taste a key reason it \u2019 s so delicious. while it can be used to make white chocolate, there is little to no flavonoids in cocoa fat. but cocoa butter does have nutritional attributes. more than a third is health - promoting monounsaturated oil, and it contains the essential fatty acid linoleic acid. it also has a moderate amount of stearic acid. though saturated, this fat can help reduce ldl cholesterol. because of its strong antioxidant ingredients, cocoa can help protect us against ldl - cholesterol damage. is cocoa addicting? many people are aware of the intense craving they have for chocolate. but the high levels of added sugar contained in most products are probably more addictive than the cocoa alone ( see, \u201c sugar addiction : is it real? \u201d ). however, psychoactive compounds present in cocoa, salsolinol being the main one, might be why chocolate itself can be addicting. also, a typical single serving of cocoa may contain 25 to 50 mg of caffeine ( compared to a cup of coffee which can have 100 to 300 mg, and black tea \u2019 s 50 to 140 mg of caffeine ), enough for many people to notice a buzz. the flavonoids and polyphenols in cocoa are much like those in grape skins. this might make cocoa the next red wine as research trends continue unlocking its many health mysteries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.393443846571749, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a2ce014-419c-4e53-8214-ea744eb82a29>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.272940"}
{"text": "time and again it has now been proven that timely access to care and even modest changes in diet, exercise and medication can reduce the risk of getting serious diseases or significantly slow their progression and impact. once a chronic condition develops, it is persistent, rarely curable and requires management over a long period of time. treatment continues, and the course is unpredictable. given these realities in health care today, we must pursue prevention, early intervention and aggressive self - care. partners in care ' s focus on changing the shape of healthcare concisely reflects our belief : as the dominant needs of health in america have shifted, we have to change the way health care is delivered. in the past, as new health problems emerged, we sought a cure and return to health. now, with chronic disease accounting for 78 % of health care expenditures, we seek prevention and self - care to prevent decline. today health care in america is in crisis. we spend vastly more than any other nation on earth, yet our health outcomes rank 37th. we have nearly 45 million uninsured, mostly working individuals. even for the insured, coverage does not always fit the needs. care is often difficult to access, and the one size offered often does not fit all. the needs of our society for health care and social services have changed dramatically. a longer life span, rising chronic illness, increased population diversity, dispersed families, financing constraints and the shift of care from the hospital to the home leave many people vulnerable. they confront increasing gaps in insurance coverage, little or no insurance and scant access to needed medical care and social services in a fragmented health care system. the need for change in the delivery of health care and social services is apparent, but the issues are complex. \u2022 the cost of family health insurance is rapidly approaching the gross earnings of a full - time minimum - wage worker, squeezing many out of access to care. \u2022 50 % of all bankruptcies in this country are related to crushing medical expenses of the under or non - insured. \u2022 every child born after the year 2000 has a one in three chance of developing diabetes and for minorities the chance is one in two. diabetes and its consequences can lead to blindness, amputations, heart disease, kidney disease and other devastating problems. \u2022 although diabetes is one of the most common and most costly health problems ; it is also one of the most preventable. better management and education can reduce complications more than 50 %, delay the onset of complications by 15 years, and increase lifespan five years. \u2022 we know that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47349453753377924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acd6e820-9218-4f90-a08b-6f01e26e62c3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.282965"}
{"text": "the most common and most costly health problems ; it is also one of the most preventable. better management and education can reduce complications more than 50 %, delay the onset of complications by 15 years, and increase lifespan five years. \u2022 we know that medications save lives, yet a medication error claims a life in the united states every 71 minutes. every 71 minutes someone dies due to a preventable problem. many older adults \u2013 perhaps our parents - - suffer needlessly and die needlessly from medications errors \u2014 too much medication, too little, too many side effects, or the wrong medication. partners in care was born to address these issues, to help redesign the systems of care and payment, to facilitate the identification and testing of new interventions, to improve and advance care, and to strengthening people \u2019 s ability to actively promote their own health and mitigate the impact of chronic conditions. partners \u2019 mission is to serve as a catalyst to shape a new vision of care by partnering with organizations, families and community leaders in the work of changing healthcare systems, changing communities and changing lives. in all our work, partners relies on our operating principles \u2013 collaboration, innovation and impact \u2013 to find new ways of bringing more effective, more efficient health and social services to diverse individuals and communities. and to create innovations with the impact to affect a thousand lifetimes!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5147910721836106, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acd6e820-9218-4f90-a08b-6f01e26e62c3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.283610"}
{"text": "| date : | | 20th january 2010. | meaning of vasant panchmi : the vasant panchmi is also spell as basant panchami which reflects the arrival of spring season. the day is celebrated as the saraswati pooja where goddess saraswati is worshiped. the day is celebrated on the fifth day of the magh month of \u2018 shukla paksh \u2019, therefore the vasant panchami is also called as the \u2018 shree panchami \u2019 or \u2018 saraswati panchami \u2019. maa saraswati - goddess of learning : goddess saraswati is worshiped on the day of vasant panchami. maa saraswati reflects the symbol of vedic knowledge and wisdom. goddess saraswati is the goddess of great learning, wealth of humanity and wealth of knowledge. according to the hindu mythology the goddess is sitting with the white attire, white flower and white pearl and sitting on the white lotus which is floating on the water. rituals : the mythological history of the goddess saraswati is associated with the holy rituals that are performed on the banks of river saraswati. she is also worshiped as the goddess of speech which is also attributed to the formation of words. celebrations : on the day of the festival there is the environment of great festivity and the festival also marks the end of the winters. on this day the yellow color is of great significance, people also offers the yellow flowers in worship and also puts yellow tilak on everyone \u2019 s forehead. at everyone \u2019 s home the kesar halwa is prepared on the day which is also in yellow color. the devotees also visits temples and offers the prayers to the various gods. the vasant panchmi is the festival that is celebrated in north india and is also the festival of nature and there is no story that is associated as it is in the case of the mostly hindu festivals. on the day of festival goddess saraswati is generally worshiped by the teachers and students in the northern and eastern part of the country. prasadam : the \u2018 prasadam \u2019 of the goddess at the time of the basant panchami differs from place to place and community to community. some of the devotees offers \u2018 ber \u2019, a fruit that is found in northern and eastern india or \u2018 sangari \u2019 is the type of bean that is grown on the roots of the radish plant. related tour packages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4594255629205616, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26b4e121-702e-444f-a087-013f2ec07248>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.286010"}
{"text": "taccle was one of our most successful projects. the original handbook on technology for learning went out in some 7000 hard copies in six languages, with a number of further languages being added by volunteer translators and regular reprints in different countries. this is not counting the thousand of downloads. the handbook was designed for teachers wanting to introduce e - learning into their practice. there was also a series of training events for teachers based on the handbook. both the handbook and the courses were rated highly by teachers but feedback from readers and from course participants was that there were still \u2018 gaps \u2019 that needed to be filled. firstly, although teachers across the subject range said they found the both the courses and the handbook useful for developing generic technical skills there were many who still found difficulty in translating that into specific learning activities within their subject area or sector. secondly, although many teachers, as a result of reading the handbook or attending the courses, now feel confident about designing learning objects or using web 2. 0 applications, they are less confident about engaging pupils in producing and publishing their own. the taccle 2 project addresses these issues by providing a series of 5 supplementary handbooks ( in dutch, english, german, italian, spanish, portuguese and romanian ) written in the same style as the original, around specific subjects - primary education, maths, science and technology, key competences, arts and culture and humanities. nic daniels and jenny hughes are editing the first handbook on primary education now and we hope to publish it in october ( we will put out an order form in next couple of weeks ). nic has been working on the design of the handbook. and i loved this mock up template he has circulated to project partners. it gives an idea of what you can expect from the project. you can keep up to date with development on the project web site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4773503350946753, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96136154-3fc4-4705-be8f-4b0e9abc1b5d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.288174"}
{"text": "john ditraglia md there are two kinds of exercise, aerobic and resistance training. aerobic exercise is running, or swimming or cycling and exercises your heart and lungs mainly, and most of the big the muscles of the body more or less simultaneously. resistance training is also known as strength training or isometric exercise or body building. this type of exercise is sit - ups or push ups or weight lifting and exercises just more specific muscle groups with the aim of increasing their individual size. there is another thing called anaerobic exercise or interval training that happens when you exercise intensively to the point that you exceed oxygen delivery to the muscles and this leads to rapid fatigue. this may have certain different benefits too but that \u2019 s a discussion for another day. which method would be best for weight loss? this week there was an article examining this question. ( 1 ) these investigators from duke university got 119 sedentary, overweight or obese adults and put them through one of three exercise protocols for eight months : resistance training ( rt ), aerobic training ( at ) and combined training with both ( rt / at ). the combined resistance training - aerobic training group spent twice as long exercising. they found that the at and at / rt groups reduced total body mass and fat mass more that rt but they were not different from each other. rt and at / rt increased the muscle mass more than at as expected. so while rt did nothing to the fat mass it decreased the fat mass to lean body mass ratio because it made bigger muscles. they conclude that, \u201c balancing time commitments against health benefits, \u2026 aerobic training is the optimal mode of exercise for reducing fat mass and body mass. \u201d \u2026 unless you want to build up muscles. remember, we have said that exercise isn \u2019 t worth much when it comes to weight loss. so lets look closer at the details provided by this project. the aerobic training involved the equivalent of running 12 miles a week at 65 to 80 percent of peak ability. this group lost about four pounds out of 194 pounds or about 2 percent. most of that, but not all was fat, and their waist circumference decreased a little less than half inch. they measured total fat in the body and the at group lost 4 percent of that. the combined rt / at group lost about the same total weight but since they also built up some muscle, more of that weight loss was fat, actually twice as much and their waist circumference decreased a little more than half inch and almost seven percent of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48477077257096535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c05713e-2f9c-4e33-b7b2-eb7cdffd1315>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.290915"}
{"text": "genetics and sociality researchers show in the journal \u201c pnas \u201d how friends can relieve stress social support from family and friends is one of the most powerful protective factors against stress - related diseases - from heart attacks to depression. prof. markus heinrichs, professor of biological psychology at the university of freiburg, demonstrated in 2003 for the first time in humans that the neurohormone oxytocin plays a central role in both the control of stress and the stress - reducing effect of social support. he has also shown in a series of studies that oxytocin administered as a nasal spray increases trust and empathy for others and therefore has therapeutic potential for a range of mental disorders. but could the oxytocin system also help explain why support from close friends and family has very different effects on individuals? in the current issue of the prestigious scientific journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( pnas ), the freiburg psychologists and neuroscientists prof. markus heinrichs, dr. frances s. chen, dr. robert kumsta, and dr. bernadette von dawans, together with the researchers prof. richard p. ebstein and dr. mikhail monakhov of the national university of singapore, examined for the first time genetic modulation of social support \u2019 s effectiveness during stress through variants of the oxytocin receptor gene ( oxtr ). the hormonal and subjective stress responses of 200 adults to a standardized social stress test were studied ; half of the sample was asked to bring a close friend for support. \u201c the presence of a friend during preparation for the test reduced stress in most people ; interestingly, however, the group of people carrying a particular variant of the oxytocin receptor gene did not benefit from the support \" said frances s. chen. for markus heinrichs, these results have far - reaching consequences for current research on new therapeutic approaches : \" the \u2018 psychobiological therapy ' we are currently developing involves a completely new combination of oxytocin and psychotherapy for mental disorders involving social deficits \u2013 here, it is of great relevance to understand how \u2018 sensitive \u2019 this system is in different patients. \u201d chen, f. s. *, kumsta, r. *, von dawans, b., monakhov, m., ebstein, r. p. & heinrichs, m. ( 2011 ). common oxytocin receptor gene ( oxtr ) polymorphism and social support interact to reduce stress in humans. proceedings of the national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5235748355386087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7e98b60-4760-4ceb-badf-476d815a3bf7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.294942"}
{"text": "making imperial mentalities socialisation and british imperialism edited by j. mangan published december 8th 2011 by routledge \u2013 244 pages this book discusses the way in which those born into the british empire were persuaded to accept it, often with enthusiasm. the study compares the perceptions of people at \u2018 home \u2019, in the dominions and in the colonies. across the diversity of imperial territories it explores themes such as the diverse nature of political socialisation, the various agents and agencies of persuasion, reaction to the \u2018 experience of dominance \u2019 by dominant and dominated, the paradoxical impact of the missionary and the subversive role of some women. it also considers the significant issues of colonial adaptation, resistance and rejection, and the post - imperial consequences of imperialism. introduction : making imperial mentalities j a mangan 1 slavery, social death and imperialism : the formation of a christian black elite in the west indies, 1800 - 1845 patricia rooke 2 sisters under the skin : imperialism and the emancipation of women in malaya, c1891 \u2013 1941 janice n brownfoot 3 drill and dance as symbols of imperialism anne bloomfield 4 \u2018 mothers for the empire \u2019? the girl guides association in britain, 1909 - 1939 allen warren 5 victorians, socialisation and imperialism : consequences for post - imperial india t v sathyamurthy 6 christian imperialists of the raj : left, right and centre gerald studdert kennedy 7 white supremacy and the rhetoric of educational indoctrination : a canadian case - study timothy j stanley 8 \u2018 a part of pakeha society \u2019 : europeanising the maori child j m barrington and t h beaglehole 9 processes of colonial control : the bermuda school question, 1926 - 1954 robert nicholas berard 10 examinations and empire : the cambridge certificate in the colonies, 1857 \u2013 1957 a j stockwell. index.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4538945639678763, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d0c0bdb-2b7a-48d8-8197-7ce0c5a14484>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.296885"}
{"text": "anyone who has faced a production problem with a need to solve it by using production data can relate to the notion of a brain teaser. the brain teasers presented here are based on real - world situations encountered by workers in manufacturing environments. the brain teasers have three parts : ( 1 ) the situation, ( 2 ) available data or other supporting information and ( 3 ) questions that various workers need answered for continual improvement. recommended solutions follow in the next issue and on the web at quality online ( www. qualitymag. com ). jill is the production manager for a small company that manufactures key blanks for a variety of different home door locks. in the past week, one customer - a large home supply chain - cancelled all of their business because 25 % of the keys made from one type of blank have been returned. the home supply chain recorded customer complaints ; the keys were too short or too long to work correctly. at a morning production team meeting, jill asked sara, the quality manager, to research the problem and provide a report for the afternoon meeting. sara located the most recent process behavior charts for the length of key blanks. current information indicates that the control limits were calculated in april based on data for one month of production during which time the process was predictable. data for the time period in question by the customer are summarized in the table, \" length of key blanks. \" the control limits in use during this time are provided in the table, \" recent control limits for length of key blanks. \" 1. using the most recent control limits calculated in april to analyze the data provided, what is the behavior of the process? what is the behavior of the process if the limits are recalculated? 2. from the available information, what could be investigated that might shed light on the customer complaints about the length of the key blanks? 3. is there any evidence on the process behavior chart that indicate that it would be beneficial to make separate charts for the two operators? 4. what should sara report for the afternoon meeting? recent control limits for length of key blanks upper control limit 2. 1050 central line, x 2. 1001 lower control limit 2. 0952 upper control limit 0. 0122 central line, r 0. 0047 as the new customer service representative for his company, travis must conduct capability analyses for all new products. one customer has stressed that all capability studies show predictable processes. for the short - term capability analyses, each based on 100 pieces from the process, travis is pleased", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5615979770750156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1addbeef-8c63-4cb7-bca6-bc2804669145>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.301788"}
{"text": "new customer service representative for his company, travis must conduct capability analyses for all new products. one customer has stressed that all capability studies show predictable processes. for the short - term capability analyses, each based on 100 pieces from the process, travis is pleased with the results for all but one study. in this study, all 100 pieces are in specification but the process in not predictable. a : an individuals and moving range chart for the 100 values of flatness shows an unpredictable process. there are five moving ranges outside the upper control limit that correspond to the jumps in the data values on the individuals chart. after each jump, the flatness data values appear to vary around a new average. see the graph, \" individuals and moving range chart for flatness of polished parts. \" q : what do the capability indexes indicate about this process? a : the capability indexes, cp and cpk, are not appropriate to use because they require a predictable process to be meaningful. the indexes, pp and ppk, are worst - case scenarios based on the lack of predictability. ppk = 1. 84 which indicates that the total variation from both routine and exceptional causes in this unpredictable process is still small enough for the current product to stay below the upper specification. however, as long as the process remains unpredictable it would be foolish to rely on this ppk value. see the graph, \" 100 - piece capability study on polished parts. \" q : what is the best way to approach the 100 - piece capability study for the polishing step? a : the individuals and moving range chart shows five jumps in the flatness values. both before and after each jump, the process appears to be relatively stable and the jumps occur after every 15 data values. because 15 parts are polished at a time, it appears that the variation within each set that are polished together is much smaller than the variation for pieces that are polished in different sets. an appropriate way to conduct a 100 - piece capability study at the polishing step would be to select one piece from each of 100 sets of polished pieces and analyze the flatness using an individuals and moving range chart. the capability of the polishing step from one set of pieces to the next can be evaluated using these 100 values. q : how should travis communicate this dilemma with the customer? a : travis could set up a meeting with the customer to demonstrate the situation with the sets of pieces that are polished at the same time. the variability that is critical to the customer will typically be dominated by the set - to -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5368161687315268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1addbeef-8c63-4cb7-bca6-bc2804669145>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.303609"}
{"text": "ann arbor, mi ( prweb ) july 19, 2012 with the summer travel season in full swing, many are planning their vacations. although traveling to new destinations is a great way to experience different cultures? one of the biggest parts being new food? it can also bring people in contact with new germs and bacteria. travel, time zone changes, and late nights can weaken the immune system and increase the likelihood of getting sick. in fact, the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) estimates that more than 10 million overseas travelers contract diarrhea and other sicknesses each year from food and drinking water.? trying new foods when travelling is one way many travelers experience the culture of their destination, but any trip \u2013 at home or abroad \u2013 will quickly be ruined if you eat food that has been improperly cooked or handled,? said cheryl luptowski, public information officer for nsf international, an independent public health and safety organization committed to protecting and improving human health on a global scale.? at nsf international, we have developed food safety recommendations for travelers to help them recognize food safety warning signs and reduce the likelihood of getting food poisoning during their vacation.? to help protect travelers from being exposed to germs or consuming foods and beverages that might be contaminated with foodborne pathogens that make people sick, keep the following tips in mind : 1. sanitize \u201c high touch \u201d areas. germs linger longer on nonporous materials like plastic. when travelling via plane, train or bus, wipe down common surface areas such as tray tables, seat armrests and lavatory door handles with an alcohol - based wipe or gel before you use them. if you? re staying at a hotel, do the same for the tv remote controls, bathroom door handles and telephone. 2. be aware of who is handling the food. avoid establishments where the food handlers don? t practice good hygiene such as tying back their hair, wearing protective gloves and having clean hands and fingernails. if you see food servers touching their face, smoking, chewing gum, or sneezing or coughing near food, avoid purchasing food from that vendor. 3. look for crowds. when surveying the street food scene in any location, look for crowds \u2014 locals get sick, too, and won? t return to stalls suspected of serving unsafe food, so if there? s a crowd it? s usually a safer choice to make. 4. be selective when choosing foods. since raw food is subject to contamination,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4558055420405519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f1711fd-4e89-49c3-bd84-a3b9d9ff1a7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.310501"}
{"text": "sick, too, and won? t return to stalls suspected of serving unsafe food, so if there? s a crowd it? s usually a safer choice to make. 4. be selective when choosing foods. since raw food is subject to contamination, and does not have the benefit of a cooking process to reduce pathogens, travelers should try to avoid salads, uncooked vegetables and unpasteurized juices and milk products. dry foods such as cakes, cookies, and bread are safer options. 5. spice things up. become familiar with spices, such as chilies and turmeric, that are known to have anti - bacterial properties and seek out dishes that include them. acidic fruits, such as citrus fruits and pineapple, are also safer bets when traveling. 6. be aware of the local water quality. avoid consuming beverages that may be mixed with the local tap water supply, such as juices or sodas from sources such as fountain machines. be careful with beverages containing ice, since freezing does not kill most microorganisms. beverages made with boiled water and served steaming hot ( such as tea and coffee ) are generally safe to drink. 7. boil tap water before consuming. if you need to use tap water from an unknown source, be sure to boil it for several minutes first at a good rolling boil. 8. not all bottled water is safe. bottled water products in other countries can be impure or even counterfeit ( i. e. refilled from a local tap source ), so always check the seal to ensure it is intact. look for a certification mark on the bottle, such as the nsf mark. 9. avoid over handled foods. avoid foods that require a lot of handling before serving or that contain raw or under cooked meat or seafood. in most cases, foods that are boiled should be safe to consume. 10. wash vegetables and fruit prior to eating. if you purchase fresh produce from a roadside stand be sure to wash and peel them before eating. bacteria can be present on their exterior and when sliced can be carried into the edible section. if you are travelling in an area with unsafe water, be sure to wash the produce with bottled or filtered water. 11. eat hot foods hot and cold foods cold. if the dish you ordered is supposed to be served hot, make sure it is hot when it is served to you. the same is true for any foods that are intended to be served cold. otherwise, it may not be safe to eat. 12. remember the one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42154700219870483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f1711fd-4e89-49c3-bd84-a3b9d9ff1a7a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.311892"}
{"text": "ordered is supposed to be served hot, make sure it is hot when it is served to you. the same is true for any foods that are intended to be served cold. otherwise, it may not be safe to eat. 12. remember the one - hour rule. don? t consume any perishable foods that have been sitting out beyond one hour. 13. wash hands before eating or handling food. wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds before eating or handling food. if fresh water is scarce, use antibacterial hand gels or wipes to help keep your hands clean, especially after using a restroom and before eating. if you are traveling with children, be sure they wash their hands, too.? following this food safety advice on vacation will reduce the likelihood of coming in contact with bacteria that can cause food poisoning,? said cheryl luptowski.? however, if you do get sick while traveling, remember to drink lots of fluids to avoid dehydration. if you experience severe abdominal cramps or pain, high fever, blood or mucus in your stool, and / or severe dehydration, contact a medical professional.? additional food safety information can be found in by visiting http : / / www. nsf. org / consumer / newsroom / kit _ food _ safety. asp or contacting nsf consumer affairs office at info ( at ) nsf ( dot ) org. about nsf international : nsf international ( http : / / www. nsf. org ) has been testing and certifying products for safety, health and the environment for nearly 70 years. as an independent, public health and safety organization, nsf is committed to protecting and improving human health on a global scale. nsf is working hard to protect families by testing and certifying thousands of consumer goods each year, including kitchen products and appliances, cleaners, dietary and sport supplements, bottled water, toys, pool and spa equipment, water treatment systems, plumbing fixtures, and many other products used in homes every day. look for the nsf mark on products you purchase. operating in more than 150 countries, nsf is committed to protecting families worldwide and is a world health organization collaborating centre for food and water safety and indoor environment. in addition, nsf also and certifies organic food and personal care products through quality assurance international ( qai ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4494124126063599, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f1711fd-4e89-49c3-bd84-a3b9d9ff1a7a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.313030"}
{"text": "about the wildlife conservation society founded in 1895 as the new york zoological society, the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) was one of the first conservation organizations in the u. s. the society began with a clear mandate : advance wildlife conservation, promote the study of zoology, and create a first - class zoo. the bronx zoo opened its gates to the public on november 8, 1899, joining the ranks of new york city \u2019 s most beloved cultural institutions. its success led wcs to acquire four more wildlife parks over the course of the twentieth century. in 1902, wcs took over management of the new york aquarium, then in manhattan \u2019 s battery park, and in the mid - 1950s, relocated it to coney island, brooklyn. in 1988, the former menagerie in manhattan \u2019 s central park reopened as wcs \u2019 s central park zoo. the queens zoo and prospect park zoo opened in 1992 and 1993, respectively. together, the five parks draw more than 4 million visitors a year. the wildlife conservation society is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) public charity. connecting people to wild nature wcs is committed to teaching children and adults about wild animals and wild habitats, creating new advocates for their protection. our pioneering environmental education programs reach millions from the bronx to bhutan and brooklyn to bolivia. children enjoy the wildlife theater players \u2019 musical puppet performances, teens participate in wildlife science career exploration programs, and international educators learn techniques in building conservation awareness in their home countries. read more about wcs ' s education programs protecting wildlife and wild places wcs has been at the forefront of conservation and field research since its earliest days, beginning with a successful effort to save the american bison from extinction in 1907. to date, our work has helped to create more than 100 protected areas around the world, in landscapes and seascapes ranging from the coastal forests of gabon to the coral reefs of belize. these areas encompass some of the wildest places that remain on earth, and are home to animals that are vulnerable to extinction, important to humans, and powerful icons of nature. read more about the wcs global conservation program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4200144976103287, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:751270ee-58d7-4e6d-b746-bb50417cb214>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.315488"}
{"text": "murder at the cellular level mortal chemical combat typifies the world of bacteria sciencedaily ( nov. 18, 2010 ) \u2014 like all organisms, bacteria must compete for resources to survive, even if it means a fight to the death. new research led by scientists from the university of north carolina at chapel hill school of medicine and the university of california, santa barbara, describes new complexities in the close chemical combat waged among bacteria. and the findings from this microscopic war zone may have implications for human health and survival. \" it has been known for a long time that bacteria can produce toxins that they release into their surroundings that can kill other bacteria, sort of like throwing hand grenades at enemies, \" said peggy a. cotter, phd, associate professor in the microbiology and immunology department at unc. \" our data suggests that the situation is far more complex that we thought. \" cotter points out that it was in david a. low ' s lab at u. c. santa barbara, where the discovery was made that bacteria can also produce proteins on their surface that inhibit the growth and end the life of other bacteria upon contact. \" so it appears that some bacteria participate in ' man to man ' ( or ' bacteria to bacteria ' ) combat using poison - tipped swords, \" cotter said. \" what we have discovered is that each bacterium can have a different poison at the tip of their sword. for each poison, there is a specific protective ( immunity ) protein that the bacteria also make so that they don ' t kill themselves and are not killed by other members of their same ' family '. \" the new research by senior co - authors cotter and low and others appear on - line november 18, 2010 in the journal nature. as to \" swords, \" the metaphor lives close to reality. bacteria use proteins to interact with a host, including disease - causing bacteria, such as bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough and burkholderia pseudomallei, found in soil throughout southeast asia and a cause of a frequently fatal tropic disease. in these and other gram - negative bacteria, large proteins appear as rods on the surface of cells. \" in the soil or in humans, different bacteria bump into each other all the time and bump into their own ' family, ' too. they have to touch each other and recognize each other and then one can inhibit the growth of the other, non - family, bacteria. \" cotter said. according to the unc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5204890401077245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ffdede3-95bb-45c3-8bdb-01f92bd40259>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.318876"}
{"text": "the time and bump into their own ' family, ' too. they have to touch each other and recognize each other and then one can inhibit the growth of the other, non - family, bacteria. \" cotter said. according to the unc scientist, this system may represent a primitive form of kin selection, whereby organisms kill organisms that are genetically different but not those that are closely related. \" as an additional twist, we have found that some bacteria can have two or three ( or possibly more ) systems. our data suggest that these bacteria will be protected from killing by bacteria that produce any of three types of poison swords and they will be able to kill other bacteria that lack at least one of those types of immunity proteins. \" moreover, there ' s evidence here that these bacteria acquire these additional systems by horizontal gene transfer from other bacteria. \" in other words, it seems that they may be able to kill their enemy and then steal the poison - tipped sword and protective ( immunity ) protein from the dead enemy, increasing their own repertoire of weapons. \" by teasing out the genetics of these bacterial close combat mysteries, it may someday be possible to \" engineer an organism, a non - pathogenic variant, and by putting it out in the environment, such as soil, you can potentially get rid of other pathogens, \" cotter said. \" or you could decontaminate an area, if the new knowledge is applied to biodefense. \" \" experiments are the only means of knowledge at our disposal. the rest is poetry, imagination. \" max planck", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5660069550784931, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ffdede3-95bb-45c3-8bdb-01f92bd40259>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.319758"}
{"text": "green tea chemical combined with another may hold promise for treatment of brain disorders scientists at boston biomedical research institute ( bbri ) and the university of pennsylvania have found that combining two chemicals, one of which is the green tea component egcg, can prevent and destroy a variety of protein structures known as amyloids. amyloids are the primary culprits in fatal brain disorders such as alzheimer \u2019 s, huntington \u2019 s, and parkinson \u2019 s diseases. their study, published in the current issue of nature chemical biology ( december 2009 ), may ultimately contribute to future therapies for these diseases. \" these findings are significant because it is the first time a combination of specific chemicals has successfully destroyed diverse forms of amyloids at the same time, \" says dr. martin duennwald of bbri, who co - led the study with dr. james shorter of university of pennsylvania school of medicine. for decades a major goal of neurological research has been finding a way to prevent the formation of and to break up and destroy amyloid plaques in the brains and nervous systems of people with alzheimer \u2019 s and other degenerative diseases before they wreak havoc. amyloid plaques are tightly packed sheets of proteins that infiltrate the brain. these plaques, which are stable and seemingly impenetrable, fill nerve cells or wrap around brain tissues and eventually ( as in the case of alzheimer \u2019 s ) suffocate vital neurons or brain cells, causing loss of memory, language, motor function and eventually premature death. to date, researchers have had no success in destroying plaques in the human brain and only minimal success in the laboratory. one reason for these difficulties in finding compounds that can dissolve amyloids is their immense stability and their complex composition. yet, duennwald experienced success in previous studies when he exposed amyloids in living yeast cells to egcg. furthermore, he and his collaborators also found before that daph - 12, too, inhibits amyloid production in yeast. in their new study, the team decided to look in more detail at the impact of these two chemicals on the production of different amyloids produced by the yeast amyloid protein known as psi +. they chose this yeast amyloid protein because it has been studied extensively in the past, and because it produces varieties of amyloid structures that are prototypes of those found in the damaged human brain. thus, psi + amyloids are excellent experimental paradigms to study basic properties of all amyloid proteins. the team \u2019 s first step was to expose two different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5417488129450992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22bd11ae-b254-4090-95c2-079f6660d2bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.323088"}
{"text": "varieties of amyloid structures that are prototypes of those found in the damaged human brain. thus, psi + amyloids are excellent experimental paradigms to study basic properties of all amyloid proteins. the team \u2019 s first step was to expose two different amyloid structures produced by yeast ( e. g., a weak version and a strong version ) to egcg. they found that the egcg effectively dissolved the amyloids in the weaker version. to their surprise, they found that the stronger amyloids were not dissolved and that some transformed to even stronger versions after exposure to egcg. the team then exposed the yeast amyloid structures to a combination of the egcg and the daph - 12 and found that all of the amyloid structures broke apart and dissolved. the next steps for the research team will be to explore the mechanism and potency of such a combinatorial therapy for the treatment of diverse neurodegenerative diseases. \" our findings are certainly preliminary and we need further work to fully comprehend the effects of egcg in combination with other chemicals on amyloids. yet, we see our study as a very exciting initial step towards combinatorial therapies for the treatment of amyloid - based diseases, \" says duennwald. on the net :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5870684084937777, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22bd11ae-b254-4090-95c2-079f6660d2bd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.323630"}
{"text": "monkeys understand basic counting skills a team of researchers studying old world monkeys have found that the primates have better numerical skills than previously believed, bbc news reports. they found, using a basic numeracy test, that long - tail macaques were able to determine which of two plates had more raisins. however, in strange fashion, the macaques only excelled in the basic test if they were not allowed to eat the raisins used in the experiment. the results of the experiments show that the animals have the ability to understand the concept of relative quantities. the researchers, from the german primate center in goettingen, germany, first tested the macaques by showing them two different amounts of raisins. the primates were then fed the raisins that they pointed to. but the researchers noted that in this test, the monkeys usually got it wrong \u2014 choosing the smaller pile of raisins. vanessa schmidt, lead researcher on the study, said that instead of thinking about the quantities, the monkeys were thinking more about how much they wanted to eat the raisins. \u201c this impulsiveness impaired their judgment, \u201d schmidt told bbc news. \u201c but when we repeated the test, this time showing them two plates of inedible objects \u2013 pebbles \u2013 they did much better. \u201d to find out if the monkeys could actually distinguish quantities, the team decided to try another experiment. \u201c we wanted to know if they could simultaneously maintain two mental representations of the food items, first as choice, and second as food reward, \u201d said schmidt. in the new experiment, which was a little more complex than the original, the macaques were shown plates of raisins, but the reward for pointing to the correct plate was to be fed raisins that were actually hidden underneath. \u201c they perform as well in this task as they do when choosing the pebbles, \u201d said schmidt. \u201c this seems to show that they see the raisins as signifiers \u2013 representations of the food rewards they \u2019 re going to receive. \u201d professor julia fischer, the study \u2019 s co - researcher, said that young children displayed the same difficulty in suppressing their impulses. \u201c there \u2019 s a well - known experiment called the reverse reward paradigm, \u201d she said. \u201c you have two heaps of candies \u2013 one big, and one small. the child obviously points at the big heap \u2013 which is then given to another child, while the [ first ] child itself gets the small heap, \u201d fischer explained. \u201c young", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46288660867096276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c8d8967-874d-478a-bc76-122c10e629d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.326597"}
{"text": "political leader of a municipal corporation. mayors are either appointed or elected for a limited term. in europe until the mid - 19th century, most mayors were appointed by the central government ; in france, they are still agents of the central government. in the u. s., they are either directly elected by the populace or chosen by an elected council. some fulfill only ceremonial functions, executive power being held by a professional manager hired by the legislature. a mayor ' s powers may include the power to make appointments, veto legislation, administer budgets, and manage administrative functions. seealso city government. learn more about mayor with a free trial on britannica. com. born in sandwich, new hampshire, john wentworth was a huge man, towering 6 ft 6 in ( 1. 98 m ) high and weighing more than 300 pounds ( 136 kg ). he drank at least a pint of whiskey each day and would eat from 30 - 40 different foods during a single meal. wentworth was educated at the new hampton literary institute and dartmouth college graduating from the latter in 1836. later that year, he left for chicago, arriving in the city on october 25. he was managing editor of chicago ' s first newspaper, the chicago democrat, eventually becoming its owner and publisher. he started a law practice, and eventually entered politics. in 1844, he married roxanna marie loomis. he served for six terms in the u. s. house of representatives ( march 4, 1843 \u2013 march 3, 1851 and march 4, 1853 \u2013 march 3, 1855 as a democrat ; and march 4, 1865 \u2013 march 3, 1867 as a republican ). while in the house, a controversial vote arose by which wisconsin claimed land in illinois as far as the tip of lake michigan. if wentworth voted to give the land, including chicago, to wisconsin, he was promised a senate seat. wentworth declined the offer. as a republican, wentworth served as mayor of chicago for two terms, 1857 \u2013 1858 and 1860 \u2013 1861. wentworth instituted chain gangs in the city and tried to clean up the city ' s morals. to do this, he hired spies to determine who was frequenting chicago ' s brothels. in 1857, wentworth led a raid on the sands, chicago ' s red - light district, which resulted in the burning of the area. wentworth was a personal friend of abraham lincoln. he authored the wentworth genealogy - english and american. 1878, 3 volumes, 2241 pages. the first volume chronicles the ancestry of elder william wentworth, the first of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4093322753132406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:952a0fd7-7f82-4509-9b3d-79e10db4ad1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.329618"}
{"text": "1. the \u2018 prophet \u2019 here refers to muhammad 2. the implied meaning is that they showed such indifference to the predictions mentioned in their own book as if they were never aware of them. 3. instead of acknowledging muhammad ( sws ) and following him they went about causing harm to him and for this they started following their enchanters and wizards who would teach spiritual disciplines and witchcraft. in surah falaq, the prophet ( sws ) is directed to keep seeking refuge in the almighty from these very miscreants among the jews in the words : \u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a the evil of those who blow into knots ). 4. the actual qur \u2019 anic words used are : \u2018 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2019. as per the linguistic principles of the arabic language, an elision of an \u2018 annexed noun \u2019 ( mudaf ) has occurred before \u2018 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u2019. thus the implied meaning is : \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u2019. it is evident from this that in the time of the prophet solomon ( sws ) satanic disciplines like witchcraft and sorcery were rampant among people because of their interaction with the jinn - folk. the devils among men who evinced keen interest in these disciplines even had them compiled in a formal way. because of their existence in the time of the prophet solomon ( sws ), the jews in the later periods started to attribute this nonsense to the prophet solomon ( sws ) himself. consequently, even today people who are involved in these disciplines generally ascribe them 5. in reality, the words \u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2019 up to \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631 \u2019 are a parenthetical sentence. it is placed here within the discourse to absolve the prophet solomon ( sws ) of the blames which were cast on him by the jews as if such is the distaste felt by addresser on these remarks that before waiting for the discourse to finish, it is refuted. also, a little deliberation shows that the manner in which this refutation is done points to the fact that witchcraft and sorcery is an obvious matter of disbelief. 6. as stated above, the previous sentence is a parenthetical one. consequently, this sentence is necessarily co - ordinated to the portion \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u2019. it is evident from this co - ordination, from the words for this discipline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5139845042347062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:968dd857-fb39-4818-82fe-92ff22af5766>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.344616"}
{"text": ") he goes on to write : in my opinion, it is the remnants of this very discipline which one section of our mediums and mystics have adopted and they have even given certain benefits to people through it and some incidents also bear witness that in some circumstances they were instrumental in proving the supremacy of islam and muslims against the yogis and astrologers. however, just as after moral decadence set in the jews, this discipline became a part of sorcery and a means to earn money, similarly among the muslims too it became a means to blackmail the common man and many evil elements crept into it because of which people got influenced by it in the very way the qur \u2019 an has referred to here. ( islahi, amin ahsan, tadabbur - i - qur \u2019 an, 2nd ed., vol. 1, ( lahore : faran foundation, 1986 ), p. 286 ) 7. like the sentence beginning \u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2019, the sentence beginning with \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062f \u2019 and ending on \u062a\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u2019 is also a parenthetical sentence which occurs here to exonerate the two angels harut and marut from any blame. the implication is that the angels never taught this discipline without warning the people that they should not misuse it and thereby enter into disbelief. 8. although this discipline could have been taught in the manner that these angels would assume the form of human beings and then teach, it is more probable that people through certain exercises and workouts would come in spiritual contact with the angels and then learn from them this discipline. 9. the actual qur \u2019 anic word used is \u2018 \u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u2019. it means \u2018 trial \u2019 and \u2018 test \u2019. in the qur \u2019 an, this generally implies those things which originally are beneficial to man but because of their misuse man often ends up in a state of trial. ascribing this discipline to the two angels is evidence enough that this discipline was by its nature not something evil. 10. in the actual qur \u2019 anic words the negative imperative is as per the consequences. the implication being that the discipline they teach is a two edged sword ; it is more probable that people will use it for evil purposes and as a result get themselves involved in disbelief and polytheism. 11. one can judge from this how deep the jews were in moral degeneration, corruption and decadence. the qur \u2019 an tells us that in spite of being sounded a warning from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4800946124450536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:968dd857-fb39-4818-82fe-92ff22af5766>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.346714"}
{"text": "a result get themselves involved in disbelief and polytheism. 11. one can judge from this how deep the jews were in moral degeneration, corruption and decadence. the qur \u2019 an tells us that in spite of being sounded a warning from the angels they showed keen interest in charms which created dents in the relationship of love between husband and wife whereas it is this very relationship on which depends the stability of the society. 12. this sentence too is an emendation and it is evident from it that it is the requirement of faith in monotheism that firstly a believer is required to stay away from such things ; secondly, if he does come across them, he should not consider them to be absolute in their influence without the permission of the almighty ; thirdly, if any harm from them is feared, one should only turn to god and one should not turn to charms and spells and people who are well versed with them. the reason is that whether disciplines are good or evil, they can only prove good and evil if the almighty allows them to be so. 13. so base was their mentality that a discipline which could be both harmful and beneficial for people, was used by them to harm people. 14. the jews were well aware of this fact because the torah had stopped them unequivocally from getting involved in such mischief : when you enter the land the lord your god is giving you, do not learn to imitate the detestable ways of the nations there. let no one be found among you who sacrifices his son or daughter in the fire, who practices divination or sorcery, interprets omens, engages in witchcraft, or casts spells, or who is a medium or spiritist or who consults the dead. anyone who does these things is detestable to the lord, and because of these detestable practices the lord your god will drive out those nations before you. ( deuteronomy 18 : 9 - 12 ) 15. instead of following the sorcerers to harm the prophet ( sws ), had they professed faith in him and adopted righteousness they would not have been even able to imagine the reward they would have reaped from the almighty. 16. muslims are being warned of the objections raised by the jews and the mischief they were guilty of as a reaction to the truth which the qur \u2019 an had made manifest to them in a manner that they were left with no excuse to deny it. being cornered to the utmost, they were panting with rage and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5309381395564088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:968dd857-fb39-4818-82fe-92ff22af5766>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.347758"}
{"text": "jews and the mischief they were guilty of as a reaction to the truth which the qur \u2019 an had made manifest to them in a manner that they were left with no excuse to deny it. being cornered to the utmost, they were panting with rage and to give vent to their emotions they would show disrespect to the prophet ( sws ) and try to humiliate him in the eyes of the muslims. 17. the word \u2018 \u0631\u0627\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u2019 is an imperative from the verbal noun \u2018 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u2019. literally, it means \u2018 please take us into account \u2019. if the words of a speaker are not heard or not understood properly, these words are said to elicit his attention. in the english language, on such occasions we say : \u2018 i beg your pardon \u2019. at another place, the qur \u2019 an has clarified that the jews would pronounce this word by twisting their tongue in such a manner that it would totally change in meaning. this they did to ridicule the religion of allah and his prophet ( sws ) and to mock and deride them. for this very reason, the qur \u2019 an stopped the muslims from using this word from the social etiquette they followed and instructed them to use another word \u2018 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u2019 in its place. this word was customary for a similar connotation and it was also not possible to distort its pronunciation. 18. literally, it means \u2018 to give respite \u2019 and \u2018 to wait \u2019. 19. the qur \u2019 anic word used \u2018 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u2019. here, in this verse, it is used in its complete form implying : \u2018 listen carefully and understand what is being said so that you do not need to continually call the prophet \u2019 s attention \u2019. 20. it is this punishment which awaits the jews who are bent upon deliberately denying the prophet ( sws ). they would come to the prophet \u2019 s gatherings neither to listen to him nor to understand his message ; on the contrary, they would only come to give vent to their emotions by trying to find an opportunity to insult the prophet 21. the implication is that it is not just the case of the use of a word ; the fact of the matter is that the jews and the idolaters are burning with hatred on the fact that the qur \u2019 an has been revealed to the prophet ( sws ). 22. abrogation is replacement of a directive of the shari \u2018 ah by another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5105654138529591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:968dd857-fb39-4818-82fe-92ff22af5766>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.348758"}
{"text": "is that the jews and the idolaters are burning with hatred on the fact that the qur \u2019 an has been revealed to the prophet ( sws ). 22. abrogation is replacement of a directive of the shari \u2018 ah by another one. 23. the actual qur \u2019 anic word \u2018 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u2019 which means \u2018 to cause to forget \u2019. the reference is to those directives of the torah to which the jews showed indifference and which, as retribution, were obliterated from their minds. 24. the actual qur \u2019 anic words \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u2019. the particle is for division. the implication is that the principles of the torah which were abrogated because of evolution of society and change of circumstances were replaced by better ones and the ones that were caused to be forgotten were replaced by similar ones. none of these two sorts of replacement can be objected to. the first of them was a natural requisite of the change in circumstances and the other was necessary to compensate for the loss caused by the jews to the corpus of religion. 25. the qur \u2019 anic word used is \u2018 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u2019. it has several meanings in the arabic language. here it is evident from the way it is used in the given context that it means questions which are actually objections. 26. just as in the previous verse the jews were warned, here people among the muslims who were behaving as their representatives are warned. since it was the jewish mind that was found in the background of these questions, hence the qur \u2019 an by very subtly alluding to the fact that such questions were asked from moses ( sws ) as well has warned these elements among the muslims that he is well aware of these evil promptings and conspiracies. 27. the qur \u2019 anic word used is \u2018 \u0639\u0641\u0648 \u2019. just as it means \u2018 to forgive \u2019, it also means \u2018 to ignore \u2019 and \u2018 pay no heed \u2019. it is used in this latter shade in 5 : 15. 28. this decision manifested in the form of killing, exiling and imposing jizyah on the jews once they had deliberately rejected the truth after they were convinced about it. 29. according to the qur \u2019 an, the foundation of religion and the basis of reformation and instruction are the institutions of the prayer and the zakah. consequently, on such occasions, it urges muslims to adhere to them in order to fight the mischief of the enemies of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5093253439967933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:968dd857-fb39-4818-82fe-92ff22af5766>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.349789"}
{"text": "qur \u2019 an, the foundation of religion and the basis of reformation and instruction are the institutions of the prayer and the zakah. consequently, on such occasions, it urges muslims to adhere to them in order to fight the mischief of the enemies of islam. 30. the implication is that the jews and the christians have become united on one platform against islam and just as both of them have implanted the objection of abrogation in the minds of the muslims to create doubts in their minds, they have also started doing the propaganda that one must either choose judaism or christianity if one is to achieve salvation in the hereafter. they further contend that since the qur \u2019 an also acknowledges the divine origin of their religions then why is a new religion required in their presence and also that this new religion is nothing but mischief originated in their society by its 31. the reference is to those who followed all the directives of the shari \u2018 ah. 32. the qur \u2019 anic word used is \u2018 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u2019. it means to fulfil a task in a befitting manner. if a religious deed is carried out in a manner that a balance is kept between its form and spirit and all its constituents are fully and perfectly given due regard then such an attitude is called \u2018 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u2019. the word \u2018 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u2019 is made from this very word. the prophet ( sws ) while explaining it has said that when a person worships the almighty in a manner as if he is seeing him, then this is called 33. the implication is that contrary to these jews and christians, it is these people who will be regarded worthy 34. the people of the book are very graciously calling one another the inmates of paradise in enmity with the prophet ( sws ) ; however, aside from this, their own enmity between each other is so profound that they do not even accept that the other has any 35. the similarity referred to here means similarity in intention and motives which the jews had in saying such a thing. 36. this refers to the idolaters of arabia. since they were unaware of any prophet or divine book for centuries, they are called thus. 37. a little deliberation shows that here just as there is a warning for the addressees of the verse, there exists assurance for the prophet ( sws ) as well that he is only responsible to communicate the truth in this dispute. nothing more is required beyond this from him. 38. this is a reference to the tu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5144954138390707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:968dd857-fb39-4818-82fe-92ff22af5766>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.350772"}
{"text": "the addressees of the verse, there exists assurance for the prophet ( sws ) as well that he is only responsible to communicate the truth in this dispute. nothing more is required beyond this from him. 38. this is a reference to the tussle that took place between the jews and the christians in the baytu \u2019 l - maqdis to stop one another from remembering god and worshipping him. even outside the baytu \u2019 l - maqdis they continued with this brawl wherever they got the opportunity. 39. it was not befitting at all for them to ruin the place of worshipping god after receiving guidance from the prophets of allah. the right attitude for them was to enter such places with fear and apprehension. 40. the baytu \u2019 l - maqdis was the qiblah of both the jews and the christians. it seems that the christians had made its eastern side their qiblah owing to the fact that maryam had sat there for i \u2018 tikaf and the jews in their opposition adopted its western side as the qiblah. subsequently, as a result of this difference, a grave fight took place between the two and each of them violated the sanctity of the other \u2019 s place of worship ruthlessly. 41. the implication is that no specific direction is reserved for allah. hence, after regarding the baytu \u2019 l - maqdis as their qiblah, in whatever direction they turned, they would have faced the almighty. his power and profundity of knowledge embraces 42. the implication is that how foolish is it to ascribe sons and daughters to a being who needs no one, who is beyond everyone and is all powerful. 43. a reference to the idolaters of arabia, who for centuries were not aware of any divine book or revelation. 44. the implication being that since they are the leaders of the quraysh, why does not the almighty directly address them. at some other instances, the qur \u2019 an has answered this objection but not here. the reason is to allude to the fact that this demand is so foolish that silence is its only answer. the extent to which keeping silence could hit their vanity and conceit could not have been matched by answering 45. by signs they meant something so pronounced that after witnessing it the person who showed it could be regarded as a messenger of god by everyone. for example, an angel should descend with the prophet and proclaim his prophethood all over the land or at least some trailer of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46819329968928913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:968dd857-fb39-4818-82fe-92ff22af5766>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.351762"}
{"text": "meant something so pronounced that after witnessing it the person who showed it could be regarded as a messenger of god by everyone. for example, an angel should descend with the prophet and proclaim his prophethood all over the land or at least some trailer of punishment be shown to them at his initiation \u2013 the punishment which they were being warned with by him. 46. the sign that these people are demanding was similarly demanded before them by the nations of other prophets prior to them. those people also were guilty of stubbornness in demanding a sign once the truth had been irrefutably made clear to them and these jews too were following suit. consequently, just as the hearts of those people had become locked, similar was the case with the hearts of the jews. 47. the implication is that for those who want to believe in the prophethood of muhammad ( sws ) now do not need a miracle or a sign for its verification because all its proofs drawn from the world around man or that within him as well as from history have been very clearly delineated in the qur \u2019 an. 48. the companions of hell are individuals that have become liable to this fate because of their utter defiance and obduracy. 49. the behaviour adopted by the jews and christians has been termed as following their desires because a person who insists on following his own way after divine guidance has come to him is like a person who is following his own desires. 50. here though the prophet ( sws ) is addressed, the warning and wrath found in the address is directed towards the jews and the christians. 51. the expression \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u2019 is an accusative of state from the accusative pronoun in \u2018 \u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u2019 and the words \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u2019 is the enunciative of the inchoative \u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u2019. a subtle aspect worth noting in this sentence is that since the righteous among the people are mentioned, the expression used is \u2018 \u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u2019 and not \u2018 \u0627\u0648\u062a\u0648 who are aware of the diction of the qur \u2019 an cannot ignore this difference. 52. it is now clarified at the end of this section that those who used to value the truth will now also be divinely blessed with the urge to accept it. in other words, only they will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5435481503118307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:968dd857-fb39-4818-82fe-92ff22af5766>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.352813"}
{"text": "piracy is defined as any illegal act of violence, detention, or any act of depredation committed for private ends against a ship on the high seas or otherwise outside of the jurisdiction of a state. incidents of armed robbery against ships, similar acts which happen while a ship is within the territorial waters of a state, have also been included. figure 1 provides the time series plot on the monthly number of incidents of international piracy, from 1995 to the present. whereas the 1995 - 1997 period appeared to have maintained an overall level of approximately 20 incidents per month, the subsequent peiord seems less uniform. how much of this is attributable to seasonality? how much is due to a shift in the underlying trend? the next graph separates the seasonal component from the data. figure 1 - international piracy figure 2 - monthly seasonal variation figure 2 provides a plot of the monthly seasonal variation, calculated over the period of january 1995 through march 2002, for the number of international piracy incidents. the month of january experiences the highest number of incidents on average, and february experiences the lowest number on average. the remaining months vary slightly from the average, but only january and february showed significant seasonal variations ( at alpha = 0. 05 ). the next set of analyses study changes in the data, once seasonality has been removed as a source of variation. the search can now be conducted to find unexpected changes in the underlying trend ; the results of this analysis are provided in figure 3. figure 3 - international piracy with interventions statistical process control ( spc ) procedures were applied to the model to search for additional shifts in the data. march 2000, indicated by the red point on the graph, indicates when a significant one - period drop occurred ; the effect of this decrease was only experienced for that one month. the green points on the curve highlight changes in the data that resulted in longer - term changes in the underlying level. overall, there is no continuous long - term upward slope to this set of data from 1995 through 2001, but there were three periods of significant upward drift around january 1999, november 1999 and september 2000. a significant downward drift was signaled on march 2001. these changes in 2000 were driven primarily by an increase in incidents in the indian ocean and the malacca straits. we would expect to see changes in the underlying trends around these periods of significant change. figure 4 provides the final underlying trend to the data. as suggested by preliminary visual analysis, the general level number of incidents from 1996 through 1998 was steady, followed by a significant rise in the 1999 and early 2000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5484823584135505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f7618f0-8730-405d-8a7e-c39f8e8e14a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.357242"}
{"text": "tunnel construction : fourth is the charm california tunnelers break through at caldecott bore in the hopes of banning congestion tunnelers in california worked carefully forward until, on nov. 29, 2011, the crews from oakland on the west end and orinda on the east broke through to form a continuous open passage. they had to dig carefully, because the rock of the east bay hills, separating alameda and contra costa counties, is fractured and requires support. the tunnelers were familiar with the conditions, since this tunnel is the fourth bore of the caldecott tunnel through the east bay hills to add lanes to s. r. 24. the first two bores \u2014 one for each direction of traffic \u2014 opened in 1937. the third opened to traffic in 1964 and made it possible to switch the direction of traffic in the middle bore so four lanes were always available for the heavier traffic flow and two lanes served the lighter flow. the fourth bore project is a partnership between the federal highway administration, the california department of transportation ( caltrans ), the metropolitan transportation commission, the contra costa transportation authority and the alameda county transportation commission. the $ 390 million project is primarily funded through the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 ( $ 180 million ) ; through a local transportation sales tax ( measure j ) passed by contra costa voters in 2004 ; and by regional measure 2 ( bay - area bridge tolls ). when the fourth bore opens to traffic in 2013, it will eliminate the need to reverse the traffic twice a day in the middle bore and dedicate four lanes each to westbound and eastbound traffic. it will accommodate two 12 - ft traffic lanes, with a 10 - ft shoulder on the north side and a 2 - ft shoulder on the south. because of the fractured nature of the rock, the contractor, tutor - saliba corp., has employed a 130 - ton wirth roadheader to dig from the east end, while a modified caterpillar 330 excavator digs from the west end. the roadheader was used to break through the final wall of rock about 200 meters from the west end of the tunnel. a tunnel - boring machine was not appropriate for this project in part because the fractured rock could have potentially collapsed around it and impeded progress. with the roadheader, the contractor can dig forward a meter or two at a time, spray shotcrete 8 - 10 in. thick onto the walls and ceiling, install other measures to support the newly exposed rock and then continue digging. the support measures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40531194085264566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e39f5dac-e348-4d86-aaac-25d2fa882357>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.389588"}
{"text": "roadheader, the contractor can dig forward a meter or two at a time, spray shotcrete 8 - 10 in. thick onto the walls and ceiling, install other measures to support the newly exposed rock and then continue digging. the support measures needed depend on the properties of the rock, which can change from one round to the next. it takes a support system \u201c the support measures include rock dowels that are radial to the tunnel alignment, shotcrete, which is just sprayed - on concrete reinforced with plastic fibers, \u201d bill bornman, a construction manager at caltrans, told roads & bridges. \u201c they use lattice girders, which are steel trusses that go against the excavated rock to help stabilize it. in some categories of the rock they have to install spiles, which are steel dowels that go at an angle forward where we have not yet excavated in order to stabilize the ground above the tunnel. they \u2019 re installed ahead of where we \u2019 ve already excavated so that when we excavate the next round they support the newly excavated ground until the shotcrete can be applied. \u201d employing this process, called the new austrian tunneling method, or the sequential excavation method, they advanced between 1 meter a day where the rock was very hard and up to 4. 2 meters where the rock was soft. \u201c it utilizes the natural distribution of stresses in the ground to help stabilize the tunnel. it \u2019 s not like they used to do tunnel excavation a hundred years ago, when... they tried to support all the loads with huge timbers. now we actually use the ground to help support itself by installing these other measures. \u201d the tunnel is a total of 990 meters long. when it is finished it will be 15 meters wide and 11 - 12. 3 meters high with a roadway clearance of 5. 1 meters. the part now excavated, what they call the \u201c topheading, \u201d is not that high. tutor - saliba still has what it calls the \u201c bench \u201d below the topheading to excavate. the contractor will follow the same sequential method to excavate and support the bench. the diggers also do periodic testing of the rock they are about to dig into. \u201c every day, they would evaluate the rock that they encountered in the previous excavation, \u201d bornman said. \u201c we have geologists that look at the face of the newly exposed rock and determine what that \u2019 s like. periodically, they would do test cores ahead to see if they were getting into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42905653138854377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e39f5dac-e348-4d86-aaac-25d2fa882357>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.390612"}
{"text": "they encountered in the previous excavation, \u201d bornman said. \u201c we have geologists that look at the face of the newly exposed rock and determine what that \u2019 s like. periodically, they would do test cores ahead to see if they were getting into weaker rock or stronger rock as they moved forward to try and anticipate what was going to happen a meter from now, two meters from now. they could guess what support needed to be installed. \u201d the bare ground is self - supporting for some period of time, and the crews apply shotcrete as soon as possible. \u201c in some areas of the tunnel, we had to excavate in portions, \u201d bornman said, \u201c and the reason we did that is because the ground was not self - supporting long enough to excavate the entire width and then apply shotcrete. \u201c i anticipate that we \u2019 ll have some issues with that during the bench excavation. we \u2019 ll excavate the side of the tunnel, get enough room that they can get in there with their shotcrete equipment and spray it with shotcrete before they excavate it the whole way across. \u201c there were no cave - ins or anything like that. we had some areas where there was overbreak, which is just where there was more material than we wanted to excavate that came down, but no catastrophic failures or anything like that. \u201d the breakthrough took place about 200 meters from the western portal, but unfortunately the conditions inside precluded a ceremony marking the event. even in the 21st century, tunneling is a dirty business, especially in a passage classified as \u201c gassy \u201d by the california occupational safety and health administration. out with the old ; in with the new \u201c when you \u2019 re excavating, you can hit pockets of gas in the rock that you \u2019 re digging through, \u201d bornman explained, but once it dissipates, it is not a problem. after the tunnel is lined and finished, there should be no gas entering it. now that the excavation has broken through from one end to the other, there will be some natural ventilation because of atmospheric differences between the two ends of the tunnel. \u201c in the summer, the west side is cooler and the east side is warmer, so you have a natural air flow in the tunnel, \u201d said bornman. \u201c we also have ventilation systems that deal with the exhaust produced by the cars, for example. our ventilation systems handle that with no problem. \u201d all workers in the tunnel have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4432807477639792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e39f5dac-e348-4d86-aaac-25d2fa882357>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.391563"}
{"text": "you have a natural air flow in the tunnel, \u201d said bornman. \u201c we also have ventilation systems that deal with the exhaust produced by the cars, for example. our ventilation systems handle that with no problem. \u201d all workers in the tunnel have to wear a respirator near the rock face during excavation. when the excavation is complete, they will smooth out the shotcrete, which is a concrete mix with small aggregate and sand but not large aggregate. shot in the dark \u201c before we could start doing the shotcrete, we had to have the mix design approved, \u201d said bornman, \u201c and they had to demonstrate to us that it could be applied successfully in the geometric configuration of the tunnel. they had to mock up a ceiling and walls, and they had to spray it. we also do continuous testing to make sure that it gets the properties that it needs to stabilize the ground. \u201d over the top of the smoothed shotcrete is applied a waterproofing membrane 7 mm thick made of a polymer - based material. for the final lining of the tunnel, the contractor will cast a wall of reinforced concrete by assembling a cage of rebar, constructing formwork to contain the concrete and pouring the concrete through holes in the forms and then plugging the holes when the wall space is filled. they will do the casting in sections about 15 meters long. when one section is set, they will advance the formwork and cast the next section. the driving surface for the tunnel will be 285 mm of jointed plane concrete pavement over 150 mm of lean concrete base over 300 mm of aggregate sub - base. the rock will sit on top of the in - situ rock of the tunnel except in a few areas such as the first 60 meters in from the west portal. \u201c the first 60 meters of the tunnel from the west, \u201d said bornman, \u201c they had to excavate below the structural section level and place shotcrete to close the perimeter of the tunnel. that \u2019 s because the ground is relatively weak in that area. \u201d with any tunnel, there is the question of how to make sure you are digging in the right direction. \u201c when they were excavating, they had lasers that were fixed to the walls of the tunnel that showed them where to dig, \u201d bornman said. \u201c they would shine a green dot on the face so the roadheader operator could excavate to those green dots and know that he was where he was supposed to be. \u201c for most of its alignment,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43682105395233345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e39f5dac-e348-4d86-aaac-25d2fa882357>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.393601"}
{"text": "dig, \u201d bornman said. \u201c they would shine a green dot on the face so the roadheader operator could excavate to those green dots and know that he was where he was supposed to be. \u201c for most of its alignment, the tunnel is straight. it was fairly easy for them to control rough alignment with the lasers. then when they got done excavating, they came in with a scanner and it would tell them how much they actually excavated. it would give them a 3 - d profile of the tunnel. they also had surveyors who would come in and survey the alignment as they moved forward. \u201d the west tunnel broke through only 5 mm vertically and 13 mm horizontally away from the east tunnel. \u201c i figured they were going to be close, \u201d bornman commented, \u201c but to be within half an inch one way and a quarter of an inch the other way is pretty good. \u201d r & b more like this coment has introduced the netwaveline series of wireless ethernet transmission products, consisting of point - to - point kits as well as point to... dialight \u2019 s next - generation streetsense led roadway sign light offers flexible mounting options and a pivoting head, ideal for both new construction... safelane surface overlay is a vital anti - icing tool that helps prevent ice and frost from forming on walkways, roadways and bridges. the patented... earthcam ' s mobile trailercam is the ultimate tool for monitoring work - zone activity and documenting road and bridge project progress. this... a no - dig solution to culvert lining and rehab challenges, snap - tite \u2019 s patented joint and installation system replaces failing culvert piping without... continuing the cedarapids and cmi brand legacy under its yellow paint scheme, bomag unveiled at world of asphalt 2013 the cedarapids cr462 mainline... pennzsuppress d is an effective, eco - friendly dust control, soil stabilization and erosion control solution specially... the glasgrid pavement reinforcement system, manufactured by adfors - st. gobain and distributed by tensar, is a pavement interlayer that resists the... safetywall ada - compliant pedestrian barricade provides continuous, obstacle - free guidance through pedestrian work zones. safetywall creates... geoshack direct, your gps experts, bring you the sokkia grx2 gnss receiver. with features like 226 universal channels, longer battery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47024224000315323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e39f5dac-e348-4d86-aaac-25d2fa882357>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.394623"}
{"text": "assignment operator in java this tutorial will help you to understand assignment operator in java.. conditional operator in java conditional operators return either true or false value based on the expression.. java set example in this tutorial we will see how to use the java set interface. we will create an example to display the contents of the set collection.. converting boolean to string in this tutorial we are going to convert boolean to string.. serialization in java serialization in java means writing a state of the object to the stream. in this section you will learn about how to serialize and deserialize the object.. iterator in java iterator is a interface in java, help you to traverse the element of collection.. java array declaration this tutorial will help you how to declare array in java. creating multiple threads this java tutorial explain how to create multiple thread using java program. here you will find step by step process to creating multiple threads.. the jdk directory structure the jdk directory structure, in this tutorial we are going to explain you the correct directory structure of jdk.. compiling and interpreting applications in java compiling and interpreting applications in java. learn how to compile and interpret your java application.. how to sort arraylist in java this java tutorial section we demonstrates how to use the sort ( ) method in the java arraylist.. string intern ( ) method returns canonical form representation of a string object.. first java program here you will find the video tutorial for creating first java program. you can learn through video tutorial of java.. matrix addition in java in this tutorial, you will learn how to find the sum of two matrices.. fibonacci series in java this tutorial will help you to understand the fibonacci number program in java. java error cannot find symbol java cannot find symbol occur when compiler has not enough information about what java code trying to execute.. add two number in java java add two numbers example explains you that how you can add two integers. switch case in java switch statement is a control statement that allow multiple selection by passing control to one of the case statement in the body.. instance variable in java instance variable in java are variable which is declared in a class but outside the methods or constructor.. type casting in java type casting is used in java for converting one type into another type. for example you can typecast string representation of number into int data type. this tutorial explains type casting with example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5285870828928774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:616e711f-c1f6-4ca6-a0db-cef4720f6309>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.402932"}
{"text": "but outside the methods or constructor.. type casting in java type casting is used in java for converting one type into another type. for example you can typecast string representation of number into int data type. this tutorial explains type casting with example program.. java count vowels this program will count the number of vowels in a string.. number format exception numberformatexception is a type of runtimeexception which is generated when a programmer try to convert string into integer.. queue in java in this section we will discuss about queue in java. queue is a interface in java. util package of java.. java tutorial for beginners the java programming language is an object - oriented programming language that contains complete information, syntax and examples of java program for the beginner ' s. in this online java programming tutorials for beginners helps you to how to write java program, compile java command as well as how to install and configure java.. how to get java? this video tutorial explains the steps of getting the java development kit for windows operating system and installing on it.. java video tutorial - what is java? welcome to the java programming tutorial series. today we will learn about java programming language which is used for the development of desktop, web, mobile and embedded devices application. learn what is the use of java programming through this video tutorial.. java programming video tutorial for beginners java programming video tutorials designed especially for beginners in java helps them to learn java in easy, step - by - step and systematic method. online java video tutorials explain and demonstrate programming with simple examples.. search an elements in the array in this section we will discuss about how to check the availability of an element in the array.. continue statement in java in this section we will discuss about continue statement in java. continue is one of the branching statement used in most of the programming languages like c, c + + and java etc.. finally in java in this section we will discuss about finally block in java. finally block always execute when try block exits. finally is a block of code that execute after try / catch block. transient java keyword in this section we will discuss about transient keyword in java. transient is a keyword in java which is used to prevent any variable being serialized. for loop in java example we are going to discuss about for loop in java example. the for loop statement has type loop control statement. we first initialize the variable. after that check", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5278934746244908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:616e711f-c1f6-4ca6-a0db-cef4720f6309>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.404049"}
{"text": "a call to overridden method at run time is resolved rather then compile time.. convert a string into an integer data in this section you will learn to convert a string type of data to integer type data. converting string to integer and integer to string is a basic task in java programming language because these two type are widely used.. synchronization in java with example in this section we will discuss about synchronization in java.. jtable display data from mysql database this section will describe you the displaying of data of a database table into a jtable. here you will read about how to create a table in java swing, how can you add column header ' s name, how can you show data into the table.. string replaceall in java in this section you will learn about replaceall ( ) method in java, this will replace each of the sub string with the given replacement. this method will return the resulting string.. split in java this section illustrate the use of split in java. split is used to split the string in the given format.. convert string into date in this example we are going to convert string into date. simpledateformat is a concrete class for formatting the dates which is inside package \" java. text. * \" which have a date format which convert a string into date format..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4756870026558395, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:616e711f-c1f6-4ca6-a0db-cef4720f6309>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.405627"}
{"text": "painting birds often involves long periods outside, in all kinds of weather and at all times of year, but it ' s a job i feel privileged to have. one of the difficulties in capturing an accurate sketch or painting of a bird is their sheer dynamism. granted, herons, swans and many of the larger birds are generally slow - moving, and offer extended opportunities for the wildlife artist to capture a portrait on paper, but the smaller songbirds tend to be fast - moving. many are skulking and some, like the goldcrest and wren, are so tiny and quick that a glimpse is all that may be obtained. nevertheless, a few pencil lines here, then a few more from another brief glimpse, and the image can be pieced together and gradually built on. i am often asked if i use photographs, but i find that paintings done from photos can be stiff and lifeless. i ' ve seen photos of friends or family, where the frozen instant, that photographic split second, has made their facial features seem so odd that it is difficult to recognize them. with bird portraits it ' s the same. the few sparse pencil lines, if done well, can portray the bird well. the fruit of long experience of the species and its postures movements and looks, a good painting will capture the character and vitality of a bird photographs do provide a useful reference for the minutiae of bird plumage and structure. how long a particular feather is in relation to other ones etc? what colour are the claws? just how much white fringing was there on the wing feathers? this additional accuracy in the detail can add the final stamp of realism if the image demands it, but only if the character of the bird has already been imposed on the painting. spring is a great time to paint birds. not only are the birds in pristine plumage, but the males, in particular, are at their showiest and will often sing from exposed perches for a considerable time. many of my best views of wrens, for example, have been in spring, when they emerge from dense cover into the open and start proclaiming their territories. with so much bird activity in spring, the source of artistic activity is endless. a chaffinch on a flowering hawthorn ; a skylark singing constantly, hovering high over sand dunes, a blackbird singing from an apple tree. the dynamism and energy of irish birds in spring is inspirational in every sense. who is not captivated by the sheer exuberance of a dawn chorus and the energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46868447161961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:467ed05b-d90f-4d4d-bf2c-704430c5d1a1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.408677"}
{"text": "mirena ( generic : levonorgestrel ) is a prescription medication that is a hormone - releasing system placed in your uterus ( intrauterine device or iud ) to prevent pregnancy for up to 5 years. mirena belongs to a group of drugs called progestins which change the lining of the uterus, alter cervical mucus, and make it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus. this medication comes in the form of a plastic device that is inserted by a healthcare provider into the uterus. common side effects of mirena include irregular menstrual periods, back pain, headache, and nausea. mirena can cause serious side effects including : - pelvic inflammatory disease ( pid ). some iud users get a serious pelvic infection called pelvic inflammatory disease. pid is usually sexually transmitted. you have a higher chance of getting pid if you or your partner have sex with other partners. pid can cause serious problems such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy or pelvic pain that does not go away. pid is usually treated with antibiotics. more serious cases of pid may require surgery. a hysterectomy ( removal of the uterus ) is sometimes needed. in rare cases, infections that start as pid can even cause death. - tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any of these signs of pid : long - lasting or heavy bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge, low abdominal ( stomach area ) pain, painful sex, chills, or fever. - life - threatening infection. life - threatening infection can occur within the first few days after mirena is placed. call your healthcare provider if you develop severe pain within a few hours after mirena is placed. - embedment. mirena may become attached to the uterine wall. this is called embedment. if embedment happens, mirena may no longer prevent pregnancy and you may need surgery to have it removed. - perforation. mirena may go through the uterus. this is called perforation. if your uterus is perforated, mirena may no longer prevent pregnancy. it may move outside the uterus and can cause internal scarring, infection, or damage to other organs, and you may need surgery to have mirena removed. common side effects of mirena include : - pain, bleeding or dizziness during and after placement. if these symptoms do not stop 30 minutes after placement, mirena may not have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48043224373974014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fcf99881-c661-4c80-860c-6e8263b1dd98>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.418710"}
{"text": "organs, and you may need surgery to have mirena removed. common side effects of mirena include : - pain, bleeding or dizziness during and after placement. if these symptoms do not stop 30 minutes after placement, mirena may not have been placed correctly. your healthcare provider will examine you to see if mirena needs to be removed or replaced. - expulsion. mirena may come out by itself. this is called expulsion. you may become pregnant if mirena comes out. if you notice that mirena has come out, use a backup birth control method like condoms and call your healthcare provider. - missed menstrual periods. about 2 out of 10 women stop having periods after 1 year of mirena use. if you do not have a period for 6 weeks during mirena use, call your healthcare provider. when mirena is removed, your menstrual periods will come back. - changes in bleeding. you may have bleeding and spotting between menstrual periods, especially during the first 3 to 6 months. sometimes the bleeding is heavier than usual at first. however, the bleeding usually becomes lighter than usual and may be irregular. call your healthcare provider if the bleeding remains heavier than usual or if the bleeding becomes heavy after it has been light for a while. - cyst on the ovary. about 12 out of 100 women using mirena develop a cyst on the ovary. these cysts usually disappear on their own in a month or two. however, cysts can cause pain and sometimes cysts will need surgery. tell your doctor about all the medicines you take including prescription and non - prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. especially tell your doctor if you take : - st. john \u2019 s wort - hiv protease inhibitors - non - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors - mirena does not protect against hiv infection ( aids ) and other sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ). - cigarette smoking increases the risk of serious cardiovascular ( cv ) events. risk increases with age ( > 35 yrs ) and with the number of cigarettes smoked. - should not be used by women who are > 35 yrs of age and smoke. do not use mirena if you : - might be pregnant - have had a serious pelvic infection called pelvic inflammatory disease ( pid ) unless you have had a normal pregnancy after the infection went away - have an untreated pelvic infection now - have had a serious pelvic infection in the past 3 months after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4044029630520108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fcf99881-c661-4c80-860c-6e8263b1dd98>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.419633"}
{"text": "mirena cannot be removed, talk with your healthcare provider about the benefits and risks of continuing the pregnancy. if you continue your pregnancy, see your healthcare provider regularly. call your healthcare provider right away if you get flu - like symptoms, fever, chills, cramping, pain, bleeding, vaginal discharge, or fluid leaking from your vagina. these may be signs of infection. it is not known if mirena can cause long - term effects on the fetus if it stays in place during a pregnancy. you may use mirena when you are breastfeeding if more than six weeks have passed since you had your baby. if you are breastfeeding, mirena is not likely to affect the quality or amount of your breast milk or the health of your nursing baby. however, isolated cases of decreased milk production have been reported among women using progestin - only birth control pills. first, your healthcare provider will examine your pelvis to find the exact position of your uterus. your healthcare provider will then clean your vagina and cervix with an antiseptic solution, and slide a thin plastic tube containing mirena into your uterus. your healthcare provider will then remove the plastic tube, and leave mirena in your uterus. your healthcare provider will cut the threads to the right length. placement takes only a few minutes during an office visit. you may experience pain, bleeding or dizziness during and after placement. if these symptoms do not pass 30 minutes after placement, mirena may not have been placed correctly. your healthcare provider will examine you to see if mirena needs to be removed or replaced. you should check that mirena is in proper position by feeling the removal threads. you should do this after each menstrual period. first, wash your hands with soap and water. feel for the threads at the top of your vagina with your clean fingers. the threads are the only part of mirena you should feel when mirena is in your uterus. be careful not to pull on the threads. if you feel more than just the threads, mirena is not in the right position and may not prevent pregnancy. call your healthcare provider to have it removed. if you cannot feel the threads at all, ask your healthcare provider to check that mirena is still in the right place. in either case, use a non - hormonal birth control method ( such as condoms or spermicide ) until otherwise advised by your healthcare provider. call your healthcare provider if you have any questions or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4420752733111513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fcf99881-c661-4c80-860c-6e8263b1dd98>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.421662"}
{"text": "that mirena is still in the right place. in either case, use a non - hormonal birth control method ( such as condoms or spermicide ) until otherwise advised by your healthcare provider. call your healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns. otherwise, you should return to your healthcare provider for a follow - up visit 4 to 12 weeks after mirena is placed to make sure that mirena is in the right position. tampons may be used with mirena. call your healthcare provider if you have any concerns about mirena. be sure to call if you : - think you are pregnant. - have pelvic pain or pain during sex. - have unusual vaginal discharge or genital sores. - have unexplained fever. - might be exposed to sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ). - cannot feel mirena ' s threads. - develop very severe or migraine headaches. - have yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes. these may be signs of liver problems. - have a stroke or heart attack. - or your partner becomes hiv positive. - have severe vaginal bleeding or bleeding that lasts a long time. mirena contains 52 mg of levonorgestrel. initially, levonorgestrel is released at a rate of approximately 20 mcg / day. this rate decreases progressively to half that value after 5 years. mirena ( levonorgestrel - releasing intrauterine system ), containing a total of 52 mg levonorgestrel, is available in a carton of one sterile unit ndc # 50419 - 421 - 01. each mirena is packaged together with an inserter in a thermoformed blister package with a peelable lid. mirena is supplied sterile. mirena is sterilized with ethylene oxide. do not resterilize. for single use only. do not use if the inner package is damaged or open. insert before the end of the month shown on the label. store at 25\u00b0c ( 77\u00b0f ) ; with excursions permitted between 15 \u2013 30\u00b0c ( 59 \u2013 86\u00b0f ) [ see usp controlled room temperature ]. sign up for - follow the medications that matter most to you - receive email notifications as soon as your medication pages are updated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44097563914613713, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fcf99881-c661-4c80-860c-6e8263b1dd98>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.422497"}
{"text": "dog blog promoting adoption, with breed profiles and stories. discussing dog breeds, dog - adoption, and the human - canine connection. monday, september 3, 2012 lycaon pictus : african wild dog there are dogs and then there are animals that are members of the larger family \" canidae \" to which wolves, dogs, jackals, foxes, and coyotes belong. the african wild dog, sometimes called the painted dog, while a canidae is not a true dog like the domesticated dogs we live with. in other words, they do not make good potential pets any more than a wolf or jackal does. but they are very handsome pack animals that live in family groups. unlike some members of the canidae family, it is the female of the african wild dog pack that leaves the pack they are born into, while the males stay in the pack they are born into. the young females search for packs which do not have actively breeding females currently in them. i ' ve also read that at times a pack of males will travel separately and encounter a pack of females... there has been speculation that a pack may break up if the pack leaders die ; however, it has been observed that the death of the leaders is just as likely to lead to new leaders rising from the pack ranks. the other observation i ' ve read that i find interesting about this animal ' s behavior is that they have evolved to avoid fighting with each other and are more likely to beg for food at the site of a kill than fight each other for the kill. the pack also allows the younger hunting members to eat first, rather than making them wait until the alpha members of the pack have eaten. hunting members of the pack will also go back to those animals that are not in the hunt - - the young, the pack member ( s ) that are watching the young, the elderly / infirm and regurgitate food to share with them. when i read these descriptions of behavior i am reminded of much of the behavior i observe in the domestic members of the canidae family who live with me and that i ' ve known. the willingness to share with other members of the pack. the more inquisitive and sometimes forthright tendencies of females. the willingness of other members of the family - pack to watch over and play with puppies. it ' s interesting to me the similarities between these very different members of the large canidae family. and of course, i cannot help but note that the african wild dog, is a lovely animal. physical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45536772731340486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:571bced8-34ad-4243-9964-9a241018bceb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.426361"}
{"text": "common name : henna plant parts used : leaves a middle sized or large, much - branched shrub, sometimes tree - like, branches 4 angled, usually ending in a sharp point. leaves opposite, 2 - 3 cm long, often acute and sharp - pointed. flowers small, white or pinkish, fragrant, in terminal large bunches. fruit small, size of a pea, round ; seeds many. characteristics and constituents : the leaves of lawsonia alba have certain medicinal properties. they are astringent and are used as a prophylactic against skin diseases. a decoction of leaves is used as gargle in sore throat. the paste of leaves is largely used in indian homes in headache, burning sensation in feet, etc. the leaves have also been shown to have some action against tubercular and other bacteria, and in typhoid and haemorrhagia. the plant has not, however, so far been put to much use in this manner. the bark and seeds of the plant are also reported to be used in ayurvedic and unani medicine. actions and uses : the chief use of the henna plant is as pleasant orange dye for colouring palms, nails, feet, hair, beard, even tails and limbs of animals. henna, mixed with other natural dyes, is largely used as hairdye and even for textiles. the oil obtained from its flowers is used in perfumery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4552291736930202, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a717efe-54f7-4a57-bf19-51d033e76dab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.430135"}
{"text": "dr. jekyll and mr. hyde good and evil, right and wrong. both are seen through the eyes of john utterson, a lawyer and friend of the scientist dr. jekyll. after hearing the alarming account of the horrendous trampling of a small girl \" like some damned juggernaut \" by a violent man named mr. hyde, who also holds a connection to the lawyer ' s dear friend, utterson ' s curiosity gets the better of him and he begins to investigate. as he probes further into the events and the hidden life of mr. hyde, utterson slowly uncovers a terrifying and ghastly story. this is robert louis stevenson ' s harrowing tale of good and evil caught in the same person \u2014 a kind and well - respected doctor who has discovered a powerful and deadly drug. dr. jekyll has been experimenting with identity. he has developed a drug which separates the two sides of his nature, allowing him to abandon himself to his most corrupt inclinations as the monstrous mr. hyde. but gradually the journey back to goodness becomes more and more difficult, and the risk that mr. hyde will break free from dr. jekyll ' s control puts all of london in grave peril. robert louis stevenson originally wrote dr. jekyll and mr hyde as a \" chilling shocker. \" he then burned the draft and, upon his wife ' s advice, rewrote it as the darkly complex tale it is today. stark, skillfully woven, this fascinating novel explores the curious turnings of human character through the strange case of dr. jekyll, a kindly scientist who by night takes on his stunted evil self, mr. hyde. anticipating modern psychology, dr. jekyll and mr hyde is a brilliantly original study of man ' s dual nature \u2014 as well as an immortal tale of suspense and terror. published in 1866, dr. jekyll and mr hyde was an instant success and brought stevenson his first taste of fame. though sometimes dismissed as a mere mystery story, the book has evoked much literary admirations. vladimir nabokov likened it to madame bovary and \" dead souls \" as \" a fable that lies nearer to poetry than to ordinary prose fiction. \" - 11, 12, 13 - interest level - grades 6 - 8 - grade level equivalent - lexile measure - guided reading - franklin watts - book type - chapter book - number of pages - classics, horror, horror and supernatural, mystery and suspense, songs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48194107989058205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87f5c795-d665-4b14-97a5-7def78129935>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.433716"}
{"text": "we \u2019 ve certainly come a long way but some things seem hauntingly similar to many years ago. for example, thomas edison said in 1925 that \u201c books will soon be obsolete in schools. scholars will soon be instructed through the eye. \u201d i \u2019 m pretty sure this is exactly what people are saying these days about the ipad. with the advent of web 2. 0 and related technologies, social computing has become a new paradigm for the ways we communicate, learn, and educate. social media, including social networking web sites, wikis, blogs, tweets, online groups and forums, podcasts, web mashups, virtual worlds, mooc, recommender / evaluation systems, social tagging / bookmarking, and other related technologies, are enabling innovative behaviors that enable the acquisition, access, manipulation, processing, retrieval, presentation, and visualization of information within a teaching / learning space. social media for education has become dynamic, ubiquitous, distributed, real - time, collaborative, bottom - up, manyto - many, value - based, and personalized. this conference and book volumes seek original research with respect to the use of social media and related technologies for education ; the emerging applications of web 2. 0 as an educational platform ; and policy issues including : privacy, risk, and security, that drive, what might be referred to as, \u201c social computing for education 2. 0. \u201d. the seminal conference and publication will provide an important reference of current unique, innovative, and effective uses of social media in education for teaching and learning. more specifically, the conference will provide an in - depth analysis of the tools and platforms that are currently being used, or may potentially be used, in a learning environment. it will highlight the future cutting - edge systems that enhance learning spaces. the conference and publication will follow a coherent theme in the use of social media in the teaching / learning context, with each chapter exploring in greater detail a different approach or methodology within that theme. the relevant and important questions addressed include : \u2022 how do social media enrich learning and teaching experiences? \u2022 what can be learned from current case studies of state - of - the - art social computing / media systems or platforms being used in the learning / teaching setting? \u2022 what are the necessary policies to balance security, privacy, and risk issues in using social media for education? \u2022 how can learning be integrated in a distributed and ubiquitous social computing environment? \u2022 what methods can be used to assess and evaluate learning and teaching through social media? topics : \u2022 web", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5440461605064384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f661ada-51a1-492e-807f-c6fafabb7cba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.441441"}
{"text": "security, privacy, and risk issues in using social media for education? \u2022 how can learning be integrated in a distributed and ubiquitous social computing environment? \u2022 what methods can be used to assess and evaluate learning and teaching through social media? topics : \u2022 web 2. 0 techniques and social computing for learning ( media sharing, media manipulation, conversational arenas, online games, virtual worlds / spaces, socialnetworking, blogging, micro - blogging, podcasts, social bookmarking, recommender systems, collaborative editing, wikis, rss, mash - ups ) \u2022 theory and modeling of social computing in education \u2022 social computing technology and software for educational application \u2022 social educational system design and architectures \u2022 case studies, best practices, and demonstrations of social media in educational contexts \u2022 assessment and evaluation of social computing in education \u2022 benchmarks and experiments on in education \u2022 social computing quality and reliability \u2022 software for social and collaborative learning \u2022 mobile learning applications for social computing \u2022 semantic web applications for d - learning, e - learning, and m - learning \u2022 virtual worlds / spaces for learning communities \u2022 ubiquitous, mobile, distributed, and collaborative learning \u2022 integration of social learning spaces \u2022 social gaming / human computation within education environments \u2022 social media policy issues ( privacy, risk, security, and so on ) within educational contexts \u2022 massive open online courses ( mooc ) this collection of writings, written by graduate students in the teacher - librarianship by distance learning program at the university of alberta, demonstrates the critical role of the teacher - librarian in schools. lourense das ' s insight : new : e - book on teacher - librarianship with interesting insights on the role of the teacher - librarian and the school leader. must read! the american library association would like to thank senators tom harkin ( d - ia ), patty murray ( d - wa ), sheldon whitehouse ( d - ri ) and jack reed ( d - ri ) for their leadership in including strong provisions for effective school library programs in the strengthening america \u2019 s schools act that was introduced on tuesday. the bill is the first to recognize the role school library programs play in student learning since the elementary and secondary education act ( esea ) was first enacted in 1965. children \u2019 s and young adults \u2019 culture exists in multiple forms and media, from nursery rhymes and oral storytelling to videogames, from printed books to ebooks... as we know, libraries play a key role in preserving this cultural heritage and in giving access to it. how are they doing this? what must they do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5675292348924468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f661ada-51a1-492e-807f-c6fafabb7cba>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.444248"}
{"text": "1. fifty years of manned spaceflight. april marked the 50th anniversary of the first manned spaceflight by yuri gagarin aboard vostok 1 in 1961. russia continued regular launches with its soyuz becoming the only way too carry astronauts to the international space station ( iss ) and making their first unmanned launches from europe ' s spaceport at french guyana. but the crash of a progress cargo ship in august led to questions of relying too much on russia. in february, the european space agency ( esa ) successfully launched its second unmanned automated transfer vehicle ( atv ) johannes kepler to the iss. 2. end of the road for the space shuttle. atlantis touched down in july, marking the final spaceflight and the end of the space shuttle programme. it also meant that construction of the iss was essentially complete. meanwhile, as nasa ' s own manned space launches appeared to be temporarily abandoned, china ' s began to accelerate, including the launch of its own first space station module, tiangong - 1, in september. 3. big strides by commercial space companies. the growing interest in the us and beyond to turn space exploration over to private enterprise got a boost in april when nasa awarded $ 269 million to companies including spacex, sierra nevada, boeing and blue origin. meanwhile, seven years after the first successful suborbital flights by prototype spaceshipone, virgin galactic is steadily preparing to carry its first paying tourists to the edge of space. 4. new missions to deep space. nasa continued to pioneer exploration of the solar system. probes were launched both to jupiter in august ( juno ) and mars in november ( mars science laboratory, or curiosity ). in march, their messenger probe went into orbit around mercury, and in july, dawn began circling the asteroid vesta. twin grail probes to investigate the interior of the moon are arriving this weekend following a september launch. russia ' s bid to fly to mars failed when its phobos - grunt craft became stranded in earth orbit. 5. advances in astronomy. the number of planets discovered around other stars climbed above 700 as the year drew to a close including the first two earth - sized worlds discovered by nasa ' s kepler space mission and others found in the so - called habitable zones of their host suns. another boost for astronomy came with fresh support for the successor to hubble, the james webb space telescope after a battle in congress over its budget. in other astronomical news, the sun roared back into activity with many sunspots and eruptions plus the closest flypast by a giant asteroid ever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4843444670986402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fafccad4-c02d-483d-9fe6-c5e4a5a6007f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.449288"}
{"text": "according to statistics, tragedies involving children tend to go up during the summer. one of the main reasons for this is that many times, this is the season where children encounter large bodies of water. unfortunately, these encounters sometimes end in tragedy. here \u2019 s how you can make sure your children having safe, enjoyable time around all bodies of water, including the pool and the beach. learn cpr ( cardiopulmonary resuscitation ) if you have children, this should be a natural skill for you to have. your local red cross or ymca is always offering certification courses. we aren \u2019 t endorsing this as a replacement for real courses, but there are many reputable organizations out there who have videos on youtube if you want to, at least, familiarize yourself with cpr before your next trip to the backyard or the beach. teach your kids to swim the red cross and the ymca also have swimming classes for young children. you should enroll them as soon as they are physically able, around three or four. they also have classes for parents with babies, but these are mostly for socialization. try to attend pools and beaches staffed by lifeguards when you arrive at the pool or beach, try to station yourself near a lifeguard so that your children are swimming within sight of the lifeguard at all times. this is by no means a substitute for your watchfulness, however. by doing this you are only guaranteeing that there is at least another set of eyes on your kids. if there is no lifeguard present, at least make sure there \u2019 s someone in your group that knows cpr, and that they are responsible for watching the younger children. make your pool kidproof we recommend not having a pool if you have a young family, but if you do, lock it up and equip would - be entry points with motion alarms. every pool should have a fence with childproof lock on it. some parents even go as far as equipping the doors that lead to the outside with motion alarms as well. all it takes is a minute for tragedy to strike.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3967304645292713, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55ff9208-72c4-4468-9745-f00d07af0370>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.451496"}
{"text": "the conquerors : the last updated 11 / 8 / 2009 11 / 25 / 2007 11 / 24 / 2007 some believe that all germanic tribes originated from scandinavian peninsula. around 1000 bc, the germanic tribes originated in scandinavia, from which they moved south. in 650 bc, the climate pushed the germanic tribes southwards into continental europe. in 105 b. c. german warriors inflicted a terrible defeat on a roman army. in 101 bc, a capable roman leader, marius, outmaneuvered the germans and defeated them. by 100 bc, they had reached the rhine area. and about two hundred years later, the danube basin, both roman borders. 52 bc, batttle of alesia, where vercingetorix and his troops were forced to yield to julius caesar in 51 bc, caesar had noted that the germanic tribes could be a threat. 45 bc, vercingetorix executed by crucifixion in rome. 9 ad, three legions under varus destroyed by arminius in the teutoburg forest. 100 ad, german tribes reach the danube river. small numbers were accepted for service with roman legions. small scale german - roman trade relations emerged involving cattle and slaves. 0 - 100 ad, the germanic tribes were not a real danger to rome : 1 ) poverty ensured poor armor and weapons 2 ) they had limited tactics, consisting of ambushes and a mass charge. 3 ) divisions into numerous small tribes meant a lack of political cooperation. 4 ) there was no real, continual government beyond the clan. western german tribes eastern tribes north of the goths, originall from sweden, lived in the balkan peninsula. they were divided into two groups. ostrogoths were the east goths. visigoths were the west goths. 300 ad, romans allow groups of west goths to cross their borders and settle. by the 300s ad, there was a continual belt of barbarian tribes all along the roman frontier. the fortified frontier ran from the north sea to the black sea. they had to give up their weapons and promise to be loyal to rome. trouble broke out between the roman officials and the west goths. the goths had to buy food at high prices. romans made slaves of many young goths. rebellion by the goths west goths rebelled against the roamns. in 378 ad, west goths defeated romans at the battle of adrianople. calvary eclipses the power of the foot soldier. in 410 ad, the visigoths, led by alaric, captured", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39777535339483605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6442daed-cf6d-4a67-8276-0500fc016c60>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.461719"}
{"text": "interpreting the charm page : for a detailed description of charm algorigthm, please see the methods paper : krista and gallagher ( 2009 ) the eit 195 a disk images are shown as cylindrical lambert equal - area projection maps. the projection is limited to 80 degrees due to limb - extrapolation effects. the white corners shift over the year due to the change in the b angle, for which the projection is corrected for. after the detection of low intensity regions in the eit 195 a images, corresponding mdi magnetograms are used to determine the flux imbalance in the detected regions. depending on the flux - imbalance, low intensity regions are classed as coronal holes ( ch ). this is based on the knowledge that chs are dominated by a single polartity. please note that the error in the mdi magnetic field measurements increases considerable towards the solar limb and hence the flux imbalance might not be detected in certain polar chs. for this reason polar holes are occasionally unidentified in the observations. we are currently working on a reliable resolution to this issue. the identified chs are grouped based on neighbouring distances. members of a ch group appear contoured with the same colour and numbered with the same group number. group id : the overall ch group number. location : the location of the ch group centroid ( or geometric center ). e / w - most points : the east - most and west - most points of a ch group boundary. area : overall area of a ch group in mm2. bz : the average magnetic field of a ch group in gauss units. phi : the average magnetic flux of a ch group in maxwell units. if you would like to use charm meta data for any publications, please contact the author : larisza d. krista noaa / swpc, university of colorado and cite teh methods paper : krista and gallagher, 2009, solar physics, 256, 87 - 100", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5587253473907288, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:694e8de9-47c4-4875-ad68-970a3064bbfc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.465673"}
{"text": "is vitamin e good for your hair? vitamin e is good for your hair. getting the proper nutrition is essential for healthy skin and hair and vitamin e is no exception. vitamin e is recognized as a powerful antioxidant working against free radicals to prevent cell damage. for the hair follicle, vitamin e acts as an antioxidant providing physical stability to the cell membranes strengthening hair. this does not mean that you should ingest megadoses of vitamin e to get healthy hair. the key to healthy hair is a balanced and healthy diet. over supplementation of any nutritional supplement can actually cause hair loss. additional important vitamins and nutrients good for hair vitamin a : like vitamin e, vitamin a is an antioxidant working to protect hair follicle cells from free radical damage. excessive vitamin a can also cause hair loss. vitamin c : another antioxidant working to protect hair follicles from free radical damage, vitamin c has the added benefit of strengthening collagen, which is found in the hair follicles. folic acid : folic acid is responsible for hair follicle growth and cell division. selenium : deficiency of this trace mineral has been shown to inhibit hair growth. zinc : this essential mineral is critical in dna and rna development, which leads to normal hair follicle division.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4677844546175843, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c827f18f-b732-4347-a3cf-3d54846abec6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.466925"}
{"text": "\u00a9 andrew testa / the new york times a push to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure from ct scans, above, nuclear medicine studies, and fluoroscopies. the fda has announced a plan to reduce patients ' unnecessary exposure to radiation from three different medical imaging tests. the three - pronged strategy will focus on increasing the safety of the devices, increasing patient awareness of risks, and improving the ability of patients and doctors to make informed decisions. the tests in question are computed tomography ( ct ) scans, nuclear medicine studies and fluoroscopy. ct scans produce three - dimensional images of different areas of the body, nuclear medicine studies involve consumption of a radioactive substance to observe its motion through the body, and fluoroscopy uses a continuous beam of radiation to produce a real - time, moving image. \" the fda continues to support a strong dialogue between patients and physicians over the medical necessity and risk associated with these types of imaging studies, \" the agency said. \" however, like all medical procedures, ct, nuclear medicine, and fluoroscopy pose risks. \" the fda chose to focus on the three procedures because together they provide the single greatest source of radiation exposure for the u. s. population. ct scans, nuclear medicine studies and fluoroscopy all deliver much higher doses than other radioactive imaging procedures, such as mammography or x - rays. for example, a single ct abdomen scan uses as much radiation as 400 chest x - rays or 800 dental x - rays. yet in spite of the risks, which according to the fda include cancer, cataracts and burns, the use of radioactive imaging tests has become much more common in the united states in recent years. \" the amount of radiation americans are exposed to from medical imaging has dramatically increased over the past 20 years, \" said jeffrey shuren, director of the fda ' s center for devices and radiological health. the fda plans to reduce unnecessary exposure by encouraging \" appropriate justification \" of all radiation tests, as well as \" optimization of the radiation dose. \" \" working together, \" said shuren, \" the fda and other organizations hope to help patients get the right imaging exam, at the right time, with the right radiation dose. \" under the first prong of its three - prong strategy, the fda seeks to encourage safer use of the three techniques. toward this goal, it plans to require manufacturers of radiation imaging devices to implement specific safeguards in the machines and implement standardized training for all device operators. the specific requirements to be established have yet to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49730557106339635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67282a46-8cab-4427-876a-9cc29babc93f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.471194"}
{"text": "fda seeks to encourage safer use of the three techniques. toward this goal, it plans to require manufacturers of radiation imaging devices to implement specific safeguards in the machines and implement standardized training for all device operators. the specific requirements to be established have yet to be determined, but might include making all devices display, record and report radiation doses and other relevant settings ; having devices issue alerts when a higher - than - normal dose is entered ; and making devices immediately add information about each test to a patient ' s permanent medical record and a national dose registry. the fda is also working with the centers for medicare and medicaid services to impose new accreditation requirements on all facilities that perform radioactive imaging, with the goal of improving oversight and safe device use. in order to improve patient awareness, the fda is working with a number of other organizations to design a patient medical imaging history card, which would record every radiation test undergone by a specific patient in a fashion similar to an immunization card. this card ( which will also be available via the fda web site ) could then be presented to physicians to inform them about the patient ' s prior lifetime radiation exposure. in service of the final goal, informed consent, the fda is encouraging the development of a national radiation dose registry so that researchers can monitor nationwide radiation exposure and help produce more targeted recommendations on when the risk of a procedure outweighs its benefits. \" health care decisions made by patients and their physicians should include discussions of the medical need and associated risks for each procedure, \" the agency said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.473675184466807, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67282a46-8cab-4427-876a-9cc29babc93f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.471875"}
{"text": "cancer stem cells are defined by three abilities : differentiation, self - renewal and their ability to seed a tumor. these stem cells resist chemotherapy and many researchers posit their role in relapse. a university of colorado cancer center study recently published in the journal stem cells, shows that melanoma cells with these abilities are marked by the enzyme aldh, and imagines new therapies to target high - aldh cells, potentially weeding the body of these most dangerous cancer creators. ' ' we ' ve seen aldh as a stem cell marker in other cancer types, but not in melanoma, and until now its function has been largely unknown, \" says the paper ' s senior author, mayumi fujita, md, phd, investigator at the cu cancer center and associate professor in the department of dermatology at the cu school of medicine. fujita ' s group transplanted aldh + and aldh - melanoma cells into animal models, showing the aldh + cells were much more powerfully tumorigenic. in the same aldh + cells, the group then silenced the gene that creates this protein, finding that with aldh knocked down, melanoma cells died in cultures and lost their ability to form tumors in animal models. in cell cultures, silencing this aldh gene also sensitized melanoma cells to existing chemotherapies. when the group explored human tumor samples, they found distinct subpopulations of these aldh + cells, which made up about 0. 1 - 0. 2 percent of patients ' primary tumors. in samples of metastatic melanoma - - the most aggressive form of the disease - - the percentage of aldh + cells was greater, even over 10 percent in some tumors, further implying the powerful danger of these cells. \" in these same aldh + cells, we find the markers of stem cells are upregulated and those of cell differentiation are downregulated. in addition to these clues, aldh + cells generate the heterogeneous cell types seen in the original tumor, \" says fujita, meaning that in addition to self - renewal and tumorigenesis, aldh + cells fulfill the third criteria for a cancer stem cell : the ability to differentiate. the study also shows how the aldh gene and its protein act to create a cell ' s stem - like properties. \" one way aldh makes a cancer stem cell is through the retinoic acid signaling pathway, \" fujita says. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4910363233099946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce4e1101-0bec-4593-b793-4f170502cd95>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.475075"}
{"text": "the study also shows how the aldh gene and its protein act to create a cell ' s stem - like properties. \" one way aldh makes a cancer stem cell is through the retinoic acid signaling pathway, \" fujita says. the protein aldh leads to the overproduction of retinoic acid, which in turn binds to a cell ' s nuclear receptors and influences the expression of many of the cell ' s genes - - for example, genes involved in regulating cell survival, repair, and proliferation, all of which combine to confer chemoresistance. target cells with high aldh and you target all the downstream effects, including the retinoic acid signaling pathway. \" our hope is that we can intervene in this signaling, either at the level of aldh or elsewhere in the pathway, especially to re - sensitize cells to chemotherapy. using a new drug to take away a melanoma stem cell ' s chemoresistance could boost the effectiveness of existing drugs, \" fujita says. yuchun luo, katiuscia dallaglio, ying chen, william a robinson, steven e robinson, martin d mccarter, jianbin wang, rene gonzalez, david c thompson, david a norris, dennis r roop, vasilis vasiliou, mayumi fujita. ' ' aldh1a isozymes are markers of human melanoma stem cells and potential therapeutic targets. ' ' stem cells, 2012 ; doi : 10. 1002 / stem. 1193", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4845985771839049, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce4e1101-0bec-4593-b793-4f170502cd95>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.476382"}
{"text": "experimental private rocket makes highest test hop yet the spacex grasshopper rocket prototype vertically launched and landed in its most impressive test flight to date on dec. 17. a privately built rocket prototype that could lead to a completely reusable spaceflight system has passed its biggest test yet \u2014 a 12 - story hop and smooth landing. the experimental reusable rocket, called the grasshopper, made its highest and longest flight yet on dec. 17, marking the prototype ' s third successful test by the private spaceflight company spacex. in the latest test at spacex ' s proving grounds in macgregor, texas, the grasshopper rocket flew for 29 seconds and reached a height of more than 130 feet ( 40 meters ). a video of the grasshopper test flight shows the rocket soaring up into the texas sky, then smoothly descending to land on four spindly legs. in mid - november, the grasshopper rocket flew nearly two stories ( 17. 7 feet or 5. 4 meters ) up during its second test flight. the rocket ' s debut flight in september flew 6 feet ( 1. 8 meters ) into the air before landing. so far, all of the prototype ' s tests have been successful. with grasshopper, spacex is trying to solve a long - standing challenge with spaceflight : cost. because today ' s rockets aren ' t completely reusable, they act as expensive, one - use machines. companies are now trying to develop rockets that can both launch from and land on earth intact, in order to be flown again on future missions. grasshopper stands at 10 stories tall ( 108 feet, 32. 9 meters ) and houses the first stage of the falcon 9 rocket, the same rocket that launched the dragon capsule to the international space station earlier this year. a merlin 1d engine and a steel support structure round out the grasshopper ' s unique design. the rocket takes off like a typical vertically launched rocket, but its landing method makes it unique. grasshopper has four steel, springy legs to support its weight, allowing it to gently land in the same way it takes off. a rocket has never successfully landed intact after being launch to space. while nasa ' s space shuttles were reusable after launch, the huge 15 - story external tanks that helped them reach orbit were not recycled. spacex ultimately envisions using three recyclable components for future space travel : a rocket second stage, a rocket first stage, and a cone - shaped capsule. while most rockets today land in the ocean after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47508556071357394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fafc70ae-7238-4f04-af08-d6482058b668>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.480543"}
{"text": "reach orbit were not recycled. spacex ultimately envisions using three recyclable components for future space travel : a rocket second stage, a rocket first stage, and a cone - shaped capsule. while most rockets today land in the ocean after reaching space, a land - based landing is preferred for this hardware. brackish seawater can cause unnecessary damage to otherwise reusable pieces of a rocket. each piece of the rocket will land separately so that they can be collected for later use. the two rocket stages ' landings will be aided by their engines and the capsule ' s descent should be cushioned by a parachute. spacex is planning more sophisticated, even higher hops for grasshopper in the coming months, company officials said. the hawthorne, calif. - based spacex is one of several companies developing new vehicles for private space travel. the company is one of two firms with nasa contracts to provide unmanned cargo deliveries to the international space station. spacex ' s $ 1. 6 billion deal with nasa calls for 12 cargo missions to the space station using the company ' s unmanned dragon capsule and falcon 9 rockets. spacex is also developing a manned version of its dragon capsule and is one of several firms competing for nasa contracts to ferry astronauts to and from low - earth orbit. about the author more from space. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4663469689681998, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fafc70ae-7238-4f04-af08-d6482058b668>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.481142"}
{"text": "pasadena, calif. - - light - colored mounds of a mineral deposited on a volcanic cone more than three billion years ago may preserve evidence of one of the most recent habitable microenvironments on mars. observations by nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter enabled researchers to identify the mineral as hydrated silica and to see its volcanic context. the mounds ' composition and their location on the flanks of a volcanic cone provide the best evidence yet found on mars for an intact deposit from a hydrothermal environment - - a steam fumarole, or hot spring. such environments may have provided habitats for some of earth ' s earliest life forms. \" the heat and water required to create this deposit probably made this a habitable zone, \" said j. r. skok of brown university, providence, r. i., lead author of a paper about these findings published online today by nature geoscience. \" if life did exist there, this would be a promising type of deposit to entomb evidence of it - - a microbial mortuary. \" no studies have yet determined whether mars has ever supported life. the new results add to accumulating evidence that, at some times and in some places, mars has had favorable environments for microbial life. this specific place would have been habitable when most of mars was already dry and cold. concentrations of hydrated silica have been identified on mars previously, including a nearly pure patch found by nasa ' s mars exploration rover spirit in 2007. however, none of those earlier findings were in such an intact setting as this one, and the setting adds evidence about the origin. skok said, \" you have spectacular context for this deposit. it ' s right on the flank of a volcano. the setting remains essentially the same as it was when the silica was deposited. \" the small cone rises about 100 meters ( 100 yards ) from the floor of a shallow bowl named nili patera. the patera, which is the floor of a volcanic caldera, spans about 50 kilometers ( 30 miles ) in the syrtis major volcanic region of equatorial mars. before the cone formed, free - flowing lava blanketed nearby plains. the collapse of an underground magma chamber from which lava had emanated created the bowl. subsequent lava flows, still with a runny texture, coated the floor of nili patera. the cone grew from even later flows, apparently after evolution of the underground magma had thickened its texture so that the erupted lava would mound up. \" we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4800769277754624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db5ca746-1e44-42e0-be93-d4bed3532c83>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.484857"}
{"text": "lava flows, still with a runny texture, coated the floor of nili patera. the cone grew from even later flows, apparently after evolution of the underground magma had thickened its texture so that the erupted lava would mound up. \" we can read a series of chapters in this history book and know that the cone grew from the last gasp of a giant volcanic system, \" said john mustard, skok ' s thesis advisor at brown and a co - author of the paper. \" the cooling and solidification of most of the magma concentrated its silica and water content. \" observations by cameras on the mars reconnaissance orbiter revealed patches of bright deposits near the summit of the cone, fanning down its flank, and on flatter ground in the vicinity. the brown researchers partnered with scott murchie of johns hopkins university applied physics laboratory, laurel, md., to analyze the bright exposures with the compact reconnaissance imaging spectrometer for mars ( crism ) instrument on the orbiter. silica can be dissolved, transported and concentrated by hot water or steam. hydrated silica identified by the spectrometer in uphill locations - - confirmed by stereo imaging - - indicates that hot springs or fumaroles fed by underground heating created these deposits. silica deposits around hydrothermal vents in iceland are among the best parallels on earth. murchie said, \" the habitable zone would have been within and alongside the conduits carrying the heated water. \" the volcanic activity that built the cone in nili patera appears to have happened more recently than the 3. 7 - billion - year or greater age of mars ' potentially habitable early wet environments recorded in clay minerals identified from orbit. nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology, pasadena, manages the mars reconnaissance orbiter for nasa. johns hopkins university applied physics laboratory provided and operates crism, one of six instruments on the orbiter. for more information about the mars reconnaissance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48468432122063876, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db5ca746-1e44-42e0-be93-d4bed3532c83>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.485630"}
{"text": "physics 405 / 406 : introduction to astronomy welcome to \" introduction to astronomy \"! course runs mo, we, fr, 2 - 3 pm, in the demeritt hall lecture room, dem take a look at the sky yourself! this is part of what astronomy is about : taking in the wonders of the night sky. prof. mobius is teaching in the fall some recent events mars rover curiosity landed safely on mars on august 5, 2012! launched on sunday, october 19, 2008. the satellite and sensors ( partially built at unh ) are working great. in summer 2009 we displayed the first sky map taken with neutral atoms. ibex has caught the interstellar wind through our solar system ; see the unh press release from january 2012. as a consequence of ibex results, there is no bow shock in front of the heliosphere. check your class and assignment schedule! reading is assigned for each class ( as for fall semester )! if you are interested in further discussions on cosmology and beyond join the class \" cosmology and our view of the world \", inco 796 always taught during the spring semester, coming year again with prof. e. mobius ( physics ), prof. t. davis ( genetics ), & prof. w. devries here is a list of the music pieces played during the walk - in period at the beginning of class. here is the article by john gianforte, our local amateur astronomer expert, galileo galilei that i pointed to in class. important class material and your grade updates can be found on blackboard - jupiter lost one of its major cloud belts in 2010. - last year, 2009, was the international year of astronomy ( iya ). 400 years after galileo used a telescope for sky observations the very first time we celebrated advances in astronomy. - an unexpected flare - up of a normally inconspicuous comet occurred in october p holmes became prominently visible in the constellation perseus for a few weeks. by the way, the \" p \" stands for periodical. this comet is on a known orbit about the sun at distances between 3 and 5 au. see also gallery for comet p holmes. we already have had a few really nice comets over the past 5 years. here are of comet ikeya - zhang of last year, here you will find information on 1998 - watch a science fiction like \" eclipse \"! to calibrate the uv camera on stereo a transit of the moon in front of the sun was used to provide cover.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5614938495611064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:442b397f-adb3-41e9-bae8-2e705ad5de1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.492139"}
{"text": "ikeya - zhang of last year, here you will find information on 1998 - watch a science fiction like \" eclipse \"! to calibrate the uv camera on stereo a transit of the moon in front of the sun was used to provide cover. - in january 2007 we have been enjoying the brightest comet since about 30 years. comet mcnaught has passed the sun so closely that its activity is magnificent, producing a spectacular tail. enjoy the mcnaught photo gallery on the web. - june 8 2004 was the day of the venus transit in front of the sun ' s disk. such events were used in the past ( 1874 and 1882 ) to determine distances in the solar system. see information by the european southern observatory - the leonid meteor shower was strong over a few years at the end of the previous millenium. this only happens once every 33 years ( potentially for a few years in a row ) around the time when comet temple - tuttle comes to its closest approach to the sun. this happened in 1998. on november 17, 1999, the leonids produced a decent show, to the delight of some nightly onlookers ( with good weather ). it was also considered potentially dangerous for the fleet of satellites and spacecraft out there. however, the satellites were spared. the last two years we enjoyed a relatively good showing at the east coast of the us, but this year is likely to be more spectacular. you can get the latest updates on the shower on the nasa leonid website. the european space agency ( esa ) is running running a special leonid observation program down under. we have issued press releases on observations of the leonids in this area. the leonids are a good target of opportunity every year. however, spectucular showings are not regularly expected until about 2033. stay tuned! - weren ' t able to get to europe for the august 11 eclipse in 1999? find pictures and movies here. - auroral activity may be seen even in new hampshire, while the sun is still relatively active. find information on this so - called \" space weather \" on a special website or directly from the noaa space environment center. - more and more near earth objects ( neos ), asteroids that can come close to earth, are found. a recently tracked one may have the chance to hit earth in about 900 years. see how this information is garnered and what could be done, if confirmed. - check this site regularly for the astronomy picture of the day, home of some of the most gorgeous images of the sky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5052062530187627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:442b397f-adb3-41e9-bae8-2e705ad5de1b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.494295"}
{"text": "have the chance to hit earth in about 900 years. see how this information is garnered and what could be done, if confirmed. - check this site regularly for the astronomy picture of the day, home of some of the most gorgeous images of the sky! check out the collected news items from hubble spacetelescope! current events in spaceflight : - the interstellar boundary explorer ( ibex ) was successfully launched in october 2008. ibex has now taken the first global images of the boundary of our heliosphere with the neighboring interstellar medium, using neutral atom cameras. you can sign up for monthly updates via e - mail on the ibex website. a link with multimedia material on the ibex mission is available at the southwest research institute. a lot of cool stuff on ibex is available through the - during the month of september 2009 the messenger mercury for the fourth time. watch the flyby through a visualization or follow the podcast. - on february 7, 2007, the ulysses probe passed one more time over the south pole of the sun, thus getting a unique view in the heliosphere. - first evidence for lakes found outside earth! cassini / huygens found evidence for lakes on saturn ' s moon titan. they most likely consist of liquid methane or ethane. - the year 2007 / 8 is the international heliophysical year ( ihy ). 50 years after the international geophysical year ( igy ) in 1957 / 8, when we \" stuck our head above the earth ' s atmosphere \" for the first time at the dawn of the space age, we are now \" sticking our head out of the heliosphere \", with the at the ouitskirts of the solar system and the interstellar boundary explorer ( ibex ) to be launched on july 12 2008. as pointed out is charting the regions above the sun ' s south pole right now, and it will pass over the north pole later this year. - the nasa mars rovers made it successfully to mars ' surface. follow opportunity ' s hunt for signs of flowing water in mars ' past. it has revealed the most compelling evidence yet. the european mars probe mars express has reached mars end of 2003. touch down of the lander beagle - 2 apparently was not successful. - the \" stardust \" spacecraft has flown through the dust cloud of a comet and will bring back the comet - the wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe ( wmap ) is providing the most detailed pictures of the \" baby universe \" thus far.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5260595460594664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:442b397f-adb3-41e9-bae8-2e705ad5de1b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.495347"}
{"text": "the \" stardust \" spacecraft has flown through the dust cloud of a comet and will bring back the comet - the wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe ( wmap ) is providing the most detailed pictures of the \" baby universe \" thus far. learn about this journey to the beginning of our universe! - after the terrible tragedy on saturday, febr 1, 2003, nasa is investigating what the root cause of the catastrophic failure was. they keep the public informed on these actions and provide extensive material about the shuttle mission on a special website. follow also another view on space. com. astronomy education resources : if you have trouble understanding astronomy the way it is taught here or in the book, check out the websites from other astronomy courses listed here. the cosmic and heliospheric the cosmic and heliospheric learning center, brought to you by the people at ace, is designed to increase your interest in cosmic and heliospheric science. ( the heliosphere is the huge area in space affected by the sun. ) it ' s an exciting subject to learn about, and science is constantly moving forward in understanding it. ( ace - - the advanced composition explorer - - is one of the many satellite projects with which unh has been involved, and promises to answer some of the more exciting questions about the formation of the solar system and our touching the limits of science : one reason you are probably studying astronomy is that you are interested in the philosophy behind science and are asking yourself where everything comes from. we will get to part of the story, but, as i make the point over and over, this is an endless enterprise. if you want to know more about this, you can either join us ( prof. thomas m. davis ( genetics ), prof. willem devries ( philososphy ) and prof. eberhard mobius ( physics ) in the seminar \" limits of knowledge : cosmology and the view of our world \" and / or you may start by browsing the website for the seminar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5855848910485546, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:442b397f-adb3-41e9-bae8-2e705ad5de1b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.496173"}
{"text": "using the scots guide to electronics welcome to the scot ' s guide! originally, this material was intended just to help students at the university of st. andrews learn some basic electronics. however, as the material grew, i decided that it made sense for it to be openly available on the web for all to see. the basic intention is that these pages should be available via the web to anyone with a browser who wants to know more about electronics. however, under some circumstances you may make local electronic ( cache ) or printed copies. if you want to know more about this, please refer to the section on copyright lower down this page. note that this site is produced entirely by me in my ' spare time ' an as amateur activity, and is hosted by a web server at my university. you may like to check that this page ( and others on the site ) start with \" http : / / www. st - and. ac. uk / ~ www _ pa / scots _ guide / \" as, if not, you may be looking at an unauthorised mirror or copy that may not be accurate or up to date. if you are not sure of this, then the link http : / / www. st - and. ac. uk / ~ www _ pa / scots _ guide / intro / electron. htm should take you to the main home page of the original site at st. andrews university. this guide attempts the impossible! it tries to act as a ' discover within ' for anyone who wants to start learning electronics, and also as a useful reference for those who already know something about the subject. the goal is to cover all electronics, at all levels. this would take forever, so all i can do in practice is to add material on various topics as time permits and ensure something for everyone. so far as possible, the pages avoid the most demanding ' glitzy ' features like ' frames '. this is deliberate as i want the content to be readable on the widest possible range of browsers. for convenience, one or two pages use ' tables ' as most browsers can handle these, and they make choosing one thing from many options easier. there are, however, non - table contents pages for those who dislike tables. the items on the introduction page are roughly aimed at three levels of interest and prior knowledge. the simplest stuff is in the ' the basics ' column of the table, more detailed explanations are in the ' something to read ' column. the other items are more of a mixed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5381235350241435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e3b14b9-b99f-4c7b-b31f-0d1baf6261ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.502756"}
{"text": "introduction page are roughly aimed at three levels of interest and prior knowledge. the simplest stuff is in the ' the basics ' column of the table, more detailed explanations are in the ' something to read ' column. the other items are more of a mixed bag. - the ' building blocks ' section explains how quite complicated circuits are achieved by combining a small selection of basic small circuits. the act a bit like the ' words ' of the language of electronics whereas the components ( resistors, etc ) are the ' letters '. - the ' circuit diagrams ' section shows how you can read the written language of electronics. - finally, ' data sheets ' provides some information on a few of the commonly used components. this part should be useful even if you ' re already into electronics as a quick reference to which pin does what, etc! there are four large sections based upon university level lecture courses : - the first eleven. this is based on the detailed notes for a series of eleven lectures that were intended as a general introduction to electronics. - radio and coherent. this set of pages concentrates on topics relevant to radio, microwave, and coherent light application areas. based upon the detailed lecture notes for a course of over 20 lectures in this topic. - analog and audio. this provides an introduction to analog electronics with a special emphasis on audio. based upon the notes of an eight lecture course with an accompanying laboratory. - information and measurement. this covers the topics of information theory, instrumentation and measurement. the approach is to explain these topics in terms of the physics upon which they are based in practice. this course uses various practical examples - e. g explanations of how cd players work, and encryption systems. there is also a set of pages which can be used as the basis of a practical labcourse for those wanting to learn electronics. most of these pages were generated on a riscos computer - yes, there * are * non - ibm, non - apple, non - unix computers! for this reason i have tried to ensure that the pages look ok on the widest possible range of browsers. similarly, i ' ve tried to make the content as diverse as possible. if you get a problem reading any of the pages,... or if you see mistakes, please bear in mind, however, that the software team of one ( me! ) is still slowly building these pages. as a result, some links aren ' t operating yet, and there are lots of pages that aren ' t written yet. i have now been producing these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5698600337647692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e3b14b9-b99f-4c7b-b31f-0d1baf6261ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.503892"}
{"text": "however, that the software team of one ( me! ) is still slowly building these pages. as a result, some links aren ' t operating yet, and there are lots of pages that aren ' t written yet. i have now been producing these pages for nearly ten years. the contents are now the equivalent of over 200 a4 printed pages, and the end is still no - where in sight!... : - )... or if there are things you ' d like to see included,... or even if you ' d like to say you like the guide (! ), please drop me a line and let me know. copyright and use of the scots guide the guide is primarily intended for use by individuals using their web browsers, via the internet, and looking at the pages hosted by the server at st. andrews university. however i am often asked various questions by individuals and organisations about permission to use the site in various ways, and for varying purposes. the following summarises what is or is not permitted. please note that i am not a lawyer, so what follows is written in simple terms. i reserve the right to change the following policies without notice, or to refuse permission in any case as i see fit. my primary aim is to allow access to the information without charge, but i reserve the right to decide for myself when copies may be made or used, and who may do this. what you may or may not do depends upon your status. - private individuals and students. individuals may keep copies of the pages and images from the scots guide in a cache in their personal computer. they may also print out sections of the guide for their private purposes of study. if you are a student, and wish to use images, etc, in work you have to hand in for assessment, you may use selected material from the scots guide website provided that you include a clear printed note with the material identifying myself ( j. c. g. lesurf ) as the author, and giving the url ( web address ) at st. andrews from which the material was taken. - universities and other educational ( non commercial ) establishments. a university, school, or other educational establishment may make copies of the material on the scots guide for distribution to their students, or partly base courses upon it, provided that they adhere to the following requirements. firstly, as is the case for private individuals, they should include my name and the urls so that the origin of any and all items can be seen, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43668049395086195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e3b14b9-b99f-4c7b-b31f-0d1baf6261ec>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.504841"}
{"text": ", or partly base courses upon it, provided that they adhere to the following requirements. firstly, as is the case for private individuals, they should include my name and the urls so that the origin of any and all items can be seen, and students may then easily directly access the relevant webpages at st. andrews. secondly, they should notify me when making copies, and check that this policy has not changed. thirdly, they should send me a copy of any printed versions made of material taken from the scots guide website. finally, any copies provided may only be given, with no charge, to their registered students or academic staff. i. e. distribution is limited to members of the institution, and they may not be asked to pay for the copies. the reason for these conditions is the resource is meant to be free for educational purposes. - companies or commercial enterprises of any kind. you may not print or distribute to anyone outside your organisation any copies of the material on the scots guide website without first entering a suitable copyright agreement with myself. individuals within a commercial organisation may make personal copies of materials from the scots guide for their own educational purposes. a commercial organisation may also make copies as part of an internal educational program provided that they then follow the procedures described above relating to educational institutions. the scots guide is intended to be easily accessible as an educational resource for individuals and educational bodies. over the internet, it is easy for people to make copies or use my work without my being aware of what they are doing. since i did not write the scots guide to get rich i do not expect payment when it is used for the purposes i originally intended. however i do hope that my work will be acknowledged when you find it useful. if anyone intends to make any commerical use, or sell copies, i do not wish this to occur unless they have first made a suitable copyright agreement with myself. the material on the scots guide is copyright. content and pages maintained by : jim lesurf ( email @ example. com ) using htmledit and techwriter on a riscos machine. university of st. andrews, st andrews, fife ky16 9ss, scotland.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45954863196572315, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e3b14b9-b99f-4c7b-b31f-0d1baf6261ec>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.505677"}
{"text": "| oracle\u00ae olap dml reference 10g release 1 ( 10. 1 ) part number b10339 - 02 the if... then... else command executes one or more commands in a program when a specified condition is met. optionally, it also executes an alternative command or group of commands when the condition is not met. you can use if only within programs. you can also use if as a conditional operator in an expression. see \" if as a conditional operator \". any valid boolean expression that returns either oracle olap executes the statement1 argument when the boolean expression is true. the statement1 must be on the same line as then. oracle olap executes the statement2 argument when the boolean expression is false. the statement2 must be on the same line as else. when you omit the else phrase, execution continues with the statement after the whole if... then... command in the program. you can use the if command for conditional execution of two or more statements by following the then or else ( or both ) keywords with a do... doend sequence. see example 14 - 13, \" using if... then... else \". when you use if as a conditional operator in an expression, it has the following format. else is required when if is used as an operator. if boolean - exp then exp1 else exp2 in most cases, exp1 and exp2 must be of the same basic data type ( numeric, text, or boolean ). the value of the whole expression is the value of either exp1 or exp2. however, when the data type of either exp1 or exp2 is date, it is possible for the other expression to have a numeric or text data type. because oracle olap expects both data types to be date, it will convert the numeric or text value to a date. when if is used as an expression, the then and else keywords must be on the same line as if. when used as a command, then and else must be on separate lines. example 14 - 13 using if... then... else the following lines from a program illustrate the use of if... then... else.... when the boolean expression any ( dollars lt 200000 ) is true, the statements following then ( statement group 1 ) are executed. when the expression is false", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5020669764874357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1d78a6e-919c-437c-b870-fbc687b4af93>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.508457"}
{"text": "program illustrate the use of if... then... else.... when the boolean expression any ( dollars lt 200000 ) is true, the statements following then ( statement group 1 ) are executed. when the expression is false, the statements following else ( statement group 2 ) are executed instead. if any ( dollars lt 200000 ) then do... \" ( statement group 1 ) doend else do... \" ( statement group 2 ) doend example 14 - 14 using if as a conditional operator in a program that produces a report, you would like to report a previous year ' s actual expenses or the current year ' s budget, depending on the year passed to the program as an argument. a conditional expression in a joinchars function produces a heading with the word actual or budget. another conditional expression selects the variable to report. the program would include the following lines. argument cur. year year limit month to year cur. year report - heading joinchars ( ' expenses : ' - if cur. year lt ' yr95 ' - then ' actual for ' - else ' budget for ', - cur. year ) - if cur. year lt ' yr95 ' then actual else budget", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4838547108616412, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1d78a6e-919c-437c-b870-fbc687b4af93>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.510158"}
{"text": "the term \" health information technology \" ( health it ) is a broad concept that encompasses an array of technologies to store, share, and analyze health information. more and more, health care providers are using health it to improve patient care. but health it isn ' t just for health care providers. you can use health it to better communicate with your doctor, learn and share information about your health, and take actions that will improve your quality of life. health it lets you be a key part of the team that keeps you healthy. electronic health records ( ehrs ) your doctor keeps records of your health information, such as your history of diseases and which medications you ' re taking. up until now, most doctors stored these in paper files. ehrs ( sometimes called \" electronic medical records \" ) are electronic systems that store your health information. ehrs allow doctors to more easily keep track of your health information and may enable them to access your information when you have a problem even if their office is closed. ehrs also make it easier for your doctor to share information with specialists and others so that everyone who needs your information has it available when they need it. some ehrs may also allow you to log in to a web portal to view your own health record, lab results, and treatment plan, and to email your doctor. personal health records ( phrs ) a phr is a lot like an ehr, except that you control what kind of information goes into it. you can use a phr to keep track of information from your doctor visits, but the phr can also reflect your life outside the doctor ' s office and your health priorities, such as tracking your food intake, exercise, and blood pressure. sometimes, your phr can link with your doctor ' s ehr. a paper prescription can get lost or misread. e - prescribing allows your doctor to communicate directly with your pharmacy. this means you can go to the pharmacy to pick up medicine without having to bring the paper prescription. there are other \" e - health tools \" that you can use on your own, if you wish, that may be considered a part of the broader health it world. these include : personal health tools these are tools that help you check your health, get feedback, and keep track of your progress to better manage your health. examples include smartphone \" apps \" that can help you set and monitor fitness goals and cell phone text reminders to take your medicine on time. online communities can help people connect with one another to try to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5055803009675265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c9d936d-0e87-4f68-af71-2eda0a53cd50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.512791"}
{"text": "after a hurricane after a flood - if you are in a safe location, do not leave until authorities say it is okay to leave. - make sure all electrical outlets and appliances are dry and free of water before you use them. - stay away from disaster areas unless authorities request volunteers. - donate money to a recognized disaster relief organization. don ' t donate food, clothing, or other personal items unless they are specifically requested. - drive only when necessary. roads will be filled with debris. - stay away from downed power lines and report them to the power company immediately. - report gas, sewer or water mains. - contact your insurance agent. - do not drive through a flooded area. more people drown in their cars than anywhere else. - avoid flood water. it may be contaminated by oil, gas, or sewage. the water may also be electrically charged from underground or downed power lines. - stay away from moving water. moving water only six inches deep can sweep you off your feet. - stay away form downed power lines and report them to the power company immediately. electric current passes easily through water. - donate money to disaster relief organizations. unless specifically requested, do not donate food, clothing or other personal items. - wash your hands frequently with soap and clean water if you come in contact with flood waters. listen to news reports to learn whether the community ' s water supply is safe to drink. - watch for animals. they lose their homes in floods and may seek shelter in yours. - if your property has been damaged, call the insurance company or agent who handles your flood insurance policy right away to file a claim. - do not go in a building if there is any chance of the building collapsing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37656791229053577, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2506c94-f48a-489f-828b-95a8a7bea0a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.514552"}
{"text": "1. some types of hpv are strongly associated with a high risk of developing cervical cancer. scientists believe that hpv initiates a process that leads, over time, to the development of cervical cancer ; and that other factors, such as cigarette smoking, poor nutrition and infection with the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia, stimulate and lay the groundwork for cervical cancer. 2. developed countries that have pap smears show a lot less cases of cervical cancer, because if it is detected it is very easy to get rid of. so in countries that aren ' t as well developed and don ' t have annual pap smear the it just goes undetected for a long time and gets to a point where nothing can be done. 3. the us have technologies such as the pap smear to test for hpv and begin treating it earlier have less cases of it compared to countries that cannot test for it. tests could prevent a person from sleeping with another knowing that they have it and also give them the chance to begin taking medications for it. there are many parts of the world that do not have these technologies and that is why the us has less incidence. 4. this hpv test can identify 13 of the high - risk types of hpv associated with the development of cervical cancer. this test, which looks for viral dna, is performed by collecting cells from the cervix and then sending them to a laboratory for analysis. the test can detect high - risk types of hpv even before there are any conclusive visible changes to the cervical cells. the test costs $ 45 to $ 70 in the usa. if these tests were cheaper more than just people who have signs and symptoms would get them preventing unknown infections from getting worse. 5. some people have said that it might impact children that are born to mothers who have received the vaccination with in a month to the birth. although they said this isn ' t due to the vaccine some people think it is. also... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2006, 10 ). cervical cancer, hpv and hpv vaccine. studymode. com. retrieved 10, 2006, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / cervical - cancer - hpv - hpv - vaccine - 97683. html \" cervical cancer, hpv and hpv vaccine \" studymode. com. 10 2006. 10 2006 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / cervical - cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4256652499296737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a5115e3-7eaa-42b5-9160-652958af3611>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.516956"}
{"text": "raymond carver ( 1938 - 1988 ) in today \u2019 s society, everyone is expected to read. however, not everyone can read. many have gone through the public school system and have not learnt to read. school is usually looked upon as the place where students learn to read and as such, the classroom teacher has the responsibility to teach students the skills needed to learn to read. chall, jeannes and stall, steven ( 2001 ) believes that, \u201d reading is an activity characterised by the translation of symbols, or letters, into words and sentences that have meaning to the individual. \u201d the ultimate goal of reading is to be able to understand written material, to evaluate it, and to use it for one \u2019 s needs. dorothy rubin ( 1993 ) posited that, \u201d reading is a complex, dynamic process that involves the construction of meaning from the printed page. \u201d the writer believes that reading is the way in which an individual make sense of printed words. it is also their ability to interpret what is written. in order for the reader to become fluent, he or she must follow a sequence of characters arranged in a particular spatial order, for example, in the english system ; we read symbols from left to right, while in the chinese system, symbols are read from top to bottom. however, it is the duty of the reader to know the correct pattern and use it consistently. individuals who are blind can also learn to read. they can accomplish this by using the braille system, a printing method that involves raised or pinched dots. for the beginning reader to effectively learn or master the reading process ; various strategies will... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2011, 03 ). reading essay. studymode. com. retrieved 03, 2011, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / reading - essay - 637618. html \" reading essay \" studymode. com. 03 2011. 03 2011 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / reading - essay - 637618. html >. \" reading essay. \" studymode. com. 03, 2011. accessed 03, 2011. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / reading - essay - 637618. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5184816989791418, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f5f8f10-6a31-4c5d-a619-b33a90c1ac65>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.519060"}
{"text": "be aware of carbon monoxide ( co ) dangers while boating on utah ' s waters. co is a potentially deadly gas produced anytime a carbon - based fuel is burned, such as gasoline, propane, charcoal or oil. utah state parks boating rangers recommend carrying a marine co detector on board. a co is colorless, odorless, and tasteless and mixes evenly in the air. it enters the bloodstream through the lungs and displaces oxygen in the body. do not confuse co poisoning with seasickness, intoxication, or heat or marine stressors. a sources of co on boats include gasoline engines, generators, cooking ranges, and space and water heaters. cold and poorly tuned engines produce more co than warm, properly - tuned engines. boat exhaust leaks can cause co poisoning. these leaks can migrate throughout the boat and into enclosed areas. regular maintenance and proper boat operation can reduce the risk of co poisoning. it is illegal to operate a motorboat or have the engine of a motorboat run idle while a person is occupying or holding onto the swim platform, swim deck, swim step, swim ladder or while a person is being towed in a non - standing position within 20 feet of the vessel. these restrictions do not apply when the motorboat is docking, or while persons are entering or exiting the vessel. for more information on the dangers of co while boating, download a copy of the co brochure at http : / / static. stateparks. utah. gov / docs / cobro3. pdf.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.50407067482475, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:058203d4-4244-4276-99f5-164f5d663a4c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.520618"}
{"text": "to foster student success, dcc administers the compass placement test to new students. this ensures that students are placed in classes consistent with their current level of academic ability. while other tests may be required based on a student ' s individual needs, the compass test is the primary tool. a computerized test of basic skills developed by the american college of testing. click compass to download sample problems. a written, timed test of basic skills developed by the american college of testing. click asset to download sample problems. to determine which level course is right for you, you need to take a spanish placement test. this test will evaluate your current skills. your score will determine which level of spanish you should start with. because the spanish placement test is a computerized test, it will be un - timed. click on spanish online placement test s - cape to download sample questions. the michigan test of english as a second language ( esl ) this test is an objective test of 100 questions. the first 20 questions test listening skills with questions asked on a cassette tape. the following 80 questions concern grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension skills. students have 75 minutes to complete this test, and it is scored immediately. this test is used to determine whether a student is ready to enroll in an english course at dutchess community college, and if so, which course is appropriate. science placement test a test for students who wish to place into bio131. click science screening test guide for more information on the test. click science placement for sample questions. english course placement appeal the english course placement appeal is available to students who place in a certain range on the writing portion of compass or asset. students are given the opportunity to come in during some \" walk - in \" testing times to write an essay which is then evaluated by a professor from the english department to determine final course placement. those students qualifying for the english course placement appeal will be notified with their test scores.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46717793820341863, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:330e2f3d-8b59-4a2b-a0f5-5235325c2cc2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.522566"}
{"text": "adapting agriculture to mitigate climate change. droughts in mexico to floods in pakistan and deadly heat in the us, extreme weather events are increasing due to global warming. experts have stated concern that these could lead to instability in global agriculture markets and even conflicts over food, similar to those seen in 2007 and 2008. in a recent report, the world bank studied the impacts of climate change in - depth for the countries mozambique, ethiopia, ghana, bangladesh, au lac ( vietnam ), samoa, and bolivia, and estimated that the cost for all the most vulnerable countries to adapt to climate change will be us $ 70 - 100 billion per year until 2050. warren evans \u2013 director of environment department at world bank ( m ) : reality is that climate change is a development issue. the poorest of the poor tend to be the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, whether it \u2019 s sea level rise, drought, flooding. they also are the least resilient because of their impoverished state. the world bank \u2019 s new study was presented by environment department director warren evans, who explained that economic development is the most cost - effective method of climate change adaptation. in particular, developing sustainable agriculture would make both adaptation and mitigation of climate change efficient, a point confirmed by a 2009 dutch study which found that a global shift to an organic vegan diet would save world governments 80 % of climate mitigation costs by 2050, or a savings of us $ 32 trillion. mr. evans ( m ) : agriculture is one of the opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. there is a tremendous amount of carbon stored in soils and in grasses and so on. right now, that is not a part of the equation in terms of getting financing to developing countries for reducing their emissions, but there \u2019 s a tremendous opportunity to shift agricultural practices, so that carbon is stored. supreme master tv ( f ) : and what kind of practices are you talking about? mr. evans ( m ) : well, a simple one is no - till farming, where you reduce the amount of exposure of the soils to the air, to the atmosphere. you retain a higher level of organic composition and of vegetative growth on top of the soils, proven over and over again to be a highly effective system for other systems involve changing the way the water \u2019 s managed, and in some cases it \u2019 s a matter of changing crops. our appreciation director evans and world bank for indicating ways to support the most impacted countries in mitigating global warming. may all nations help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4199272342885686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91c58919-45d3-449b-80b5-cc923ef8cde8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.526088"}
{"text": "involve changing the way the water \u2019 s managed, and in some cases it \u2019 s a matter of changing crops. our appreciation director evans and world bank for indicating ways to support the most impacted countries in mitigating global warming. may all nations help to make rapid and effective changes to stop further during a may 2009 videoconference in togo, supreme master ching hai discussed organic vegan farming practices and their benefits for the planet at this crucial time. supreme master ching hai : organic farming preserves topsoil and keeps water bodies clean, and if used worldwide, would have the potential to absorb and store approximately 40 % of all present - day co2 emissions each year. http : / / uk. reuters. com / article / iduktre67b3xt20100812 http : / / beta. worldbank. org / content / economics - adaptation - climate - change - study - homepage other aspects of vegan organic farming that are beneficial including things like crop rotation, mulching, and natural fertilizers. other methods such as mulching and even a new method called no - till organic farming help retain moisture and reduce soil erosion considerably. in general, vegan organic farming follows a philosophy of living in harmony with nature and protection for the planet and all beings. i highly encourage you to pursue vegan organic farming methods, if at all possible. of course, it is possible. it has to be possible for our own survival. the vegan diet is the real key and is the essence of the change that is needed for saving our planet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46497998113473293, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91c58919-45d3-449b-80b5-cc923ef8cde8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.526710"}
{"text": "education, school, and academic online surveys how students, teachers and administrators make the grade whether you need to understand the factors that shape faculty satisfaction, or feedback from students on a new course offering, an online survey can reveal data that will improve programs, processes, and overall achievement. parents, students, teachers, professors, and administrators can all benefit from professional education surveys. how can educational professionals use online educational surveys? from faculty effectiveness to athletic programs to attitudes of parents and students, there are many ways teachers, faculty, and administrators can use online surveys to understand how your educational system measures up. here are a few ideas. - assess family / school relationships. principals, superintendents, and school boards can use surveys to learn more about the aspects of family / school relationships that drive student outcomes. surveymonkey partnered with the harvard school of education to create a survey that fills this very need. learn more about this k - 12 parent survey, and take a look at our parental support template. - educational outcomes. not only are student surveys a great way for learners to reflect on their learning, but they \u2019 re also an effective way to measure student achievement. sending out a student survey can help educators improve programs and address deficiencies, while students can gain valuable insights on their learning processes. - public school survey. parents, staff, and in many cases, students, participate in public school surveys. from funding, to safety, communications, school board performance, and more, considers using the public school survey template to get valuable insights into the health of your school district. - preschool parent survey. do parents feel their young learners ' needs are being met? is their child ' s preschool experience is positive ; does their child feel welcome ; is the preschool staff ' s experience and training adequate? these questions are likely to show up in a preschool survey. - school climate survey. how high does your school score on motivating your child? does your school value diversity? do teachers respect your child? do administrators at your child \u2019 s school create a healthy and supportive learning environment? find these questions and more by checking out the school climate survey template. is the school academically challenging for students? - evaluate online learning programs. as new technologies emerge, what tools do students need to succeed in the web - based classroom? what factors are vital to effective course design and high quality instruction in an online setting? what, if anything, do students feel they miss out on by not attending class in an on - ground or brick - and - mortar classroom? send out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43973297038799647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b401e162-3df7-41e2-a706-84d2b7bf3eff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.534132"}
{"text": "classroom? what factors are vital to effective course design and high quality instruction in an online setting? what, if anything, do students feel they miss out on by not attending class in an on - ground or brick - and - mortar classroom? send out an online survey to find out. - university student satisfaction. what essential components make up student satisfaction? some questions could include : how effective is the teaching within your major / outside your major at this university? how helpful is your academic advisor? how easy is it to get what you need from the university library system? use our university student satisfaction template to get the answers you need. - course evaluation feedback. did the course support your students \u2019 educational goals? you might want to assess learners \u2019 opinions on instructor performance ( expertise, delivery, ability to address varying levels of ability ), course material ( textbooks, course readers, interactive presentations ), and resource / tool effectiveness ( online forums, course management software ). - student survey. collect feedback from students themselves. do students feel that they are respected and treated fairly? are teachers, coaches, nurses, and other staff supportive? are classmates kind and well - mannered? does bullying exist in their school? take a look at our student bullying survey as well as our high school sports survey for examples. - teacher surveys. take a closer look at how staff and teachers view their workplace. are teachers in your elementary school happy with their working conditions, colleagues, processes, and facilities? send a teacher questionnaire to get feedback from the staff. - curriculum planning, special trips, school performances. teachers could use a survey for curriculum planning, course evaluations, or to gauge interest in special topics. they could also send out an online survey to coordinate field trips, fundraisers, school performances, events and more. which parents can help with chaperoning and carpooling? are others interested in yard duty? - faculty satisfaction.. what do talented and diverse faculty members look for? what are the building blocks of a rich and diverse community of scholarship, according to your faculty? what current challenges does faculty face in your college or university? get started with a faculty satisfaction survey template. surveymonkey educational survey samples and templates - university student satisfaction template gather information from university students with this 10 - question student satisfaction survey template. it includes questions about the quality of teaching, ease of registration, campus safety, and the convenience and availability of facilities. - public school survey template this public school survey template gets insights from parents and others about the public school systems in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4382687789530687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b401e162-3df7-41e2-a706-84d2b7bf3eff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.535176"}
{"text": "satisfaction survey template. it includes questions about the quality of teaching, ease of registration, campus safety, and the convenience and availability of facilities. - public school survey template this public school survey template gets insights from parents and others about the public school systems in their area. it includes questions about perceptions of the school district, volunteering availability, and how the school system can be improved. - harvard graduate school of education pre k - 12 parent survey template a robust, 80 - question survey, this template focuses on parents \u2019 thoughts, feelings, and impressions around their experience with their child \u2019 s school. it includes questions about the parents \u2019 roles and beliefs, the child \u2019 s interactions at school, perceptions of the school environment, and demographics. - bullying survey template get insight into bullying at your school with this quick, 10 - question bullying survey template. it includes questions about the types, severity, and frequency of bullying that can occur at public or private schools. - high school sports student feedback template this one - page high school sports feedback template asks student athletes about their experiences with teachers, parents, and coaches in relation to their sports participation. - university faculty satisfaction survey template use this faculty satisfaction survey template to ask university faculty about the leadership, interactions, administration, and general job satisfaction at their university. it \u2019 s a quick, 10 - question survey. - university student graduation template hear from students about their experience at the university with this 10 - question student graduation template. you \u2019 ll get insight about expected graduation dates, as well as overall impressions on the teaching quality, facilities, and future goals. 3 tips for getting started - keep it short and focused. make sure each question brings you closer to your goal. be mindful of survey takers \u2019 time, and word the questions clearly. a good rule of thumb is your survey should take no more than ten minutes to complete. - pre - test your survey. it \u2019 s a good idea to pre - test your survey with a few members of your intended audience. you might uncover inconsistencies or unexpected question interpretations. - keep rating scale questions consistent. if you \u2019 re using rating scales, use the same points system throughout your survey. if 1 means \u201c extremely satisfied \u201d and 5 means \u201c extremely dissatisfied, \u201d maintain this scale for all questions. looking for more survey types and survey examples? - business surveys - certified survey questions - consumer surveys - customer loyalty surveys - customer satisfaction surveys - employee surveys - employee satisfaction surveys - event planning surveys - hr survey & training survey - job satisfaction survey - marketing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4544049300515647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b401e162-3df7-41e2-a706-84d2b7bf3eff>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.536254"}
{"text": "ribavirin ( by breathing ) treats severe lung infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus ( rsv ). virazolethere may be other brand names for this medicine. when this medicine should not be used : you should not use this medicine if you have had an allergic reaction to ribavirin. this medicine is usually given to young children and babies. if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant, you should not receive this medicine or be nearby while someone is having a treatment with this medicine. ribavirin may be very harmful to an unborn baby. how to use this medicine : - your doctor will prescribe your dose and tell how often it will be given. - a machine called a spag - 2 ( small particle aerosol generator ) is usually used to give your treatment. the machine turns the medicine into a mist that you breathe into your lungs. you will wear a mask or hood or be in an oxygen tent so you can breathe in the medicine. - a nurse or other caregiver trained to use the spag - 2 will give your treatment. the medicine may be given nonstop for 12 to 18 hours a day and is usually given at a hospital. - ribavirin comes as a powder that needs to be mixed with sterile water before it given. if a dose is missed : - if you miss a dose, call your doctor for instructions. how to store and dispose of this medicine : - after the powder is mixed with sterile water, it can be kept for up to 1 day ( 24 hours ) at room temperature. after 24 hours, it should be thrown away. - any medicine that is still in the spag - 2 after 24 hours should be thrown away. - keep all medicine out of the reach of children. drugs and foods to avoid : ask your doctor or pharmacist before using any other medicine, including over - the - counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. - you should not use any other medicines that are inhaled ( breathed into your lungs ) unless your doctor tells you to. - the spag - 2 should only be used to give ribavirin. you should not use it to give other medicines. warnings while using this medicine : - talk with your doctor before using the medicine if you are breastfeeding. - before you start treatments with this medicine, tell your doctor if you are pregnant. if you become pregnant while you are being treated, tell your doctor right away. ribavirin may be very harmful to your unborn baby. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46663973721333013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8756c04e-bf03-4e2f-a311-80e7d912ee52>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.539273"}
{"text": "##feeding. - before you start treatments with this medicine, tell your doctor if you are pregnant. if you become pregnant while you are being treated, tell your doctor right away. ribavirin may be very harmful to your unborn baby. - do not have pregnant family members or friends nearby when you are having your treatments. they may breathe in enough of the medicine to put their unborn baby in danger. possible side effects while using this medicine : call your doctor right away if you notice any of these side effects : - wheezing or breathing problems that are worse than before using this medicine - very slow or fast heartbeat - blue fingernails or lips if you notice these less serious side effects, talk with your doctor : - eye irritation, redness ( \" pinkeye \" ), or itching - mild rash if you notice other side effects that you think are caused by this medicine, tell your doctor call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. you may report side effects to fda at 1 - 800 - fda - 1088 the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. copyright 1984 - thomson micromedex. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4049395256219006, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8756c04e-bf03-4e2f-a311-80e7d912ee52>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.539887"}
{"text": "already a member? login here interstellar and intergalactic distances \u2014 using a film clip from cosmic voyage subject : science & technology \u2014 interstellar & intergalactic distances ; ages : 10 + ; middle and high school ; length : film clip : approximately 12 minutes or a shorter clip of approximately five minutes will also work ; lesson : one 50 minute class period. excerpts from the snippet lesson plan learner outcomes / objectives : students will get a feeling for the relative sizes and distances of stars and of galaxies and of the vastness of space as compared to the small world of planet earth. rationale : cosmic voyage describes in a very attractive way the huge distances of deep space. students usually know that stars are in galaxies and that there are huge numbers of galaxies in the universe. however it is usually not so easy to convey a feeling of the relative scales and distance of stars and galaxies : whereas galaxies densely populate the universe, stars are very far away from each other within a galaxy. description of the film clips : viewers are taken on a journey through the distances of space changing magnification of one scene by a factor of ten at each step.... the \" cosmic voyage \" taken in the film contains \" landmarks \" to enable the viewer to keep in mind the scale of things in the universe in terms of powers of ten. the journey has two major thresholds : first, the point at which stars begin to be seen in groups, at 1015 meters, and second, when the same thing happens with galaxies, several powers of ten later, at 1023 meters. there is a fundamental difference between these two scales : the distances between stars are huge with respect to their sizes.... the complete snippet lesson plan provides additional helpful background on interstellar and intergalactic distances. links to websites providing stunning photographs of colliding galaxies are also included. teachwithmovies. com ' s movie lesson plans and learning guides are used by thousands of teachers in their classrooms to motivate students. they provide background and discussion questions that lead to fascinating classes. parents can use them to supplement what their children learn in school. each film recommended by teachwithmovies. com contains lessons on life and positive moral messages. our guides and lesson plans show teachers how to stress these messages and make them meaningful for young audiences. snippet lesson plans are based on short subjects or film clips. they are ideal for classroom use because the video segments are less than 40 minutes in length. each twm sni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5462268779869631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:742bdb16-533e-4d17-b0da-8fab352bffcc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.544106"}
{"text": "to stress these messages and make them meaningful for young audiences. snippet lesson plans are based on short subjects or film clips. they are ideal for classroom use because the video segments are less than 40 minutes in length. each twm snippet lesson plan contains : - learner outcomes / objectives - exact location of the clip in the movie, film or video - step - by - step instructions for using the clip in the classroom some snippet lps simply identify film clips and internet resources. others are complete lesson plans with introductions, handouts, discussion questions, and summative assessments. learning guides feature the following sections : - possible problems - helpful background - building vocabulary - discussion questions - links to internet - bridges to reading - assignments & projects learning guides help teachers develop or improve their own lesson plans to maximize students ' classroom experience. many also feature introductions, handouts, and summative assessments. $ 1 per month ( $ 11. 99 per year ) for lesson plans and learning guides to hundreds of films. supplement school curriculum! promote social - emotional learning! more suggestions about the beneficial use of movies in the classroom and to supplement curricula are added on a regular basis! interstellar and intergalactic distances are truly astonishing in their magnitude. a subscription to teachwithmovies. com will give teachers access to 350 snippet lesson plans, learning guides, and movie lesson plans. subscribe today and give students a graphic sense of the distances in interstellar and intergalactic space using a film clip from cosmic voyage. already a member? login here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5317723438071801, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:742bdb16-533e-4d17-b0da-8fab352bffcc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.544710"}
{"text": "harvard physicist sets record straight on internet carbon study a harvard researcher spent much of monday setting the record straight about his research and how it relates to google ' s energy consumption. a sunday times of london story reported that conducting two google searches generates as much carbon dioxide as boiling water, though the researcher denies singling out google. a story in the sunday times of london sent google ' s public relations machine into an advanced search for answers. the times reporters wrote about a new harvard study that examines the energy impact of web searches. the story ' s lead paragraph : \" performing two google searches from a desktop computer can generate about the same amount of carbon dioxide as boiling a kettle for a cup of tea, according to new research. \" one problem : the study ' s author, harvard university physicist alex wissner - gross, says he never mentions google in the study. \" for some reason, in their story on the study, the times had an ax to grind with google, \" wissner - gross told technewsworld. \" our work has nothing to do with google. our focus was exclusively on the web overall, and we found that it takes on average about 20 milligrams of co2 per second to visit a web site. \" and the example involving tea kettles? \" they did that. i have no idea where they got those statistics, \" wissner - gross said. was google burned by energy story? the times story is giving google a chance to talk about the company ' s green initiatives and its efforts to pursue cleaner energy technologies on several fronts, google spokesperson jamie yood said. \" this comes from the top, from ( cofounders ) larry ( page ) and sergey ( brin ), who are really dedicated to this. there ' s an acknowledgment that google is using energy and on the business front it makes sense to get this energy cost as low as possible, \" yood told technewsworld. \" and on the environmental front, they are passionate about climate change and are really involved. they recognize that if we ' re going to use energy, let ' s try to figure out how to do this as minimally as possible. \" that includes the use of biodiesel shuttles and electric cars to and from its mountain view, calif., campus, offering bikes for employees to ride from building to building on that campus, and using recyclable materials throughout those buildings. and when it comes to its server farms, \" we do believe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5230436884580538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee73e91b-12f5-4d56-88fb-817e26b5b116>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.549345"}
{"text": "and from its mountain view, calif., campus, offering bikes for employees to ride from building to building on that campus, and using recyclable materials throughout those buildings. and when it comes to its server farms, \" we do believe we have the most energy efficient data centers. \" google takes exception on its official google blog to the statistics quoted in the times story regarding the energy used to web search vs. boiling a kettle of water. a speedy search uses less energy, the company claims ; about the same amount of energy as the human body uses in about 10 seconds. google has asked to see a copy of the study, and wissner - gross says he is more than happy to send them one. one of the times article ' s authors had interviewed a google engineer \" whose job is to look at data centers to make sure they ' re more energy efficient, and he didn ' t really use any of his material, \" yood said. google ' s side of things greenpeace doesn ' t really focus on the energy efficiencies used by google or web companies in general, said spokesperson daniel kessler. it is more focused on electronics products, the toxic materials used and company recycling initiatives. however, google gets high marks for its green efforts in washington d. c., kessler said. \" i commend google for its lobbying and the legislative work they ' re doing when it comes to clean energy, \" kessler told technewsworld. \" in the whole tech sector, they ' re really on the forefront on taking action regarding the climate. \" google ' s data centers burn through a lot of energy in the course of providing answers to search queries around the world, and the cheapest form of that energy right now is coal, said roger kay, principal at endpoint technologies associates, who keeps a close eye on the environmental policies at it companies. \" it ' s taking that electricity bill they ' ve got and kind of making it a proportion of the total expenditure of the generation of electricity, and then allocating that as a cost to google and saying that ' s their responsibility, their piece of it, \" kay told technewsworld. \" it ' s just modeling, a modeling exercise that may not necessarily be a reflection of reality. \" the location of the information needed in a web search may also play a part, kay said. \" if you ' re looking for the latest on brad pitt, then that ' s likely to be stored in multiple servers towards the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4551723529804582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee73e91b-12f5-4d56-88fb-817e26b5b116>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.550282"}
{"text": "reflection of reality. \" the location of the information needed in a web search may also play a part, kay said. \" if you ' re looking for the latest on brad pitt, then that ' s likely to be stored in multiple servers towards the edge of the network, where it will be an easy search. google through its traffic management knows a lot of people are interested in that. but if you want to read cicero ' s works, which haven ' t been read for a while, you may have to go deep into the network. \" the researcher ' s take wissner - gross, who manages the web site co2stats. com to help educate people about energy efficiencies on the internet, has been inundated with press requests since the times story was published. the times quoted him correctly in the story as saying, \" a google search has a definite environmental impact \" and \" google operates huge data centers around the world that consume a great deal of power, \" he confirmed. \" i don ' t think anybody would disagree with those statements, \" wissner - gross said. \" everything online has a definite environmental impact. i think everybody can agree on that, including google. \" there ' s a difference between regular servers and those used in advanced data centers, wissner - gross said, and he acknowledges that google would have a financial interest in maintaining an energy - efficient infrastructure. \" energy consumption may be a higher fraction of infrastructure costs for large companies like google than the hardware itself. \" in between answering reporters ' e - mails and appearing on cnbc, wissner - gross has had a lot of time to think about why the sunday times focused on google in its story. \" the short answer is, it ' s a really easy way to sell papers. google is a very successful company and it ' s a very easy way to get readership by making grandiose claims about them. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.470561787869188, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee73e91b-12f5-4d56-88fb-817e26b5b116>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.551122"}
{"text": "new robots \u2013 about the size of a pair of dice \u2013 can assemble microcircuits, deliver injections to individual cells, and probe the molecule - scale world, according to a final report released last month on a european micro - robotics project called micron. the work could eventually lead to teams of such robots automating work on the molecular scale, first for research projects and prototype assembly, and eventually for industrial applications, such as testing drugs and building consumer electronics. the goal of the european project, which involved eight groups from seven countries, was to develop several small robots, each equipped with a specialized tool, and to show that the robots could work together to complete a task that a single robot working alone couldn \u2019 t do. the researchers managed to develop several tools, including micromanipulators, an atomic force microscope ( afm ) probe, and a precise \u201c syringe chip \u201d for injecting cells. but they did not achieve the teamwork goal \u2013 they ran out of time and money before getting more than one of a handful of prototypes working perfectly. nevertheless, \u201c it looks like they \u2019 ve made a great amount of progress. they \u2019 re pretty sophisticated robots, \u201d says ron fearing, professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences at uc berkeley, who is also developing tiny robots. \u201c it will start to be really interesting when they get dozens of robots working together, \u201d he says. \u201c but it \u2019 s a pretty impressive accomplishment just having a couple of those things working. \u201d in an experiment that used a robot to inject fluid into cells, a process scientists might use to study dna or the effects of new drugs, the researchers first fixed in place a single cell using traditional equipment. after the robot filled its syringe with fluid, it was guided to the cell by a human controller, and injected a precise amount of fluid into the cell ( small enough that the cell would not burst ). the liquid was designed to fluoresce once metabolized by the cell, confirming that the cell had survived the operation. once the researchers have more working robots, the robots could do all the required steps automatically, says jorg seyfried, head of micromechatronics and microrobotics at the university of karlsruhe, germany, the lead institution in the group. one robot might use an onboard digital camera ( developed during the project ) to locate the cells in a petri dish. another would find and hold one cell in place, while a third robot would perform the injection, guided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5083740960110389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a30da8bc-c476-4587-8646-f8fcfcdb7423>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.553900"}
{"text": "salvadoran civil war | | this article has multiple issues. please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. | salvadoran civil war | | part of the central american crisis | a reminder of one of many massacres that occurred during the civil war in el salvador, central america | salvadoran government forces | | fmln | commanders and leaders | | roberto d ' aubuisson jose guillermo garcia jose napoleon duarte | cayetano carpio \u2020 | casualties and losses | | 7, 000 dead | | 20, 000 dead4 | | 70, 000 \u2013 80, 000 ( total dead ) ; 8, 000 disappeared56 | the salvadoran civil war ( 1979 \u2013 1992 ) was a conflict between the military - led government of el salvador and the farabundo marti national liberation front ( fmln ), a coalition or ' umbrella organization ' of five left - wing guerrilla groups. on october 15, 1979 a coup, the first of three before the 1982 elections, led to the killings of anti - coup protesters by the government as well as anti - disorder protesters by the guerillas who also attacked the government. 7 by january 1980 the left - wing political organizations united to form the crm ( coordinated revolutionaries of the masses ) and a few months later the left - wing armed groups united to form the dru ( unified revolutionary directorate ) which, following its merging with the communist party in october 1980, was renamed the fmln7 the full - fledged civil war lasted for twelve years and was extremely violent. it included the use of death squads, heavy military equipment, the recruitment of child soldiers, the deliberate terrorizing and targeting of civilians, as well as other violations of human rights. the united states contributed to the conflict by providing large amounts of military aid to the government of el salvador during the carter8 and reagan administrations despite significant opposition from the american public. 9 in 1990 the un began peace negotiations and on january 16, 1992 a final agreement, the chapultepec peace agreement, was signed by the combatants in mexico city, formally ending the conflict. an unknown number of people \" disappeared \" during the conflict and the un reports that more than 75, 000 were killed. 10 el salvador is the smallest country in central america. as in many nations of latin america, the history of el salvador was characterized by marked socioeconomic inequality. 11 in the late 19th century, coffee became a major cash crop for el salvador, bringing in approximately 95 % of the country ' s income, which was confined within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4241164780276996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.606305"}
{"text": "of latin america, the history of el salvador was characterized by marked socioeconomic inequality. 11 in the late 19th century, coffee became a major cash crop for el salvador, bringing in approximately 95 % of the country ' s income, which was confined within only 2 % of the population. thus the population was sharply divided between a small powerful elite and an impoverished majority. 12 extreme tensions between the classes grew through the 1920s, which were only compounded by a drop in coffee prices following the stock - market crash of 1929. 1314 in 1932, augustin farabundo marti formed the central american socialist party and led peasants and indigenous people against the government. the government brutally suppressed the uprising in what became known as the 1932 salvadoran peasant massacre or simply \" la matanza \" ( the massacre ). in suppressing the uprising, the military murdered between 10, 000 and 40, 000 indians. marti was eventually arrested and put to death, and the military subsequently took power over the country. 15 the impact of \" la matanza \" lasted for decades, as the event served to engender and reinforce feelings of strong distrust and animosity towards the government, the military and the wealthy land elite among the majority of the population. on july 14, 1969, an armed conflict erupted between el salvador and honduras over immigration disputes caused by honduran land reform laws. the conflict ( known as the football war ) lasted only four days, but had major long term effects for salvadoran society. trade was disrupted between el salvador and honduras, causing tremendous economic damage to both nations. an estimated 300, 000 salvadorans were displaced due to battle, many of whom had been forcibly exiled from honduras or forced to flee their homes. the government subsequently proved unable to satisfy the economic needs of the refugees. the football war also served to reinforce the political power of the military in el salvador, stifling efforts at democratization in el salvador and leading to heightened corruption. in the years following the football war, the government increased military spending and expanded purchases of more modern and sophisticated weapons from sources such as israel, brazil, west germany, and the united states, which further consolidated the military ' s power and limited the availability of government funds to augment economic reforms. 16 the 1973 oil crisis led to rising food prices and decreased agricultural output due to the lack of obtainability of imported goods and petrol - based fertilizers. to stem the economic and political problems, a series of token land reform measures were implemented in the mid - 1970s by president arturo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4339907646903567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.607392"}
{"text": "food prices and decreased agricultural output due to the lack of obtainability of imported goods and petrol - based fertilizers. to stem the economic and political problems, a series of token land reform measures were implemented in the mid - 1970s by president arturo armando molina. the largest measure, implemented in june 1976, called for the redistribution of approximately 59, 000 hectares of land among 12, 000 peasant families. the subsequent failure of these reforms due to opposition from the land elite, coupled with rising levels of repression against workers unions and left - leaning political parties, only served to reinforce the already widespread discontent with the government. 17 in elections held on 20 february 1977, general carlos humberto romero, representing the national conciliation party ( pcn ), won against the center - left revolutionary party of democratic unification ( uno ). the elections had been marred by blatant fraud and voter intimidation by government - sponsored paramilitary forces. 18 with massive protest and civil disturbance from the popular movement. the short period between the election on 20 february 1977 and the formal inauguration of president romero on 1 july 1977 was characterized by high levels of social upheaval and state repression. on 28 february 1977, eight days after the elections, a crowd of political demonstrators gathered in an area of downtown san salvador near ' la plaza libertad ' to protest the electoral fraud. security forces arrived on the scene and opened fire on the demonstrators. a massacre ensued as the security forces spread out for several hours and indiscriminately killed demonstrators and bystanders alike. estimates of the number of civilians killed range as high as 1, 500. 19 president molina blamed the protests on \" foreign communists, \" and in the immediate aftermath of the massacre a number of top uno party members were exiled from the country. 20 repression continued after the inauguration of president romero, as the government implemented state - of - siege declarations, the suspension of civil liberties and systematic use of torture, death squads, forced disappearance and extrajudicial killing against the opposition. government forces regularly abducted, tortured and killed civilian opponents of the government. socorro juridico cristiano ( christian legal assistance, a legal aid office within the archbishop ' s office and el salvador ' s leading human rights group at the time ) documented the killings of 687 civilians by government forces in 1978. in 1979, the number of documented killings increased to 1, 796. 21 the repression further alienated the population and prompted many in the catholic church to denounce the government. the government responded to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4477406120650309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.608501"}
{"text": ". economic measures and land tenure reforms were adopted. organizations within the popular movement subsequently came together to form the coordinadora revolucionaria de masas ( cr14 ). all three civilian members of the junta resigned on january 3, 1980, along with 10 of the 11 cabinet ministers. on march 9, 1980, jose napoleon duarte became a member of the junta when the christian democratic party expelled dada hizeri, ruben zamora and other leaders from its ranks. an unprecedented increase in death squad activities and government repression subsequently took place. on january 22, 1980, the salvadoran national guard attacked a massive cr14 demonstration, described as peaceful, killing up to 50 people and wounding hundreds more. 27 on february 6, us ambassador frank devine informed the state department that mutilated bodies were appearing on roadsides as they had done in the worst days of the romero regime and that the extreme right was arming itself and preparing for a confrontation in which it clearly expected to ally itself with the military. 28 in february 1980, amidst escalating violence and repression, archbishop oscar romero published an open letter to us president jimmy carter in which he pleaded with him to suspend its ongoing program of military aid to the salvadoran regime. he advised carter that \" political power is in the hands of the armed forces. they know only how to repress the people and defend the interests of the salvadoran oligarchy. \" romero warned that us support would only \" sharpen the injustice and repression against the organizations of the people which repeatedly have been struggling to gain respect for their fundamental human rights. \" 29 on 24 march 1980, the archbishop was assassinated while giving a mass \u2014 a month after his request, and the day after he called upon salvadoran soldiers and security force members ( national guard, treasury police, and national police ) not to follow orders of their commanders to kill salvadoran civilians, especially farm workers in connection with the newly announced phase i of government agrarian reform. at his funeral a week later, government - sponsored snipers in the national palace and / or posted on the periphery of the gerardo barrios plaza in front of the national cathedral, were responsible for the shooting deaths / trampling massacre of some forty - two mourners. on 7 may 1980, former army major roberto d ' aubuisson was arrested with a group of civilians and soldiers at a farm. the raiders found documents connecting him and the civilians as organizers and financiers of the death squad who killed archbishop romero, and of plotting a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4261436710106216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.611266"}
{"text": "army major roberto d ' aubuisson was arrested with a group of civilians and soldiers at a farm. the raiders found documents connecting him and the civilians as organizers and financiers of the death squad who killed archbishop romero, and of plotting a coup d \u2019 etat against the jrg. their arrest provoked right - wing terrorist threats and institutional pressures forcing the jrg to release maj. d \u2019 aubuisson. in 1993, a u. n. investigation confirmed that maj. d ' aubuisson ordered archbishop romero assassinated. 30 in addition to repression and violence in cities, rural violence began to escalate. exactly one week after the arrest of roberto d ' aubuisson for the assassination of oscar romero, the national guard and the newly reorganized paramilitary organizacion nacional democratica ( orden ), with the cooperation of the military of honduras, carried out a large massacre at the sumpul on may 14, 1980, in which an estimated 600 civilians were killed, mostly women and children. when the villagers were attempting to escape violence by crossing the river they were prevented from reaching the other side by the honduran armed forces \" and then killed by salvadorian troops who fired on them in cold blood. \" 31 assigning responsibility for the repression became the source of intense ideological polarization in the united states. an internal us state department memo from 1981 stated that the \" death squads \" were \" usually a euphemism for the security or military forces. \" 32 over the course of 1980, the salvadoran army and three main security forces ( national guard, national police and treasury police ) killed 11, 895 people. 21 most of the victims were peasants, trade unionists, teachers, students, journalists, human rights advocates, priests, and anyone working in the interest of the poor majority. more people were killed due to state repression in el salvador in 1980 than in all other nations of latin america combined. the salvadoran government subsequently gained recognition among human rights organizations as the hemisphere ' s most errant violator of human rights. 33 the us bureau of affairs later stated \" the immediate goal of the salvadoran army and security forces \u2014 and of the united states in 1980, was to prevent a takeover by the leftist - led guerrillas and their allied political organizations. at this point in the salvadoran conflict the latter were much more important than the former. the military resources of the rebels were extremely limited and their greatest strength, by far, lay not in force of arms but in their \" mass organizations \" made up of labor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44892954550070413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.612453"}
{"text": "point in the salvadoran conflict the latter were much more important than the former. the military resources of the rebels were extremely limited and their greatest strength, by far, lay not in force of arms but in their \" mass organizations \" made up of labor unions, student and peasant organizations that could be mobilized by the thousands in el salvador ' s major cities and could shut down the country through strikes. \" 34 critics of us military aid charged that \" it would legitimate what has become dictatorial violence and that political power in el salvador lay with old - line military leaders in government positions who practice a policy of ' reform with repression. ' \" a prominent catholic spokesman insisted that \" any military aid you send to el salvador ends up in the hands of the military and paramilitary rightest groups who are themselves at the root of the problems of the country. \" 35 on december 2, 1980, the salvadoran national guard raped and murdered four american nuns and a laywoman. maryknoll missionary nuns maura clarke, ita ford, and ursuline nun dorothy kazel, and laywoman jean donovan were on a catholic relief mission providing food, shelter, transport, medical care, and burial to death squad victims. u. s. military aid was briefly cutoff in response to the murders, but would be renewed within six weeks. 36 as government - sanctioned violence increased in both rural and urban settings, previously non - militant mass political groups metamorphosed into guerrilla fronts. the five main insurgent groups subsequently formed unity agreements and merged, while increasing the scale of their attacks. in may 1980, the salvadoran revolutionary leadership met in havana, forming the consolidated politico - military command, the dru \u2014 direccion revolucionaria unificada ( unified revolutionary directorate ). in october, they founded the farabundo marti national liberation front ( comprising the frente farabundo marti de liberacion nacional [ fmln ] and the frente democratico revolucionario [ fdr ] ) honoring insurgent hero farabundo marti, whom the salvadoran national guard killed in 1932. in late - 1980, the fmln announced plans for an insurrection against the government of el salvador. the insurrection began on 10 january 1981 with the fmln ' s first major attack. the attack established fmln control of most of morazan and chalatenango departments for the war ' s duration. attacks were launched on military targets throughout the country, leaving hundreds of people dead. government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38824716486414135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.613583"}
{"text": "the fmln ' s first major attack. the attack established fmln control of most of morazan and chalatenango departments for the war ' s duration. attacks were launched on military targets throughout the country, leaving hundreds of people dead. government sources reported that \" at least 500 extremists \" had died in the final offensive. after the onset of the offensive, united states operational planning and assistance teams ( opats ) took over the training of the salvadoran armed forces, logistics procedures, and command and control planning. at the salvadoran high command, u. s. military advisers prosecuted the war operationally and with intelligence. 3738 in addition, the outgoing carter administration increased military aid to the salvadoran armed forces to $ 10 million which included $ 5 million in rifles, ammunition, grenades and helicopters. in justifying these arms shipments, the administration claimed that the regime had taken \" positive steps \" to investigate the murder of four american nuns but this was disputed by us ambassador, robert e. white, who said that he could find no evidence the junta was \" conducting a serious investigation. \" 39 during the same month, the jrg strengthened the state of siege, imposed by president carlos humberto romero in may 1979, by declaring martial law and adopting a new set of curfew regulations. 40 between january 12 and february 19, 1981, 168 persons were killed by the security forces for violating curfew. 41 in its effort to defeat the insurgency, the salvadoran armed forces carried out a \" scorched earth \" strategy adopting tactics similar to those being employed by the counterinsurgency in neighboring guatemala. these tactics where primarily derived and adapted from u. s. strategy during the vietnam war, and taught by american military advisors. 42 an integral part of the salvadoran army ' s counterinsurgency strategy entailed \" draining the sea \" or \" drying up the ocean, \" that is, eliminating the insurgency by eradicating it ' s support base in the countryside. the primary target was the civilian population \u2013 displacing them in order to remove any possible base of support for the rebels. the concept of \" draining the sea \" had its basis in a doctrine by mao zedong which emphasized that \" the guerrilla must move amongst the people as a fish swims in the sea. \" 43 aryeh neier, the executive director of americas watch wrote in a review of 1984 : \" this may be an effective strategy for winning the war. it is, however, a strategy that involves the use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44778917155343423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.614643"}
{"text": "fish swims in the sea. \" 43 aryeh neier, the executive director of americas watch wrote in a review of 1984 : \" this may be an effective strategy for winning the war. it is, however, a strategy that involves the use of terror tactics \u2014 bombings, strafings, shellings and, occasionally, massacres of civilians. \" 44 beginning in 1983, guerrilla strongholds were found by u. s. reconnaissance planes that relayed intelligence to the salvadoran military. 4546 the repression in rural areas resulted in the displacement of large portions of the rural populace, and many peasants fled. of those who fled or were displaced, some 20, 000 resided in makeshift refugee centers on the honduran border in conditions of poverty, starvation and disease. 47 the army and death squads forced many of them to flee to the united states but most were denied asylum. 48 on january 17 \u2013 18, 1981, a us congressional delegation visited the refugee camps in el salvador on a fact finding mission and submitted a report to congress. the delegation concluded that \" the salvadoran method of ' drying up the ocean ' is to eliminate entire villages from the map, to isolate the guerrillas, and deny them any rural base off which they can feed. \" 49 the government ' s systematic use of terror - tactics and violent repression against the civilian population escalated through 1981. sources estimate that the army and security forces killed 16, 000 civilians in total over the course of that year. 5051 in its report covering 1981, amnesty international identified \" regular security and military units as responsible for widespread torture, mutilation and killings of noncombatant civilians from all sectors of salvadoran society. \" the report also stated that the killing of civilians by state security forces became increasingly systematic with the implementation of more methodical killing strategies, which allegedly included use of a meat packing plant to dispose of human remains. 52 between august 20 and august 25, 1981, eighty - three decapitations were reported. the murders were later revealed to have been carried out by a death squad using a guillotine. 53 in late - 1981, the atlacatl battalion, organized in 1980 at the us army school of the americas in panama, was deployed in the morazan department in the northeastern part of the country, a major stronghold for the fmln. on december 11, 1981, the atlacatl battalion occupied the village of el mozote and massacred at least 733 and possibly up to 1, 000 unarmed civilians in what became known as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48485346303975807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.617243"}
{"text": "a major stronghold for the fmln. on december 11, 1981, the atlacatl battalion occupied the village of el mozote and massacred at least 733 and possibly up to 1, 000 unarmed civilians in what became known as the el mozote massacre. 54 the atlacatl soldiers accused the adults of collaborating with the guerrillas. the field commander said they were under orders to kill everyone, including the children, who he asserted would just grow up to become guerrillas if they let them live. \" we were going to make an example of these people, \" he said. 55 despite having been initially denied by the reagan administration, details became more widely known and the event became recognized as one of the worst atrocities of the conflict. in 1982, the fmln began calling for a peace settlement that would establish a \" government of broad participation. \" the reagan administration said they wanted to create a communist dictatorship. 56 elections were interrupted with right - wing paramilitary attacks and fmln - suggested boycotts. el salvador ' s national federation of lawyers, which represented all of the country ' s bar associations, refused to participate in drafting the 1982 electoral law. the lawyers said that the elections couldn ' t possibly be free and fair during a state of siege that suspended all basic rights and freedoms. the news - gazette, the country ' s english - language conservative newspaper supported the national bar association ' s stand. 57 pursuant with measures put in place by the jrg on october 18, 1979, elections for an interim government were held on april 29, 1982. the legislative assembly voted on three candidates nominated by the armed forces, alvaro alfredo magana borja, leader of the moderate democratic action and thus effectively politically independent, was elected by 36 votes to 17, ahead of the nationalist republican alliance ( arena ) and party of national conciliation candidates. roberto d ' aubuisson accused jaime abdul gutierrez avendano of imposing on the assembly \" his personal decision to put alvaro alfredo magana borja in the presidency \" in spite of a \" categorical no \" from the arena deputies. magana was sworn into office on 2 may. decree no. 6 of the national assembly suspended phase iii of the implementation of the agrarian reform, and was itself later amended. the apaneca pact was signed on 3 august 1982, establishing a government of national unity, whose objectives were peace, democratization, human rights, economic recovery, security and a strengthened international position. an attempt was made to form a transitional government which would establish a democratic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41852218080373216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.619754"}
{"text": "pact was signed on 3 august 1982, establishing a government of national unity, whose objectives were peace, democratization, human rights, economic recovery, security and a strengthened international position. an attempt was made to form a transitional government which would establish a democratic system. lack of agreement among the forces that made up the government and the pressures of the armed conflict prevented any substantive changes from being made during magana ' s presidency. 58 the activities of the insurgency continued during the period of interim government, as did government repression. the fmln attacked the ilopango air force base, destroying six of the air forces 14 bell uh - 1 iroquois helicopters, five of its 18 dassault ouragan aircraft and three c - 47s. 59 the guerrillas stepped up their activities against economic targets. between february and april, a total of 439 acts of sabotage were reported. 60 the number of acts of sabotage involving explosives or arson rose to 782 between january and september. 61 the united states embassy estimated the damage to the economic infrastructure at us $ 98 million. 62 fmln also carried out large - scale operations in the capital city and temporarily occupied urban centres in the countrys interior. according to some reports, the number of rebels ranged between 4, 000 and 5, 000 ; other sources put the number at between 6, 000 and 9, 000. 63 systemic and widespread human rights violations by the salvadoran military and security forces continued at high levels during the period of interim government. the inter - american commission on human rights reported that on may 24, 1982, a clandestine cemetery containing the corpses of 150 disappeared persons was discovered near puerta del diablo, panchimalco, approximately twelve kilometers from san salvador. 64 on june 10, 1982, almost 4, 000 salvadoran troops carried out a \" cleanup \" operation in the rebel - controlled chalatenango province. over 600 civilians were reportedly massacred during the army sweep. the salvadoran field commander acknowledged that an unknown number of civilian rebel sympathizers or \" masas \" were killed, while declaring the operation a success. 65 19 days later, the army massacred 27 unarmed civilians during house raids in a san salvador neighborhood. the woman were raped and murdered. everyone was dragged from their homes into the street and then executed. \" the operation was a success, \" said the salvadoran defense ministry communique. \" this action was a result of training and professionalization of our officers and soldiers. \" 66 during 1982 and 1983, government forces killed approximately 8, 000 civilians a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4304718059478987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.621222"}
{"text": "the operation was a success, \" said the salvadoran defense ministry communique. \" this action was a result of training and professionalization of our officers and soldiers. \" 66 during 1982 and 1983, government forces killed approximately 8, 000 civilians a year. 67 although the figure is substantially less than the figures reported by human rights groups in 1980 and 1981, targeted executions as well as indiscriminate killings nonetheless remained an integral policy of the army and internal security forces, part of what professor william stanley of the university of new mexico has described as a \u201c strategy of mass murder \u201d designed to terrorize the civilian population as well as opponents of the government. 68 general adolfo blandon, the salvadoran armed forces chief of staff during much of the 1980s, has stated, \" before 1983, we never took prisoners of war. \" 69 by january 1984, americas watch observed that the human rights situation was \" as bad as ever \" and that \" the principal reason that those abuses continue at such a high rate at a point when \u2014 one would guess \u2014 the armed forces should have run out of politically suspect persons to murder is that the murders instill terror. terror is the means whereby the armed forces maintain their authority. \" 70 on february 7, 1984, nine labor leaders, including all seven top officials of one major federation, were arrested by the salvadoran national police and sent to a military court. the arrests were part of duarte ' s moves to crackdown on labor unions after more than 80 trade unionists were detained in a raid by the national police. the police confiscated the union ' s files and took videotape mugshots of each union member. during a 15 day interrogation, the nine labor leaders were beaten during late night questioning and were told to confess to being guerrillas. they were then forced to sign a written confession while blindfolded. they were never charged with being guerrillas but the official police statement said they were accused of planning to \" present demands to management for higher wages and benefits and promoting strikes, which destabilize the economy. \" a u. s. official said the embassy had \" followed the arrests closely and was satisfied that the correct procedures were followed. \" 71 in february, u. s. military advisers instructed the salvadoran air force to intensify bombing raids in conflictive and rebel - held zones. the air force was aided by new u. s. reconnaissance flights that supply it with improved intelligence. in april, the roman catholic church ' s human rights office, the tute -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46351249379741044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.622736"}
{"text": "were rebel sympathizers ( masas ). although, the practice was later terminated by u. s. advisers after protests by americas watch. 7576 in 1984, the u. s. embassy had characterized the civilians residing in fmln zones as \" masas, \" a term that originated with the guerrillas. according to the embassy, these masas were \" something other than innocent civilian bystanders \" because it said they provided \" logistical support \" for the guerrillas and \" mingled \" with them. as best the americas watch could determine, the \" logistical support \" consisted principally in maintaining their traditional subsistence farming, thereby providing themselves and the guerrillas with a source of food. \" mingling \" consisted principally in trying to remain in or near their original communities and not joining the vast refugee and displaced person populations. accordingly, americas watch criticized the embassy ' s stand. we said that calling these civilians \" something other than innocent civilian bystanders \" implied they were legitimate targets for attack. moreover, salvadoran and u. s. officials continue to attempt to justify attacks on civilians. \u2014 americas watch, 198577 in 1984 elections, christian democrat jose napoleon duarte won the presidency ( with 54 % of the votes ) against army major roberto d \u2019 aubuisson, of the nationalist republican alliance ( arena ). the elections were held under military rule amidst high levels of repression and violence, however, and candidates to the left of duarte ' s brand of christian democrats were excluded from participating. 78 fearful of a d \u2019 aubuisson presidency for public relations purposes, the cia financed duarte ' s campaign with some two million dollars. 79 after president jose napoleon duarte ' s election in 1984, human rights abuses at the hands of the army and security forces continued, but declined due to modifications made to the security structures. the policies of the duarte government attempted to make the country ' s three security forces more accountable to the government by placing them under the direct supervision of a vice minister of defense, but all three forces continued to be commanded individually by regular army officers, which, given the command structure within the government, served to effectively nullify any of the accountability provisions. 8081 the duarte government also failed to decommission personnel within the security structures that had been involved in gross human rights abuses, instead simply dispersing them to posts in other regions of the country. 82 while reforms were being made to the security forces, the army continued to massacre unarmed civilians in the country side. an americas watch report noted that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.431716232233665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.625967"}
{"text": "in gross human rights abuses, instead simply dispersing them to posts in other regions of the country. 82 while reforms were being made to the security forces, the army continued to massacre unarmed civilians in the country side. an americas watch report noted that the atlacatl battalion killed 80 unarmed civilians in cabanas in july, 1984 and carried out another massacre one month later, killing 50 displaced people in the chalatenango province. 83 the woman were raped and then everyone was systematically executed. 84 through 1984 and 1985, the salvadoran armed forces enacted a series of \" civic - action \" programs in chalatenango province. this consisted of the establishment of \" citizen defense committees \" to guard plantations and businesses against attacks by insurgents and the establishment of a number of free - fire zones. these measures were implemented under the command of lieutenant colonel sigifredo ochoa perez, a former director of the treasury police and political ally of major roberto d ' aubuisson who had previously been exiled to the us army war college for mutiny. 85 by january 1985 ochoa ' s forces had established 12 free - fire zones in chalatenango in which any inhabitants unidentified by the army were deemed to be insurgents. ochoa stated in an interview that areas within the free fire zone were susceptible to indiscriminate bombings by the salvadoran air force. ochoa referred to this strategy as the \" israeli solution, \" as it was adapted from israeli strategy employed in south lebanon in 1982. ochoa ' s forces were implicated in a massacre of about 40 civilians in an army sweep through one of the free fire zones in august 1985. ochoa refused to permit the red cross to enter these areas to deliver humanitarian aid to the victims. 86 ochoa ' s forces reportedly uprooted some 1, 400 civilian rebel supporters with mortar fire between september and november 1984. 87 by 1985, military repression had succeeded in disarticulating most of the trade unions and mass political organizations. many of the survivors from within these organizations were forced to flee the country or join the rebels. 88 a national opinion poll conducted in 1986 by the catholic university showed that 10 % of the population believed that the country was advancing to democracy ; 28 % said conditions had improved but that repression continued ; 45 % thought there was no significant change ; and 18 % believed freedom and democracy were diminishing. 89 in february 1986, tens of thousands of salvadorans marched through the streets of san salvador to protest duarte ' s economic austerity plan. the economic package", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42557146807029367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.629728"}
{"text": "was no significant change ; and 18 % believed freedom and democracy were diminishing. 89 in february 1986, tens of thousands of salvadorans marched through the streets of san salvador to protest duarte ' s economic austerity plan. the economic package included a currency devaluation, increases in gas prices, import taxes, import restrictions and a few price freezes on basic goods. the austerity measures were designed by u. s. economic advisers who warned american aid might be withheld if the programs were not implemented. 90 during the central american peace accords in 1987, the fmln demanded that all death squads be disbanded and the members be held accountable. in october 1987, the salvadoran assembly approved an amnesty for civil - war related crimes. the amnesty law required the release of all prisoners suspected of being guerrillas and guerrilla sympathizers. pursuant with these laws, 400 political prisoners were released. insurgents were given a period of fifteen days to turn themselves over to the security forces in exchange for amnesty. 91 despite amnesty being granted to guerillas and political prisoners, amnesty was also granted to members of the army, security forces and paramilitary who were involved in human rights abuses. 92 overall levels of state repression began to escalate again following the 1987 amnesty, reaching levels comparable to the pre - 1985 period. as had occurred in the 1970s, the 1988 elections were followed by escalated government violence, as part of a deliberate campaign to terrorize voters and influence election results. an amnesty international report published in october 1988 titled, el salvador death squads : a government strategy, concluded that \" forces involved include all branches of the salvadorian security apparatus, including the navy, air force and army and the security services, - - - including the national guard, the national police and the treasury police. personnel from these units have carried out torture and extrajudicial execution and have been responsible for \" disappearances \" - both while in uniform and in plain clothes. the death squad style is to operate in secret but to leave mutilated bodies of victims as a means of terrifying the population. victims are customarily found mutilated, decapitated, dismembered, strangled or showing marks of torture or rape. \" the report also concluded that clandestine paramilitary units were used so the government wouldn ' t take the heat for state terrorism. 93 according to maria julia hernandez, director of the roman catholic church ' s human rights office, death squad killings always escalated when opposition activity increased and the government couldn ' t control it. 94 angered by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4880994615720176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.630910"}
{"text": "wouldn ' t take the heat for state terrorism. 93 according to maria julia hernandez, director of the roman catholic church ' s human rights office, death squad killings always escalated when opposition activity increased and the government couldn ' t control it. 94 angered by the results of the 1988 elections and the military ' s use of terror tactics and voter intimidation, the fmln launched a major offensive with the aim of unseating the christiani government on november 11, 1989. this offensive brought the epicenter of fighting into the wealthy suburbs of san salvador for essentially the first time in the history of the conflict, as the fmln began a campaign of selective assassinations against political and military officials, civil officials, and upper - class private citizens. the government retaliated with a renewed campaign of repression, primarily against activists in the democratic sector. 95 the non - governmental salvadoran human rights commission ( cdhes ) counted 2, 868 killings by the armed forces between may 1989 and may 1990. 96 in addition, the cdhes stated that government paramilitary organizations illegally detained 1, 916 persons and disappeared 250 during the same period. 97 as in the early 1980s, the university of central america fell under attack from the army and death squads. on 16 november 1989, five days after the beginning of the fmln offensive, the atlacatl battalion entered the campus of the university of central america in uniform and summarily executed six jesuit priests \u2014 ignacio ellacuria, segundo montes, ignacio martin - baro, joaquin lopez y lopez, juan ramon moreno, and amando lopez \u2014 and their housekeepers ( a mother and daughter, elba ramos and celia marisela ramos ). in the middle of the night, the six priests were dragged from their beds on the campus, machine gunned to death and their corpses mutilated. the mother and daughter were found shot to death in the bed they shared. 98 the atlacatl battalion was reportedly under the tutelage of u. s. special forces just 48 hours before the killings. 99 the liberation theology bishops were declared an enemy of the state for speaking out against state terror and working for the \" preferential option of the poor. \" 100 by the late 1980s, 75 % of the population lived in poverty. 101 the living standards of most salvadorans declined by 30 % since 1983. unemployment or underemployment increased to 50 %. 102 most people, moreover, still didn ' t have access to clean water or healthcare. the armed forces were feared, inflation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43200608172111477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.633943"}
{"text": "living standards of most salvadorans declined by 30 % since 1983. unemployment or underemployment increased to 50 %. 102 most people, moreover, still didn ' t have access to clean water or healthcare. the armed forces were feared, inflation rose almost 40 %, capital flight reached an estimated $ 1 billion, and the economic elite avoided paying taxes. 103 despite nearly $ 3 billion in american economic assistance, per capita income declined by one third. 101 american aid was distributed to urban businesses although the impoverished majority received almost none of it. 103 the congressional research service said the \" esf [ u. s. economic support fund ] in central america is basically a security / military program undertaken to prop up the existing regimes and the elites who support them.. \" 104 the united states had been providing most of the country ' s budget and underwriting almost all government policies. 103105 the concentration of wealth was even higher than before the u. s. - administered land reform program. the agrarian law generated windfall profits for the economic elite and buried the cooperatives in debts that left them incapable of competing in the capital markets. the oligarchs often took back the land from bankrupt peasants who couldn ' t obtain the credit necessary to pay for seeds and fertilizer. 106 although, \" few of the poor would dream of seeking legal redress against a landlord because virtually no judge would favor a poor man. \" 103 by 1989, 1 % of the landowners owned 41 % of the tillable land, while 60 % of the rural population owned 0 %. 101 after 10 years of war, more than one million people had been displaced out of a population of 5, 389, 000. 40 % of the homes of newly displaced people were completely destroyed and another 25 % were in need of major repairs. 107 death squad activities further escalated in 1990, despite a u. n. agreement on human rights signed july 26 by the cristiani government and the fmln. 108 in june 1990, u. s. president george bush announced an \" enterprise for the americas initiative \" to improve the investment climate by creating \" a hemisphere - wide free trade zone. \" 109 \" for the first time, all five of the countries are led by presidents who were elected in contests widely considered free and fair, \" the washington post reported from guatemala city. it is true, the post continues, that \" conservative politicians in central america traditionally represented the established order despite their countries ' grossly distorted income patterns. but the wave of democracy that has swept the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4553166739742187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.634990"}
{"text": "fair, \" the washington post reported from guatemala city. it is true, the post continues, that \" conservative politicians in central america traditionally represented the established order despite their countries ' grossly distorted income patterns. but the wave of democracy that has swept the region in recent years appears to be shifting politicians ' priorities, \" while observing that, \" the new leaders... are committed to free - market economics. \" the post explains, \" neither in the plan nor in the declaration of antigua ' was there any mention of land reform or suggestion of new government social welfare programs to help the poor. \" rather, they are adopting \" a trickle - down approach to aid the poor. \" \" the idea is to help the poor without threatening the basic power structure, \" a central american economist observes. 110 archbishop arturo rivera y damas said he believed president cristiani was committed to maintaining the system, favoring neoliberal programs that had been increasing poverty. 111 president bush authorized the release of $ 42. 5 million in military aid to the salvadoran armed forces on january 16, 1991. 112 in late january, the usulutan offices of the democratic convergence, a coalition of left - of - center parties, were attacked with grenades. on february 21, a candidate for the democratic national unity ( udn ) party and his pregnant wife were assassinated after ignoring death squad threats to leave the country or die. on the last day of the campaign, another udn candidate was shot in her eye when arena party gunmen opened fire on campaign activists putting up posters. despite fraudulent elections orchestrated by arena through voter intimidation, sabotage of polling stations by the arena - dominated central elections council and the disappearing of tens of thousands of names from the voting lists, the official u. s. observation team declared them \" free and fair. \" 113 death squad killings and disappearances remained steady throughout 1991 as well as torture, false imprisonment, and attacks on civilians by the army and security forces. opposition politicians and members of church and grassroots organizations representing peasants, women and repatriated refugees suffered constant death threats, arrests, surveillance and break - ins all year. the fmln killed two wounded u. s. military advisers and carried out indiscriminate attacks, kidnappings and assassinations of civilians. the war intensified in mid - 1991, as both the army and the fmln attempted to gain the advantage in the united nations - brokered peace talks prior to a cease - fire. indiscriminate attacks and executions by the armed forces increased as a result.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4596659354937597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.635951"}
{"text": "mid - 1991, as both the army and the fmln attempted to gain the advantage in the united nations - brokered peace talks prior to a cease - fire. indiscriminate attacks and executions by the armed forces increased as a result. 114 eventually, by april 1991, negotiations resumed, resulting in a truce that successfully concluded in january 1992, bringing about the war ' s end. citation needed on 16 january 1992, the chapultepec peace accords were signed in chapultepec castle, mexico city, to bring peace to el salvador. 115 the armed forces were regulated, a civilian police force was established, the fmln metamorphosed from a guerrilla army to a political party, and an amnesty law was legislated in 1993. 116 the peace process set up under the chapultepec accords was monitored by the united nations from 1991 until june 1997 when it closed its special monitoring mission in el salvador. during the 2004 elections, white house special assistant otto reich gave a phone - in press conference at arena party headquarters. he reportedly said he was worried about the impact an fmln win could have on the country ' s \" economic, commercial, and migratory relations with the united states. \" in february 2004, assistant secretary of state roger noriega told voters to \" consider what kind of a relationship they want a new administration to have with us. \" he met with all the candidates except schafik handal, the fmln candidate. this prompted 28 us congress members to send a letter to secretary of state colin powell saying mr. noriega \" crossed a boundary \" and that his remarks were perceived as \" interference in salvadoran electoral affairs. \" a week later, two us congressmen blasted reich ' s comments as inflammatory. 117 at war ' s end, the commission on the truth for el salvador registered more than 22, 000 complaints of political violence in el salvador, between january 1980 and july 1991, 60 percent about summary killing, 25 percent about kidnapping, and 20 percent about torture. these complaints attributed almost 85 percent of the violence to the salvadoran army and security forces alone. the salvadoran armed forces were accused in 60 percent of the complaints, the security forces ( i. e. the national guard, treasury police and the national police ) in 25 percent, military escorts and civil defense units in 20 percent of complaints, the death squads in approximately 10 percent, and the fmln in 5 percent. the truth commission could collect only a significant sample of the full number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4197790051660931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.636872"}
{"text": "and the national police ) in 25 percent, military escorts and civil defense units in 20 percent of complaints, the death squads in approximately 10 percent, and the fmln in 5 percent. the truth commission could collect only a significant sample of the full number of potential complaints, having had only three months to collect it. 118 the report concluded that more than 70, 000 people were killed, many in the course of gross violation of their human rights. more than 25 per cent of the populace was displaced as refugees before the u. n. peace treaty in 1992. 119120 the statistics presented in the truth commission ' s report are consistent with both previous and retrospective assessments by the international community and human rights monitors, which documented that the majority of the violence and repression in el salvador was attributable to government agencies, primarily the national guard and the salvadoran army. 121122123 a 1984 amnesty international report stated that that many of the 40, 000 people killed in the preceding five years had been murdered by government forces, who openly dumped the mutilated corpses, in an apparent effort to terrorize the population. 124125 despite mostly killing peasants, the government readily killed any opponent they suspected of sympathy with the guerrillas \u2014 clergy ( men and women ), church lay workers, political activists, journalists, labor unionists ( leaders, rank - and - file ), medical workers, liberal students and teachers, and human - rights monitors. 126 the state ' s terrorism was affected by the security forces, the army, the national guard, and the treasury police ; 127128 yet it was the paramilitary death squads who gave the government plausible deniability of, and accountability for, the political killings. typically, a death squad dressed in civilian clothes and traveled in anonymous vehicles ( dark windows, blank license plates ). their terrorism comprised publishing future - victim death lists, delivering coffins to said future victims, and sending the target - person an invitation to his / her own funeral. 129130 cynthia arnson, a latin american - affairs writer for human rights watch, says : the objective of death - squad - terror seemed not only to eliminate opponents, but also, through torture and the gruesome disfigurement of bodies, to terrorize the population. 131 in the mid - 1980s, state terror against salvadorans became open \u2014 indiscriminate bombing from military airplanes, planted mines, and the harassment of national and international medical personnel ; all indicate that, although death rates attributable to the death squads have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4797381982004536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.638259"}
{"text": "- 1980s, state terror against salvadorans became open \u2014 indiscriminate bombing from military airplanes, planted mines, and the harassment of national and international medical personnel ; all indicate that, although death rates attributable to the death squads have declined in el salvador since 1983, non - combatant victims of the civil war have increased dramatically. 132 though the violations of the fmln accounted for five percent or less of those documented by the truth commission, the fmln continuously violated the human rights of many salvadorans and other individuals identified as right - wing supporters, military targets, pro - government politicians, intellectuals, public officials, and judges. these violations included kidnapping, bombings, rape, and killing. 118 in accordance with the peace agreements, the constitution was amended to prohibit the military from playing an internal security role except under extraordinary circumstances. during the period of fulfilling of the peace agreements, the minister of defense was general humberto corado figueroa. demobilization of salvadoran military forces generally proceeded on schedule throughout the process. the treasury police and national guard were abolished, and military intelligence functions were transferred to civilian control. by 1993 \u2014 nine months ahead of schedule \u2014 the military had cut personnel from a wartime high of 63, 000 to the level of 32, 000 required by the peace accords. by 1999, esaf strength stood at less than 15, 000, including uniformed and non - uniformed personnel, consisting of personnel in the army, navy, and air force. a purge of military officers accused of human rights abuses and corruption was completed in 1993 in compliance with the ad hoc committee ' s recommendations. citation needed the new civilian police force, created to replace the discredited public security forces, deployed its first officers in march 1993, and was present throughout the country by the end of 1994. as of 1999, the pnc had over 18, 000 officers. the pnc faced many challenges in building a completely new police force. with common crime rising dramatically since the end of the war, over 500 pnc officers had been killed in the line of duty by late 1998. pnc officers also have arrested a number of their own in connection with various high - profile crimes, and a \" purification \" process to weed out unfit personnel from throughout the force was undertaken in late 2000. 133 in 1986, a major earthquake punctuated the war ; and for three years fighting lessened and calls for negotiation grew within the context of the rising social movement, the national debate for peace ; also the human rights commission of el salvador - non", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46969443521508386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.639641"}
{"text": ". 133 in 1986, a major earthquake punctuated the war ; and for three years fighting lessened and calls for negotiation grew within the context of the rising social movement, the national debate for peace ; also the human rights commission of el salvador - non governmental ( cdhes ) published a 165 - page report documenting the routine use of forty types of torture applied to political prisoners in the mariona men ' s prison, and that u. s. military advisers often supervised and sometimes participated in said interrogations. 134135 on 26 october 1987, herbert ernesto anaya, head of the cdhes, was assassinated. his killing provoked four days ' of political protest \u2014 during which his cadaver was displayed before the u. s. embassy and then before the salvadoran armed forces headquarters. the national union of salvadoran workers said : those who bear sole responsibility for this crime are jose napoleon duarte, the u. s. embassy... and the high command of the armed forces. in its report the commission on the truth for el salvador, established as part of the el salvador peace agreement, stated that it could not establish for sure whether the death squads, the salvadoran army or the fmln was responsible for anaya ' s death. moreover, the fmln and the revolutionary democratic front ( fdr ) also protested mr. anaya ' s assassination by suspending negotiations with the duarte government on 29 october 1987. the same day, reni roldan resigned from the commission of national reconciliation, saying : the murder of anaya, the disappearance of university labor leader salvador ubau, and other events do not seem to be isolated incidents. they are all part of an institutionalized pattern of conduct. mr. anaya ' s assassination evoked international indignation : the west german government, the west german social democratic party, and the french government asked president duarte to clarify the circumstances of the crime. united nations secretary general, javier perez de cuellar, americas watch, amnesty international, and other organizations protested against the assassination of the leader of the human rights commission of el salvador. 136 groups seeking investigation or retribution for actions during the war have sought the involvement of other foreign courts. in 2008 the spanish association for human rights and a california organization called the center for justice and accountability jointly filed a lawsuit in spain against former president cristiani and former defense minister larios in the matter of the 1989 slaying of several jesuit priests, their housekeeper, and her daughter. the lawsuit accused cristiani of a cover -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4375158089381956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.641164"}
{"text": "jointly filed a lawsuit in spain against former president cristiani and former defense minister larios in the matter of the 1989 slaying of several jesuit priests, their housekeeper, and her daughter. the lawsuit accused cristiani of a cover - up of the killings and larios of participating in the meeting where the order to kill them was given ; the groups asked the spanish court to intervene on the principle of universal jurisdiction for crimes against humanity. 137 long after the war, in a u. s. federal court, in the case of ford vs. garcia the families of the murdered maryknoll nuns sued the two salvadoran generals believed responsible for the killings, but lost ; the jury found gen. carlos eugenio vides casanova, ex - national guard leader and duarte ' s defense minister, and gen. jose guillermo garcia \u2014 defense minister from 1979 to 1984, not responsible for the killings ; the families appealed and lost, and, in 2003, the u. s. supreme court refused to hear their final appeal. a second case, against the same generals, succeeded in the same federal court ; the three plaintiffs in romagoza vs. garcia won a judgment exceeding us $ 54 million dollars compensation for having been tortured by the military during el salvador ' s civil war. the day after losing a court appeal in october, 2009, the two generals were put into deportation proceedings by the immigration and customs enforcement ( ice ), at the urging of u. s. senators richard durbin ( democrat ) and tom coburn ( republican ), according to the center for justice and accountability ( cja ). those deportation proceedings as of may, 2010 have been stalled, however ; one of the plaintiffs in the case believes the u. s. cia / dod \u2014 protecting its \" assets \" \u2014 has stymied the obama justice department, for now. the spanish judge who issued indictments and arrest warrants for 20 former members of the salvadoran military, charged with murder, crimes against humanity and terrorism requested that us agencies declassify documents related to the killings of the jesuits, their housekeeper and her daughter but were denied access. in his report, judge velasco writes : \" the agencies in charge of making the information public have identified 3, 000 other documents that remain secret and are not available ; the reasoning given is that privacy is needed to protect sources and methods. many of the documents, from the cia and the defense department, are not available \u2026 \" 138 - command responsibility - el mozote massacre - history of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4099015196702337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.642300"}
{"text": "and are not available ; the reasoning given is that privacy is needed to protect sources and methods. many of the documents, from the cia and the defense department, are not available \u2026 \" 138 - command responsibility - el mozote massacre - history of el salvador - human rights abuse - international law - weapons of the salvadoran civil war - peace accords - voces inocentes ( film ) - romero ( film ) - salvador ( film ) | | constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by wikipedia ' s style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ), or an abbreviated title. ( july 2012 ) | - uppsala conflict data program conflict encyclopedia, el salvador, in depth, negotiating a settlement to the conflict, http : / / www. ucdp. uu. se / gpdatabase / gpcountry. php? id = 51\u00aeionselect = 4 - central _ americas #, \"... us government increased the security support to prevent a similar thing to happen in el salvador. this was, not least, demonstrated in the delivery of security aid to el salvador \", viewed on may 24, 2013 - \" inevitable revolutions : the united states in central america \" by walter lafeber, 1993 - uppsala conflict data expansion. non - state actor information. codebook pp. 215 - 219. - irvine, reed and joseph c. goulden. \" u. s. left ' s ' big lie ' about el salvador deaths. \" human events ( 9 / 15 / 90 ) : 787. - dictionary of wars, by george childs kohn ( facts on file, 1999 ) - britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing - uppsala conflict data program conflict encyclopedia, el salvador, in depth : negotiating a settlement to the conflict, http : / / www. ucdp. uu. se / gpdatabase / gpcountry. php? id = 51\u00aeionselect = 4 - central _ americas #, viewed on may 24, 2013 - uppsala conflict data program conflict encyclopedia, el salvador, in depth : negotiating a settlement to the conflict, http : / / www. ucdp. uu. se / gpdatabase / gpcountry. php? id = 51\u00aeionselect = 4 - central _ americas #, \" while nothing of the aid delivered from the us in 1979 was ear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49765455332766334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.643653"}
{"text": ". ucdp. uu. se / gpdatabase / gpcountry. php? id = 51\u00aeionselect = 4 - central _ americas #, \" while nothing of the aid delivered from the us in 1979 was earmarked for security purposes the 1980 aid for security only summed us $ 6, 2 million, close to two - thirds of the total aid in 1979 \", viewed on may 24, 2013 - pbs, enemies of the war, http : / / www. pbs. org / itvs / enemiesofwar / elsalvador2. html, viewed may 24, 2013 - \" report of the un truth commission on el salvador \" united nations, 1 april 1993 - \" inevitable revolutions : the united states in central america \" by walter lafeber, 1993 - haggerty, richard a. ( 1990 ). el salvador : a country study. headquarters, department of the army. p. 49. - \" el salvador en los anos 1920 \u2013 1932 \". archived from the original on 15 september 2008. retrieved september 14, 2008. ( spanish ) - armed forces of el salvador. \" revolucion 1932 \". archived from the original on june 19, 2008. retrieved september 14, 2008. ( spanish ) - university of california, san diego ( 2001 ). \" el salvador elections and events 1902 \u2013 1932 \". archived from the original on may 21, 2008. retrieved august 12, 2008. - haggerty, richard a. ( november 1988 ). el salvador : a country study. foreign military influence and assistance : federal research division library of congress. - walter, williams ( 1997 ). militarization and demilitarization in el salvador \u2019 s transition to democracy. p. 90. - armstrong, robert / shenk, janet. el salvador : the face of revolution ( boston : south end press, 1982 ), 163. - stanely ( 1996 ). pp. 109 \u2013 110. missing or empty - dunkerley, james ( 1982 ). the long war : dictatorship and revolution in el salvador. pp. 106 \u2013 107. - socorro juridico cristiano ( stanley 1996, 1 - 2, 222 ) - library of congress. country studies. el salvador. background to the insurgency. - dissent paper on el salvador and central america : written with the participation of members of the national security council, the department of state, the department of defense, the central intelligence agency, and congress u. s. committee in solidarity with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4329958572855132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.645552"}
{"text": "insurgency. - dissent paper on el salvador and central america : written with the participation of members of the national security council, the department of state, the department of defense, the central intelligence agency, and congress u. s. committee in solidarity with the people of el salvador, 1980 - \" the aid for el salvador is called nonlethal \" the new york times, june 15, 1980 - \" u. s. aid to salvador army : bid to bar ' another nicaragua ' ; news analysis action criticized by left christian democrats in junta sent military equipment \" new york times, february 23, 1980 - report of the un truth commission on el salvador. april 1, 1993. p. 27. - ibid 2. - united states embassy in san salvador, cable 02296, 31 march 1980. the washington post, 31 march 1980. op. cit., national security archives, el salvador : the making of us policy, 1977 - 1984, p. 34. - \" learn from history \", 31st anniversary of the assassination of archbishop oscar romero \" the national security archive, march 23, 2011 - report of the un truth commission on el salvador, april 1, 1993, from the equipo nizkor / derechos site. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16. - \" sumpul river ( 1980 ) 121 \" report of the un truth commission on el salvador, 1 april 1993 - detailed evidence of government violence against non - guerrilla elements. 1981. p. 2. - \" guatemala and el salvador : latin america ' s worst human rights violators in 1980 \" the council on hemispheric affairs - \" central america, us policy \" bureau of public affairs, dept. of state, 1985 - \" crossroads : congress, the president, and central america, 1976 - 1993 \" by cynthia arnson, 1993 - the american connection : state terror and popular resistance in el salvador by michael mcclintock, 1985 - \" expanding roles and missions in the war on drugs and terrorism : el salvador and colombia \" the u. s. army professional writing collection - \" us military advisers in salvadoran civil war, 1980 - 1992 \" us congressional and senate hearings, 1981, 1986, 1988 - \" the world in summary ; guerrillas regroup as carter switches on salvador arms \" the new york times, january 25, 1981 - national security archive 1989, p. 25 - 72 - amnesty international. amnesty international report 1982 ( london : ai, 1981 ) - \" instruments of statecraft : u. s. guerilla warfare,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44065233173198876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.646587"}
{"text": "new york times, january 25, 1981 - national security archive 1989, p. 25 - 72 - amnesty international. amnesty international report 1982 ( london : ai, 1981 ) - \" instruments of statecraft : u. s. guerilla warfare, counterinsurgency, and counterterrorism, 1940 - 1990 \" by michael mcclintock, 1992 - weinberg 1991 : 62 - 3 - \" draining the sea \" americas watch, 1985 - \" el salvador intensifies its air war against guerrillas \" los angeles times, july 17, 1985 - \" salvadoran air force taking bigger role in war \" associated press, may 19, 1984 - \" el salvador ; intimidation, strong army blamed as revolt fizzles \" the boston globe, jan 27, 1981 - \" central americans feel sting of new u. s. immigration law \" the new york times, april 19, 1997 - \" central america, 1981 : report to the committee on foreign affairs, u. s. house of representatives \" gerry e. studds, william woodward, united states. congress. house. committee on foreign affairs, 1981 - amnesty international. amnesty international report 1984 - amnesty international. amnesty international report 1982 ( london : ai, 1981 ), p. 133. - national security archive 1989, p. 43 - raymond bonner ( january 27, 1982 ). \" massacre of hundreds reported in salvador village \". the new york times. - \" the truth of el mozote \" mark danner, new yorker, 1993 - \" salvador rebels adapt to long war with new strategy. they focus on getting civilian support and exploiting duarte ' s problems for political gains \" christian science monitor, november 26, 1986 - \" weakness and deceit : u. s. policy and el salvador \" by raymond bonner, 1984 - report of the un truth commission on el salvador. 1993. p. 30. - the new york times, 7 february 1982. - centro universitario de documentacion e informacion, proceso, ano 3, no. 98, february \u2013 april 1982. - united nations, report of the special representative of the commission on human rights, 1982, p. 33 - united states embassy in san salvador ( cable 02165 ), 3 march 1983. - united states embassy in san salvador ( cable 00437 ), 3 december 1982. - oas - iachr, annual report, 1981 - 1982, pp. 115 - 116. - \" u. s. tactics fail to prevent salvadoran civilian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3923659238519121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.647540"}
{"text": "states embassy in san salvador ( cable 00437 ), 3 december 1982. - oas - iachr, annual report, 1981 - 1982, pp. 115 - 116. - \" u. s. tactics fail to prevent salvadoran civilian deaths \" washington post, jun 10, 1982 - \" salvadoran troops massacre civilians \" the associated press, jan 29, 1982 - stanley, william. the protection racket state : elite politics, military extortion, and civil war in el salvador ( philadelphia : temple university press, 1996 ), p. 3 - ( stanley, 1996, p. 225 ) - danner, mark. the massacre at el mozote ( new york : vintage books, 1994 ). - \" as bad as ever : a report on human rights in el salvador, january 31, 1984 \" americas watch, 1984 - \" 9 salvador unionists face trial on charges of being guerrillas \" boston globe, feb 7, 1984 - \" u. s. reconnaissance helps el salvador increase bombing \" washington post, apr 12, 1984 - \" salvador raiding villages? \" christian science monitor, april 6, 1984 - \" el salvador using napalm, civilians charge \" pacific news service, april 27, 1984 - \" el salvador military said to bomb red cross aid sites \" christian science monitor, march 26, 1984 - \" free fire : a report on human rights in el salvador, august 1984, fifth supplement \" americas watch, 1984 - \" settling into routine : human rights abuses in duarte ' s second year \" americas watch, 1985 - \" observing el salvador : the 1984 elections \" by pc chitnis - \" salvador ' s duarte backs down on peace talks, further weakening his influence \" christian science monitor, january 25, 1985 - amnesty international. amnesty international report 1985 ( london : ai, 1985 ), p. 143. - new york times. lemoyne, james. \u201c a salvador police chief vows an end to abuses \u201d ( san salvador : 1 july 1984 ). - amnesty international. amnesty international \u2019 s current concerns in el salvador ( london : amr 29 / 09 / 85, june 1985 ), p. 3. - \" a year of reckoning : el salvador a decade after the assassination of archbishop romero \" americas watch, 1990 - \" salvadoran army accused of massacres \" associated press, mar. 28, 1985 - \" salvador colonel who mutinied is back in war \" christian science monitor, september 26, 1984 - \" u. s. - backed strategy creates militias, free", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4002735584387526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.648498"}
{"text": "salvadoran army accused of massacres \" associated press, mar. 28, 1985 - \" salvador colonel who mutinied is back in war \" christian science monitor, september 26, 1984 - \" u. s. - backed strategy creates militias, free - fire zones \" dallas morning news, january 21, 1985 - \" salvador colonel runs province as a warlord \" christian science monitor, march 21, 1985 - \" bach and war in el salvador \" the spectator, m ~ ~ ~ ~ ay 10, 1986 - \" central america update, volume 7, issues 4 - 9 \" catholic university, 1986 - \" thousands of salvadorans march to protest duarte ' s economic austerity plan \" the los angeles times, february 22, 1986 - manuel, anne ( september 1988 ). nightmare revisited, 1987 - 1988 : tenth supplement to the report on human rights in el salvador. background to the deterioration : human rights watch. pp. 5 \u2013 7. - \" salvadoreans attack amnesty law. they criticize new bill for absolving death squads \" christian science monitor, october 29, 1987 - \" el salvador : \" death squads \" - - a government strategy \" amnesty international, 1988 - \" violent incidents again on rise in el salvador \" the sun sentinel, july 12, 1987 - a. hilsdon ( 2000 ). p. 193. missing or empty - central america report 14 sept. 1990, 277 - central america report 31 aug. 1990 - \" 6 priests killed in a campus raid in san salvador \" the new york times, november 17, 1989 - \" salvadoran justice wears out patience \" the new york times, may 13, 1990 - \" a year of reckoning : el salvador a decade after the assassination of archbishop romero \" human rights watch, 1990 - \" inevitable revolutions : the united states in central america \" by walter lafeber, 1993 - \" rightists deal u. s. - backed duarte a crushing defeat \" march 27, 1988 - \" after parades and promises, duarte flounders in salvador \" new york times, february 16, 1987 - \" inevitable revolutions : the united states in central america \" by walter lafeber, 1993 - \" nightmare revisited, 1987 - 88 : tenth supplement to the report on human rights in el salvador \" americas watch, 1988 - \" land for salvador ' s poor : to many, bitter victory \" new york times, september 28, 1987 - \" central america ' s health plight \" christian science monitor, march 22, 1990 - \" amnesty reports increase in death squad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38676732374960004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.649441"}
{"text": ", 1988 - \" land for salvador ' s poor : to many, bitter victory \" new york times, september 28, 1987 - \" central america ' s health plight \" christian science monitor, march 22, 1990 - \" amnesty reports increase in death squad killings \" the orlando sentinel, october 24, 1990 - \" bush asks hemisphere - wide free trade \" chicago tribune, june 28, 1990 - \" central americans to employ trickle - down strategy in war on poverty \" washington post, jun 20, 1990 - \" central america newspak, volume 5 \" the center, 1990 - \" bush to free el salvador military aid \" associated press, january 16, 1991 - \" rightist intimidation wins in el salvador \" in in these times, april 3, 1991 - \" human rights watch world report 1992 - el salvador \" human rights watch, 1 january 1992 - the el salvador accords : a model for peace keeping actions - amnesty law biggest obstacle to human rights, say activists by raul gutierrez, inter press service news agency, may 19, 2007 - \" el salvador vote recalls cold - war power play \" the christian science monitor, march 19, 2004 - from madness to hope : the 12 - year war in el salvador, part iv. cases and patterns of violence, truth commissions digital collection : reports : el salvador, united states institute of peace. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16. - el salvador \u2019 s decade of terror, 107. - \" u. s. role in salvador ' s brutal war, \" bbc news, march 24, 2002. - el salvador \u2019 s decade of terror, americas watch, human rights watch books, yale university press, 1991. - el salvador : ' death squads ' \u2014 a government strategy. new york : amnesty international, 1988. - from madness to hope : the 12 - year war in el salvador : report of the commission on the truth for el salvador. - extrajudicial executions in el salvador : report of an amnesty international mission to examine post - mortem and investigative procedures in political killings, 1 - 6 july, 1983. amnesty international publications. 5 / 1984. - amnesty international report. amnesty international publications. 1985. p. 145. - el salvador \u2019 s decade of terror, vii. - mcclintock, mchael, the american connection : state terror and popular resistance in el salvador, zed books, 308. - el salvador \u2019 s decade of terror, 47. - martin, gus. understanding terrorism : challenges, perspectives and issues, sage publications, 2003, 110. - el salvador", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41127858475647405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.650502"}
{"text": "state terror and popular resistance in el salvador, zed books, 308. - el salvador \u2019 s decade of terror, 47. - martin, gus. understanding terrorism : challenges, perspectives and issues, sage publications, 2003, 110. - el salvador \u2019 s decade of terror, 21. - arnson, cynthia j. \" window on the past : a declassified history of death squads in el salvador, \" in death squads in global perspective : murder with deniability, campbell and brenner, eds., 86. - lopez, george a. \" terrorism in latin america, \" in the politics of terrorism, michael stohl, ed. - profile, el salvador - \" torture in el salvador : from la esperanza ( mariona ) prison, san salvador, el salvador, c. a. \" comision de derechos humanos de el salvador, 1986 - \" beat the devil ; after the press left \" the nation, 1987 - jose gutierrez : the killing of herbert anaya sanabria green left online, 7 april 1993 ( english ) - daniel woolls, associated press. \" el salvador massacre case filed in spanish court, \" november 13, 2008. retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14. - \" the right to information is the right to justice : declassified documents and the assassination of the jesuits in el salvador \" the national security archive, november 16, 2009 - americas watch ( 1993 ). el salvador ' s decade of terror : human rights since the assassination of archbishop romero. new haven, london : yale university press. - bonner, raymond ( 1984 ). weakness and deceit : u. s. policy and el salvador. new york, ny : times books. - commission on the truth for el salvador ( 1993 ). from madness to hope : the 12 - year war in el salvador. un security council. - federal research division ( 1988 ). a country study : el salvador. washington, dc : us library of congress. - leogrande, william m. ( 1998 ). our own backyard : the united states in central america, 1977 - 1992. chapel hill, nc : university of north carolina press. - montgomery, tommie sue ( 1995 ). revolution in el salvador : from civil strife to civil peace. boulder, co : westview press. - whitfield, teresa ( 1995 ). paying the price : ignacio ellacuria and the murdered jesuits of el salvador. philadelphia, pa : temple university press. - binford, leigh ( 1996 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44859304802153827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.651580"}
{"text": ", co : westview press. - whitfield, teresa ( 1995 ). paying the price : ignacio ellacuria and the murdered jesuits of el salvador. philadelphia, pa : temple university press. - binford, leigh ( 1996 ). the el mozote massacre. university of arizona press. - wright, barbara. white hands ( novel excerpt ). stony brook, ny : southampton review, vol. iv, no. 1, spring 2010. - lafeber, walter ( 1993 ). inevitable revolutions : the united states in central america. new york city, ny : w. w. norton & company. - fish, joe ( 1988 ). el salvador : testament of terror. london : zed books. - carothers, thomas ( 1993 ). in the name of democracy : u. s. policy toward latin america in the reagan years. university of california press. - lowenthal, abraham ( 1991 ). exporting democracy : the united states and latin america : themes and issues. johns hopkins university press. - anderson, scott ( 1986 ). inside the league : the shocking expose of how terrorists, nazis, and latin american death squads have infiltrated the world anti - communist league. dodd mead. - grandin, greg ( 2007 ). empire ' s workshop : latin america, the united states, and the rise of the new imperialism. holt paperbacks. - mcclintock, michael ( 1985 ). the american connection : state terror and popular resistance in el salvador. zed books. - mcclintock, michael ( 1992 ). instruments of statecraft : u. s. guerrilla warfare, counterinsurgency, and counter - terrorism, 1940 - 1990. pantheon books. - unhcr refworld search for fmln - report of the commission on the truth for el salvador ( 1993 ) - cia world factbook on el salvador - un general assembly resolution on the \" situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms in el salvador \" - cia threat assessment of el salvador in 1979 - questionnaire for the new york times on its central america coverage, fair ( fairness and accuracy in reporting ), february 1998 - the houses are full of smoke - el salvador by allan francovich, 1987 - in the name of the people by frank christopher & alex drehsler ; narrated by martin sheen, 1985 - war on democracy by john pilger, 2007 - el salvador and the school of the americas school of the americas watch - labor movement in el salvador 1987 - human rights in el salvador (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4088730484397678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:107b1ad1-aecb-4ef5-9d71-b47ed290f449>", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.652517"}
{"text": "most bumps on the eyelid are styes. a stye is an inflamed oil gland on the edge of your eyelid, where the lash meets the lid. it appears as a red, swollen bump that looks like a pimple. it is tender, especially to the touch. bump on the eyelid ; stye ; hordeolum causes, incidence, and risk factors : a stye is caused by bacteria from the skin that get into the oil glands in the eyelids that provide lubrication to the tear film. styes are similar to common acne pimples that occur elsewhere on the skin. you may have more than one stye at the same time. styes usually develop over a few days and may drain and heal on their own. a stye can become a chalazion - - this is when an inflamed oil gland becomes fully blocked. if a chalazion gets large enough, it can cause trouble with your vision. if you have blepharitis ( see eye redness ), you are more likely to get styes. other possible eyelid bumps include : xanthelasma - - raised yellow patches on your eyelids that can happen with age. these are harmless, although they are occasionally a sign of high cholesterol. - papillomas - - pink or skin - colored bumps. they are harmless, but can slowly grow, affect your vision, or bother you for cosmetic reasons. if so, they can be surgically removed. - cysts - - small fluid - filled sacs that can affect your vision. in addition to the red, swollen bump, other possible symptoms include : signs and tests : a doctor can diagnose a stye just by looking at it. special tests are usually not necessary. - styes and chalazions can be treated by applying warm compresses. apply for 10 minutes. do this four times a day. - do not attempt to squeeze a stye or any other type of eyelid bump. let it drain on its own. - antibiotic creams may help recurrent or persistent styes. some large styes need to be lanced to drain the infection. styes often get better on their own. however, they may recur. the outcome is generally excellent with simple treatment. - recurrence of a stye - spread of infection to other eyelash follicles - spread of infection to the tissue of the eyelid ( eyelid cellulitis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4733336325144769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ff2d1b2-3240-49b0-97fb-abe7c34af4df>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.656918"}
{"text": "they may recur. the outcome is generally excellent with simple treatment. - recurrence of a stye - spread of infection to other eyelash follicles - spread of infection to the tissue of the eyelid ( eyelid cellulitis ) calling your health care provider : call your doctor if : - you have problems with your vision. - the eyelid bump worsens or does not improve within a week or two of self - care. - the eyelid bump or bumps become very large or painful. - you have a blister on your eyelid. - you have crusting or scaling of your eyelids. - your whole eyelid is red, or the eye itself is red. - you are very sensitive to light or have excessive tears. - a stye comes back soon after successful treatment of another one. - your eyelid bump bleeds. always wash your hands thoroughly before touching the skin around your eye. if you are susceptible to styes, it may help to carefully clean off excess oils from the edges of your lids. wright jl, wightman jm. red and painful eye. in : marx ja, ed. rosen \u2019 s emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 7th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2009 : chap 32. neff ag, carter kd. benign eyelid lesions. in : yanoff m, duker js, eds. ophthalmology. 3rd ed. st. louis, mo : mosby elsevier ; 2008 : chap 12. 9. | review date : 8 / 3 / 2010 | reviewed by : linda j. vorvick, md, medical director, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, university of washington, school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4298238762871218, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ff2d1b2-3240-49b0-97fb-abe7c34af4df>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.657795"}
{"text": "this article has been corrected since it was published in the print magazine. my father was a child of the great depression. born in newark, new jersey, in 1921 to italian immigrant parents, he experienced the economic crisis head - on. he took a job working in an eyeglass factory in the city \u2019 s ironbound section in 1934, at age 13, combining his wages with those of his father, mother, and six siblings to make a single - family income. when i was growing up, he spoke often of his memories of breadlines, tent cities, and government - issued clothing. at christmas, he would tell my brother and me how his parents, unable to afford new toys, had wrapped the same toy steam shovel, year after year, and placed it for him under the tree. in my extended family, my uncles occupied a pecking order based on who had grown up in the roughest economic circumstances. my uncle walter, who went on to earn a master \u2019 s degree in chemical engineering and eventually became a senior executive at colgate - palmolive, came out on top \u2014 not because of his academic or career achievements, but because he grew up with the hardest lot. multimedia : \" reshaping america \" an interactive map of america ' s new geography. interview : \" the great reset \" urban theorist richard florida explains why recession is the mother of invention. my father \u2019 s experiences were broadly shared throughout the country. although times were perhaps worst in the declining rural areas of the dust bowl, every region suffered, and the residents of small towns and big cities alike breathed in the same uncertainty and distress. the great depression was a national crisis \u2014 and in many ways a nationalizing event. the entire country, it seemed, tuned in to president roosevelt \u2019 s fireside chats. the current economic crisis is unlikely to result in the same kind of shared experience. to be sure, the economic contraction is causing pain just about everywhere. in october, less than a month after the financial markets began to melt down, moody \u2019 s economy. com * published an assessment of recent economic activity within 381 u. s. metropolitan areas. three hundred and two were already in deep recession, and 64 more were at risk. only 15 areas were still expanding. notable among them were the oil - and natural - resource - rich regions of texas and oklahoma, buoyed by energy prices that have since fallen ; and the greater washington, d. c., region, where government bailouts, the nationalization of financial companies, and fiscal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49273953244966967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.697628"}
{"text": "- and natural - resource - rich regions of texas and oklahoma, buoyed by energy prices that have since fallen ; and the greater washington, d. c., region, where government bailouts, the nationalization of financial companies, and fiscal expansion are creating work for lawyers, lobbyists, political scientists, and government contractors. no place in the united states is likely to escape a long and deep recession. nonetheless, as the crisis continues to spread outward from new york, through industrial centers like detroit, and into the sun belt, it will undoubtedly settle much more heavily on some places than on others. some cities and regions will eventually spring back stronger than before. others may never come back at all. as the crisis deepens, it will permanently and profoundly alter the country \u2019 s economic landscape. i believe it marks the end of a chapter in american economic history, and indeed, the end of a whole way of life. \u201c one thing seems probable to me, \u201d said peer steinbruck, the german finance minister, in september 2008. as a result of the crisis, \u201c the united states will lose its status as the superpower of the global financial system. \u201d you don \u2019 t have to strain too hard to see the financial crisis as the death knell for a debt - ridden, overconsuming, and underproducing american empire \u2014 the fall long prophesied by paul kennedy and others. big international economic crises \u2014 the crash of 1873, the great depression \u2014 have a way of upending the geopolitical order, and hastening the fall of old powers and the rise of new ones. in the post - american world ( published some months before the wall street meltdown ), fareed zakaria argued that modern history \u2019 s third great power shift was already upon us \u2014 the rise of the west in the 15th century and the rise of america in the 19th century being the two previous sea changes. but zakaria added that this transition is defined less by american decline than by \u201c the rise of the rest. \u201d we \u2019 re to look forward to a world economy, he wrote, \u201c defined and directed from many places and by many peoples. \u201d that \u2019 s surely true. yet the course of events since steinbruck \u2019 s remarks should give pause to those who believe the mantle of global leadership will soon be passed. the crisis has exposed deep structural problems, not just in the u. s. but worldwide. europe \u2019 s model of banking has proved no more resilient than america \u2019 s,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4730765900491769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.698759"}
{"text": "those who believe the mantle of global leadership will soon be passed. the crisis has exposed deep structural problems, not just in the u. s. but worldwide. europe \u2019 s model of banking has proved no more resilient than america \u2019 s, and china has shown that it remains every bit the codependent partner of the united states. the dow, down more than a third last year, was actually among the world \u2019 s better - performing stock - market indices. foreign capital has flooded into the u. s., which apparently remains a safe haven, at least for now, in uncertain times. it is possible that the united states will enter a period of accelerating relative decline in the coming years, though that \u2019 s hardly a foregone conclusion \u2014 a subject i \u2019 ll return to later. what \u2019 s more certain is that the recession, particularly if it turns out to be as long and deep as many now fear, will accelerate the rise and fall of specific places within the u. s. \u2014 and reverse the fortunes of other cities and regions. by what they destroy, what they leave standing, what responses they catalyze, and what space they clear for new growth, most big economic shocks ultimately leave the economic landscape transformed. some of these transformations occur faster and more violently than others. the period after the great depression saw the slow but inexorable rise of the suburbs. the economic malaise of the 1970s, on the other hand, found its embodiment in the vertiginous fall of older industrial cities of the rust belt, followed by an explosion of growth in the sun belt. the historian scott reynolds nelson has noted that in some respects, today \u2019 s crisis most closely resembles the \u201c long depression, \u201d which stretched, by one definition, from 1873 to 1896. it began as a banking crisis brought on by insolvent mortgages and complex financial instruments, and quickly spread to the real economy, leading to mass unemployment that reached 25 percent in new york. during that crisis, rising industries like railroads, petroleum, and steel were consolidated, old ones failed, and the way was paved for a period of remarkable innovation and industrial growth. in 1870, new england mill towns like lowell, lawrence, manchester, and springfield were among the country \u2019 s most productive industrial cities, and america \u2019 s population overwhelmingly lived in the countryside. by 1900, the economic geography had been transformed from a patchwork of farm plots and small mercantile towns to a landscape increasingly dominated by giant factory cities like chicago, cleveland, pittsburgh,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49839383422755645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.699852"}
{"text": "industrial cities, and america \u2019 s population overwhelmingly lived in the countryside. by 1900, the economic geography had been transformed from a patchwork of farm plots and small mercantile towns to a landscape increasingly dominated by giant factory cities like chicago, cleveland, pittsburgh, detroit, and buffalo. how might various cities and regions fare as the crash of 2008 reverberates into 2009, 2010, and beyond? which places will be spared the worst pain, and which left permanently scarred? let \u2019 s consider how the crash and its aftermath might affect the economic landscape in the long run, from coast to coast \u2014 beginning with the epicenter of the crisis and the nation \u2019 s largest city, new york. at first glance, few american cities would seem to be more obviously threatened by the crash than new york. the city shed almost 17, 000 jobs in the financial industry alone from october 2007 to october 2008, and wall street as we \u2019 ve known it has ceased to exist. \u201c farewell wall street, hello pudong? \u201d begins a recent article by marcus gee in the toronto globe and mail, outlining the possibility that new york \u2019 s central role in global finance may soon be usurped by shanghai, hong kong, and other asian and middle eastern financial capitals. this concern seems overheated. in his sweeping history, capitals of capital, the economic historian youssef cassis chronicles the rise and decline of global financial centers through recent centuries. though the history is long, it contains little drama : major shifts in capitalist power centers occur at an almost geological pace. amsterdam stood at the center of the world \u2019 s financial system in the 17th century ; its place was taken by london in the early 19th century, then new york in the 20th. across more than three centuries, no other city has topped the list of global financial centers. financial capitals have \u201c remarkable longevity, \u201d cassis writes, \u201c in spite of the phases of boom and bust in the course of their existence. \u201d the transition from one financial center to another typically lags behind broader shifts in the economic balance of power, cassis suggests. although the u. s. displaced england as the world \u2019 s largest economy well before 1900, it was not until after world war ii that new york eclipsed london as the world \u2019 s preeminent financial center ( and even then, the eclipse was not complete ; in recent years, london has, by some measures, edged out new york ). as asia has risen, tokyo, hong kong, and singapore have become major financial centers \u2014 yet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4563245349655277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.700844"}
{"text": "most troubling question for new york is not how much of its finance industry will move to other places, but how much will simply vanish altogether. at the height of the recent bubble, greater new york depended on the financial sector for roughly 22 percent of local wages. but most economists agree that by then the financial economy had become bloated and overdeveloped. thomas philippon, a finance professor at new york university, reckons that nationally, the share of gdp coming from finance will probably be reduced from its recent peak of 8. 3 percent to perhaps 7 percent \u2014 i suspect it may fall farther, to perhaps as little as 5 percent, roughly its contribution a generation ago. in either case, it will be a big reduction, and a sizable portion of it will come out of manhattan. lean times undoubtedly lie ahead for new york. but perhaps not as lean as you \u2019 d think \u2014 and certainly not as lean as those that many lesser financial outposts are likely to experience. financial positions account for only about 8 percent of the new york area \u2019 s jobs, not too far off the national average of 5. 5 percent. by contrast, they make up 28 percent of all jobs in bloomington - normal, illinois ; 18 percent in des moines ; 13 percent in hartford ; 10 percent in both sioux falls, south dakota, and charlotte, north carolina. omaha, nebraska ; macon, georgia ; and columbus, ohio, all have a greater percentage of population working in the financial sector than new york does. new york is much, much more than a financial center. it has been the nation \u2019 s largest city for roughly two centuries, and today sits in america \u2019 s largest metropolitan area, as the hub of the country \u2019 s largest mega - region. it is home to a diverse and innovative economy built around a broad range of creative industries, from media to design to arts and entertainment. it is home to high - tech companies like bloomberg, and boasts a thriving google outpost in its chelsea neighborhood. elizabeth currid \u2019 s book, the warhol economy, provides detailed evidence of new york \u2019 s diversity. currid measured the concentration of different types of jobs in new york relative to their incidence in the u. s. economy as a whole. by this measure, new york is more of a mecca for fashion designers, musicians, film directors, artists, and \u2014 yes \u2014 psychiatrists than for financial professionals. the great urbanist jane jacobs was among the first to identify cities \u2019 diverse economic and social structures as the true engines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43682169553541744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.702964"}
{"text": "is more of a mecca for fashion designers, musicians, film directors, artists, and \u2014 yes \u2014 psychiatrists than for financial professionals. the great urbanist jane jacobs was among the first to identify cities \u2019 diverse economic and social structures as the true engines of growth. although the specialization identified by adam smith creates powerful efficiency gains, jacobs argued that the jostling of many different professions and different types of people, all in a dense environment, is an essential spur to innovation \u2014 to the creation of things that are truly new. and innovation, in the long run, is what keeps cities vital and relevant. in this sense, the financial crisis may ultimately help new york by reenergizing its creative economy. the extraordinary income gains of investment bankers, traders, and hedge - fund managers over the past two decades skewed the city \u2019 s economy in some unhealthy ways. in 2005, i asked a top - ranking official at a major investment bank whether the city \u2019 s rising real - estate prices were affecting his company \u2019 s ability to attract global talent. he responded simply : \u201c we are the cause, not the effect, of the real - estate bubble. \u201d ( as it turns out, he was only half right. ) stratospheric real - estate prices have made new york less diverse over time, and arguably less stimulating. when i asked jacobs some years ago about the effects of escalating real - estate prices on creativity, she told me, \u201c when a place gets boring, even the rich people leave. \u201d with the hegemony of the investment bankers over, new york now stands a better chance of avoiding that sterile fate. in his 2005 book, the world is flat, thomas friedman argues, essentially, that the global economic playing field has been leveled, and that anyone, anywhere, can now innovate, produce, and compete on a par with, say, workers in seattle or entrepreneurs in silicon valley. but this argument isn \u2019 t quite right, and doesn \u2019 t accurately describe the evolution of the global economy in recent years. in fact, as i described in an earlier article for this magazine ( \u201c the world is spiky, \u201d october 2005 [ link opens pdf ] ), place still matters in the modern economy \u2014 and the competitive advantage of the world \u2019 s most successful city - regions seems to be growing, not shrinking. to understand how the current crisis is likely to affect different places in the united states, it \u2019 s important to understand the forces that have been slowly remaking our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4708431047814166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.703971"}
{"text": "of the world \u2019 s most successful city - regions seems to be growing, not shrinking. to understand how the current crisis is likely to affect different places in the united states, it \u2019 s important to understand the forces that have been slowly remaking our economic landscape for a generation or more. worldwide, people are crowding into a discrete number of mega - regions, systems of multiple cities and their surrounding suburban rings like the boston \u2013 new york \u2013 washington corridor. in north america, these mega - regions include sunbelt centers like the char - lanta corridor, northern and southern california, the texas triangle of houston \u2013 san antonio \u2013 dallas, and southern florida \u2019 s tampa - orlando - miami area ; the pacific northwest \u2019 s cascadia, stretching from portland through seattle to vancouver ; and both greater chicago and tor - buff - chester in the old rust belt. internationally, these mega - regions include greater london, greater tokyo, europe \u2019 s am - brus - twerp, china \u2019 s shanghai - beijing corridor, and india \u2019 s bangalore - mumbai area. economic output is ever - more concentrated in these places as well. the world \u2019 s 40 largest mega - regions, which are home to some 18 percent of the world \u2019 s population, produce two - thirds of global economic output and nearly 9 in 10 new patented innovations. some ( though not all ) of these mega - regions have a clear hub, and these hubs are likely to be better buffered from the crash than most cities, because of their size, diversity, and regional role. chicago has emerged as a center for industrial management and has rolled up many of the functions, such as finance and law, once performed in smaller midwestern centers. los angeles has a broad, diverse economy with global strength in media and entertainment. miami, which is being hit hard by the collapse of the real - estate bubble, nonetheless remains the commercial center for the large south florida mega - region, and a major financial center for latin america. each of these places is the financial and commercial core of a large mega - region with tens of millions of people and hundreds of billions of dollars in output. that \u2019 s not going to change as a result of the crisis. along with the rise of mega - regions, a second phenomenon is also reshaping the economic geography of the united states and the world. the ability of different cities and regions to attract highly educated people \u2014 or human capital \u2014 has diverged, according to research by edward glaeser of harvard and christopher berry of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4229268791366929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.705012"}
{"text": "they wrote, \u201c the larger a city \u2019 s population, the greater the innovation and wealth creation per person. \u201d places like new york with finance and media, los angeles with film and music, and silicon valley with hightech are all examples of high - metabolism places. metabolism and talent - clustering are important to the fortunes of u. s. city - regions in good times, but they \u2019 re even more so when times get tough. it \u2019 s not that \u201c fast \u201d cities are immune to the failure of businesses, large or small. ( one of the great lessons of the 1873 crisis \u2014 and of this one so far \u2014 is that when credit freezes up and a long slump follows, companies can fail unpredictably, no matter where they are. ) it \u2019 s that unlike many other places, they can overcome business failures with relative ease, reabsorbing their talented workers, growing nascent businesses, founding new ones. economic crises tend to reinforce and accelerate the underlying, long - term trends within an economy. our economy is in the midst of a fundamental long - term transformation \u2014 similar to that of the late 19th century, when people streamed off farms and into new and rising industrial cities. in this case, the economy is shifting away from manufacturing and toward idea - driven creative industries \u2014 and that, too, favors america \u2019 s talent - rich, fast - metabolizing places. sadly and unjustly, the places likely to suffer most from the crash \u2014 especially in the long run \u2014 are the ones least associated with high finance. while the crisis may have begun in new york, it will likely find its fullest bloom in the interior of the country \u2014 in older, manufacturing regions whose heydays are long past and in newer, shallow - rooted sun belt communities whose recent booms have been fueled in part by real - estate speculation, overdevelopment, and fictitious housing wealth. these typically less affluent places are likely to become less wealthy still in the coming years, and will continue to struggle long after the mega - regional hubs and creative cities have put the crisis behind them. the rust belt in particular looks likely to shed vast numbers of jobs, and some of its cities and towns, from cleveland to st. louis to buffalo to detroit, will have a hard time recovering. since 1950, the manufacturing sector has shrunk from 32 percent of nonfarm employment to just 10 percent. this decline is the result of long - term trends \u2014 increasing foreign competition and, especially, the relentless replacement of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46068276115572454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.706969"}
{"text": "a hard time recovering. since 1950, the manufacturing sector has shrunk from 32 percent of nonfarm employment to just 10 percent. this decline is the result of long - term trends \u2014 increasing foreign competition and, especially, the relentless replacement of people with machines \u2014 that look unlikely to abate. but the job losses themselves have proceeded not steadily, but rather in sharp bursts, as recessions have killed off older plants and resulted in mass layoffs that are never fully reversed during subsequent upswings. in november, nationwide unemployment in manufacturing and production occupations was already 9. 4 percent. compare that with the professional occupations, where it was just a little over 3 percent. according to an analysis done by michael mandel, the chief economist at businessweek, jobs in the \u201c tangible \u201d sector \u2014 that is, production, construction, extraction, and transport \u2014 declined by nearly 1. 8 million between december 2007 and november 2008, while those in the intangible sector \u2014 what i call the \u201c creative class \u201d of scientists, engineers, managers, and professionals \u2014 increased by more than 500, 000. both sorts of jobs are regionally concentrated. paul krugman has noted that the worst of the crisis, so far at least, can be seen in a \u201c slump belt, \u201d heavy with manufacturing centers, running from the industrial midwest down into the carolinas. large swaths of the northeast, with its professional and creative centers, have been better insulated. perhaps no major city in the u. s. today looks more beleaguered than detroit, where in october the average home price was $ 18, 513, and some 45, 000 properties were in some form of foreclosure. a recent listing of tax foreclosures in wayne county, which encompasses detroit, ran to 137 pages in the detroit free press. the city \u2019 s public school system, facing a budget deficit of $ 408 million, was taken over by the state in december ; dozens of schools have been closed since 2005 because of declining enrollment. just 10 percent of detroit \u2019 s adult residents are college graduates, and in december the city \u2019 s jobless rate was 21 percent. to say the least, detroit is not well positioned to absorb fresh blows. the city has of course been declining for a long time. but if the area \u2019 s auto headquarters, parts manufacturers, and remaining auto - manufacturing jobs should vanish, it \u2019 s hard to imagine anything replacing them. when work disappears, city populations don \u2019 t always decline as fast as you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4623366026233744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.710913"}
{"text": "a long time. but if the area \u2019 s auto headquarters, parts manufacturers, and remaining auto - manufacturing jobs should vanish, it \u2019 s hard to imagine anything replacing them. when work disappears, city populations don \u2019 t always decline as fast as you might expect. detroit, astonishingly, is still the 11th - largest city in the u. s. \u201c if you no longer can sell your property, how can you move elsewhere? \u201d said robin boyle, an urban - planning professor at wayne state university, in a december associated press article. but then he answered his own question : \u201c some people just switch out the lights and leave \u2014 property values have gone so low, walking away is no longer such a difficult option. \u201d perhaps detroit has reached a tipping point, and will become a ghost town. i \u2019 d certainly expect it to shrink faster in the next few years than it has in the past few. but more than likely, many people will stay \u2014 those with no means and few obvious prospects elsewhere, those with close family ties nearby, some number of young professionals and creative types looking to take advantage of the city \u2019 s low housing prices. still, as its population density dips further, the city \u2019 s struggle to provide services and prevent blight across an ever - emptier landscape will only intensify. that \u2019 s the challenge that many rust belt cities share : managing population decline without becoming blighted. the task is doubly difficult because as the manufacturing industry has shrunk, the local high - end services \u2014 finance, law, consulting \u2014 that it once supported have diminished as well, absorbed by bigger regional hubs and globally connected cities. in chicago, for instance, the country \u2019 s 50 biggest law firms grew by 2, 130 lawyers from 1984 to 2006, according to william henderson and arthur alderson of indiana university. throughout the rest of the midwest, these firms added a total of just 169 attorneys. jones day, founded in 1893 and today one of the country \u2019 s largest law firms, no longer considers its cleveland office \u201c headquarters \u201d \u2014 that \u2019 s in washington, d. c. \u2014 but rather its \u201c founding office. \u201d many second - tier midwestern cities have tried to reinvent themselves in different ways, with varying degrees of success. pittsburgh, for instance, has sought to reimagine itself as a high - tech center, and has met with more success than just about anywhere else. still, its population has declined from a high of almost 700, 000 in the mid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.403118154936641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.712546"}
{"text": ". pittsburgh, for instance, has sought to reimagine itself as a high - tech center, and has met with more success than just about anywhere else. still, its population has declined from a high of almost 700, 000 in the mid - 20th century to roughly 300, 000 today. there will be fewer manufacturing jobs on the other side of the crisis, and the u. s. economic landscape will be more uneven \u2014 \u201c spikier \u201d \u2014 as a result. many of the old industrial centers will be further diminished, perhaps permanently so. that \u2019 s not to say that every factory town is locked into decline. you need only look at the geographic pattern of december \u2019 s senate vote on the auto bailout to realize that some places, mostly in the south, would benefit directly from the bankruptcy of gm or chrysler and the closure of auto plants in the rust belt. georgetown, kentucky ; smyrna, tennessee ; canton, mississippi : these are a few of the many small cities, stretching from south carolina and georgia all the way to texas, that have benefited from the establishment, over the years, of plants that manufacture foreign cars. those benefits could grow if the big three were to become, say, the big two. this phenomenon, a sort of lottery whereby some places win merely by outlasting others, will not be limited to towns built around automobiles, or even around manufacturing. as the recession continues and large companies in a variety of industries fail, their remaining competitors may grow stronger, along with the places where those competitors are situated. charlotte, north carolina, offers an interesting case study. the financial crisis left one of the city \u2019 s two big banks, wachovia, ailing ; this fall, wachovia was acquired by san francisco \u2013 based wells fargo, in a deal that will cost the city many thousands of jobs. but things could have been much worse ; the deal also preserved many jobs. what \u2019 s more, at roughly the same time, bank of america, charlotte \u2019 s other large bank ( and the biggest bank in the u. s. ) bought merrill lynch for pennies on the dollar. a business truism holds that when your competitors are retrenching, it \u2019 s a great time to grow your market share. deborah strumsky, an economist at the university of north carolina at charlotte, told me she believes that in the end, both charlotte \u2019 s banking industry and charlotte itself will emerge from the crisis all the stronger : \u201c the wells fargo deal has saved thousands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4381853261674855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.713614"}
{"text": "strumsky, an economist at the university of north carolina at charlotte, told me she believes that in the end, both charlotte \u2019 s banking industry and charlotte itself will emerge from the crisis all the stronger : \u201c the wells fargo deal has saved thousands of jobs by keeping wachovia afloat. more importantly, bank of america has taken to the banking crisis like a shopaholic with a new credit card ; it has been bargain - hunting and cutting some astonishing deals. bank of america will come out the other side far better than in any fantasy it might have entertained previously. \u201d in recent years, charlotte \u2019 s leaders have made some smart decisions about how to attract businesses and professionals, enabling the city to grow into the nation \u2019 s second - largest traditional banking center ; in the lottery of business failure and consolidation, it was well positioned to win. but it was also lucky, and last fall, it escaped losing, big - time, by no more than a hair \u2019 s breadth. overall, the roster of places that benefit from the failure of their champions \u2019 rivals will probably be pretty short, and the names on the roster somewhat unpredictable. especially among cities built around declining industries, more places will be weakened than strengthened ; as with all lotteries, most players will lose. for a generation or more, no swath of the united states has grown more madly than the sun belt. of course, the area we call the \u201c sun belt \u201d is vast, and the term is something of a catch - all : the cities and metropolitan areas within it have grown for disparate reasons. los angeles is a mecca for media and entertainment ; san jose and austin developed significant, innovative high - tech industries ; houston became a hub for energy production ; nashville developed a unique niche in low - cost music recording and production ; charlotte emerged as a center for cost - effective banking and low - end finance. but in the heady days of the housing bubble, some sun belt cities \u2014 phoenix and las vegas are the best examples \u2014 developed economies centered largely on real estate and construction. with sunny weather and plenty of flat, empty land, they got caught in a classic boom cycle. although these places drew tourists, retirees, and some industry \u2014 firms seeking bigger footprints at lower costs \u2014 much of the cities \u2019 development came from, well, development itself. at a minimum, these places will take a long, long time to regain the ground they \u2019 ve recently lost in local wealth and housing values. it \u2019 s not unthinkable that some of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4124163721791451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.714628"}
{"text": "\u2019 development came from, well, development itself. at a minimum, these places will take a long, long time to regain the ground they \u2019 ve recently lost in local wealth and housing values. it \u2019 s not unthinkable that some of them could be in for an extended period of further decline. to an uncommon degree, the economic boom in these cities was propelled by housing appreciation : as prices rose, more people moved in, seeking inexpensive lifestyles and the opportunity to get in on the real - estate market where it was rising, but still affordable. local homeowners pumped more and more capital out of their houses as well, taking out home - equity loans and injecting money into the local economy in the form of home improvements and demand for retail goods and low - level services. cities grew, tax coffers filled, spending continued, more people arrived. yet the boom itself neither followed nor resulted in the development of sustainable, scalable, highly productive industries or services. it was fueled and funded by housing, and housing was its primary product. whole cities and metro regions became giant ponzi schemes. phoenix, for instance, grew from 983, 403 people in 1990 to 1, 552, 259 in 2007. one of its suburbs, mesa, now has nearly half a million residents, more than pittsburgh, cleveland, or miami. as housing starts and housing prices rose, so did tax revenues, and a major capital - spending boom occurred throughout the greater phoenix area. arizona state university built a new downtown phoenix campus, and the city expanded its convention center and constructed a 20 - mile light - rail system connecting phoenix, mesa, and tempe. and then the bubble burst. from october 2007 through october 2008, the phoenix area registered the largest decline in housing values in the country : 32. 7 percent. ( las vegas was just a whisker behind, at 31. 7 percent. housing in the new york region, by contrast, fell by just 7. 5 percent over the same period. ) overstretched and overbuilt, the region is now experiencing a fiscal double whammy, as its many retirees \u2014 some 21 percent of its residents are older than 55 \u2014 have seen their retirement savings decimated. mortgages limited, the state \u2019 s largest private commercial lender, filed for bankruptcy last summer. the city is running a $ 200 million budget deficit, which is only expected to grow. last fall, the city government petitioned for federal funds to help it deal with the financial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41547162755381883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.715843"}
{"text": "state \u2019 s largest private commercial lender, filed for bankruptcy last summer. the city is running a $ 200 million budget deficit, which is only expected to grow. last fall, the city government petitioned for federal funds to help it deal with the financial crisis. \u201c we had a big bubble here, and it burst, \u201d anthony sanders, a professor of economics and finance at asu, told usa today in december. \u201c we \u2019 ve taken kevin costner \u2019 s field of dreams and now it \u2019 s field of screams. if you build it, nobody comes. \u201d will people wash out of these places as fast as they washed in, leaving empty sprawl and all the ills that accompany it? will these cities gradually attract more businesses and industries, allowing them to build more - diverse and more - resilient economies? or will they subsist on tourism \u2014 which may be meager for quite some time \u2014 and on the social security checks of their retirees? no matter what, their character and atmosphere are likely to change radically. every phase or epoch of capitalism has its own distinct geography, or what economic geographers call the \u201c spatial fix \u201d for the era. the physical character of the economy \u2014 the way land is used, the location of homes and businesses, the physical infrastructure that ties everything together \u2014 shapes consumption, production, and innovation. as the economy grows and evolves, so too must the landscape. to a surprising degree, the causes of this crash are geographic in nature, and they point out a whole system of economic organization and growth that has reached its limit. positioning the economy to grow strongly in the coming decades will require not just fiscal stimulus or industrial reform ; it will require a new kind of geography as well, a new spatial fix for the next chapter of american economic history. suburbanization was the spatial fix for the industrial age \u2014 the geographic expression of mass production and the early credit economy. henry ford \u2019 s automobiles had been rolling off assembly lines since 1913, but \u201c fordism, \u201d the combination of mass production and mass consumption to create national prosperity, didn \u2019 t emerge as a full - blown economic and social model until the 1930s and the advent of roosevelt \u2019 s new deal programs. before the great depression, only a minority of americans owned a home. but in the 1930s and \u2019 40s, government policies brought about longer - term mortgages, which lowered payments and enabled more people to buy a house. fannie mae was created to purchase those mortgages and lubricate the system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4575055606523075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.716805"}
{"text": "home. but in the 1930s and \u2019 40s, government policies brought about longer - term mortgages, which lowered payments and enabled more people to buy a house. fannie mae was created to purchase those mortgages and lubricate the system. and of course the tax deduction on mortgage - interest payments ( which had existed since 1913, when the federal income - tax system was created ) privileged house purchases over other types of spending. between 1940 and 1960, the homeownership rate rose from 44 percent to 62 percent. demand for houses was symbiotic with demand for cars, and both were helped along by federal highway construction, among other infrastructure projects that subsidized a new suburban lifestyle and in turn fueled demand for all manner of household goods. more recently, innovations in finance like adjustable - rate mortgages and securitized subprime loans expanded homeownership further and kept demand high. by 2004, a record 69. 2 percent of american families owned their home. for the generation that grew up during the depression and was inclined to pinch pennies, policies that encouraged freer spending were sensible enough \u2014 they allowed the economy to grow faster. but as younger generations, weaned on credit, followed, and credit availability increased, the system got out of hand. housing, meanwhile, became an ever - more - central part of the american dream : for many people, as the recent housing bubble grew, owning a home came to represent not just an end in itself, but a means to financial independence. on one level, the crisis has demonstrated what everyone has known for a long time : americans have been living beyond their means, using illusory housing wealth and huge slugs of foreign capital to consume far more than we \u2019 ve produced. the crash surely signals the end to that ; the adjustment, while painful, is necessary. but another crucial aspect of the crisis has been largely overlooked, and it might ultimately prove more important. because america \u2019 s tendency to overconsume and under - save has been intimately intertwined with our postwar spatial fix \u2014 that is, with housing and suburbanization \u2014 the shape of the economy has been badly distorted, from where people live, to where investment flows, to what \u2019 s produced. unless we make fundamental policy changes to eliminate these distortions, the economy is likely to face worsening handicaps in the years ahead. suburbanization \u2014 and the sprawling growth it propelled \u2014 made sense for a time. the cities of the early and mid - 20th century were dirty, soo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49831533806049627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.717862"}
{"text": "eliminate these distortions, the economy is likely to face worsening handicaps in the years ahead. suburbanization \u2014 and the sprawling growth it propelled \u2014 made sense for a time. the cities of the early and mid - 20th century were dirty, sooty, smelly, and crowded, and commuting from the first, close - in suburbs was fast and easy. and as manufacturing became more technologically stable and product lines matured during the postwar boom, suburban growth dovetailed nicely with the pattern of industrial growth. businesses began opening new plants in green - field locations that featured cheaper land and labor ; management saw no reason to continue making now - standardized products in the expensive urban locations where they \u2019 d first been developed and sold. work was outsourced to then - new suburbs and the emerging areas of the sun belt, whose connections to bigger cities by the highway system afforded rapid, low - cost distribution. this process brought the sun belt economies ( which had lagged since the civil war ) into modern times, and sustained a long boom for the united states as a whole. but that was then ; the economy is different now. it no longer revolves around simply making and moving things. instead, it depends on generating and transporting ideas. the places that thrive today are those with the highest velocity of ideas, the highest density of talented and creative people, the highest rate of metabolism. velocity and density are not words that many people use when describing the suburbs. the economy is driven by key urban areas ; a different geography is required. the housing bubble was the ultimate expression, and perhaps the last gasp, of an economic system some 80 years in the making, and now well past its \u201c sell - by \u201d date. the bubble encouraged massive, unsustainable growth in places where land was cheap and the real - estate economy dominant. it encouraged low - density sprawl, which is ill - fitted to a creative, postindustrial economy. and not least, it created a workforce too often stuck in place, anchored by houses that cannot be profitably sold, at a time when flexibility and mobility are of great importance. so how do we move past the bubble, the crash, and an aging, obsolescent model of economic life? what \u2019 s the right spatial fix for the economy today, and how do we achieve it? the solution begins with the removal of homeownership from its long - privileged place at the center of the u. s. economy. substantial incentives for homeownership ( from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46123901908302545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.718925"}
{"text": "fix for the economy today, and how do we achieve it? the solution begins with the removal of homeownership from its long - privileged place at the center of the u. s. economy. substantial incentives for homeownership ( from tax breaks to artificially low mortgage - interest rates ) distort demand, encouraging people to buy bigger houses than they otherwise would. that means less spending on medical technology, or software, or alternative energy \u2014 the sectors and products that could drive u. s. growth and exports in the coming years. artificial demand for bigger houses also skews residential patterns, leading to excessive low - density suburban growth. the measures that prop up this demand should be eliminated. if anything, our government policies should encourage renting, not buying. homeownership occupies a central place in the american dream primarily because decades of policy have put it there. a recent study by grace wong, an economist at the wharton school of business, shows that, controlling for income and demographics, homeowners are no happier than renters, nor do they report lower levels of stress or higher levels of self - esteem. and while homeownership has some social benefits \u2014 a higher level of civic engagement is one \u2014 it is costly to the economy. the economist andrew oswald has demonstrated that in both the united states and europe, those places with higher homeownership rates also suffer from higher unemployment. homeownership, oswald found, is a more important predictor of unemployment than rates of unionization or the generosity of welfare benefits. too often, it ties people to declining or blighted locations, and forces them into work \u2014 if they can find it \u2014 that is a poor match for their interests and abilities. as homeownership rates have risen, our society has become less nimble : in the 1950s and 1960s, americans were nearly twice as likely to move in a given year as they are today. last year fewer americans moved, as a percentage of the population, than in any year since the census bureau started tracking address changes, in the late 1940s. this sort of creeping rigidity in the labor market is a bad sign for the economy, particularly in a time when businesses, industries, and regions are rising and falling quickly. the foreclosure crisis creates a real opportunity here. instead of resisting foreclosures, the government should seek to facilitate them in ways that can minimize pain and disruption. banks that take back homes, for instance, could be required to offer to rent each home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46792318291015866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.720589"}
{"text": "commercial dominance by changing its building code and widening its streets after the catastrophic fire of 1666. the united states rose to economic preeminence by periodically developing entirely new systems of infrastructure \u2014 from canals and railroads to modern water - and - sewer systems to federal highways. each played a major role in shaping and enabling whole eras of growth. the obama administration has declared its intention to open the federal government \u2019 s pocketbook wide to help us get through this recession, and infrastructure spending seems poised to play a key role. done right, such spending could position the united states for the next round of growth. but that will entail more than patching up roads and bridges. if there is one constant in the history of capitalist development, it is the ever - more - intensive use of space. today, we need to begin making smarter use of both our urban spaces and the suburban rings that surround them \u2014 packing in more people, more affordably, while at the same time improving their quality of life. that means liberal zoning and building codes within cities to allow more residential development, more mixed - use development in suburbs and cities alike, the in - filling of suburban cores near rail links, new investment in rail, and congestion pricing for travel on our roads. not everyone wants to live in city centers, and the suburbs are not about to disappear. but we can do a much better job of connecting suburbs to cities and to each other, and allowing regions to grow bigger and denser without losing their velocity. finally, we need to be clear that ultimately, we can \u2019 t stop the decline of some places, and that we would be foolish to try. places like pittsburgh have shown that a city can stay vibrant as it shrinks, by redeveloping its core to attract young professionals and creative types, and by cultivating high - growth services and industries. and in limited ways, we can help faltering cities to manage their decline better, and to sustain better lives for the people who stay in them. but different eras favor different places, along with the industries and lifestyles those places embody. band - aids and bailouts cannot change that. neither auto - company rescue packages nor policies designed to artificially prop up housing prices will position the country for renewed growth, at least not of the sustainable variety. we need to let demand for the key products and lifestyles of the old order fall, and begin building a new economy, based on a new geography. what will this geography look like? it will likely be sparser in the midwest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48124041846576904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.723013"}
{"text": "sustainable variety. we need to let demand for the key products and lifestyles of the old order fall, and begin building a new economy, based on a new geography. what will this geography look like? it will likely be sparser in the midwest and also, ultimately, in those parts of the southeast that are dependent on manufacturing. its suburbs will be thinner and its houses, perhaps, smaller. some of its southwestern cities will grow less quickly. its great mega - regions will rise farther upward and extend farther outward. it will feature a lower rate of homeownership, and a more mobile population of renters. in short, it will be a more concentrated geography, one that allows more people to mix more freely and interact more efficiently in a discrete number of dense, innovative mega - regions and creative cities. serendipitously, it will be a landscape suited to a world in which petroleum is no longer cheap by any measure. but most of all, it will be a landscape that can accommodate and accelerate invention, innovation, and creation \u2014 the activities in which the u. s. still holds a big competitive advantage. the stanford economist paul romer famously said, \u201c a crisis is a terrible thing to waste. \u201d the united states, whatever its flaws, has seldom wasted its crises in the past. on the contrary, it has used them, time and again, to reinvent itself, clearing away the old and making way for the new. throughout u. s. history, adaptability has been perhaps the best and most quintessential of american attributes. over the course of the 19th century \u2019 s long depression, the country remade itself from an agricultural power into an industrial one. after the great depression, it discovered a new way of living, working, and producing, which contributed to an unprecedented period of mass prosperity. at critical moments, americans have always looked forward, not back, and surprised the world with our resilience. can we do it again? the print version of this piece also incorrectly identified christopher berry as a harvard economist. he is an assistant professor at the university of chicago ' s harris school of public policy studies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47466802876552994, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8b6ff-8528-4f4f-9302-c1bfaeac4a3d>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.723823"}
{"text": "back to home page or contents page or judaism or index nehushta ( hebrew, nchshthn, \" brass object \" ) is the serpent of brass made by moses and placed on a pole ( numbers 21 : 8 - 9 ) to cure the israelites of the venomous bites of the fiery serpents in the wilderness. the word nehushtah \" thing of brass \" contains a hebrew pun, the first three letters, nchsh, mean \" serpent \" and the final two, thn, mean \" dragon. \" in christian interpretation, the lifting up of the brass serpent on a pole is generally held to be a prefigurement of christ, to cure humanity from the \" snakebite \" of original sin. by hebrew gematria there is some basis for this assumption, the numerical value of mshich, \" messiah \" and nchsh \" serpent \" are identical, 358. during the first and second centuries ce the serpent was worshipped with reverence by the christian gnostic sects of the ophites and naasseners. these sects worshipped the biblical serpent of the garden of eden that gave knowledge to adam and eve. the serpent was considered the hero because he supplied \" gnosis \" to the first people which god, considered the demiurge, kept from them. some magical theorists claim that nehushtan, the brass serpent, resides in the upper astral plane possesses redemptive powers while nachash, the serpent of the tree of knowledge, resides in the lower astral and possesses negative powers. a. g. h. greer, john michael. the new encyclopedia of the occult. st. paul, mn, llewellyn worldwide. p. 325", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4820515539244423, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bea5ea9-7399-4931-97f4-47e8cc9a99b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.731999"}
{"text": "the institute of electrical and electronics engineers this 6 - minute video chronicles the efforts of inventor / physicist dean kamen to develop a robotic arm with the functionality and dexterity of its human counterpart. \" prosthetic legs are in the 21st century, \" says kamen. \" with prosthetic arms, we ' re in the flintstones. \" the result of the project was the \" luke arm \", controlled with non - invasive measures using an interface like a joystick. this video is part of a series about advances in prosthetic arms, published by inside technology spectrum a magazine sponsored by the institute of electrical and electronics engineers ( ieee ). please note that this resource requires editor ' s note : studying robotics promotes understanding of system inputs and outputs, engineering design, force interactions, transfer of energy, and much more. see related materials for a lesson plan and interactive simulation on modeling bionic arms. more advanced students may be ready to do the force calculations to be found in \" how to build a robot \". metadata instance created march 15, 2012 by caroline hall march 15, 2012 by caroline hall last update when cataloged : june 30, 2011 aaas benchmark alignments ( 2008 version ) 3. the nature of technology 3b. design and systems 6 - 8 : 3b / m3bc. the essence of control is comparing information about what is happening to what people want to happen and then making appropriate adjustments. this procedure requires sensing information, processing it, and making changes. 6 - 8 : 3b / m4b. the most common ways to prevent failure are pretesting of parts and procedures, overdesign, and redundancy. 3c. issues in technology 6 - 8 : 3c / m3. throughout history, people have carried out impressive technological feats, some of which would be hard to duplicate today even with modern tools. the purposes served by these achievements have sometimes been practical, sometimes ceremonial. 4. the physical setting 4d. the structure of matter 6 - 8 : 4d / m9. materials vary in how they respond to electric currents, magnetic forces, and visible light or other electromagnetic waves. 4e. energy transformations 6 - 8 : 4e / m2. energy can be transferred from one system to another ( or from a system to its environment ) in different ways : 1 ) thermally, when a warmer object is in contact with a cooler one ; 2 ) mechanically, when two objects push or pull on each other over a distance ; 3 ) electrically, when an electrical source such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5339937429153117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:239ec1e5-3845-4051-b60b-a94f43f0fd9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.737008"}
{"text": "environment ) in different ways : 1 ) thermally, when a warmer object is in contact with a cooler one ; 2 ) mechanically, when two objects push or pull on each other over a distance ; 3 ) electrically, when an electrical source such as a battery or generator is connected in a complete circuit to an electrical device ; or 4 ) by electromagnetic waves. 9 - 12 : 4f / h1. the change in motion ( direction or speed ) of an object is proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass. 8. the designed world 8b. materials and manufacturing 6 - 8 : 8b / m2. manufacturing usually involves a series of steps, such as designing a product, obtaining and preparing raw materials, processing the materials mechanically or chemically, and assembling the product. all steps may occur at a single location or may occur at different locations. 11. common themes 6 - 8 : 11a / m2. thinking about things as systems means looking for how every part relates to others. the output from one part of a system ( which can include material, energy, or information ) can become the input to other parts. such feedback can serve to control what goes on in the system as a whole. 6 - 8 : 11a / m3. any system is usually connected to other systems, both internally and externally. thus a system may be thought of as containing subsystems and as being a sub - system of a larger system. 9 - 12 : 11a / h2. understanding how things work and designing solutions to problems of almost any kind can be facilitated by systems analysis. in defining a system, it is important to specify its boundaries and subsystems, indicate its relation to other systems, and identify what its input and output are expected to be. < a href = \" http : / / www. thephysicsfront. org / items / detail. cfm? id = 11753 \" > institute of electrical and electronics engineers. dean kamen ' s artificial arm. institute of electrical and electronics engineers, june 30, 2011. < / a > dean kamen ' s artificial arm. ( 2011, june 30 ). retrieved june 19, 2013, from institute of electrical and electronics engineers : http : / / spectrum. ieee. org / video / biomedical / bionics / dean - kamens - artificial - arm institute of electrical and electronics engineers. dean kamen ' s artificial arm. institute of electrical and electronics engineers, june 30, 2011. http : / / spectrum. ieee. org / video", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6151315226937639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:239ec1e5-3845-4051-b60b-a94f43f0fd9b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.738001"}
{"text": "/ bionics / dean - kamens - artificial - arm institute of electrical and electronics engineers. dean kamen ' s artificial arm. institute of electrical and electronics engineers, june 30, 2011. http : / / spectrum. ieee. org / video / biomedical / bionics / dean - kamens - artificial - arm ( accessed 19 june 2013 ). % t dean kamen ' s artificial arm % d june 30, 2011 % i institute of electrical and electronics engineers % u http : / / spectrum. ieee. org / video / biomedical / bionics / dean - kamens - artificial - arm % o application / flash % 0 electronic source % d june 30, 2011 % t dean kamen ' s artificial arm % i institute of electrical and electronics engineers % v 2013 % n 19 june 2013 % 8 june 30, 2011 % 9 application / flash % u http : / / spectrum. ieee. org / video / biomedical / bionics / dean - kamens - artificial - arm disclaimer : compadre offers citation styles as a guide only. we cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. please refer to the style manuals in the citation source information area for clarifications. a series of articles on the science and technology of the new generation of high - tech prosthetic arms, written for spectrum, a magazine sponsored by the institute of electrical and electronic engineers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4304888881465347, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:239ec1e5-3845-4051-b60b-a94f43f0fd9b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.738617"}
{"text": "website detail page published by the annenberg channel these eight free professional development workshops for k - 8 teachers present science concepts on the nature of light and its behavior. each workshop is structured around a one - hour video that features footage of a complete science lesson by a master teacher. as each lesson unfolds, science and education experts provide commentary to expand on key points. graphics, animations, and video demonstrations provide background information on reflection, refraction, color, human vision, light energy, and more. the workshops are designed so that teachers come away with an understanding that will help them engage students in their own explorations. this resource also includes a series of self - tests to gauge understanding. the workshop videos may be viewed at no cost online. registered users may also participate in forums and teacher talk email lists. dvd ' s are available on the website at an additional cost. teachers who participate in the entire workshop series are eligible for two graduate credits from colorado state university ( tuition applies ). see related materials for a link to course enrollment information. please note that this resource requires flash. compadre is beta testing citation styles! disclaimer : compadre offers citation styles as a guide only. we cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. please refer to the style manuals in the citation source information area for clarifications. citation source information the apa style presented is based on information from apa style. org : electronic references. the chicago style presented is based on information from examples of chicago - style documentation. the mla style presented is based on information from the mla faq. science in focus : shedding light on science : is associated with shedding light workshops : graduate credit this link takes you to the course enrollment page to pursue graduate credit for the annenberg media series \" science in focus : shedding light on science \". ( 2 credit hours offered by colorado state university. ) relation by caroline hall accompanies science in focus : force and motion workshops a set of eight video - based workshops by the same publisher on the topic of force & motion. relation by caroline hall accompanies science in focus : energy a set of eight video - based workshops by the same publisher on the topic of energy and how to teach it in grades k - 8. relation by caroline hall know of another related resource? login to relate this resource to it. is associated with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6172478522118663, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:939eebb0-b494-47cb-95cd-f85724874aef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.741077"}
{"text": "antidepressants may be harmful for the elderly antidepressants, specifically selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs in the united states, and they may be harmful for older patients. their popularity has led to a marked decline in the use of the older, generally cheaper, tricyclic antidepressants. both types of antidepressants are equally effective, the st. louis post reported. a recent article in the british medical journal used a large collection of anonymous health records called q research to examine the side effects of antidepressants on the elderly, of whom 10 percent get depression. british researchers studied over 60, 000 people older than 65 who had depression. they found that people who took the older, tricyclic antidepressants had a lower death risk from the drug than those taking the modern antidepressants. two commonly used drugs, trazodone and mirtazapine [ remeron ], were linked to higher death risk and hisher risk of attempted suicide. the study has raised major questions about the potential dangers of antidepressants for older people. patients should discuss with their physicians the potential side effects of all types of antidepressants and consider using behavior therapy as another option. \" the field is waiting for the next breakthrough in terms of new treatments, through new mechanisms, \" said dr. alan schatzberg, the chairman of psychiatry at stanford university school of medicine. \" that ' s what people are hungering for. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42698625876256213, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a879c722-f271-49b9-9a49-9568234a6ef8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.745486"}
{"text": "another principle of understanding the violent sections of the bible is to understand the incarnation of god. we typically think of the incarnation as something that happened only when jesus christ became human, that is, when he was born of a virgin, grew up as a boy under the parentage of joseph and mary, became a man, and then lived, taught, ministered, suffered, and died. strictly speaking, this is probably true. the definition of \u201c incarnate \u201d is \u201c to become flesh. \u201d so prior to the coming of jesus christ in the flesh, it is not exactly accurate to say that god was in the flesh \u2014 that god was human. god only became human when he entered the womb of a woman and grew up as a human, just like one of us. yet there is something about the incarnation of god in the person of jesus christ which teaches us how god has always entered into the world and interacted with human in history. just as jesus took on human flesh with all its weaknesses and limitations, so also god, in the old testament \u201c incarnated \u201d himself into the affairs of humanity with all of our weaknesses and limitations. just as the human body of jesus could get tired, feel pain, hunger, thirst, and even die, and just as the words and intentions of jesus could be misunderstood, misrepresented, and misapplied, so also, when god entered into human affairs in various times and places in the old testament, he did so with all the frailties, weaknesses, and limitations of humanity, and his words also could be misunderstood, misrepresented, and misapplied. god became incarnate in human history through human events by to say that god became incarnate in human history \u2014 and specifically israelite history \u2014 is not to say that god became flesh, but to say that god entering into history and allowed himself to be limited by the events, ideas, and methods of the world at that time. jesus certainly knew of better ways of traveling than by walking ( and after his resurrection, he shows one of these by appearing and disappearing at will ), but as god in human flesh, he limited himself to walking because this was the available method for most humans at that time. based on this principle, it seems possible that there might be some instances in the old testament where god chose to allow israel to act in a certain way because he had also limited himself to the methods that were available to him at that time. war is never god \u2019 s plan or desire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4653025814709205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a393a90-24ba-4128-a727-9e476ac06501>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.749831"}
{"text": "a letter received by someone who owned land in what is now oak ridge with the war on, the government was in a hurry. people lived on land that the military wanted were told that the government would be buying their property immediately. many of them were told about the project - - referred to in public documents as the clinton engineer works - - only weeks before they were supposed to be off their farms. the k - 25 plant quickly the site was cleared and three large manufacturing plants were built. the plants were known as x - 10, y - 12, and k - 25. and, although the details of what went on in these massive facilities is above the scope of this web site, suffice it to say that each of the buildings was involved in trying to separate uranium 235 - - used in the atomic bomb - - from uranium 238. of course, we know this now, but most of the people who working at oak ridge during world war ii didn ' t know anything about uranium 235 or an atomic bomb. \" the manager of one plant, for example, was kept completely isolated from other plants where different processes and methods were used, \" the new york times later said. \" work was so compartmentalized that each worker knew only his own job, and had no inkling of how his part fitted into the whole. \" various types of early oak ridge housing tens of thousands of people were brought in from all over the country to work at these facilities, and in the early years these people were housed in all types of structures. as you can see from these pictures, most people lived in tiny houses that were built rather quickly. 1. \" oak ridge : the way it was \" - - bill carey for thfk 2. \" a letter received \" - - bill carey for thfk 3. \" k - 25 \" - - ed westcott 4. \" oak ridge housing \" - - ed westcott 5. \" residents celebrate \" - - ed westcott", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4530708353764648, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89c0a9e0-e5b3-4d80-8249-2f77d4e77c65>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.751976"}
{"text": "one of several small intervals with a size of about an eighth - tone [ = 0. 25 semitone = 25 cents ]. they occur in a system of just - intonation, or when considering intervals as ratios. the three commas which are most commonly encountered are the syntonic comma, the pythagorean comma, and the septimal comma. when used unqualified, \" comma \" generally refers specifically to the syntonic comma. ( greek : \" cut \", \" crack \" ; plural : commata ) any of several small intervals near an eighth of a tone ( 25a\u00a2 ). the best known of these are the syntonic comma, the pythagorean comma ( 24a\u00a2 ) which is the difference between twelve perfect fifths and seven octaves, and the septimal comma ( 27a\u00a2 ). from : dave keenan date : sat feb 8, 2003 7 : 42 pm subject : that poor overloaded word \" comma \" [ much snipped... ] at least now the word \" comma \" only has to carry two meanings, where one is a generalisation of the other. here ' s my suggestion. a difference between pitch ratios that is typically smaller than a scale step. may include schismas, kleismas, commas ( 2 ), dieses, limmas and small semitones [ thus, in the range from imperceptibly small to around 125 cents ]. a difference between pitch ratios that is typically in the range 12 to 33 cents, as opposed to schismas and kleismas being smaller, and dieses, limmas and small semitones being larger. [ the following paragraph and graph added by monzo. ] the graph below shows an approximate range for this second definition of \" comma \", with other categories of small intervals also named. keenan ' s first definition of \" comma \", above, covers all the interval categories on this graph. below is the data for the comma category cutoffs which george secor and dave keenan found most useful while developing sagittal notation. the boundaries occur at the square roots of the given ratios, which is why the cent values are half. square of boundary boundary name 2, 3 - monzo ratio ~ cents [ - 106 67, > ( numbers too big ) 115. 492529 > apotome [ 62 - 39, > ( numbers too big ) 111. 8774831 >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.570835793981055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1a2590a-1ee2-46e1-a264-59a199356e69>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.755069"}
{"text": "boundary boundary name 2, 3 - monzo ratio ~ cents [ - 106 67, > ( numbers too big ) 115. 492529 > apotome [ 62 - 39, > ( numbers too big ) 111. 8774831 > large - semitone [ - 3 2, > 9 / 8 101. 9550009 > limma [ - 49 31, > ( numbers too big ) 80. 30251341 > small - semitone [ - 30 19, > 1073741824 / 1162261467 68. 57250822 > large - diesis [ - 11 7, > 2187 / 2048 56. 84250303 > ( medium - ) diesis [ 8 - 5, > 256 / 243 45. 11249784 > small - diesis [ 27 - 17, > 134217728 / 129140163 33. 38249264 > comma [ - 19 12, > 531441 / 524288 11. 73000519 > kleisma [ 317 - 200, > ( numbers too big ) 4. 499913461 > schisma [ - 84 53, > ( numbers too big ) 1. 807522933 > schismina [ 0 0, > 1 / 1 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5386399615829255, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1a2590a-1ee2-46e1-a264-59a199356e69>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.755422"}
{"text": "singapore is a city of gardens and the heart of south east asia. it is here that the journey begins on the eastern and oriental express, a nostalgic train journey that has all the exotic atmosphere of colonial times. the history of singapore began in 1819 with thomas stamford raffles, a young official who worked for the british east india company. raffles estimated that the natural harbor was perfect for trading ships and thus bought the land from the sultan of johor and founded a trading settlement. the train station exudes the ambience of british colonialism and is an ideal setting for those who love nostalgia. the journey begins and soon we arrive at the malaysian border. this is the first section of our extraordinary train journey from singapore to kuala lumpur. after eight hours, we reach kuala lumpur, malaysia \u2019 s modern capital city that is relatively young and was established in the middle of the 19th century at the junction of the gombak and klang rivers. the journey continues along a splendid route through the jungle that since 1923, has connected singapore with bangkok, with butterworth as the next station from where a bridge and ferry boat lead to the island of penang, that is also known as the pearl of the orient. the next section travels further north to kanchanaburi in thailand and to the bridge on the river kwai, a somewhat inconspicuous bridge that once brought infamy to this region. for those who are fascinated by the evocative atmosphere of colonial times, the extra special train journey from singapore to bangkok must surely be the journey of a lifetime!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40439018701732454, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e9ef4a9-da44-48b1-ab18-9ed788c89a8e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.756901"}
{"text": "start your visit withhistorical timelines general interest maps on january 20, 1969, the day of richard m. nixon ' s first inauguration, the soviet government offered to hold negotiations on the issues of nuclear arms control. nixon immediately accepted and the strategic arms limitation talks, commonly known as salt, were arranged. they took place in two phases : salt i ran from 1969 to 1972 and resulted in the anti - ballistic missile treaty and the interim agreement between the united states of america and the union of soviet socialist republics on certain measures with respect to the limitation of strategic offensive arms. salt ii, begun in late 1972, produced a treaty that was never ratified by the u. s. senate. in 1982, president ronald reagan abandoned salt and undertook the strategic arms reduction treaty talks, commonly known as the start talks, instead. as the third decade of the atomic age began, the continued development of the technology of nuclear weapons and delivery systems led the united states and the soviet union to realize the futility of an unlimited arms race in those devices. in 1968, president lyndon b. johnson announced that soviet premier alexei nikolayevich kosygin had agreed to meetings on the issue, but those talks never came about. when the soviet union reopened the matter in 1969, president richard nixon seized the opportunity, and the first meeting was held in helsinki in november. with the help of secretary of state henry kissinger, the united states negotiated the abm treaty and an interim agreement that essentially froze nuclear arsenals at their existing levels. nixon and soviet general secretary leonid brezhnev signed the abm treaty and the interim agreement on may 26, 1972, at a summit meeting in moscow. the interim agreement, commonly called the salt i treaty, froze the total number of inter - continental ballistic missiles, but allowed the replacement of old missiles with new ones. in the interests of achieving an actual reduction and preventing qualitative advances in destructive technology, the two nations began salt ii talks in november of the same year in geneva. in a meeting in vladivostok in november 1974, president gerald ford and brezhnev agreed to a basic framework for a salt ii treaty. however, international political considerations prevented the treaty from being completed until 1979. president jimmy carter sent the salt ii treaty to the u. s. senate for its advice and consent on june 22, 1979. objections arose and the treaty had not been ratified when the soviets invaded afghanistan, which chilled u. s. and soviet relations. on january 3, 1980, carter asked that the senate delay further", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4930344391441298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52afe135-eefb-40f6-9676-79ef371418ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.761185"}
{"text": "senate for its advice and consent on june 22, 1979. objections arose and the treaty had not been ratified when the soviets invaded afghanistan, which chilled u. s. and soviet relations. on january 3, 1980, carter asked that the senate delay further consideration of the treaty. the treaty was never ratified by the senate, but was formally honored by the u. s. and the soviet union. in may 1982, president ronald reagan declared that the united states would not violate the provisions of the treaty if the soviets agreed to do the same. the soviets did agree, although reagan declared in 1984 and 1985 that the soviet union had violated that pledge. a new round of talks, called the strategic arms reduction treaty, or start, replaced salt beginning in 1983. the agreement would put a cap of 1, 600 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles and 6, 000 \" accountable \" warheads for each country, while enabling them to continue modernizing their weaponry.... not had any since the 20th ulto [ a ] s to my self i care but little whether i have any with my meat or not ; provided the meat is fat, having from habit become entirely cearless [ sic ] about my diat [ sic ] \u2026 \u201d private joseph whitehouse also... while the text of article i prescribes july 1, 1972, as the freeze date, the united states and the soviet union understand that, pending ratification and acceptance of the agreements, neither will take any action that will be prohibited thereby... scioto salt licks the salt licks on the scioto river were important sites historically and archaeologically speaking and are in danger of being destroyed by development. they are often mentioned in contemporary accounts of the indian wars of ohio. worth reading i...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45466085748705476, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52afe135-eefb-40f6-9676-79ef371418ca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.761842"}
{"text": "antiaging food has been a hot topic recently. everybody is aware of that you are alleged to eat a lot of fruit and vegetables to guard yourself from aging. however are all fruits and veggies equally smart? notice what specific foods are thought of best when it comes to anti - aging diet. 1. avocado for younger looking skin individuals who keep low fat diet sometimes avoid avocado as a result of it contains a lot of fat. however actually it is high in monounsaturated fat that reduces cholesterol level within the body. avocado is a terribly smart source of vitamin e, which is essential for keeping your skin swish and young. also avocado contains potassium that prevents high blood pressure. avocado is great to use in sandwiches rather than butter spread. 2. berries as antiaging antioxidants most berries especially blackberries, blueberries, blackcurrants contain phytochemicals which are powerful antioxidants. antioxidants facilitate to protect your body against injury caused by free radicals so they are terribly important for antiaging nutrition. red grape is technically not a berry, but it ' s similar properties. 3. fish for protein and omega 3 fats your body desires quality proteins and some fat, and it ' s a lot of higher to take fish as a source of these and not red meat. fish provides us with omega 3 fatty acids that stimulate the immune system and lowers risk of heart disease. some studies have shown that individuals who eat a lot of fish have lower risk of colorectal, esophageal and stomach cancers. 4. carrots for cancer protection carrots are an excellent supply of beta carotene which may be a powerful antioxidant that fights aging and several diseases. studies have shown that individuals who eat one medium carrot daily considerably reduced risk of lung cancer. beta carotene conjointly keeps your vision sharp protecting your eyes from age related diseases. it is also necessary for keeping your immune system strong. carrots offer you most edges if eaten uncooked. if you don ' t feel like eating a row carrot, attempt adding it to your salads, it gives slightly sweet style to a salad. alternatively drink carrot juice once during a whereas - the juice may be a targeted supply of beta carotene. 5. nuts to bust your immune system raw nuts are very high in fiber ; they are additionally a good supply of vitamins and potassium, zinc, iron, magnesium, copper and se", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4682146505043975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:669e7a5c-885d-471e-8a2e-c13485ff9643>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.765379"}
{"text": "the juice may be a targeted supply of beta carotene. 5. nuts to bust your immune system raw nuts are very high in fiber ; they are additionally a good supply of vitamins and potassium, zinc, iron, magnesium, copper and selenium. they management cholesterol level and strengthen your immune system. the sole downside of nuts is that they ' re high in fat, so a couple table spoons daily is nice however not more. solely row nuts are smart anti - aging food. avoid salted and roasted nuts, they are doing more injury to your health than bring benefits. a good way to feature nuts to your everyday diet is to sprinkle them over a salad or to add them to cereals. 6. whole meal pasta and brown rice for energy these contain complicated carbohydrates, to insure that you feel full of energy all day. brown rice is high in fiber and b cluster vitamins. solely don ' t create fried rice out of it - steamed brown rice is the simplest choice. whole meal pasta is high in fiber and iron. 7. water to detoxify and keep swish skin water is absolutely essential for our health. you probably have heard that you should drink eight glasses of water every day, however do you follow the recommendation? water helps to induce rid of toxins. additionally adequate intake of water insures that your skin looks young and healthy. moisturizing anti - aging creams and lotions are sensible, however if you drink enough water your skin will be less dry while not creams. pure bottled water is very good for you, but not exciting. therefore you ' ll be able to replace it with other nutritious liquids - juices with no added sugar, herbal teas or mineral water. fresh fruits conjointly are smart supply of water, for example watermelon is largely 90 % water. 8 glasses on a daily basis could be a rule of thumb, but in hot or windy weather you would possibly would like more. nikky has been writing articles online for nearly 2 years now. not only does this author specialize in anti aging you can also check out his latest website about : white gold diamond stud earrings which reviews and lists the best white diamond stud earrings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4793597318260429, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:669e7a5c-885d-471e-8a2e-c13485ff9643>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.766404"}
{"text": "february 14, 2011 your word documents are composed of sections, which you use to vary the layout. insert section breaks to divide the document into sections, and then format each section the way you want. you can change the page orientation, margins, paragraph formatting, add columns, add or change page numbering and text in headers or footers, etc. for example, you may have a chart that is landscape in layout, but your main document is oriented to be portrait. insert a section break, change the page orientation, add your chart, and then insert another section break to change the page orientation back to portrait. you can have a cover page with no numbering, a table of contents with roman numerals and the main document with regular page numbers, and different margins - all by using section breaks. click the page layout tab / page setup group / breaks to open the dialog box. in the bottom half are the section breaks choices : - next page inserts a new page with a new section. - continuous inserts a new section on the same page. ( useful for starting or ending columns ) - even page and odd page are used when you want the new section to begin on the next even or odd page. ( an example would be at the beginning of each new chapter where you would want the first page to be on an odd page. ) note : an important thing to remember about headers and footers in new sections is to make sure that link to previous is not highlighted if you want different text or page numbers in the header or footer in the new section. to change this, double - click in the header or footer and look in the navigation group. click on link to previous to turn it off.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4268203698150989, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad179803-a593-4c86-986c-97771986449e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.768383"}
{"text": "the gallbladder is an organ that normally functions to store bile excreted from the liver. bile is a solution composed of water, bile salts, lecithin, cholesterol and some other small solutes. changes in the relative concentration of these components may cause precipitation from solution and formation of a nidus, or nest, around which gallstones are formed. gallstones can become large and block the opening from the gallbladder or cystic duct. this produces pain in the right upper quadrant or midepigastrum ( above the belly button ) in the abdomen that feels like cramping. last reviewed 5 / 24 / 2012 by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., and george f. longstreth, md, department of gastroenterology, kaiser permanente medical care program, san diego, california. - the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. - a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. - call 911 for all medical emergencies. - links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4866718229484646, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed1770db-f2bf-4cc2-9317-bb9351499cb3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.769682"}
{"text": "spasticity is stiff or rigid muscles. it may also be called unusual \" tightness \" or increased muscle tone. reflexes ( for example, a knee - jerk reflex ) are stronger or exaggerated. the condition can interfere with walking, movement, or speech. see also : muscle cramps muscle stiffness ; hypertonia spasticity is usually caused by damage to the part of the brain that is involved in movements under your control. it may also occur from damage to the nerves that go from the brain to the spinal cord. symptoms of spasticity include : - abnormal posture - carrying the shouler, arm, wrist, and finger at an abnormal angle because of muscle tightness - exaggerated deep tendon reflexes ( the knee - jerk or other reflexes ) - repetitive jerky motions ( clonus ), especially when you are touched or moved - scissoring ( crossing of the legs as the tips of scissors would close ) spasticity may also affect speech. severe, long - term spasticity may lead to contracture of muscles, which can reduce range of motion or leave the joints bent. this list does not include all conditions that can cause spasticity. exercise, including muscle stretching, can help make your symptoms less severe. home - based physical therapy is also helpful. call your health care provider if contact your health care provider if : - the spasticity gets worse - you notice deformity of the affected areas what to expect at your health care provider ' s office your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms, including : - when was it first noticed? - how long has it lasted? - is it always present? - how severe is it? - what muscles are affected? - what makes it better? - what makes it worse? - what other symptoms are present? your doctor may refer you to a physical therapist. physical therapy involves different exercises, including muscle stretching and strengthening exercises. physical therapy exercises can be taught to parents who may then help their child do them at home. medicines for spasticity include baclofen, benzodiazepines ( such as diazepam ), clonidine, dantrolene, gabapentin, and tizanidine. botulinum toxin can be injected into the spastic muscles. in rare cases, a pump may be inserted into the spinal fluid to directly deliver medicine to the nervous system. sometimes, a person may need surgery to release the tendon or to cut the nerve - muscle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47120746629316956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12f76dc1-6cdb-4d39-85ef-af420538ff62>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.773153"}
{"text": "can be injected into the spastic muscles. in rare cases, a pump may be inserted into the spinal fluid to directly deliver medicine to the nervous system. sometimes, a person may need surgery to release the tendon or to cut the nerve - muscle pathway. dobkin bh. principles and practices of neurological rehabilitation. in : bradley wg, daroff rb, fenichel gm, jankovic j, eds. bradley : neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : butterworth - heinemann elsevier ; 2008 : chap 52. griggs r, jozefowicz r, aminoff m. approach to the patient with neurologic disease. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 418. last reviewed 2 / 5 / 2011 by david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by joseph v. campellone, md, division of neurology, cooper university hospital, camden, nj. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. - the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. - a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. - call 911 for all medical emergencies. - links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4568676631448266, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12f76dc1-6cdb-4d39-85ef-af420538ff62>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.773872"}
{"text": "what is the difference between an mri technician and ultrasound technician? magnetic resonance imaging, known as mri for short, is a medical imaging technique. this is fairly new technology, having been put into practice for the first time in 1973. the way this technology works is basically as follows : the equipment creates a high intensity magnetic field with respect to the part of the body to be imaged. this magnetic field has the effect of aligning the magnetic properties of some atoms in the body. what this basically means is that the atom \u2019 s electromagnetic field becomes aligned coherently with those of other atoms. once this has been accomplished, radio waves are used to basically \u201c shake \u201d the collective magnetic field of the aligned atoms. the radio waves do this in a cyclical, rhythmic manner, in turn causing the magnetism of the atoms themselves to rotate. the resultant cycling or rotating magnetic field is read by electromagnetic scanning equipment and this data is used to produce a detailed image. an mri technician is someone who operates, adjusts, and maintains mri equipment. they are responsible for administering mri procedures and doing purely technical analysis of the images obtained. the actual diagnoses based on the images are handled by a physician. mri technology is considered a branch of radiology in general, which includes other imaging techniques such as x - ray technology, ct scans, and mammography. mri scans are used to detect differences between tissue types or different chemical compounds in the body. since these different types respond to the electromagnetic fields being produced differently, they can be differentiated from each other by the scanning equipment. this creates a very effective mri image. mainly the advantage of this type of images over other techniques such as ultrasound and x - rays is its accuracy and clarity in certain imaging situations. one of the main areas where mri scans are used is in scanning the brain. these scans can accurately image what is going on in the grey matter. it tends to be used in cases of head trauma, aneurysms, stroke, and brain tumors. these various conditions appear with clarity in the images that are created. mri scans also prove useful in investigating injuries and conditions of the spinal cord. it accurately images both the interior spinal cord itself and the vertebrae and disks of the spine. this is often done after accidents in which patients have received trauma to the spinal column. the heart can also be accurately imaged by an mri scan and thus used to diagnose cardiac problems. it \u2019 s main advantages here is that it is noninvasive and may give better imaging than echocardiography (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5524544319127589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e658009-96e8-4987-bb19-c44a8f30bdbd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.781405"}
{"text": "the spinal column. the heart can also be accurately imaged by an mri scan and thus used to diagnose cardiac problems. it \u2019 s main advantages here is that it is noninvasive and may give better imaging than echocardiography ( discussed a bit below ) and some other techniques. mri technicians are responsible for administering these and other types of mri scans. they often discuss the procedure with patients before hand, handle the actual procedure, adjust equipment, and reposition patients as the process continues. afterwards they make various technical analyses of the images taken in order to assist physicians in interpreting them. ultrasound is an entirely different type of technology. it sends high frequency sound waves toward the body of the patient. these waves penetrate and strike various parts of the interior of the body, then bounce off. what is basically occurring is that this sound is echoing. though this is not audible to the human ear, these echoes can be gathered by the imaging equipment and used to create an image. an ultrasound technician, like an mri technician, is responsible for handling the entire technical end of the ultrasound imaging process. they explain the procedure to patients, run the actual ultrasound procedure, adjust equipment, positions patients, and perform technical analyses after the images are taken. this kind of imaging is considered quite accurate in many situations. it may be used for some of the following applications : ultrasound can be used to create images of the fetus in the womb and a woman \u2019 s reproductive system in general. the use of ultrasound in cardiology is known as echocardiography. this is an accurate and relatively safe technique that produce clear images of the heart. ultrasound can clearly show muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments, connective tissue, and so on. this is especially useful in situations of traumatic injury such as breaks and sprains. ultrasound technicians do not solely deal with imaging for diagnostic purposes. there is also a whole branch of the field that deals with the therapeutic effects of ultrasound. it may be used, for instance, to break through blood clots, dissolve cysts or tumors, or treat cataracts. the main difference between these modalities then is the technology used and its resulting applications. this just depends on the specifics of a given medical and imaging situation. it \u2019 s also important to note that mri and radiology in general is considered more dangerous than ultrasound, so mri technicians usually must be licensed in order to practice, while with sonography this is not a requirement. either of these professionals may also deal with other imaging techniques, but it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5283217362019419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e658009-96e8-4987-bb19-c44a8f30bdbd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.782552"}
{"text": "hydrogen fuel cells are an appealing source of clean energy because they have the potential to power anything that uses electricity \u2014 from computers and cell phones to cars and ships \u2014 without toxic emissions. thayumanavan, who is an authority on charge transport and molecular design, was recently chosen as the campus \u2019 s first spotlight scholar in recognition of his research and innovation in clean energy science. thayumanavan co - directs the massachusetts center for renewable energy science and technology ( masscrest ). with colleagues ryan hayward, polymer science, and mark tuominen, physics, he discovered a new material that improves charge transport \u2014 a key energy - generating process for efficient and affordable hydrogen fuel cell design. using a polymer nanostructure that provides an excellent conduit for transporting protons from one side of a fuel cell membrane to another, they demonstrated how to improve proton conductivity under very low humidity conditions, where fuel cells prefer to operate but where few materials perform well. hydrogen fuel cells are an appealing source of clean energy because they have the potential to power anything that uses electricity \u2014 from computers and cell phones to cars and ships \u2014 without toxic emissions. the discovery could lead to commercial development of fuel cell membranes that stay chemically and mechanically stable much longer than current materials allow. the results are so promising that thayumanavan received $ 40, 000 from the massachusetts clean energy center to help demonstrate the technology \u2019 s viability. \u201c our work should lead to a lighter, more efficient and sustainable source of clean power, \u201d says thayumanavan. thayumanavan, who came to umass amherst in 2003, earned high praise from spotlight scholar nominators for his multi - faceted work, noting that his research in molecular design is also relevant to the life sciences. he \u2019 s created a nanoscopic gel that can effectively encapsulate and then release drug molecules inside cells. such a feature is useful in selectively delivering chemotherapeutic drug molecules to cancer cells. the campus \u2019 s technology transfer office and thayumanavan are pursuing commercial venture opportunities for bringing this technology to clinical trial.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5725621569360599, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915bc6db-b39f-470d-a05f-74b97df3b210>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.784671"}
{"text": "side events - rio + 20 know our ocean, protect our marine treasures, empower ocean citizens \u00a9 unesco / eric hanauer marshall islands. global and concrete solution are needed to deal with threats to marine environment this side event will be the occasion to discuss and present a number of initiatives that supports the rio + 20 ocean targets leading to the sustainable use of the ocean. the side event will be structured around three inter - connected themes : ( i ) know our ocean ; ( ii ) protect our marine treasures ; ( iii ) empower ocean citizens. this event will demonstrate the need for inter - related actions to move towards the sustainable use of our undivided ocean \u2019 s resources. for each of the 3 themes, the side event will seek to address a serie of central issues. ( i ) knowing our ocean : how can science and technology be put at the service of coastal nations for managing ocean and coastal resources sustainably, and for protecting their coastal populations, and maintaining ecosystem services. ( ii ) protecting our marine treasures : how can we better preserve the natural and cultural heritage of the ocean and coasts and the essential services that ocean provides to society? ( iii ) empowering ocean citizens : how do we empower ocean citizen and society? effective ocean stewardship requires the participation of all part of society in defining a common ocean future and in promoting behavioural change towards the ocean. | type of event | | category 8 - symposium | | start | | 20. 06. 2012 09 : 00 local time | | end | | 20. 06. 2012 10 : 30 local time | | date to be fixed | | 0 | | focal point | | barbiere, julian | | city | | rio de janeiro | | venue | | room t - 9 riocentro | | permanent delegation contact | | language of event | | english | | estimated number of participants | | link 1 | | ioc website | | link 2 | | unesco ' s rio + 20 web site |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47072584022542185, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02b95322-3182-4352-a840-a89ddfeedc71>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.786546"}
{"text": "most recent stories most popular stories uni professor hatches young scientists one university of northern iowa professor, with the help of several uni students, is helping middle school students at hoover middle school in waterloo broaden their understanding of science. using plastic culture dishes, saline solution and an incubator from uni, darrell wiens, uni professor of biology ( http : / / www. biology. uni. edu / ), helped lesley taylorson ' s science class incubate a batch of fertile eggs and hatch them. following uni students ' demonstration the elementary students isolated the embryos, put them in a dish and examined them under a microscope. the image from the microscope was viewed on a magnified tv screen so the class could discuss their observations. wiens says the early chick embryo forms the same fundamental anatomy as humans, only much faster. leslie taylorson, hoover middle school seventh grade science teacher, looks on as her students discover the chick embryos first hand. wiens says, \" lesley taylorson ' s science room is full of all kinds of interesting things to do - - lots of living creatures and on - going experiments. we just bring additional science experiments every february. i think it ' s important to introduce younger students to these experiments to help promote their interest in science. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47961562360466486, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c0b0983-ce87-4456-93a9-033e827a9ef2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.787822"}
{"text": "south sudan, 1 november 2012 : a role model for girls against child marriage in lakes state by kujang sam laki & sid shrestha rumbek, south sudan, 1 november 2012 - \u201c i can \u2019 t imagine what my life would be if i had been married, but i refused thanks to the support of my family \u201d said 15 old mary ( name changed to protect identity ) from matanggai primary school of rumbek central county, lakes state. just a few months ago, a man nearly three times her age had approached her father to ask for her hand in marriage and in exchange would give her father 60 cows. in south sudan, child marriage continues to affect thousands of girls hence undermining their survival, development prospects and participation in other developmental activities. the 2010 shhs indicates that about 40 percent of girls are married when they are still children. early marriage is also one of the main reasons, why there are very few girls who complete primary school \u2013 6. 2 percent. mary sighs heavily as she begins to tell her story \u201c some of my uncles were trying to force me to marry, \u201d says mary with a look of dissent. \u201c they even would come and search for me in the house and try to talk and convince me. \u201d mary says her uncles were persistent in trying to convince her father that they should at least go and see the cows. fortunately for mary, her father gave her a choice and she said no to early marriage. \u201c i told them no, i would like to stay in school, \u201d says mary with a firm voice. \u201c my uncles were very pushy, but i told them why did you send me to school if you want to remove me before i complete my schooling? \u201d mary says that her father had to remove her from the house and send her to live with another family member to seek refuge from her forceful uncles. \u201c it took about a month for my uncles to leave me alone, but the man says he is still waiting for me. \u201d mary says she refused because she wanted to finish school. \u201c how can i abandon my education and settle with a cattle keeper? \u201d questioned mary. \u201c i want to study hard and become a nurse one day. \u201d a friend of mary \u2019 s, yar nyikok, 17 from the same school says her decision not to get married was simple, \u201c child marriage is not good. when you marry earlier, you cannot complete your school. i \u2019 ve seen some friends and family members who married young and some of them have resulted in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4061674473647915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5fdfa3a-df2a-430f-b04a-c95752798091>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.791078"}
{"text": "the same school says her decision not to get married was simple, \u201c child marriage is not good. when you marry earlier, you cannot complete your school. i \u2019 ve seen some friends and family members who married young and some of them have resulted in early and unwanted pregnancies, posing life - threatening risks for them \u201d. matanggai is a school that is championing the fight against early marriage in lakes state through their child clubs which also promote other health behaviours such as hygiene and sanitation. \u201c i \u2019 m proud of the work our child club is doing but would like to coordinate with the local government to inform the public about certain laws like the south sudan child act of 2008, where child marriage is mentioned, \u201d said arop majok, head teacher at matanggai primary school. with support from unicef and partners, the ministry of social development is developing and strengthening various structures to reduce the practice of child marriage and accelerate girls \u2019 enrolment and retention. lakes state will be the first to implement the communication strategy for the prevention of child marriage in south sudan. \u201c preventing child marriage will protect girls \u2019 rights and help reduce their risks of violence, early pregnancy, hiv infection, and maternal death and disability, \u201d said joyce mutiso, programme specialist, unicef greater bahr al gazal region. \u201c when girls are able to stay in school and avoid being married early, they can build a foundation for a better life for themselves and their families and participate in the progress of their nations \u201d. more stories from south sudan more on child protection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.415588749654872, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5fdfa3a-df2a-430f-b04a-c95752798091>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.791667"}
{"text": "mines other than anti - personnel mines ( motapm ) what are motapm? mines other than anti - personnel mines ( motapm ) refers to anti - vehicle mines. unlike anti - personnel mines, this type of mine is activated by a vehicle driving over it, rather than a person stepping on it. motapm includes anti - tank mines. background on motapm within the ccw the issue of motapm prior and during the second review conference humanitarian concerns related to motapm had been raised during the negotiations of the convention of protocol ii in the 1970s, but with limited consideration. motapm were part of the negotiations on amended protocol ii during the first ccw review conference in 1995 - 1996. at the time, efforts were focused on addressing the significant humanitarian impact of anti - personnel landmines. for this reason, amended protocol ii includes specific restrictions on the employment of anti - personnel mines and only general provisions concerning restrictions on the use of all types of mines. at the preparatory committee for the second review conference in 2000 - 2001, denmark and the united states of america tabled an official proposal for a new protocol on motapm. due to persistent divergent views, the december 2001 second review conference did not adopt a new protocol on motapm, and instead decided to create an open - ended group of governmental experts ( gge ) to address the issue. period between the second and third review conferences, 2001 to 2006 during this period, various international organizations and non - governmental organizations continued to emphasize the importance of agreeing on a legally binding instrument on motapm. for example, a july 2002 report by the icrc called for additional measures namely \u201c requiring that all av mines should be detectable and equipped with either self - destruct or self - neutralization features as well as requiring that remotely delivered av mines contain self - destruct or self - neutralization features. \u201d new ideas were brought forward for the development of more effective controls over motapm, which included : motapm with sensitive fuses ; motapm with anti - handling devices ; motapm laid outside marked and fenced areas ; warnings to civilians ; the use of motapm by non - state actors ; transfers ; transparency and confidence - building measures ; and international cooperation and assistance. a new protocol on motapm incorporated all additional proposals and was co - sponsored by 31 states. however, despite efforts made by the gge on motapm between 2001 and 2006, it was not possible to eliminate differences, specifically with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5269971257706902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e3f56c-b17b-4b2f-858e-2ec73a226985>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.797656"}
{"text": "assistance. a new protocol on motapm incorporated all additional proposals and was co - sponsored by 31 states. however, despite efforts made by the gge on motapm between 2001 and 2006, it was not possible to eliminate differences, specifically with regard to issues of detectability and active life. the third review conference of the ccw could not agree on a new protocol containing legally binding rules with regard to motapm. rather, the states parties decided to maintain the issue of motapm on the agendas of annual meetings of the states parties to the ccw. due to the concerns regarding the humanitarian impact of motapm, several ccw states parties committed politically in a special declaration their intention to take the necessary steps to adopt as a matter of national policy the practices that were developed in the draft protocol on motapm. these states declared : \u201c if circumstances change in the future, and it appears possible that consensus may be achieved on a protocol on anti - vehicle mines \u2026 they would join other governments in renewed efforts to adopt such a protocol, building on the work done on this subject over the last five years by the ccw coordinators. \u201d report of the 2012 meeting of experts on mines other than anti - personnel mines ( motapm ) the fourth review conference high contracting parties decided : to discuss further the implementation of international humanitarian law as it pertains to mines other than anti - personnel mines, and to submit a report to the 2012 meeting of the high contracting parties to the convention. the 2012 meeting of experts discussed the following issues : current status of international humanitarian law on motapm ; measures taken by states and existing international humanitarian law ( ihl ) ; humanitarian impact of motapm use ; national policies on the use of motapm ; possible measures to address the humanitarian impact of motapm use. in past ccw discussions and during the 2012 meeting of experts, the requirement for motapm to be detectable was a key issue. one of the major problems is that undetectable motapm create considerable difficulties and costs for clearance operations, which in turn can drastically slow down or halt the delivery of humanitarian aid and movement in an area. however, the argument against detectability is that the financial costs of making motapm detectable are prohibitive and the military utility of non - detectable motapm much too valuable to forgo. another crucial issue was reducing the active life of motapm through self - destruct, self - neutralisation and self - deactivation devices. other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5189234571422903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e3f56c-b17b-4b2f-858e-2ec73a226985>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.798611"}
{"text": "and the military utility of non - detectable motapm much too valuable to forgo. another crucial issue was reducing the active life of motapm through self - destruct, self - neutralisation and self - deactivation devices. other issues focused on the protection of civilians through perimeter marked areas ; monitoring and security of minefields containing motapm ; addressing sensitive fuses and anti - handling devices ; victim assistance ; and cooperation and assistance. the motapm meeting of experts as required by its mandate submitted a report to the meeting of high contracting parties to the ccw, which took place from 15 to 16 november 2012. although the ccw meeting \u201c welcomed the report of the meeting of experts on motapm and expressed its appreciation for the work carried out by colonel jim burke of ireland for his role as friend of the chair on motapm \u201d, the experts were unable reach agreement on further work on this matter. instead motapm will be on the agenda for the 2013 meeting of high contracting parties. high level statements on motapm at the beginning of the 2012 meeting of the high contracting parties to the ccw, the united nations secretary general, mr. ban ki - moon stated : \" first, in my last report to the security council on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, i welcomed the work carried out on anti - vehicle mines this year under the aegis of the convention. i strongly urge high contracting parties to continue to explore all possible avenues for ensuring that these weapons no longer harm civilians, impede the delivery of humanitarian aid or obstruct social and economic development. in doing so, i encourage parties to consider the views and field experiences of united nations entities. \" the report of the secretary - general on the protection of civilians in armed conflict is attached here is an article on motapm by the director - general of the united nations office at geneva, mr. kassym - jomart takoyev. go to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49621171761014293, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e3f56c-b17b-4b2f-858e-2ec73a226985>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.799552"}
{"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb northern confederacy. 1when jabin, king of hazor, * learned of this, he sent a message to jobab, king of madon, to the king of shimron, to the king of achshaph, 2and to the northern kings in the mountain regions and in the arabah near chinneroth, in the shephelah, and in naphath - dor to the west. a 3these were canaanites to the east and west, amorites, hittites, perizzites, and jebusites in the mountain regions, and hivites at the foot of hermon in the land of mizpah. b 4they came out with all their troops, an army numerous as the sands on the seashore, and with a multitude of horses and chariots. c 5all these kings made a pact and together they marched to the waters of merom, * where they encamped to fight against israel. 6the lord said to joshua, \u201c do not fear them, for by this time tomorrow i will present them slain to israel. you must hamstring their horses and burn their chariots. \u201d 7joshua with his whole army came upon them suddenly at the waters of merom and fell upon them. 8the lord delivered them into the power of the israelites, who defeated them and pursued them to greater sidon, to misrephoth - maim, d and eastward to the valley of mizpeh. they struck them all down, leaving no survivors. 9joshua did to them as the lord had commanded : he hamstrung their horses and burned their chariots. conquest of northern canaan. 10at that time joshua, turning back, captured hazor and struck down its king with the sword ; for hazor formerly was the chief of all those kingdoms. 11he also struck down with the sword every person there, carrying out the ban, till none was left alive. hazor itself he burned. 12all the cities of those kings, and the kings themselves, joshua captured and put to the sword, carrying out the ban on them, as moses, the servant of the lord, had commanded. e 13however, israel did not destroy by fire any of the cities built on their mounds, except hazor, which joshua burned. 14all the spoil and livestock of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4069379547083944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec054bcb-a5cc-4c5a-ba9c-4277cc6cfbdb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.804491"}
{"text": ", as moses, the servant of the lord, had commanded. e 13however, israel did not destroy by fire any of the cities built on their mounds, except hazor, which joshua burned. 14all the spoil and livestock of these cities the israelites took as plunder ; but the people they put to the sword, until they had destroyed the last of them, leaving none alive. 15as the lord had commanded his servant moses, so moses commanded joshua, and joshua acted accordingly. f he left nothing undone that the lord had commanded moses should be done. survey of the conquest. 16so joshua took all this land : the mountain regions, the entire negeb, all the land of goshen, the shephelah, the arabah, as well as the mountain regions and shephelah of israel, g 17from mount halak that rises toward seirh as far as baal - gad in the lebanon valley at the foot of mount hermon. all their kings he captured and put to death. 18joshua waged war against all these kings for a long time. 19with the exception of the hivites who lived in gibeon, no city made peace with the israelites ; all were taken in battle. i 20for it was the lord \u2019 s doing to make their hearts obstinate to meet israel in battle, that they might be put under the ban without mercy, and be destroyed as the lord had commanded moses. j 21 * at that time joshua penetrated the mountain regions and exterminated the anakim in hebron, k debir, anab, the entire mountain region of judah, and the entire mountain region of israel. joshua put them and their cities under the ban, 22so that no anakim were left in the land of the israelites. however, some survived in gaza, in gath, and in ashdod. 23l thus joshua took the whole land, just as the lord had said to moses. joshua gave it to israel as their heritage, apportioning it among the tribes. and the land had rest from war. * * [ 11 : 1 \u2013 3 ] hazor, madon, shimron, and chinneroth : cities and their surrounding districts in eastern galilee. achshaph and naphath - dor : southwest of galilee. the mountain regions : in central and northern galilee. * [ 11 : 5 ] the waters of merom : of uncertain identification, perhaps tel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3864488625892295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec054bcb-a5cc-4c5a-ba9c-4277cc6cfbdb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.805359"}
{"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb questions for reflection and discussion of forming consciences for faithful citizenship | preguntas para el diologo sobre formandao la conciencia para ser ciudadanos fieles - a discussion guide and questions for reflection. prayer and reflection resources | oracion general y materiales para la reflexion - prayer and reflection resources that help parishioners understand more deeply these connections : how to recognize christ in the poorest and most vulnerable, and then how to respond to the call to act on their behalf through political involvement. graphics for forming consciences for faithful citizenship - these graphics are available with permission to reproduce or reprint on material that promotes forming consciences for faithful citizenship. novena for faithful citizenship - this novena, rooted in the biblical tradition and the church ' s social teaching, is intended to promote justice and peace in our neighborhoods, our country, and our world family guide to faithful citizenship | guia familiar de ciudadanos fieles para la responsabilidad civica - a guide for discussing political matters your family members of all ages. videos for faithful citizenship - view examples of faithful citizenship, take a video quiz and more by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44666005828084454, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c576edb7-9d3f-4814-99a9-6536eb5aa602>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.808435"}
{"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb migration and refugee services office of migration policy and public affairs the united states conference of catholic bishops the religious worker visa program allows u. s. religious denominations to fill critical religious worker positions for which there are no qualified candidates in the u. s. with qualified religious workers from abroad. the program provides for two types of visas : ( 1 ) the special immigrant visa, which allows qualified religious workers to immigrate to the u. s. permanently and later become citizens if they so choose and meet the qualifications ; and ( 2 ) the nonimmigrant visa, which allows qualified religious workers to enter temporarily and perform services in the u. s. for a proscribed period. religious worker visas ( both the special immigrant visa and the non \u2010 immigrant visa ) may be granted to both ministers and non \u2010 minister religious workers. ministers covered by the program are those who are authorized by a recognized religious denomination to conduct religious worship and perform other duties usually performed by members of the clergy, such as administering the sacraments or their equivalent. the provision of the immigration and nationality act ( ina ) that provides for the admission of ministers to the united states is a permanent part of u. s. immigration law. the non \u2010 minister religious workers are those who are called to a vocation or who are in a traditional religious occupation with a bona fide nonprofit, religious organization in the united states. examples of those who are called to a vocation include nuns, monks, and sisters. examples of those in religious occupations include missionaries, counselors, translators, religious instructors, cantors, and other pastoral care providers. some non \u2010 minister religious workers are pursuing studies in a seminary or are otherwise in formation. the provision of law that provides for the admission of non \u2010 minister special immigrant religious workers is not a permanent part of u. s. immigration law. instead, its provisions sunset every few years. the special immigrant non \u2010 minister religious worker visa program, codified in ina \u00a7 101 ( a ) ( 27 ) ( c ), was first enacted as part of p. l. 101 \u2010 649, the immigration act of 1990. its chief sponsors in congress at the time were representative lamar smith ( r \u2010 tx ) and the late senator edward m. kennedy ( d \u2010 ma ). the program provides for up to 5, 000 special immigrant visas per year which religious denominations or organizations in the united states can use to sponsor foreign nationals to perform religious service in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43488947476438544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d6df332-8e11-4f8a-a19d-71752c86c1cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.815971"}
{"text": ") and the late senator edward m. kennedy ( d \u2010 ma ). the program provides for up to 5, 000 special immigrant visas per year which religious denominations or organizations in the united states can use to sponsor foreign nationals to perform religious service in the united states. once granted, this type of visa allows religious workers to immigrate permanently to the united states. among the important tasks non \u2010 minister religious workers perform are : providing human services to the most needy, including shelter and nutrition ; caring for and ministering to the sick, aged, and dying in hospitals and special facilities ; working with adolescents and young adults ; assisting religious leaders as they lead their congregations and communities in worship ; counseling those who have suffered severe trauma and / or hardship ; supporting families, particularly when they are in crisis ; offering religious instruction, especially to new members of the religious denomination ; and helping refugees and immigrants in the united states adjust to a new way of life. when first enacted, this program was set to expire in three years. it has been reauthorized five times since then. under current law, unless congress acts to prevent it, the special immigrant non \u2010 minister religious visa program will expire on september 30, 2012, leaving many religious denominations or congregations with no effective way of meeting their need for religious workers. prior to enactment of the immigration act of 1990, nonprofit, united states \u2010 based religious organizations requiring the services of foreign \u2010 born non \u2010 minister religious workers were forced to undergo a burdensome labor certification process and / or fit their needs into the business, student, and missionary visa categories. these visa categories were mainly designed for the needs of profit \u2010 making businesses and other employers and not the specific needs of religious organizations. religious organizations faced sometimes insurmountable obstacles in using traditional employment immigration categories, which did not fit their unique situations. the resulting consequences were that religious entities found that they could not sponsor workers at all or could not do so within a time frame that corresponded to the actual need for their much \u2010 needed services. by enacting the non \u2010 minister religious worker visa program, congress recognized both the problems with asking non \u2010 minister religious workers to fit the requirements of the employment based immigration categories and the genuine and critical need for foreign non \u2010 minister religious workers to perform pastoral and other services in the united states. since its initial enactment in 1990, the special immigrant non \u2010 minister religious worker visa program has been extended five times. while up to now, the program has been extended each time it has faced expiration, the process leading to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4390611223155986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d6df332-8e11-4f8a-a19d-71752c86c1cb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.817096"}
{"text": "in the united states. since its initial enactment in 1990, the special immigrant non \u2010 minister religious worker visa program has been extended five times. while up to now, the program has been extended each time it has faced expiration, the process leading to that extension has often created uncertainty within the department of state and department of homeland security, the agencies that administer the program, about whether the program would be extended. this uncertainty also has wrought havoc in the religious community as religious organizations find themselves unsure about whether or not they will have the staff to carry out critical functions. and, the uncertainty has caused local communities to worry about losing vital services that religious organizations provide. a permanent legislative extension would ensure the continuation of this important program, and would provide a measure of stability that would allow religious organizations to plan ahead. with the rapid decrease in the number of americans turning to religious vocations, religious organizations are experiencing an acute shortage of non \u2010 minister religious workers in the united states. in these times of uncertainty, it is more important than ever that faith \u2010 based organizations be able to serve the community through the essential services provided by religious workers. the u. s. conference of catholic bishops urges the 112th congress to make this possible by permanently extending the non \u2010 minister religious worker visa program. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45390396467954064, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d6df332-8e11-4f8a-a19d-71752c86c1cb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.817839"}
{"text": "parashat ha \u2019 azinu - shabbat shuvah september 15, 2007 \u2013 3 tishrei 5768 annual : deuteronomy 32 : 1 \u2013 32 : 52 ( etz hayim, p. 1185 ; hertz p. 896 ) triennial : deuteronomy 32 : 1 \u2013 32 : 52 ( etz hayim, p. 1185 ; hertz p. 896 ) haftarah : hosea 14 : 2 \u2013 10 ; joel 2 : 15 \u2013 27 ; micah 7 : 18 \u2013 20 ( etz hayim, p. 1235 ; hertz p. 891 ) prepared by rabbi avram kogen summary of the parashah moses is aware that his life is nearing its end. joshua has already been designated as his successor. the israelites have been wandering for 40 years, and moses knows well that the 40 - year sentence of wandering has been served. having given several prose speeches, moses couches his final farewell as a poem. as the israelites \u2019 leader for two generations, he has more to say than \u201c you \u2019 re all wonderful ; goodbye. \u201d he has some stern warnings to convey about the pitfalls of complacency. he therefore wants to designate enduring witnesses to his words, so that no one can credibly say after his death that moses had not put the israelites on notice. this may be what he has in mind when he opens with the words : give ear, o heavens, let me speak ; let the earth hear the words i utter! ( deuteronomy 32 : 1 ) it is hard to imagine witnesses that are more enduring than heaven and earth. moses \u2019 farewell poem fills most of this week \u2019 s parashah. the poem is followed by a brief paragraph that says, in essence, \u201d pay attention to the above. \u201d then, in the concluding paragraph of our parashah, god directs moses regarding his impending death. topic # 1 : material wealth and religion so jeshurun ( israel ) grew fat and kicked \u2013 you grew fat and gross and coarse \u2013 he forsook the god who made him and spurned the rock of his support. ( deuteronomy 31 : 15 ) moses fears that material wealth and personal comfort may undermine religious loyalty. is there necessarily a negative correlation between a person becoming wealthy and a lack of religious loyalty? can only poor people be religiously devout? we all have seen people of limited means who pour out their hearts in straightforward sincerity. such people \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4399640685120089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6128df5-2144-44fc-aef9-f4e3fad5369f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.821926"}
{"text": "religious loyalty. is there necessarily a negative correlation between a person becoming wealthy and a lack of religious loyalty? can only poor people be religiously devout? we all have seen people of limited means who pour out their hearts in straightforward sincerity. such people \u2019 s pure and unadorned acts of religious devotion speak for themselves. there is another, contrary, viewpoint that posits that only people who are affluent have the opportunity to devote time to religion. the theory assumes that poor people, who must spend every waking moment assuring their own survival, could not possibly have time to cultivate the inner life of the spirit, while those who have wealth also have the leisure time for such pursuits. ( some faiths require those who are involved at the most serious level to take vows of poverty, to avoid this very issue. ) what do you think? we are aware that some aspects of religious participation / education / celebration require that people spend money. is there a difference between having money to pay for participation and being religious? if, indeed, there are doors closed to people of modest means in our congregations or community organizations, what can we do to make communal judaism more available to them? at the same time, we are concerned, as moses seems to be, that wealth may breed complacency. is there anything that we can / should do to make judaism a more compelling force in the lives of those with greater material resources? topic # 2 : as your brother aaron died that very day the lord spoke to moses, saying : ascend these heights of avarim to mount nebo, which is in the land of moab facing jericho, and view the land of canaan, which i am giving to the israelites as an inheritance. you shall die on the mountain that you are about to ascend, and shall be gathered to your kin, as your brother aaron died on mount hor and was gathered to his kin. ( deuteronomy 31 : 48 - 50 ) it is not entirely clear whether these words were intended gently or harshly. when viewed together with the two verses that follow, this paragraph initially appears to be a merciless punishment. moses must pay, just as aaron had paid, for the sin that they had committed jointly. on the other hand, moses was well aware of how dignified and gentle aaron \u2019 s death had been, because he witnessed it himself. ( see numbers 20 : 23 - 29. ) assuming that no human being can live forever, aaron \u2019 s departure from this world was as benign as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45959002000684346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6128df5-2144-44fc-aef9-f4e3fad5369f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.822973"}
{"text": "the obesity epidemic has touched the lives of millions of adults in the united states and around the world. children, however, have not been immune to it. just like for adults, obesity puts children at a risk for conditions such as type 2 diabetes. this, and the steady rise in diabetes cases, has prompted the american academy of pediatrics to issue the first - ever set of diabetes guidelines for children. \u201c we \u2019 re seeing it much more [ childhood diabetes ] than we did before, \u201d dr. janet silverstein, co - author of the new american academy of pediatrics guidelines on diabetes and professor of pediatrics at the university of florida, told time. \u201c many pediatricians were never trained in managing type 2 because it just wasn \u2019 t a disease we used to see. it was a disease of adulthood. but as we \u2019 re seeing more obesity in kids, we \u2019 re seeing adult diseases in childhood. \u201d the new diabetes guidelines, published in the february issue of pediatrics, address children between the ages of 10 and 18, and place an emphasis on increasing exercise time to 60 minutes a day and decreasing time spent in front of a television or computer to less than two hours a day. nutrition is also an important aspect to prevent diabetes in children. in the guidelines, doctors assessing pediatric diabetics are advised to immediately start the patient on insulin if there is a ketoacidosis or marked hyperglycemic issue or if the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is not clear. other recommendations include monitoring glucose levels with regular glucometer checks, starting the drug metformin, which helps restore the body \u2019 s natural response to insulin, and placement on a modified diet as developed by a dietician. \u201c for both children and adolescents, the bottom line is lifestyle changes if they are overweight ; working on nutrition and working on activity, try to get them to eat healthier, smaller portion sizes, to increase activity to 60 minutes a day, \u201d silverstein told cnn. \u201c no matter what medications we give, it won \u2019 t work unless there are other changes too. \u201d according to the american diabetes association, approximately one in every 400 children under the age of 20 has diabetes, with hispanics having some of the highest prevalence rates in the country. a study conducted by the university of southern california found, not only is there a high rate of obesity and diabetes among the hispanic population, hispanic children are at a significant risk for pre - diabetes, a condition marked as having higher - than - normal blood glucose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38667840843700174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b5d83c7-88b2-453a-a262-82b523c2cc99>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.830333"}
{"text": "most active stories - cheerios commercial leaves bitter taste - breaking the sound barrier - npr labs brings radio to hearing impaired - dr. dorothy peteet, columbia university \u2013 hudson river and climate records - dr. sara konrath, university of michigan \u2013 age and empathy - mass. medical marijuana regulations approved, communities prepare for dispensaries science & technology wed march 20, 2013 scientists : ' no options ' to stop massive asteroids on collision course originally published on wed march 20, 2013 4 : 40 pm without \" a few years \" warning, humans currently have no capacity to stop an asteroid on a collision course with the planet, scientists told a senate panel wednesday. \" right now we have no options, \" said former astronaut ed lu. \" if you dont know where they are, there ' s nothing you can do. \" scientists are calling for continued funding and support for nasa satellites and observation programs that look for \" near earth objects. \" the scenario from hollywood blockbuster armageddon is on the minds of lawmakers after two hulking rocks exploded in the air over russia in february. more than 1, 000 people were injured, bringing the risks of future incidents \u2014 and measures to prevent them \u2014 into clearer focus. \" i was disappointed that bruce willis was not available to be a fifth witness on the panel, \" joked ted cruz, r - texas, during the hearing. while scientists put the odds of asteroids one kilometer in diameter or larger colliding with the earth as \" once every few thousand year \" event, they said cuts in space funding to monitor and detect space rocks could have devastating consequences. \" what [ the film armageddon ] did was basically convince the american people that if anything bad happened, people would get in a shuttle and fix it, \" said joan johnson - freese, a professor at the u. s. naval war college. \" that is myth. that is not reality. \" scientists were simply sharing a grim reality npr and others have written about in recent weeks \u2014 that the rules of physics mean there ' s almost no way to stop asteroids and debris from hurtling toward earth. it didn ' t stop the doomsday - scenario questioning from sen. bill nelson, d - florida : \" what would an asteroid that is a kilometer in diameter, what would it do if it hit the earth?, \" nelson asked. \" that is likely to end human civilization, \" said lu, who is now ceo of the b612 foundation, which aims to hunt devastating asteroids. decades of lead time is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4729128478593734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a039c5b-fe12-4a52-8089-dee436a831e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.839321"}
{"text": "the air battles the luftwaffe ' s priorities shifted time and again, usually connected to the odds on the ground. at the 14th of may the positions of the french at the region sedan had become the centre - point of luftwaffe operations. virtually the entire tactically employed airforce was focussed on that theatre. the german supreme command had in the late evening of the 13th demanded the quickest possible decision in the dutch theatre. the army units involved were urgently required as operational reserves in the belgian theatre and the luftwaffe strongly desired the front - width to be minimized. the loss of about 1, 000 planes thusfar stretched their decreasing capacity over an ever deeper and wider front. in order to facilitate the ground forces in holland deciding things, kg. 30 [ ju - 88 ] and kg. 54 [ he - 111 ] were dedicated to the dutch theatre for the 14th. the latter was specifically shifted from the central front in belgium - and resupplied with replacement heinkels - to execute the planned decisive air offensive against rotterdam and possibly other cities. that was a direct consequence of hitler ' s weisung no. 11, which had been prepared on the 13th and was issued in the early morning of the 14th. air activity in zeeland the air activity by the luftwaffe over zeeland was quite low this fifth day. the germans pushed the buttons in the areas where it mattered most and beyond the front in belgium and the north of france, theses sectors of focus only included the area around rotterdam. zeeland was not specifically on the menu, but did see some recce sorties as well as return flights from the rotterdam and antwerp sectors. a ju - 88 - a1 [ reports contradict - some say it was a he - 111 ; both types were in use with this unit ] - this time in the recce role and serving with the 1 ( f ) / 121 [ strategic recce group ] was destroyed by a british or french fighter [ around 0600 hrs ] and crashed into the ground close to aardenburg [ zeeuws vlaanderen ]. the entire crew was killed. around 1400 hours a he - 111p from the staff squadron of kg. 54 was shot down by french fighters and crashed at yerseke. this plane had definitely been part of the group of bombers that had bombed rotterdam 30 minutes before [ during which the entire force of kg54 participated ]. as we know possibly around 27 bombers of the rotterdam armada may not have dropped their bombs on the city after they had been waived off by red flare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4213762888845545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb5a9fcc-6ad4-461d-a4d6-50e59651694a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.845754"}
{"text": "they are used to wicked winds, and monday was another classic weather day atop mount washington. \" it ' s pretty crazy out, \" mount washington weather observer / education specialist rebecca scholand said about the conditions. \" we had a peak wind gust of 129 mph wind gust around 8 a. m. monday morning. \" the mount washington observatory sits atop the highest mountain peak in the northeastern united states and is famous for dangerously erratic weather. the wind gust doesn ' t come close to reaching the all - time record set at the summit of the 6, 288 foot mountain peak. during a wild april storm in 1934, a wind gust of 231 miles per hour ( 372 kilometers per hour ) pushed across the summit of mount washington. this wind speed still stands as the all - time surface wind speed observed by man record. most of the doors open inwards, to help the staff get the doors open. \" just the pressure difference between the outside of the building and the inside of the building when the wind is this strong is incredible. \" scholand says it is far more difficult to walk outside the observatory on a day like this, with extremely powerful gusts, versus a day when sustained winds are very strong. \" you can just lean into it and go for it. when they start to get very gusty like they are today, its very difficult, because your hit by a 40 mph wind, and then a gust over a 100 mph. \" the observers at the summit are not worried about any damage outside the building. \" the only real damage comes is if too much ice accumulates onto things, \" scholand said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41651385505846417, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c92d1bc-7d36-44de-a61c-f599148d1dd1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.851498"}
{"text": "sept. 13, 2010 - a blood test may soon be able to detect early alzheimer ' s disease, new findings suggest. the blood contains no single marker for alzheimer ' s disease, says texas tech health sciences center researcher sid e. o ' bryant, phd. but by looking at a number of different proteins in the blood, o ' bryant and colleagues have found a \" biomarker profile \" typical of people with alzheimer ' s. by adding some basic demographic information about a patient, the test becomes even more accurate. \" in the near future, we will be able to provide a rapid, cost - effective, and accurate diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease using blood tests as well as some simple questions, \" o ' bryant tells webmd. \" it won ' t require a half day assessment in specialty clinic. \" an earlier effort to develop a blood biomarker test for alzheimer ' s disease showed promise in preliminary studies. but that test proved difficult to verify. o ' bryant says he ' s more hopeful about the current test, as samples were tested at a large commercial laboratory - - and as other researchers have begun to report results similar to his. indeed, the test was highly accurate at distinguishing people with alzheimer ' s disease from people with no mental impairment. when combined with demographic data, it detected 94 % of patients with alzheimer ' s disease. however, it also had a false - positive rate of 16 %. blood test for alzheimer ' s : urgent need for more work nobody would be happier to see a simple blood test for alzheimer ' s disease than ralph nixon, md, phd, director of the silberstein alzheimer ' s institute at new york university. but nixon cautions that the o ' bryant test needs more work. \" this test is not ready for the clinic at this point, \" nixon cautions. \" it would only add a modest amount of support to the currently available tools we have now. but the importance of this finding is that it is one step on the path to finding a blood test that able to indicate early alzheimer ' s disease with some degree of certainty. \" o ' bryant notes that so far, the blood test has only been used to tell people with alzheimer ' s disease from people who are mentally intact. he agrees with nixon that the test ' s true test will be to see whether it can tell people with alzheimer ' s disease from people with other forms of dementia - - and, more importantly, to see if it can tell whether or not a person with mild cognitive impairment is going to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4759916165722937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fac6ba93-747f-46ee-9ec9-35e7244e94ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.862847"}
{"text": "' s true test will be to see whether it can tell people with alzheimer ' s disease from people with other forms of dementia - - and, more importantly, to see if it can tell whether or not a person with mild cognitive impairment is going to develop alzheimer ' s disease. that ' s o ' bryant ' s next step. his team already has patient blood samples and is ready to start testing them. all that ' s missing is the necessary funding. nixon, who was not involved in the o ' bryant study, hopes that funding comes soon for this and for other important areas of alzheimer ' s research. \" it is incredibly important that we develop these biomarkers for early diagnosis and put in the necessary research to make this happen sooner rather than later, \" nixon says. \" we are falling behind in our need to address this alzheimer ' s epidemic that is upon us right now. if we don ' t do it right now, we are going to suffer the consequences later. \" o ' bryant and colleagues have filed for a patent on their alzheimer ' s blood test, but declare no other relevant financial interests. the findings are reported in the september issue of the archives of neurology. o ' bryant, s. e. archives of neurology, september 2010 ; vol 67 : pp 1077 - 1081. sid e. o ' bryant, phd, director of research, rural institute, texas tech university health sciences center, lubbock. ralph nixon, phd, md, professor of psychiatry and of cell biology, new york university ; director, nyu center of excellence on brain aging and the silberstein alzheimer ' s institute at nyu langone medical center, new york.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4887090686913963, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fac6ba93-747f-46ee-9ec9-35e7244e94ea>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.863831"}
{"text": "3d animation workshop : lesson 22 : getting started in 3 - d | 2 lesson 22 - getting started in 3 - d - part 2 so what do we mean, when we speak of \" professional - level \" 3 - d, and why should we care? let ' s take the second question first. professional level 3 - d graphics is a gold rush fully comparable with the internet as a revolutionary economic phenomenon. demand for persons with skills in this arena overwhelms supply, and this situation is only going to become more extreme. in the past, the cost of the necessary hardware and software inherently limited the market for 3 - d graphics, as we have just said, to the entertainment industry ( and its stepchild, the games industry ). but affordable 3 - d opens up vast new vistas. print graphics will increasing go 3 - d. 3 - d technology is sweeping through architecture and product design. realistic 3 - d animation as a learning or demonstrative tool is taking off in educational cd ' s, corporate presentations and courtroom demonstrations. the range of possibilities for this new medium has barely begun to be explored. in my view, the largest element of growth will be on the internet. the web will become a video medium like television and suddenly all of the hundreds of thousands of corporate web sites will require broadcast quality graphics and titling. 3 - d graphics and animation will be ubiquitous. thus, 3 - d graphics represents a most realistic career move, and not just an indulgence. take myself as a simple example. although i had been a 3 - d enthusiast and hobbyist for some years, i began pursuing the medium professionally only about a year ago, studying at a couple of schools and picking up freelance work. today, it ' s my full - time employment, and the future is very promising. so back to the first question. what is \" professional - level \" 3 - d? the 3 - d professional or aspiring professional has command over at least one, and preferably more than one, of those applications that are recognized as \" professional. \" the idea is a little bit arbitrary, but it is valid nonetheless. although, as we will discuss, many previously lower - end applications are improving radically, a certain tradition has been established for the present. the packages designed to run on sgi workstations are the ultimate professional standard. to oversimplify only a little, they are alias ( meaning alias poweranimator ) owned by sgi itself and softimage, owned by microsoft. these applications are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5010440388433659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ed7aaf1-22ff-4824-9f84-2e5fac1b1324>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.869013"}
{"text": "to run on sgi workstations are the ultimate professional standard. to oversimplify only a little, they are alias ( meaning alias poweranimator ) owned by sgi itself and softimage, owned by microsoft. these applications are the standard of the entertainment industry and cost about $ 15, 000. real command over either of these packages means instant employment at a very respectable salary. even where an major employer, such as pixar or pacific data images, uses primarily its own proprietary software, expertise in alias or softimage is considered a necessary qualification. by the way, softimage is always pronounced in the french manner, with the accent on the last syllable, as the company is based in montreal. softimage was ported to windows nt a couple of years ago and, as we mentioned in an earlier lesson, this was the breakthrough event in establishing that operating system as a professional alternative. people have been hotly debating whether alias would also be so ported, and sgi ' s recent decision to move their own hardware to nt means, obviously, that their software will move over as well. $ 15, 000 may sound like a lot of money ( and there are annual licensing fees as well! ), but for someone already making a living in the business, the price is hardly impossible. but the audience for whom i write here is not likely to be able to make such a commitment. thus, to learn this software, they will likely find some educational institution where these applications are taught and available to work with in a lab. in any case, both of these applications are so sophisticated that formal training is essential. these are lifetime artist tools of the highest order. so you don ' t have $ 15, 000, and you still want to get started with professional level tools. what are your choices? | to continue to part 3, or return to part 1, use arrow buttons | | created : september 23, 1997 revised : september 23, 1997", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4731209160053579, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ed7aaf1-22ff-4824-9f84-2e5fac1b1324>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.872325"}
{"text": "the colon and rectum are parts of the body \u2019 s digestive system and together form a long, muscular tube called the large intestine. the colon is the first 6 feet of the large intestine and the rectum is the last 8 - 10 inches. the last part of the rectum contains the rectal sphincter or anus. the rectal sphincter is the muscle that controls defecation. preservation of the rectal sphincter during surgery for rectal cancer is necessary in order to maintain control of bowel function. treatment approaches differ between cancers of the colon or rectum, and are therefore discussed separately. a separate section has been created for colon cancer. adenocarcinoma is the most common type of cancer that originates in the cells that line the rectum or large intestine. it accounts for over 90 - 95 % of cancers originating in the rectum. other types of cancer including carcinoid and leiomyosarcoma also originate in the rectum, but are not referred to as rectal cancer. this treatment overview deals only with adenocarcinoma of the rectum, which will be referred to as rectal cancer. the treatment of rectal cancer may involve several physicians, including a gastroenterologist, a surgeon, a medical oncologist, a radiation oncologist, and / or other specialists. care must be carefully coordinated between the various treating physicians involved in management of your cancer. in order to understand the best treatment options available for treatment of rectal cancer, it is important to first determine where the cancer has spread in the body. the initial spread of rectal cancer occurs circumferentially around the rectum and laterally into the adjacent fat and muscles. rectal cancer can then invade nearby organs and spread through the lymph and blood systems. rectal cancer cells may spread via the blood throughout the body to the liver, lungs and other organs. determining the stage of the cancer or the extent of the spread requires a number of tests and is ultimately confirmed by surgical removal of the cancer and exploration of the abdominal cavity. computerized tomography ( ct ) scan : a ct scan is a technique for imaging body tissues and organs, during which x - ray transmissions are converted to detailed images, using a computer to synthesize x - ray data. a ct scan is conducted with a large machine positioned outside the body that can rotate to capture detailed images of the organs and tissues inside the body. this method is more sensitive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45631841393520495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62f99152-ef1f-40e5-8d3a-2445b98b128b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.879755"}
{"text": "to detailed images, using a computer to synthesize x - ray data. a ct scan is conducted with a large machine positioned outside the body that can rotate to capture detailed images of the organs and tissues inside the body. this method is more sensitive and precise than the chest x - ray. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) : mri uses a magnetic field rather than x - rays, and can often distinguish more accurately between healthy and diseased tissue. mri gives better pictures of tumors located near bone than ct, does not use radiation as ct does, and provides pictures from various angles that enable doctors to construct a three - dimensional image of the tumor. colonoscopy : a colonoscopy may be used to identify whether a second cancer is present in the colon or rectum prior to surgery. during a colonoscopy, a long flexible tube that is attached to a camera is inserted through the rectum, allowing physicians to examine the internal lining of the colon for polyps or other abnormalities. the physician may perform a biopsy during a colonoscopy in order to collect samples of suspicious tissues or cells for closer examination. endorectal ultrasound ( eus ) : endorectal ultrasound ( eus ) involves the use of a special probe that is inserted into the rectum to help determine the thickness of the cancer. by determining the thickness of the cancer, eus can help determine the stage. doppler ultrasound : one technique that may help predict an increased risk of cancer recurrence is doppler ultrasound. doppler ultrasound has been used to measure blood flow in the artery to the liver ( hepatic artery ) and total liver flow in patients with rectal cancer. this measurement may be helpful because abnormalities occurring in hepatic artery blood flow can be used to detect early cancer metastasis to the liver. upon completion of the clinical \u201c staging evaluation \u201d, surgery is performed to remove the cancer, along with part of the normal adjacent tissues of the rectum. surgery also helps to further determine the level of spread within the rectal wall and abdomen. the type of surgery performed depends on the size and the location of the cancer. surgery is commonly performed through an abdominal incision. in some cases, the rectal cancer is located close to the anus and the anus is removed with the cancer. large rectal cancers close to the anus that cannot be removed without damaging anal function are sometimes treated with chemotherapy to help shrink the cancer before surgery. this is referred to as neoad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5149565568591943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62f99152-ef1f-40e5-8d3a-2445b98b128b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.880683"}
{"text": "the anus and the anus is removed with the cancer. large rectal cancers close to the anus that cannot be removed without damaging anal function are sometimes treated with chemotherapy to help shrink the cancer before surgery. this is referred to as neoadjuvant chemotherapy. if there is enough shrinkage of the cancer, surgery may be performed that preserves anal function. however, in some cases, the cancer is too close to the anus and the anus is removed with the cancer. in other instances, the cancer may be localized, but too large to remove surgically. in these cases, administration of chemotherapy and / or radiation before surgery may shrink the cancer and allow complete surgical removal. for more information, go to surgical management of rectal cancer. following surgical removal of rectal cancer, a final \u201c pathologic \u201d stage will be given. this is based on extent of spread of cancer after looking at the removed tissue under a microscope. the stage may be a letter or a number, as several different staging systems are used to describe rectal cancer. all new treatment information concerning rectal cancer is categorized and discussed by the stage. in order to learn more about the most recent information available concerning the treatment of rectal cancer, click on the appropriate stage. stage i ( a - b1 ) : cancer is confined to the lining of the rectum. stage ii ( b2 - 3 ) : cancer may penetrate the wall of the rectum into the surrounding fat or muscles or other adjacent organs, but does not invade any local lymph nodes. stage iii ( c1 - 3 ) : cancer invades one or more of the local lymph nodes, but has not spread to other distant organs. stage iv ( d ) : cancer has spread to distant locations in the body, which may include the liver, lungs, bones or other sites. recurrent / relapsed : the rectal cancer has progressed or returned ( recurred / relapsed ) following an initial treatment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4253754089762291, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62f99152-ef1f-40e5-8d3a-2445b98b128b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.881411"}
{"text": "more u. s. mamas are breastfeeding their babes \u2014 that ' s according to a new report released by the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). researchers from the cdc reviewed the national immunization survey from 2002 - 2011 to uncover feeding trends of african american, white, and hispanic infants born from 2000 to 2008. they found the number of mothers who nurse their newborns increased more than 4 percentage points. and mothers who still nursed at 6 months rose nearly 10 percentage points \u2014 from 35 percent to 45 percent \u2014 during the same time. the american academy of pediatrics recommends moms breastfeed newborns for 12 months \u2014 exclusively for the first 6 months, then in combination with the introduction of foods to the baby ' s diet. ( they encourage continuing past 12 months as long as it works for mom and baby. ) more good news : the gap between african american and white women who breastfeed is narrowing. the report showed the gap shrunk from 24 percentage points in 2000 to 16 percentage points in 2008. \" the striking news here is, hundreds of thousands more babies are being breastfed than in past years, and this increase has been seen across most racial and ethnic groups, \" says cdc director tom frieden, md, in a press release issued by the cdc. here, the key findings from the report : - from 2000 to 2008, breastfeeding at six and 12 months increased significantly among african american, white, and hispanic infants. - while numbers are rising across all groups, all mothers need more support to continue breastfeeding since less than half of mothers are breastfeeding at six months ( 45 percent ) and less than a quarter of mothers ( 23 percent ) are breastfeeding at 12 months. although rates of breastfeeding at six months increased by more than 13 percent among african american mothers, this group still had the lowest rates of breastfeeding duration, indicating that they still need more targeted support. \" despite these increases, many mothers who want to breastfeed are still not getting the support they need from hospitals, doctors, or employers. we must redouble our efforts to support mothers who want to breastfeed, \" said frieden. in order to provide more support to african american mothers, the cdc is funding the project, best - fed beginnings. the project will provide support to 89 hospitals, many serving minority and low - income populations, to improve hospital practices that support nursing mamas. the cdc has also funded six state health departments to develop support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40684452193127446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cda37a60-6a96-4aa6-b16e-e8f243e2d70e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.883825"}
{"text": "valles marineris, the grand valley of mars named after the mariner program which first took close - up images. click on image for full size image from : usgs valles marineris is a large system of canyons, shown in this image, that stretches 4000 km ( 2500 mi ) along the equator of mars. it was first imaged in detail by mariner 9. the scene to the left ( centered at : lat - 8, long 78 ) shows the entire valles marineris canyon system, over 2000 kilometers long and up to 8 kilometers deep. this system extends from noctis labyrinthus ( check the large topographic map of mars ) - the arcuate system of grabens to the west, to chaotic terrain to the east. as can be seen in the image, many huge ancient river channels originate at chaotic terrain, from north - central canyons in the image, and extend north. the three tharsis volcanoes ( dark red spots ), each about 25 kilometers high, are visible on the leftmost ( western ) edge of the image. to the south are the highlands ; very ancient terrain, covered by many impact craters. high resolution images returned by the mars global surveyor spacecraft allow closer examination of this unusual canyon. these images show slopes descending steeply to the north and south debris - filled gullies with intervening rocky spurs. layered rocks on earth form from sedimentary processes ( such as those that formed the layered rocks now seen in arizona ' s grand canyon ) and volcanic processes ( such as layering seen in the waimea canyon on the island of kauai ). both origins are possible for the martian layered rocks seen in valles marineris. in either case, the total thickness of the layered rocks seen in these images indicates that there may have been a complex and extremely active early history for geologic processes on mars. shop windows to the universe science store! learn about earth and space science, and have fun while doing it! the games section of our online store includes a climate change card game and the traveling nitrogen game you might also be interested in : how did life evolve on earth? the answer to this question can help us understand our past and prepare for our future. although evolution provides credible and reliable answers, polls show that many people turn away from science, seeking other explanations with which they are more comfortable.... more this image shows the steep slopes of valles marineris at higher resolution. very high resolution images returned by the mars global surveyor spacecraft allow closer examination of this unusual canyon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45408358724670517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d79f2acf-3995-45c3-a22e-14920b23e456>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.887297"}
{"text": "science, seeking other explanations with which they are more comfortable.... more this image shows the steep slopes of valles marineris at higher resolution. very high resolution images returned by the mars global surveyor spacecraft allow closer examination of this unusual canyon.... more the surface of mars can be broken into two main regions : highlands and lowlands. the highlands are in the southern hemisphere ( the bottom of the figure ), and the lowlands are in the northern hemisphere... more the presence of water near the surface of mars, or lack of water, is a big factor in determining the climate of mars, and the suitability of mars to support life. finding out what has happened to the water... more over the course of time there are many things which can cause the surface of a planet to change its appearance. winds can slowly wear erode a planet ' s surface. the surface of mars is affected by wind.... more this is an example of the cratered terrain on mars. almost the entire surface of mars is cratered to various degrees. the tharsis ridge, where the volcanoes of mars are located, is lightly cratered. the... more the mission of mars global surveyor ( mgs ) is to map the surface of mars from space, a mission somewhat akin to the magellan mission to venus. the mgs probe is also suppose to explore the topmost portion... more this view of valles marineris shows debris - filled gullies with intervening rocky spurs, reminiscent of terrestrial canyons. layered rocks on earth form from sedimentary processes ( such as those that formed... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46203887908247143, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d79f2acf-3995-45c3-a22e-14920b23e456>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.887903"}
{"text": "the regular expressions of chanukah many of you have likely stumbled upon regular expressions. those oddly formulated text strings that specify a general shape to the text that you \u2019 re looking for. for example, want to find any time two digits are next to each other? then simply use [ 0 - 9 ] [ 0 - 9 ]. or, want to find any word that begins with at least one \u2018 a \u2019 and ends in \u2018 vark \u2019? use the regular expression \\ ba +. + vark \\ b regular expressions consist of a simple language and are used by programmers and others who analyze large texts and datasets. and they are actually rudimentary computers. regular expressions are the embodiment of certain types of abstract machines known as finite automata, simple computational engines that can match patterns. they can \u2019 t do complicated calculations or run microsoft word, but they are one simple step on the path to turing completeness. and regular expressions can also be used to deal with the word \u2018 chanukah. \u2019 or maybe it \u2019 s \u2018 hanukkah \u2019? you see where i \u2019 m going with this. there are so many ways to spell this holiday, we shouldn \u2019 t be using lots of alternate spellings ; we should be using regular expressions. for those celebrating this weekend, happy chanukah! bonus : regular expressions can also be used for the many spellings of ghaddafi : \\ b ( kh? | gh? | qu? ) [ aeu ] ( d [ ' dt ]? | t | zz | dhd ) h? aff? [ iy ] \\ b top image : terry babij / flickr / cc samuel arbesman is an applied mathematician and network scientist. he is a senior scholar at the ewing marion kauffman foundation and author of the book the half - life of facts. his research and essays explore how to quantify all aspects of society. follow @ arbesman on twitter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5282260949889914, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed862d5b-7605-472e-84a1-2c280292448a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.889972"}
{"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email mulch keeps a garden healthy and plants happy by providing a ground cover to retain moisture, tamp down weeds. and protect soil from heat or cold. there are dozens of types of mulch, from common ones such as wood chips, straw, and leaves to unusual varieties including cocoa hulls, black plastic, and newspaper. some gardeners choose to make their own mulch from household materials as a way to adopt greener gardening methods. gardeners also may have mulch brought into their yard in bulk for large jobs. wood is among the most common types of mulch. this variety comes in chips made from branches and bark. some gardeners prefer wood mulch because it looks pleasing and, depending on type of wood selected, can be color coordinated. for instance, cedar mulch can provide a deep red garden cover. wood mulch is heavier than other types ; it may better withstand rainy or windy conditions, although others object to the clearcutting of trees that may be required to produce some wood mulches. some gardeners opt to use materials that may be less aesthetically pleasing, but offer other benefits. straw and dead leaves, for example, are standard types of mulch. straw provides a stable ground cover that \u2019 s easy to walk over, making it a good choice for vegetable gardens. straw decays quickly and must be replaced throughout the gardening season it nourishes the soil as it decomposes, however. dead leaves, also not the most attractive choice, are thick enough to prevent weed growth, inexpensive, and also nourish the soil as they decay. gardeners looking \" outside of box \" for types of mulch may turn to smooth glass, which comes in different colors. shells from pecans, walnuts, and oysters also provide stable ground cover. some gardens feature cocoa hull mulch, which has the added benefit of smelling like chocolate for several weeks. sheets of newspaper or black plastic also are among types of mulch. the latter is especially effective at heating the soil in early spring and preventing weed growth. even with so many types of mulch available, some gardeners have moved away from store - bought varieties to produce their own ground cover. newspaper mulch is easily crafted by individuals. gardeners can create their own glass mulch by smashing up bottles, i. e., recycling in action. creating one \u2019 s own mulch reduces demand on materials such as wood chips and may help protect the environment. some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47486003071338806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53e47984-6f34-416a-b6d7-f1dd7ba43903>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.893850"}
{"text": "some of south mississippi ' s tiniest creatures are getting a lot of help surviving in the wild. sixth graders at one pascagoula school are working on a project to monitor and protect a bayou that ' s right in their own backyard. just a few blocks from trent lott academy is grant bayou, a vital habitat for baby shrimp, crabs, and fish. \" this is the nursery of the world. this is where our food starts. this is probably the most important wetlands ecosystem that there is, \" said michael henderson, mississippi power maintenance specialist. twice a year, the sixth graders at the school walk over to the bayou to track the health of the fragile watershed. \" this is our backyard. i don ' t want a dump in my backyard. the only way it ' s going to be cleaned up, the only way it ' s going to be maintained in a good healthy way, is if we do it, \" said henderson. with guidance from environmental and compliance specialists at mississippi power, the students waded in the water to collect samples. they measured the water ' s ph and dissolved oxygen levels. they also tested to see if the water was clear and recorded its temperature. \" this is actually good useful data, and it teaches them the basics of the importance of math, science, and environmental stewardship, \" said henderson. the school has been keeping a close watch over grant bayou since 2002. \" to help save the fish and keep them alive, \" said sixth grader anna barlow. \" for the environment and help the world be clean, \" said sixth grader geo garnica. some students have taken a personal role in this project. \" i usually come out here and help clean up this area back here, because there ' s a bunch of debris. and i like to feed the fish and the pelicans, \" said sixth grader aston smith. they are learning early to take responsibility in protecting their backyard bayou. \" this is a healthy water system. it may not be the prettiest in the world, but it is healthy. our monitoring will help us make sure that it stays that way, \" said henderson. the project is part of \" world water monitoring day \". the data collected will be entered into a national database. the students will use the information to track any changes to the bayou ' s health over the years. be the first to find out about breaking news! to sign up for email alerts from the wlox newsroom, just enter your email address below. your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39751256828682335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2d67ce3-5a76-4245-8fb6-5b84f1510cb6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.896441"}
{"text": "to preserve the structure and ensure the watertight integrity of wooden hulls, tree resins, natural tar, animal fats and vegetable oils were all used by the early boat builders, and the addition of pigments to these materials gave the colours encouraging owners to decorate their vessels. nowadays there are three types of marine paint protective coatings : - oil - based paints which dry by the evaporation of some of the oil ; - polyurethane, which include varnishes and cure when in contact with the air ; - and two - part epoxies which cure by chemical reactions between the two parts. to bring out the natural colour of all wooden surfaces, including the on - deck varnished woodwork or ' bright work ', varnishes were produced without pigments mainly used on the darker varnished mahogany of cabin sides, hatches and cockpit. teak structures, such as grab rails, are treated with teak oil penetrating the wood and preserving its natural oiliness. wooden boat interiors of were often finished with contrasting white planking and varnished beams and furniture with matt finishes often giving a better contrast than the bright finishes which show up areas of wear. the bilge area is usually treated with coal tar derivatives, or bilge marine paints containing fungicides, to prevent the onset of dry rot. the bilge is a difficult area to keep clean, and is a repository for stagnant water and engine oil spillages. the topsides of the boat demanded finishes which could be applied evenly and would dry to a perfect, hard gloss finish. white has been a favourite but is one of the most difficult to apply because it shows up blemishes, especially older gpp hulls requiring painting to prevent the ingress of water into the laminate through a deteriorating gel coat. the boot topping is the area starting at the junction between sea and air and three inches above the waterline on the hull. boot top paints require a mixture of the harder topside paints and the softer, leaching anti - fouling and most owners use a contrasting colour for boot tops. the battle to keep the hull and the elements apart is below the waterline, where fouling resulting from the growth of weed and barnacles results in loss of performance. tropical waters, have harmful marine borers which penetrate wooden hulls decimate the wooden structure. copper sheathing and copper and arsenic - impregnated antifouling paints were successful in combating growth and borers, but hulls still needed periodic scrubbing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46959164071192483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8accc-08c3-4566-86c3-06c48ed4f401>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.900843"}
{"text": "harmful marine borers which penetrate wooden hulls decimate the wooden structure. copper sheathing and copper and arsenic - impregnated antifouling paints were successful in combating growth and borers, but hulls still needed periodic scrubbing. the introduction of tributyl tin ( tbt ) in the 1970s were excellent antifouling agents, but their harmful effects on marine life resulted in a complete ban on their use in the late 1980s and a return to the copper and arsenic based paints. two grades of antifouling are produced : - the hard racing finishes which can be sanded smooth and leach slowly, - the softer cruising versions which form a thicker protective coating which leaches quickly to prevent weed and barnacles from gaining a foothold. the most skilled boat maintenance tasks is the application of paint and requires considerable time, patience and perfect working conditions. successful finishes rely upon particular preparation of the surface to be protected or decorated, along with surfaces that must be filled and sanded so that all blemishes are removed on unpainted wood and grp surfaces. this surface has to be cleaned several times with degreasers and thinners, to ensure that the first phase of the paint system can key into the porous structure and the whole finish does not flake off. throughout the application process each successive must be sanded down with and - dry paper and cleaned with a \u2018 tack rag ' to remove all traces of dust so that the many layers of paint can be applied. paint systems start with a primer, acting as a keying agent and filler and sometimes the primer is combined with an undercoat. after priming and undercoating, a number of top coats are applied to give the desired finish and brushes, rollers and mohair pads used to assist in producing the result. there is a need to balance the quick - drying properties of the product along with a need to prevent runs and to preserve a ' wet edge ' that allows successive strips of painted boat to merge into one smooth skin free of brush marks. grp hull treatment is best left to the professional spray shop where two part epoxies to replace the original gel coat finish with an impervious coating, require a certain amount of expertise. treating the undersides of the hull to remove blistering caused by fiberglass osmosis requires the removal of the entire gel coat by grit blasting or sanding. fiberglass osmosis is the slow seepage of water into the laminate causing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4732305802778259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1c8accc-08c3-4566-86c3-06c48ed4f401>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.901771"}
{"text": "restorative justice comes in a variety of different forms. one approach involves a meeting of the victim and offender. for the victim, it gives him or her a chance to tell the offender about the impact of the offence. as well as offering some element of catharsis on the part of the victim, the argument is that restorative justice can bring home to the offender the impact of his or her actions. the victim might also receive an apology from the offender, something that can have a big impact on both parties. alongside these direct forms of restorative justice other, more mediated, versions are possible : a letter of apology for example. as an approach that encourages talking and resolution over punishment and vengeance, restorative justice has much to recommend it. it may not be for everyone though. a victim of petty vandalism or burglary might be open to meeting the offender. a survivor of a violent and traumatic assault perhaps less so. the offender too needs to be open to engaging in the process. an unwilling participant is unlikely to deliver the desired result, as a recent example illustrates. but if talking and resolution is a good thing, what other models are available? the recent my story project by the centre for crime and justice studies is a case in point. drawing on in - depth discussions with young people who as children were convicted of serious acts of violence, my story presents a series of vivid, disturbing and challenging first person accounts of violence and trauma they themselves experienced. these stories were made possible through a series of in - depth conversations between the young people and one of my colleagues, dr roger grimshaw. the conversations were open - ended. the young people were invited to share and reflect on their experiences in a therapeutic, rather than restorative, framework. there was no expectation, for instance, that the conversations might result in an apology being proffered to the victim. indeed greater self - understanding, and enhanced insight into the roots of violence, was the purpose of exercise, not the offer of an apology or feelings of remorse. given the profound victimisation these young people had themselves endured prior to inflicting violence on others, it is in any case worth asking in what way it might make sense, morally or otherwise, to expect them to apologise for their offences? at the very least, if they were to apologise for their actions, would they not equally deserve an apology from those who violated them so grievously as part of a collective acknowledgement of fault? there must", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4813086004449999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f3a6fc1-007b-4c2b-9186-1d86dc493997>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.905404"}
{"text": "for their offences? at the very least, if they were to apologise for their actions, would they not equally deserve an apology from those who violated them so grievously as part of a collective acknowledgement of fault? there must also be many situations where a victim would like to talk about the harm they experienced, but not with the person who victimised them. if the value for victims in restorative justice is in a therapeutic outcome, why not offer a unambiguously therapeutic service, rather than a difficult, potentially stressful, confrontation with an individual who has violated them? if the purpose of restorative justice is to contribute to the rehabilitation of the offender, why assume that the victim has a role to play in this process? in the face of violence and victimisation, talking and reflecting are valuable and important. restorative justice appears to facilitate this, and at lower cost than traditional criminal justice sanctions. as a result it has gained increased support over recent years. the minister for policing and criminal justice nick herbert gave a speech in support of restorative justice earlier this year. more recently the criminal justice alliance has published a pamphlet calling for its much wider application. but whatever its merits, restorative justice remains relatively narrow in its focus : facilitating a transaction between victim and offender in which an apology can be proffered and heard. what is needed is a broader vision of the role that a range of talking therapies - such as counselling, psychological treatments and psychotherapy - might play in repairing the hurt and damage experienced by victims and offenders alike. it is time to start thinking beyond restorative justice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4331934213591517, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f3a6fc1-007b-4c2b-9186-1d86dc493997>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.906152"}
{"text": "six years ago, hope koch ' s life began to change dramatically. a pianist since the age of 5, she knew something was wrong when listening to music became difficult. that ' s when the 70 - year - old wife and mother of three clearly remembers her hearing loss began. \" that ' s the first thing that got all jumbled. i couldn ' t understand it anymore and then i couldn ' t understand my children, my adult children and then the grandchildren came along and i missed out what they were saying. \" at first she didn ' t tell anyone, not even her husband frank. she pretended nothing was wrong. but soon she could no longer understand movies, and needed closed captioning. she lost her confidence and began to shy away from people because she couldn ' t understand them. eventually she stopped answering the phone. \" i felt like i was putting them to a lot of trouble to have to repeat and repeat, \" koch said. \" all of the things that you enjoyed doing, you shied away from. \" koch saw an audiologist and was fitted for hearing aids. they helped, for a while. but the hearing loss continued. at the end of last year, her audiologist presented her with one final option. since the hearing aids couldn ' t help her any more, he suggested she consider a cochlear implant. cochlear implants are electronic hearing devices for people with profound deafness or severe hearing loss who get no benefit from a hearing aid. there is an external part that is worn behind the ear with a microphone that picks up sounds from the environment, a speech processor and a transmitter that gets signals from the processor and turns them into electric impulses. it is attached to a receiver and electrode system which is surgically implanted into the inner ear. it ' s typically done as an outpatient procedure. an implant does not restore normal hearing and is very different from a hearing aid. hearing aids amplify sound so that damaged ears can hear them. implants bypass the damage and directly stimulate the auditory nerve which then sends the signals to the brain. koch had the surgery at the university of maryland medical center in baltimore in september. \" it was easy, comfortable, the recovery was good. i mean i ' m very pleased with it. i had no negative effects from the surgery, no pain. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46582389424425996, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1df0b63e-b4aa-47e5-99f8-b21ba2c13604>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.908472"}
{"text": "two studies on the deadly h5n1 avian flu virus have been steeped in controversy because some experts view them as a threat to biosecurity. now, the u. s. government is saying they should be published. the papers suggest ways that manipulation of the virus could heighten its virulence and ability to be transmitted. \" this line of research is critically important because it will help public health officials understand, detect, and defend against the emergence of h5n1 virus as a human threat, a development that could pose a pandemic scenario, \" according to a statement by dr. francis collins, director of the national institutes of health. the scientific saga has been unfolding since late last year. research by ron fouchier, a virologist at the erasmus medical center in the netherlands, is at the center of the controversy. with just a few genetic tweaks to h5n1, fouchier and colleagues were able to make the virus go airborne, infecting a population of ferrets with alarming speed, according to reports. after reviewing the data, the national science advisory board for biosecurity, which advises the nih and other federal agencies, voted 12 - 6 in favor of releasing fouchier ' s research, with the caveat that \" scientific clarifications \" are made ; and voted unanimously that research authored by yoshihiro kawaoka, a professor of virology at the university of wisconsin - madison, be released in its entirety. the u. s. government previously advised that the research not be published in the journals science and nature. a committee at the world health organization said in february that the the papers should be published, but did not specify when. \" these particular manuscripts include the important finding that the h5n1 virus has greater potential than previously believed to gain the capacity to be transmitted among mammals, \" collins said. \" the manuscripts describe some of the genetic changes that appear to correlate with this potential. \" h5n1 is a virus that has inspired major concern, due to high global death rates associated with it. according to the latest data released by the world health organization, of the 602 cases reported to the agency, 355 people have died. although some scientists question the veracity of the almost 60 % mortality rate associated with h5n1, many agree that the virus poses a potentially huge threat to humans if it spreads.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4700453418896512, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:070342f5-f133-4240-9eb2-86fb414579d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.911676"}
{"text": "dave dildine, wtop. com washington - the weather during past presidential inaugural ceremonies has run the gamut from fierce snowstorms to blinding rain to mild temperatures and sunny skies. winter has not been kind to many presidents and the inaugural committees in charge of coordinating the day ' s events. since president franklin d. roosevelt ' s second term, the inaugural ceremonies have been held outdoors during the heart of the winter season, normally on jan. 20. the average high temperature on jan. 20 in washington is 43 degrees. typically the coldest time of the year, late january can also be the most tempestuous period for washington weather. a few inaugurations have been marred by strong storms and fierce winds. franklin roosevelt ' s second inauguration took place on a raw, soggy day with heavy rain and temperatures hovering just above freezing. a record 1. 77 inches of precipitation fell, much of it recorded around mid - day and during the swearing - in. a major january blizzard the day before president john f. kennedy ' s inauguration caused near white - out conditions in washington through the early morning. crowds waded through 8 inches of wind - blown snow during the swearing - in as temperatures hovered in the low 20s. of the past 19 january inauguration days, six have featured some form of measurable precipitation. still, some of the nation ' s past presidents have enjoyed mild weather on their first day in office. president ronald reagan was greeted with a daytime temperature of 55 degrees - making his the warmest january inauguration - and mostly cloudy skies for his ceremony in 1981. his second inauguration, however, was the coldest on record, with a noon temperature of 7 degrees above zero. george h. walker bush ' s ceremony was held on a breezy afternoon with temperatures in the low 50s. according to the wtop weather center, president barack obama ' s second inauguration will be cold with temperatures in the 30s. january presidential inauguration weather | 2009 | | barack obama | | 28 f | | sunny, breezy, very cold | | 2005 | | george w. bush | | 35 f | | mostly cloudy | | 2001 | | george w. bush | | 36 f | | rain, changing to light snow late, with fog | | 1997 | | william jefferson clinton | | 34 f | | partly sunny | | 1993 | | william jefferson clinton | | 40 f | | sunny, seasonably cold | | 1989 | | george bush | | 51 f | | mostly cloudy and mild | | 1985 | | ronald reagan | | 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41147673524230155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:878bef65-95ac-484c-ad82-a3453e309e99>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.915122"}
{"text": "| | partly sunny | | 1993 | | william jefferson clinton | | 40 f | | sunny, seasonably cold | | 1989 | | george bush | | 51 f | | mostly cloudy and mild | | 1985 | | ronald reagan | | 7 f | | sunny, bitterly cold. | | 1981 | | ronald reagan | | 55 f | | mostly cloudy and mild | | 1977 | | jimmy carter | | 28 f | | sunny and cold | | 1973 | | richard nixon | | 42 f | | cloudy and windy | | 1969 | | richard nixon | | 35 f | | cloudy, late rain and sleet | | 1965 | | lyndon b. johnson | | 38 f | | cloudy | | 1961 | | john f. kennedy | | 22 f | | heavy snow early, very cold | | 1957 | | dwight d. eisenhower | | 44 f | | light snow early, flurries | | 1953 | | dwight d. eisenhower | | 49 f | | cloudy | | 1949 | | harry s. truman | | 38 f | | mostly sunny and windy | | 1945 | | franklin d. roosevelt | | 35 f | | light snow early | | 1941 | | franklin d. roosevelt | | 29 f | | sunny and cold | | 1937 | | franklin d. roosevelt | | 33 f | | cold, heavy rain, sleet | ( copyright 2013 by wtop. all rights reserved. ) ed koch planned every detail of his funeral - except one crucial date. james franco wants fans to spot him half a million for a film trilogy. katy perry talks about russell brand and says she loves john mayer. cory and topanga are back, and they ' re all grown up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4018791181270255, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:878bef65-95ac-484c-ad82-a3453e309e99>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.915740"}
{"text": "cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the u. s. this podcast discusses risk factors for cardiovascular disease, how to control and prevent them. created : 12 / 20 / 2012 by mmwr. date released : 12 / 20 / 2012. series name : a minute of health with cdc. a minute of health with cdc cdc grand rounds : the million hearts initiative recorded : december 18, 2012 ; posted : december 20, 2012 this program is presented by the centers for disease control and prevention. cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the us. each year, more than two million people suffer a heart attack or stroke and over 800, 000 die from these conditions. survivors are often faced with serious illness or disability. it \u2019 s important to know your risk factors for cardiovascular disease. most can be controlled or prevented. they include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. you can cut your risk of dying from a heart attack or stroke in half with a healthy diet, physical activity, regular checkups, and treatment, when needed. thank you for joining us on a minute of health with cdc. for the most accurate health information, visit www. cdc. gov or call 1 - 800 - cdc - info.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4675501847318265, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56373426-aa26-4027-908d-8ca052d4aa10>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.916969"}
{"text": "restoring celilo falls celilo falls has always been phantom of history to me, since i born a few years after the u. s. army corps of engineers buried the falls behind the dalles dam in 1957. my understanding of the falls and the loss it now represents has come from old photos and maps, and a few shaky film images. yet for many, the falls and the native culture surrounding them are alive and vibrant in their memories, thanks to seeing and experiencing them first - hand. for native americans, the vivid memories only add to the pain of losing a place that quite literally defined a people for millennia. the idea of restoring the falls \u2014 even temporarily \u2014 has been suggested over the years, usually to be slapped down quickly by the corps of engineers as unfeasible, or even dangerous. in the late 1980s, a brief, 30th anniversary movement to temporarily draw down the pool behind the dam briefly gained local momentum before the federal agencies killed any talk of the idea. the corps likely realized that revealing the falls to the public even once could make it politically impossible to ever refill the dam again. the hostility of the federal agencies toward even acknowledging the falls fanned the rumors among the local tribes that the falls had, in fact, been purposely destroyed by the corps of engineers just before they were inundated. this rumor persisted until last year, when a new mindset among corps managers spurred the agency to compile a comprehensive sonar map of the falls to show that they are quite intact, beneath the still surface of the reservoir. the sonar confirmation of the intact falls has breathed new life into the hopes of many that the falls will not just someday be restored, but perhaps someday soon. this is where the restoration of celilo falls fits within the scope of the mhnp campaign : the emerging environmental theme in the coming century is restoration, and no place in the pacific northwest is more deserving \u2014 perhaps even the nation, considering that 11, 000 years of native american culture at celilo makes it the oldest continuously settled place in north america. but the connection to mount hood is even more elemental : the mountain towers over the celilo country like a beacon, and has been a similarly important feature in the culture of lower columbia tribes. celilo and wyeast are connected, and so their restoration should be. a joined effort to heal these places expands the possibilities for both. what will a restored celilo falls look like? initially, it will likely be mineral - stained and muddy. but the new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4438549834392228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35c4e92b-ae8b-4a5a-8f3c-6031540b5b8d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.921524"}
{"text": "##ast are connected, and so their restoration should be. a joined effort to heal these places expands the possibilities for both. what will a restored celilo falls look like? initially, it will likely be mineral - stained and muddy. but the new sonar maps confirm that silts have not overtaken the falls, so if the pool behind the dalles dam were simply lowered today, we would see a largely intact falls \u2014 perhaps even with traces of the cantilevered dip net fishing structures that once clung to the rocks around the falls. and over time, the falls would quickly recover to blend again with the surrounding landscape. what would a restored celilo falls mean for the mid - columbia economy? the immediate impact would be on power supplies, and it is unlikely that the falls could ever be restored without some alternate energy supply \u2014 perhaps a wind farm of equal wattage? \u2014 ensuring that no net loss in energy production would result. the next big question would be impacts on shipping, but the good news here is that barges were already using the celilo canal to bypass the falls long before the dam was erected. the canal system would conceivably resume this function, if the falls were reborn, albeit with likely improvements and modernization. what kind of protection should the restored celilo falls receive? that part is easy. the astonishing scope of history tied to the falls easily qualify the site for world heritage status within the u. s. national park system, perhaps as a national historic site. this would put the restored falls in a category with places like mesa verde, in colorado, and provide the needed framework to preserve and understand the historic resources that lie beneath today \u2019 s reservoir. restoration of celilo falls is a long - term dream of so many, but movement in that direction really began as soon as the falls disappeared in 1957. the falls has never left our collective consciousness, and thus demands restoration. another small step toward restoration will occur in 2009, when the commemorative confluence project will bring an art installation to celilo. the project is marking the two centuries since lewis and clark passed through the region, and the millennia of human history that makes celilo unique. a small step, but also a bit more progress toward what i believe will be the inevitable restoration of celilo falls \u2014 under the gaze of a restored mount hood. explore posts in the same categories : cultural history, natural history, proposals comment below, or link to this permanent url from your own site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43141738210513414, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35c4e92b-ae8b-4a5a-8f3c-6031540b5b8d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.922563"}
{"text": "source : dang td, tang m, choo s, et al increasing the accuracy of peanut allergy diagnosis by using ara h 2. j allergy clin immunol. 2012 ; 129 ( 4 ) : 1056 - 1063 ; doi : 10. 1016 / j. jaci. 2012. 01. 056. see aap grand rounds commentary by dr. sai nimmagadda ( subscription required ). question : among infants, does ara h 2 antigen testing accurately diagnose peanut allergy? question type : diagnosis study design : randomized controlled i just finished a handful of peanuts ( roasted, unsalted of course ) and count myself among the lucky folks who don ' t have peanut allergy. for those that might have allergy, diagnosis has long been plagued by lack of an easy, accurate means of diagnosis. the gold standard is an oral food challenge ( ofc ), but this is a costly and prolonged process that carries a risk of anaphylaxis. this study of 200 children, half with ofc - positive peanut allergy and half without, found that measurement of serum ara h 2 - specific ige antibody was better than measurement of serum whole peanut - specific ige antibody ( sige ). when cutoff values were set for equal specificities of 98 % for both assays, the ara h 2 antibody was 60 % sensitive ( 95 % ci 50 - 70 % ), compared to 26 % ( 18 - 36 % ) for the sige. that ' s an improvement, but very far from what is needed to replace ofc. a screening test for a serious illness needs to achieve high sensitivity, to avoid missing any cases, accepting a few more false positive results as a tradeoff. as noted by dr. nimmagadda in his commentary, ara h 2 is the predominant peanut allergen in europe, north america, and southeast asia, but ara h 9 predominates in spain. it ' s clearly not a simple problem to be solved. on a final note, this study was performed by the healthnuts study group in australia. normally i ' m a bit nonplussed with cute names for study groups, but this one seems to hit an appropriate, nice tone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43923015185049924, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d76264b-c116-4731-a09c-75948b29ce81>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.924914"}
{"text": "by jennifer molidor the university of wisconsin is at it again with the renewal of horrific \u201c maternal deprivation tests. \u201d recently in hot water for their horrendous experiments on cats, the uw \u2019 s psychological tests on monkeys top the list of sadistic treatment of sentient beings. what do the tests do? infant monkeys are immediately removed from their mothers after birth and kept in total isolation. they will be given \u201c surrogate \u201d materials known to provoke heightened anxieties. for 42 days, the confused infants will be subjected to relentless fear and panic - inducing tests while totally isolated. these tests include being intentionally terrified by human researchers, being left alone with a live king snake, and being left alone in a strange room with a strange monkey. they will then be killed and dissected. haven \u2019 t we done this before? a 10 - year study by the national institutes of health ( nih ) has already determined that isolating infant monkeys leads to self - mutilation. surely we could establish this common - sense observation without tormenting monkeys. mammals, particularly primates, rely upon their mother for safety and nurturance crucial to their psychological well - being. one only needs to observe humans, or animals in the wild, to see that distressing experiences, while deprived of one \u2019 s mother, are terrifically destructive. there is no justification for continually frightening baby monkeys and depriving them of basic care. in the late 1950s, harry harlow \u2019 s infamous university of wisconsin tests, in which he psychologically tortured baby monkeys by separating them from their mothers, caused a public outcry. yet, here we go again. continue reading \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5055833038246176, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80d79665-2b5b-4041-9f1e-56e7ee06084e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.927562"}
{"text": "ever had an urge to once in a blue moon buy me an icom - 706? well, lands sake & glory be, your time opportunity has arrived! on new years eve we will be treated to a blue moon. the current definition of a blue moon is a second full moon in a calendar month. blue moons occur every two and a half to three years, the next one being on august 21, 2012. new years eve blue moons are more rare, the last being in 1971. where the term \u201c blue moon \u201d originated no one knows, but it dates to the days of shakespeare. back then it had little to do with the calendar cycle, but with an actual visibly blue moon appearance, which of course signaled global calamities in the near future. sort of a middle ages version of y2k, the 2012 mayan calendar end of the world & global warming. so enjoy the moon and thank you in advance for my new radio. i hope you had the opportunity to participate in the graduate storm spotter training webinar that was held earlier this month. it was very well done and very informative. if you missed it, they are hoping to do another one later in 2010. in the activity we participate in it \u2019 s important that we obtain a good working knowledge of meteorology so we can understand what is being said in the forecast office & so we can make sense of the reports we receive, some of which may sound loopy if we don \u2019 t understand what one is trying to describe. some online resources are : http : / / www. training. disasterweather. org / nsr online training. on this site, you will find a number of online courses originally targeted towards first responders including fire fighters, emergency management, law enforcement, dispatchers, public works, and search and rescue personnel. the training has been expanded to provide training for the spotter network community. http : / / training. fema. gov / emiweb / is / is271. asp is - 271 anticipating hazardous weather & community risk. this course is operated by the cooperative program for operational meteorology, education, and training ( comet ). designed for emergency managers, this course has four main sections : weather : provides a basic introduction to meteorology, particularly as it relates to hazardous weather. hazards : describes the factors that can turn inconvenient weather event into a weather disaster. forecasting : explains the forecast process and what limits forecast accuracy warning partnership : discusses the various pieces that go into producing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5424001104935617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c2f0ea3-f71d-4293-b1e6-d712df8f4cdf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.932296"}
{"text": "particularly as it relates to hazardous weather. hazards : describes the factors that can turn inconvenient weather event into a weather disaster. forecasting : explains the forecast process and what limits forecast accuracy warning partnership : discusses the various pieces that go into producing an effective response to a hazardous situation the most comprehensive site i \u2019 ve found is http : / / www. theweatherprediction. com / which heavily covers the subject, including interpreting skew - t charts, models and other more advanced items. as for books, try these : weather : a golden guide by paul e. lehr, r. will burnett & herbert s. zim. this small non - technical book at first glance may seem like a \u201c child \u2019 s book \u201d, but actually gives thorough, readable overview of the subject. national audubon society field guide to north american weather by david ludlum covers every type of weather system, cloud formation, and atmospheric phenomenon common to north america with 378 photographs capturing cloud types, precipitation, storms, twisters, and optical phenomena such as the northern lights, along with essays on these items. i would add that any meteorology book by david ludlum is worth the effort. especially his historical works. when someone says \u201c strange unheard of things are happening \u201d you will remember reading in his books that these same \u201c strange unheard of things \u201d also happened in 1928, 1935, 1947, 1956, 1969, 1972, 1981, & 1999 also, and so maybe these \u201c strange and unheard of \u201d things aren \u2019 t so strange after all. peterson field guide to atmosphere by john a. day, vincent j. schaefer, roger tory peterson gives 400 photographs and line drawings illustrating every kind of atmospheric phenomenon : clouds of every type ; storms, from cloudbursts to hurricanes ; and sky colors. these books i \u2019 ve recommended are heavy on the visuals and scarce on the mathematical hieroglyphics, for i don \u2019 t need a mathematical formula, or algorithm, as formulae are now properly called, to tell me that a cumulus cloud is chubby. i figured that out by own little self a few years ago. check out these resources and the many others out there. l find it an endlessly fascinating subject. hopefully you will too. january is named for the roman god janus, the god of gates and doors, and so openings and beginnings. january receives more sunlight than december, but the equilibrium between incoming solar heat and the heat radiated into space by the northern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.533296311293175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c2f0ea3-f71d-4293-b1e6-d712df8f4cdf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.933243"}
{"text": "you will too. january is named for the roman god janus, the god of gates and doors, and so openings and beginnings. january receives more sunlight than december, but the equilibrium between incoming solar heat and the heat radiated into space by the northern snowfields does not peak until late january and early february, six weeks after winter solstice. so the weather continues to cool, with january 8 \u2013 20 being the coldest part of the year. one of the most tragic outbreaks of cold weather in alabama occurred january 10 - 18, 1982, when 20 people died and 300 were injured. 16, 000 people were forced into emergency shelters and storm damage totaled 78 million dollars. at least 5 people perished in the extreme cold of january 19 - 22, 1985, that rewrote low temperature records over much of alabama. this storm brought ice accumulations up to one foot in lauderdale county. bridges were coated with ice well into central alabama and four people were killed in traffic accidents on icy roads. on saturday january 19, 2008 central alabama enjoyed a rare snowfall, with trussville getting 0. 8 inch, and central alabama getting from 2 to 5 inches from dallas to chilton county. typically in january there is a 53 % chance of up to one inch of snow & a 25 % chance of over one inch of snow. barometric pressure is highest in january. this january \u2019 s first full moon is \u201c wolf moon \u201d in native american folklore. interestingly, the saxons called january wulf - monath or wolf month. so you might watch out for wolves. this month \u2019 s meeting will be on january 12 at 7pm at the national weather service forecast office at the shelby county airport. i hope to see you there. mark / wd4nyl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42144897138464, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c2f0ea3-f71d-4293-b1e6-d712df8f4cdf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.933970"}
{"text": "what \u2019 s the difference between long and short grain rice? and what is medium rice? can you use the different types interchangeably? does size even matter? rice can be confusing. not only are there grain sizes to contend with, but there are colors, varieties, and types to sort through. according to the usa rice federation, there are more than 120, 000 varieties of rice worldwide! here \u2019 s a basic rice primer, so you can learn when to use a long grain, or when to stick to short. long grain rice tends to separate when cooked. that means your rice will fall apart, rather than stick together. use long grain rice when you are making dishes that call for separate, loose grains, such as pilafs. it also has a firmer, dryer texture and feel in the mouth. chinese restaurants usually serve a side order of long grain rice with the food. so if you hate trying to pick up those grains individually with chopsticks, you might decide to use a shorter, stickier rice instead, to serve with your stir fry. medium grain rice is more likely to stick together. the grains are softer and moister than long grain rice when cooked. this type of rice is the preferred type in hawaii, where the mix of cultures enjoys rice with every meal : breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks! yes, we really do eat rice for snacks. one of the most popular local foods is musubi, a ball of cooked rice, wrapped in nori, or seaweed \u201c paper. \u201d often these will have a slice of fried spam luncheon meat on top. calrose rice, a variety grown in california, is a medium grain rice. this is the type to get if you want a bland, clean taste. short grain rice is the most sticky and soft. the grains have a bit of chewiness to them. the extra starch in them gives them these properties. specialty rice types one famous type of medium grain rice is arborio, used to make italian risotto. the starch thickens the liquid as it cooks, creating a creamy texture that gives the dish its signature style. you can substitute other short or medium grain rice, but never long grain rice, and get a similar finished product. sushi is made with short or medium grain rice. this is another of the exceptions to the substitution rule. you cannot substitute long grain rice when making sushi, or everything will just fall apart and not feel right in the mouth. for the most part,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4493384269729269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc50e18f-55e9-458e-8728-576a0619564c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.937317"}
{"text": "is made with short or medium grain rice. this is another of the exceptions to the substitution rule. you cannot substitute long grain rice when making sushi, or everything will just fall apart and not feel right in the mouth. for the most part, if you are just making a pot of rice, or you run out of one kind of rice or another, you can relax. the different types can be substituted equally in most dishes, without ruining them. there are a few exceptions to the rule, however. use a short or medium grain for sushi, risotto, rice pudding, and molded rice dishes. use medium grain for paella. use long grain for pilafs. use glutinous or sticky rice to make rice cakes, or mochi. use black glutinous rice to make malaysian sticky black rice pudding. use thai sticky rice for sticky rice with coconut milk and mango, or to eat with thai food, like those in the northern parts of thailand, and laos, do. what rice to use for fried rice? any type can be used, but most commonly, white rice is used. it is usually kept in the refrigerator, or left out for a day, which dries the rice a bit. otherwise, if you use fresh rice, you get a steamy, soggy mess.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4210730964173247, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc50e18f-55e9-458e-8728-576a0619564c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.937808"}
{"text": "giardiasis is a protozoan infection that is one of the most prevalent causes of diarrhea. it has been recognized in approximately 100 countries in various parts of the world. isolated cases and even epidemics of this illness have occurred in the united states. beavers are the main carriers of this parasite, which is transmitted by water supplies contaminated with the excrement of beavers. cysts of these protozoa are removed by sand filters, but also require chlorination. they are also killed by heating to 122 degrees fahrenheit ( 50 degrees celsius ) or by chemicals that contain iodine. the usual symptoms are diarrhea with watery, foul - smelling stools, abdominal distension and pain, and loss of weight. in most cases symptoms are mild to severe, lasting from a few days to a period of weeks, though occasionally there are no symptoms at all. in many persons both parasites and symptoms disappear without treatment. identifying the causative organism under the microscope makes the diagnosis. your physician will prescribe and appropriate and effective medication which you can tolerate. giardia lives inside the intestines of infected humans or other animals. individuals become infected through ingesting or coming into contact with contaminated food, soil, or water. the giardia parasite originates from contaminated items and surfaces that have been tainted by the feces of an infected animal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5013483523685378, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c4bf613-cc82-4a4b-aaac-8b2eb895f764>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.939212"}
{"text": "what were once two feasts, corpus christi and precious blood, are now one celebration. originally one feast honored the body of christ, which was first broken, then glorified and is now given to us in sacramental form. the other feast praises the blood of christ, poured out for our salvation. together, they celebrate the incomparable love that christ has for us. they remind us that \u201c the mercies of the lord are new every morning. \u201d breaking bread together is a familiar act. besides satisfying our hunger, this basic act of survival signifies that we share the very means of our sustenance. in a sense, we are bound together by this simple yet profound communal action. when jesus took bread, broke it and gave it to his disciples to eat, he was enacting this fundamental ritual \u2014 people surviving together on the same food. though he must have performed this ritual on numerous occasions, it took on extraordinary meaning when he did it the last time. the ritual was the same ; the original meaning was not lost. it was the character of the bread that made the difference. by his own words, this broken bread was now his own body that would be broken and then raised to glory. this simple yet profound action signifies that as we share this sustenance, we are bound to him and to one another. contemporary society espouses at least two attitudes toward the use of blood. the role that it plays in the ritual described in today \u2019 s first reading probably repels most modern people. if we sometimes shield ourselves from the ritual sprinkling of holy water, we will hardly endure the sprinkling of blood. on the other hand, blood is recognized as a life force, and so generally we value blood transfusions and the possibilities envisioned by the use of blood in stem cell research. blood relationships are some of the most cherished bonds that we know, and they have both social and legal ramifications that are quite binding. thus blood and blood bonds continue to play important roles in our lives today. today we see god making a binding pact with us and sealing this pact with blood. we stand speechless before the reading from hebrews, when we discover that the blood that seals our fate as christians is actually the blood of jesus. in the gospel he invites us to renew this pact whenever we partake of the blood of the covenant. as we take the broken bread transformed into jesus \u2019 body and drink from the cup that he offers us, we realize that indeed the mercies of the lord", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4808959716849882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8148b42-4cf4-4191-81e9-344d62d5a407>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.944091"}
{"text": "the origins of racism in america \u2013 from slavery to the foundation this site was created for the great works symposium winter 2008 - 2009 course at drexel university on civil rights. since our class was on civil rights, we decided to trace back the origins of racism in america - - and we wanted to delve into the foundations of what created the need for so many movements by those who have had their rights taken away. we decided that the time period from before slavery to the foundation of the country would be suitable for an explanation of the creation of racism, especially since this time period included the creation of racist laws in america. check out our forum! please join our forum and post to discuss the topic further! to navigate the site, you can click on the links at the top of the page. they go through different time periods, covered by each member of the group. chuck longen covers the background of slavery, before it made its way to america. stacy litz describes the transition from indentured servatude to slavery. danielle martin explains the many ways that slaves showed resistance. tyler frazier analyzes the founders ' reaction to slavery in regards to the establishment of the country. abhishek sengupta pulls it all together by covering some key laws that promote racist ideas in america.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4959384355350185, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfda9466-a671-4b93-9bb8-8f1571317285>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.945694"}
{"text": "a recent series of papers [ 1 - 3 ] have prompted me to write about the cancer stem cell ( csc ) hypothesis, since during the last years there has been a lot of controversy regarding the existence, function and clinical implications of cancer stem cells. this confusion stems ( no pun intended ) from the lack of clarity in the field nowadays, arising mainly from misconceptions regarding the origin and function of these cells. on top of all of this is the confusion derived from media - hype and some not - so knowledgeable scientific journalists. the classical view of tumor biology is that transformed cells, which carry mutations that confer them selective advantages under certain conditions, divide continuously forming a homogeneous tumor. this concept entailed the idea that every clone of the original tumor proliferates indefinitely as an autonomous entity within the whole malignant cell population, and if removed from the tumor and placed somewhere else it could generate a new tumor. the cancer stem cell hypothesis challenges the aforementioned idea by stating that there is a distinct subset of cells within the whole population capable of initiating and sustaining the growth of the tumor. the descendants of these tumor stem cells are the so - called \u201c tumor bulk \u201d, which are only short lived cells. this then means that it is only these \u2018 cancer stem cells \u2019 that could lead to the formation of new tumors. 2. experimental evidence from different models of cancer the evidence for this hypothesis came from the group led by john dick, which showed that acute myeloid leukemia ( aml ) cells differ in their tumor initiating abilities. the experimental approach was straightforward : sorting the cells of the whole tumor through facs, and then injecting different subpopulations into immunocompromised mice. they later followed which subpopulation was able to reconstitute the original tumor and saw that a small fraction of them had this ability. the subpopulations arise from using surface markers to separate them. i will come back to this point later to point out the technical problems and advantages associated to this approach ). this pioneering work showed that tumors possess a hierarchical organization, and suggested the existence of cancer stem cells. it is noteworthy that at this point the authors only referred to tumor initiating cells ( the term cancer stem cell was coined later ). 2. 2 solid tumors early work on the hematopoietic system ( mainly through the clear characterization of surface markers ) allowed tracing of populations with high accuracy. in the case of solid tumors much less is known about the differentiation process, and even less is known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5673515621201287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1690a50-74b6-43b4-a2e8-3891698575b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.955100"}
{"text": "solid tumors early work on the hematopoietic system ( mainly through the clear characterization of surface markers ) allowed tracing of populations with high accuracy. in the case of solid tumors much less is known about the differentiation process, and even less is known about surface markers that characterize each stage. furthermore, facs analysis is much more complicated due to the disaggregation step that must be performed ( which can alter the surface markers ). despite the lack of clear ways to trace populations, characterization of cscs has been done for several types of solid tumors including breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, brain tumors and colon cancer [ 5 - 8 ]. usually the approach used in most of these studies is based on the usage of known csc markers from some type of tumor, to separate populations in another one. this rationale has proven useful in some cases, however it cannot be generalized : - cd44 was known to be a marker of leukemic stem cells and it has been recently shown to be also a marker for breast cancer stem cells. - cd133 was known to be a marker of glioblastoma stem cells, yet in colon cancer it has been shown to be a marker of a broader population, thus biasing the results. in general, more knowledge about the dynamics of tissue hierarchy in both normal and pathological conditions will give rise to better tools for understanding potential populations of cancer stem cells in solid tumors. 3. unresolved issues several authors claim that the term \u201c cancer stem cell \u201d is inaccurate since not only stem cells can give rise to cancer. this statement is incorrect. the cancer stem cell denomination is given only on a functional basis, which means that these tumor initiating cells have stem - cell properties ( self - renewal and the ability to generate all lineages within the tumor ), not that they exclusively arise from stem cells. a recent work by the clevers group shows that only intestinal stem cells bearing the lgr5 surface marker are capable of initiating adenomas, the earliest stage of colorectal cancer. the most interesting observation was that differentiated lgr5 - cells were unable to initiate tumors. whether lgr5 + cells within the tumor are maintained up until late - stage cancer remains unknown, but this study shows that for this model of tumor the substrate of cancer initiation is indeed an adult stem cell. on the other hand, work done in leukemia has suggested that progenitor cells ( which give rise to only a subset of cells within the tissue ) are also capable of tumor initiation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5004305559030892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1690a50-74b6-43b4-a2e8-3891698575b5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.956110"}
{"text": "of tumor the substrate of cancer initiation is indeed an adult stem cell. on the other hand, work done in leukemia has suggested that progenitor cells ( which give rise to only a subset of cells within the tissue ) are also capable of tumor initiation, particularly in chronic myeloid leukemia, where although the hematopoietic stem cell carries a mutation in wnt signaling, only the myeloid progenitors effectively give rise to tumors. 3. 2 experimental caveats so far the assessment of stemness remains a highly complex issue that lacks a straightforward answer ( i. e. how do you quantify stemness? i welcome any ideas ). csc quantification is done by the capability of these cells to initiate a tumor in immunocompromised mice, although this may reflect only the ability of certain cells to adapt to a foreign environment. in fact, the morrison group showed that depending on the murine model utilized, the frequency of alleged cscs within melanomas derived from patients varies. this suggests that the microenvironment is the limiting step and partially disproves that cscs are a rare population within certain tumor types. this was also seen by the strasser group utilizing murine leukemias in immunocompetent mice. although this may suggest that cscs are not as rare as previously reported, this does not contradict in any sense the csc hypothesis, since the idea of a rare population came from the experimental models used and may vary considerably between tumors. in order to properly assess which subpopulation ( if any ) contains cscs, the tumor initiation experiments must be done in immunocompetent animals that share the same genetic background than that of the host ( the immune system plays a major role in tumor appearance and progression, so this should be integrated into the experimental framework ), and serial transplantations must be done to show that this ability is retained in time by the same population of cells ( serial transplantation assays are a robust method to follow the tumor initiating capacity of a population of cells in extended periods of time ). furthermore, it has to be shown that these putative cscs are the only ones able to generate all other lineages within the tumor. ( of course these concepts would only apply to murine tumors, but is the proof of principle from where the field can resolve most of the current issues ). 3. 3 therapeutic relevance whether the direct targeting of cscs by new treatments will effectively give rise to better therapies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5070582013242604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1690a50-74b6-43b4-a2e8-3891698575b5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.957051"}
{"text": "only apply to murine tumors, but is the proof of principle from where the field can resolve most of the current issues ). 3. 3 therapeutic relevance whether the direct targeting of cscs by new treatments will effectively give rise to better therapies still remains to be proven, and so it is essential to realize that, at present, this would only be an adjuvant therapy to conventional methods. the reason for this is quite clear : although the cscs putatively maintain the growth of the tumor, it is still the bulk of the tumor which is responsible for the disease ( assuming that cscs are a minor population of course ). nevertheless, some groups have shown that targeting the cscs could be sufficient to stop the growth of the tumor. work done in the frank lab showed that by targeting the melanoma stem cell marker abcb5, they could effectively treat the progression of this disease. the same was shown for cd44 in acute myeloid leukemia by the dick lab. moreover, in a very recent paper, the group of michael clarke showed that the csc population in breast cancer is more resistant to radiation, and that this is due to reduced reactive oxygen species within these cells. this could partly explain why current therapies are inefficient, as treatment - resistant cscs would lead to relapse. taken together, it is evident that further studies on the nature and function of cscs for the development of new approaches against cancer, are needed. 4. concluding remarks i hope that with this brief summary of the csc hypothesis, some light has been shed in the understanding of this concept and how it may influence both basic and clinical oncology in the future. my impression is that further work is required to understand the dynamics of tumor initiation and growth through the csc hypothesis, but the overall evidence seems to point towards the validation of this model. hopefully the elucidation of how cscs regulate tumor properties will lead to better therapeutic approaches and a deeper knowledge of the basic mechanisms that control cancer origin and development. 1. jordan, c. ( 2009 ). cancer stem cells : controversial or just misunderstood? cell stem cell, 4 ( 3 ), 203 - 205 doi : 10. 1016 / j. stem. 2009. 02. 003 2. rosen, j., & jordan, c. ( 2009 ). the increasing complexity of the cancer stem cell paradigm science, 324 ( 5935 ), 1670 - 1673 doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1171837 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5188228140107318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1690a50-74b6-43b4-a2e8-3891698575b5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.957966"}
{"text": "2. rosen, j., & jordan, c. ( 2009 ). the increasing complexity of the cancer stem cell paradigm science, 324 ( 5935 ), 1670 - 1673 doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1171837 3. visvader, j., & lindeman, g. ( 2008 ). cancer stem cells in solid tumours : accumulating evidence and unresolved questions nature reviews cancer, 8 ( 10 ), 755 - 768 doi : 10. 1038 / nrc2499 4. bonnet, d. and j. e. dick, human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. nat med, 1997. 3 ( 7 ) : p. 730 - 7. 5. al - hajj, m., et al., prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. proc natl acad sci u s a, 2003. 100 ( 7 ) : p. 3983 - 8. 6. dalerba, p., et al., phenotypic characterization of human colorectal cancer stem cells. proc natl acad sci u s a, 2007. 104 ( 24 ) : p. 10158 - 63. 7. li, c., et al., identification of pancreatic cancer stem cells. cancer res, 2007. 67 ( 3 ) : p. 1030 - 7. 8. singh, s. k., et al., identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. nature, 2004. 432 ( 7015 ) : p. 396 - 401. 9. barker, n., et al., crypt stem cells as the cells - of - origin of intestinal cancer. nature, 2009. 457 ( 7229 ) : p. 608 - 11. 10. quintana, e., et al., efficient tumour formation by single human melanoma cells. nature, 2008. 456 ( 7222 ) : p. 593 - 8. 11. kelly, p. n., et al., tumor growth need not be driven by rare cancer stem cells. science, 2007. 317 ( 5836 ) : p. 337. 12. schatton, t., et al., identification of cells initiating human melanomas. nature, 2008. 451 ( 7176 ) : p. 345 - 9. 13. jin,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5212339941321693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1690a50-74b6-43b4-a2e8-3891698575b5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.959156"}
{"text": "number of animals killed to produce one million calories in eight food categories october 12, 2009 in a 2003 article in the journal of agricultural and environmental ethics, steven davis advanced the argument that fewer animals would be harmed if we consumed a diet containing large herbivores ( namely cattle ) fed on pasture than if we consumed a vegan diet, based on his calculation that more wild animals would be killed in crop harvesting than in producing food from a ruminant - pasture - forage system *. gaverick matheny identified a crucial error in davis ' s calculation : it assumed that equal amounts of land will produce equal amounts of food from crops or from animals on pasture *. in fact, an amount of land will produce much more food when used to grow crops for direct human consumption than when used to raise cattle, provided it is suitable for growing crops. once matheny corrected the calculation, davis ' s argument made the case for, rather than against, a vegan diet, given an objective to cause the least amount of animal death. davis ' s argument was also criticized by andy lamey, who pointed out that the case that davis makes for the numbers of animals being killed by harvesting activity is weak, as his numbers included animals who were killed by predators, and that the argument overlooks ways that humans can be harmed or killed by beef production but not vegetable production *. the idea that a vegan diet kills as many or more animals than a meat - based diet is sometimes used as a rationalization for consuming meat, and this idea serves to add uncertainty to the ethical case for a plant - based diet. in an attempt to help clear up this uncertainty, i have made estimates of the number of animals killed directly by slaughter as well as through crop harvesting in order to produce one million food calories from eight different categories of food, shown in figure 1. one million calories is an annual calorie intake for someone consuming 2740 calories / day, so the numbers would reflect an annual number of animals killed if all one million calories came from the same category. of course, no one eats this way, but what is important is the number of animals killed per calorie. if you could determine what percentage of calories in a complete diet came from each category, you could determine a number of animals killed for that diet. to do this, you would probably need a more complete list of food categories than the eight presented here. figure 1 shows that more animals may be killed for beef than for pork when animals killed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4453773633341892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa0c6bd0-07f9-422e-8f73-ff22143cf534>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.974356"}
{"text": "you could determine a number of animals killed for that diet. to do this, you would probably need a more complete list of food categories than the eight presented here. figure 1 shows that more animals may be killed for beef than for pork when animals killed in harvest are taken into account. however, compared to beef, more of the animals killed for pork are raised on factory farms, and most of the animals killed for beef are free wild animals who we can assume had natural lives and were killed relatively quickly by farm machinery. pigs raised on factory farms suffer castration, tail removal, and having their teeth cut with no painkillers. they also suffer intensive confinement in barren crates, physical abuse, and transport without food and water through all weather conditions. undercover investigations have exposed that pigs suffer astonishing cruelties *. figure 1 also shows that the number of animals killed for dairy products may be relatively small compared to other animal - derived foods, but animals forced to give milk for dairy products suffer a great deal, and this suffering is not something that can be quantified in a chart. dairy cows are repeatedly artificially inseminated to keep them producing milk, and their calves are taken away from them within 48 hours of birth. this is traumatic for both the mother and the calf. many dairy cows also suffer tail docking mutilations, and mastitis infections of their udders. undercover investigations have shown sick dairy cows living in miserable conditions *. based on this estimation, someone with a desire to modify their diet to reduce the number of animals killed for their food, or someone who is interested in gradually moving towards a plant - based diet for ethical reasons should start by removing chicken and eggs from their diet, but the most animal suffering and death can be prevented by following a vegan diet. two categories of animal deaths were examined : animals slaughtered directly for food, and animals killed in the harvesting of crops. there are other possible sources of animal death associated with our diets, such as predators killed in defense of livestock, animals prevented from existing by the destruction of their habitat, and human deaths from food poisoning, disease, or accidents on farms or in slaughterhouses. it is likely that these other sources of animal death would increase the numbers of animals killed for animal - derived foods more than they would increase the numbers of animals killed for plant - derived foods, and would not significantly affect the conclusions presented here. to determine the number of animals directly killed to obtain one million human - edible calories from animal carcasses, the following formula was used : where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45140653200779624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa0c6bd0-07f9-422e-8f73-ff22143cf534>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.975991"}
{"text": "numbers of animals killed for plant - derived foods, and would not significantly affect the conclusions presented here. to determine the number of animals directly killed to obtain one million human - edible calories from animal carcasses, the following formula was used : where na is the number of animals killed, ct is the target number of food calories, ca is the number of calories per kilogram of each food, y is the yield of live weight to edible weight, and w is the average live weight of the animal. calories per kilogram for each food were obtained from the usda national nutrient database for standard reference, accessed through www. wolframalpha. com. carcass yields were obtained from wulf * and kokoszynski * average live weights were obtained from usda statistics * *. to determine the number of animals directly killed to obtain one million human - edible calories for eggs, the following formula was used : where na is the number of animals, ct is the target number of food calories, ca is the calories per egg, ny is the number of years each bird lays eggs for, and ne is the number of eggs laid per year per animal *. so, na is the number of chickens it takes to lay ct food calories of eggs. once these chickens have reached the end of their economic usefulness ( after ny years ), they are killed. this number is then multiplied by two, as hatcheries that breed chickens for egg - laying ability kill the males at birth because they have no economic use. if it is assumed that half of the chicks are born male, then this doubles the number of animal deaths associated with egg production, because for every egg - laying hen, there will be two deaths. in the united states in 2008, 467, 242, 000 egg - type chicks were hatched *. if half of these were male, then 233, 621, 000 male chicks were killed in hatcheries at birth. egg - laying hens are not bred for meat, so those who are slaughtered have low carcass yields, and yield low - quality meat that may go into soups or other processed foods for human consumption. they may also be buried on site, or ground up and added to livestock feed. if the meat from the spent layers were counted as \" egg calories, \" and if the contribution to human - edible foods from the flesh of spent layer hens could be estimated, then this could account for a proportion of the one million calorie total", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44428459765749073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa0c6bd0-07f9-422e-8f73-ff22143cf534>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.978080"}
{"text": "meat from the spent layers were counted as \" egg calories, \" and if the contribution to human - edible foods from the flesh of spent layer hens could be estimated, then this could account for a proportion of the one million calorie total and reduce the number of animals killed to get one million calories. for the purposes of this project, i have only included the number of animals killed to get one million calories directly from eggs, and estimated chicken meat separately. a similar formula was used to determine the number of animals killed to produce one million calories of milk, taking into account the number of years a dairy cow is typically used for milk, average kilograms of milk given per year per cow, and the number of calories per kilogram of milk. dairy cows are impregnated three times in their 4 - year life so that they keep giving milk, and their calves must be taken away so that we can collect the milk for ourselves. the female calves become more dairy cows, and the males, having no economic value as a dairy breed, are raised for veal. the deaths of veal calves ( if we assume half of the calves are male, this would add 1. 5 deaths per dairy cow ) are not included in this total. if their deaths were counted, then their human - edible calories would also have to be counted as \" milk calories. \" for the purposes of this project, i have only counted calories directly from milk. it would be possible to estimate veal as a separate category, but i have not done so for the purposes of this project. to produce fruits, vegetables, and grains, it is not necessary to kill any animals directly. however, there probably are some wild animals killed in the process of planting and harvesting plant - based foods on a large scale. some possible causes of these deaths are farm machinery such as harvesters, ploughs, or tractors, chemical pesticides, or direct poisoning or trapping of animals who pose a threat to the crops. as davis puts it, \" although accurate estimates of the total number of animals killed by different agronomic practices from plowing to harvesting are not available, some studies show that the numbers are quite large. \" davis draws his estimates from a study done on field mice in england *, and from a study done on sugarcane fields in hawaii. in the english study, 33 field mice were fitted with radio collars and tracked before and after harvest. the researchers found that only 3 percent of them were actually killed by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.520080466323023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa0c6bd0-07f9-422e-8f73-ff22143cf534>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.979262"}
{"text": "in england *, and from a study done on sugarcane fields in hawaii. in the english study, 33 field mice were fitted with radio collars and tracked before and after harvest. the researchers found that only 3 percent of them were actually killed by the combine harvester ( amounting to one mouse ). an additional 52 percent of them ( 17 mice ) were killed following harvest by predators such as owls and weasels, possibly due to their loss of the crop cover. it is unknown how many of these mice would have been eaten by owls or weasels anyway. i was able to find two additional studies on the effect of harvest on wild animal populations. one study done in argentina measured small mammal densities in a corn and a wheat field, and in surrounding border areas before and after harvest. the researchers found that there were lower densities of small mammals in the crops after harvest, and comparable higher densities in the surrounding areas, which may indicate a level of escape from the harvested fields *. another study that measured small mammal densities in south dakota corn fields and neighboring areas did not find a significant difference in the density of small mammals before and after harvest *. this study also did not have a large sample size ( 88 animals ). i am not aware of any data that exists that would support a national average of number of animals killed per area land due to crop harvesting activity. even if no data exists on the number of animals killed due to harvesting crops, we can still draw meaningful comparisons between different food categories by using a constant estimate of number of animals killed per acre for different types of land, and then determining how many acres of each type of land it takes to produce the same amount of food in each category. davis estimates that 15 wild animals per hectare per year are killed as a result of harvesting annual crops, and guesses that maybe half that, or 7. 5 animals per hectare per year, are killed on grazed land with managed perennial forage. he does this by averaging a mortality rate from the english mouse study ( including animals killed by predators in the week following harvest ), and a mortality rate from a study of a number of rats killed in sugarcane harvesting. even though these numbers may be inaccurate, i think that until better data is available, it is reasonable to use davis ' s estimates for the sake of comparing different categories of food. a 2006 cornell university study on the land requirements of complete diets in new york state determined the average amount of land required to produce one human edible calorie of various categories of food *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.471403694061114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa0c6bd0-07f9-422e-8f73-ff22143cf534>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.980393"}
{"text": "s estimates for the sake of comparing different categories of food. a 2006 cornell university study on the land requirements of complete diets in new york state determined the average amount of land required to produce one human edible calorie of various categories of food *. it is important to point out that this study is for food produced within new york state only, and while it might be useful to apply the results to regions with similar climates, soil quality, and other characteristics as new york state, the results would differ for other climates and for a national average. another 2006 study conducted in the netherlands estimated land required to produce one kilogram of beef, chicken, and pork based on world average crop yields and on the world ' s highest crop yields *. the amount of land required to produce a given quantity of food can vary greatly depending on many factors, including region, climate, seeds, growing methods, and soil quality. the data in the cornell study and the netherlands study concurred that it takes about 30 percent as much land to produce the same number of calories from chicken as it does from beef. on pork, the studies differed. the cornell study calculated that it takes about 23 percent of the land to get the same number of calories from pork as it does from beef, and the netherlands study came up with 44 percent for the world average, and 40 percent if the highest worldwide crop yields are used. for the sake of determining the number of animals killed in harvesting activities, figure 1 uses the land requirements determined in the cornell study, because even though they are only for new york state, they give an indication of the relative land requirements of different food categories. one conclusion of the cornell study was that meat generally increases land requirements of a diet, but diets including a small amount of meat could result in less land required per capita than some high - fat vegetarian diets ( that include milk and eggs ) because of cattle converting forage on land unsuitable for crops into human - edible calories. it is probably true that raising ruminant animals on pasture unsuitable for crops would increase the total amount of human - edible calories in the food supply, but it is critical to point out that chicken, pork, and at least 85 percent of beef is fattened in a feedlot on corn grown on land that could be divided between growing food for direct human consumption and wildlife habitats *. the gain of human edible calories achieved by grazing cattle is not much of a benefit considering that there is enough suitable cropland to grow enough calories to feed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48117581742942084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa0c6bd0-07f9-422e-8f73-ff22143cf534>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.981354"}
{"text": "on land that could be divided between growing food for direct human consumption and wildlife habitats *. the gain of human edible calories achieved by grazing cattle is not much of a benefit considering that there is enough suitable cropland to grow enough calories to feed everyone without the additional calories gained from raising cattle on pasture, and that cattle grazing has an environmental cost. cattle are a non - native species to the united states, and cattle grazing is destructive to the environment in numerous ways, including soil loss to erosion, reduced survival of seedling trees, and loss of species diversity *. the results of this estimation show that a diet that includes animal products will result in more animal deaths than a plant - based diet with the same number of calories. the production of chicken meat results in vastly more animal deaths than any other category of food. based on this estimation, someone wanting to modify their eating habits in order to reduce animal suffering and death should start by removing chicken from their diet, then eggs. although beef may cause more animal deaths than pork, pork probably causes more suffering, because most of the beef - related deaths are wild animals, and in comparison, a greater number of the pork - related deaths are factory farmed animals. the most animal suffering and death can be prevented by following a vegan diet. - davis, steven l. \" the least harm principle may require that humans consume a diet containing large herbivores, not a vegan diet, \" journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 16, no. 4 ( 2003 ) : 387 - 394. - matheny, gaverick. \" least harm : a defense of vegetarianism from steven davis ' s omnivorous proposal, \" journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 16 ( 2003 ) : 505 - 511. - lamey, andy. \" food fight! davis versus regan on the ethics of eating beef, \" journal of social philosophy 38, no. 2 ( 2007 ) : 331 - 348. - people for the ethical treatment of animals. \" mother pigs and piglets abused by hormel supplier, \" retrieved october 17, 2009 from https : / / secure. peta. org / site / advocacy? cmd = display & page = useraction & id = 1131 - people for the ethical treatment of animals. \" undercover investigation reveals cows suffer for land o ' lakes, \" retrieved october 17, 2009 from https : / / secure. peta. org / site / advocacy? cmd = display & page = useraction & id = 251", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4466867482539035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa0c6bd0-07f9-422e-8f73-ff22143cf534>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.982288"}
{"text": "animals. \" undercover investigation reveals cows suffer for land o ' lakes, \" retrieved october 17, 2009 from https : / / secure. peta. org / site / advocacy? cmd = display & page = useraction & id = 2515 - wulf, duane m. \" did the locker plant steal some of my meat? \" south dakota state university department of animal and range sciences meat science extension and research. retrieved october 7, 2009 from http : / / ars. sdstate. edu / meatsci / may99 - 1. htm. - kokoszynski, dariusz and berkacki, zenon. \" comparison of slaughter yield and carcass tissue composition in broiler chickens of various origin. \" journal of central european agriculture vol. 9, ( 2008 ). - usda national agriculture statistics service. ( 2009 ). poultry slaughter 2008 annual summary. retrieved october 7, 2009 from http : / / usda. mannlib. cornell. edu / usda / current / poulslausu / poulslausu - 02 - 25 - 2009. pdf. - usda national agriculture statistics service. ( 2009 ). livestock slaughter 2008 annual summary. retrieved october 7, 2009 from http : / / usda. mannlib. cornell. edu / usda / current / liveslausu / liveslausu - 03 - 06 - 2009. pdf. - calories per egg was obtained from the usda national nutrient database for standard reference, accessed through www. wolframalpha. com. egg - laying hens spend about 19 months laying eggs before slaughter : usda / animal and plant health inspection service, veterinary services. national animal health monitoring system. ( 2000 ). layers ' 99. part ii : reference of 1999 table egg layer management in the u. s. retrieved december 16, 2008. page 23 : the average age of laying hens entering battery cages is 17. 5 weeks. page 29 : the average age of laying hens at slaughter is 101. 5 weeks. 101. 5 - 17. 5 = 84 weeks, or about 19 months. number of eggs laid per year per animal obtained from usda chickens and eggs 2008 summary. - usda national agriculture statistics service. ( 2009 ). chickens and eggs 2008 summary. retrieved october 7, 2009 from http : / / usda. mannlib. cornell. edu / usda / current / chickegg / chickegg - 02 - 26 - 2009. pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37109860533755423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa0c6bd0-07f9-422e-8f73-ff22143cf534>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.983129"}
{"text": "2009 ). chickens and eggs 2008 summary. retrieved october 7, 2009 from http : / / usda. mannlib. cornell. edu / usda / current / chickegg / chickegg - 02 - 26 - 2009. pdf. - tew, e. and macdonald, d. w. \" the effects of harvest on arable wood mice apodemus sylvaticus, \" biological conservation 65 ( 1993 ) : 279 - 83. - cavia, regino, gomez villafane, isabel e., cittadino, alejandro, bilenca david n., mino, mariela h., busch, maria. \" effects of cereal harvest on abundance and spatial distribution of the rodent akodon azarae in central argentina, \" agriculture, ecosystems, and environment 107 ( 2005 ) : 95 - 99. - pinkert, melissa k., meerbeek, jonathan r., scholten, george d., and jenks, jonathan a., \" impact of crop harvest on small mammal populations in brookings county, south dakota, \" proceedings of the south dakota academy of science, vol. 81 ( 2002 ) : 39 - 45. - peters, christian j., wilkins, jennifer l., fick, gary w., \" testing a complete - diet model for estimating the land resource requirements of food consumption and agricultural carrying capacity : the new york state example, \" renewable agriculture and food systems : 22 ( 2 ) ( 2006 ) : 145 - 153. - elferink, e. v., nonhebel, s., \" variations in land requirements for meat production, \" journal of cleaner production 15 ( 2007 ) : 1778 - 1786. - calculated from usda nass quickstats. in 2008, total non - dairy beef cattle slaughter totaled 31, 213, 900. total feedlot marketings totaled 26, 449, 000, or 85 % of total beef cattle slaughter. - jones, allison, \" effects of cattle grazing on north american arid ecosystems : a quantitative review, \" western north american naturalist 60 ( 2 ), ( 2000 ) : 155 - 164.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43170559705900474, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa0c6bd0-07f9-422e-8f73-ff22143cf534>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.984165"}
{"text": "people vary in their reactions to mosquito bites. most people develop itchy, raised bumps on the skin that last several days. no treatment is necessary, but calamine lotion or over - the - counter hydrocortisone cream can reduce itching. a few people have a significant allergy to mosquito bites. the bites can result in what \u2019 s called a large local reaction : swelling, blistering, itching, and pain affecting a wide area of the body ( such as an entire arm or leg ). oral antihistamines like cetirizine ( zyrtec ), diphenhydramine ( benadryl ), or hydroxyzine ( atarax, vistaril ) can help ease itching. topical hydrocortisone may also help. rarely, people with a severe allergy to mosquito bites develop anaphylaxis, a whole - body life - threatening allergic reaction. symptoms of anaphylaxis include : \u2022 itching or rash, especially hives, in areas of skin away from the bite. \u2022 hoarseness or shortness of breath. anaphylaxis requires emergency medical attention. people who have had anaphylaxis - like symptoms previously should always have injectable epinephrine ( an epi - pen ) nearby. this answer should not be considered medical advice... this answer should not be considered medical advice and should not take the place of a doctor \u2019 s visit. please see the bottom of the page for more information or visit our terms and conditions. thanks for your feedback. 37 of 42 found this helpful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3946453997827476, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5cb64ff8-385c-4479-af06-078629c35092>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.985849"}
{"text": "posts tagged virp table another basic circuit type is the parallel circuit, in which there is more than one current path. to analyze resistors in a series circuit, we found an equivalent resistance. we \u2019 ll follow the same strategy in analyzing resistors in parallel. resistors in parallel let \u2019 s look at a circuit made of the same components we used in our exploration of series circuits, but now we \u2019 ll connect our components so as to provide multiple current paths, creating a parallel circuit. notice that in this circuit, electricity can follow one of three different paths through each of the resistors. in many ways, this is similar to a river branching into three different smaller rivers. each resistor, then, causes a potential drop ( analogous to a waterfall ), then the three rivers recombine before heading back to the battery, which we can think of like a pump, raising the river to a higher potential before sending it back on its looping path. we can find the equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel using the formula : take care in using this equation, as it \u2019 s easy to make errors in performing your calculations. let \u2019 s see if we can find the equivalent resistance for our sample circuit. developing an understanding of circuits is the first step in learning about the modern - day electronic devices that dominate what is becoming known as the \" information age. \" a basic circuit type, the series circuit, is a circuit in which there is only a single current path. kirchhoff \u2019 s laws provide us the tools in order to analyze any type of circuit. kirchhoff \u2019 s current law ( kcl ), named after german physicist gustav kirchhoff, states that the sum of all current entering any point in a circuit has to equal the sum of all current leaving any point in a circuit. more simply, this is another way of looking at the law of conservation of charge. kirchhoff \u2019 s voltage law ( kvl ) states that the sum of all the potential drops in any closed loop of a circuit has to equal zero. more simply, kvl is a method of applying the law of conservation of energy to a circuit. question : a 3. 0 - ohm resistor and a 6. 0 - ohm resistor are connected in series in an operating electric circuit. if the current through the 3. 0 - ohm resistor is 4. 0 amperes, what is the potential difference across the 6. 0 - ohm resistor? answer : first, let \u2019 s draw a picture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5528362188409138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e744a109-94bd-47ad-8139-6aef7ac80506>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.990887"}
{"text": "operating electric circuit. if the current through the 3. 0 - ohm resistor is 4. 0 amperes, what is the potential difference across the 6. 0 - ohm resistor? answer : first, let \u2019 s draw a picture of the situation. if 4 amps of current is flowing through the 3 - ohm resistor, then 4 amps of current must be flowing through the 6 - ohm resistor according to kirchhoff \u2019 s current law. if we know the current and the resistance, we can calculate the voltage drop across the 6 - ohm resistor using ohm \u2019 s law : resistors in series let \u2019 s take a look at a sample circuit, consisting of three 2000 - ohm ( 2k ) resistors : there is only a single current path in the circuit, which travels through all three resistors. instead of using three separate 2k resistors, we could replace the three resistors with one single resistor having an equivalent resistance. to find the equivalent resistance of any number of series resistors, we just add up their individual resistances : note that because there is only a single current path, the same current must flow through each of the resistors. a simple and straightforward method for analyzing circuits involves creating a virp table for each circuit you encounter. combining your knowledge of ohm \u2019 s law, kirchoff \u2019 s current law, kirchoff \u2019 s voltage law, and equivalent resistance, you can use this table to solve for the details of any circuit. a virp table describes the potential drop ( v - voltage ), current flow ( i - current ), resistance ( r ) and power dissipated ( p - power ) for each element in your circuit, as well as for the circuit as a whole. let \u2019 s use our circuit with the three 2000 - ohm resistors as an example to demonstrate how a virp table is used. to create the virp table, we first list our circuit elements, and total, in the rows of the table, then make columns for v, i, r, and p : next, we fill in the information in the table that we know. for example, we know the total voltage in the circuit ( 12v ) provided by the battery, and we know the values for resistance for each of the individual resistors : once we have our initial information filled in, we can also calculate the total resistance, or equivalent resistance, of the entire circuit. in our case, this is 6000 ohms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5077445798270592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e744a109-94bd-47ad-8139-6aef7ac80506>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.992282"}
{"text": "and we know the values for resistance for each of the individual resistors : once we have our initial information filled in, we can also calculate the total resistance, or equivalent resistance, of the entire circuit. in our case, this is 6000 ohms : if i look at the bottom ( total ) row of my table, i know both the voltage drop ( v ) and the resistance ( r ). knowing these two items, i can calculate the total current flow in the circuit using ohm \u2019 s law, and i can also calculate the total power dissipated in the circuit using my formulas for electrical power : i can now fill in more information in the virp table : because this is a series circuit, the total current has to be the same as the current through each individual element, so i can fill in the current through each of the individual resistors : finally, for each element in the circuit i now know the current flow and the resistance. using this knowledge, i can apply ohm \u2019 s law to obtain the voltage drop ( v = ir ), and a formula for power ( p = i2r ) to complete the table. so what does this table really tell us now that it \u2019 s completely filled out? we know the potential drop across each resistor ( 4v ), the current through each resistor ( 2 ma ), and the power dissipated by each resistor ( 8 mw ). in addition, we know the total potential drop for the entire circuit is 12v, and the entire circuit dissipated 24 mw of power. note that for a series circuit, the sum of the individual voltage drops across each element equal the total potential difference in the circuit, the current is the same throughout the circuit, and the resistances and power dissipated values also add up to the total resistance and total power dissipated. these are summarized for you on your reference table as follows :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5230039983824275, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e744a109-94bd-47ad-8139-6aef7ac80506>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.993939"}
{"text": "after arizona became a u. s. territory in 1863, four counties were created \u2014 mojave, pima, yuma and yavapai. a fifth county, pah - ute, was claimed \u2014 and taxed \u2014 by both arizona and nevada, with nevada emerging as the winner. maricopa county was created in 1871, and others came along over time when need arose. it took robert john miley more than a decade to turn guns into art. the result is a sculpture that rises above a small park at the corner of roosevelt street and central avenue in downtown phoenix. miley spent 11 years acquiring the land, material and manpower needed to create the work. the statue, which resembles a man lifting his arms skyward, is made of steel and weighs 17, 000 pounds. four tons of the material came from guns that were once used in the commission of violent acts. early day settlers corydon e. cooley and marion clark had been neighbors for a short time, living among the lush, green ponderosa forestland along arizona \u2019 s mogollon rim. the two became concerned about one encroaching on the other \u2019 s privacy. perhaps on a clear day one could see a wisp of smoke rising from other \u2019 s country. whatever the reason cooley and clark agreed it was getting too crowded and one of the two parties had to move. up around chloride, the painted rocks are known simply as \u201c the mural. \u201d roy purcell, the artist, called the work \u201c the journey \u201d and says it was the result of a deep personal introspection. either way, the decorated boulders have withstood the elements, bureaucracy and the multitude of tourists who travel a crooked mile to view them, photograph them, comment on them and attempt to decipher their hidden meaning. rocks on the roof? who to call but the estimable max underwood, professor of architecture at arizona state university, a specialist in valley architecture, and hail - fellow - well - met. underwood says your native friend is correct. rocks on the roof can be traced to the native americans who lived here long before anyone dreamed of professional hockey and were adopted by homesteaders.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39314740900167755, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1be5af7-3497-46b3-a1d8-38eeb9b47cbd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:18.997439"}
{"text": "it may not be the most charismatic species, but the endangered california condor, a bird with an incredible wingspan of nearly 10 feet, has received a lot of attention over the years. after dropping to a population of just 22 individuals in the early 1980s, captive breeding programs have boosted their numbers to around 400, with some 200 living in the wild. even that small population is extremely high - maintenance, however. all the birds are tracked by radio or gps tags, and are frequently caught for medical examination and treatment. as is the case with most birds that eat carrion, lead poisoning has long been a concern for the condors. when large animals are killed by a hunter \u2019 s lead bullet but not harvested, they can become a dangerous meal. when the birds eat the meat, they can ingest lead particles along with it. when the condors get their medical checkup, a blood sample is analyzed for lead. if the levels are dangerously high, the birds are given treatment. the impact of lead poisoning on the condor population has long been debated, but a study published this week in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences provides some clarity. it shows that many condors are suffering the effects of lead poisoning, suggesting the population will continue to struggle as long as lead ammunition remains in use. researchers compiled the results of over 1, 100 blood samples taken from 150 california condors between 1997 and 2010. the us centers for disease control and prevention recommends that children with blood lead levels above 450 ng / ml undergo treatment, and this is roughly the level at which the condors are taken in for treatment as well. about 20 percent of the birds sampled each year exceeded this level, and 48 percent of individuals living in the wild exceeded it at some point during the 14 - year period. blood lead levels as high as 6, 100 ng / ml were seen. because blood samples only provide a snapshot of lead levels, the group also analyzed feathers from 18 condors. the concentration of lead in each segment of the feather depends on the concentration in the body at the time that segment formed. that means that each feather records a few months of exposure history. from comparisons of the most recent segment to blood levels, they were able to estimate blood lead levels over the duration of the feather. the feathers showed that after ingesting lead, the birds \u2019 blood concentrations exceeded 450 ng / ml for about a month. unsurprisingly, blood samples often miss the peak lead concentrations, which were 1. 4x to 14. 4x higher. about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4556900165549782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44d8062c-5790-4e4a-8a4b-1a852cc22433>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.004726"}
{"text": "after ingesting lead, the birds \u2019 blood concentrations exceeded 450 ng / ml for about a month. unsurprisingly, blood samples often miss the peak lead concentrations, which were 1. 4x to 14. 4x higher. about 34 percent of the average feather history was higher than the level at which the condors are treated. lead poisoning has consequences at concentrations lower than those that are lethal, but they are difficult to determine in wild populations. to get a handle on how sensitive california condors were to lead poisoning, the researchers measured a biomarker ( \u03b4 - aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, or alad, enzyme activity ) in 60 blood samples from 34 birds. that enzyme is important in a number of biochemical pathways, and its activity is strongly inhibited by lead, making it a great indicator of the effect of lead in the body. at blood lead levels of 450 ng / ml, the activity of alad was suppressed by 90 percent. even at 200 ng / ml ( a level exceeded by about 30 percent of blood samples each year, and for more than half of the duration of the feather records ), activity was down 60 percent. but how can we be sure the lead in those condors came from ammunition in carcasses and not some natural source? to see, the researchers measured the lead - 207 / lead - 206 isotopic signature in 132 blood samples. of those samples, 79 percent were consistent with lead ammunition and 27 percent were within the range of \u201c background \u201d ratios in captive birds ( there \u2019 s some overlap ). several birds had isotopic signatures similar to lead - based paint, and had been observed roosting in an old fire tower with peeling lead paint. if lead ammunition is a real problem for california condors, where does that leave the effort to restore the population? to answer that question, the group used population models and several scenarios. if present conditions continue, with the same lead exposure and active care of the birds, the wild population would just barely grow. the authors write, \u201c without future releases of captive - reared birds, the population would take, 800 [ years ] to meet the recovery goal of a noncaptive population of 150 individuals within california. \u201d if, instead, we gave up on the expensive work of capturing birds and treating those with high blood lead levels, the population would decline back to 22 in one to six decades. finally, if lead exposure was eliminated, the wild population would grow at a rate of about 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45806284384883567, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44d8062c-5790-4e4a-8a4b-1a852cc22433>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.005776"}
{"text": "gave up on the expensive work of capturing birds and treating those with high blood lead levels, the population would decline back to 22 in one to six decades. finally, if lead exposure was eliminated, the wild population would grow at a rate of about 2 percent per year. and that \u2019 s a conservative estimate, the researchers say, because their \u201c estimated rate of lead - caused mortality is based on the actual deaths that occurred despite intensive management interventions to mitigate lead poisonings ; if lead was truly removed as an environmental hazard, the increase in condor health and survival should be substantially greater than modeled here. \u201d that is likely the outcome that california authorities were hoping for when, in 2008, they instituted a ban on lead ammunition for hunting many species within the condor \u2019 s range in southern california. but when the researchers compared blood lead levels in condors before the ban ( 2006 - 2007 ) and after ( 2009 - 2010 ), they found no improvement. the researchers are currently evaluating the ineffectiveness of the ban so far, including a look at whether hunters are fully complying with the new rule. myra finkelstein, a university of california - santa cruz researcher involved in the project, told ars that \u201c even if only a few people are still using lead ammunition, there will be enough contaminated carcasses to cause lead poisoning in a significant number of condors. we found that over the course of ten years, if just one half of one percent of carcasses have lead in them, the probability that each free - flying condor will encounter a contaminated carcass is 85 to 98 percent, and one exposure event could kill a condor. \u201d on the national stage, 100 conservation groups recently filed a lawsuit against the us environmental protection agency for denying petitions asking it to regulate lead ammunition used for hunting. the agency says it has no authority to do so, a fact the groups are challenging in court.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3900161652536268, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44d8062c-5790-4e4a-8a4b-1a852cc22433>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.007635"}
{"text": "if you have bursitis hip problems, you feel pain when the tendon moves over the bone, which means you feel pain often since the tendon sees a lot of action in you may be wondering what the causes of bursitis hip pain. bursitis of hip problems may be caused by lying on one side of the body for an extended period or from sustained pressure on the hips that is caused by standing too long. arthritis strategy pack is a safe and effective bursitis of hip treatment that quickly relieves bursitis hip pain without the side effects associated with nsaids. while arthritin addresses the immediate pain and inflammation reduction needs, buffer ph works to address the root cause of symptoms. arthritin contains complete glucosamine structures and chondroitin sulfate, combined with anti - inflammatory phytomedicinals, amino acids, nutrients and herbal remedies for bursitis. arthritin supports the body \u2019 s own natural pain killers, endorphins and enkephalins, while also reducing inflammation ph, which balances ph levels in the body, is the key to this bursitis treatment. an imbalanced ph effects all cellular activity, which can lead to a whole host of degenerative diseases and symptoms. other common causes of symptoms include a traumatic incident such as a fall, leg - length inequalities, multiple minor traumatic injuries, lumbar spine disease or repetitive athletes who participate in sports that involve running are prone to hip bursitis, a common runner \u2019 s injury. hip bursitis occurs when a bursa sac becomes inflamed. the bursa is a fluid - filled sac that allows smooth motion between the bony prominence over the outside of the hip and the firm tendon that passes over the bone. you can take three critical moves to prevent hip bursitis : ease into new exercise programs, avoid repetitive movements that involve the hip muscles and strengthen and stretch the muscles in your hips. hip bursitis, which can strike anyone at any age, symptoms and signs include pain at night leading to insomnia. the pain will tend to increase as the patient, typically a middle - aged woman or senior citizen, lies down or rolls over on the affected side. she may also feel pain that radiates down the outside of the thigh as far as the knee when she climbs stairs, stands or sits too long. pain is often centralized on the outside of the upper thigh, just over the point of the hip. the best", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4306906013169187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19b92d9-3843-4519-ba46-a23cc0a52cb9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.018911"}
{"text": "feel pain that radiates down the outside of the thigh as far as the knee when she climbs stairs, stands or sits too long. pain is often centralized on the outside of the upper thigh, just over the point of the hip. the best treatment for bursitis of hip, or any form of bursitis, is to rest the affected area. this usually means a period of time not participating in sports or activities that aggravate your symptoms. as a general rule of thumb, any activity that causes bursitis hip pain should be avoided. these activities only contribute to inflammation of the bursa. if you have bursitis of hip that has been caused by straining and overusing your hip muscles, your doctor will recommend rest as the first line of treatment. by giving your hip a chance to heal, you may be able to avoid more invasive treatments. if having leg - length differences causes your bursitis of hip, use a lift in your shoe or order special shoes from a podiatrist. some other treatments for bursitis hip pain include ice applications. apply ice in an ice bag for 20 minutes three times a day. also, make sure you stretch, performing exercises for bursitis of hip that help the lower back and hip muscles. in addition to recommending exercise to strengthen muscles, physical therapy and over - the - counter pain medication, your doctor may advise you to lose weight to reduce pressure on the hips. also, some people benefit from using a cane to reduce pressure on the hip. eliminate bursitis pain once and for all - - with proven natural supplements for bursitis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4244134907479341, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a19b92d9-3843-4519-ba46-a23cc0a52cb9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.019682"}
{"text": "anchorage, alaska \u2014 the tide is rising again in the debate over beluga whales, as a national marine fisheries service report showing an increase in the cook inlet beluga population from 321 to 340 this year was released friday. some, including state rep. charisse millett, say the report proves that belugas shouldn \u2019 t be considered for a critical habitat designation later this month. but experts and others say this year \u2019 s higher numbers are not the whole story. cook inlet \u2019 s belugas can affect a lot of the construction taking place at the port of anchorage. port director bill sheffield says five spotters are employed to watch for belugas whenever there ' s work going on near the water. \u201c we have a contract with those people to man those towers at all times we ' re under construction, \u201d sheffield said. if the spotters see a whale, under federal endangered - species rules, the work must stop. the port estimates it spends $ 5 million a year to follow the federal regulations. \u201c that ' s a lot of money, and when you add in the inefficiencies of construction, maybe it \u2019 s $ 15 million a year here for that purpose, \u201d sheffield said. sheffield says he ' s pleased with the nmfs announcement that the number of belugas in cook inlet have increased from last year to this year. \u201c it \u2019 s encouraging that everything that ' s being done, for some reason, might help increase the population of the beluga whale, \u201d sheffield said. he hopes the numbers will help the port avoid a critical habitat designation for belugas. \u201c i think if we ' re not in critical habitat, i think the national marine fisheries service won ' t put any more restrictions on us than we have now, \u201d sheffield said. but when it comes to beluga numbers in cook inlet, others say not so fast. \u201c the two measurements are not significantly different - - there ' s some variability year - to - year in the estimates, \u201d said rod hobbs with the national marine mammal lab. hobbs acknowledges that beluga numbers are up this year, but says that ' s not the big picture. \u201c it \u2019 s more important to look at the long - term trend over the last 10 years, and the trend has shown a slow decline in the population, \u201d hobbs said. it \u2019 s a trend experts began to notice in the 1990s. \u201c the fisheries service went through the process of declaring the population endangered because there are only 350 animals or fewer, and it ' s a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41064364636714634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a6bf585-4a12-4da4-8bf0-2f936888decb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.022645"}
{"text": "berkeley \u2014 a new, indigenous opposition is emerging in guatemala that could determine the fate of president ramiro de leon carpio ' s anti - corrup tion constitutional reforms, ap proved last sunday in a referendum that attracted fewer than 20 % of the country ' s eligible voters. more significant, this coalition of mayan popular groups could dictate the terms for the next round of peace talks, set later this month in mexico city, between the guatemalan government and the leftist guerrillas of the guatemalan national revolutionary union. previous negotiations broke down over the issue of accountability for human - rights violations against the mayan communities. last june, delegates from four indigenous organizations met in the offices of the national committee of guatemalan widows to elect the leaders of the new coalition. the three organizations, in addition to the widows, were the communities of population in resistance, the runujel junam council of ethnic communities and the permanent commission for refugees, which oversees the repatriation of 45, 000 guatemalans who have lived in camps along the mexican border for more than a decade. a fifth member of the coalition, which did not send a delegate, is the group of mutual support, composed of families of guatemalans disappeared by the military. the emerging mayan coalition represents an interesting historical convergence ; each of these organizations, headed by indigenous mayan militants, has been associated with the guatemalan national revolutionary union. the alliance entered into by these groups thus amounts to a joint declaration of independence from their guerrilla mentors. of the five groups, the communities of population in resistance is the largest and most disciplined. its origins date from the military ' s counterinsurgency campaign of the late 1970s and early ' 80s. the scorched - earth practices introduced by president romeo lucas garcia and expanded under evangelical president efrain rios montt destroyed more than 440 villages and killed an estimated 60, 000 highland mayas. another million and a half were forced to leave their homes, with as many as two - thirds fleeing into mexico. most continued north. the other half - million guatemalans who fled became internal refugees, or \\ o7 desplazados \\ f7. the majority drifted to guatemala city and smaller towns, where they scratch out menial livings. about 50, 000 mayas from the northern and western highlands fled to a lowland zone of northern quiche department known as ixcan, where they survived on a bare - subsistence diet. these \\ o7 desplazados \\ f7 joined together to form the communities of population in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43836285918904444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27eda55a-e071-41fa-9992-736cead59031>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.028278"}
{"text": "the northern and western highlands fled to a lowland zone of northern quiche department known as ixcan, where they survived on a bare - subsistence diet. these \\ o7 desplazados \\ f7 joined together to form the communities of population in resistance. in the early years, they maintained their solidarity with the leftist guerrillas who had been active in their home villages. early visitors to the ixcan were often greeted by raised fists and shouted marxist slogans, mixed with a humbling and open - handed mayan hospitality. a chinese - guatemalan investigator, myrna mack chang, was among the first to bring the communities to the attention of the outside world. her report was careful not to blame the military directly for the plight of these displaced mayas ; nevertheless, her implicit denunciation cost myrna mack her life. the evolution of the communities of population into a close - knit, disciplined organization is one of the intriguing stories of contemporary guatemala. today, the army continues to harass the group with bombing raids and public - relations jibes depicting them as handmaidens of armed subversion. representatives of international organizations, including a human - rights special envoy from the united nations, have visited these communities. they have been astounded by their high morale and tight discipline. the communities of population ' s chief objective, apart from survival, is to call the world ' s attention to the atrocities committed by the army against highland mayan communities, in its pursuit of victory over the leftist guerrillas who used the mayan villages as their bases of popular support. each of the organizations is working to expand the political space, or \\ o7 apertura \\ f7, by attacking the most repressive institutions of the guatemalan army. the runujel junam council of ethnic communities, focuses on dismantling the army ' s unconstitutional civil - defense patrols, which enlist hundreds of thousands of highland mayas to carry out the military ' s dirty work of counterinsurgency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47281259510896045, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27eda55a-e071-41fa-9992-736cead59031>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.029370"}
{"text": "an icy interior for ceres? observations indicate the largest main - belt asteroid may have an icy mantle beneath its surface. september 12, 2005 the largest asteroid, texas - size ceres, may be a mini - planet with a water - rich mantle. the hubble space telescope imaged ceres in december 2003 and january 2004, revelaing never - before - seen detail. top : this contrast - enhanced false - color composite of ceres is made from hubble space telescope visible and ultraviolet images. bottom : surface features change position as ceres rotates in this sequence of visible image. hubble tracked ceres through multiple 9 - hour rotations. photo by nasa / esa / stsci / j. parker, p. thomas, and l. mcfadden ; composite : francis reddy september 12, 2005 located near the middle of the main asteroid belt between mars and jupiter, ceres is the largest such body at about 592 miles ( 952 kilometers ) across. despite its size, this asteroid has a rather bland reputation among astronomers : its low density, low reflectivity ( albedo ), and relatively featureless spectrum have led scientists to conclude the asteroid ' s interior is uniform in composition, with little structure. however, a paper published in the journal nature provides strong evidence that ceres may be far more complex. these animations show ceres through one full rotation as seen by the hubble space telescope in mid - and near - ultraviolet ( top and center ) and visible wavelengths ( bottom ). j. parker, swri a team of astronomers led by peter thomas of cornell university used the hubble space telescope to obtain images of ceres in december 2003 and january 2004. measurements of the asteroid ' s shape revealed ceres is rotationally symmetric \u2014 the distance from the asteroid ' s surface to its center is the same regardless of longitude. this indicates ceres ' shape is determined by hydrostatic equilibrium, in which the weight of the overlying material determines the pressure at any point within the body. stars like the sun, as well as planets \u2014 both gas giants like jupiter and rocky bodies like earth \u2014 are in global hydrostatic equilibrium. otherwise, their sizes would not remain constant. \" this is the first time we have seen ceres in such detail and can even say something about its interior, \" says team member joel parker of the southwest research institute in san antonio, texas. \" you can watch it rotate in our observations, and you get the feeling of it being a whole new world, not just a bit of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4463550517726325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:456e80f9-5994-49ec-80b2-38434eccd7fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.034248"}
{"text": "something about its interior, \" says team member joel parker of the southwest research institute in san antonio, texas. \" you can watch it rotate in our observations, and you get the feeling of it being a whole new world, not just a bit of rocky debris. \" some astronomers, notably team member alan stern, also of swri, think a shape determined by global hydrostatic equilibrium is part of what distinguishes planets from asteroids. if we accept this argument, ceres is a planet. measurements of the asteroid ' s shape also provide information about its interior. the equatorial region of any body that spins fast enough bulges outwards. instead of looking like a perfect sphere, the star or planet ( or asteroid, in the case of ceres ) looks \" flattened. \" by measuring the distances from the body ' s center to its equator and poles, scientists can determine the amount of flattening, which constrains the interior ' s possible structure. ceres has a mean density of about 2. 077 grams per cubic centimeter ( roughly twice that of water ), and a uniform body of this density should have a polar radius about 23. 8 miles ( 39. 7 km ) smaller than the equatorial radius. ceres ' polar radius is only 19. 6 miles ( 32. 6 km ) smaller. this is strong evidence its interior consists of different layers. in fact, the smaller amount of flattening indicates the presence of a mantle and a core. the team developed computer models of ceres ' interior using available data on the asteroid. their findings : ceres has a rocky core and could have an icy mantle as thick as 77 miles ( 124 km ), amounting to about one quarter of its mass. the lack of a water signature in the asteroid ' s spectrum does not present a problem, as any water ice on ceres ' surface would be unstable and soon lost to space. the astronomers make a bold prediction in their nature paper : they assert nasa ' s dawn spacecraft, upon its arrival at ceres, will find a \" globally relaxed and differentiated object, but which should retain a visible cratering record, and possible tectonic features. \" we will have to wait until 2015 to find out if they are right. | bill cooke is an astronomer with nasa ' s marshall space flight center in huntsville, alabama. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48281694473645476, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:456e80f9-5994-49ec-80b2-38434eccd7fe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.035102"}
{"text": "last week, scientists netted a 4 - pound, 1. 5 - foot - long goldfish in lake tahoe. the scientists also found 15 other goldfish, indicating they \u2019 re probably reproducing in the lake. the goldfish were probably aquarium raised, and then dumped by their owners. but hold on \u2013 can the tiny goldfish you win at a church carnival or buy for a dime at the pet store really grow up to become such a behemoth? turns out, yes! the guinness book of world records documented an 18. 7 - inch - long goldfish belonging to a dutch man named joris gjisbers. another gargantuan goldfish named goldie made headlines in britain. goldie \u2019 s owner, an 83 - year - old widow, said she bought the fish at a local pet store when he was just an inch long. in 2008, goldie was 15. 7 inches long and weighed more than two pounds. in january, fisherman mike martin pulled a 15 - inch goldfish out of the waters of lake st. clair near detroit, mich. the fancier name for the common domesticated goldfish is carassius auratus. this fish is a member of the carp family and is native to china. that family resemblance between the carp and the goldfish means that sometimes people mistake the former for the latter \u2013 as seen when one french fisherman caught a 30 - pound carp that some newspapers mistook for a goldfish. while your goldfish is very unlikely to reach 30 pounds, it does seem that there \u2019 s some truth to the truism that goldfish can grow to fit their environment. wild goldfish are quite versatile, able to live in rivers, streams, ditches, lakes, and ponds, and tolerate a broad range of temperatures. while most wild goldfish are a drab gray in color, red - gold colors do occur naturally, and have been propagated through breeding and housing techniques. if you have the space for a big goldfish, your best bets for raising a giant one are to supply lots of high - protein food and warmth. \u201c goldfish kept in outdoor ornamental ponds generally grow quickly in summer and little, if at all, over winter, \u201d national geographic scribe carrie arnold writes. \u201c keeping goldfish in a heated aquarium allows them to maintain their summer growth spurt year - round. \u201d but if you do decide on nurturing a giant goldfish, don \u2019 t dump it in the lake when it outgrows your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39329580903091277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5455f6a-dabe-4740-b6ea-fb9c291e4cdc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.039343"}
{"text": "what does it mean when an input or output is balanced? this topic is commonly misunderstood, and joel ' s answer isn ' t quite correct. transmitting \" both the signal and its opposite along two wires \" is called differential signaling. this is used to minimize emissions from a cable into other circuitry, because the equal and opposite electric and magnetic fields cancel out at a distance from the wire. a \" balanced line \", on the other hand, means that the sender and receiver both have the same impedances connected to each of two wires ( the source impedance for both lines is the same and the load impedance for both lines is the same ). this way, any interference into the cable produces the same voltage on each line, and can therefore be canceled by a differential amplifier in the receiver. usually these are both used at the same time, but they don ' t have to be. the so - called \" impedance balanced \" outputs on some mixers are an example of a circuit that is balanced but not differential. it ' s really the cable that ' s balanced. imagine a long cable transmitting a weak signal ( for example, a very low voltage signal from a microphone ). as the signal travels down the cable, ambient noise might distort the signal. in a balanced cable, instead of just transmitting the signal by itself, you transmit both the signal and its opposite along two wires, usually twisted together. if there is any interference, the interference will apply equally to both wires. that allows it to be cancelled out at the receiving end automatically. imagine that the signal is + 5 and the noise is + 1. an unbalanced cable would transmit + 5, but the noise would cause a + 6 to arrive. a balanced cable would transmit - 5 and + 5 ; the noise would cause a - 4 and + 6 to arrive. now the receiving apparatus can figure out that the original signal must have been + 5. in practice, you ' ll recognize balanced cables because they use three conductors instead of two, for example, a trs 1 / 4 \" jack : or an xlr jack : | show 6 more comments | it ' s an interconnect method that lets you transmit signals over very long lengths of wire without having large amounts of extraneous noise injected in to the signal. the signal is duplicated on to two wires and the input impedance at the received is the carefully matched for both signals. this insures that noise injected during the journey is done so in equal amounts on both signals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5706096961598186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cdf37be-62aa-4bf3-beae-82792c54491e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.041838"}
{"text": "usda scientists are working on a solution for controlling barn flies. usda scientists are developing strategies to help livestock producers control stable flies, the most damaging arthropod pests of cattle in the u. s. an economic impact assessment by scientists at the agriculture research service ( ars ) agroecosystem management research unit ( amru ) in lincoln, ne, looked at four sectors of cattle production : dairy, cow - calf, pastured and range stocker, and animals on feed. they found that stable flies cost the u. s. cattle industry more than $ 2. 4 billion each year, due to reduced milk production in dairy cows, decreased weight gain in beef cattle, and lowered feed efficiency. stable flies are not only a problem in barnyards and stables, for which they are named, but in pastures as well. amru entomologist david taylor and his colleagues showed that this is partly due to the use of large bales of hay placed in fields as supplemental feed for cattle during winter. these feeding sites where wasted hay, manure and urine accumulate produce an ideal habit for stable flies. to find an easy, inexpensive, quick way to control stable flies, taylor tested cyromazine, an insect growth regulator that interferes with molting and proper development of an insect ' s external skeleton. a single application of cyromazine sprinkled on a hay - feeding site reduced the number of emerging adult stable flies by 97 %. the treatment took 10 minutes, cost $ 10 / site and was effective for 10 - 20 weeks. other potential methods for controlling stable flies include what amru entomologist jerry zhu calls a \" push and pull \" strategy. the \" push \" requires using a repellent to drive flies away from livestock. treatments contain effective plant - based repellent chemicals like catnip that are low in toxicity. the \" pull \" involves developing natural attractants or substances associated with the flies ' environment to lure and trap them. so far, zhu and his team have developed several catnip oil formulations to reduce stable fly field populations. in collaboration with microtek laboratories, inc., of dayton, oh, the researchers are testing a new granular catnip product that prevents stable flies from laying eggs. read more about this research in the january 2013 issue of agricultural research magazine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.441708195882928, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c32c181-0487-41c3-ae15-a256a21a2364>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.046424"}
{"text": "according to some sources, cleopatra committed suicide on this day in 30 bc [ on this day : august 30 ]. other sources say it was august 12th and still others claim that it was on the last day in august. the situation was serious. the armies of mark antony and cleopatra has just deserted to octavian and antony had committed suicide. cleopatra was a prisoner in alexandria. she had no hope of escaping octavian. legend has it that she died after being bitten by an asp but it wasn ' t the modern asp, vipera aspis, since that snake is only found in europe. it ' s likely that the romans used the word \" asp \" to describe all poisonous snakes. if it ' s true that cleopatra used a snake to commit suicide then it was most likely the egyptian cobra naja haje that did the deed [ cleopatra \u2019 s asp ]. corba venom contains a number of toxins and enzymes. for the biochemist, it ' s most famous for the presence of phospholipase a2, an enzyme that cleaves glycerophospholipids, the main components of cell membranes. this leads to disruption and death of cells, especially red blood cells and lymphocytes in the blood stream. a picture of cobra venom phospholipase a2 bound to a lipid molecule ( left ) can be found in most biochemistry textbooks. hyaluronidase is an enzyme found in many snake venoms. it degrades hyaluronic acid, a complex carbohydrate of the sort found in many glycoproteins. hyaluronic acid is an important component of cartilage where it forms a central strand for attachment of proteoglycan molecules. the breakdown of cartilage lining the blood vessels leads to massive hemorhaging. the combination of phospholipase a2 and hyaluronidase could eventually lead to death but it probably wasn ' t the immediate cause of death for cleopatra. as it turns out, there are other things in the cobra venom that are even more lethal. these other components of cobra venom include various cobra venom factors that interfere with the complement pathway leading to an extreme over - stimulation similar to that seen in septic shock. the venom also includes a number of neurotoxins that gain access to the central nervous system when blood vessels break down. the combination of all these proteins can cause death within minutes of receiving a cobra bite. however, many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4189835814466262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8ade142-54f5-403b-a408-408d8f98180e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.052724"}
{"text": "septic shock. the venom also includes a number of neurotoxins that gain access to the central nervous system when blood vessels break down. the combination of all these proteins can cause death within minutes of receiving a cobra bite. however, many people survive cobra bites suggesting that the cleopatra story may not be true. i am looking at a marble bust of an ancient woman. her profile looks like the \u201c before \u201d picture at a plastic surgeon \u2019 s office prior to a nose job, lip fillers and chin implant. nothing strikingly attractive about her, yet this is cleopatra, oft assumed to be the most beautiful woman the world has ever known. her beauty is a historical, if not accurate, theme. shakespeare wrote of her in \u201c antony and cleopatra, \u201d \u201c for her own person / it beggar \u2019 d all description : she did lie in her pavilion - cloth of gold, of tissue - o \u2019 er / picturing that venus where we see / the fancy outwork of nature. \u201d paintings of her likeness created in the 18th century depict her as a luscious blond with a curling mane and blue eyes ( rather impossible given her macedonian genes ). elizabeth taylor played her and angelina jolie is slated to in an upcoming film as well. the queen of egypt represents beauty du jour. there is nothing specifically documented about her physical allure in roman writings and artistic depictions of her are rather masculine and homely. plutarch, the greek historian, wrote that cleopatra \u2019 s beauty was not \u201c the sort that would astound those that saw her. \u201d how did we, then, even come to assume she was this gorgeous creature floating the nile on nothing but her golden looks? i understand canning jolie and throwing a wig on john cleese would leave a weird taste in moviegoer \u2019 s popcorn coated mouths, but does cleopatra need to be \u201c beautiful \u201d for us to believe she was not only a powerful ruler but also captivated the hearts of the powerful julius caesar and mark antony? while poets who knew her did not mention her physical beauty ( or lack thereof ), they did give high accolades for her wit, intelligence and melodic voice. it was her character, her actual beauty, that captivated her kingdom. she didn \u2019 t need to rely on her physical appearance because she had so much more to offer. are you seeing the lesson here, ladies? here is a woman who was a troll and had enough je ne sais quoi to seduce the world for over 2, 000 years. she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45378006776524177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8ade142-54f5-403b-a408-408d8f98180e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.053776"}
{"text": "her physical appearance because she had so much more to offer. are you seeing the lesson here, ladies? here is a woman who was a troll and had enough je ne sais quoi to seduce the world for over 2, 000 years. she captivates us not because of her face, there are plenty of forgotten pretty faces, but because even in the first century she was a modern woman. she was powerful, brilliant, charming, charismatic, witty and by all accounts, not shy about her sexuality. yet for all of her competence as a ruler, cleopatra identified herself most with isis, the goddess of life and magic \u2014 a goddess revered for her utter femininity. no matter your generation or how much you spend on perfecting your facade, you need to reconnect with your inner cleopatra. it is cliche, but looks do fade ( or at least become buried under a maze of wrinkles and sun damage ). it is cruel, but it is nature. who are you going to be when you are age x? the person that says, \u201c i used to look so good in a bikini before i had three kids \u2026 i used to \u2026 i used to \u2026 hey, where did everyone go? \u201d or are you the cleopatra of your circle, the one at the top of every party invite list, the one people fight to sit next to at dinner, the one people come to for advice because you are so wise \u2014 not because you have smooth thighs and pouty lips? we all know stunning women that become as vapid and unappealing as stale chinese food because all of their focus is on the external. on the contrary, haven \u2019 t you ever fallen in love with someone who wasn \u2019 t \u201c your type \u201d but once you got to know them became the person you couldn \u2019 t imagine a breath without? make your goal for the rest of the summer to boost up your cleopatrian beauty. put less focus on what you see in the mirror. don \u2019 t cement over the inner radiance that comes from being delightful, clever and confident. i have been ( trying! ) to wean myself off of slathering on make - up before leaving the house, which makes me feel incredibly vulnerable and insecure ; i have yet to take off my sunglasses when i don \u2019 t have mascara on. but it \u2019 s a step. instead of watching whatever crap is stored on your dvr, do something relevant. buy a book featured on the nyt best - seller list, go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39954602691516117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8ade142-54f5-403b-a408-408d8f98180e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.054839"}
{"text": "the layout of nuclear facilities in iran nuclear iran : a glossary of terms april 2013 update international diplomacy concerning iranis nuclear program continues to center on the countryis compliance with agreements designed to ensure that peaceful nuclear work is not used as a cover for the develop = ment of nuclear weapons. the challenge of discovering what may be going on in iran is difficult not only because of tehranis obstructionism, but also because the same technologies, particularly uranium enrichment and spent fuel reprocessing, can be used for both civilian and military purposes. this policy focus is intended to improve comprehension of the main issues and important technical details surrounding the program. the core of the document explains the terms used by the international atomic energy agency ( iaea ), the worldis watchdog in ensuring that nuclear science and technology are used for peaceful purposes only. separate sections offer explanations of basic nuclear terms and the use of centrifuges for uranium enrichment. in addition, because some of iranis technology came from nuclear - armed pakistan, another section is devoted to explaining the main portions of islamabadis program. and since media coverage often compares sus = pected iranian nuclear work to initial u. s. development of atomic weapons in the mid - 1940s, the basic terms often used in describing this history are defined separately. in addition, this online report includes an interactive index that provides quick, hyperlinked access to all of the terms discussed in the various glossaries. by clicking on a term in this index, users can instantly jump to the page on which it appears, then click another link to return to the index. simon henderson is the baker fellow and director of the gulf and energy policy program at the washington institute. he has lived in both pakistan and iran and has written extensively on nuclear proliferation. olli heinonen, a senior fellow at harvard kennedy school ' s belfer center for science and international affairs, previously served as deputy director - general and head of the department of safeguards at the international atomic energy agency in vienna, inspecting facilities in iran and other countries. watch online as institute proliferation expert simon henderson and former iaea deputy director - general olli heinonen share a new study on the iranian nuclear program and international responses and discuss the latest developments ahead of a key iaea report on tehran ' s atomic activities. - nuclear iran glossary. pdf ( 3. 3 mb pdf ) for more information about this publication please contact the belfer center communications office at 617 - 495 - 9858. full text of this publication is available at : for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6091994013478557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f92600-874d-4e13-95d9-d8819399d9fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.057468"}
{"text": "eced 170 basics of childcare \u2022 2 cr. meets the key learning outcomes mandated by state legislation and outlined by the washington state training and registry system ( stars ) for all childcare and school age providers. after completing this class, students should be able to : - identify age behaviors of the typically developing child birth through age 12. - identify age and culturally relevant activities for the typically developing child birth through age 12 and implement. - demonstrate ways to incorporate culture of individual children into the curriculum and respond to issues of inclusion and diversity. - demonstrate understanding that children learn through play and active involvement in their environment. - ability to plan and implement activities based on the needs of the group and the needs of the individual children in the group. - demonstrate an understanding of at least six factors that influence a behavior. - demonstrate an understanding of positive guidance techniques, matching the appropriate techniques to the developmental and special needs of a child. - explain basic child abuse indicators and mandatory reporting procedures and implement when necessary. - explain and demonstrate an understanding of his / her role in safety procedures and accident prevention both indoor and in outdoor play areas. - be knowledgeable of and demonstrate proper hand washing, appropriate diapering / toileting and toilet assistance procedures and routine disinfecting of toys / equipment that can help prevent the spread of communicable desease. - demonstrate an understanding of proper food handling procedures. - show an understanding by explaining the d. s. h. s regulations related to medication management. - identify community resources with addresses and phone numbers related to children with special needs, taking into consideration cultural relevance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47623357146140666, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:642d0bae-978d-4b27-8c98-ed3ce83cd762>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.061025"}
{"text": "those that plan and manage their careers, will increasingly be able to define their jobs around their own interests and passions and build careers that enable, rather than limit their lifestyles. the great recession marked the end of an era. a college degree, long viewed as the passport to a good career and comfortable lifestyle, will no longer guarantee a job. it certainly won \u2019 t ensure a job in the field for which you have prepared, much less a predictable and secure career that allows you to pursue your passions and live a lifestyle of your own choosing. the grim reality after more than four years of decline and slow growth, unemployment among recent college grads is still almost 15 percent. another 40 %, according to northeastern university \u2019 s center for labor market studies, are underemployed or are unable to find full - time jobs or those that make use of their skills. these patterns are echoed in a 2011 study by rutgers university \u2019 s john j. heldrich center for workforce development. it found that 44 % of 2010 college graduates had not held a single job over the 12 months since graduation ( compared with 10 % from the classes of 2006 and 2007 ). among those 2010 grads lucky enough to find jobs, only half landed jobs that required four - year degrees, 30 % claimed that their jobs were below their skill levels and only 22 % saw their positions as steps along a long - term career path. worse still, a study of previous recessions by yale school of management economist lisa kahn, found that those graduates unlucky enough to enter the job market during a recession not only begin at lower wages, they also find it difficult to compete with younger, more recent graduates when normal hiring patterns resume and are likely to continue to earn lower wages though much of their careers. all this bad news is taking a terrible toll on morale. according to the previously mentioned center for workforce development survey, 56 % of recent college graduates now believe they will to do less well than their parents \u2014 only 17 % think they will do better! a brighter future? although it may be comforting to think that this situation will return to normal once we pull out of the slump and the recovery begins generating jobs at a more traditional pace, this is worse than wishful thinking \u2014 it is self - delusion. the recession, as severe as it has been, has merely unmasked a number of fundamental job market - altering trends that have been in place for more than a last decade, but were disguised by the financial and homebuilding bubbles. these trends fall into four primary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4710889367533586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58568bf5-8847-4ebe-8ea2-a900aeab90fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.066894"}
{"text": "as severe as it has been, has merely unmasked a number of fundamental job market - altering trends that have been in place for more than a last decade, but were disguised by the financial and homebuilding bubbles. these trends fall into four primary categories : - automation, in which not only factory and administrative workers, but also knowledge workers ( as in routine accounting, programming, legal and even some medical jobs ) are being automated ; - globalization, where increasingly educated engineers, financial analysts and lawyers and other professionals, from a growing number of developing countries, perform jobs for as little as one - tenth the cost of a comparably educated domestic white - collar worker ; - flexible hiring, with companies looking to reduce fixed costs by increasingly looking to part - time or contract workers as alternatives to full - time employees ; and - unpredictable volatility, where political, economic, social, technology and market forces change so suddenly and profoundly as to make it all but impossible to anticipate, much less prepare for major dislocations or their often unanticipated consequences. the bad news is that those who are not prepared for these trends face a lifetime of uncertainly, disrupted career plans and low earnings. their careers, their financial security and, to an extent, their lifestyles, will be subject to the whims of the market place and the good graces of others. the good news is that those who understand and are prepared for the job market of the future \u2014 and who plan and manage their careers effectively \u2014 have the opportunity to not only minimize these risks, but to turn them into opportunities. they will increasingly be able to define their jobs around their own interests and passions and build careers that enable, rather than limit their lifestyles. although most college graduates have the potential of taking charge of their own careers, those who are still in high school or those who are about to enter or are still in college, have, by far, the greatest potential. it will, however, take planning, work and commitment. the sooner you accept these responsibilities, the greater your chance of ensuring that you will be the master, rather than the victim of your own career.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4535726874852839, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58568bf5-8847-4ebe-8ea2-a900aeab90fe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.067791"}
{"text": "back when i was six or seven, my personal computer was a cassette - tape driven trs - 80, and my favorite game was pyramid. pyramid was an endearingly primitive choose - your - own adventure game, in which you gave the program commands it rarely understood, hoping to randomly stumble on something useful, like throw bird. i made it pretty far into the game, only to discover at the heart of the infamous maze of twisty passages, a coin - operated vending machine! i felt totally ripped off : everyone knows there were no vending machines in ancient egypt! the game lost some of its luster from this cheap anachronism, and eventually i gave up, moving on to the more fast - paced centipede clone, slay the nereis ( ok, i just paused in the middle of writing this post to waste thirty minutes playing atari \u2019 s online version of centipede. i still get a thrill from the sound of those falling fleas, but how i miss the arcade version \u2019 s rollerball ). anyway, it turns out that egyptian vending machine wasn \u2019 t such a stretch after all. ancient machines that were derided as toys or flights of fancy are now taken seriously by archaeologists and engineers. the antikythera mechanism is the best example of this ( there was an excellent article about it in the may 15 new yorker ). and cabinet of wonders just posted a wonderful essay and collection of links on ancient automata. it \u2019 s incredibly interesting reading. apparently there was a coin - operated vending machine ( for holy water! ) two thousand years ago \u2013 designed by the greek engineer hero of alexandria ( or heron ). that was long after the pyramids were built, but who knows? maybe hero wasn \u2019 t the first to figure it out. the antikythera mechanism survived, albeit in terrible condition, but how many gadgets, including proto - computers and primitive robots, have been lost? it \u2019 s a dizzying question \u2013 but also an important reminder that biologically, we are neither more intelligent nor more creative now than our ancestors were a few thousand years ago. we \u2019 re just starting at a much higher technological baseline.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5151530299791184, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:244f81ae-63e0-4140-8c1a-6319c6b2047b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.070954"}
{"text": "on 26 december an aba code - 3 la sagra ' s flycatcher ( myiarchus sagrae ) was found in a restricted area ( no public access ) of bill baggs cape florida state park ( fee ). luckily the original finder, robin diaz, was able to relocate the bird outside the restricted area as it gave its \u201c wheet \u201d calls along the park ' s nature trail before returning briefly to what has been dubbed the \u201c la sagra tree \u201d ( intersection of the nature trail and a restroom trail with the \u201c tree \u201d, ~ 100 yards south of the white gate. robin says a ( the ) la sagra \u2019 s flycatcher has been in the same vicinity for three consecutive winters showing signs of territorial behavior. la sagra ' s flycatcher was first reported in the aba area in 1963 in orrville, central alabama, a bird thought to be of the cuban race, m. s. sagrae. since the first report of this species in the aba area, at least 12 records and numerous reports have been recorded, all from south florida. the florida records are of birds thought to be of bahamian origin, m. s. lucaysiensis ( aba checklist, fifth edition, debenetictus et al. ). la sagra ' s flycatcher has been considered at times to be conspecific with stolid flycatcher ( m. stolidus ) but vocal differences showed the two taxa to be separate species, although the dawn song of the nominate race, m. s. stolidus, is similar to the dawn songs of the two races of la sagra ' s flycatcher ( handbook of the birds of the world, volume 9 ). la sagra flycatcher is often separated from its congeners by its distinctive forward - leaning posture and flat - headed appearance. although not considered threatened, the entire range of la sagra ' s flycatcher is the bahamas, cuba, and cayman islands ( birds of the west indies, raffaele et al. ). an excellent treatment with tips on identification of la sagra \u2019 s flycatcher by smith and evered can be found in a 1992 issue of birding 24 : 294\u2212296.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42388536967622, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:072d43ee-0c01-4345-858d-b1e818ffdc6f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.074232"}
{"text": "the gulf of mexico is like a giant washing machine, the christian science monitor says. will the gulf \u2019 s washing - machine - like nature be enough to counteract the bp leak? the gulf is warm, filled with salty water and oil - eating bacteria and is being sloshed around by tides and winds. so, it basically cleans itself. but just how fast it \u2019 ll be able to get rid of all the oil and dispersants from bp \u2019 s spill and restore order to the gulf remains to be seen. in localized places such as marshes and beaches, they could stretch the ability of the gulf \u2019 s natural restorative powers to correct what one gulf biologist calls man \u2019 s \u201c insult \u201d to the ecosystem. researchers, for example, have spotted fluorescent clouds in the deep gulf, likely a byproduct of benzene in the water \u2014 a new phenomenon. \u201c it \u2019 s very possible that five years from now this will just be a nightmare memory that we have, but we also don \u2019 t know yet if we \u2019 ve exceeded the resilience of the system with this spill, \u201d says richard snyder, director of the center for environmental diagnostics and bioremediation at the university of west florida in pensacola. a report produced in 1981 by the coordinated program of ecological studies said that natural conditions broke down much of the oil from the ixtoc spill in 1979. two years after the spill, shrimp stock in the gulf of mexico was back to pre - spill levels, the cs monitor said. but the bp spill is a different story. plumes of oil have penetrated the deeper parts of the ocean and oil - eating bacteria is out - eating phytoplankton, which is essential to the gulf food chain. \u201c it shifts the whole food web, \u201d says snyder. \u201c what a lot of us are concerned about is about the impact of a spill of this magnitude where things may recover or seem to recover, but we get this subtle degradation of the environment that \u2019 s hard to quanity from repeated impacts, \u201d says snyder. \u201c there is a point of no return where we exceed the resilience of the environment. have we done that [ with the gulf oil spill ]? we don \u2019 t know. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44924906261976993, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0fcc5970-7481-42fd-9fda-8947ff713b41>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.077943"}
{"text": "if we needed any more proof that childhood obesity is a plague that will haunt this country for years to come, a study published in the new england journal of medicine offers more ammunition for quick and dramatic action to address this tide of adiposity. if you don \u2019 t have time to read it, here it is in a nutshell : a study of 276, 835 danish children ages 7 to 13 years old found that those who were overweight had a higher risk of developing coronary heart disease in adulthood than those who were a normal weight, with the association being stronger in boys than in girls. the conclusion? that not only can the roots of coronary heart disease start as early as 7 years old, but that even small increases in a child \u2019 s bmi can elevate the risk. in the study, the authors noted that an overweight 13 year - old boy has a greater than 33 percent risk of developing coronary heart disease in adulthood than a boy of normal size. another study in the same issue, this one on overweight teens, projected that the increasing prevalence of obesity would result in rates of coronary heart disease increasing 5 to 16 percent by 2035, creating 100, 000 more cases of a disease which is already the no. 1 killer of men and women in the united states. the cdc estimates that more than 9 million children in this country are overweight \u2014 triple the number from 30 years ago. studies have shown that overweight children are already at an elevated risk for developing type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol and hypertension \u2014 now we can add another disease to that lethal list. \u2014 paula hunt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4503712004095123, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56586dc2-1f44-43e1-8e03-0154b24fdb1d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.081440"}
{"text": "when we got to the gorgeous university of california james reserve in the san jacinto mountains, the sun was high and the sky was a clear, deep blue. we lucked out. it was the perfect day to take our facebook winner, jeff williams, with us into the field to take part in our mountain yellow - legged frog project. it was also apparent by the conversation we had in the two - hour car ride up to the mountains that jeff was the perfect candidate to take with us. an avid outdoorsman, jeff \u2019 s passion for nature and the wildlife therein was palpable. it turned out that jeff used to breed blue dart frogs, a hobby catalyzed by an encounter he had with wild frogs in costa rica. \u201c i thought it was amazing to come across these fluorescent spots of light in the forest all around you, \u201d he said. a love of wildlife also runs in jeff \u2019 s family. after learning that meat came from animals at the age of four, his daughter chose to be vegetarian. \u201c it \u2019 s kind of a good thing because it forces us to eat healthier, \u201d jeff said. jeff was also very interested in the project, and asked frank santana, our lead field technician, a million questions about mountain yellow - legged frogs ( mylf ) and their plight. we learned that the chytrid fungus is the main reason for the frog \u2019 s alarmingly rapid decline. the fungus affects the keratin layer of skin and impairs the frogs \u2019 ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through their skin, resulting in a slow suffocation. the species also faces threats from pollution and introduced predators like brown and rainbow trout. i also learned that historically there were 160 populations of mylf in the region, now there are just 9. in fact, 33 % of all amphibian species worldwide are threatened by extinction, with threats from habitat loss, pollution, introduced species, and chytrid. this knowledge gave our work renewed gravity and purpose in my mind. when we broke off the beaten path toward the wild stream where we had released about 500 critically endangered mountain yellow - legged frog tadpoles earlier this year, it was clear that we were in for an adventure. soon we were climbing over fallen logs, thrashing through dense foliage, and wading in knee - deep water. our goal was to hike upstream in search of tadpoles that may have dispersed from their original release pools. jeff didn \u2019 t get off easy. we put him to work searching for tadpoles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40985222329695997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47418efb-1f8b-4ee2-bcfd-059629cf700b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.084830"}
{"text": ", and wading in knee - deep water. our goal was to hike upstream in search of tadpoles that may have dispersed from their original release pools. jeff didn \u2019 t get off easy. we put him to work searching for tadpoles and measuring the length, width, and depth of certain pools, and he gladly indulged us. he was an important part of the team for a day. he even brought some useful equipment with him, like a super - small, super - bright led flashlight that really came in handy for searching dark pockets of water. in fact, many of the pictures we captured of tadpoles wouldn \u2019 t have come out without jeff shining his flashlight in the water. after a few hours of searching the stream we had yet to find tadpoles, even with the help of uc james reserve director rebecca fenwick. it wasn \u2019 t until we got to the most upstream release pool that we saw about five tadpoles, which believe it or not is a good sign, since tadpoles face threats from many predators in the wild. it was an incredible feeling to finally spot the little guys. \u201c after all that work it \u2019 s good to see that they \u2019 re still there and hopefully they \u2019 ll start to see some success, \u201d jeff said. i think we can all agree. it was an absolute pleasure having jeff along with us. we appreciated his help and had an awesome time \u201c doing science \u201d with him. like our facebook page for a chance to fill jeff \u2019 s shoes and ride along with us into the field for our cactus wren project. matt steele is the social media planner for san diego zoo global. read his previous post, summer scvngr safari.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42649522865563283, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47418efb-1f8b-4ee2-bcfd-059629cf700b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.085425"}
{"text": "the nonpartisan congressional budget office reports that the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009, better known as the stimulus bill, has created millions of jobs and in fact has had an even bigger economic impact than expected. \u201c cbo estimates that in the first quarter of calendar year 2010, arra \u2019 s policies : - raised the level of real ( inflation - adjusted ) gross domestic product ( gdp ) by between 1. 7 percent and 4. 2 percent, - lowered the unemployment rate by between 0. 7 percentage points and 1. 5 percentage points. - \u2013 increased the number of people employed by between 1. 2 million and 2. 8 million, and \u2013 increased the number of full - time - equivalent jobs by 1. 8 million to 4. 1 million compared with what those amounts would have been otherwise. in march 2009, the cbo predicted that as a result of the stimulus, employment today might be as much as 2. 3 million than it would have been without the law. the updated report puts that number as high as 2. 8 million. in other words, the stimulus that according to some hasn \u2019 t created one single job has been and continues to be an important success. times are still hard, but without arra, millions of americans working today to support their families would instead be on the unemployment line, collecting ui benefits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40859288339472744, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca070683-b0cc-4ead-98ff-194dc98b872f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.086778"}
{"text": "whether you have many tattoos or would never consider getting one, you may be surprised to learn that 40 % of americans between the ages 26 - 40 and 36 % between ages 18 - 25 have at least one tattoo. once associated with marginalized, oppressed, victimized or transient groups in the population, tattoos are increasingly part of mainstream culture. americans spend $ 1. 65 billion dollars annually on tattoos. while the reasons for tattoos are as varied as the people who choose to get them, certain trends have been identified. one is the choice of a tattoo in the aftermath of trauma. - across generations and wars, those in the military have used tattoos as tributes to fallen comrades. - in the aftermath of 9 / 11, civilians and firefighters throughout the world choose tattoos as an indelible reminder of the terrorist assault, the courage of first responders and the loss of so many. - sociologists, glen gentry and derek alderman estimate that there are thousands of katrina and new orleans - related tattoos reflecting both horrific images of crumbling buildings and gushing floodwater, as well as signs and symbols of a beloved city. - in the wake of the unprecedented destruction from hurricane sandy, tattoos and tattoo fundraisers have emerged. the message of one seems particularly meaningful - \u201c hold steadfast. \u201d do these tattoos have healing potential? a close consideration suggests that both the reasons and the choice of tattoos reflect many of the factors associated with recovery after trauma. healing from the body out - whether a traumatic event involves a car accident, escape from freezing floodwaters or the loss of a child, it is registered in our body in terms of the survival reflexes of fight, flight and freeze. - encoded under these conditions, our memory of the traumatic event is not registered as narrative, but as fragments of highly charged visual images, bodily feelings, tactile sensations or sensory reactivity to reminders of the event. - as such, trauma experts encourage us to work from the body out in the course of recovery and healing \u2014 to attend to the sensations, senses, and images that carry the imprint of trauma. the tattoo \u2019 s use of the body to register a \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45288209255638234, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a2f0e99-0844-48cf-b465-606f08d57585>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.089864"}
{"text": "david biello is the associate editor for environment and energy at scientific american. follow on twitter the world is waiting for a clean revolution, a shift away from the greenhouse gas - emitting, mountain - leveling, air - polluting, fossil - fuel burning way of life. the world may have to wait a long time if past energy transitions are anything to go by, according to environmental scientist vaclav smil of the university of manitoba \u2014 especially since fossil fuel energy is so cheap. \" energy is dirt cheap. oil is cheaper than any mineral you can buy, \" smil noted. \" the percent of disposable income devoted to energy is about 10 percent. \" smil spoke at the recent equinox summit at the perimeter insitute in waterloo, ontario, which was specifically charged with devising a new energy scenario for 2030, one that would cut greenhouse gas emissions while extending modern energy to the billions of people who lack it today. the summit called for a range of options, from power plants that harvest energy from hot rocks to solar - battery combos for rural electrification. the only problem : all of those resources require fossil fuels to build in the first place. steel and cement \u2014 the essential substrate of energy equipment and cities \u2014 require coal ( or, even worse, charcoal ) to be burned. cheap plastic photovoltaics require polymers made from oil. the fertilizer that feeds a global population of seven billion requires the conversion of natural gas to more than 140 million tons of ammonia per year. even advanced nuclear reactors would need large, oil - burning machines to mine the uranium or thorium fuel. \" a wind turbine is a pure embodiment of power from fossil fuels, \" smil noted. \" we are fundamentally a fossil fuel civilization. everything around us we have fossil fuels to thank for. \" nor is the world in danger of finishing off the supply of fossil fuels anytime soon. \" instead of running out of gas, we ran into gas in the shale, \" smil said. \" we \u2019 re not running out of anything on a human scale. \" that may be a good thing since the alternatives currently on offer \u2014 such as biofuels to substitute for oil - derived fuels \u2014 can do more harm than good. \" it \u2019 s insane. it \u2019 s taking food from the mouths of babies, \" smil said. \" it \u2019 s a make work project for farmers. \" plus it took three decades, tens of billions of dollars in subsidies and a dead zone in the gulf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4753161784649015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3cee95c-fec4-4d96-a739-3bf614caa35b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.094033"}
{"text": "insane. it \u2019 s taking food from the mouths of babies, \" smil said. \" it \u2019 s a make work project for farmers. \" plus it took three decades, tens of billions of dollars in subsidies and a dead zone in the gulf of mexico ( a result of fertilizer run - off ) to allow ethanol from corn \u2014 the most productive per hectare crop on the planet \u2014 to supply 10 percent of u. s. car fuel. and that \u2019 s relatively fast ; liquefied natural gas took more than 150 years from conceptual discovery to actual shipments, a timespan similar to the shift from wood to coal, for example. \" we should focus our resources and attention on what has the best chance to succeed, \" smil said. \" that \u2019 s not biofuels, that \u2019 s not wind. it is pv, \" or photovoltaic modules for converting light energy to electricity. and what has an even better chance of success \u2014 and immediate impact \u2014 is reforming the current energy system, whether through better building codes that require more insulation and triple - pane windows or making the most efficient use of fossil fuels. after all, if all of canada switched to more than 90 percent efficient natural gas furnaces, the country would produce 40 percent less co2. \" there is no renewable energy that will get you 40 percent less carbon on a scale like that, \" smil said. \" changing furnaces is an energy transition. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41024639152276826, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3cee95c-fec4-4d96-a739-3bf614caa35b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.094900"}
{"text": "there \u2019 s a third more carbon dioxide in the air than at the start of the industrial revolution. the carbon acts like insulation in the atmosphere, or like glass in a greenhouse \u2014 that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s called a greenhouse gas \u2013 and it is warming the air, which warms the seas. the current carbon dioxide concentration is higher than it has been for several million years and rising 100 times faster than any time in the past 650, 000 years. warmer ocean water is already having dramatic effects. some corals bleach and die when water gets too warm for too long. bleaching means corals eject algae cells that live inside them and provide them with food and often color. what happens to reefs will affect the hundreds of millions of people worldwide who depend on reefs for food and income. ocean warming and higher air temperatures also melt polar ice. as polar ice melts, animals that need ice suffer. polar bears, some seals and many penguins require ice to live. at the base of the antarctic food web, shrimp - like krill require ice and they are vital food sources for many antarctic whales, seals, seabirds, and fishes. melting land - ice, such as glaciers, raises sea levels. ( sea ice is already displacing all the water it will displace, and like ice cubes in a drink, sea ice does not raise sea level when it melts. ) meanwhile, as seawater warms it expands a little, also raising sea levels. global sea level rise threatens coastal habitat \u2013 both marine environments and human settlements. because such a large proportion of people live within 50 miles of a coast, it \u2019 s estimated that over 600 million people \u2014 roughly one in ten people on earth, will be directly affected by sea level rise. entire island nations in the south pacific may disappear beneath the waves as the ocean envelops them. rising sea levels threaten habitats such as coral reefs and coastal mangroves, as well as low islands relied upon by many millions of breeding seabirds. the solution : we need an energy economy based on renewable energy, especially energy sources that do not have to be burned, such as the power of the sun, wind, tides, and the heat of the earth \u2014 the power that drives the whole planet. 3 things you can do to curb ocean warming : 1. conserve energy at home and at work. 2. switch to renewable energy whenever possible. 3. change your driving habits to conserve fuel \u2013 walk, ride a bike or carpool. other great ways", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4598530884853318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:701d3eb8-eec0-4799-91ca-06d038d4829d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.098208"}
{"text": "things you can do to curb ocean warming : 1. conserve energy at home and at work. 2. switch to renewable energy whenever possible. 3. change your driving habits to conserve fuel \u2013 walk, ride a bike or carpool. other great ways you can make a difference. links & videos warming 101 \u2013 carl \u2019 s blog baked alaska \u2013 carl \u2019 s blog global warming \u2013 national wildlife foundation coral reef bleaching affects fish communities \u2013 science daily coral reef bleaching impacts \u2013 coral reef resilience global climate change & krill \u2013 antarctic krill conservation project polar bear habitat 2010 warmest year on record \u2013 usa today aquarius ocean circulation, nasa until now, researchers did not have a full set of data on ocean salinity and how it impacts climate change. climate change affects everything, state of the world \u2019 s oceans climate change affects everything. all the organisms that live in the ocean are used to being bathed in it, are used to its temperature, are used to where the ocean currents flow and all those things change with global climate change. coral bleaching firsthand, penn state research iliana baums, an assistant professor of biology at penn state, dons scuba gear for work. she studies coral reef ecosystems, the \u201c forests of the oceans, \u201d diverse habitats that are vital to many species of ocean life. warming ocean temperatures disrupt that ecosystem and cause episodes of coral bleaching,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41568702381572387, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:701d3eb8-eec0-4799-91ca-06d038d4829d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.098777"}
{"text": "bryn mawr classical review 2007. 04. 68 corinne ondine pache, baby and child heroes in ancient greece. urbana and chicago : university of illinois press, 2004. pp. 234 ; b / w figs. 68. isbn 0 - 252 - 02929 - 1. $ 40. 00. reviewed by lesley a. beaumont, university of sydney ( email @ example. com ) word count : 3897 words [ the reviewer apologises for the lateness of this review. ] while the subject of ancient greek hero cult has long been popular among classical scholars, pache ' s work is the first monograph to focus specifically on child heroes. the volume is divided into six chapters which treat the children of medea, the children of herakles, linos and demophon, pelops, opheltes - arkhemoros, and melikertes - palaimon. each chapter systematically deals with the ancient literary sources for the myths in question, the iconographic evidence, and the archaeological and ancient literary material that relate to the cult and ritual established for each hero. the chronological boundaries of the study are broad, covering the homeric to roman periods, and the work ranges spatially across the ancient greek world. discussion of the evidence is close and detailed, and the book will be of greatest use to the interested specialist. in her introduction p. underscores the difference between adult and child heroes : namely, that while the former are usually defined by their actions in life, the latter derive their hero status not from their deeds but rather from their untimely death. she defines child heroes as those who die, usually by violent or unnatural means, before reaching puberty and who, following their death, are immortalised and elevated to the status of hero. she also offers a brief overview of earlier seminal work on adult heroes and their cults, and attempts to explain the previous scarcity of scholarly comment on child heroes in part as a result of academic approaches that viewed heroes either as \" powerful dead human beings or minor, local, highly specialized demoted gods \" ( 4 ), categories into which heroised children could not easily be fitted. she further stresses the importance for our understanding of the meaning of child heroes and their cult of a multi - disciplinary approach that gives equal consideration to the primary evidence of ancient literature, art and archaeology. chapter 1 begins the study by examining the children of medea. p. deals first with the evidence of the ancient literary sources for the development of the myth : her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5019667588502122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1e0e975-f866-4e81-a785-0d6479c1b254>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.118022"}
{"text": "approach that gives equal consideration to the primary evidence of ancient literature, art and archaeology. chapter 1 begins the study by examining the children of medea. p. deals first with the evidence of the ancient literary sources for the development of the myth : her scope is wide, ranging from the early greek version of eumelos, as retold by pausanias, to latin authors. two main variants of the myth are emphasised : one in which medea herself kills her children, and one in which the corinthians are responsible for their death and are punished by the loss of their own children. in both cases, the slaughter of the children of medea requires atonement to be made by the establishment of funeral rites for the children. in contrast to the dual co - existing literary variants of the myth, the surviving visual representations depict medea alone as the children ' s killer, while the corinthians escape blame. all extant images date to post 400 bc and occur on south italian, or less commonly etruscan, red - figure ceramics, in roman wall paintings from pompeii and herculaneum, or in roman relief sculpture, which includes sarcophagi : p. believes them all to be related to dramatic versions of the myth. the chapter closes with a discussion of the evidence for the cult of the children of medea, and p. first revisits the scholarly debate concerning whether the cult was located at corinth or at perachora : on balance p. favours placing the cult in the sanctuary of hera akraia at perachora. while noting that we know very little about the children ' s cult, p. underscores not only the expiatory and mourning aspects of the rites but also the initiatory elements expressed in the year - long segregation of fourteen corinthian children and their subjection to hair cutting and the donning of special garments. chapter 2 deals with the children of herakles. p. first examines the numerous ancient literary sources for the myth, according to most of which herakles himself in a fit of madness slays his own offspring. p. notes two main variants of the myth : one in which herakles slaughters the children with weapons such as arrows or club ( euripides, seneca, moskhos, diodoros ) and an alternative version in which he throws the children into a fire ( pherekydes, apollodoros ). the latter variant can perhaps be connected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44512505222435594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1e0e975-f866-4e81-a785-0d6479c1b254>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.118950"}
{"text": "arrows or club ( euripides, seneca, moskhos, diodoros ) and an alternative version in which he throws the children into a fire ( pherekydes, apollodoros ). the latter variant can perhaps be connected to pindar ' s isthmian 4, which, in focussing on the theban cult of the sons of herakles rather than the myth, tells of a night time fire ritual held in their honour. though pindar does not specify that these were the children slain by herakles, p. reasonably points to this being the case, and further links to the children the establishment of theban athletic contests also mentioned by pindar, thus seeing here the same pattern of expiatory funerary games that in her subsequent chapters becomes evident for other child heroes. though no archaeological evidence for the theban cult survives, pausanias records the presence at thebes of a tomb of the children of herakles. p. stresses the recurrence of themes seen already in the myth of medea ' s children, such as parental violence and the need to compensate for the children ' s deaths, and points out other links between the herakles and medea stories : notably that when medea flees to thebes following the slaughter of her own offspring, she there encounters the maddened herakles, who has killed his sons, and proceeds to cure him of his madness. in terms of the visual portrayal of the sons of herakles, p. notes that both main variants of the myth are represented, with herakles seen either throwing his children into the fire or killing them with a weapon. while the visual sources for the myth are few, and consist of mainly late fourth - century bc south italian figure decorated ceramics, an alternative schema to the slaughter theme is the depiction of the already dead children in the underworld, shown together with their mother megara and often accompanied by herakles, himself engaged in one of his expiatory labours. chapter 3 treats linos and demophon, two children who die untimely deaths but who, as a result, are heroised by the direct actions of the gods : apollo in the case of linos, and demeter in the case of demophon. p. begins with the myth of linos, the fullest account of which is provided by konon in the first century bc. indeed, with no extant visual representations of the story, and no surviving archaeological evidence for the cult, the primary sources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42991987025891076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1e0e975-f866-4e81-a785-0d6479c1b254>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.119908"}
{"text": "p. begins with the myth of linos, the fullest account of which is provided by konon in the first century bc. indeed, with no extant visual representations of the story, and no surviving archaeological evidence for the cult, the primary sources for the myth and ritual of this child hero rest solely on the ancient literary accounts. the myth and cult of medea ' s children is centred on corinth, and that of herakles ' children on thebes. with linos, however, the focus is shifted to argos, where psamathe, daughter of king krotopos, gave birth to the child following her liaison with apollo. fearful of her father ' s reaction, psamathe exposes the baby, who is taken into the care of a shepherd until attacked and killed by the sheepdogs of the king. krotopos, meanwhile, puts psamathe to death for her lack of chastity and apollo, in response, visits a plague on the argives. p. here draws a comparison between the narrative of the death of linos and that of the children of medea, given that punishment for the unjust deaths is visited on the living community and requires atonement to be made via the foundation of an annual civic festival. accordingly, the argives offer prayers and sing a dirge ( the ' linos ' ) for linos and weep for both the child and his mother. they also name one of their months ' arneios ', because linos was raised among lambs, and at the festival of arnis they sacrifice as many dogs as they can find. though p. makes little further comment on this festival, it would have here been worth noting the archaeological evidence for apparent dog sacrifice found elsewhere in association with deceased children : i think here primarily of the hellenistic well in the athenian agora which contained remains of 450 foetuses, neonates, or infants, together with the bones of more than 130 dogs. 1 p. then turns to demophon, who, like linos, is absent from the extant visual sources, but whose myth is recounted most fully in the homeric hymn to demeter. here metaneira, queen of eleusis, commits her son demophon to the care of demeter, who begins the process of immortalising the child by placing him in a fire in order to purify him of mortal corruption. when the horrified metaneira witnesses this, she interrupts demeter and thus brings to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45312826458558725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1e0e975-f866-4e81-a785-0d6479c1b254>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.120800"}
{"text": "care of demeter, who begins the process of immortalising the child by placing him in a fire in order to purify him of mortal corruption. when the horrified metaneira witnesses this, she interrupts demeter and thus brings to a halt the immortalisation of her son. demophon, as a result, is destined to die, but demeter decrees that he is to become the recipient of a hero cult. the cult includes a ritual fight, which p. connects to the eleusinian games, thus placing demophon in a category of child heroes honoured by the foundation of athletic competitions. the concept of the immortalisation of children by fire is a fascinating one, and p. observes that this is exactly what thetis tried with the baby achilles until interrupted by peleus. she also notes that the term katakryptein ( conceal ) is used both in the homeric hymn to demeter, when the goddess plunges demophon into the fire, and again in the pausanias - related account of eumelos when medea conceals her children in the sanctuary of hera, expressly in order to immortalise them. p. thus sees a pattern emerging in the myths of demophon and the children of medea where fire is an agent of immortalisation, and connects this also to the theban fire rituals held in honour of the children of herakles. p. further astutely points out the similarities of the demophon story with that of the egyptian isis and the child of astarte, as related by plutarch. isis, searching for her husband osiris ( as demeter searches for persephone ), comes to byblos where the queen entrusts her with one of her children ( as metaneira entrusts demophon to demeter ). in an attempt to immortalise the child, isis immerses the infant in fire, but is interrupted by the queen ( as was the case with demeter, demophon and metaneira ). in the context of these tales and rituals of immortalisation of children by fire, i found myself contemplating the phoenician ritual practice of burning young children in the fire, a practice usually referred to by modern scholars as ' infant sacrifice '. if, however, the concept of fire as an agent employed in order to purify a child of mortality was as widespread across the mediterranean as the myths of demophon and the children of astarte suggest, it is perhaps possible that the phoenic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46685465855416325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1e0e975-f866-4e81-a785-0d6479c1b254>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.121663"}
{"text": "however, the concept of fire as an agent employed in order to purify a child of mortality was as widespread across the mediterranean as the myths of demophon and the children of astarte suggest, it is perhaps possible that the phoenician practice of infant immolation was also intended to immortalise and heroise the child via its untimely physical death. chapter 3 closes with a skilful weaving together of the threads linking linos, demophon, and the children of astarte. having pointed out the close parallels between the myths of demophon and astarte ' s children, p. observes the link established by herodotos between linos and maneros, the oldest of astarte ' s offspring. when maneros dies of fear under the terrible gaze of isis, the goddess institutes a cult for the dead child, a cult which involves the singing by the living of a mourning dirge, which herodotos states is one and the same as the ' linos ' song. thus p. underscores the widespread importance of mourning rituals in the cults observed for child heroes. in chapter 4, p. deals with the unusual case of pelops, whom she suggests provides the link between the local child hero cults treated thus far, and the panhellenic athletic festivals established in honour of the baby heroes whom she discusses in chapters 5 and 6. beginning with the literary accounts of the myth, she notes that pelops is both reported as dying a childish untimely death when killed by his father tantalos and served as dinner to the gods, an act that resulted in the establishment of expiatory games in his honour, and yet he is also claimed to have been brought back to life subsequently by the gods. later as an adult, he competes against oinomaos for the hand of hippodameia and is credited with founding the olympic games in compensation for oinomaos ' unjust demise during the chariot race. p. discusses the archaeological evidence for the shrine of pelops at olympia, centred according to pindar olympian 1 on the tomb of the hero, and located between the heraion and the temple of zeus, though she notes difficulties involved in determining when the cult was first established. in terms of the visual representations of the young pelops killed by his father and later revived by the gods, p. points to a number of figured lekythoi depicting adolescent boys in cauldrons. none of these can, however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47927671244083525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1e0e975-f866-4e81-a785-0d6479c1b254>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.122598"}
{"text": "in terms of the visual representations of the young pelops killed by his father and later revived by the gods, p. points to a number of figured lekythoi depicting adolescent boys in cauldrons. none of these can, however, be identified as pelops with any certainty, and p. discusses the not uncommon mythological motif of a cauldron used as a means of either killing or reviving a child ( pelops, melikertes, learkhos, child of lykaon ), dependent on whether the cauldron is under the control of an adult male or female respectively. we might add here the observation that it is again the fire that heats the cauldron that is thus implicitly identified as an agent of immortalisation. chapters 5 and 6, which account for half of the book ' s total length, deal in detail with opheltes - arkhemoros and melikertes - palaimon, the child heroes of the panhellenic nemean and isthmian games respectively. in her account and analysis of the myth of opheltes - arkehemoros, p. focuses largely on the evidence of bacchylides, euripides and statius. the seven against thebes come to nemea and, in their search for water, encounter baby opheltes with his nurse hypsipyle. in order to assist them, hypsipyle leaves opheltes alone in a meadow, where the child picks flowers and falls asleep, only to be attacked and killed by a great serpent. in response, amphiaraos founds funeral games for opheltes who, raised to the status of hero, is renamed arkhemoros. as p. makes clear, pointing not only to the story of opheltes but also to that of persephone, the flowery meadows of ancient greece were potentially dangerous places closely associated with the underworld. she also notes the close association in greek myth of sleep with death, underscoring the particular risks of sleep for young babies, and goes on to an insightful discussion of the expression in ancient and modern lullabies of parental fears concerning the vulnerability of young children to the threat of death. the iconographical sources depicting the baby opheltes range from south italian red - figure vessels of the fourth century bc to first and second century ad stone reliefs, argive coins and a fresco. the most common representational schema is that of the baby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4803751395599074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1e0e975-f866-4e81-a785-0d6479c1b254>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.123565"}
{"text": "the mother of melikertes, threw herself into the sea together with the child, for reasons that vary depending on the source consulted. when melikertes ' body is brought ashore by a dolphin, sisyphos establishes funeral games in honour of the dead child who, now elevated to the status of a hero, becomes known as palaimon. prior to the roman period, iconographic sources for the narrative are few, though p. illustrates an interesting hellenistic silver plate, which depicts ino suckling her infant while riding on the back of a triton, a rare representation in ancient greek art of a nursing child. most of the later images appear, not surprisingly, on first - and second - century ad roman coins from corinth : these most frequently depict either the baby melikertes in ino ' s arms or a child riding a dolphin. a few coins from the second and third centuries ad almost certainly record the contemporary shrine of melikertes - palaimon at isthmia, and can be read in conjunction with the excavated evidence of the isthmian palaimonion and with pausanias ' s description of this same heroon. the coins depict a round temple with colonnade : sometimes a statue of melikertes riding the dolphin is visible within the temple and frequently a door appears in the base of the building. thus placed, this door accords with pausanias ' s reference to the existence in the palaimonion at isthmia of an underground adyton where, he tells us, binding oaths were sworn. while the earliest archaeological evidence recovered at isthmia of a heroon built for the child dates to the roman period, the evidence presented by plutarch of a night time contest held in honour of melikertes attests to the much earlier existence of cultic activity for the child. both plutarch ' s observation of nocturnal rituals and also the later evidence of pausanias and the coins for a subterranean adyton, accord well with the archaeological recovery from the palaimonion of a large number of uniquely shaped lamps, thus confirming the central importance of the performance of night time cult activity in the child ' s honour. p. might here have further drawn attention to the recurrence of night and darkness as a significant feature in the cult of a number of the child heroes examined : that is, not only in the case of melikertes - palaimon, but also in the night time fire rituals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4521078135115114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1e0e975-f866-4e81-a785-0d6479c1b254>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.126249"}
{"text": "the recurrence of night and darkness as a significant feature in the cult of a number of the child heroes examined : that is, not only in the case of melikertes - palaimon, but also in the night time fire rituals held for the children of herakles at thebes, and in the nocturnal attempted immortalisation by fire of demophon by demeter and of the child of astarte by isis. p. does, however, underscore in the cult of melikertes - palaimon the features of lament, mourning and sacrifice commonly found in the rites of many child heroes, and stresses the pattern of the foundation of expiatory athletic ( funerary ) games that we have witnessed already in the case of herakles, demophon, pelops, and opheltes - arkhemoros. she also points to the evidence of plutarch, philostratos and ailios aristeides for the practice at the isthmian palaimonion of secret rituals of an initiatory character, and compares these to the initiatory elements of the cult of medea ' s children, also located within corinthian territory. p. further stresses that the cult of melikertes - palaimon, although most famous at isthmia, was not localised in the same way as that of the other child heroes she treats : palaimon was also revered on tenedos and in asia minor, and she explains this wide geographic presence of his cult as a result of the manner of his death at sea, which allowed multiple communities to claim discovery of the child ' s body. a major underlying, and oft - repeated, hypothesis of the book is that the myths and cults of the child heroes discussed gave expression to parental anxiety and guilt related to the death of children, particularly in those cases such as the offspring of medea or herakles, where a parent was directly or indirectly responsible for the child ' s demise. however, the basis upon which this psychoanalytical model is constructed is never properly justified by the author, nor is any comment made to the effect that greek myth conversely many times tells of parents threatened or murdered by their children, thus raising the possibility that mythological narrative provided a vehicle for the expression of the tensions that existed between the generations. p. ' s rather ungrounded hypothesis is thus open to the criticism that she appears to reflect back onto antiquity our own deeply - felt twenty - first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47701635398246467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1e0e975-f866-4e81-a785-0d6479c1b254>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.127555"}
{"text": "possibility that mythological narrative provided a vehicle for the expression of the tensions that existed between the generations. p. ' s rather ungrounded hypothesis is thus open to the criticism that she appears to reflect back onto antiquity our own deeply - felt twenty - first century western societal and parental feelings of guilt towards children. in this context it is important to recognise significant differences between the contemporary west and ancient greece : notably that in ancient greece the reality of infant mortality was an ever - present and accepted part of life, and further that the intentional exposure of infants was, at least in parts of greece in certain periods, an act consciously engaged in at the societal or parental level. while parental anxiety concerning a wanted child ' s survival and future may have been real enough, the emotional or psychological response of guilt suggested by p. to have been engendered by a child ' s death is, therefore, worth debating. p. is, however, on much safer theoretical ground when she observes that \" narratives of child heroes... stress the dangers inherent in childhood and making the transition to adulthood \" ( 6 ), and in this context the initiatory rituals present in child hero cults and further the iconographic presentation noted by p. of opheltes - arkhemoros and melikertes - palaimon as infants before their death and as older children or adolescents once immortalised are highly significant. religious ritual and the heroisation of mythological children must thus surely have provided a psychological and practical focus for worshippers, both for juveniles experiencing their passage through childhood and also for adults managing the harsh reality of raising children in the classical world. p. concludes her study on a strong note by commenting that \" vernant describes epic as not only a literary genre, but also as ' one of the institutions the greeks developed to give an answer to the problem of death in order to acculturate death and integrate it into social thought and life. ' ( j. - p. vernant, mortals and immortals : collected essays ( 1991 ), 86 ) this definition could just as well describe the institution of hero cult, which makes sense of the meaningless of death by effectively keeping the hero alive through poetry as well as through cult rituals \" ( 182 - 3 ). this is a welcome addition to the existing scholarly literature on heroes and hero cult, and p. does us a service not only by her collection in one place of ancient literary and iconographic sources for each myth considered, but also by her careful analysis of, and commentary on, the common", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5239947326854785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1e0e975-f866-4e81-a785-0d6479c1b254>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.129228"}
{"text": "existing scholarly literature on heroes and hero cult, and p. does us a service not only by her collection in one place of ancient literary and iconographic sources for each myth considered, but also by her careful analysis of, and commentary on, the common aspects of the cultic rituals practised for child heroes. the book is not, however, an easy read : as p. explains, her monograph grew out of her doctoral thesis, and the resulting book still bears the hallmark of the dissertation, with the minutiae of detailed argument sometimes engaged in at the cost of the bigger picture. chapters are often of markedly, and unnecessarily, uneven length and vary widely in their depth of discussion : that on pelops, for example, is accorded only eleven pages while that on opheltes - arkhemoros extends to forty pages, not all of which are equally enlightening. only a handful of pertinent references are absent from the otherwise excellent bibliography. 2 1. s. i. rotroff, aja 103 ( 1999 ), 284 - 5 : l. m. little, aja 103 ( 1999 ), 284 : l. m. snyder, aja 103 ( 1999 ), 284 : m. a. liston & j. k. papadopoulos, hesperia 73 ( 2004 ), 23 - 26. 2. l. a. beaumont, \" mythological childhood : a male preserve? \", bsa 90 ( 1995 ), 339 - 61. e. kearns, \" between god and man : status and function of heroes and their sanctuaries \" in a. schachter et al, le sanctuaire grec ( geneva, 1992 ), 65 - 107. b. menadier, \" the sanctuary of hera akraia and its religious connections with corinth \", in r. hagg, ed. peloponnesian sanctuaries and cults. proceedings of the ninth international symposium at the swedish institute at athens, 11 - 13 june 1994 ( stockholm, 2002 ), 85 - 92. it should also be noted that g. ekroth ' s phd thesis, listed in p. ' s bibliography, has been published in a reworked form : g. ekroth, the sacrificial rituals of greek hero - cults in the archaic to the early hellenistic periods. kernos suppl. 12 ( liege, 2002 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49510785922621225, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1e0e975-f866-4e81-a785-0d6479c1b254>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.130138"}
{"text": "the methodology is straightforward. you take your subject and slide them into an fmri machine, a humongous sleek, white ring, like a donut designed by apple. then you show the subject images of people engaging in social activities \u2014 shopping, talking, eating dinner. you flash 48 different photos in front of your subject ' s eyes, and ask them to figure out what emotions the people in the photos were probably feeling. all in all, it ' s a pretty basic neuroscience / psychology experiment. with one catch. the \" subject \" is a mature atlantic salmon. and it is dead. functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) is a powerful tool that allows us to capture incredible amounts of information about what happens in our brains. it ' s relatively new \u2014 neuroscientists began using fmri in the early 1990s \u2014 and it produces colorful images that help bring numbers to life for the general public. all of those things are strengths for fmri. unfortunately, they ' re also all weaknesses. new tools vastly expand our understanding of the human body... but they also mean that we have to develop new standards so that different studies using the same tool can actually be compared to one another. images of the human brain help make science more understandable... but they can also be incredibly misleading when the public doesn ' t have a good idea of what the pictures show. amassing vast quantities of information is great... but it also makes it easy to end up with false positives \u2014 coincidences of chance that look like something a lot more important. enter the dead salmon. in 2009, a team led by neuroscientist craig bennett and psychologist abigail baird ran an fmri experiment using the salmon as their subject. not only did they really put a dead ( and frozen ) fish into an fmri machine, later analysis of their data actually produced evidence of brain activity \u2014 as if the dead fish were thinking. it wasn ' t, of course. but bennett ' s and baird ' s research \u2014 which recently won a 2012 ignobel award \u2014 was meant to show how easily scientists can mislead themselves and why well - done statistics are vital. i got to speak with bennett and baird last week. in the interview, they talked about the study, how fmri really works, and what scientists have to do to make sure they can trust their own results. maggie koerth - baker : let ' s start with the basics. as a layperson, i see fmri images in the news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5512439770141733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00f9bcec-a80f-40bc-a984-ee074d221e62>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.143120"}
{"text": "how fmri really works, and what scientists have to do to make sure they can trust their own results. maggie koerth - baker : let ' s start with the basics. as a layperson, i see fmri images in the news all the time, but i ' m not really certain that i could tell you how fmri works or what it ' s actually measuring. can you explain? craig bennett : we ' re not directly measuring activity in the brain. you ' d need electrodes implanted in the brain itself for that. we ' re actually measuring the amount of magnetic disruption in the brain. we use a trick of how brain and body work. oxygenated and deoxygenated blood have different magnetic properties. abigail baird : if a brain region is doing a lot of work it ' s probobably going to be bringing in a lot of oxygen through increased blood flow. the premise is that if an area is working harder it will need more nutrients and oxygen and that will be delivered through the blood. using blood flow as measure of brain activity is reliable, but it ' s a very slow response. true brain activity happens when cells are communicating using neurotransmitters and electricity. real, actual brain activity is measured with electrodes in the brain or someting like eeg that records electrical activity. the problem with doing that is that when you use eeg, you don ' t know exactly where the signal is coming from or what the signal means. fmri presupposes that brain activity relies on oxygen but there ' s a 4 - 6 second delay because that ' s how long it takes for the call for more blood to go out. it ' s a slow response and in a way it ' s a sloppy response. we ' re assuming that there are more leftovers here in spot a then spot b, so there must be brain activity here and not there. cb : the best description i ' ve heard is that it ' s like coming up on thhe scene of a car accident and being able to tell what happened based on the skid marks. we have to try to interpret by the changes what was going on when the activity happened. it ' s a proxy. mkb : so when we see those images with areas of the brain popping out in bright colors, that ' s not necessarily telling us that one part of the brain is active and the rest isn ' t. ab : i ' m so tired about hearing about \" the brain lighting up \". it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5724242019458781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00f9bcec-a80f-40bc-a984-ee074d221e62>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.144854"}
{"text": "areas of the brain popping out in bright colors, that ' s not necessarily telling us that one part of the brain is active and the rest isn ' t. ab : i ' m so tired about hearing about \" the brain lighting up \". it makes it sound like you see lights in the head or something. that ' s not how the brain works. it suggests a fundamental misunderstanding of what fmri results mean. those beautiful colorful maps... they ' re probability maps. they show the likelihood of activity happening in a given area, not proof of activity. according to our analysis, there ' s a higher likelihood of this region using more blood because we found more deoxygenated blood in this area. it ' s also correlational. here ' s a time frame and the changes we ' d expect, so we see which bits of brain correlate with that. cb : we ' ve had methods to look inside the brain of a living human for decades, and we ' ve gotten quality science out of that method. what does fmri add? the big thing is spatial location, you can say where in the brain activity is happening to a much greater degree. it ' s really mostly about that. but what that buys you is the ability to produce really pretty maps of the brain. you get a greyscale image with the colored spots that indicate what ' s significant. but that ' s not showing brain activity, it ' s showing a statistic. i drew a line in the sand and said these dots are the ones that crossed the line. it makes for drammatic and pretty presentation of data. if you have a page of jargon people will believe it at a certain level. but if you put a picture of the brain with active voxels [ a three - dimensional pixel ] people will believe it even more because a picture of the brain is next to it. we have a powerful tool and ability to create dramatic persuasive figures. and we can use it in improper ways. mkb : so how do we know that the data we get from fmris is useful, at all? if it ' s just correlational, and doesn ' t really show you where activity is happening? cb : this is why we have to do tightly controlled experiments. to do it right, you ' ll take two conditions, almost exactly matched except for one critical thing. some of the studies i really like are visual studies. i could show you the same stimulus, say a flashing circle of light, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5531267702912286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00f9bcec-a80f-40bc-a984-ee074d221e62>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.145886"}
{"text": "experiments. to do it right, you ' ll take two conditions, almost exactly matched except for one critical thing. some of the studies i really like are visual studies. i could show you the same stimulus, say a flashing circle of light, but i ' d change the position of it. whether it ' s inn the top third or the bottom third of your field of vision. just by changing the position and comparing each position to each other you can see which parts of the brain are sensitive to each spot. that ' s a narrow study and a really good control. ab : more than a couple papers have been sesationalistic. there have been comparisons of republican and democratic brains. that ' s ridiculous and it ' s a misuse of fmri. it ' s not a specific enough question. mkb : can you explain what you mean by a specific question here? ab : in an fmri study you have to stimulate the brain in some way. so what are you showing the brain in order to make distinction between republicans and democrats? say it ' s pictures of people on welfare, and democrats showed more activation in one area and republicans in another. it doesn ' t actually tell you anything about democrats and republicans. those results might tell you something about compassion. or how we process compassion. but to say there are fundamental differences as a whole group between two groups of people, when there ' s so much variation within the group, it ' s just silly. i could get the same result... find big differences... with two groups of democrats. remember, the brain doesn ' t just light up and those images are showing statistics, not all activity. if you see the same thing in several different studies, you can trust it more. but you should be suspect of one study of a handful of people, especially if the question wasn ' t specific enough and the researchers just went fishing to see what would happen. also, what you ' re seeing is an average of the group, not each individual. you could have a group of 40 people and 39 out of the 40 show activity in one area, but that area might still get dropped from the final images because everybody didn ' t have it. so you need to consider the individuals, not just the group. mkb : let ' s get back to that dead salmon you worked with. if fmri is measuring changes in blood flow \u2014 or changes in oxygenation which indicate a change in blood flow \u2014 why would you see any signal at all in the brain of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.570737956766763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00f9bcec-a80f-40bc-a984-ee074d221e62>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.146840"}
{"text": "we tend to call that a trend \u2014 something might be happening. that has held throughout history of psychology and neuroscience and it ' s pretty good. but we ' d never had any tools that produced the magnitude of data that fmri has. instead of making comparisons between two groups of 40 people, you ' re making comparisons between 100, 000 points in the brain and that. 01 no longer says as much because you have so much more information to work with. cb : here ' s my analogy, if i give you a dart and say, \" try to hit the bullseye \", you have some chance of hitting it. your chance is not 0. but, depending on skill, you might hit more or less often. so you try the throw with one dart and hit on first throw, that ' s impressive. that ' s like finding a result. but if you only hit it once out of 100 tries, it ' s less impressive. in fmri it ' s like having 60, 000 darts you can throw. some will hit the bullseye by chance and we need to try to correct for that. we tend to set a threshold and say anything over is legitimate and anything under is not. but what our team found is that in a surey of literature, between 25 - 40 % of published papers were using an improper correction. you have a lot more chances of finding significance so you need to be more conservative of saying what is a legit result. ab : so if you have a really specific hypothesis you can stick to the traditional numbers. but if you don ' t know what you ' re looking for and you just want to see \" what lights up \", then you ' re getting lots more chances to see things that could be just random. that ' s when you need to be more strict about what you consider real. and people aren ' t always as careful about that as they could be. mkb : so you ' re saying that, right now, there ' s a pretty good chance that a lot of the research papers that use fmri are showing results that are every bit as wrong as the results you got while studying a dead salmon? cb : up to 40 % of papers published in 2008 didn ' t do proper correction, so are there incorrect results in literature? absolutely. even if we correct perfectly you ' ll probably have 5 % incorrect. there will always be false positives. but as a field we need to do as good a job as possible to release the best results we can. what we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5681493441548219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00f9bcec-a80f-40bc-a984-ee074d221e62>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.148787"}
{"text": "borghese gardens seed catalog tree seedling and bulb emporium a catalog of heirloom seeds, seedlings and bulbs from the 17th century villa borghese ( secret gardens ) in rome. working from the original lists of rare and unusual flowers, trees, herbs, fruits, vegetables, and plants carried back to rome from the explorers of the americas...... the restoration of the villa borghese to its seventeenth - century appearance was begun in 1997 and has been based on extensive historical research of numerous documents preserved in the borghese family archives at the vatican. among the most important recent projects has been the refurbishment of the secret gardens known as the flower garden, the garden of blooms and views, and the garden of the bitter oranges. using this historical information the designs of the gardens were reconstructed with flowers used for the original plantings. within the three gardens, more than 250 varieties of plants permit three rounds of seasonal flowering that include rare and precious flowers that have disappeared from roman gardens and have been reintroduced for the first time. these include such flowers as fritillaries, numerous varieties of antique tulips, old roses, many aromatic plants, and flowers such as the sunflower, marigolds, and four o ' clocks that were rarities in the seventeenth century because of their recent importation from the americas. the gardens thus have returned to their original state as true living museums. the entire borghese gardens park was organized on a formal, symmetrical plan with lanes and small squares lined with statues and fountains. the giardini segreti ( secret gardens ) located on either side of casino were the most important and well - tended of the gardens. since the renaissance, secret gardens, whose roots lie in the kitchen gardens of medieval convents, have been a common garden type. their name is an allusion to the fact that they are enclosed by walls that form outdoor rooms, thereby creating a private passage from the closed, interior spaces to the open air of the surrounding park. alberta campitelli seedlings from directgardening : the borghese gardens in rome were built in 1605, when cardinal scipione borghese converted the existing vineyards into one of the largest landscape gardens in all of rome. scipione borghese was nephew to camillo borghese - pope paul v - who oversaw the completion of st peter ' s basillica at the vatican. when you visit rome be sure to look for the name inscribed at the main entrance portico. it reads bvr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3926451603607516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c801a5e-40d1-437e-a25d-04f41f241dee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.152187"}
{"text": "was nephew to camillo borghese - pope paul v - who oversaw the completion of st peter ' s basillica at the vatican. when you visit rome be sure to look for the name inscribed at the main entrance portico. it reads bvrghesivs - latin for borghese. \" borghese \" at the vatican borghese gardens \" temple of aesculapius \" in rome, pope paul v ( camillo borghese ) financed the completion of st. peter ' s basilica, and improved the vatican library. he restored the aqua traiana, an ancient roman aqueduct ( named after him acqua paola ), bringing water to the rioni located on right bank of the tiber ( trastevere and borgo ). like many popes of the time he was also allegedly guilty of nepotism, and his nephew scipione borghese wielded enormous power on his behalf, consolidating the rise of the borghese family. paul v also established the bank of the holy spirit in 1605. emporium ( medieval latin from greek emporos = ' merchant ' ) is a term used for a store selling a wide variety of goods, and for marketplaces or trading centres in ancient cities ( see emporia ( ancient greece ) and emporia ( early medieval ) ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4353366084729483, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c801a5e-40d1-437e-a25d-04f41f241dee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.152644"}
{"text": "a music genre is a term that describes the process of dividing different kinds of music into categories. these categories vary by definition of the word \" genre, \" and there appears to be several definitions. in his book form in tonal music, douglass m. green lists the madrigal, the motet, the canzona, the ricercar, and the dance as examples of genres ( from the renaissance period ). according to green, \" beethoven ' s op. 61 and mendelssohn ' s op. 64 are identical in genre - both are violin concertos - but different in form. mozart ' s rondo for piano, k. 511, and the agnus dei from his mass, k. 317 are quite different in genre but happen to be similar in form. \" some treat the terms genre and style as the same, and state that genre should be defined as pieces of music that share a certain style or \" basic musical language. \" others state that genre and style are two separate terms, and that secondary characteristics such as subject matter can also differentiate between genres. a music genre ( or sub - genre ) could be defined by the techniques, the styles, the context and the themes ( content, spirit ). also, geographical origin is sometimes used to define the music genre, though a single geographical category will normally include a wide variety of sub - genres. a list of genres of music ( including subgengres ) can be found at list of music genres. however, there are a number of criteria with which one may classify musical genres, including : - the art / popular / traditional distinction - regional and national distinctions - fusional origins art music, also known as \" serious music, \" primarily refers to classical music, including european classical music, or others listed at list of classical music styles ( including non - european classical music ), contemporary classical music ( including electronic art music, experimental music and minimalist music ). art music also includes some forms of jazz. popular music ( not to be confused with pop music ) is music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more of the mass media. traditional music is the modern name for what used to be called \" folk music \", before the term \" folk music \" was expanded to include a lot of non - traditional material. the defining characteristics of traditional music are : - oral transmission : the music is passed down, or learned, through singing and listening and sometimes dancing - cultural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5705437476950648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a32347a1-4b05-49c2-a2a6-256f913fbb0c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.160651"}
{"text": ", before the term \" folk music \" was expanded to include a lot of non - traditional material. the defining characteristics of traditional music are : - oral transmission : the music is passed down, or learned, through singing and listening and sometimes dancing - cultural basis : the music derives from and is part of the traditions of a particular region or culture. regional and national musicedit it is possible to categorize music geographically. for example, the term \" australian music \" could include australian rock music, australian traditional music in the european style ( eg. waltzing matilda ), aboriginal australian music, australian classical music, and australian jazz. in the west, nearly all music except traditional music has a fusional origin. a fusion genre is a music genre that combines two or more genres. for example, rock and roll originally developed as a fusion of blues, gospel and country music. the main characteristics of fusion genres are variations in tempo, rhythm and sometimes the use of long musical \" journeys \" that can be divided into smaller parts, each with their own dynamics, style and tempo. artists who work in fusion genres are often difficult to categorise within non - fusion styles. most styles of fusion music are influenced by various musical genres. while there are many reasons for this, the main reason is that most genres evolved out of other genres. when the new genre finally identifies itself as separate, there is often a large gray area in which musicians are left. these artists generally consider themselves part of both genres. a musician who plays music that is dominantly blues, influenced by rock, is often labelled a blues - rock musician. the first genre is the one from which the new one evolved. the second genre is the newer and less - dominant genre in the artist ' s playing. an example of a blues - rock group would be stevie ray vaughan and double trouble. vaughan, a texas blues guitarist, surrounded by a world in which rock was dominating music, used rock and blues together. one of the problems with the grouping of music into genres is that it is a subjective process that has a lot to do with the individual ' s personal understanding and way of listening to music. this is especially true in sub - genres. one example is led zeppelin, which could be called heavy metal, hard rock, classic rock, folk, or blues, depending on one ' s interpretation ( and not helped by the fact that they made excursions into other genres such as electric folk ). another difficulty with grouping artists into genres is that, for many, their style of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5436430502306437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a32347a1-4b05-49c2-a2a6-256f913fbb0c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.162491"}
{"text": "rock, folk, or blues, depending on one ' s interpretation ( and not helped by the fact that they made excursions into other genres such as electric folk ). another difficulty with grouping artists into genres is that, for many, their style of music changes over time. some genre labels are quite vague. many were originally contrived by marketing executives or music critics ; post - rock, for example, is a term devised and defined by simon reynolds. another example of this is video game music, which while defined by its media, can also represent its own style, as well as that of any other musical genre. categorising music, especially into finer genres or sub genres, can be difficult for newly emerging styles or for pieces of music that incorporate features of multiple genres. attempts to pigeonhole particular musicians in a single genre are sometimes ill - founded as they may produce music in a variety of genres over time or even within a single piece. some people feel that the categorisation of music into genres is based more on commercial and marketing motives than musical criteria. john zorn, for example, a musician whose work has covered a wide range of genres, wrote in arcana : musicians on music that genres are tools used to \" commodify and commercialise an artist ' s complex personal vision \". - \u2191 green, douglass m. form in tonal music. holt, rinehart, and winston, inc., 1965. p. 1. - \u2191 peter van der merwe 1989, p. 3 - \u2191 moore, allen \" categorical conventions in music discourse : style and genre \" music & letters, vol. 82, no. 3 ( aug., 2001 ), pp. 432 - 442", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5472537271307117, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a32347a1-4b05-49c2-a2a6-256f913fbb0c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.163158"}
{"text": "paphnutius of scetis, saint, \" the one who belongs to god, \" name borne, particularly in the fourth century, by several monks among whom it is sometimes difficult to distinguish. john cassian, during his sojourn in egypt between 385 and 400, knew an abba paphnutius who was then priest of scetis and to whom he ascribes his third conference, \" on the three renunciations. \" paphnutius was renowned for his taste for seclusion. he had established his cell several miles from the church, where he was seen only on saturdays and sundays ; on the other days it was very difficult to see him. for this reason he was nicknamed \" bubal, \" from the name of the desert antelope. according to john cassian, paphnutius was then over ninety years old. he was still alive in 399, since, according to cassian ( x, 2 - 3 ), in that year he was the only priest of scetis to welcome the letter of patriarch theophilus denouncing anthropomorphite errors. in the life of saints maximus and domitius ( amelineau, 1894, p. 312 ) he is called \" a disciple of macarius \" ( the egyptian ) and \" father of scetis \" after him. however, according to cassian ( xviii, 15 ) he succeeded isidorus in this function. on the other hand, in chapter 47 of his historia lausiaca, palladius speaks of a paphnutius surnamed kephalas and reports a long discourse that he delivered before palladius himself \u2014 hence after 390 \u2014 on the reasons virtuous monks fall away. this paphnutius, it seems, lived at nitria or the kellia, if he is to be identified with the disciple of macarius alexandrinus who bore the name and is mentioned by palladius in chapter 18. he also is mentioned in the apophthegmata patrum, once with the surname kephalas. among the apopthegms in the alphabetical collection that are placed under the name of paphnutius, it is difficult to know which ones should be attributed to him. in the opinion of e. c. butler ( 1904, vol. 2, pp. 224 - 25 ) and h. g. evelyn - white ( 1932, p. 121 ), among others,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35347818042058915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26fd0284-0516-4e84-adfa-10c86bd75901>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.167951"}
{"text": "know which ones should be attributed to him. in the opinion of e. c. butler ( 1904, vol. 2, pp. 224 - 25 ) and h. g. evelyn - white ( 1932, p. 121 ), among others, paphnutius the bubal and paphnutius kephalas are the same person. in favor of this identification, butler puts forward some literal correspondences that he has noted in the discourse of the bubal in cassian, and that of kephalas in palladius. the latter mentions, among the monks whom melania the elder met at nitria when she visited the desert about 373 and whom she followed during their exile in palestine, a \" paphnutius of scetis. \" perhaps this is another person ; the identification remains uncertain. normally the surnames served to distinguish people of the same name. on the other hand, it is certain that the anchorite paphnutius who appears in the historia monachorum in aegypto must be distinguished from the preceding two. he lived in the thebaid, in the region of herakleopolis, where he died shortly before the travelers passed through that region in 394 - 395. perhaps this paphnutius is the one to whom is attributed the life of onophrius edited by e. a. w. budge ( 1914, pp. 205 - 224 ) and by e. amelineau ( 1885, pp. 166 - 94 ). several greek papyri in the british museum ( p lond. 1923 - 1929 ), published by h. i. bell ( pp. 103 - 120 ) preserve a series of letters addressed to a monk paphnutius by various people who ask for the help of his prayers. they are dated by their editor in the middle of the fourth century. there is, however, nothing to identify this paphnutius with any of the preceding ones. click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41881546301145933, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26fd0284-0516-4e84-adfa-10c86bd75901>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.168613"}
{"text": "birth certificate registers in october 1913 secretary of the department of external affairs, atlee hunt, sent a circular to the state customs departments asking if they kept records of chinese australians who used their birth certificates as identity papers when travelling overseas. queensland already kept such a register, and hunt felt that : such a register is very desirable to enable a check to be kept on persons claiming admission to australia on birth certificates, as it is an easy matter for a number of copies of the same certificate to be obtained, and the experience of the past shows that in some instances several chinese have attempted, sometimes successfully, to land on copies of the same certificate. ( naa : a1, 1913 / 20069 ) an example of the early difficulties that both chinese australians and government officials had with using birth certificates as identification can be found in the case of fred hong see ( see naa : bp342 / 1, 13021 / 357 / 1903 ). fred was born in sydney in 1885 to chinese parents who, when he was very young, took their son back to china. fred \u2019 s father later died and, in 1903, fred returned to live with other relatives in sydney. when he arrived, customs officer j. t. t. donohoe doubted his identity and would not allow him to land. donohoe \u2019 s suspicions were based on the fact that fred could not speak any english and his feeling that fred looked older than the age stated on the birth certificate he presented. fred was quickly sent on his way back to china, and it was only through the threat of legal action by his well - respected relatives in sydney and their payment of a deposit of \u00a3100 that fred was permitted to stop at brisbane for re - examination. with evidence provided by fred \u2019 s relatives, the brisbane collector of customs, w. h. irving, was satisfied that he was, in fact, telling the truth. after atlee hunt \u2019 s approval, fred was allowed to stay. this is the copy of fred hong see \u2019 s birth certificate that he presented to officials on his return to australia in 1903. it can be found with other correspondence about the case in naa : bp342 / 1, 13021 / 357 / 1903. in the decade after the introduction of the immigration restriction act, the processes for its administration continued to be refined and tightened, primarily to prevent the fraudulent entry of chinese into australia. hunt \u2019 s request for the keeping of birth certificate registers came about from a concern that \u2018 as other channels of fraudulent entry are being blocked, the chinese will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4245640630631332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6743970-1087-48ad-96c3-e9c7a61daa30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.174783"}
{"text": "administration continued to be refined and tightened, primarily to prevent the fraudulent entry of chinese into australia. hunt \u2019 s request for the keeping of birth certificate registers came about from a concern that \u2018 as other channels of fraudulent entry are being blocked, the chinese will make a determined effort to utilize birth certificates to that end. \u2019 his customs circular of 1913 set out the details that customs officers should record to enable correct identification on a person \u2019 s return to australia : - number of birth certificate - date of issue - date of birth - where born - date of departure from australia - remarks concerning departure - date of return - by whom examined, landed or rejected - general remarks the collectors of customs responded thus : - victoria reported that had been keeping a register from the beginning of the year ( 1913 ), but without the level of detail requested. - new south wales had not been keeping records, but was now ordering a book for the purpose. - western australia had no special register, but would immediately open one. - south australia said they had not had any need for a register, as there had been no cases of chinese being admitted on birth certificates there. - tasmania would begin keeping a record, but had only had four cases to date. - and the northern territory had been keeping record of chinese arriving on birth certificates since 1911. it became the practice for birth certificates to be endorsed by customs officials on a person \u2019 s departure. this usually included taking a handprint and attaching a photograph, as well as recording the details in a register. some people also went through the formality of applying for a cedt. the two remaining registers to my knowledge, only two of the birth certificate registers still exist, those for queensland and new south wales. the queensland register is held in the brisbane office of the national archives, and a digital copy is available through recordsearch : the first volume, of 16 double pages, has suffered flood damage and can be difficult to read in parts. the second volume, which has 23 double pages, is much more legible. a sample page from the second volume is shown below \u2013 this is a left - hand page, with the remainder of the details about each person completed on the corresponding right - hand page. the single register for new south wales, held in the national archives \u2019 sydney office, is more substantial than those for queensland, demonstrating the greater amount of travel that occurred from sydney. the register contains around 150 double pages and includes an alphabetical index at the front. the entries date from 1904 to 1962 ; those before 1913 were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4484009834143237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6743970-1087-48ad-96c3-e9c7a61daa30>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.175762"}
{"text": "office, is more substantial than those for queensland, demonstrating the greater amount of travel that occurred from sydney. the register contains around 150 double pages and includes an alphabetical index at the front. the entries date from 1904 to 1962 ; those before 1913 were presumably copied from records elsewhere. it is also fragile and difficult to read in places, but it has recently also been digitised and made available through recordsearch : the page reproduced below is a left - hand page, with further details about the travels of each person available on the corresponding right - hand page. making use of the registers these registers are valuable sources of information about chinese australian families in queensland and new south wales, and can provide missing pieces of information for people who did not apply for cedts when they travelled overseas ( which many australian - born chinese did not ). having them digitised is great, especially for those of us who can \u2019 t easily get to the brisbane or sydney reading rooms \u2013 but what would be even more useful is if the information contained in the registers was in a form that could be searched and sorted. i \u2019 m working on a bigger project relating to chinese families in new south wales, based around a database of information sourced from marriage and birth records up to 1918. i \u2019 m part - way into transcribing relevant details from the published bdm indexes with 1000 entries ( out of an estimated 3000 \u2013 4000 ) in the database so far! the information found in the birth certificate registers obviously relates very strongly to this, so i have another crazy plan to also transcribe the information held in the sydney register. it \u2019 s not going to be a quick job \u2013 and it \u2019 s one that could easily be shared since the new south wales register is online. so, if you happen to have some spare time and don \u2019 t mind deciphering old handwriting, i \u2019 d love to hear from you!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42337406637052505, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6743970-1087-48ad-96c3-e9c7a61daa30>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.176732"}
{"text": "the immune system is engaged in a process of somatic selection. it is constantly distinguishing foreign molecules or bacteria, viruses, and even another person ' s skin from the molecules of an individual body, or soma. the well - spring of immunologic defense is scattered through the body in the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system and is carried out by a set of proteins called antibodies. the ultimate target of all immune responses is an antigen, which is usually a foreign molecule from a bacterium or other invader. specialized antigen - presenting cells, such as macrophages, roam the body, ingesting the antigens they find and fragmenting them into antigenic peptides. lymphocytes are white blood cells that destroy pathogenic microbes that enter the body. they can also attack cancer cells or act against foreign cells in transplants. if regulation of the immune system breaks down, lymphocytes can attack cells belonging to the very body they are meant to protect, leading to a potentially fatal auto - immune disease. there are two kinds of lymphocytes t - cells and b - cells. they are produced in the thymus and bone marrow respectively. after leaving these primary lymphoid organs, they circulate in the blood until they reach one of the numerous secondary lymphoid organs, such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. ( here they leave the bloodstream and enter the lymph system ) much of the activation of lymphocytes occurs in the lymph nodes. they then travel through the fluid in the lymphatic vessels until they reach the bloodstream and spread their protective influence around the body. eventually the lymphocytes flow into other lymph nodes and the cycle begins again. traditional immunology is antigen driven, and the immune system is seen only as a defense against infectious challenge. for the new trends in immunology, what is needed is an organism - centered view, in which notions of immune networks are carriers of internal dynamics. in this view, the central self - recognition properties of the immune system are more fundamental ( and certainly more unexplored ) than the peripheral responses to infections. a question of particular interest in immunology today is how the immune system can react to so many different antigens without attacking the self. how can so many different antigen - specific lymphocytes develop and still not attack the myriad tissues and cell types that are part of the body? the immune", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5466202637730491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ca5d058-7f53-42d2-ba0c-b0177701e11b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.180459"}
{"text": "chicago - - a study of 17 middle school students suggests that physical fitness gains made by obese children who participated in a lifestyle - focused physical education class during the school year were lost after the three - month summer break, according to a report in the june issue of archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, one of the journal of the american medical association ( jama ) / archives journals. children increasingly live in an environment with reduced amounts of physical activity coupled with easy access to calories, according to background information in the article that was posted on the web site www. medicalnewstoday. com. this can result in obesity, poor cardiovascular fitness, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol and hypertension. dr. aaron l. carrel and colleagues at the university of wisconsin children \u2019 s hospital in madison, wi, previously conducted a randomized controlled trial in which 17 overweight children over the age of 12 were assigned to participate in a lifestyle - focused, fitness - oriented physical education class for nine months. at the end of the trial, students in the class achieved significant improvements in cardiovascular fitness and also had reduced fasting insulin levels, which indicate a lower risk for diabetes. for the new study, the same children \u2014 all of whom remained at the same school and repeated the fitness class \u2014 were assessed again at the beginning and at the end of the next school year. \u201c improvements seen during the nine - month school - year intervention in cardiovascular fitness, fasting insulin levels and body composition were lost during the three - month summer break, \u201d the authors write. during the break, average fitness level as measured by maximum oxygen consumption \u2014 the amount of oxygen the body can use, with higher levels indicating better fitness \u2014 decreased by 3. 2 milliliters per kilogram per minute. percentage of body fat increased by an average of 1. 3 percent, and fasting insulin levels also increased. \u201c developing and evaluating interventions to influence students \u2019 opportunities for healthful choices has been a focus of school - based health promotion research, including nutrition programs and physical education, \u201d the authors write. \u201c however, when interventions occur in a school - based setting, and are confined to the school year, an inherent question is one of sustainability. \u201d the children were not given any instructions regarding exercise over the summer, creating three months of unsupervised activity, the authors note. \u201c these data show that in children, efforts to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and other morbidities of insulin resistance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4843008275371986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56246e47-db45-4569-aac7-9d1c607f9f19>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.183067"}
{"text": "altarpiece of st george - place of origin : valencia, spain ( painted ) first quarter of the 15th century ( painted ) master of the centenar ( attributed to, production ) marcal de sas, andres ( formerly ascribed to, production ) - materials and techniques : tempera and gilt on pine panel - museum number : - gallery location : raphael, room 48a this large altarpiece is a fine example of the valencian school during the international gothic style in the first quarter of the 15th century. it was traditionally attributed to the german painter established in valencia, andres marcal de sas ( ca. 1393 - 1410 ) although this attribution is still subject to debate and leads to more cautiously call the artist responsible for this work ' master of the centenar ' according to the provenance of the retable most likely executed for the chapel of the confraternity of the centenar de la ploma. the altarpiece illustrates the legend of the st george, a christian warrior saint, said to have lived at the end of the 3rd century. it is composed of 3 superimposed central panels surmounted by the holy spirit and christ enthroned flanked by two prophets. on each side are depicted 10 scenes of the life of the saint, combining two different narrative cycles : the victory of st george against the dragon and the martyrdom of the saint while the predella panel illustrates 10 scenes of the passion of christ. large altarpiece composed of 20 panels representing scenes from the legend of st george with a predella illustrating 10 scenes from the passion of christ ; on the upper register is represented the christian hierarchy with christ, the virgin and child, prophets and apostles while the all composition is subdivided by full - length figures of saints and prophets. place of origin valencia, spain ( painted ) first quarter of the 15th century ( painted ) master of the centenar ( attributed to, production ) marcal de sas, andres ( formerly ascribed to, production ) materials and techniques tempera and gilt on pine panel height : 6. 6 m altarpiece, width : 5. 5 m altarpiece object history note purchased on the paris market by j. c. robinson for the south kensington museum, 1864 historical significance : this altarpiece is traditionally attributed to the german artist established in valencia, spain, andres marcal de sas ( ca. 1393 - 1410 ) ( post, 1930 ) even though this attribution is not entirely convincing as it mainly relies on a consistent feature of the retable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37774189312562695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43534a36-b0fc-4784-8d4d-ffc8d1c9d7a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.201666"}
{"text": "the german artist established in valencia, spain, andres marcal de sas ( ca. 1393 - 1410 ) ( post, 1930 ) even though this attribution is not entirely convincing as it mainly relies on a consistent feature of the retable, the prominent long nose seen by various scholars as the hall - mark of marcal de sas ( on the ground of a comparison with a fragment of the incredulity of st thomas, valencia cathedral museum, the only surviving work of the eight listed under his name ). despite an obvious unity of style, it has been considered as the work of several hands : pedro nicolau, the main associate of marcal de sas, gonzalo perez and miguel alcaniz have all been suggested as collaborators in this work. recent studies have more cautiously proposed to identify the artist responsible for the execution of the altarpiece as the master of the centenar ( heriard dubreuil, 1987 ). this name was forged on the provenance of the work which was probably destined to the confraternity of the valencian civic militia dedicated to st george and called in fact the ' centenar de la ploma '. the company was originally founded as a company of hundred ( ' centenar ' ) archers in 1365. their insignia, a crossbow, stands alongside the cross of st george at the top of the outer frame. the confraternity was abolished in 1711, when philip v abrogated the local laws and institutions of the kingdom and city of valencia. the style of the artist who was probably a direct follower of marcal de sas, if not marcal himself, suggested the influence of early 15th - century franco - flemish artists such as jacques coene ( act. 1398 - 1404 ), sometimes identified as the boucicaut master ( documented 1402 ). the altarpiece depicts the legend of the christian warrior and martyr st george, said to have been born in capaddocia, asia minor and to have died at lydda in palestine about the end of the 3rd century. he is venerated as the patron saint of several cities and countries in europe including venice and england. st george appears to be the patron saint of catalonia from the very beginning while the region was taking shape. the cult of this saint spread with the conquest of new territories by the counts of barcelona in the 13th century. the city of valencia however devoted a cult to st vincent ferrer. the legend of st george is narrated in jacobus of voragine '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3935596843212379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43534a36-b0fc-4784-8d4d-ffc8d1c9d7a6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.202719"}
{"text": "the cult of this saint spread with the conquest of new territories by the counts of barcelona in the 13th century. the city of valencia however devoted a cult to st vincent ferrer. the legend of st george is narrated in jacobus of voragine ' s golden legend ( 13th century ) but also with variations in several apocryphal texts. in the present case, it seems that the artist followed a 14th century catalan version ( see r. d ' alos - moner, sant jordi patro de catalunya, barcelona, 1926, pp. 16 - 61 ), in which appear additional torture scenes here illustrated. the legend of st george is partially similar to that of perseus as he fought a dragon by the sea - shore, outside the walls of a city, in order to rescue the king ' s daughter who was being offered as a sacrifice. these scenes are represented in the upper registers ( from left to right ) : - as a saint warrior st george is dub a knight by the virgin and exhibits his main attribute, the red cross. - the following panel shows a child and a ram sacrificed to the dragon - the princess of silene is chosen as the next sacrifice. the larger panel in the lower centre shows the rescue of the princess while the last panel of the upper register on the right illustrates the subduing of the dragon led into the city in order to be put to death there. the dragon is traditionally considered a symbol of evil struck down by the saint warrior, which illustrates therefore the struggle between good and evil. the saint then baptised the king and the people of silene ( far left of the middle register ). a few examples of narrative cycles dedicated to st george have survived such as in the oratory of st george, padua, and an altarpiece now in the wallraf - richartz - museum, cologne, but scenes illustrating the martyr of the saint, described in the lower half of the altarpiece, are fairly rare and occur principally in churches or institutions of which he is the patron. according to the legend, st george was a roman soldier under the reign of diocletian ( 244 - 311 ). when diocletian promulgated an edict against the christians, st george stood up and defended his faith before the emperor. this scene is illustrated in the panel next to the baptism of the people of silene. in spite of the emperor ' s efforts to make him renounce his faith, st george remained constant and was therefore sentenced to death. the subsequent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3905659981280296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43534a36-b0fc-4784-8d4d-ffc8d1c9d7a6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.203670"}
{"text": "the emperor. this scene is illustrated in the panel next to the baptism of the people of silene. in spite of the emperor ' s efforts to make him renounce his faith, st george remained constant and was therefore sentenced to death. the subsequent tortures, from which st george resuscitated three times, are illustrated in the lower registers as follows ( from left to right ) - the present order resulting from a rearrangement of the panels after the restoration undertaken in 1969 - 72 : - st george is tortured on a table ; - st george is put in prison ; - st george is tied between two wheels ; - st george is tied between two posts and swan in half ; - st george is tortured in a cauldron ; - st george prays ; - st george is drawn naked through the city ; - st george is eventually beheaded. the central panel illustrating the defeat of the moors against the christian army led by james i of aragon ( 1213 - 1276 ) at the battle of el puig in 1237 does not belong to the story of st george but illustrates an important episode in the formation of catalonia. legend has it that the victory was due to the providential help of the saint who appeared to james i while fighting the moors. a parallel between the two superimposed central panels is therefore evident : st george striking the devil is implicitly associated with james i striking the moors and commonly called ' infidels ' as they did not share the same religious faith as the christians. j. berg sobre points out that the islamic force is depicted as a bunch of ugly warriors, consistent with the militant anti - muslim sentiment during the re - conquest of spain. the retable illustrates thus the victory of christian faith over the devil and the muslims to which they are implicitly identified. the retable is therefore dominated by the christian hierarchy, which frames the legend of st george in the upper and lower sections while full - length figures of saints and prophets divide each scenes. in the upper registers are indeed represented the holy spirit, followed by christ holding the orb underneath, flanked by the two prophets moses and elijah. immediately below, the first of the central panels from the top is the virgin nursing the child crowned by christ and surrounded by angels. on each side are represented the four evangelists ( from left to right ) : st john, st luke, st mark and st matthew. in the lower section, the predella below comprises 10 scenes of the passion ( from left to right ) : agony in the garden,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4638769227907419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43534a36-b0fc-4784-8d4d-ffc8d1c9d7a6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.204788"}
{"text": "four evangelists ( from left to right ) : st john, st luke, st mark and st matthew. in the lower section, the predella below comprises 10 scenes of the passion ( from left to right ) : agony in the garden, betrayal, christ before caiaphas, flagellation, mocking of christ, christ bearing the cross, crucifixion, deposition, entombment and resurrection. according to j. berg sobre, the altarpiece of st george is a typical example of the valencian retable format of around 1400, in which the large proportions of the various components appear as a predominant feature. in this respect, some of the impact of the individual paintings is lost on the spectator. the altarpiece of st george appears as a fine example of the ' international gothic style ' which combine medieval and early renaissance elements. for instance the extensive use of gilt and ornamental plaster shaping decorative elements such as mullions, friezes, and canopies, of which consists the almost entire background, look still medieval in style whereas the painted architectural features and the thrones are reminiscent of models from the italian and flemish early renaissance. typical of the international gothic is also the new attention to realism and nature, especially in the representation of plants and animals. the violent expression and twisted pose of the figures as well as the realism of the torture scenes pervaded with horrific details are particularly striking. analogously the palette appeared richer and more varied than that of the preceding romanesque period, including vermilion, cadmium, violet, green, lilac, ochre, white, grey, and yellow. hence their sumptuous appearance and curious combination of realistic details and unworldly idealism. historical context note in italy, the altar became a primary setting for painting on panel - hence the appellation ' altarpiece ' - a format developed in western art from the example of byzantine icons. an early format consisted in gabled vertical panels representing a full - length saint flanked by scenes of his or her life and soon developed to include several individual compartments to form a polyptych which frames could become increasingly elaborate. they eventually transformed the altarpiece into an architectonic structure resembling in detail and spatial principles the facades of contemporary full - scale gothic architecture. in italy such altarpieces were usually made of wood and painted, while in northern europe they were commonly executed in stone. a new type of altarpiece soon appeared in 15th - century italy, known as pala,, and was closer to a framed picture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47945772930024866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43534a36-b0fc-4784-8d4d-ffc8d1c9d7a6>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.205793"}
{"text": "such altarpieces were usually made of wood and painted, while in northern europe they were commonly executed in stone. a new type of altarpiece soon appeared in 15th - century italy, known as pala,, and was closer to a framed picture. in the interest of clarity and unity, numerous medieval screens separating the choir and high altar from the nave were removed. the religious reforms of the 16th century brought new attention and some important changes to the form and function of the altarpiece. under protestant auspices, the altarpiece iconography was restricted to subjects well - suited to the sacrament celebrated at the altar, such as the last supper while the dynamic qualities that characterize baroque art brought important changes to altarpiece design. important altarpieces consisting of a single painting or relief continued to be made, but increasingly architecture was used as the theatrical setting for the three - dimensional display of the altarpiece ' s subject in sculpture. altarpieces adorned both high altars and side altars. high altars often carried large altarpieces with elaborate programmes while side altars served a more private piety and their altarpieces were often endowed by private individuals. tempera and gilt on pine panel, ' altarpiece of st george ', master of the centenar, valencia, first quarter of the 15th century bibliographic references ( citation, note / abstract, nal no ) c. m. kauffmann, catalogue of foreign paintings, i. before 1800. london : victoria and albert museum, 1973, pp. 180 - 84, cat. no. 221. the following is the full text of the entry : marzal de sas ( active 1393 - after 1410 ) spanish ( valencian ) school he presumably came from saxony, as he is recorded as ' mestre marcal de sas, pintor alamany ' ( the german painter ) in valencian documents. during the period 1393 - 1405 he received eight major commissions and was clearly one of the most important painters in valencia. unfortunately only one fragment of his work survives : the panel of the incredulity of st thomas in valencia cathedral museum, which has been identified as having formed part of a retable of st thomas painted by marzal for st thomas ' s chapel in the cathedral in 1400. the last documentary record of him is in 1410, when he was suffering from ' grave poverty and illness ' and received free lodgings from the city, but his survival into the second decade of the century is suggested by the fact that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41792666220807173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43534a36-b0fc-4784-8d4d-ffc8d1c9d7a6>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.206789"}
{"text": "in 1400. the last documentary record of him is in 1410, when he was suffering from ' grave poverty and illness ' and received free lodgings from the city, but his survival into the second decade of the century is suggested by the fact that his daughter, who married in 1430, was probably born in ca. 1412 - 15. the style of the incredulity of st thomas has been described as germanic and may be linked with bohemian painting of ca. 1380. lit. for the documents see j. sanchis y sivera, pintores medievales en valencia, 1930, pp. 48 - 52 ; l. cervero y gomis, pintores valentinos : su cronologia y documentation ( separata de anales del centro de cultura valenciana ), valencia, 1964, p. 121 ff. ; id. in archivo de arte valenciano, xxvii, 1956, p, 107. for a discussion of his work see below under post and saralegui. ascribed to marzal de sas altar - piece of st george central panels : st george fighting the dragon ; a christian army under james i of aragon defeating the moors, with the help of st george, at the battle of puig ( 18th october 1237 ) ; the virgin nursing the child and crowned by christ and angels, surmounted by christ with the orb, flanked by moses and the holy dove at the very top. on the sides : sixteen scenes of the life and martyrdom of st george, with the four evangelists surrounded by angels in the upper register. in the pilasters : twenty - four prophets, some bearing scrolls inscribed with their names. in the outer frame : twelve apostles, separated from each other by panels containing blank squares, which are 19th century replacements ; the four squares at the top still contain the original arms : the crossbow and the cross of st george. predella : the agony in the garden, the betrayal, christ before caiaphas, the flagellation, the mocking, christ bearing the cross, the crucifixion, the resurrection ( the outer two panels have been cut down by a third ). tempera and gilt on pine 21 ft 9 in. x 18 ft ( 6. 6 x 5. 5 m. ) the attribution to marzal de sas is due to post ( 1930 ), who pointed to similarities, particularly of facial types, with the incredulity of st thomas ( 1400 ) in valencia cathedral.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35440561738054693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43534a36-b0fc-4784-8d4d-ffc8d1c9d7a6>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.207756"}
{"text": "x 5. 5 m. ) the attribution to marzal de sas is due to post ( 1930 ), who pointed to similarities, particularly of facial types, with the incredulity of st thomas ( 1400 ) in valencia cathedral. there are, however, several difficulties involved in this attribution : 1. the st george retable represents a more fully developed stage of the international gothic style than the incredulity of st thomas and should be dated ca. 1410 - 20. the armour has been dated ca. 1420 ( manu, 1933 ). 2. marzal de sas is recorded as suffering from ' grave poverty and illness ' in 1410 and his activity after that date remains conjectural. 3. our knowledge of his work is based solely on the incredulity of st thomas : a small fragment of an altar - piece, now in an almost invisible condition. taking these factors into account, it will be seen that the attribution to marzal de sas, which has been widely accepted, must remain tentative. for some time it had been recognized that the order of the panels did not follow the sequence of the story of st george. the confusion had arisen because, within each wing, certain panels had been moved ; the extent of dislocation had been limited by the fact that some compartments could not be separated because a single wooden panel had been used for two scenes one below the other. consequently, when the retable was dismantled for cleaning in 1969 - 72, a reconstruction was attempted, re - arranging the panels to fit the sequence of the story. in the reconstructed retable the order of scenes follows the text with only one exception ; 1 st george armed by the virgin and angels. 2 silene, libya ; the dragon threatening the city was pacified by the sacrifice of a man and a sheep. 3 when the lot fell upon the king ' s daughter, the king protested but was forced to give up his daughter. 4 after st george had pierced the dragon ( central panel ), he tied it up with the princess ' s girdle. 5 so impressed were the inhabitants of silene that the king, queen, princess and 15, 000 men were baptised by bishop alexander. 6 st george, now in the habit of a christian, denounced the pagan gods as devils before dacian, the local ruler. 7 as st george refused to sacrifice to apollo, he was tortured on a cross, his flesh scraped with iron combs. 8 he was then placed on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42551837989037816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43534a36-b0fc-4784-8d4d-ffc8d1c9d7a6>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.208968"}
{"text": "of a christian, denounced the pagan gods as devils before dacian, the local ruler. 7 as st george refused to sacrifice to apollo, he was tortured on a cross, his flesh scraped with iron combs. 8 he was then placed on a table, nailed to it and tied to it with chains and tortured. 9 after this he was put in prison, where christ and the angels came to him in the night to give him comfort. 10 dacian ordered the enchanter to mix a strong poison ; st george drank it without coming to any harm and, when the enchanter saw his magic overcome by a power stronger than his own, he knelt at the feet of st george and prayed to him to make him a christian, whereupon dacian had him executed on the spot. ( this is the only scene still out of place in the sequence of the story ; it cannot be moved, as it is on the same panel as the scene below. ) 11 st george was then tortured between two wheels with sharp points. 12 dacian ordered him to be tied to two posts and sawn asunder. 13 he was then placed in a cauldron of molten lead, but, with the lord ' s protection, he seemed well at ease as though in a bath. 14 st george now pretended to worship the idols but instead prayed for the destruction of the temple. 15 he was then drawn naked through the city. 16 and, finally, beheaded. when this had been done, fire fell from heaven and burnt dacian and all his servants. most of these scenes can be found in the golden legend, which was the most popular source of saints ' lives in the later middle ages, but this does not appear to have been the artist ' s source. two of the scenes - st george nailed to the table ( scene 8 ) and sawn asunder ( scene 12 ) - do not appear in the golden legend, but are described in the 14th century catalan version ( see r. d ' alos - moner, sant jordi patro de catalunya, barcelona, 1926, pp. 16 - 61 ). in various details, also the scenes on the retable fit more closely with this version than with the golden legend, which provides a further indication that the artist was using a manuscript close to the catalan text. iconographically, the scene of st george and the dragon follows the standard type of the period and may be compared, for example, with that in the hours of marechal de boucicaut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39824832748904454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43534a36-b0fc-4784-8d4d-ffc8d1c9d7a6>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.210042"}
{"text": "was using a manuscript close to the catalan text. iconographically, the scene of st george and the dragon follows the standard type of the period and may be compared, for example, with that in the hours of marechal de boucicaut, ca. 1408 ( paris, musee jacquemart andre, ms. 2, fol. 23 ). there are relatively few equally extensive cycles of the life of st george earlier than the retable and those that exist ( e. g. altichiero ' s frescoes in the oratorio di s. giorgio in padua, 1378 - 84 ) are not very similar. the closest earlier cycle is contained in a 14th century passional of hungarian origin, but italian in style and character ( ms. vat. lat, 8541, fols. 54v, 55, 56v ) ; it consists of ten scenes, nine of which are paralleled in the retable. in spain only one earlier cycle of st george is extant ; the altar - piece by luis borrassa in. the convent of vilafranca del panades, near barcelona ( c. 1392 - 1400 ) and this contains only five scenes of his life. however, two of these are very similar and it seems likely that at least some of the retable ' s models could be found in contemporary spain. it has long been recognized that the insignia at the top of the outer frame - the cross of st george and a crossbow - are those of a confraternity of valencian civic militia dedicated to st george and called the ' centenar de la ploma ', originally founded as a company of 100 archers in 1365. the foundation of the confraternity followed in 1371 and in 1393 its membership was fixed at 500 men and 600 women. it was a large and wealthy institution and its privileged status in valencian affairs is indicated by the fact that it served as the custodian of the city banner. the confraternity was abolished in 1711, when philip v abrogated the local laws and institutions of the kingdom and city of valencia. chandler post ( iii, p. 58 f. ; vi, p. 583 ) argued that the retable was originally in the chapel of the centenar de la ploma in the church of st george ( s. jorge ), valencia, which was demolished in the 19th century, and this identification has been widely accepted ever since. however, the altar - piece in this chapel is described in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.423004282119457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43534a36-b0fc-4784-8d4d-ffc8d1c9d7a6>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.211025"}
{"text": ", 51 ; j. gudiol ricart, ars hispania, ix ; pintura gotica, madrid, 1955, p. 143 f., fig. 109 f. ; m. de riquer, l ' arnes del cavaller, armes i armadures catalanes medievals, barcelona, 1968, p. 112, figs. 162, 165 ; c. m. kauffmann, ' the altar - piece of st. george from valencia ' in v. & a. museum, yearbook, ii, 1970, pp. 65 - 100 ( with full lit. ). a. l. mayer, geschichte der spanischen malerei, 1922, p. 35 ff., repr. e. tormo, levante - guias calpe, madrid : 1923, p. cxxxiii f. c. r. post, a history of spanish painting, iii, 1930, p. 58 ff., figs. 269 - 71. l. de saralegui in archivo de arte valenciano, xix, 1933, p. 36 ff., fig. 1. l. de saralegui in archivo de arte valenciano, xxii, 1936, pp. 32 - 9, fig. 40 f. j. g. mann, ' notes on the armour worn in spain... ' in archaeologia, lxxxiii, 1933, p. 293, pl. 83. a. marguillier, saint georges, l ' art et les saints, paris, n. d., repr. pp. 49, 51. j. gudiol ricart, ars hispania, ix ; pintura gotica, madrid, 1955, p. 143 f., fig. 109 f. m. de riquer, l ' arnes del cavaller, armes i armadures catalanes medievals, barcelona, 1968, p. 112, figs. 162, 165. c. m. kauffmann, ' the altar - piece of st. george from valencia ' in v. & a. museum, yearbook, ii, 1970, pp. 65 - 100. b. myers, st george and the dragon, unpublished dissertation, new york university, 1933. m. heriard dubreuil, valencia y el gotico internacional, 2 vol., valencia : 1987, pp. 60, 86, 122 - 123, 146, fig.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42286413494726466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43534a36-b0fc-4784-8d4d-ffc8d1c9d7a6>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.212620"}
{"text": "daily antisepctic baths reduce the risk of bloodstream infections in critically ill children daily baths with an ordinary antibacterial cleanser can safely reduce the risk of bloodstream infections in critically ill children, according to a trial conducted in five pediatric hospitals and led by investigators at the johns hopkins children ' s center. according to a press release from johns hopkins medicine, a report on the findings was published in the lancet the study compared standard soap baths with antiseptic baths with diluted chlorhexidine gluconate ( chg ). children bathed with the antiseptic solution had a 36 % lower risk of bloodstream infections, compared with those given soap - and - water baths. \" daily bedside baths with an antiseptic solution may be an easy, quick and relatively cheap way to cut the risk of a potentially life - threatening infection in these vulnerable children, \" said lead investigator aaron milstone, md, mhs, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at johns hopkins children ' s center. bloodstream infections, a common occurrence among critically ill patients, can lead to serious complications, including organ damage and death. each infection can cost up to $ 39, 000 in additional treatment. during the study, most children experienced no side effects to the daily baths ; 12 children had mild reactions to the solution, such as skin irritation. the research was funded by sage products inc., with additional support from the national institutes of health. sage manufactures the prepackaged pre - soaked, one - time washcloths used in the study. two of the study authors have received grant support from sage products inc. ( chg is not manufactured by sage. it is produced by multiple manufacturers and is available over the counter. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4855719465363899, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47a98e6d-e81f-4bd2-ac3c-51c35f8ed30f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.214532"}
{"text": "dvds & videos what is ntsc or pal? world tv, vhs video, and dvd formats both vhs videos and dvds are produced in either ntsc or pal format. only dual - standard video and dvd players will handle both formats. therefore you must order the correct format for your country. many dvd players for sale now are dual - standard, and will play both formats, providing a suitable television set is used. dual - standard vcr ' s are also available, they are much more expensise than a standard vcr. you will know if you have this type of vcr. all of our dvds are region free. if you live in north american, you want to order ntsc format. for all other countries, please check the listing below. ntsc stands for national television system committee, which devised the ntsc television broadcast system in 1953. ntsc is also commonly used to refer to one type of television signal that can be recorded on various tape formats such as vhs, 3 / 4 \" u - matic and betacam. ntsc countries are : usa, antigua, bahamas, barbados, belize, bermuda, bolivia, burma, canada, chile, colombia, costa rica, cuba, dominican republic, ecuador, el salvador, greenland, guam, guatemala, guyana, honduras, jamaica, japan, south korea, mexico, netherlands antilles, nicaragua, panama, peru, philippines, puerto rico, st. vincent & the grenadines, st. kitts, saipan, samoa, surinam, taiwan, tobago, trinidad, venezuela, virgin islands. pal is the most widely used standard for video and is used in the following countries : united kingdom, europe ( except france ), australia, new zealand, and some countries of south america. for more countries that use the pal format see the list blow. pal stands for phase alternation by line, and was adopted in 1967. it has 625 horizontal lines making up the vertical resolution. 50 fields are displayed and interlaced per second, making for a 25 frame per second system. an advantage of this system is a more stable and consistent hue ( tint ). pal - m is used only in brazil. it has 525 lines, at 30 frames per second. pal countries include : afghanistan, algeria, argentina ( pal - n ), australia, austria, bahrain, bangladesh, belgium, brunei, cameroon, canary islands, china, cyprus, denmark, finland, germany, ghana, gibralter, greece, hong kong, iceland, india, indonesia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46731369357610786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70ed728f-7d92-4529-aa7e-a6ae680b43df>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.222650"}
{"text": "argentina ( pal - n ), australia, austria, bahrain, bangladesh, belgium, brunei, cameroon, canary islands, china, cyprus, denmark, finland, germany, ghana, gibralter, greece, hong kong, iceland, india, indonesia, ireland, israel, italy, jordan, kenya, north korea, kuwait, liberia, luxembourg, madeira, new zealand, nigeria, norway, oman, pakistan, paraguay ( pal - n ), portugal, qatar, saudi arabia, siera leone, singapore, south africa, spain, sri lanka, sudan, swaziland, tanzania, thailand, turkey, uganda, united arab emirates, united kingdom, uruguay ( pal - n ), yeman ( the former yeman arab republic was pal, and the former people ' s democratic republic of yeman was ntsc ), yugoslavia, zambia, zimbabwe. secam stands for systeme electronique couleur avec memoire, which was adopted in 1967. it has 625 lines and 25 frames per second. secam countries include : albania, benin, bulgaria, congo, former czechosolvakia, djibouti, egypt, france, french guiana, gabon, greece ( also pal ), guadeloupe, haiti, hungary, iran, iraq, ivory coast, lebanon, libya, luxembourg ( also pal ), madagascar, martinique, mauritius, monaco ( also pal ), mongolia, morocco, new caledonia, niger, poland, reunion, romania, saudi arabia ( also pal ), senegal, syria, tahiti, togo, tunisia, former ussr, viet nam, zaire. the above was gathered from various older sources, so discrepencies in spelling or political changes are unintentional.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48941656337430517, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70ed728f-7d92-4529-aa7e-a6ae680b43df>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.223335"}
{"text": "\u201c disengage, avoid, and withhold support from whatever abuses, degrades and humiliates humanity. \u201d ( alice walker, b : 1944 ) the siege of leningrad is still considered the most lethal siege in world history, a shocking \u201c racially motivated starvation policy \u201d, described as : \u201c an integral part of nazi policy in the soviet union during world war 11. \u201d the 872 day siege began on 8th september 1941 and was finally broken on 27th january 1944. it is described as : \u201c one of the longest and most destructive sieges in history and overwhelmingly the most costly in casualties. \u201d some historians cite it as a genocide. due to record keeping complexities the exact number of deaths resultant from the blockade \u2019 s deprivations are uncertain, figures range from 632, 000 to 1. 5 million. sieges now extend to entire countries, they have become the torture before the destruction. and they are not counted in long days, but in long years. iran thirty three years, iraq thirteen - plus years. ironically the disparity in the deaths in iraq resultant from that siege, mirror near exactly what was considered a \u201c genocide \u201d in leningrad. syria has been subject to eu \u201c restrictions \u201d since 2011, ever more strangulating, with near every kind of financial transaction made impossible by may 2011 - when \u201c restrictions \u201d were also placed on president assad himself, all senior government officials, senior security and armed forces heads. the list of that denied is dizzying ( i. ) by february 2012, assets of individuals were frozen, as those of the central bank of syria. cargo flights by syrian carriers to the eu were also barred, as was trade in gold, precious metals and diamonds \u2013 anything which might translate in to hard cash, without which neither individuals or countries can purchase the most basic essentials. by july 2012 syrian arab airlines and even syria \u2019 s cotton marketing organisation had joined the eu \u2019 s victims. america of course, had been way ahead of the game, with the syria accountability and lebanese sovereignty act ( ii ) signed in to law on 12th december 2003, the year of iraq \u2019 s comprehensive us - led destruction. thus the mighty usa \u2019 s personal siege on under twenty one million people, is now entering its tenth year. by last august, as with iraq before it, the inability to trade meant that, as ever, the now nobel peace prize winning eu and the policies of the nobel peace prize winning us president, were targeting syria \u2019 s most vulnerable. many pharmaceutical companies had closed, resulting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46298215671465953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:625ade0f-b33d-423d-8f90-e6cb51f98809>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.232621"}
{"text": "as with iraq before it, the inability to trade meant that, as ever, the now nobel peace prize winning eu and the policies of the nobel peace prize winning us president, were targeting syria \u2019 s most vulnerable. many pharmaceutical companies had closed, resulting in severe shortages of medication for chronic diseases and the casualties of the insurgency, according to the world health organisation ( iii. ) prior to the us - uk - eu - nato supported insurgency, syria had produced ninety percent of its drugs and medication needs. however : \u201c \u2026 production has been hit by the fighting, lack of raw materials, impact of sanctions and higher fuel costs. \u201d further, near all pharmaceutical plants were located in areas of heaviest fighting, aleppo, homs and damascus provinces and have suffered \u201c substantial damage. \u201d the result is : \u201c a critical shortage of medicines \u201d, according to who spokesman tarik jasarevic. \u201c drugs for tuberculosis, hepatitis, hypertension, diabetes and cancer are urgently needed, as well as haemodialysis for kidney diseases. \u201d \u201c the health facilities that have stopped functioning are located in the most affected areas where the urgent need for medical and surgical interventions is the most prominent, \u201d jasarevic said. the syrian health ministry reported that it \u201c lost \u201d \u2013 stolen or destroyed \u2013 two hundred ambulances in a few weeks through june and early august 2012. banks run out of cash and the 2012 wheat harvest is likely to have been wrecked because of the shortage of labour, according to u. n. agencies. in the middle east bread is still truly the \u201c staff of life. \u201d these all mirrors iraq, even down to the wheat harvest \u2013 in iraq those bombing the country over thirteen years until the invasion, dropped flares on the harvested wheat and grains, reducing tentative bread security to ashes. syria struggles to meet it \u2019 s annual grain imports of around four million tons, because of a superb sleight of hand by the siege imposers. essential foods are exempt from sanctions, but moneys are frozen, thus the wherewithal to trade. the country is ever potentially hours away from a bread crisis. in 2011 syria \u2019 s own harvest was hit by blight, water shortages and conflict. in december 2012 iran sent consignments of flour to syria, temporarily easing the bread crisis, but the siege under which iran struggles is also of enormity \u2013 and shamefully under reported in the west. as iran shipped flour to syria, iran \u2019 s health ministry was approaching india for a life saving list of denied medications, for the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4033245006835276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:625ade0f-b33d-423d-8f90-e6cb51f98809>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.233694"}
{"text": "but the siege under which iran struggles is also of enormity \u2013 and shamefully under reported in the west. as iran shipped flour to syria, iran \u2019 s health ministry was approaching india for a life saving list of denied medications, for the most critical conditions in patients. vital items denied included : \u201c drugs to treat lung and breast cancers ; brain tumours ; heart ailments ; infections after kidney, heart and pancreas transplants ; meningitis in hiv patients ; arthritis ; bronchitis and respiratory distress in newborns ; and epilepsy. \u201d ( iv ) and here again is that sleight of hand : \u201c although trade in medicine is exempt from international sanctions imposed by the un security council and the unilateral sanctions announced by the us and eu, western banks have been declining to handle transactions. \u201d ( emphasis mine. ) targeting the sick is the action of the criminally insane. for targeting the newborn surely no expression has been conceived, except by madeleine albright when referring to iraq \u2019 s sanctions related, half million child deaths : \u201c \u2026 we think the price is worth it. \u201d it was not a slip of the tongue, it was clearly to be the new world order. this partial list of medications unobtainable by iran should be put on a wall of shame in washington and all those nobel winning eu capitol cities : \u201c denied include chemotherapy ; drugs used to prevent infections in kidney, heart and pancreas transplant patients and in aids treatment. treatments for colon cancer ; cell lung cancer ; cancerous brain tumours ; chemotherapy drugs for lung, ovarian and testicular cancer ; treatment for non - hodgkin \u2019 s lymphona. \u201d \u201c treatment for breast cancer therapy ; a range of chemotherapy drugs ; treatment for life threatening recurring heart conditions ; specific meningitis treatments ; drugs for respiratory distress in the new born ; anti - convulsion treatments for epileptic seizures ; wide spectrum treatment for heart ailments. \u201d \u201c nitroglycerine for angina and coronary artery disease ; treatment for septicaemia and bacterial meningitis ; medication to reduce risk of premature birth ; treatments for acute bronchitis, pneumonia, bone infections, gynaecological infections and those of urinary tract. \u201d nimidopine which reduces the risk of damage after bleeding inside the head, is also on the list. how fortunate madam clinton did not suffer her alleged brain - adjacent clot in iran. last october iran \u2019 s head of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49706506071912554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:625ade0f-b33d-423d-8f90-e6cb51f98809>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.235111"}
{"text": "disability. \u2019 \u201d as the new year was celebrated across europe and the \u201c land of the free \u201d, the syrian upper mesopotamia archbishop, jaques behnan hindo, was writing an urgent appeal to the presidency of the united nations food and agriculture organisation. in a situation which he warned : \u201c could soon become catastrophic \u201d, he said supply routes were halted and : \u201c every economic activity appears paralyzed ( causing ) depletion of vital goods, and soaring prices. \u201c the lack of fuel prevents heating homes and leads to the complete closure of all agricultural activities, just as the planting season begins. \u201c the grain silos were looted and wheat was sold to turkish traders who conveyed it in turkey, under the gaze of the turkish customs officers. \u201d it is impossible not to reflect that nato ally turkey is the equivalent of the bombing flame droppers on the iraqi harvests. in addition to the plundered, grain, the archbishop denounced the gradual disappearance of other vital products including, as iraq, baby milk. archbishop hindo also sent an appeal to iraq \u2019 s prime minister nuri al - maliki : \u201c please help us as quickly as possible, by sending 600 fuel tanks, 300 tanks of gasoline and some tons of flour. \u201c the first victims are the children. you experience in your body, in your soul \u2013 and in the children all the injustice \u201d, caused by draconian, life threatening, illegal, collective punishment on a nation \u2019 s people, yet again starting with the unborn, the newborn, and the barely crawling. at the end of wwii, leningrad ( now saint petersberg ) was awarded the status of hero city for collective unwavering courage, resistance and inventiveness under nazi atrocities. the world is surely in need of the status of hero country for those who exhibit the same courageous qualities against those nations who emulate the same atrocities. barack obama \u2019 s executive order : authorizing the implementation of certain sanctions set forth in the iran threat reduction and syria human rights act of 2012 and additional sanctions with respect to iran filed under : politics, syria, war crimes, death - destruction, dandelion salad featured writers, dandelion salad posts news politics and - or videos 2, iran on dandelion salad tagged : | arbuthnot - felicity, sanctions, human rights on dandelion salad, meet the new boss the same as the old boss, syria on dandelion salad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4483626729504735, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:625ade0f-b33d-423d-8f90-e6cb51f98809>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.237157"}
{"text": "plugins are special modules that are exposed to the user through the workbench gui. this is typically done using the main menu, or the context - sensitive menu. much of the mysql workbench functionality is implemented using plugins ; for example, table, view, and routine editors are native c + + plugins, as are the forward and reverse engineering wizards. the administrator facility in mysql workbench is implemented entirely as a plugin in python. a plugin can be a simple function that performs some action on an input, and ends without further interaction with the user. examples of this include auto - arranging a diagram, or making batch changes to objects. to create a simple plugin, the function must be located in a module and declared as a plugin using the plugin decorator of the plugins can have an indefinite runtime, such as when they are driven by the user through a graphical user interface. this is the case for the object editors and wizards within mysql workbench. although the wizard type of plugin must be declared in the usual way, only the entry point of the plugin will need to be executed in the plugin function, as most of the additional functionality will be invoked as a result of the user interacting with the gui. reloading a plugin requires mysql workbench to be restarted. declare a plugin using this syntax : @ moduleinfo. plugin ( plugin _ name, caption, [ input ], [ groups ], [ pluginmenu ] ) these parameters are defined as follows : plugin _ name : a unique name for the plugin. it may contain only alphanumeric characters, dots, and underscores. caption : a caption to use for the plugin in menus. input : an optional list of input arguments. groups : optional list of groups the plugin belongs to. recognized values are : context menu in the model overview. model / utility : the menu for diagram plugins menu in the main menu. pluginmenu : optional name of a submenu in the plugins menu where the plugin should appear. for example, catalog, utilities. this is equivalent to menu / < category > in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49918893995306596, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:735a36eb-7d81-4c4a-a9b6-85061d2c943e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.239442"}
{"text": "norway country brief the kingdom of norway occupies the western and northern portions of the scandinavian peninsula in europe, bordered by sweden, finland, and russia. it also shares sea borders with the uk and denmark. a rugged country of mountains, fjords, and glaciers, norway covers an area of 385, 155 square kilometres including the territories svalbard ( spitzbergen ) and jan mayen. norway also holds sovereignty over bouvet island in the south atlantic ocean. norway has a population of 4. 8 million of which approximately 80, 000 are sami, an indigenous people living in norway, sweden, finland and russia. sami settlements are located mainly in the north of the country. having one of the world ' s highest per capita incomes, norwegians enjoy a high standard of living, life expectancy, and overall health and housing standards. norway is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy with legislative powers vested in the storting ( parliament ). the head of state is h. m. king harald v, who acceded to the throne in 1991. the storting is made up of 169 members directly elected for four - year terms by proportional representation. parliamentary elections are mandatory every four years at specific dates. the next elections are scheduled to be held in 2013. a constitutional amendment passed by the storting in february 2007, which took effect following the 14 september 2009 elections, means that the storting now functions as a unicameral parliament, rather than dividing into two chambers to consider legislation as was previously the case. the governing centre - left coalition ( labour, socialist left, and centre parties ) was elected to government in 2005, and was re - elected for another four years on 14 september 2009, winning 86 seats in the storting. the government is led by prime minister jens stoltenberg. the labour party, which has dominated the political scene in norway since the 1930s, continues to be the largest party in the parliament with 38 per cent of the seats. norway is not a member of the eu, having voted twice ( 1972 and 1994 ) not to join. successive governments have, however, tried to establish the closest links possible with the eu through the european economic area ( eea ) agreement. norway has good access to the eu single market for most of its products through the eea agreement and participates in regular consultations with the eu on a range of political, trade and security related issues. nato is the cornerstone of norway ' s security policy. norway has an open economy with a floating exchange rate. the international monetary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.461167932649836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:238a7686-674a-4816-9a3d-ae226f7c5f65>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.247247"}
{"text": "the eea agreement and participates in regular consultations with the eu on a range of political, trade and security related issues. nato is the cornerstone of norway ' s security policy. norway has an open economy with a floating exchange rate. the international monetary fund ( imf ) forecast in october 2009 that real gdp in norway would contract by 1. 9 per cent in 2009, before returning to positive annual growth of 1. 3 per cent in 2010. the imf expected annual inflation to fall from 2. 3 per cent in 2009 to 1. 8 per cent in 2010, but predicted a rise in unemployment from 3. 3 per cent in 2009 to 3. 8 per cent in 2010. norway ' s emergence as a major oil and gas producer in the mid - 1970s transformed its economy. norway ' s per capita income is one of the highest in the world due to the large influx of investment capital into its north sea oil and gas fields and its substantial oil revenues. the petroleum sector contributes over half of norway ' s total export revenue. all production activities take place off - shore in the north sea and the norwegian sea. to insure against the eventual depletion of its oil and gas resources, norway has created the norwegian government pension fund global. the fund manages some 2. 7 trillion nkk ( a $ 506 billion ), derived from royalties on the country ' s oil and gas reserves. the fund is already about the size of the national economy. according to the norwegian government, norway is the world ' s eleventh largest producer of oil and second largest exporter of natural gas. it has approximately half of the remaining reserves of oil and gas in europe and globally, is the third - biggest oil exporter, behind saudi arabia and russia. it supplies 15 per cent of europe ' s gas needs and, within a few years, is expected to increase gas exports dramatically to account for 30 per cent of european gas imports. australia and norway enjoy warm bilateral relations. as one of the three european antarctic claimants, norway is an important interlocutor for australia on antarctic issues. a bilateral working holiday maker arrangement came into effect in august 2001, and is a popular means for young australians and norwegians to experience each other ' s country. a reciprocal health agreement came into effect in 2003. a bilateral social security agreement came into effect in january 2007. a revised bilateral double taxation agreement entered into force in september 2007 ( further information is available on the australian taxation office website ). the only significant areas of disagreement between australia and norway are whaling and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4551210130906798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:238a7686-674a-4816-9a3d-ae226f7c5f65>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.248304"}
{"text": "a bilateral social security agreement came into effect in january 2007. a revised bilateral double taxation agreement entered into force in september 2007 ( further information is available on the australian taxation office website ). the only significant areas of disagreement between australia and norway are whaling and norway ' s high levels of agricultural protection. it is estimated that approximately 10, 000 norwegians live in australia, and over 17, 000 australians claim norwegian heritage. australia is also a very popular tourist destination for norwegians. the total annual number of arrivals from norway is growing and stood at around 20, 500 in the financial year 2008 \u2013 09. the minister for resources, energy and tourism, the hon. martin ferguson am mp visited norway in may 2009, and then foreign minister, the hon. stephen smith mp visited in december 2008. the norwegian minister for the environment and development cooperation, mr erik solheim visited australia in may 2008. other visits from high level norwegian officials include : former prime minister, kjell magne bondevik in march 2005 ; former minister for education, ms kristin clemet in october 2004 ; and former minister for education, youth and ecclesiastical affairs, mr trond giske in september 2000. australia ' s ambassador to norway is based in copenhagen, and there is an honorary consul in oslo. norway maintains an embassy in australia and there are consulates in all states and in the northern territory. bilateral economic and trade relationship major australian merchandise exports to norway ( a $ 67 million in 2009 ) include nickel ores and concentrates and alcoholic beverages. imports from norway in 2009 were worth a $ 407 million. two - way trade in services was valued at a $ 499 million in the financial year 2008 \u2013 09. norwegian students are important to the australian education sector with some 2, 099 student enrolments in 2008. norway and australia share common expertise in various industrial sectors, including clean energy, oil and gas, mining, chemicals, and marine and shipping. this indicates a receptive market for australian technology and expertise in these sectors. there are a number of significant norwegian companies with direct investments in australia. these include the aker group ( oil and gas ), norsk hydro ( fertilisers and aluminium production ), wilhelm wilhelmsen ( shipping ) and dyno wesfarmers ( explosives ). in june 2009, kongsberg defence and aerospace, a norwegian defence supplier, was awarded an australian tactical interface military contract to support the delivery of australia ' s hobart class destroyers. updated 4 march 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3670518384478014, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:238a7686-674a-4816-9a3d-ae226f7c5f65>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.249396"}
{"text": "i obtain f3 ( french ; sardinian, burusho ) = - 0. 002652 ( z = - 13. 541 ) on the basis of 446, 917 snps. this is the strongest signal of admixture in the french that involves a population that is high on the \" west _ asian \" component whose influence i have been investigating. i thus carried out rolloff analysis using the french as a target population and the sardinians and burusho as reference populations. the exponential fit can be seen below : the jackknife gives 239. 556 + / - 50. 553 generations for this admixture, which corresponds ( assuming a generation length of 29 years ) to 6, 950 + / - 1, 470 years. analysis of autosomal dna from the tyrolean iceman and a neolithic trb farmer from sweden have revealed an absence of the west asian ancestral component and a sardinian - like neolithic population c. 5ka in europe. this population may have extended to at least to the balkans in space and down to the iron age in time. in my opinion, the simplest explanaton for the evidence is that the admixture picked up by rolloff took place in west asia itself c. 7ka, and then this population begun its movement into europe at some post - 5ka time period. importantly, the k = 12 caucasus component appears as a mixture of the k = 7 west _ asian and southern components. the former ( west _ asian ) is the most important one in the burusho, and the latter ( southern ) is the most important one in sardinians. european neolithic farmers, of presumably west asian origin only possessed y - haplogroup g2a out of the wide variety of haplogroups found in west asia today. they also lacked the west _ asian component which is modal in west asia today. there is also physical anthropological evidence from greece and anatolia, for an introduction of new population elements during the bronze age. these facts combine to make me believe that there were population movements across west asia which preceded the indo - european invasion of europe during late pre - history. that event is then best seen as an extension of a broader eurasian phenomenon that affected substantially both the western parts of asia and europe. taking all the evidence into account, i hypothesize that : - a \" southern \" / \" atlantic _ med \" / sardinian - like population substratum existed in west asia, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48183013724911394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf8a51e7-3f57-4436-8599-ce945d86c278>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.252179"}
{"text": "university library, university of oklahoma, norman, oklahoma the year 1975 witnessed publication of the fifty - fifth volume of the oklahoma academy of science proceedings. the fifty - five volumes constitute a record of the activity of its members and a primary source of information about all phases of science of interest both within the state and beyond its borders. as the quantity of material has increased, four cumulated indexes of the contents of the proceedings have been compiled. the latest of these has recently been produced by the authors of this article at the university of oklahoma using computer - based informational systems to form a powerful new tool to be used wherever the proceedings are consulted. this article is a description of the latest index together with its three predecessors. the oklahoma academy of science is the premier scientific society in the state. it was organized in december, 1909, by a group of twenty - one scientists from various schools and colleges throughout the state meeting in oklahoma city. according to an account of the early history of the academy ( 1 ), ten papers were delivered at that organizational meeting although no record exists of their titles or contents. subsequent meetings have been held each year except 1914, 1918, and 1919 and proceedings of the meetings have been published annually beginning in 1921. the first volume of the proceedings includes not only papers presented at the 9th annual meeting held that year, but also lists of titles of papers presented at each of the previous meetings which had been held since the founding except the first. a selected group of papers from those eight earlier meetings is also published in that first volume. through the year 1975 over 4000 papers had been presented, most of which were published in the proceedings. in the first volume no attempt was made to arrange articles by subject, but beginning in 1923 the table of contents was divided into the four subject areas of biology, geology, physics, and psychology. variations on these categories have been followed throughout the ensuing years. one can gain an appreciation for the wide range of interest of members of the academy by an examination of the contents pages of various volumes of the proceedings from across the years. in more recent years that variety of interest can be seen in the newer subject headings of science education, geography ( 1953 ), and conservation ( 1959 ), which have been added to the previous divisions. the annual volumes of proceedings have thus become a storehouse of information on all aspects of science in the state. it is on account of this magnitude of material and the diversity of subject matter covered across the years that cumulated indexes are useful. many volumes since 1957 contain memorial notes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5348382287089684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06a5b655-25a9-46f4-8b3f-054e465801e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.259333"}
{"text": "thus become a storehouse of information on all aspects of science in the state. it is on account of this magnitude of material and the diversity of subject matter covered across the years that cumulated indexes are useful. many volumes since 1957 contain memorial notes for recently deceased members of the academy and thus provide biographical material that is often otherwise difficult to obtain. this information is also readily accessible through the more recent indexes. while much of the information pertaining to the so - called \" hard sciences \" is accessible through special subject indexes, for example chemical abstracts and biological abstracts, the large amounts of literature in other disciplines such as geography, education, business, and history are not adequately indexed elsewhere. at the same time, the proceedings indexes are especially convenient for use in obtaining information about oklahoma in the fields of biology, geology, geography, and social sciences. it is in providing access to information related to oklahoma that the major subject - oriented indexes are usually least adequate and for which proceedings indexes serve the greatest need. the first index, covering volumes one through ten, was published in 1931 as a bulletin of the university of oklahoma. it is both an author index and a conventional subject index ( 2 ). the second, published in 1942 with volume 22 of the proceedings, cumulates volumes 11 through 20, 1931 - 1940 ( 3 ). it includes a subject index which arranges material under five broad science headings each of which is further subdivided several times. the third, a vicennial index, covers the next twenty years of the proceedings, volumes 21 through 40, and was published as part of the latest of these volumes in 1960 ( 4 ). it too is arranged by broad subject headings as is its immediate predecessor. it includes a necrology index of the same twenty - year period. the fourth index was produced primarily from information on the contents pages of each of the first fifty - five volumes of the proceedings. however, an examination of contents sheets, especially those of earlier volumes of the proceedings, reveals that much of the information on the contents pages is inaccurate and incomplete. in some instances, a title on the contents page is not exactly the same as it appears at the head of the article within the volume. where such discrepancies occur, the title as it appears at the head of the article, rather than as it appears in the table of contents, was selected to be used in the index. at the same time, page numbers were added to the table of contents where they had been omitted in the earlier volumes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49779834783237276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06a5b655-25a9-46f4-8b3f-054e465801e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.261260"}
{"text": "the head of the article, rather than as it appears in the table of contents, was selected to be used in the index. at the same time, page numbers were added to the table of contents where they had been omitted in the earlier volumes. in this collation process, it was discovered that some articles which had been published in the proceedings had not been listed on the tables of contents. during this collation process, these titles were inserted into the tables of contents for inclusion in the index. each volume of the proceedings was examined from cover to cover to be sure that the information pertaining to titles and page numbers, as it was contained within the volume, was correctly recorded on the title page. when this verification and collation process had been completed this information was transferred to punch cards from which the machine - readable print - out of the index was created. the index itself consists of three sections. the first section, an entry index, is an alphabetical list by first author of each of the titles which appears in the proceedings between 1920 and 1975. articles with joint authorship appear in the entry index only under the name of the first author. each entry includes the author ( s ) ' name, full title of the article, volume, date, and page numbers. the entry index is the only section of the index which includes full bibliographical description of articles within the proceedings. articles which are listed in the contents but for which no text was printed in the proceedings are noted as being \" by title \" in each part of the cumulated index the same way they are designated in the tables of contents themselves. each entry within this entry list is also assigned a number to which reference can be made from citations in either the author index section or the key - word - in - context ( kwic ) subject index section which follow. the second part is an author index in which all of the authors of papers, both single and joint, are listed. the bibliographical citation beside each author ' s name in this index includes volume number and page description. included here also is the entry number which has been assigned to the particular article as it appears in the entry index. by means of this author index and by referring to the entry index, the user may determine the full title and bibliographical description of each of the papers which appears in the proceedings. the final part of the index is the kwic subject index. this index is constructed by the computer using titles of all the articles in the proceedings as its base.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48133493670292005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06a5b655-25a9-46f4-8b3f-054e465801e3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.262299"}
{"text": "bibliographical description of each of the papers which appears in the proceedings. the final part of the index is the kwic subject index. this index is constructed by the computer using titles of all the articles in the proceedings as its base. all principal words in the titles themselves serve as subject descriptors of the material within the articles. those principal words are printed in the subject index in alphabetical order with their context words printed before and after on the same line of the index. thus not only do the key words in the title appear in the subject index, but the context in which each key word occurs is also presented in this kwic subject index. biographical articles such as necrologies appear in the kwic index under names of the biographees the same as they appear in the tables of contents. bibliographical information included with the subject entry is the volume number and pages of the article to which the sub - ject entry refers. each line in this subject list also includes the entry number that identifies the article in the entry index where full bibliographical information is available. the three older indexes to the proceedings have been and continue to be valuable tools in gaining access to this literature. this is especially true of the vicennial index published in 1959 with its arrangement by author names under broad subject headings corresponding to the main divisions of the academy itself. the most obvious advantage of the 55 - year cumulated index is the access it provides to all of the literature published since 1959. this is done by means of a complete author index including all joint authors. the kwic subject index provides greater in - depth access also to information in the proceedings. and then, of course, the fifty - five year cumulation provides the same thoroughness and depth of access to the older literature which has heretofore been available in a more limited way by its three predecessors. besides these immediate benefits, there is the added one which may be realized in the future. to the existing data base of computerized information from which this latest index was produced can easily be added author and subject information of each future volume as it is published. with relatively small investment in time and money, this latest index can itself be kept up - to - date for quick, convenient and thorough coverage of the proceedings as soon as they are published. the tape of this fourth index in its present form is currently stored at the computer center at the university of oklahoma. queries for copies of the print - out may be directed to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5212896871104495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06a5b655-25a9-46f4-8b3f-054e465801e3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.263282"}
{"text": "the purpose of screening is early diagnosis and treatment. screening tests are usually administered to people without current symptoms, but who may be at high risk for certain diseases or conditions. blood tests \u2014 cholesterol levels are checked with a blood test. a blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm. you may need to fast for several hours before your blood is taken. the test measures levels of : - total cholesterol - ldl ( bad ) cholesterol - hdl ( good ) cholesterol the national cholesterol education program recommends screening for lipid disorders at least once every five years starting at age 20. more frequent or earlier testing may be recommended if you have a family history of elevated lipid levels or other risk factors or conditions known to increase lipid levels, or if your doctor finds a complication that could have resulted from elevated lipid levels. screening is not recommended in children under 2 years old. screening is recommended for children age 9 - 11 years old and children 17 - 21 years old. for children of other ages, screening is only suggested if they have an increased risk. this may include any of the following : - have family history of heart disease or stroke in family members < 55 years old in males or < 65 years old in females - have parents with total cholesterol \u2265 240 mg / dl ( 6. 2 mmol / l ) or lipid disorder - have diabetes, hypertension, overweight or obesity - smoke cigarettes - have moderate - or high - risk medical condition - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 10 / 2012 - - update date : 10 / 11 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4607817294248601, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab7c5d18-a5dc-4d18-95a6-eba8cac83102>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.267522"}
{"text": "rosacea has a variety of symptoms and signs. they vary from one person to another. you may have only one or two of the following symptoms : flushing, redness \u2014 at first, you flush and blush a lot. it may look like a blush or sunburn, and gradually it becomes more noticeable and permanent. your facial skin may get very dry. pink bumps or pimples \u2014 small, red, solid bumps or pus - filled bumps, like acne, appear on your face as the disease progresses. this is sometimes referred to as \u201c adult acne. \u201d red lines, small blood vessels on the face \u2014 you may notice small, thin red lines on your face, particularly your cheeks. these lines are called telangiectasia, which are dilated ( enlarged ) blood vessels just under your skin. your skin may become slightly swollen and warm. redness, burning, and tearing of the eyes \u2014 you may experience redness, burning, tearing, and the sensation of a foreign body or sand in your eyes. your eyelids may become infected, inflamed, and swollen. some people complain of blurry vision. in severe cases of rosacea a person \u2019 s vision may become impaired. nasal bumps \u2014 if rosacea is left untreated, some people ( especially men ) may develop knobby bumps on the nose or an enlarged bulbous nose \u2014 the so - called rhinophyma. - reviewer : purvee s. shah, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 91 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4279951989939118, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f6e5b6a-2e1d-48af-8661-d340cbd993f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.268975"}
{"text": "the spice that helps prevent cancer \u2013 now being used to repair stroke damage by dr. mercola, march 02, 2011 scientists have created a new molecule from curcumin, the key chemical component of the spice turmeric. in laboratory experiments, the molecule was shown to affect the mechanisms that protect and regenerate brain cells after a stroke. the new curcumin compound, called cnb - 001, actually repairs stroke damage at the molecular level. physorg reports : \u201c those who cook indian, thai, malay and persian dishes know turmeric well for its zesty flavor, use in curries and for the rich color it imparts to food. turmeric also has a long history of use in ayurvedic and chinese traditional medicine. \u201d curcumin \u2014 the pigment that gives the curry spice turmeric its yellow - orange color \u2014 is a natural compound that should be on your health radar for a number of reasons. both the ancient chinese and indian systems of medicine have recognized curcumin \u2019 s beneficial properties for thousands of years, and modern research suggests it may be one of nature \u2019 s most powerful potential healers. as you \u2019 ll see, its health benefits are far - reaching and are now entering the arena of emergency medicine. in this article i will also review several natural strategies for preventing stroke, as there are other lifestyle and dietary factors that play a massive role. you really don \u2019 t want to wait until a stroke happens, regardless of how effectively drugs might help to keep you alive. so what is a stroke? strokes are sometimes referred to as \u201c brain attacks \u201d ( instead of \u201c heart attacks \u201d ) because they occur when a blood clot blocks an artery or blood vessel, cutting off blood flow to your brain. as a result, brain cells die and brain damage can occur. strokes can be particularly devastating because they often occur without warning, and the longer your brain goes without oxygen, the greater your risk of lasting damage. this is one area where emergency medicine excels, as emergency medications can dissolve the clot that is blocking blood flow to your brain. in order to be effective, however, you typically need to get help within one hour. so if you notice any of these signs of stroke, you should get help right away : - sudden trouble walking ( dizziness, loss of balance, etc. ) - sudden confusion - sudden numbness or weakness ( especially on one side of your body only ) - sudden trouble seeing - sudden severe headache curcumi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48442601347499337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac7138dc-70fe-4a9d-966c-548c5c7c69e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.284227"}
{"text": "get help right away : - sudden trouble walking ( dizziness, loss of balance, etc. ) - sudden confusion - sudden numbness or weakness ( especially on one side of your body only ) - sudden trouble seeing - sudden severe headache curcumin drug may help regenerate brain cells after stroke contrary to the clot - busting drug currently used on stroke victims, the curcumin - hybrid compound, called cnb - 001, does not actually dissolve the blood clot. rather it repairs the damage incurred by the lack of oxygen, at the molecular level, by influencing the mechanism responsible for regeneration of neurons ( brain cells ). this offers future stroke victims new hope for greater recovery, as it may reduce lasting damage. the research was presented at the american heart association international stroke conference in los angeles on february 9. now, although curcumin itself has been found to have great healing potential, including in the treatment of brain injury, it has drawbacks that makes it unsuitable for emergency treatment of stroke. physorg reports : \u201c [ curcumin ] is not well absorbed in the body, fails to reach its target in high concentrations, becomes depleted quickly, and is blocked from entering the brain by a natural protective mechanism called the blood - brain barrier. \u201c the curcumin - derived compound cnb - 001, however, does cross the blood brain barrier and \u201c moderates several critical mechanisms involved in neuronal survival, \u201d according to lead researcher dr. lapchak, phd. what this means is that if you \u2019 re having signs of stroke, do not reach for the spice jar or a turmeric supplement. seek immediate emergency medical attention! turmeric cannot be used as a make - shift home - remedy for a stroke. the hybrid spice - drug compound may however help save lives in an emergency setting later on. according to physorg \u2019 s report : \u201c the drug reduced stroke - caused \u201c motor deficits \u201d \u2014 problems of muscle and movement control \u2014 in this laboratory study. it was effective when administered up to an hour after stroke, which correlates with about three hours in humans, the same time frame for which tpa is currently approved. \u201d there \u2019 s a time and place for conventional medicine, and stroke is one of those times when a drug can save your life. that said, considering how devastating ( not to mention life threatening ) a stroke can be, it would be in your best interest to adjust your lifestyle to prevent it from ever happening in the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47012994324227525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac7138dc-70fe-4a9d-966c-548c5c7c69e8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.285302"}
{"text": "one of those times when a drug can save your life. that said, considering how devastating ( not to mention life threatening ) a stroke can be, it would be in your best interest to adjust your lifestyle to prevent it from ever happening in the first place. this common vitamin deficiency doubles your risk of stroke! what vitamin could this possibly be? if you guessed vitamin d, you \u2019 re absolutely correct. this was the impressive finding of a study presented on november 15 last year at the american heart association \u2019 s ( aha ) annual scientific sessions in chicago. it adds weight to research released earlier last year, which found that vitamin d deficiency is associated with arterial stiffness ; a risk factor for heart disease and stroke. a separate study from finland also found that those with the lowest vitamin d levels had a 25 percent higher risk of dying from heart disease or stroke, and when only stroke was evaluated, those with the lowest levels had twice the risk as those with the highest vitamin d levels. in the past couple of years, research into the health benefits of vitamin d and the serious ramifications of deficiency has exploded. the evidence that vitamin d is a key player in your health is just overwhelming. for example, optimizing your vitamin d levels can also slash your risk of diabetes and cancer in half! and that \u2019 s still just the tip of the iceberg. what other drug or nutrient do you know of that can cut your risk of three of the most dangerous chronic diseases by 50 percent?! it \u2019 s abundantly clear that if you want optimal health, you need to pay attention to your vitamin d levels. ideally, you \u2019 ll want to increase your levels through safe sunshine exposure year - round. not only is this the way you were designed to produce vitamin d naturally, but it also eliminates the risk of overdosing. you can also use a safe tanning bed if you can \u2019 t get sufficient amounts of sun exposure outdoors. if neither of those options are available to you, consider taking a vitamin d3 supplement, but be sure to get your vitamin d levels tested regularly to make sure you \u2019 re staying within therapeutic limits, as you \u2019 re circumventing your body \u2019 s built - in regulatory mechanism. other stroke prevention strategies up to 80 percent of strokes are preventable, according to the national stroke association, so i strongly encourage you to take control of your health to reduce your risk. conventionally speaking, many of the same risk factors that increase your risk of heart disease also increase your risk of stroke,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4626387004058287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac7138dc-70fe-4a9d-966c-548c5c7c69e8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.286409"}
{"text": "preventable, according to the national stroke association, so i strongly encourage you to take control of your health to reduce your risk. conventionally speaking, many of the same risk factors that increase your risk of heart disease also increase your risk of stroke, such as : - high blood pressure - high triglycerides and elevated homocysteine levels - low levels of hdl ( good ) cholesterol and high levels of ldl ( bad ) cholesterol so, as with your heart, eating unprocessed, natural foods, exercising, getting regular sun exposure, and maintaining a healthy weight will help to reduce your risk of stroke. also high up on the list of keys to preventing a stroke is to get a handle on your stress levels as the more stressed you are, the greater your risk. as an example, a study published in the journal neurology found that psychological distress will greatly increase your risk of suffering a stroke. the researchers actually found that for every notch lower a person scored on their well - being scale, their risk of stroke increased by 11 percent. not surprisingly, the relationship between psychological distress and stroke was most pronounced when the stroke was fatal. so while optimizing your vitamin d levels and leading a healthy lifestyle with nutritious food and regular exercise are important, you \u2019 ll want to be sure you tend to your emotional health as well. more health benefits of curcumin now that we \u2019 ve reviewed the strategies that can help prevent you from becoming another stroke statistic, let \u2019 s get back to curcumin, because this spice compound \u2013 which is also available in supplement form \u2013 has many other potent health benefits. most notably, curcumin is known for its potent anti - inflammatory properties, and chronic inflammation is the hallmark of most chronic disease, including diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease, just to name a few. the compound has been shown to influence more than 700 genes, and it can inhibit both the activity and the synthesis of cyclooxygenase - 2 ( cox2 ) and 5 - lipooxygenase ( 5 - lox ), as well as other enzymes that have been implicated in inflammation. but that \u2019 s not all. other health benefits include : - strengthening and improving your digestion - supporting healthy liver function and detoxification - purifying your blood further, evidence suggests turmeric may play a beneficial role in the following diseases : - cystic fibrosis - type 2 diabetes - inflammatory bowel disease, crohn \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4260620544054212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac7138dc-70fe-4a9d-966c-548c5c7c69e8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.287416"}
{"text": "healthy liver function and detoxification - purifying your blood further, evidence suggests turmeric may play a beneficial role in the following diseases : - cystic fibrosis - type 2 diabetes - inflammatory bowel disease, crohn \u2019 s disease - rheumatoid arthritis - muscle regeneration - alzheimer \u2019 s disease curcumin \u2013 one of the best supplements for many cancers, too! if you want to use curcumin to prevent stroke i believe your best strategy is to use it as a food in the form of turmeric. however if you have a severe illness, like cancer, then it is best to use it as a drug at a much higher dose as described below. dr. william lavalley from austin texas is one of the top natural medicine cancer physicians i know and he recently shared this important information on curcumin, which has the most evidence based literature for use as a cancer support than any other nutrient. curcumin affects more than 100 different pathways once it gets into the cell. interestingly this also includes the metabolite of curcumin and its derivatives, which are also anti - cancer. best of all, curcumin appears to be safe in the treatment of all cancers. in india where turmeric is widely used, the prevalence of four common u. s. cancers \u2014 colon, breast, prostate and lung \u2014 is 10 times lower. in fact, prostate cancer, which is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in u. s. men, is rare in india and this is attributed, in part, to the curcumin in turmeric. numerous studies have looked into this potential cancer - fighting link, with promising results. for instance, curcumin has been found to : - inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells - inhibit the transformation of cells from normal to tumor - help your body destroy mutated cancer cells so they cannot spread throughout your body - decrease inflammation - enhance liver function - inhibit the synthesis of a protein thought to be instrumental in tumor formation - prevent the development of additional blood supply necessary for cancer cell growth and, according to researchers from the university of texas m. d. anderson cancer center, curcumin blocks a key biological pathway needed for development of melanoma and other cancers. the spice actually stops laboratory strains of melanoma from proliferating and pushes the cancer cells to die by shutting down nuclear factor - kappa b ( nf - kb ), a powerful protein known to induce abnormal inflammatory response that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38025357267940124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac7138dc-70fe-4a9d-966c-548c5c7c69e8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.288444"}
{"text": "and other cancers. the spice actually stops laboratory strains of melanoma from proliferating and pushes the cancer cells to die by shutting down nuclear factor - kappa b ( nf - kb ), a powerful protein known to induce abnormal inflammatory response that leads to an assortment of disorders such as arthritis and cancer. to get the full benefits that curcumin has to offer, you will want to look for a turmeric extract with at least 95 percent curcuminoids that contains only 100 percent certified organic ingredients. the formula should be free of fillers, additives and excipients ( a substance added to the supplement as a processing or stability aid ), and the manufacturer should use safe production practices at all stages : planting, cultivation, selective harvesting, and then producing and packaging the final product. details on how to use curcumin the unfortunate challenge at this time is that good formulations of curcumin to use in cancer still aren \u2019 t available. this is because relatively high doses are required and curcumin is not absorbed that well. typical anticancer doses are up to three grams of good bioavailable curcmin extract, three to four times a day. one work - around for this is to use curcumin powder and make a microemulsion of it by combining a tablespoon of the powder and mixing it into 1 - 2 egg yolks, and a teaspoon or two of melted coconut oil. then use a high - speed hand blender to emulsify the powder. another strategy to increase absorption is to put one tablespoon of the curcumin powder into a quart of boiling water. it must be boiling when you add the powder as it will not work as well if you put it in room temperature water and then heat the water with the curcumin already in it. after boiling it for 10 minutes, you will have created a 12 percent solution, which you can drink once it has cooled down. the curcumin will gradually fall out of solution over time and in about six hours it will be a 6 percent solution, so it is best to drink the water within four hours. it does have a woody taste. one caution to know is that you want to avoid the \u201c yellow kitchen \u201d syndrome. curcumin is a very potent yellow pigment and can permanently discolor surfaces if you aren \u2019 t careful.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4107237614355241, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac7138dc-70fe-4a9d-966c-548c5c7c69e8>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.289562"}
{"text": "that \u2019 s the conclusion of a new study by astronomers at the california institute of technology ( caltech ) that provides yet more evidence that planetary systems are the cosmic norm. the team made their estimate while analyzing planets orbiting a star called kepler - 32 \u2014 planets that are representative, they say, of the vast majority in the galaxy and thus serve as a perfect case study for understanding how most planets form. \u201c there \u2019 s at least 100 billion planets in the galaxy \u2014 just our galaxy, \u201d says john johnson, assistant professor of planetary astronomy at caltech and coauthor of the study, which was recently accepted for publication in the astrophysical journal. \u201c that \u2019 s mind - boggling. \u201d \u201c it \u2019 s a staggering number, if you think about it, \u201d adds jonathan swift, a postdoc at caltech and lead author of the paper. \u201c basically there \u2019 s one of these planets per star. \u201d the planetary system in question, which was detected by the kepler space telescope, contains five planets. the existence of two of those planets have already been confirmed by other astronomers. the caltech team confirmed the remaining three, then analyzed the five - planet system and compared it to other systems found by the kepler mission. the planets orbit a star that is an m dwarf \u2014 a type that accounts for about three - quarters of all stars in the milky way. the five planets, which are similar in size to earth and orbit close to their star, are also typical of the class of planets that the telescope has discovered orbiting other m dwarfs, swift says. therefore, the majority of planets in the galaxy probably have characteristics comparable to those of the five planets. while this particular system may not be unique, what does set it apart is its coincidental orientation : the orbits of the planets lie in a plane that \u2019 s positioned such that kepler views the system edge - on. due to this rare orientation, each planet blocks kepler - 32 \u2032 s starlight as it passes between the star and the kepler telescope. by analyzing changes in the star \u2019 s brightness, the astronomers were able to determine the planets \u2019 characteristics, such as their sizes and orbital periods. this orientation therefore provides an opportunity to study the system in great detail \u2014 and because the planets represent the vast majority of planets that are thought to populate the galaxy, the team says, the system also can help astronomers better understand planet formation in general. \u201c i usually try not to call things \u2018 rosetta stones, \u2019 but this is as close to a rosetta stone as anything i \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5155502844638784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d02c5cf1-b681-4e78-8671-126fa188b67d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.296965"}
{"text": "populate the galaxy, the team says, the system also can help astronomers better understand planet formation in general. \u201c i usually try not to call things \u2018 rosetta stones, \u2019 but this is as close to a rosetta stone as anything i \u2019 ve seen, \u201d johnson says. \u201c it \u2019 s like unlocking a language that we \u2019 re trying to understand \u2014 the language of planet formation. \u201d one of the fundamental questions regarding the origin of planets is how many of them there are. like the caltech group, other teams of astronomers have estimated that there is roughly one planet per star, but this is the first time researchers have made such an estimate by studying m - dwarf systems, the most numerous population of planets known. to do that calculation, the caltech team determined the probability that an m - dwarf system would provide kepler - 32 \u2032 s edge - on orientation. combining that probability with the number of planetary systems kepler is able to detect, the astronomers calculated that there is, on average, one planet for every one of the approximately 100 billion stars in the galaxy. but their analysis only considers planets that are in close orbits around m dwarfs \u2014 not the outer planets of an m - dwarf system, or those orbiting other kinds of stars. as a result, they say, their estimate is conservative. in fact, says swift, a more accurate estimate that includes data from other analyses could lead to an average of two planets per star. m - dwarf systems like kepler - 32 \u2032 s are quite different from our own solar system. for one, m dwarfs are cooler and much smaller than the sun. kepler - 32, for example, has half the mass of the sun and half its radius. the radii of its five planets range from 0. 8 to 2. 7 times that of earth, and those planets orbit extremely close to their star. the whole system fits within just over a tenth of an astronomical unit ( the average distance between earth and the sun ) \u2014 a distance that is about a third of the radius of mercury \u2019 s orbit around the sun. the fact that m - dwarf systems vastly outnumber other kinds of systems carries a profound implication, according to johnson, which is that our solar system is extremely rare. \u201c it \u2019 s just a weirdo, \u201d he says. the fact that the planets in m - dwarf systems are so close to their stars doesn \u2019 t necessarily mean that they \u2019 re fiery, hellish worlds unsuitable for life, the astronomers say. indeed, because m dwarfs are small and cool,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4882452470638616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d02c5cf1-b681-4e78-8671-126fa188b67d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.297956"}
{"text": "says. the fact that the planets in m - dwarf systems are so close to their stars doesn \u2019 t necessarily mean that they \u2019 re fiery, hellish worlds unsuitable for life, the astronomers say. indeed, because m dwarfs are small and cool, their temperate zone \u2014 also known as the \u201c habitable zone, \u201d the region where liquid water might exist \u2014 is also further inward. even though only the outermost of kepler - 32 \u2032 s five planets lies in its temperate zone, many other m dwarf systems have more planets that sit right in their temperate zones. as for how the kepler - 32 system formed, no one knows yet. but the team says its analysis places constraints on possible mechanisms. for example, the results suggest that the planets all formed farther away from the star than they are now, and migrated inward over time. like all planets, the ones around kepler - 32 formed from a proto - planetary disk \u2014 a disk of dust and gas that clumped up into planets around the star. the astronomers estimated that the mass of the disk within the region of the five planets was about as much as that of three jupiters. but other studies of proto - planetary disks have shown that three jupiter masses can \u2019 t be squeezed into such a tiny area so close to a star, suggesting to the caltech team that the planets around kepler - 32 initially formed farther out. another line of evidence relates to the fact that m dwarfs shine brighter and hotter when they are young, when planets would be forming. kepler - 32 would have been too hot for dust \u2014 a key planet - building ingredient \u2014 to even exist in such close proximity to the star. previously, other astronomers had determined that the third and fourth planets from the star are not very dense, meaning that they are likely made of volatile compounds such as carbon dioxide, methane, or other ices and gases, the caltech team says. however, those volatile compounds could not have existed in the hotter zones close to the star. finally, the caltech astronomers discovered that three of the planets have orbits that are related to one another in a very specific way. one planet \u2019 s orbital period lasts twice as long as another \u2019 s, and the third planet \u2019 s lasts three times as long as the latter \u2019 s. planets don \u2019 t fall into this kind of arrangement immediately upon forming, johnson says. instead, the planets must have started their orbits farther away from the star before moving inward over time and settling into their current configuration. \u201c you look in detail at the architecture of this very special", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.501230704345038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d02c5cf1-b681-4e78-8671-126fa188b67d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.299085"}
{"text": "part of complete coverage on ' robosquirrel ' deployed to research relationship with rattlesnakes researchers in california have built a robot squirrel in a bid to better understand real one ' s ( pictured ) behavior. robot squirrel aids animal behavior study - researchers in california create robot squirrel to study behavior of rattlesnakes - \" robosquirrel \" replicates two key behaviors observed in the wild when confronted by the predator ( cnn ) - - this might sound a bit nutty, but u. s. researchers are using robot squirrels to learn more about how real ones interact with their main predator, rattlesnakes. the lifelike robot, built by a team from the university of california, davis, can replicate two behaviors squirrels display when confronted by a rattlesnake. research by the late donald owings, professor of psychology at uc davis, observed that rather than scamper off squirrels would approach a snake \" head - first in an elongated posture, making flagging movements with their tails. \" he also discovered their tails heat up, which is picked up by a snake ' s infrared sensor. but in the wild there is no way to separate the \" heat \" and the \" flagging, \" say researchers. and that ' s where the robot comes in. snakes will rarely strike a flagging adult squirrel, and if they do they almost always miss rulon clark, university of california, davis out in the field near san jose, researchers set up \" robosquirrel \" and a video camera near a foraging snake before retreating out of sight. the snakes observed appear to accept the robot as real, with one snake even biting the robot ' s head, according to researchers. this doesn ' t happen often in the wild says clark, because squirrels possess a \" remarkable ability \" to dodge a snake attack. \" snakes will rarely strike a flagging adult squirrel, and if they do they almost always miss, \" said rulon clark, assistant professor of biology at san diego state university. it ' s still not clear why squirrels approach such a deadly predator, but clark says they maybe trying to assess the nature of the threat. in some cases snakes will leave the area after an encounter. \" robosquirrel \" joins a growing list of robot creatures created by uc davis which include a robot lizard - - used to study display behavior in anole lizards in the puerto rican jungle. another saw the use of a robot sage grouse hen to study their real - life mating habits. part of complete coverage on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46438801276348196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e84e9a1-2e3b-4e9b-915a-c427a1855407>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.303541"}
{"text": "by uc davis which include a robot lizard - - used to study display behavior in anole lizards in the puerto rican jungle. another saw the use of a robot sage grouse hen to study their real - life mating habits. part of complete coverage on january 21, 2013 - - updated 0230 gmt ( 1030 hkt ) patricia wu looks at efforts to combat food waste in hong kong. january 14, 2013 - - updated 0233 gmt ( 1033 hkt ) cnn ' s pauline chiou goes to hong kong ' s annual toy fair to find out about the growing market for eco - friendly toys. december 31, 2012 - - updated 0415 gmt ( 1215 hkt ) cnn ' s liz neisloss reports on a roof that is only a sample of the greening of singapore ' s skyline. december 19, 2012 - - updated 0216 gmt ( 1016 hkt ) a dam project in cambodia could destroy livelihoods and ecosystems, says conservation international december 18, 2012 - - updated 0322 gmt ( 1122 hkt ) shipping lines, port authorities and technology companies are taking the initiative to go green and reduce costs. december 10, 2012 - - updated 0206 gmt ( 1006 hkt ) less than 20 miles from singapore ' s skyscrapers is a completely different set of high - rise towers. december 6, 2012 - - updated 1104 gmt ( 1904 hkt ) the pitcairn islands might only have 55 human inhabitants, but the waters surrounding them are teeming with marine life. december 3, 2012 - - updated 0322 gmt ( 1122 hkt ) biofuel made from sugar cane waste in brazil could revolutionize the global energy industry. november 26, 2012 - - updated 0258 gmt ( 1058 hkt ) many believe that fuel - cell cars will overtake electric vehicles in the near future. november 19, 2012 - - updated 0820 gmt ( 1620 hkt ) modern and sustainable buildings in the uae are taking cues from an ancient arabic design tradition. november 12, 2012 - - updated 0409 gmt ( 1209 hkt ) one man ' s artistic vision is distracting divers from cancun ' s threatened underwater ecosystem. november 12, 2012 - - updated 1746 gmt ( 0146 hkt ) lake victoria, africa ' s largest lake, has been plagued by water hyacinth plants for over two decades. just how much are natural wonders like the great barrier reef worth in monetary terms? today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4510606214759768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e84e9a1-2e3b-4e9b-915a-c427a1855407>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.304409"}
{"text": "academic programs in plant science touch on plant culture, plant health, landscape horticulture and biotechnology. plant science programs provide students with a broad understanding of the science of plant use in society and are typically a combination of classroom instruction, laboratory instruction and field internships. inside plant science plant science encompasses the study of the life and development of edible, ornamental and native vegetation including grasses, vines, shrubs and trees. undergraduate, master ' s and doctoral degrees are all available in plant science and include labs and field work in addition to classroom studies. undergraduate degree programs often cover broad topics such as plant diseases and pathogens, horticulture, botany, plant pathology and landscape design. graduates are prepared for careers in commercial and residential landscape design and greenhouse, golf course or athletic field management and environmental journalism as well as work in zoos, botanical gardens or national parks. plant science bachelor ' s degree programs often include concentrations in landscape design and construction, crop production, horticulture science, turfgrass science or biotechnology. graduate programs provide students with a more advanced study of plant science fundamentals, emphasizing technical writing and research. additional training is offered in the areas of soils and irrigation, biotechnology, plant pathology, weed science, crop management, plant ecology and crop biochemistry. the degree required to enter the workforce depends greatly on what professional path is chosen by the student. learn more about plant science if you are considering a career in the field of plant science, read on to learn more. education - portal. com has articles with the information you need to get started. the career you want will dictate the degree you must earn. plant science degrees are offered at all levels. - associate ' s degree programs in biotechnology - bachelor ' s degree in agricultural science - agronomy degree and certification program - agriculture phd program - plant biotechnology programs read on to learn about the career opportunities for those with a background in plant science. - agricultural managers - agricultural scientist - plant science careers - plant breeding technician - plant breeder within the plant science field, there are many different concentrations and specializations. plant science related articles - recently updated at its core, plant science is simply the study of plants, but a plethora of specializations and career options are opened up to students who... plant biotechnologists combine the disciplines of agriculture and science to manipulate plants for human and environmental purposes. some... horticulture businesses include florist shops, plant nurseries, greenhouses and landscaping firms. many horticulture businesses want... - top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4612061326588657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac9fbe68-cb6f-4f1c-86f5-814b4e3a6f37>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.307711"}
{"text": "anatolian weights and measures roman and byzantine steelyards and scales in the roman and byzantine periods we find the steelyard ( statera ) being used as well as the scales or balance ( libra ) that had been the only means of weighing in antiquity. the steelyard consists of a square - section arm fitted with a sliding weight, and a hook for hanging the object to be weighed. two or three faces of the arm are graduated with notches at equal intervals enabling light, medium and heavy loads to be weighed. a balance consists of a horizontal beam pivoted onto a vertical support, with pans attached by silk strings of equal length to the two ends of the beam. scales of this kind were used to measure precious metals, coins, and other light but valuable substances. examples in museums and private collections enable us to track the modifications made to steelyards from the roman and byzantine periods until modern times ( use of the steelyard continuing until about two decades ago ). for example while roman and byzantine steelyards had three hooks, those used by by the seljuks and ottomans had only two. the traditional balance, on the other hand, has not changed at all over the centuries, and remains in use with the same form today. anatolian weights and measures in islamic period during pre - islamic times the arabs, who were among those engaged in mediterranean trade, probably used the same units of measurement as the sassanians, romans and byzantines. after the advent of islam, however, they introduced their own system. glass weights known as sanja dating from the early islamic era were used both for commercial purposes and as standards for checking the weight of coins made of precious metals. glass weights known as r\u0131tl ( a word derived from rotolo, an italian unit of weight ) were used during the umayyad, abbasids, ayyubid and fatimid periods. although no complete example has survived, making it impossible to determine the weight precisely, existing fragments show that these were 110 mm in diameter. an abbasid weight known as a double r\u0131tl weighs 759. 79 grams. glass weights were used for checking the weight of silver coins by the romans and byzantines, as well as the arabs. research has shown that byzantine coin weights weighed the same as the byzantine dinar or solidus, being equivalent to 68 grains ( 4. 406 grams ). the arabic dirhem was equivalent to 66 grains or 4. 276 grams. in time islamic coin weights attained their classical forms. some bore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4919461797437973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c969b8ae-96ab-4b69-b507-6c7817ccb953>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.319244"}
{"text": "the same as the byzantine dinar or solidus, being equivalent to 68 grains ( 4. 406 grams ). the arabic dirhem was equivalent to 66 grains or 4. 276 grams. in time islamic coin weights attained their classical forms. some bore arabic inscriptions such as aslahu allah, ekremehu allah or emta ' allah lehu, or quotations from the koran. early sanja bore a stamp only on one side, but from the abbasid period onwards they began to be stamped on both sides ; the declaration of god ' s unity on one side and the names of caliphs, governors, imams etc. on the other. sanjas of different colours were obtained by the addition of different chemicals ; copper and iron oxide for blue, sulphur and carbon for amber, and manganese for dark blue. seljuk and beylik period weights and measures the pre - ottoman turkish system of measurement had its origins in central asia as a result of trade relations with iran and china. the 11th century dictionary of turkish dialects, divanu lugati ' t - turk, is an important source of information about units of weight and measurement, defining the art\u0131k as half a yuk ( load ), the k\u0131rkl\u0131m as a pile, and the sagu as a measure of cereals, for example. sources dating from the 14th century reveal that the pre - ottoman anatolian system of measurements was based on the lodra, an iranian - ilkhanid unit of weight, the kantar, okka and batman ( menn ) ; and that the main units of grain measurement were the kile and mudd. the most important source of information about seljuk period weights and measures are the deeds of pious endowments. from these we learn that the ukiyye, irdeb, mud and batman were the basis of the measuring system of this period that was largely adopted by the turkish principalities and the ottoman empire. the expansion of trade relations between the mentese and ayd\u0131nogullar\u0131 turkish emirates in western anatolian and the byzantines, venetians and genoese, led to the introduction of byzantine and italian units of measurement, which began to be used in anatolia in the 14th century. one example was the italian rotolo, used in western anatolia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4859855404677212, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c969b8ae-96ab-4b69-b507-6c7817ccb953>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.320280"}
{"text": "dutch empire / origins of an empire the coastal provinces of holland and zeeland had for a long time prior to spanish rule been important hubs of the european maritime trade network. their geographical location provided convenient access to the markets of france, germany, england and the baltic. the war with spain led many financiers and traders to emigrate from antwerp, capital of flanders and then one of europe ' s most important commercial centres, to dutch cities, particularly amsterdam, which became europe ' s foremost centre for shipping, banking, and insurance. efficient access to capital enabled the dutch in the 1580s to extend their trade networks beyond northern europe to new markets in the mediterranean and the levant. in the 1590s, dutch ships began to trade with brazil and the gold coast of africa, and towards the indian ocean and the source of the lucrative spice trade. this brought the dutch into direct competition with portugal, which had dominated these trade networks for several decades, and had established colonial outposts on the coasts of brazil, africa and the indian ocean to facilitate them. the rivalry with portugal, however, was not entirely economic : from 1580 the portuguese crown had been joined to that of spain in an \" iberian union \" under phillip ii. by attacking portuguese overseas possessions, the dutch forced spain to divert financial and military resources away from its attempt to quell dutch independence. thus this began the dutch - portuguese war, which would last until the 1650 ' s. in 1594, a \" company of far lands \" was founded in amsterdam, with the aim of sending two fleets to the spice islands of maluku. the first fleet sailed in 1596 and returned in 1597 with a cargo of pepper, which more than covered the costs of the voyage. the second fleet, departing in 1598 and returning in 1599, returned its investors a 400 % profit. the success of these voyages led to the founding of a number of companies competing for the trade. the competition was counterproductive to the companies ' interests as it threatened to drive up the price of spices at their source in indonesia while driving them down in europe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37793060089240715, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98d9f20e-5bef-495c-b1bf-9dfda84ecec6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.322733"}
{"text": "a. r. radcliffe - brown | born | | alfred reginald brown 17 january 1881 | died | | 24 october 1955 | social and cultural subfields | radcliffe - brown was born in sparkbrook, birmingham, england. after studying at trinity college, cambridge, he travelled to the andaman islands ( 1906 \u2013 1908 ) and western australia ( 1910 \u2013 1912, with biologist and writer e. l. grant watson and daisy bates ) to conduct fieldwork into the workings of the societies there, serving as the inspiration for his later books the andaman islanders ( 1922 ) and the social organization of australian tribes ( 1930 ). however at the 1914 meeting of the british association for the advancement of science, in melbourne he was accused by bates of plagiarizing her work. in 1916 he became a director of education in tonga, and in 1920 moved to cape town to become professor of social anthropology, founding the school of african life. further university appointments were university of cape town ( 1920 \u2013 25 ), university of sydney ( 1925 \u2013 31 ) and university of chicago ( 1931 \u2013 37 ). among his most prominent students during his years at the university of chicago was sol tax and fred eggan. after these various far - flung appointments, he finally returned to england in 1937 to take up an appointment to the first chair in social anthropology at oxford in 1937, a post he held until his retirement in 1946. while he founded the institute of social and cultural anthropology at oxford, according to rodney needham his absence from the institute during the war years prevented his theories and approach from having a major influence on oxford anthropology. he has been described as \" the classic to bronis\u0142aw malinowski ' s romantic \". radcliffe - brown brought french sociology ( namely emile durkheim ) to british anthropology, constructing a rigorous battery of concepts to frame ethnography. greatly influenced by the work of emile durkheim, he saw institutions as the key to maintaining the global social order of a society, analogous to the organs of a body, and his studies of social function examine how customs aid in maintaining the overall stability of a society. concept of function radcliffe - brown has often been associated with functionalism, and is considered by some to be the founder of structural functionalism. nonetheless, radcliffe - brown vehemently denied being a functionalist, and carefully distinguished his concept of function from that of malinowski, who openly advocated functionalism. while malinowski ' s functionalism claimed that social practices could be directly explained by their ability to satisfy basic biological needs,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40927662271394105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51eb0024-b37a-4fd0-9e46-7056a8c1f2f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.332570"}
{"text": "being a functionalist, and carefully distinguished his concept of function from that of malinowski, who openly advocated functionalism. while malinowski ' s functionalism claimed that social practices could be directly explained by their ability to satisfy basic biological needs, radcliffe - brown rejected this as baseless. instead, influenced by the process philosophy of alfred north whitehead, he claimed that the fundamental units of anthropology were processes of human life and interaction. because these are by definition characterised by constant flux, what calls for explanation is the occurrence of stability. why, radcliffe - brown asked, would some patterns of social practices repeat themselves and even seem to become fixed? he reasoned that this would at least require that other practices must not conflict with them too much ; and that in some cases, it may be that practices grow to support each other, a notion he called ' coadaptation ', deriving from the biological term. functional analysis, then, was just the attempt to explain stability by discovering how practices fit together to sustain that stability ; the ' function ' of a practice was just its role in sustaining the overall social structure, insofar as there was a stable social structure ( radcliffe - brown 1957 ). this is far from the ' functional explanation ' later impugned by carl hempel and others. it is also clearly distinct from malinowski ' s notion of function, a point which is often ignored by radcliffe - brown ' s detractors. while levi - strauss ( 1958 ) claimed that social structure and the social relations that are its constituents are theoretical constructions used to model social life, radcliffe - brown only half - agreed. he argued ( 1957 ) that social relations are real, and even directly observable ; but that social structure is a theoretical construction posited by the scientist on the basis of his or her observation of social relations. he shared with levi - strauss the notion that a major goal of social anthropology was to identify social structures and formal relationships between them, and that qualitative or discrete mathematics would be a necessary tool to do this. in that sense radcliffe - brown may be considered one of the fathers of social network analysis. in addition to identifying abstract relationships between social structures, radcliffe - brown argued for the importance of the notion of a ' total social structure ', which is the sum total of social relations in a given social unit of analysis during a given period. the identification of ' functions ' of social practices was supposed to be relative to this total social structure. levi - strauss saw social structure as a model. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6131898881506055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51eb0024-b37a-4fd0-9e46-7056a8c1f2f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.334730"}
{"text": "is the sum total of social relations in a given social unit of analysis during a given period. the identification of ' functions ' of social practices was supposed to be relative to this total social structure. levi - strauss saw social structure as a model. a popular view in the study of tribal societies had been that all societies follow a unilineal path ( ' evolutionism ' ), and that therefore ' primitive ' societies could be understood as earlier stages along that path ; conversely, ' modern ' societies contained vestiges of older forms. another view was that social practices tend to develop only once, and that therefore commonalities and differences between societies could be explained by a historical reconstruction of the interaction between societies ( ' diffusionism ' ). according to both of these views, the proper way to explain differences between tribal societies and modern ones was historical reconstruction. radcliffe - brown rejected both of these views because of the untestable nature of historical reconstructions. instead, he argued for the use of the comparative method to find regularities in human societies and thereby build up a genuinely scientific knowledge of social life. to that end, radcliffe - brown argued for a ' natural science of society '. he claimed that there was an independent role for social anthropology here, separate from psychology, though not in conflict with it. this was because psychology was to be the study of individual mental processes, while social anthropology was to study processes of interaction between people ( social relations ). thus he argued for a principled ontological distinction between psychology and social anthropology, in the same way as one might try to make a principled distinction between physics and biology. moreover, he claimed that existing social scientific disciplines, with the possible exception of linguistics, were arbitrary and did not have any principled reason to exist ; once our knowledge of society is sufficient, he argued, we will be able to form subdisciplines of anthropology centred around relatively isolated parts of the social structure. but without extensive scientific knowledge, it is impossible to know where these boundaries will be drawn. radcliffe - brown carried out extensive fieldwork in the andaman islands, australia, and elsewhere. on the basis of this research, he contributed extensively to the anthropological ideas on kinship, and criticized levi - strauss ' s alliance theory. he also produced structural analyses of myths, including on the basis of the concept of binary distinctions, an idea later echoed by levi - strauss. radcliffe - brown was often criticized for failing to consider the effect of historical changes in the societies he studied, in particular changes brought about by colonial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5641006813304467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51eb0024-b37a-4fd0-9e46-7056a8c1f2f8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.336062"}
{"text": "myths, including on the basis of the concept of binary distinctions, an idea later echoed by levi - strauss. radcliffe - brown was often criticized for failing to consider the effect of historical changes in the societies he studied, in particular changes brought about by colonialism, but he is now considered, together with bronis\u0142aw malinowski, as the father of modern social anthropology. among radcliffe - brown ' s many works are : - 1922, the andaman islanders ; a study in social anthropology. - 1931, social organization of australian tribes. - 1940, on joking relationships : africa : journal of the international african institute, vol. 13, no. 3 ( jul., 1940 ), pp. 195 \u2013 210 doi : 10. 2307 / 1156093 - 1952, structure and function in primitive society : posthumously - 1957, a natural science of society : based on a series of lectures at the university of chicago in 1937 and posthumously published by his students - adam kuper, anthropology and anthropologists : the modern british school ( penguin, 1973, pp. 45 - 46 ) - rodney needham - kuper, anthropology and anthropologists, p. 34 - kuper, anthropology and anthropologists, p. 36 - levi - strauss, c. anthropologie structurale ( 1958, structural anthropology, trans. claire jacobson and brooke grundfest schoepf, 1963 ) | | this article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. ( february 2008 ) | | wikimedia commons has media related to : alfred radcliffe - brown |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4957836942352811, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51eb0024-b37a-4fd0-9e46-7056a8c1f2f8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.336678"}
{"text": "geography of north america north america is the third largest continent, and is also a portion of the second largest supercontinent if north and south america are combined into the americas and africa, europe, and asia are considered to be part of one supercontinent called afro - eurasia. with an estimated population of 460 million and an area of 24, 346, 000 km\u00b2 ( 9, 400, 000 mi\u00b2 ), the northernmost of the two continents of the western hemisphere is bounded by the pacific ocean on the west ; the atlantic ocean on the east ; the caribbean sea, atlantic and pacific oceans, and south america on the south ; and the arctic ocean on the north. the northern half of north america is sparsely populated and covered mostly by canada, except for the northwestern portion which is occupied by alaska, the largest state of the u. s. the central and southern portions of the continent are represented by the united states, mexico, and numerous smaller states primarily in central america and in the caribbean. the continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the darien watershed along the colombia - panama border, placing all of panama within north america. alternatively, a less common view would end north america at the man - made panama canal. islands generally associated with north america include greenland, the world ' s largest island, and archipelagos and islands in the caribbean. the terminology of the americas is complex, but \" anglo - america \" can describe canada and the u. s., while \" latin america \" comprises mexico and the countries of central america and the caribbean, as well as the entire continent of south america. natural features of north america include the northern portion of the american cordillera, represented by the geologically new rocky mountains in the west ; and the considerably older appalachian mountains to the east. the north hosts an abundance of glacial lakes formed during the last glacial period, including the great lakes. north america ' s major continental divide is the great divide, which runs north and south down through rocky mountains. the major watersheds all drain to the east : the mississippi / missouri and rio grande into the gulf of mexico, and st. lawrence into the atlantic. climate is determined to a large extent by the latitude, ranging from arctic cold in the north to tropical heat in the south. the western half of north america tends to have milder and wetter climate than other areas with equivalent latitude, although there are steppes ( known as \" prairies \" ) in the central and western portions, and deserts in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4631699623839044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc1df16a-1706-40a9-a1cd-ceb8b42bd2f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.350221"}
{"text": "heat in the south. the western half of north america tends to have milder and wetter climate than other areas with equivalent latitude, although there are steppes ( known as \" prairies \" ) in the central and western portions, and deserts in the southwestern united states of arizona, colorado, california, nevada, new mexico, utah, oklahoma, and texas ; along with the mexican states of baja california, baja california sur, sonora, chihuahua, coahuila, nuevo leon and tamaulipas. seventy percent of north america is underlain by the laurentia craton, which is exposed as the canadian shield in much of central and eastern canada around the hudson bay, and as far south as the u. s. states of michigan, wisconsin, and minnesota. the continental crust started to form 4 billion years ago ( ga ), and six of the microcontinents collided to form the craton about 2 ga. this core has been enlarged by plate tectonics, most notably between 1. 8 and 1. 65 ga when a piece currently stretching from arizona to missouri fused with the south and west portion of the craton. the craton started to rift about 1. 1 ga, and the fissure ( now the midcontinent rift system ) ran between kansas and lake superior before stopping, perhaps due to the grenville collision in the east. otherwise the craton has remained relatively stable, with some rocks dating from 2. 5 to 4 ga, including what may be the world ' s oldest known rock : specimens from the nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt on the coast of the hudson bay have been dated to 4. 38 ga, though the dating methods are disputed. periodic flooding by inland seas, most recently the western interior seaway during the cretaceous, caused the layer of sedimentary rock over the remainder of the craton. the laurentia craton is the center of the proterozoic supercontinent rodinia in most models, and was also part of the later laurussia, pangea, and laurasia supercontinents. roughly 3 million years ago ( ma ), the volcanic isthmus of panama formed between the north and south american continents creating a bridge over what was the central american seaway and allowing the migration of flora and fauna between the two landmasses in the great american interchange. starting 2. 58 ma, the quaternary glaciation covered much of the continent with ice, centered west of hudson bay, the floor of which is slowly rebound", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.466825445716495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc1df16a-1706-40a9-a1cd-ceb8b42bd2f3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.351174"}
{"text": "of flora and fauna between the two landmasses in the great american interchange. starting 2. 58 ma, the quaternary glaciation covered much of the continent with ice, centered west of hudson bay, the floor of which is slowly rebounding after being depressed by the great weight of the ice. glaciers descended the slopes of the rocky mountains and those of the pacific margin. extensive glacial lakes, such as glacial lake missoula, bonneville, lahontan, agassiz, and algonquin, formed by glacial melt water. \" remnants of them are still visible in the great basin and along the edge of the canadian shield in the form of the great salt lake, the great lakes, and the large lakes of west central canada. \" the last glacial period of the current ice age caused a lowering of the sea level, exposing the bering land bridge between alaska and siberia, which resulted in human migration from asia to the americas between 40, 000 and 15, 000 years ago. - canadian shield - this is a geologically stable area of rock dating between 2. 5 and 4 gya that occupies most of the northeastern quadrant, including greenland. - appalachian mountains - the appalachians are an old and eroded system that formed about 300 ma and extends from the gaspe peninsula to alabama. - atlantic coastal plain - the plain is a belt of lowlands widening to the south that extends from south new england to mexico. - interior lowlands - the lowlands extend down the middle of the continent from the mackenzie valley to the atlantic coastal plain, and include the great plains on the west and the agriculturally productive interior plains on the east. - north american cordillera - the cordillera is a complex belt of mountains and associated plateaus and basins some of which were formed as recently as 100 \u2013 65 ma, during the cretaceous. the cordillera extend from alaska into mexico and includes two orogenic belts \u2014 the pacific margin on the west and the rocky mountains on the east \u2014 separated by a system of intermontane plateaus and basins. the coastal plain and the main belts of the north american cordillera continue in the south in mexico ( where the mexican plateau, bordered by the sierra madre oriental and the sierra madre occidental, is considered a continuation of the intermontane system ) to connect the transverse volcanic range, a zone of high and active volcanic peaks south of mexico city. the vast majority of north america is located on the north american plate, centered on the laurentia craton. parts of california", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4977683524648906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc1df16a-1706-40a9-a1cd-ceb8b42bd2f3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.352100"}
{"text": "intermontane system ) to connect the transverse volcanic range, a zone of high and active volcanic peaks south of mexico city. the vast majority of north america is located on the north american plate, centered on the laurentia craton. parts of california and western mexico form the partial edge of the pacific plate ; the two plates meet along the san andreas fault. the southern portion of the caribbean and parts of central america compose the much smaller caribbean plate. the western mountains have split in the middle, into the main range of the rockies and the coast ranges in california, oregon, washington, and british columbia with the great basin ( a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts ) in between. the highest peak is mount mckinley / denali in alaska. the geographic center of north america is approximately \" 6 miles west of balta, pierce county, north dakota \" at 48\u2070 10 \u2032 north, 100\u2070 10 \u2032 west, and a 15 foot ( 4. 5 m ) field stone obelisk in rugby, north dakota ( ~ 15 miles or 25 km away ) claims to mark the center. three countries ( canada, the united states, and mexico ) make up most of north america ' s land mass ; they share the continent with 34 other island countries in the caribbean south of mexico. surface and climate the great plains is the broad expanse of prairie and steppe which lies east of the rocky mountains in the united states and canada. the narrow plains in the mexican coast and the savannas of the mississippi are analogous to, respectively, the patagonian steppes and the pampas of the piranha, paraguay, and rio de la plata. thus the appalachians and the mountain chains of brazil are regarded as creating similar interruptions to the plains community. north america extends to within 10\u00b0 of latitude of both the equator and the north pole. it embraces every climatic zone, from tropical rain forest and savanna on the lowlands of central america to areas of permanent ice cap in central greenland. subarctic and tundra climates prevail in north canada and north alaska, and desert and semiarid conditions are found in interior regions cut off by high mountains from rain - bearing westerly winds. however, most of the continent has temperate climates very favorable to settlement and agriculture. prairies, or vast grasslands cover a huge amount in mountain ranges. north america ' s greatest snowfalls | 24 hours | | silver lake, colorado | | april 14 \u2013 15, 1921 | | 76 | | 195. 6 | | 1 month | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4669878054758494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc1df16a-1706-40a9-a1cd-ceb8b42bd2f3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.353366"}
{"text": ", or vast grasslands cover a huge amount in mountain ranges. north america ' s greatest snowfalls | 24 hours | | silver lake, colorado | | april 14 \u2013 15, 1921 | | 76 | | 195. 6 | | 1 month | | tamarack, california | | january 1911 | | 390 | | 991 | | one storm | | mt. shasta ski bowl, calif. | | february 13 \u2013 19, 1959 | | 189 | | 480 | | one season | | mount baker, wash | | 1998 \u2013 1999 | | 1, 140 | | 2, 895. 6 | river systems north american rivers include : - approaching the atlantic ocean - approaching the pacific ocean climate and vegetation the climate in north america is typically cool and humid. the rainy zone disproportionately extends in america, and as the continent stretches over the climatic zones, vegetation is remarkably distinctive. great indentations of the shoreline make insular conditions to prevail in much of its interior. the area along the west coast tends to be milder and wetter than other areas with the same latitude. there are various plant life distributions in north america. plant life in the arctic includes grasses, mosses, and arctic willows. coniferous trees, including spruces, pines, hemlocks, and firs, are indigenous to the canadian and western u. s. mountain ranges as far south as san francisco. among these are giant sequoias, redwoods, great firs, and sugar pines. sugar pines are generally confined to the northwestern area of the united states. the central region of the country has hardwoods. southern states grow extensive yellow pines. in addition, mahogany, logwood, and lignumvitae - all tropical in nature - are grown. the southwest has desert plants, including yucci and cacti. the cultivated native plants of north america are tobacco, maize, potato, vanilla, melons, cacao, gourds, indigo plant, and bean. | major habitat types of the united states and canada | | ecoregions map of canada, united - states and mexico | north america is home to many native mammal species. several species of deer, including elk, caribou, moose, mule deer, and the abundant white - tailed deer are found throughout various regions, along with the bison and musk ox in the central and northern plains, respectively. three species of bear, several subspecies of wolf, and various other carnivores such as ra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4231348126213299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc1df16a-1706-40a9-a1cd-ceb8b42bd2f3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.354355"}
{"text": "and the abundant white - tailed deer are found throughout various regions, along with the bison and musk ox in the central and northern plains, respectively. three species of bear, several subspecies of wolf, and various other carnivores such as raccoons, skunks, and cats including cougars and lynxes are widely distributed. the family mustelidae is well represented, including badgers, otters, ferrets, and wolverines. numerous species of squirrels and other rodents, such as beavers and muskrats, can be found in virtually every region of the continent. central america has adapted sloths, anteaters, and armadillos. other animals includes the condor, among the heights of the andes, the parrots and the monkeys of tropical forests, the humming bird, rattlesnake, alligator, and cayman of the banks of the streams, the electric eel in the tropical waters, and swarms of mosquitoes on the wide plains. mining and petroleum rocky mountains the rocky mountain region is known for vast resources and rich mineral deposits including copper, lead, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, and zinc. coal, petroleum and natural gas are mineral fuels found. old mine tailings are present in the rocky mountain landscape. agriculture and forestry agriculture and forestry are two major industries. agriculture includes arid land and irrigated farming and livestock grazing. livestock are often moved between high - elevation summer pastures and low - elevation and winter pastures. the sierra nevada and cascade mountain ranges run along the entire pacific coast, acting as a barrier to the humid winds that sweep in from the ocean. the rising topography forces this air upwards, causing moisture to condense and fall in the form of rain on the western slopes of the mountains, with some areas receiving more than 70 inches ( 1. 8 m ) of rainfall per year. as a result, the air has lost much of its moisture and becomes hot and dry when it reaches the areas east of the coastal mountain ranges. these arid conditions are, in some instances, exacerbated in regions of extremely low altitude ( some near or below sea level ) by higher air pressure, resulting in drier conditions and adiabatic heating effects, some of these pocket deserts exist in valleys well north of the canadian border in interior british columbia. what precipitation does fall generally does not last long, lost primarily to evaporation, as well as rapid runoff and efficient water uptake and storage by native vegetation. see also - central america - geographic centers of the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45308362448332723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc1df16a-1706-40a9-a1cd-ceb8b42bd2f3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.355505"}
{"text": "border in interior british columbia. what precipitation does fall generally does not last long, lost primarily to evaporation, as well as rapid runoff and efficient water uptake and storage by native vegetation. see also - central america - geographic centers of the united states - geography of canada - geography of mexico - geography of puerto rico - geography of the united states - mountain peaks of north america - south america - transportation in north america - \" deserts of america \". the golden treasury of knowledge. 4, book 13. fratelli fabbri. 1961. pp. 1008 \u2013 1091. 61 - 10594. - \" geography of north america \". universal world reference encyclopedia. 11, book 1. v. s. thatcher. 1964. pp. 231 \u2013 233. 64 - 12955. - \" geographic guide - images of north america \". retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11. - \" americas \" standard country and area codes classifications ( m49 ), united nations statistics division - \" north america \" atlas of canada - north america atlas national geographic - \" united plates of america \". smithsonian museum of natural history. retrieved on 2009 - 01 - 31. - thompson, andrea ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ). \" oldest rocks on earth found \". msnbc. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - o ' neil, jonathan ; carlson, richard w. ; francis, don ; stevenson, ross k. ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ). \" neodymium - 142 evidence for hadean mafic crust \". science 321 ( 5897 ) : 1828 \u2013 1831. doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1161925. - brahic, catherine ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ). \" discovery of world ' s oldest rocks challenged \". newscientist. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - \" rodinia \" ( 2005 ). pal\u00e6os. retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 01. - jones, steve. \" north america ' s geology and geography \". usa today. retrieved 2006 - 08 - 19. - \" historical & cultural significance \" ( 1995 ). bering land bridge natural preserve. - \" encyclozine - north america \". retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11. - \" elevations and distances in the united states \" ( online edition ). 1995. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05. \" no marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of the 50 states, the conterminous united states, or the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47554890101157465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc1df16a-1706-40a9-a1cd-ceb8b42bd2f3>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.356438"}
{"text": "united states \" ( online edition ). 1995. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05. \" no marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of the 50 states, the conterminous united states, or the north american continent. \" - \" north america climate \". retrieved 2006 - 08 - 19. - \" private tutor \". infoplease. com. 2004 - 04 - 11. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30. - \" fact monster - north america : resources and economy \". retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11. map and aerial photos - north america map - physical map - map of the great lakes - north american map - north america political map - oldest human remains in north america found - t. h. clark and c. w. stearn, the geological evolution of north america ( 1968 ) - w. p. cumming et al., the discovery of north america ( 1972 ) - r. c. west et al., middle america : its lands and peoples ( 3d ed. 1989 ) - t. l. mcknight, regional geography of the united states and canada ( 1992 ) - s. birdsall, regional landscapes of the united states and canada ( 4th rev. ed. 1992 ) - t. flannery, the eternal frontier : an ecological history of north america and its peoples ( 2001 ) - a. taylor, american colonies ( 2001 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41539877165968564, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc1df16a-1706-40a9-a1cd-ceb8b42bd2f3>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.356934"}
{"text": "an ideal is a principle or value that one actively pursues as a goal. ideals are particularly important in ethics, as the order in which one places them tends to determine the degree to which one reveals them as real and sincere. it is the application, in ethics, of a universal. it is roughly similar to the relative intrinsic values. someone who claims to have an ideal of honesty but is willing to lie to protect a friend is demonstrating that not only does he hold friendship as an ideal, but, that it is a more important one than honesty. thus ideals can be seen to be similar to values. however, the - ism of ideals is slightly contrasted with idealism ( which is the doctrine that ideas, or thought, make up either the whole or an indispensable aspect of any full reality, so that a world of material objects containing no thought either could not exist as it is experienced, or would not be fully \" real. \" ) in applied ethics in some theories of applied ethics, such as that of rushworth kidder, there is importance given to such orders as a way to resolve disputes. in law, for instance, a judge is sometimes called on to resolve the balance between the ideal of truth, which would advise hearing out all evidence, and the ideal of fairness. in politics in politics ideals play a pivotal role. during the french revolution, the principles of \" liberty, equality, brotherhood \" were raised to the status of ideals. the ten key values of the green party are likewise raised to such status today. in fact, most political movements have a certain set of ideals. however, in many cases, one can easily find instances where ideals were \" not lived up to \" - some of which are cases where one simply proved to outweigh another for some specific decision, or where all were compromised simply to retain the power to continue to pursue them. idols and heroes a different form of ideal is an idol or hero, who is held up as a moral example. since this is an actual person or fictional character, it is too complex and multi - faceted to be considered an ideal in the abstract sense. however, when they are encountered in the form of a story, with only a few traits on display, they are a simplified archetype from which one can very easily derive stereotypes or mimicry. in islam, for instance, the life of muhammad is held up as \" ideal \", but must be interpreted for believers through the tale of his life, or sira, and his many sayings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5657038275023482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:464c0269-3526-434d-bce9-11d330ab7c5e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.362313"}
{"text": "one can very easily derive stereotypes or mimicry. in islam, for instance, the life of muhammad is held up as \" ideal \", but must be interpreted for believers through the tale of his life, or sira, and his many sayings, the hadith. ideal and virtue given the complexity of putting ideals into practice, and resolving conflicts between them, it is not uncommon to see them reduced to dogma. one way to avoid this, according to bernard crick, is to have ideals that themselves are descriptive of a process, rather than an outcome. his political virtues try to raise the practical habits useful in resolving disputes into ideals of their own. a virtue, in general, is an ideal that one can make a habit. relative ideal in formal axiology, robert s. hartman contended that being ideal means that something is the best member of the set of all things of that class. for example, the ideal student is the best member of the set of all students in exactly the same way that the ideal circle is the best circle that can be imagined of the class of all circles. since we can define the properties that the ideal member of a class should have, the value of any actual object can be empirically determined by comparing it to the ideal. the closer an object ' s actual properties match up to the properties of the ideal, the better the object is. for example, a bumpy circle drawn in the sand is not as \" good \" as a very smooth one drawn with a compass. in the world in general, each particular object ought to become more like its ideal. in ethics, by analogy, each person should attempt to become more of an ideal person, and a person ' s morality can actually be measured by examining how close they live up to their ideal self. see also - rescher, nicholas ( 1987 ). ethical idealism : an inquiry into the nature and function of ideals. berkeley and los angeles, california : university of california press. isbn 0520078888. | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : idealism |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5541176020586333, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:464c0269-3526-434d-bce9-11d330ab7c5e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.363145"}
{"text": "king edward ' s school, birmingham | motto | | dieu et mon droit ( god and my right ) | type | | independent day school | | chief master | | john claughton | | founder | | king edward vi | | location | | edgbaston park road | dfe urn | | 103584 tables | | former pupils | | old edwardians | king edward ' s school ( kes ) is an independent day school for boys in edgbaston, an area of birmingham, england. founded by king edward vi in 1552, it is part of the foundation of the schools of king edward vi in birmingham, and is widely regarded as one of the most academically successful schools in the country, according to various league tables. it was ranked 7th for a - level results and 20th for gcse results, out of all schools in england in 2004. it is a boys ' school, although it shares the site, and is twinned, with king edward vi high school for girls ( kehs ), also one of the most academically successful schools in the uk. whilst the two schools are run completely separately, dramatic arts, societies, music and other events are often shared. the foundation was created on 2 january 1552 by royal charter of king edward vi together with \u00a320 per annum returned by the crown for educational purposes. five years earlier in 1547 the act of suppression, part of the wider dissolution of the monasteries, provided for the confiscation of all assets of religious guilds except an amount of land with an annual income of \u00a321 ( two thirds of the original lands ) if the guild supported a school. the guild of the holy cross in birmingham had no school, but persuaded the earl of northumberland ( also the lord of the manor of birmingham ) to release the land for the creation of a school. the charter of the free grammer schole of king edward vi was issued on 2 january 1552, and the school came into being in the former guild building on new street. by the 1680s there were neer 200 boys in the school and a petty school ( a feeder school ) had been established by the foundation. the affairs of the school in the early part of the 18th century were dominated by a quarrel between a governor and the headmaster, but this notwithstanding, a new georgian inspired building was built on the new street site between 1731 and 1734. in the latter part of the 18th century four separate elementary schools and a girls ' school were set up by the foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3980851661940195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.382602"}
{"text": "a governor and the headmaster, but this notwithstanding, a new georgian inspired building was built on the new street site between 1731 and 1734. in the latter part of the 18th century four separate elementary schools and a girls ' school were set up by the foundation of the schools of king edward vi. the school remained relatively stagnant after this until francis jeune was appointed headmaster in 1835. he erected a new building on the same site, in the gothic style of architecture. this was designed by charles barry, who employed augustus welby northmore pugin for aspects of the interior design, generally held to be big school and, less certainly, the decorative battlements. ( barry, again employing pugin, subsequently designed the present palace of westminster ). from within this new landmark building came several changes in the curriculum and ethos of the school. sports became an important feature, through games afternoons, and the dominance of classics was lessened by the introduction of mathematics and science. by 1936 the old building on new street had become a fire risk, and plans were made by the governors and the then headmaster, edwin thirlwall england, to move to a new site at edgbaston park road / bristol road, in edgbaston, along with the girls ' school. ironically, the temporary buildings erected on the new site in 1936 burnt down. the school was forced to move, if only for a short time, to the university of birmingham ' s great hall and surrounding buildings until new temporary buildings could be erected. the move was complicated by the outbreak of the second world war, and the subsequent evacuation of the pupils to repton school for a short period. by 1940 enough of the new buildings designed by holland w. hobbiss had been built for the school to begin lessons. in 1945 the schools became direct grant grammar schools, which meant that the governors had to relinquish some control over the running of the school. the schools were finally completed around 1948, although the 1950s saw a period of expansion under the chief master ronald g. lunt, appointed 1952, including the construction of a swimming pool and the building of a chapel from a specially salvaged portion of the upper corridor of the new street building. in 1976 the two schools became, once again, independent schools, due to the termination of the direct grant scheme by the then prime minister harold wilson. the school remains independent and is still on the edgbaston site. school buildings the chapel the chapel, a grade ii * listed building, was originally part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4382594271973045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.383568"}
{"text": "due to the termination of the direct grant scheme by the then prime minister harold wilson. the school remains independent and is still on the edgbaston site. school buildings the chapel the chapel, a grade ii * listed building, was originally part of the upper corridor of the 1838 new street school ( built by charles barry ). it was moved brick by brick to edgbaston ( 1938 \u2013 1940 ) by holland w hobbis, and renovated and rebuilt in the 1950s. the chapel is used for services every wednesday morning, when the eucharist is celebrated by the school chaplain. another glory of the school, the great desk of the headmaster, with ' sapientia ' inscribed over it \" survives from barry ' s new street school, and is still in daily use in big school. this too is generally thought to be the work of pugin. the school buildings have been used in several film and television productions. they were used in the 1986 film clockwise, starring john cleese, supposedly as the university of east anglia. the school featured briefly in the 2006 ray winstone channel 4 tv film all in the game. the school has also been used in several episodes of the bbc medical drama doctors. the school grounds were used in 2000 to film a feature on the mazda mx - 5 sports car for clarkson ' s car years, presented by jeremy clarkson, against a background of boys in the shells playing rugby on a rainy day. school structure unlike state secondary schools and in common with many independent schools, king edward ' s does not use modern year group names habitually, e. g. year 11, year 12, etc. the table below attempts to clarify the names of forms used for the different years : | name of form | | year | | upper middles ( ums ) | | 9 | | fourths ( ivs ) | | 10 | | first year of gcse study | | fifths ( vths ) | | 11 | | second year of gcse study | | divisions ( divs ) | | 12 | | first year of ib study | | sixths ( vis ) | | 13 | | final year of ib study | the house system | cary gilson | | cg | | light blue | | robert cary gilson | | gifford | | g | | purple | | edwin hamilton gifford | | prince lee | | pl | | pink | | james prince lee | | vardy | | v | | dark blue | | albert vardy | king edward ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44045829584148266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.384519"}
{"text": "| | gifford | | g | | purple | | edwin hamilton gifford | | prince lee | | pl | | pink | | james prince lee | | vardy | | v | | dark blue | | albert vardy | king edward ' s has a house system, instigated in 1902 by the then headmaster, robert cary gilson. originally, there were four houses, using the colours blue, green, red and yellow, but the houses were known simply by the name of the housemaster at any one time ( \" mr soandso ' s house \" ), involving a change of name whenever the housemaster changed. in 1951 the number of houses was enlarged to eight, and it was decided that they should have permanent names. six were called after former headmasters, and two after assistant masters ( rawdon levett and c. h. heath ). the colours of each house are shown on this table, though that for levett was formerly brown. the houses compete against one another every year to win the cock house trophy. there are many events that boys take part in and get points for. these points are totalled up at the end of the year, and the house with the most points is declared the cock house champion. each house has a distinctive set of ' colours ', which are awarded to students for merit and commitment in representing the house in house matches. each house also has its own ' house tie ', the tie ' s pattern comprising stripes of the house colour on a black background. some houses award it for subjective merit, while others use a points system to award the tie. only boys in the fourths and above may wear a house tie. the most successful house on record is gifford, with 11 cock house trophy wins in 32 years, their most recent win being in 2009. the longest ever run of victories is 6 years in a row, achieved by heath house 1998 \u2013 2004. in reporting sport events the house names are often shortened to one or two letters, as indicated above. extracurricular activities there are two main sports at kes ; rugby in the winter and cricket in the summer. hockey is available as an option from first year ( shells ) onwards. in the first and second years ( shells and removes ), there are up to six fully coached rugby teams, but from the third year there are only three. other boys practise hockey, basketball, fencing, swimming and other sports. on rare occasions, where boys are especially talented in several fields, they play those sports they excel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44319737764892875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.385475"}
{"text": "fully coached rugby teams, but from the third year there are only three. other boys practise hockey, basketball, fencing, swimming and other sports. on rare occasions, where boys are especially talented in several fields, they play those sports they excel in, as well as their chosen sport. the rugby match against kes ' s main rival, bromsgrove school, is the highlight of the rugby season, has been played annually since 1875, and is the oldest annual schools fixture in england. kes is also a keen rival of solihull school and warwick school, both fixtures dating back a hundred or more years. the school runs a rugby tour to a major rugby - playing country every two years, the tour being open only to the 1st and 2nd teams of that year. water polo is the most successful sport at king edward ' s. the team has won the english schools under - 19 water polo competition in 2002 and 2008, the latter win being accompanied by the warwickshire cup, making the most successful season in recent times. numerous players have been called to the city of birmingham youth squad and english schools water polo teams. the house system encourages participation in sport outside the weekly sports sessions. with autumn and winter competitions in rugby, hockey, tennis etc., pupils have the opportunity to participate in team competitions. in the summer, house activities such as the school ' s athletics competition, cross country races and house swimming allow further sporting pursuits. the school makes use of its extensive sporting facilities, which include a swimming pool, astroturf pitches ( shared with kehs ), tennis courts, numerous rugby and cricket pitches ( including additional training areas ), an athletics track, a sports hall, squash courts and eton fives courts. the school also competes in national competitions of a more intellectual nature including chess, general challenges and debating. although association football is not played as a sport in the school, the astroturf pitches, school parade ground and chapel wall are used by boys at lunchtime for \" parade ground football \". music and drama there is a separate building on site housing the music department, with facilities including a recital / rehearsal auditorium and a computer laboratory equipped with keyboard input. in addition, the school supports two full orchestras ( in association with king edward ' s high school for girls ), conducted by peter bridle, mbe, the more advanced of which has performed such works as dvorak ' s symphony no. 9, \" from the new world \". there are also two wind / brass ensembles in association with kehs,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45244938804694257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.386438"}
{"text": "conducted by peter bridle, mbe, the more advanced of which has performed such works as dvorak ' s symphony no. 9, \" from the new world \". there are also two wind / brass ensembles in association with kehs, and the senior members of both schools can join the choral society, a choir of 80 - 100 people which has sung such works as carl orff ' s carmina burana and leonard bernstein ' s chichester psalms. kes also has its own choir, which sings at the founder ' s day prizegiving, the christmas carol service held in st. philip ' s cathedral in the centre of birmingham, and at the christmas and summer concerts. the school holds four concerts every year : two at the adrian boult hall, one at the town hall and one at the symphony hall, birmingham. the drama society at kes / kehs performs a junior play, senior play or musical, and syndicate play ( organised solely by pupils ) and participates in the shakespeare schools festival ( for pupils in the fourths and fifths ). in 2011, the senior production was les miserables and the junior production 13 mathering end, which was written by the cast. most recently, in 2012 the school built a new performing arts cente, hosting a grand hall, a drama studio and many practice rooms. commisioned by sir paul ruddock, the facility was officially opened by the rt hon michael gove on the 13th of april, 2012. visits and expeditions in the shells boys take part in a three - day camping trip in staffordshire, cooking their own evening meals. in the removes each form has a five - day youth hostel visit in the lake district or snowdonia. this is alongside individual department field trips, such as annual geography, history and biology field trips along with exchanges with foreign students. there are also a few hill - walking, caving and climbing trips for boys in the lower years. the annual expeditions programme includes cycle tours, visits to jordan, ardeche adventure weeks in france, ski and snow - shoeing trips, and visits to normandy and the bay of naples. the school has operated annual cycle tours since 1995. past tours have included sustrans routes such as the coast to coast and hull to felixstowe. the school has toured on three occasions from land ' s end to john o ' groats. cycle tours abroad include the kingfisher trail in ireland, a tour in normandy, the golden circle in the netherlands, and most recently from dunkerque in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46363323613021146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.387678"}
{"text": "has toured on three occasions from land ' s end to john o ' groats. cycle tours abroad include the kingfisher trail in ireland, a tour in normandy, the golden circle in the netherlands, and most recently from dunkerque in france to ijmuiden in the netherlands. ccf and duke of edinburgh ' s award king edward ' s school has had a combined cadet force ( ccf ) since 1906 ( originally officers training corps, then junior training corps, 1940 \u2013 48 ) ; it is a voluntary organisation. the ccf comprises three sections : the royal navy section, the army section, and the royal air force section. the ccf conduct their training on friday afternoons, and expeditions take place throughout the year. the rn section is currently affiliated to hms daring, along with several other organisations in the midlands. the raf section is currently affiliated with no. 8 air experience flight which is based at raf cosford. the contingent is part of 143 west midlands brigade, and the contingent are represented at the brigade competitions by members of all three sections. in 2006 the contingent won all the matches at the ccf skill at arms competition, the military skills competition and various first aid titles. the ccf is closely linked with the duke of edinburgh ' s award scheme within the school. in 2006 kes ccf celebrated its centenary review ; the inspecting officer was the then second sea lord, vice admiral adrian johns. previously, the school operated the duke of edinburgh ' s award at bronze, silver and gold level ; since september 2012, only the gold award is offered and only for senior students. instead the school holds their own awards scheme - the kes expeditions award. clubs and societies there is a range of around 40 groups, clubs and societies at the school, including : the agora society ( philosophy ), the parliamentary society ( politics ), greek reading, the graphic universe ( sci - fi appreciation ), warhammer society, living history re - enactment, junior and senior debating societies, literary society, dramatic society, amnesty international society, classic film society, bollywood society, programming society, model railway society, classic rock society, scientific society, book club and archery. there are also several school choirs and a string orchestra. the mentoring society, with the aim of helping students in their studies, runs weekly under the supervision of the learning support co - ordinator. boys can also compete in the schools challenge competition, with king edward ' s having won the national competition in 2011. king edward ' s has flourishing debating teams which participate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43969182934182016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.388783"}
{"text": "studies, runs weekly under the supervision of the learning support co - ordinator. boys can also compete in the schools challenge competition, with king edward ' s having won the national competition in 2011. king edward ' s has flourishing debating teams which participate in competitive tournaments at venues like the oxford, cambridge and durham unions. it was the first ( and so far only ) school to retain the cambridge union schools ' debating title ( 2000 and 2001 ). historical re - enactment one of the school ' s smaller and most unusual societies is the living history group. it is made up of some thirty boys and girls from the king edward ' s foundation, led by several members of staff. it is the only school - based re - enactment of its kind in the country. the group focuses on presenting life around the years 1392 and 1552, the former being the date of the foundation of the gild of the holy cross from which the school was founded in 1552. it presents aspects of civilian life as well as military skills. archery is a core skill in the group but swordsmanship and drill are also practised. as a civilian group they represent an english woollen or spice merchant ' s household. a few years ago, the group has designed a portable counterweight powered trebuchet, one of only two in the country. the group is well known throughout england ' s ' re - enactor network ', and participates in many well established public events a year as well as numerous educational events in other schools, normally local to or in birmingham. in addition, the group have travelled to denmark in 2008 and 2010 to participate in the activities at the danish middle ages centre and plan to return again in the next few years. school songs - king edward ' s school song - written by alfred hayes, o. e. ( 1857 \u2013 1936 ) ; composed by a. somervell and first sung by jerome o ' neill in 1937. - a rousing song, sung mainly at the end of term, usually with high - spirited boys placing particular emphasis on the line \" some to failure, some to fame! \". king edward ' s school song where the iron heart of england throbs beneath its sombre robe, stands a school whose sons have made her great and famous round the globe, these have plucked the bays of battle, those have won the scholar ' s crown ; old edwardians, young edwardians, forward for the school ' s renown. forward where the knocks are hardest, some to failure, some to fame ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43035851936114855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.389880"}
{"text": ", these have plucked the bays of battle, those have won the scholar ' s crown ; old edwardians, young edwardians, forward for the school ' s renown. forward where the knocks are hardest, some to failure, some to fame ; never mind the cheers or hooting, keep your head and play the game. here ' s no place for fop or idler ; they who made our city great feared no hardship, shirked no labour, smiled at death and conquered fate ; they who gave our school its laurels laid on us a sacred trust ; forward therefore, live your hardest, die of service, not of rust. here no classic grove secludes us, here abides no cloistered calm ; not the titled, nor the stranger, wrestles here to gain the palm ; round our smoke - encrusted precincts labour ' s turbid river runs ; builders of this burly city temper here their strenuous sons. forward where the scrimmage thickens ; never stop to rub your shin ; cowards count the kicks and ha ' pence, only care to save their skin. oftentimes defeat is splendid, victory may still be shame ; luck is good, the prize is pleasant but the glory ' s in the game. - the quatercentenary song - written in latin by roger dunt ( 1900 \u2013 63 ), senior classics master ; composed by dr. willis grant ( 1907 \u2013 81 ), music master - sung at founder ' s day, the annual commemoration in october of king edward ' s birthday, and at the school ' s speech day. it is also sung at various other award ceremonies. an extra verse was written for the visit of hm queen elizabeth ii on 3 november 1955 ( replacing a visit planned for the quatercentenary year 1952 by his late majesty, king george vi ). king edward \u2019 s in modern literature in the mid - 20th century the school produced two authors who used their time at school as the basis for autobiographical work. both had close associations with north worcestershire and the south - western areas of birmingham, and these associations are reflected in their work. david rudkin ' s tv film penda ' s fen alludes frequently to aspects of school life in the early 1950s. this includes dwelling on the chief master \u2019 s rostrum \u201c sapientia \u201d ( see above ) and the direct use of some personal surnames of staff and pupils from that period. scenes involving the combined cadet force, a central theme in the film", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43908062728056757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.390810"}
{"text": "includes dwelling on the chief master \u2019 s rostrum \u201c sapientia \u201d ( see above ) and the direct use of some personal surnames of staff and pupils from that period. scenes involving the combined cadet force, a central theme in the film, recreate the atmosphere of the school at that time. rudkin ( oe c1947 - 1954 ) has published ambivalent views of his time at the school. jonathan coe \u2019 s novel the rotters ' club can be said to have an axis along the bristol road from the city out to cofton park via the longbridge car factory of the 1970s. again, specific references clearly identify king edward \u2019 s, thinly disguised this time as \u2018 king william \u2019 s \u2019. coe ( oe c1972 - 1979 ) has said that he has set out to geographically identify birmingham as a specific place, something which he claims is never done in english literature for places other than london. notable old edwardians - harry boot, physicist, co - developer of the cavity magnetron. - richard ewen borcherds, mathematician ; winner of the 1998 fields medal for the proof of the monstrous moonshine conjecture. - henry cary, translator of dante. - john hawthorne, philosopher, waynflete professor of metaphysical philosophy at oxford university. - alfred hazel, principal of jesus college, oxford. - frank horton frs professor of physics at royal holloway college and vice - chancellor of the university of london 1939 - 45 - alfred edward housman, classicist and poet. author of a shropshire lad and holder of kennedy professorship of latin at cambridge university. - alfred radcliffe - brown, social anthropologist. - julian roberts, librarian and bibliographer. - j. r. r. tolkien, merton professor of english language and literature ; author of the lord of the rings and the hobbit. - sir john vane, 1982 nobel laureate in physiology or medicine. - maurice wilkins, 1962 nobel laureate in physiology or medicine. - ernest william barnes, mathematician ; fellow of the royal society, bishop of birmingham, 1924 \u2013 1952 - edward white benson, theologian ; archbishop of canterbury, 1882 \u2013 1896 - ivor colin docker, 2nd bishop of horsham, 1975 \u2013 1991 - joseph barber lightfoot, theologian ; bishop of durham, 1879 \u2013 1889 - brooke foss westcott, theologian ; bishop of durham, 1890 \u2013 1901 the arts - rich batsford, musician - sir edward burne - jones, pre - raphaelite painter - lee child, novelist,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4594102569226294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.391780"}
{"text": "bishop of durham, 1879 \u2013 1889 - brooke foss westcott, theologian ; bishop of durham, 1890 \u2013 1901 the arts - rich batsford, musician - sir edward burne - jones, pre - raphaelite painter - lee child, novelist, author of the popular \" jack reacher \" series - jonathan coe, novelist, ( one novel, the rotters ' club, was based on his time at kes ) - laurence james, author, science fiction novelist of the deathlands series. - gavin lyall, author of espionage thrillers - h. v. morton, journalist and travel writer - james david rudkin, playwright - kenneth tynan, theatre critic and writer - max carlish, documentarist ; bafta winner - robin duval, film censor - dave haslam, hacienda dj during the ' madchester ' years - mr hudson, musician - david munrow, musician - stanley myers, composer, most famous for the deer hunter theme, and other film scores. - bill oddie, obe, television birdwatcher, former goodie - richard wattis, actor - godfrey winn, journalist known as a columnist, and also a writer and actor. - peter bennett mp ( conservative ) for birmingham, edgbaston, 1st baron bennett of edgbaston - sir alfred bird mp ( conservative ) for wolverhampton west, custard manufacturer - william john gunnell mp ( labour ) for morley & leeds south ; morley & rothwell ; conscientious objector - sir alan haselhurst mp ( conservative ) for saffron walden ; deputy speaker - john hemming mp ( liberal democrat ) for birmingham yardley - sir alfred hickman mp ( conservative ) for wolverhampton west - enoch powell mp ( conservative ) and ulster unionist party - david willetts mp ( conservative ) for havant - aidan burley mp ( conservative ) for cannock chase - sir neville bosworth, conservative leader of birmingham city council - vikram banerjee, first class cricket, ( cambridge university, gloucestershire ) - miles benjamin, professional rugby player for worcester warriors - john claughton, first class cricket, ( oxford university ( captain ) ), warwickshire ccc ) - anurag singh, first class cricket, cambridge university captain ( 1997 and 1998 ), warwickshire, worcestershire and nottinghamshire - alan smith, england test cricketer ( england, warwickshire and oxford university ), first ceo of the test and county cricket board ( tccb ) now known as the ecb. - mark wagh, first class cricket", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4075347418541335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.393409"}
{"text": ", warwickshire, worcestershire and nottinghamshire - alan smith, england test cricketer ( england, warwickshire and oxford university ), first ceo of the test and county cricket board ( tccb ) now known as the ecb. - mark wagh, first class cricket \u2014 oxford university captain ( 1997 ), warwickshire - ossie wheatley, first class cricket ( cambridge university, warwickshire and glamorgan ), former test selecter and chairman of the tccb. - niels de vos, chief executive, uk athletics - hugh alexander, chess player and codebreaker. - charles freer andrews, disciple of, and advocate for, mohandas gandhi - herbert tudor buckland, arts and crafts architect, b. 1869, d. 1951 - j. a. chatwin, architect of many churches and buildings in birmingham - sir colin figures, head of mi6 - john augustus conolly, crimean war lieutenant colonel, won the victoria cross at sevastopol, only winner of the vc from the school - francis galton, victorian polymath - john henry godfrey, admiral - robert furneaux jordan, architect and detective novelist - edmund \" evoe \" george valpy knox, editor of punch - denis hills, soldier, adventurer. - alan nunn may physicist and traitor who supplied atom secrets to the soviet union - tony miles, first british - born chess grandmaster. - percival perry, 1st baron perry, first chairman of ford of britain - ian plenderleith, deputy governor of the south african federal reserve ; member of bank of england ' s monetary policy committee. - sir peter singer, high court judge - william slim, 1st viscount slim, world war ii field marshal, commander of the successful burma campaign against the japanese - mark steyn, internationally syndicated columnist chief masters - 1561 - 1583 thomas buther - 1583 - 1599 william woodall - 1599 - 1637 richard billingsley - 1640 - 1645 john barton - 1645 - 1649 john thompson - 1654 - 1685 nathaniel brokesby - 1685 - 1692 john hickes - 1693 - 1722 james parkinson - 1722 - 1726 john hausted - 1726 - 1746 edward mainwaring - 1746 - 1759 john wilkinson - 1759 - 1766 thomas green - 1766 - 1775 john brailsford - 1776 - 1797 thomas price - 1797 - 1834 john cooke - 1834 - 1838 francis jeune - 1836 - 1848 james prince lee - 1848 - 1862 edward hamilton gifford - 1862 - 1872 charles evans - 1872 - 1900 albert richard vardy - 1900 - 1929 robert cary gilson - 1929 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47042307568121045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.394391"}
{"text": "- 1834 john cooke - 1834 - 1838 francis jeune - 1836 - 1848 james prince lee - 1848 - 1862 edward hamilton gifford - 1862 - 1872 charles evans - 1872 - 1900 albert richard vardy - 1900 - 1929 robert cary gilson - 1929 - 1941 edwin thirlwall england - 1942 - 1948 charles richard morris - 1948 - 1952 thomas edward brodie howarth - 1952 - 1974 ronald geoffrey lunt - 1974 - 1982 francis george robson fisher - 1982 - 1991 martin j. w. rogers - 1991 - 1998 hugh wright - 1998 - 2005 roger dancey - 2006 \u2013 john claughton - \" education league tables secopndary schools \". bbc. retrieved 09 - 07 - 2007. - trott, pictoral history of school, a brief history ( chapter 1 ) - king edward ' s school birmingham 1552 - 1952, t w hutton ( 1952 ) ; blackwell, oxford - no place for fop or idler p. 79 - 91 - no place... chap 8, p. 92 - 103 - no place... p. 109 - 114 - no place... p. 121 - \" kes website \". king edwards school. retrieved 10 - 07 - 2007. - kes. interaweb. com international baccalaureate - venn, j. ; venn, j. a., eds. ( 1922 \u2013 1958 ). \" levett, rawdon \". alumni cantabrigienses ( 10 vols ) ( online ed. ). cambridge university press. - king edward ' s school birmingham ( 1964 ) basil blackwell, oxford - thomas winter hutton, king edward ' s school, birmingham, 1552 - 1952, blackwell, 1952. p. 148 \" the first bromsgrove game was in 1875, and 121 games have been played \u2014 two in a season at one period. \" - \" hms daring \u2014 affiliations \". royal navy. retrieved 2007 - 11 - 20. - the old edwardians gazette, december 2005 - waterhouse, rachel ( 1983 ). king edward high school birmingham 1883 - 1983. - trott, anthony ( 1992 ). no place for fop or idler ; the story of king edward ' s school, birmingham. james and james ( publishing ) ltd. isbn 0 - 907383 - 31 - 9. - trott, tony ( 2007 ). images of england : king edward ' s school birmingham. tempus publishing ltd. isbn 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2448 - 4. - king", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3941887470265748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bef5132-3042-49c4-8e70-7e7f3b2b4f3e>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.395375"}
{"text": "| | this article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. ( march 2012 ) | | | this article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. ( march 2012 ) | soffit ( from french soffite, formed as a ceiling ; directly from suffictus for suffixus, latin suffigere, to fix underneath ), in architecture, describes the underside of any construction element. examples of soffits include : - the underside of an arch or architrave ( whether supported by piers or columns ), - the underside of a flight of stairs, under the classical entablature, - the underside of a projecting cornice, or side of chimney - the underside of a ceiling to fill the space above the kitchen cabinets, at the corner of the ceiling and wall, - the exposed undersurface of any exterior overhanging section of a roof eave. - the wall into which loudspeakers are mounted in a recording studio. - a drop - down box used to mount a kitchen ventilation hood under a sloped or high ceiling. in popular use, soffit most often refers to the material forming a ceiling from the top of an exterior house wall to the outer edge of the roof, i. e., bridging the gap between a home ' s siding and the roofline, otherwise known as the eaves. when so constructed, the soffit material is typically screwed or nailed to rafters known as lookout rafters or lookouts for short. soffit exposure profile ( from wall to fascia ) on a building ' s exterior can vary from a few centimetres ( 2 - 3 inches ) to 3 feet or more, depending on construction. it can be non - ventilated or ventilated for cooling non livable attic space. in recording studios, historically, monitor speakers were either soffit mounted, i. e. attached to the wall, tight to the underside of the ceiling, or free standing. mounted to the ceiling, the speaker radiates into quarter - space ( \u03c0 / 2 steradians ), and so achieves greater efficiency than its free - standing equivalent. the nomenclature has since been habitually used to denote any arrangement where the loudspeaker radiates into less than full space, most notably including flush mounting the speaker into a false wall constructed specifically for the purpose, to radiate into half - space ( \u03c0 steradians ). the term", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5239356044671594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92939fb0-2617-4b44-8383-74b4b6a5690c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.398985"}
{"text": "i was always taught that one of the primary uses of a comma is for when you ' re divvying up unnecessary parts of sentences ( i ' ll just go ahead and assume that was right ). so, when i ' m constructing sentences i will read the sentence without the sections that have been sectioned off by commas and, if it makes sense, i will proceed on to the next sentence. one thing i have noticed, though, ( particularly with the word \" but \" ) is that people tend to construct certain sentences like this : \" i ' m not particularly one for this type of music, but i love this song. \" now, in this case, the first part of the sentence is the unnecessary part. so, without the first part, it would read : \" but i love this song. \" this obvious makes no sense, as it is out of context and was not a reply to anything. were it me, i would have constructed it like this : \" i ' m not particularly one for this type of music but, i love this song. \" this way, without the first part it would read \" i love this song. \" which, obviously, makes more sense. so, which way of constructing the sentence is \" right \"?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47102188613038487, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a34347d-4d92-4ce2-870c-6a6d444fc8cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.400176"}
{"text": "a study of the relationship between students ' teachers ' and principals ' perceptions of effective teaching with today ' s emphasis on excellence, accountability and effectiveness, there have been numerous studies, not only on how to excel but also on how to measure effectiveness. education like other businesses has its fair share of criticism, and its scholars have sought the causes and made recommendations to improve the state of our schools today. yet, there is one area where very little investigation has been done, and that is in acquiring formally the perceptions and opinions of the elementary and middle school students about effective teaching. the students, by being the actual recipients of classroom interaction, should be as able to perceive teacher effectiveness as outside observers, yet rarely are their assessments sought. a reason cited for this lack of involvement has been the reliability of students ' perceptions. the thrust of this investigation was to address the accuracy of students ' perceptions on teacher effectiveness. using an instrument entitled our class and its work, data were collected from 40 teachers, 7 principals, and 332 students, enrolled in public and private metropolitan milwaukee schools from grades 3 through 8. to some extent the students population represented various race / ethnic groupings. the instrument measures teaching behaviors related to student learning. an extension to the instrument was made by the investigator to measure communication, content and the integrity of the teacher, aspects which ernest boyer ( 1985 ) projected as necessary for effective teaching. the results of the study yielded a significant difference in perceptions of students and those of teachers and principals on aspects of communication and teaching behaviors. however, no differences were found between the three groups on one dimension of teaching behaviors, task orientation. significant differences were also found between students ' and teachers ' perceptions on content and integrity. students, however, did not differ among themselves either by gender nor by race / ethnic groups. the only aspect where a slight discrepancy was found was between grade levels on integrity. the four aspects of effective teaching, as identified by boyer, did not predict students ' reading achievement. jennifer carol mendez, \" a study of the relationship between students ' teachers ' and principals ' perceptions of effective teaching \" ( january 1, 1986 ). dissertations ( 1962 - 2010 ) access via proquest digital dissertations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5067072874188568, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b489a33-4723-4c26-9546-8eae0047aa0a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.404364"}
{"text": "- titter ( v. ) - 1610s, \" giggle in a suppressed or covert way, \" probably of imitative origin. related : tittered ; tittering. the noun is first recorded 1728. - titties ( n. ) - 1746 ( plural ) ; see tit ( n. 1 ) + - ie. - tittle ( n. ) - late 14c., \" small stroke or point in writing, \" representing latin apex in late latin sense of \" accent mark over a vowel, \" borrowed ( perhaps by influence of provencal titule \" the dot over - i - \" ) from latin titulus \" inscription, heading \" ( see title ( n. ) ). - titular ( adj. ) - 1590s, perhaps by influence of middle french titulaire, from latin titulus ( see title ). - tix ( n. ) - short for tickets, by 1947, originally headlinese. - tizzy ( n. ) - 1935, american english colloquial, of uncertain origin, perhaps related to slang tizzy \" sixpence piece \" ( 1804 ), a corruption of tester, a name for the coin ( see tester ( n. 2 ) ). - by 1953 as an abbreviation of tender loving care. - indian group in alaska and canada, the people ' s word for themselves, literally \" human beings. \" - 1570s, from greek tmesis \" a cutting, \" related to temnein \" to cut, \" tome \" a cutting \" ( see tome ). the separation of the elements of a compound word by the interposition of another word or words ( e. g. a whole nother ). - 1915, abbreviation of trinitrotoluene ( 1908 ). - to ( prep. ) - old english to \" in the direction of, for the purpose of, furthermore, \" from west germanic * to ( cf. old saxon and old frisian to, dutch too, old high german zuo, german zu \" to \" ), from pie pronomial base * do - \" to, toward, upward \" ( cf. latin donec \" as long as, \" old church slavonic do \" as far as, to, \" greek suffix - de \" to, toward, \" old irish do, lithuanian da - ). in old english, the preposition ( go to town ) leveled with the adverb ( the door slammed to ) except where the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4630284571445431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70d2145d-a237-4c35-978c-178b60901c86>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.416189"}
{"text": ", to, \" greek suffix - de \" to, toward, \" old irish do, lithuanian da - ). in old english, the preposition ( go to town ) leveled with the adverb ( the door slammed to ) except where the adverb retained its stress ( tired and hungry too ) ; there it came to be written with - oo ( see too ). the nearly universal use of to with infinitives ( to sleep, to dream, etc. ) arose in middle english out of the old english dative use of to, and it helped drive out the old english inflectional endings ( though in this use to itself is a mere sign, without meaning ). commonly used as a prefix in middle english ( to - hear \" listen to, \" etc. ), but few of these survive ( to - do, together, and time references such as today, tonight, tomorrow - - chaucer also has to - yeere ). to and fro \" side to side \" is attested from mid - 14c. phrase what ' s it to you \" how does that concern you? \" goes back a long way : hu\u00e6d is \u00f0ec \u00f0\u00e6s? [ john xxi : 22, in lindisfarne gospel, c. 950 ] - particle expressing separation, from west germanic * ti - ( cf. old frisian ti -, old high german zi -, german zer - ), from proto - germanic * tiz -, cognate with latin - derived dis -. some 125 compound verbs with this element are recorded in old english ; their number declined rapidly in middle english and disappeared by c. 1500 except as conscious archaisms. - to - do ( n. ) - 1570s, from the verb phrase to do, from old english to don \" proper or necessary to be done \" ( see to ). meaning \" disturbance, fuss \" is first recorded 1827. - toad ( n. ) - old english tadige, tadie, of unknown origin and with no known cognates outside english. - toadstone ( n. ) - \" stone or stone - like object, supposedly magical ( with healing or protective power ) and found in the heads of certain toads, \" is attested from 1550s, from toad + stone ( n. ). translating greek batrakhites, medieval latin bufonites ; cf. also french crapaudine ( 13c. ), german krotenstein. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5090762103175019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70d2145d-a237-4c35-978c-178b60901c86>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.417125"}
{"text": ", \" is attested from 1550s, from toad + stone ( n. ). translating greek batrakhites, medieval latin bufonites ; cf. also french crapaudine ( 13c. ), german krotenstein. - toadstool ( n. ) - late 14c., apparently just what it looks like : a fanciful name from middle english tadde \" toad \" ( see toad ) + stole \" stool \" ( see stool ). toads themselves were regarded as highly poisonous, and this word is popularly restricted to inedible or poisonous fungi, as opposed to mushrooms ( e. g. toad - cheese, a poisonous fungi ). - toady ( n. ) - \" servile parasite, \" 1826, apparently shortened from toad - eater \" fawning flatterer \" ( 1742 ), originally referring to the assistant of a charlatan, who ate a toad ( believed to be poisonous ) to enable his master to display his skill in expelling the poison ( 1620s ). the verb is recorded from 1827. related : toadied ; toadying. - toast ( v. 1 ) - \" to brown with heat, \" late 14c., from old french toster \" to toast or grill \" ( 12c. ), from vulgar latin * tostare ( source of italian tostare, spanish tostar ), frequentative of latin torrere ( past participle tostus ) \" to parch \" ( see terrain ). related : toasted ; toasting. - toast ( v. 2 ) - \" to propose or drink a toast, \" 1700, from toast ( n. 1 ). this probably is the source of the jamaican and u. s. black word meaning \" extemporaneous narrative poem or rap \" ( 1962 ). related : toasted ; toasting. - toast ( n. 1 ) - \" a call to drink to someone ' s health, \" 1700 ( but said by steele, 1709, to date to the reign of charles ii ), originally referring to the beautiful or popular woman whose health is proposed and drunk, from the use of spiced toast ( n. 2 ) to flavor drink, the lady regarded as figuratively adding piquancy to the wine in which her health was drunk. - toast ( n. 2 ) - \" a toasted piece of bread, \" early 15c., from toast ( v. 1 ) ; slang meaning \" a goner, person or thing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47848008968964423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70d2145d-a237-4c35-978c-178b60901c86>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.418049"}
{"text": "to the wine in which her health was drunk. - toast ( n. 2 ) - \" a toasted piece of bread, \" early 15c., from toast ( v. 1 ) ; slang meaning \" a goner, person or thing already doomed or destroyed \" is recorded by 1987, perhaps from notion of computer circuits being \" fried, \" and with unconscious echoes of earlier figurative phrase to be had on toast ( 1886 ) \" to be served up for eating. \" - toaster ( n. ) - 1580s, agent noun from toast ( v. 1 ). electrical type is from 1913. in reference to a person who proposes or pledges a drinking toast, from 1704 ( from toast ( v. 2 ) ). - toasty ( adj. ) - \" warm and comfortable, \" 1890, from toast ( v. 1 ) + - y ( 2 ). related : toastiness. - tobacco ( n. ) - 1580s, from spanish tabaco, in part from an arawakan ( probably taino ) language of the caribbean, said to mean \" a roll of tobacco leaves \" ( according to las casas, 1552 ) or \" a kind of pipe for smoking tobacco \" ( according to oviedo, 1535 ). scholars of caribbean languages lean toward las casas ' explanation. but spanish tabaco ( also italian tabacco ) was a name of medicinal herbs from early 15c., from arabic tabbaq, attested since 9c. as the name of various herbs. so the word may be a european one transferred to an american plant. cultivation in france began 1556 with an importation of seed by andre thevet ; introduced in spain 1558 by francisco fernandes. tobacco road as a mythical place representative of rural southern u. s. poverty is from the title of erskine caldwell ' s 1932 novel. - tobacconist ( n. ) - \" dealer in tobacco, \" 1650s, from tobacco + - ist + abnormal inserted consonant ; earlier meaning was \" person addicted to tobacco \" ( 1590s ). - masc. proper name, from late latin tobias, from greek tobias, from hebrew tobhiyyah, literally \" the lord is my good, \" from hebrew tobh \" good. \" toby is a short form. - toboggan ( n. ) - \" long, flat - bottomed sled, \" 1829, from canadian french tabagane, from algonquian ( probably micmac ) tobakun \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4993649854233829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70d2145d-a237-4c35-978c-178b60901c86>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.418932"}
{"text": "is a short form. - toboggan ( n. ) - \" long, flat - bottomed sled, \" 1829, from canadian french tabagane, from algonquian ( probably micmac ) tobakun \" a sled. \" the verb is recorded from 1846. as american english colloquial for a type of long woolen cap, it is recorded from 1929 ( earlier toboggan cap, 1928 ), presumably because one wore such a cap while tobogganing. - familiar form of masc. proper name tobias, in various colloquial usages, e. g. \" jug \" ( 1840 ), \" drinking mug in the form of a stout old man ; \" as a type of collar ( 1882 ) it refers to that worn by the dog toby in the 19c. punch and judy shows. also in toby show ( by 1942, american english ) \" comedy act based on the stock character of a boisterous, blundering yokel. \" - word used for the letter t in radio communication, 1898. - toccata ( n. ) - 1724, from italian toccata, from toccare \" to touch. \" a composition for keyboard instrument, intended to exhibit the touch and technique of the performer, and having the air of an improvisation. - in reference to an extinct people and indo - european language of chinese turkestan, 1927, from french tocharien, from greek tokharoi ( strabo ), name of an asiatic people who lived in the oxus valley in ancient times. earlier tocharish ( 1910 ), from german tocharisch. the identification of this culture with the people named by strabo was suggested in 1907 by f. w. k. muller and \" is obviously erroneous \" ( klein ). - tocsin ( n. ) - \" alarm bell, \" 1580s, from middle french toquassen \" an alarm bell, the ringing of an alarm bell \" ( late 14c. ), from old provencal tocasenh, from tocar \" to strike \" ( from vulgar latin * toccare \" strike a bell ; \" see touch ) + senh \" bell, bell note, \" from late latin signum \" bell, ringing of a bell, \" in latin \" mark, signal. \" the current english spelling is from 1794, adopted from modern french. - today ( n. ) - old english tod\u00e6ge, to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5065100376463118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70d2145d-a237-4c35-978c-178b60901c86>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.419802"}
{"text": "\" from late latin signum \" bell, ringing of a bell, \" in latin \" mark, signal. \" the current english spelling is from 1794, adopted from modern french. - today ( n. ) - old english tod\u00e6ge, to d\u00e6ge \" on ( the ) day, \" from to \" at, on \" ( see to ) + d\u00e6ge, dative of d\u00e6g \" day \" ( see day ). generally written as two words until 16c., after which it usually was written to - day until early 20c. similar constructions exist in other germanic languages ( cf. dutch van daag \" from - day, \" danish and swedish i dag \" in day \" ). german heute is from old high german hiutu, from proto - germanic * hiu tagu \" on ( this ) day, \" with first element from pie pronomial stem * ki -, represented by latin cis \" on this side. \" - masc. proper name, also a surname ( late 12c. ), from middle english todde \" fox, \" a northern english word of unknown origin. - toddle ( v. ) - \" to run or walk with short, unsteady steps, \" c. 1600, scottish and northern british, of uncertain origin, possibly related to totter ( 1530s ) ; an earlier sense of \" to toy, play \" is found c. 1500. related : toddled ; toddling. - toddler ( n. ) - 1793, agent noun from toddle. - toddy ( n. ) - 1610s, alteration of taddy ( 1610s ), tarrie ( c. 1600 ) \" beverage made from fermented palm sap, \" from hindi tari \" palm sap \" ( in which the - r - sounds close to an english - d - ), from tar \" palm tree, \" from sanskrit tala - s, probably from a dravidian language ( cf. kannada tar, telugu tadu ). meaning \" beverage made of alcoholic liquor with hot water, sugar, and spices \" first recorded 1786. - toe ( n. ) - old english ta ( plural tan ), contraction of * tahe ( mercian tah\u00e6 ), from proto - germanic * taikhwo ( cf. old norse ta, old frisian tane, middle dutch te, dutch teen, old high german zecha, german zehe \" toe \" ), probably originally meaning \" fingers \" as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.472988281467825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70d2145d-a237-4c35-978c-178b60901c86>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.420651"}
{"text": "from proto - germanic * taikhwo ( cf. old norse ta, old frisian tane, middle dutch te, dutch teen, old high german zecha, german zehe \" toe \" ), probably originally meaning \" fingers \" as well ( many pie languages still use one word to mean both fingers and toes ). the old english plural tan survived in southwestern england to 14c. to be on ( one ' s ) toes \" alert, eager \" is recorded from 1921. - toe ( v. ) - \" touch or reach with the toes, \" 1813, from toe ( n. ). first recorded in expression toe the mark, which seems to be nautical in origin. the chief mate... marked a line on the deck, brought the two boys up to it, making them ' toe the mark. ' [ r. h. dana, \" two years before the mast, \" 1840 ] related : toed ; toeing. - toenail ( n. ) - also toe - nail, 1735, from toe ( n. ) + nail ( n. ). - toff ( n. ) - lower - class british slang for \" stylish dresser, member of the smart set, \" 1851, said to be probably an alteration of tuft, formerly an oxford university term for a nobleman or gentleman - commoner ( 1755 ), in reference to the gold ornamental tassel worn on the caps of undergraduates at oxford and cambridge whose fathers were peers with votes in the house of lords. - toffee ( n. ) - 1825, tuffy, toughy, southern british dialectal variant of taffy. modern spelling first recorded 1862. - tofu ( n. ) - soy bean curd, 1880, from japanese tofu, from chinese doufu, from dou \" beans \" + fu \" rotten. \" - tog ( n. ) - 1708, \" any outer garment, \" shortened from togman \" cloak, loose coat \" ( 1560s ), thieves ' cant word, formed from french togue \" cloak, \" from latin toga ( see toga ). middle english toge \" toga \" ( 14c. ) was also a cant word for \" coat. \" - toga ( n. ) - c. 1600, from latin toga \" cloak or mantle, \" related to tegere \" to cover \" ( see stegosaurus ). the outer garment of a roman citizen in time of peace ; toga pr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5146293013820008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70d2145d-a237-4c35-978c-178b60901c86>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.421490"}
{"text": "( n. ) - c. 1600, from latin toga \" cloak or mantle, \" related to tegere \" to cover \" ( see stegosaurus ). the outer garment of a roman citizen in time of peace ; toga pr\u00e6texta had a broad purple border and was worn by children, magistrates, persons engaged in sacred rites, and later also emperors ; toga virilis, the \" toga of manhood, \" was assumed by boys at puberty. breeches, like the word for them ( latin bracae ) were alien to the romans, the dress of persians, germans and gauls, so that bracatus \" wearing breeches \" was a term in roman geography meaning \" north of the alps. \" college fraternity toga party popularized by movie \" animal house \" ( 1978 ), but this is set in 1962. - old english tog\u00e6dere, from to ( see to ) + g\u00e6dere \" together \" ( adv. ), apparently a variant of the adverb geador \" together, \" related to gadrian ( see gather ). german cognate zusammen substitutes second element with old high german verbal cognate of english same ( old english also had tosamne \" together \" ). adjective meaning \" self - assured, free of emotional difficulties \" is first recorded 1966. - togetherness ( n. ) - 1650s, \" state of being together, \" from together + - ness. sense of \" fellowship, fellow - feeling, \" is from 1930. - toggery ( n. ) - \" clothes collectively, \" 1812, from tog + - ery. - toggle ( n. ) - 1769, \" short pin passed through the eye of a rope, \" a nautical word of uncertain origin, perhaps a frequentative form of tog \" tug. \" meaning \" a kind of wall fastener \" is recorded from 1934. toggle bolt is from 1794 ; toggle switch first attested 1938. - toggle ( v. ) - 1836, from toggle ( n. ). related : toggled ; toggling.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5156051024587729, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70d2145d-a237-4c35-978c-178b60901c86>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.422393"}
{"text": "eurogroup policy areas euro area member states coordinate their economic policies in order to ensure coherence and stability in the euro area. euro area members share a single monetary policy. responsibility for this policy lies with the european central bank, together with national central banks within the euro area ' s \" eurosystem \". although member states remain in charge of their economic policies, they are coordinated in order to ensure coherence and stability in the euro area. areas of coordination a set of rules to ensure the sustainability of public finances was agreed on during the process of establishing the euro area in 1997. this became known as the stability and growth pact. these rules, which apply to budgetary policies, are reinforced through two economic governance legislative packages, the \" six - pack \" in 2011 and the \" two - pack \" which is expected to be adopted in 2013. the \" six - pack \" furthermore extended the coordination to other areas, such as broader macroeconomic policies. these reforms are expected to bear fruit in the long run. at the same time, immediate challenges to stability in the euro area were addressed by providing financial assistance to member states facing financing difficulties. a continuing process of reinforcement the process of reinforcing economic policy coordination is ongoing. treaty on stability, coordination and governance builds on and goes beyond the stability and growth pact. in december 2012, the european council agreed on a roadmap towards genuine economic and monetary union. for more details on individual policy areas see : last updated : 22 / 01 / 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4913564686554647, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c0eeab5-b345-4bb9-a3ec-96aa2f28a77b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.424183"}
{"text": "on thursday evening, december 31, 1891, the s. s. nevada arrived in new york harbor. among its passengers were 14 year - old annie moore of cork county, ireland, and her two younger brothers, anthony and phillip. they had sailed to america to join their parents in new york city \u2019 s lower east side. on the morning of january 1, 1892, annie \u2019 s 15th birthday, a barge transported the three moores and the 145 other steerage passengers to a brand new federal immigration center called ellis island, where the rosy - cheeked annie became the first immigrant of the twelve million who would enter the united states through its doors. \u201c as soon as the gangplank was run ashore, annie tripped across it and was hurried into the big building that almost covers the entire island. by a prearranged plan she was escorted to a registry desk which was temporarily occupied by mr. charles m. hendley \u2026 \u201d \u201c landed on ellis island \u201d ny times 1 / 2 / 1892 ( pdf ) over 100 million americans \u2014 roughly a third of the u. s. population \u2014 can trace their roots back to the immigrants of ellis island, starting with annie moore. that first day, ellis island welcomed three steamships and 700 passengers. nothing to compare with the thousands who would soon be entering the country through the island each day. april 17 ( ellis island family history day ) marks the anniversary of the date in 1907 when more immigrants passed through ellis island than on any other day : 11, 747, more than twice the usual number. 1907 alone saw the arrival of over a million immigrants. though the first immigrants were irish, about half of all those who passed through ellis island in its heyday were of german descent. the \u201c statue of liberty enlightening the world \u201d ( the statue \u2019 s official name ) was completed four year prior to ellis island \u2019 s opening. the statue was the first glimpse of america for the millions of immigrants who sailed into new york harbor on the way to ellis island between 1892 and 1924. after 1924, quotas and restrictions greatly reduced emigration to america. still, ellis island served as an entry point for war refugees and displaced persons until its closure in 1954. the island reopened as a museum in 1990 which is now run by the national park service as part of the statue of liberty national monument. it generally took arrivals three to five hours to go through the immigration process, longer for those suspected of or diagnosed as being ill. hopefuls had to pass literacy tests and \u201c examinations as to moral and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4050438707766029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f43df95-d4cc-482f-826f-80e768f92892>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.428139"}
{"text": "writ \" er (? ), n. [ as. writere. ] one who writes, or has written ; a scribe ; a clerk. they [ came ] that handle the pen of the writer. judg. v. 14. my tongue is the pen of a ready writer. ps. xlv. 1. one who is engaged in literary composition as a profession ; an author ; as, a writer of novels. this pitch, as ancient writers do report, doth defile. a clerk of a certain rank in the service of the late east india company, who, after serving a certain number of years, became a factor. writer of the tallies eng. law, an officer of the exchequer of england, who acted as clerk to the auditor of the receipt, and wrote the accounts upon the tallies from the tellers ' bills. the use of tallies in the exchequer has been abolished. wharton ( law. dict. ) - - writer ' s cramp, palsy, \u2228 spasm med., a painful spasmodic affection of the muscles of the fingers, brought on by excessive use, as in writing, violin playing, telegraphing, etc. called also scrivener ' s palsy. - - writer to the signet. see under signet. \u00a9 webster 1913.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4949551651600885, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8861d2f8-7e52-4745-8c40-ebcedb07d697>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.429391"}
{"text": "a gravure printing technique similar to etching or mezzotint. unlike etching, where image texture is simulated using lines or hatching, aquatints use rosin and acid to produce color tones on the plate. the traditional method for achieving this effect is to first dust the plate with powdered rosin, then dip it in an acid bath to remove parts of the plate not protected by the rosin. to make the rosin adhere, the plate must be heated ; this can occur either before or after the rosin is applied. of course, mixing powder and heat can be dangerous. breathing large amounts of rosin isn ' t healthy, either. the result is a rough surface covered with tiny rings that will hold ink in the same way an etched line does. the texture, which can range from a light, subtle gray to nearly black, depends on the amount of time the plate is left in the acid and the density of the rosin particles. to create a full image, the printer uses a protective stop - out varnish on the areas he wishes to remain light ( i. e., non - printed ). this is followed by an application of the rosin and the acid bath. the printer then applies more varnish as a \" stop \" over finished areas. this process is repeated until the plate is done. one of the masters of this technique was francisco goya.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.500908513178121, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfc4de1e-aaa5-44d2-aa47-2b557c4d369e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.430646"}
{"text": "italy civil registration - vital recordsedit this page from familysearch wiki civil registration records are the vital records made by the government. records of births, marriages, and deaths are commonly referred to as vital records because they refer to vital events in a person \u2019 s life. civil registration records [ registri dello stato civile ] are an excellent source for accurate information on names as well as dates and places of births, marriages, and deaths. in addition, civil registration may include documents required for marriage, miscellaneous records ( such as stillbirths ), deaths occurring in other cities or countries, and legitimations or parental acknowledgments [ ricognizioni ]. civil authorities began registering births, marriages, and deaths in 1809 in many areas ( 1820 in sicilia ). by 1866 civil registration became law. after this date, virtually all individuals who lived in italy were recorded. because they cover most of the population and because they are usually indexed and mostly accessible, civil registration records are one of the most important sources for genealogical research in italy. for birth, death, and marriage records before 1809 or 1820, see \" church records \". general historical background napoleonic records ( 1806 \u2013 1815 ) the earliest vital records in italy were kept by the churches. in 1806 napoleon, emperor of france, annexed large parts of italy, including roma, venezia, and the piemonte region. he also initiated civil record keeping at that time. as he gained control of most of italy, he enforced new laws that required local civil registration. papal states. in the area formerly known as the papal states \u2014 which included from what is now molise, lazio, umbria, and marche to emilia - romagna \u2014 napoleonic records cover the period of 1810 to 1814. veneto and lombardia. napoleonic records began about 1806 and ended in 1814 or 1815. piemonte. napoleonic records cover 1804 to 1814. these records do not exist for areas that napoleon never ruled such as sardegna, sud tirol, and sicilia. later records ( 1815 \u2013 present ) after napoleon \u2019 s defeat in 1815, many areas discontinued civil registration. regno di napoli ( comprising most of southern italy from napoli and campania down to calabria and puglia ), toscana, and the abruzzo region. these areas continued to keep civil registration records after napoleon \u2019 s defeat. ducato di savoia. this area in piemonte began keeping records again in 1839. in trento - alto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41051863684186174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0c617c4-330f-45b3-9e9d-d2b9dc5f97e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.445260"}
{"text": "toscana, and the abruzzo region. these areas continued to keep civil registration records after napoleon \u2019 s defeat. ducato di savoia. this area in piemonte began keeping records again in 1839. in trento - alto - adige parish priests took over the civil registration. sicilia. the island of sicilia began civil registration in 1820 using a format nearly identical to the napoleonic records. italian civil registration began officially as italy became a unified country between 1860 and 1870. in most areas, the civil records began in 1866 and continue to the present. civil authorities did not record many of the births, marriages, and deaths that happened between the end of the napoleonic era and the time when the italian government began keeping civil registration records. you must rely on church records as your main source for these years. information recorded in civil registers birth, marriage, and death records are the most important civil registration records for italian research. most of these records retained the basic format introduced by napoleon in the early 1800s. the registers are divided into separate volumes for each year. records kept in the south used standardized forms. many records in the north are handwritten, although they contain basically the same information. the records were almost always kept in italian, except for records kept during the rule of foreign powers such as france and austria. in the northern regions, many records are in french and german, and given names were often written in the \" ruling \" language even though the person \u2019 s name was italian. for example, giuseppina bertaldo may have been recorded as josephine bertaldo. some church records were transcribed into civil registration records. this transcription usually happened to meet documentation requirements for marriages [ processetti or allegati ]. transcribed church records are in latin, and each volume is usually indexed. birth records generally give the child \u2019 s name, sex, birth date, and birthplace, and the parents \u2019 names. many of the early records and all of the later records provide additional details, including the parents \u2019 birthplaces, ages, and occupations and the mother \u2019 s maiden name. the baptism date is usually included with the civil birth record. births were generally registered within a day or two of the child \u2019 s birth, usually by the father of the family or by the attending midwife. corrections to a birth record may have been added as a marginal note. in later records, marginal notes are frequently found, providing marriage and death information. see a translation one of the printed forms. after 1809 napoleonic law required that the marriage ceremony be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37063281359556344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0c617c4-330f-45b3-9e9d-d2b9dc5f97e1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.446492"}
{"text": ". corrections to a birth record may have been added as a marginal note. in later records, marginal notes are frequently found, providing marriage and death information. see a translation one of the printed forms. after 1809 napoleonic law required that the marriage ceremony be performed first by a civil authority and then, if desired, by a church authority. it was then recorded in the civil records. at first, some people resisted this law and had their marriages performed by church authority only. later when it became legally necessary for their children to be recognized as legitimate, a civil ceremony was performed. in rare cases, you may find a marriage record for a couple in their 50s who were actually married 30 years earlier. in most cases you may find marriages recorded in both civil and church records. marriages were usually performed and recorded where the bride lived. in some provinces, these records date from 1809 or from 1820. the early civil marriage records may include more information than the church records. when available, search both the civil and church records of marriage. if you believe a marriage took place but cannot find a record of the marriage, search records of intent to marry. marriage banns [ pubblicazioni, notificazioni, memorandum ]. you may find records that show a couple \u2019 s intent to marry in addition to or instead of actual marriage records. the following are various records that may have been created to show a couple \u2019 s intent to marry. proclamation, allegations, or banns [ notificazioni, pubblicazioni, memorandum ]. these notifications were made a few weeks before a couple planned to marry. the couple may have been required to announce their intended marriage to give other community members the opportunity to raise any objections to the marriage. if one member of the bridal party lived elsewhere, banns were posted in that community also. if you know that a marriage took place but cannot find it in the marriage records of the community, search the marriage banns. it may be posted there and lead you to the community where the marriage actually took place. supporting documents [ processetti or allegati ]. these documents were often filed by the bride and groom in support of their intent or \" solemn promise \" to marry. records proving their births and their parents \u2019 births and deaths and sometimes documentation on earlier generations may be included. the names of former spouses and their death dates are also provided. you may find the following records that document the legal completion of the marriage. certificates [ certificati ]. the individual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43510675793318276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0c617c4-330f-45b3-9e9d-d2b9dc5f97e1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.447682"}
{"text": "and sometimes documentation on earlier generations may be included. the names of former spouses and their death dates are also provided. you may find the following records that document the legal completion of the marriage. certificates [ certificati ]. the individual who performed the ceremony or the civil office where the ceremony was recorded may have given the couple a certificate of marriage. this may be in the possession of the family, and the civil registrar may have copies. usually, however, when writing for information and requesting a certificate, you will receive only a transcription of the most pertinent information. extracts [ estratti ] will give you the complete information. marriage registers [ registri dei matrimoni ]. civil officials recorded the marriages they performed in registers, usually preprinted forms bound in a book and kept in the civil office. marriage registers give the date of the marriage and the names of the bride and groom. they also indicate whether the bride and groom were single or widowed and give the names of witnesses. they often include other information about the bride and groom, such as age, birthplace, residence, occupation, name of person giving consent, and names of parents. in cases of second and later marriages, the marriage registers may include the names of previous spouses and their death dates. the registers usually include the date of the church ceremony. there are two types of printed forms found when researching italian civiil marriages. the first is a \" solemn promise \" to marry - a document created when a couple appeared at the city offices and promised they would marry one another ( the banns had already been posted by this time ). this document is usually found in pre - unification records ( 1866 - 1871 ). the second is a post - unification record and is the actual marriage document. see translations of these pre - printed forms. before 1970 divorces were illegal in italy. divorce records are not open to the public. the family history library does not have any italian divorce records. death records are especially helpful because they may provide important information about a person \u2019 s birth, spouse, and parents. civil death records often exist for individuals for whom there are no birth or marriage records. deaths were usually registered within a day of the death in the town or city where the person died. early death records generally give the person \u2019 s name and death date and place. after about 1815, death registers usually include the age, place of birth, residence or street address, occupation, burial information, and the informant \u2019 s name ( often a relative ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4095499326788343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0c617c4-330f-45b3-9e9d-d2b9dc5f97e1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.448757"}
{"text": "generally give the person \u2019 s name and death date and place. after about 1815, death registers usually include the age, place of birth, residence or street address, occupation, burial information, and the informant \u2019 s name ( often a relative ). they usually provide the names of spouses and parents and whether or not they were still living. information about the deceased \u2019 s parents, birth date, and birthplace may be inaccurate since the informant may not have had the correct information. stillbirths are recorded in separate registers entitled nato morto. in later records they are included in the allegati. they were not recorded in either the birth or death records. if an infant died within hours after birth, the birth and death records should both be found. state of the family [ stato di famiglia ] a civil record unique to italy is the stato di famiglia, or state of the family certificate. the comune keeps a record of each family and updates each change, including births, marriages, deaths, and emigration. all individuals in a household are included. some households include more than one family. historical states of the family [ stato di famiglia storico ] are kept at the provincial archive [ ufficio dello stato civile ]. these records document past generations of families. not all areas have kept this record, but where they exist, they are a valuable research tool. finding civil registration records civil registration records were and are kept at the local registrar \u2019 s office [ anagrafe ] in each town or city. therefore, you must determine the town where your ancestor lived before you can find the records. your ancestor may have lived in a village that belonged to a nearby, larger town. large cities may have many civil registration districts. a copy of each record is sent to the procura della repubblica \u2014 which is similar to a district court in the united states \u2014 in the provincial capital. because the civil records are legal documents and needed for government purposes, such as military draft, the duplicate is held by the tribunale ( district court ). you may need to use maps, gazetteers, and other geographic references to identify the place where your ancestor lived and the civil registration office that served that place. see italy maps and italy gazetteers for information on how to find civil registration offices. in addition to the town, you need to know at least an approximate year in which the birth, marriage, or death occurred. annual indexes are usually found in each town \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3768275138915169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0c617c4-330f-45b3-9e9d-d2b9dc5f97e1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.449822"}
{"text": "italy gazetteers for information on how to find civil registration offices. in addition to the town, you need to know at least an approximate year in which the birth, marriage, or death occurred. annual indexes are usually found in each town \u2019 s civil registration. indexes to civil registration records births, marriages, and deaths were written in the civil registration records as they occurred and thus are arranged chronologically. where available, indexes can help you find your ancestor more easily. annual indexes. some years have an annual index. these indexes usually include dates, names of parents ( including the mother \u2019 s maiden name ), and the page number or record number of the entry. many times the record was an entire page and the page number corresponded with the record number. in some indexes no number appears at all and you must use the date that is provided to find the record. in many areas during the earliest years of civil registration, records were indexed by the given names. therefore, you must search every entry in the index to make sure you find every individual who had a certain surname. eventually, however, indexes were alphabetized by surname. women are always found in the indexes under their maiden names. ten - year indexes. ten - year indexes [ indici decennali ] are common. they usually began the year when civil registration became the law and cover ten - year periods. ten year indexes typically exist from 1866 to 1875, 1876 to 1885, 1886 to 1895, and 1896 to 1905. they include the date and register number but do not contain names of parents. ten - year indexes are kept at the town level and are not separate records in the family history library catalog. they will be included with the records of the town they index and a note will be in the catalog entry reflecting that fact. wiki articles describing online collections are found at : - italy births and baptisms ( familysearch historical records ) - italy deaths and burials ( familyserach historical records ) i - italy, bologna, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy marriages ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, agrigento civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, catanzaro, civil registration ( state archive ), ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, montova, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, caltanissetta civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, caserta, civil registration ( familysearch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41446169482554573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0c617c4-330f-45b3-9e9d-d2b9dc5f97e1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.450808"}
{"text": "( familysearch historical records ) - italy, montova, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, caltanissetta civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, caserta, civil registration ( familysearch historical records - italy, catania, caltagirone, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, catania, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, catanzaro, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, cuneo civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, genova, civil registration ( familyserach histoarical records ) - italy, l ' aquila, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, salerno civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, mantova civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy marriages ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, messina, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, messina, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, messina, tribunal di patti, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, acerra civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, ischia, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, lacco ameno civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, monti di procida, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, mugnano, civil registration, ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, serrara fontana, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, torre annuniziata, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, nuoro, civi registration ( familysearch histaorical records ) - italy, nuoro province civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, padova, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, pistoia, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, ravenna, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, salerno, padula, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) records at the family history library the family history library has microfilmed the civil registration records of hundreds of towns and provinces up to 1866 and many towns up to 1910.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3790954148194402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0c617c4-330f-45b3-9e9d-d2b9dc5f97e1>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.451731"}
{"text": ", salerno, padula, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) records at the family history library the family history library has microfilmed the civil registration records of hundreds of towns and provinces up to 1866 and many towns up to 1910. most of these records are from the central and southern area of italy, but many records are also available from the northern regions. to find out what records the library has, look in the place search of the family history library catalog italy, [ province ], [ town ] - civil registration the library \u2019 s collection continues to grow as new records are microfilmed and added to the collection. do not give up if records are not yet available. the family history library catalog is updated regularly, so check it yearly for the records you need. the family history library has records from many towns and provinces. however, the library does not have records that have been destroyed, were never kept, were not available in the registrar \u2019 s office at the time of microfilming, were not microfilmed, or are restricted from public access by italian law. the library does not issue certificates for living or deceased individuals. the family history library has few provincial and statewide collections. the library does have one large regional record for toscana. this collection includes approximately 250 communities and their frazioni ( hamlets ). the records are arranged by year and are, for the most part, in alphabetical order by the name of each town. most records include the years from 1809 to 1865. to find this collection, look in the author search of the family history library catalog under : toscana ( regione ). ufficio dello stato civile or, look in the place search under : italy, toscana - civil registration ( fill in the search boxes, \" toscana \", part of \" italy \" ) finding records not at the family history library you may be able to find birth, marriage, and death records by contacting or visiting local civil registration offices or archives in italy. to protect the rights of privacy of living persons, most modern records have restrictions on their use and access. italy has no single repository of civil registration records. the present location of records depends on several factors, which are listed below. records may be available from several locations by correspondence. write your request in italian whenever possible. local towns. most civil registration registers are still maintained by the comune. to obtain civil registration records, you can write to the town. civil officials will generally answer your correspondence in italian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41503341795792803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0c617c4-330f-45b3-9e9d-d2b9dc5f97e1>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.452719"}
{"text": "from several locations by correspondence. write your request in italian whenever possible. local towns. most civil registration registers are still maintained by the comune. to obtain civil registration records, you can write to the town. civil officials will generally answer your correspondence in italian. your request may be forwarded if the records have been sent to the tribunale or the provincia. provincial archives. copies of the pre - 1866 records are in the provincial archives. many of these records have been microfilmed and are available at the family history library. for records not microfilmed, write to the provincial archives if your request to the comune was not successful. addresses for obtaining civil registration records from the provincial archives are in : - cole, trafford r. italian genealogical records : how to use italian civil, ecclesiastical, and other records in family history research. salt lake city, utah : ancestry, 1997. ( fhl book europe 945 d27c. ) - archivum ; revue internationale des archives publie e avec le concours financier de l \u2019 unesco et sous les auspices du consil internationale des archives ( international review on archives published by the international council of archives with the financial aid of unesco ). paris, france : presses universitaires de france, 1952. ( fhl book europe ref 020. 5 ar25 v. 38. ) in addition, you can find a complete list of archives and their hours, services, and fees on the internet. for more information about useful internet sites, see the \" computer networks and bulletin boards \" portion of italy archives and libraries. you may also find archive inventories that describe the record keeping systems and available civil registration records in italy. these and other guides are found in the family history library catalog under : italy - archives and libraries italy, [ province ] - archives and libraries after you have determined what office has jurisdiction over the records you need, write a brief request to the proper office. send the following : - cashier \u2019 s check or international money order ( in local currency ) or the search fee. - full name and the sex of the person sought. - names of the parents, if known. - approximate date and place of the event. - your relationship to the person. - reason for the request ( family history or medical ). - request for a complete extract of the record - international reply coupon, available from large post offices ( optional ). if your request is unsuccessful, search for duplicate records that may have been filed in other archives or church", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37789465744897055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0c617c4-330f-45b3-9e9d-d2b9dc5f97e1>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.453832"}
{"text": "( naturalnews ) the more you eat, the lower your risk of certain cancers. beans have more servings of fiber than any other vegetable. one single serving will give you 20 percent of your daily - recommended fiber. researchers in japan did a seven - year study. they studied more than 43, 000 people between the ages of 40 and 79 that had high cancer rates and ate little fiber. the more fiber they got from beans, the lower the risk of colon cancer, especially in men, became. it was the bean fiber that impacted the colon cancer statistics more than any other source of fiber. other research indicates that the fiber in beans like garbanzo \u2019 s actually keep your body from absorbing carcinogens. when you take in fewer carcinogens, the less damage is done to your cells, tissues, and other organs. less damage equates to lower cancer risk in the long run. it \u2019 s too bad that the same cannot be said for ingesting flesh foods. beans contain phytochemicals, which naturally fight cancer and free radicals, which ruin your cells and tissues through oxidation. the phytochemicals neutralize the free radicals before they do damage. greek researchers tested extracts from 11 different legumes ( beans are legumes ) and found that all of them neutralized free radicals. not only that, but most of them also protected dna from oxidative damage, which more or less explains the key to beans \u2019 anti - cancer potential. what about beans helping women thwart breast cancer? in a study of 90, 000 young nurses, the ones who ate beans or lentils at least twice a week were less likely to develop breast cancer. the experts assumed that the flavonols, again phytochemicals, block the free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to the cells, and encourage cancerous cells to die. all you have to do is to work at least two servings of beans and lentils into your weekly diet. we all know there \u2019 s quite a fad about cutting carbs. if you are concerned, at all, about colon cancer, fagetaboutit. the carbs in beans are a unique kind that the body cannot digest. as such, they wind up fermenting in your colon, thanks to the bacteria living in your gut. the fermentation produces a compound called butyrate that basically squashes inflammation and the abnormal cell growth that can lead to cancer. in addition, the indigestible carbs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45831432940963873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43100a16-279a-41b7-9550-5a59b0a8099e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.462768"}
{"text": "in your colon, thanks to the bacteria living in your gut. the fermentation produces a compound called butyrate that basically squashes inflammation and the abnormal cell growth that can lead to cancer. in addition, the indigestible carbs help give beans a low glycymic index, meaning a low risk of colon cancer. this is the super benefit of eating low glycymic index foods. theory leads to subjectivity. the researchers decided to put their theories to work. they took people that previously had colon polyps removed, changed their diets to include more cooked, dry beans, and after four years, those that ate the most beans were 65 percent less likely to see their polyps return. all beans work, be it baked, pinto, kidney, navy, white, black, garbanzo, human ( only kidding ), or lima \u2013 all cut colon cancer risk. the more legumes that men eat the less likely they are to get prostate cancer. three major studies found that eating lots of legumes, including beans, lentils, and split peas, dropped prostate cancer risk between 29 and 38 percent. if flesh foods are eliminated altogether, those percentages climb incredibly. another weapon against cancer is the folate found in b vitamins, which beans are a great source of. eating high - folate foods reduces the risk of pancreatic and colon cancer. in addition, the folate helps to build and repair dna. too little leads to dna damage and supplements will not provide the protection that folate - rich foods do. but wait, there \u2019 s more. bulking up with beans can help with type - 2 diabetes in two ways : 1 - as mentioned earlier, legumes have a lower glycemic index ( gi ). the gi measures how fast your blood sugar rises after eating a food. high gi foods make your blood sugar rise faster, whereas low - gi foods, like beans, cause a slower, more gradual rise. there are over 35 studies showing that diets filled with high - gi foods nearly double the risk of getting type - 2 diabetes and make you 25 percent more likely to develop heart disease. high - gi foods create a spike in your blood sugar, causing your pancreas to release more insulin. so, eating high - gi foods creates a demand on your pancreas to produce more insulin. eventually, the pancreas burns out and stops making insulin. this leads to diabetes. 2 - beans could be the single best food for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46182217794119557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43100a16-279a-41b7-9550-5a59b0a8099e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.463696"}
{"text": "insulin. so, eating high - gi foods creates a demand on your pancreas to produce more insulin. eventually, the pancreas burns out and stops making insulin. this leads to diabetes. 2 - beans could be the single best food for weight loss. if you eat more beans despite eating more calories, you will weigh less than someone who does not eat beans and eats lower calories as well. go figga? if you are worried about developing type - 2 diabetes, bear in mind that obesity is a major risk factor for type - 2 diabetes. not only do beans keep you slimmer, but you will get more fiber, more potassium, and you \u2019 ll eat less fat and added sugar. it \u2019 s a winning combination all across the nation. but wait, there \u2019 s even more : high cholesterol, blood clots, insulin resistance, and oxidation all have a hand in heart problems. as an alternative to drugs and supplements, beans pit pennies against dollars. if you took one third of a cup of black beans daily, you could cut your risk of a heart attack by 40 percent. if you ate that same one third of a cup four times a week, instead of one or none, you would be twenty two percent less likely to get heart disease. why would that be? because the complex carbohydrates in beans lower the glycemic load in the meals. then their unique combination of magnesium, copper, fiber, and alpha - linoleic acid will boost your insulin sensitivity, help prevent blood clots, and drop your risk of a heart attack. in addition, beans are an excellent source of protein, which helps to manage your weight. if you have high cholesterol and want to take a walk on the wild side, eating half a cup of beans daily will improve your cholesterol numbers. and, if you are healthy, and you do likewise, you should experience at least a 10 percent drop in your cholesterol as well. remember the talk about phenols? these same phenols may also prevent hardening of the arteries ( atherosclerosis ) because the flavonoids in beans are natural antioxidants. as such, they work against the free radicals before they can attack cholesterol and oxidize it. that \u2019 s important because oxidized ldl cholesterol contributes to atherosclerosis. the best beans for this are black, red kidney, pinto and lentils. now for a treat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4429657323736448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43100a16-279a-41b7-9550-5a59b0a8099e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.464600"}
{"text": "cholesterol and oxidize it. that \u2019 s important because oxidized ldl cholesterol contributes to atherosclerosis. the best beans for this are black, red kidney, pinto and lentils. now for a treat : brownies! believe it or not, brownies can actually be healthy. replace up to half the shortening with pureed cannelloni beans. that will cut away 40 percent of the fat, give you fewer calories, and taste just as good. a study was done that did this and it found that the beans did not noticeably change the yumminess, the texture, color, or tenderness of the brownies. and doing this will help you battle heart disease and type - 2 diabetes while still enjoying a treat, plus save you money. canned white beans cost 80 percent less than butter and slightly less than margarine, ounce for ounce and make a great substitute if no cannelloni \u2019 s are available. and if you want even less fat and cholesterol, use egg replacer, which also does not alter the taste about the author : i have been doing a weekly radio show in honolulu since 1981 called \u201c health talk \u201d. in 2007 i was \u201c forced \u201d to get a masters degree in nutrition because of all the doctors that would call in asking for my credentials. they do not call in anymore. going to www. healthtalkhawaii. com enables you, among other things, to listen to the shows. i am an activist. in addition to espousing an organic vegan diet for optimum health, i am strongly opposed to gmos, vaccines, processed foods, msg, aspartame, fluoridation and everything else that the pimps ( big pharma, monsanto and the large food companies ) and the hookers ( the doctors, the government agencies, the public health officials, and the mainstream media ) thrust upon us, the tricks. after being vaccinated with the dtp vaccine as a child i developed asthma. after taking the organic sulfur crystals ( they are harvested from the pine trees in louisiana ) in november of 2008 for 10 days my asthma reversed and has not come back over 4 years later, 18 cases, so far, of autism have been reversed, as has cancer, alzheimer \u2019 s and parkinson \u2019 s disease, osteoarthritis, joint pain, astigmatism, gum disease, increased sexual activity, heavy metal and radiation elimination, parasite elimination, free radicals elimination,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4180027075389338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43100a16-279a-41b7-9550-5a59b0a8099e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.465532"}
{"text": ", as has cancer, alzheimer \u2019 s and parkinson \u2019 s disease, osteoarthritis, joint pain, astigmatism, gum disease, increased sexual activity, heavy metal and radiation elimination, parasite elimination, free radicals elimination, faster athletic recovery time, increased blood circulation, reduced inflammation, resistance to getting the flu, reduction of wrinkles, allergy reduction, reduced pms and monthly period pain, nausea, migraines and so much more. and it \u2019 s only possible because of the oxygen it releases that floods the cells of the body. the sulfur, as proven by the university of southampton in england, enables the body to produce vitamin b12 and the essential amino acids. you can find out more about this incredible nutrient also on my website \u2013 www. healthtalkhawaii. com \u2013 products and services. there is also an organic, 70 %, cold processed dark chocolate out there that contains sulfur based zeolite, which removes radiation and heavy metals. you can find out more by reading the article \u201c a dark chocolate to die for \u201d on my website under articles, or by going to www. mywaiora. com / 701848. i am 73. i have been a vegetarian since 1975 years and a vegan since 1990. i have no illnesses and take no meds. i play basketball 2 hours a week, am in 2 softball leagues, racewalk, body surf, do stand - up paddling, do weight workouts and teach women \u2019 s self defense classes based upon 25 years of wing chun training. my firm belief \u2013 if it had a face and a mother or if man made it, don \u2019 t eat it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4886347055722759, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43100a16-279a-41b7-9550-5a59b0a8099e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.466113"}
{"text": "a panel of food safety and nutrition experts agreed with the preliminary findings of the food and drug administration, saying it would be \" premature \" to remove rice from consumer diets following a consumer reports article on \" arsenic in your food. \" the fda is analyzing 1, 000 samples of rice and rice products to determine \" what limits and other steps are needed to reduce exposure to arsenic in rice and rice products. \" the fda aims to complete its analysis of the samples by the end of the year and then conduct a \" full risk assessment and update recommendations as necessary. \" the epa currently considers 10 parts per billion of arsenic safe in drinking water. the consumer reports article applied a 5 ppb standard to rice and urged the government to set lower limits while urging consumers to \" limit their rice consumption. \" meanwhile, health experts joined the usa rice federation in a teleconference on wednesday, sept. 20, 2012, to take exception to the consumer reports article and its recommendations to limit rice consumption. tanya remer altmann, a pediatrician, mother of two boys and a best - selling author, called rice \" an important part of a healthy diet for infants and children \" and cautioned parents against removing rice from their children ' s diet. \" i do believe rice is safe. \" it is fortified with iron and zinc and is the least allergenic of the cereals. pointing out that \" arsenic is found in every food group, \" julie jones, professor emeritus at the college of st. catherine in st. paul, minn., echoed the pediatrician ' s comments. she points to the benefits that eating rice has on health. \" i wished people would focus on the real risk, \" she says. \" the real risk lies in our food choices \u2026 having a good diet is your best defense against arsenic. just because arsenic is in a product doesn ' t mean that it ' s being absorbed. \" james coughlin, an independent food, nutritional and chemical toxicology consultant based in orange county, calif., says arsenic is in the soil, water and air and \" can ' t be avoided. \" arsenic comes in two forms : organic and inorganic. the word \" organic \" should not be confused with \" organic farming. \" enzymes in the body detoxify the inorganic arsenic \u2014 the form that ' s been associated with long term health effects - - convert it to its organic form and ship it off kidney, where it leaves the body through urine. \" i don ' t believe there ' s any issue with arsenic because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4659319306277971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa24ab61-5c40-4a5f-998a-4cab28b1520e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.469857"}
{"text": "arsenic \u2014 the form that ' s been associated with long term health effects - - convert it to its organic form and ship it off kidney, where it leaves the body through urine. \" i don ' t believe there ' s any issue with arsenic because of detoxification in the body, \" coughlin says. pointing to no link between arsenic levels and increased disease in japan, which eats five times more rice per day than u. s. consumers, coughlin says the standard of 10 parts per billion in drinking water is \" generally safe. \" that ( 10 parts per billion ) translates into 10 micrograms per liter of water, \" coughlin says. the daily intake of rice in the u. s. is a third of a cup, coughlin says. \" that ' s 1 to 2 micrograms of arsenic per day. i take a lot of comfort in that number. a day ' s consumption of rice is 10 to 20 times safer \" than what the fda says is currently acceptable in relation to arsenic. while continuing to study the issue, the fda says there ' s an \" absence of the necessary scientific data that shows a causal relationship between those who consume higher levels of rice and rice products and the type of illnesses usually associated with arsenic. the eu ' s codex commission has been studying the issue for more than three years. codex decided in march to study the issue for two more years before issuing maximum levels for arsenic, coughlin says. study is focusing on organic and inorganic forms of arsenic. the fda is working in parallel with most other governments, coughlin says. meanwhile, the u. s. rice industry is working with researchers and end users as well, looking at breeding methods as well as agronomic practices to reduce the arsenic uptake in rice, says anne banville, usa rice federation vice president for domestic promotion. for more information : www. arsenicfacts. usarice. com and the fda ' s web site at www. fda. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4699864852170648, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa24ab61-5c40-4a5f-998a-4cab28b1520e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.470624"}
{"text": "the coming congressional debate over fiscal policy is sure to feature a wide array of proposals, some of which would hit certain taxpayers harder than others. but one idea being floated by congressional negotiators, as described in an article by the new york times \u2019 s jonathan weisman on thursday, is hard to defend from the standpoint of rational public policy making. its arithmetic could require that the 300, 000th dollar of income was taxed at a rate of about 50 percent \u2013 even while the three millionth dollar of income, or the three billionth, was taxed at a lower 35 percent rate instead. the math behind these calculations is not all that complicated. it \u2019 s just a matter of understanding how marginal tax rates work. take an american who earns $ 400, 000 a year in taxable income. ( this is roughly the threshold at which a taxpayer reaches the top 1 percent of households. ) the top marginal federal income tax rate is now 35 percent, and kicks in at earnings above $ 388, 350. someone making $ 400, 000 is above the $ 388, 350 threshold. does this mean that she \u2019 d be taxed at a 35 percent rate on all $ 400, 000 of income, meaning that she \u2019 d owe the government $ 140, 000? not under current law. instead, only a small fraction of the taxpayer \u2019 s income \u2013 the $ 11, 650 she earns after she \u2019 s already reached $ 388, 350 \u2013 is taxed at the top 35 percent rate. this is because the tax rates are applied on a marginal basis. for every dollar that a taxpayer earns up to $ 8, 700, she owes the federal government 10 cents in taxes \u2014 regardless of how much money she makes thereafter. the government then taxes 15 cents of every dollar once the taxpayer reaches $ 8, 701 in income, and continuing until she has earned $ 35, 350. there are several more steps in the scale until the taxpayer reaches the top marginal rate. because tax rates are applied in this way, a taxpayer making $ 400, 000 would owe about $ 117, 000 in federal taxes, or about 29 percent of her earnings \u2014 rather than $ 140, 000 if all her income had been taxed at the 35 percent rate. under the proposal described in mr. weisman \u2019 s article, that would change. \u201c one possible change would tax the entire salary earned by those making more than a certain level \u2014 $ 400, 000 or so \u2014 at the top rate of 35 percent rather than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42570406612705325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36d8419f-4497-47ca-b501-a38010070fdf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.478049"}
{"text": "proposal described in mr. weisman \u2019 s article, that would change. \u201c one possible change would tax the entire salary earned by those making more than a certain level \u2014 $ 400, 000 or so \u2014 at the top rate of 35 percent rather than allowing them to pay lower rates before they reach the target, as is the standard formula, \u201d he reports. in other words, under this proposal, the taxpayer making $ 400, 000 would in fact pay 35 percent in overall income taxes and would owe $ 140, 000 \u2014 about $ 23, 000 more than she does currently. the question is when the government would collect the additional $ 23, 000 of taxes. the most theoretically extreme case is if the government collected all of the additional taxes when the taxpayer made her 400, 000th dollar of income exactly. that is, the taxpayer would owe about $ 117, 000 in taxes if she made $ 399, 999, but $ 140, 000 if she made $ 400, 000 instead. thus, that one additional dollar of income would cost the taxpayer about $ 23, 000 in taxes. of course, the government might never see the money, since the taxpayer might do everything in her power to avoid crossing the $ 400, 000 threshold. here \u2019 s the problem : the government would now want to collect 35 percent of the taxpayer \u2019 s overall income, when it had been billing her at a lower rate on almost all the income she had earned so far. if the government simply started collecting 35 percent of every dollar she earned above a certain threshold, it would have no way to make up for the lower rates it had been charging her previously. instead, it needs to make up the deficit somewhere to collect that additional $ 23, 000 of taxes. it can only accomplish that by making the tax rate greater than 35 percent on at least some of the income that she has received. for example, the taxpayer might be asked to pay additional taxes on the $ 150, 000 of earnings between $ 250, 000 and $ 400, 000. to collect the extra $ 23, 000, the government would need to tax this income at a rate of about 15 percent \u2014 in addition to the marginal tax rates that are already applied under current law, which now range between 33 and 35 percent. thus, the taxpayer would owe close to 50 percent in federal income taxes on earnings between $ 250, 000 and $ 400, 000. ( if state taxes and medicare taxes are also considered, her marginal tax rate could be close to 60 percent in some states. ) perhaps you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41601392947956334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36d8419f-4497-47ca-b501-a38010070fdf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.479015"}
{"text": "owe close to 50 percent in federal income taxes on earnings between $ 250, 000 and $ 400, 000. ( if state taxes and medicare taxes are also considered, her marginal tax rate could be close to 60 percent in some states. ) perhaps you think that someone earning $ 300, 000 or $ 400, 000 should be taxed much more than they are now. there is still a perversity introduced by this proposal. specifically, after the taxpayer had hit her 400, 000th dollar of income, her marginal tax rate would then decline. rather than owing 50 cents for each dollar earned, she \u2019 d be back to a 35 percent rate instead. suppose that the taxpayer is considering taking on a part - time job that would make her an additional $ 50, 000 in income. if the taxpayer had already earned $ 3, 000, 000 in income from her main job, then she would be able to keep 65 percent of the additional income from her side gig, owing 35 percent or $ 17, 500 in taxes. but if the taxpayer had \u201c only \u201d made $ 300, 000 from her main job, she would get to keep only about $ 25, 000 of earnings from her second job, owing the other $ 25, 000 to the government. faced with this steep tax rate, the taxpayer might decline the second job, meaning that the government would never collect the additional revenues from her earnings. this is what \u2019 s known as a \u201c tax bubble \u201d : when someone earning less income might be taxed at a higher marginal rate than someone making more. tax bubbles have existed at various times in the federal tax code, such as from 1986 through 1990. they also exist in some state tax codes. but the proposal described in mr. weisman \u2019 s article would create an especially steep one. to be clear, the people subjected to the tax bubble would be reasonably well off. an average family making $ 50, 000 a year would not pay any additional taxes because of it, nor would its incentives be distorted in any substantial way. also to be clear : many of the people writing about tax policy, from academic economists to yours truly, make incomes that are considerably above the national average. nonetheless, the proposal described in mr. weisman \u2019 s article would place its heaviest tax burden on the somewhat wealthy as opposed to the very wealthy, particularly as it is being proposed as an alternative to raising the top marginal rate. if the tax bubble were implemented, but the tax code were otherwise unchanged, then someone making $ 400, 000 would owe $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4406848913990106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36d8419f-4497-47ca-b501-a38010070fdf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.479923"}
{"text": "somewhat wealthy as opposed to the very wealthy, particularly as it is being proposed as an alternative to raising the top marginal rate. if the tax bubble were implemented, but the tax code were otherwise unchanged, then someone making $ 400, 000 would owe $ 140, 000 in federal income taxes, $ 23, 000 more than she does now, increasing her overall tax rate to 35 percent from about 29 percent. someone making $ 4 million would owe $ 1. 4 million in taxes, also reflecting a $ 23, 000 increase. but the increase would be minimal on a percentage basis, since it comes from a larger pool of income. their overall tax rate would rise to 35. 0 percent from 34. 4 percent. if, instead, the top two marginal tax rates were increased to 36 percent and 39. 6 percent, as they were under the clinton administration, then someone making $ 400, 000 would owe about $ 124, 000 in federal income taxes \u2013 or about 31 percent of her income. this would reflect a tax increase, but less than under the tax bubble proposal. however, the government would collect more taxes from the $ 4 million earner. someone making that much would owe $ 1. 55 million if the clinton - era rates were restored, with their tax rate rising to 38. 7 percent from 34. 4 percent. either policy would reflect a tax increase \u2013 whatever semantics the congress might use to describe it. it \u2019 s a question of which taxpayers would bear more of the burden. it \u2019 s also a question of whether the tax increase would make the tax code more efficient or less so. one might favor a flatter schedule of marginal tax rates or a steeper one. all taxes have the potential to discourage work. but smoother increases in marginal tax rates, as under current law, create less economic friction, and fewer deadweight losses, then those with a number of peaks and valleys. it is hard to see the economic rationale for creating a bubble in the middle of the tax code.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41812764767355026, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36d8419f-4497-47ca-b501-a38010070fdf>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.480895"}
{"text": "surveying for shipwrecked mariner graves off loch sloy, kangaroo island, saby maddy fowler and cassandra morris on the 27th march, kyle lent, cassandra morris and maddy fowler, maritime archaeology students at flinders university, embarked on the sealink ferry to kangaroo island to participate in the 2012 survey of historic shipwreck burial sites lead by amer khan from the department for environment and natural resources ( denr ). this project involved conducting an archaeological survey to investigate possible locations of the burials of twelve bodies recovered from the sea following the wreck of loch sloy. the vessel was bound for port adelaide when it wrecked north of cape de couedic in the early morning of 24th april 1899. the location of the remains of the shipwreck is at present unknown. upon arriving at the point where we would be leaving the vehicles and begin what turned out to be a four hour walk to site, the remoteness and isolation of where we were was suddenly impressed upon us. the walk took us along the cliff tops of the western coast of kangaroo island. there was no path to follow and the terrain was rough with broken limestone and low - lying vegetation. the feat of the four survivors of the wrecking event ( one of which would perish before reaching help ) was appreciated once the harsh environment into which they were thrown surrounded us. when we reached the northern limit of the survey area we split into two teams and the survey team began by assessing the sea conditions. after some initial observations were undertaken from the cliff top, the survey team climbed down to the base of the cliffs, where a flat rock shelf softens the impact of the waves ( figure 1 ). at this point it was clear that the tide was too high for a survey to be undertaken along the base of the cliffs as at high tide waves sweep up to the cliff face. it was decided that a survey along the top of the cliff would be undertaken. historical documents pointed to the burials being placed at the base of the cliff, although it is quite possible that some bodies were buried at the top. the survey team walked a transect from the northern point of the survey area to where the excavation team were located, approximately 200 metres ( m ), and two possible burial sites were identified. key points to look for in the landscape include : arranged stones usually in lines or with possible corner angles, upright stones, stones small enough to lift but big enough to hold back sediment, and an east - west alignment ( to indicate christian burials ). the team recorded these two possible sites by taking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4165051557830673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:695e0304-4aba-4023-b2bc-331e904e91b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.487262"}
{"text": ": arranged stones usually in lines or with possible corner angles, upright stones, stones small enough to lift but big enough to hold back sediment, and an east - west alignment ( to indicate christian burials ). the team recorded these two possible sites by taking gps positions. in the initial site survey, which took place in december 2011, a cliff top survey was undertaken with some possible burial sites located. the excavation team further investigated one of these sites. a scale drawing was made of the linear rock feature that appeared to be a possible grave. the grave ran in an east west direction with three rocks creating a line on the western end and a very distinct line along the northern edge. the rock feature was roughly rectangular and approximately human sized and the rocks were small enough to be easily lifted by people ( figure 2 ). detailed photographs were also taken at this point. both teams then traced their way back across the landscape to the vehicles. due to the long and difficult walk to and from the site, a different approach was taken on the subsequent trip \u2014 approaching the site from the north rather than the south. this involved walking down a ravine, over a headland, along a beach and then over another headland. on this day two people from the abc news crew joined us. conditions on the following visit were improved as it was just after low tide, and the survey team was able to undertake a search along the rock shelf at the base of the cliffs. within the central section of the survey area, the rock shelf presented itself as a beach, with masses of rocks and boulders fallen from the cliffs ( figure 3 ). amongst the fallen cliff faces was a multitude of deposited timber remains, buoys, and odd pieces of rubbish ( a can of insect spray with spanish packaging perhaps the strangest piece, along with the occasional flip - flop ). in order to keep in contact with the other team, three volunteers remained at the top of the cliffs with one of the uhf radios to relay messages if need be. beginning the survey, possible sites were searched for while another team member acted as a spotter, watching the ocean in case of large waves. clambering over the rock fall, there were few sites above the high water mark with enough sediment to bury a body. from historical accounts, written by those conducting the burials, the graves were described as being above the high water mark, at the base of the cliff. to pinpoint many of these areas required climbing up a sand hill or fallen boulders. continuing along the base of the cliff until the beach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5038143569257911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:695e0304-4aba-4023-b2bc-331e904e91b5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.488289"}
{"text": "conducting the burials, the graves were described as being above the high water mark, at the base of the cliff. to pinpoint many of these areas required climbing up a sand hill or fallen boulders. continuing along the base of the cliff until the beach ran out, only two possible sites had been found \u2014 both along the same ridge but impossible to get to, lessening the likelihood of being burials. following this, the team moved on to survey the southern extent of the area ( figure 4 ). this survey was short as no possible area could be identified along the rock shelf. concluding the entire survey, it was decided that should the burials have been placed at the bottom of the cliffs, no trace remains to this day. the only possible location left unexplored was under the rocks and boulders. observing the coast with the knowledge of the violent winter storms that occur every year, it is thought to be unlikely that the burials would have lasted through the first storm, let alone surviving 100 years on the rugged coastline. while the survey was undertaken, the excavation team placed a 50 centimetre ( cm ) by 50 cm test pit and excavated to determine whether the primary possible gravesite contained human remains. this test pit was conducted using trowels to remove sediment in 10 cm spits. the spoil from each spit was sieved and the trench was photographed at each level ( figure 5 ). bedrock was reached at approximately 50 cm depth and no cultural material was identified. it is therefore unlikely that the rock feature represents a gravesite, however it cannot be ruled out entirely. it is possible that the test pit targeted the wrong area of the site. along with the grave survey, we also undertook other survey projects. one project was to relocate and record a small vessel located in the ravine des casoars that had been reported to denr by the park rangers when it was exposed in october of last year. based on a gps position we conducted a metal detector survey and dug test pits but were unable to relocate it ( figure 6 ). the river which flows nearby and exposed the wreck during high levels had also helped to cover the wreck in sand when it decreased. another project undertaken was to identify the location of a shelter hut at west bay, built to assist people who came ashore in the area after wrecking. we used an historical photograph to try to find the location and conducted a pedestrian survey through the dunes. no remains could be located on the surface but an approximate area for the structure was identified ( figure 7 ). a final task was to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4809956561783086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:695e0304-4aba-4023-b2bc-331e904e91b5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.489242"}
{"text": "wrecking. we used an historical photograph to try to find the location and conducted a pedestrian survey through the dunes. no remains could be located on the surface but an approximate area for the structure was identified ( figure 7 ). a final task was to relocate a threshing floor near american river. this site, built in the 1950s, is a ring of rocks with a flat dirt floor in which sheaves of grain would be placed to be \u2018 threshed \u2019 \u2014 a process to tear grain from the stalks and loosen the husks. listed on the government register, this site had not been relocated for many years, despite several attempts being made. we left the road on a bearing towards a rough gps position. part way to the gps point we discovered a stone feature in a right - angled linear arrangement. this arrangement was recorded as it possibly relates to the threshing floor. the threshing floor was then located approximately 100 m further on. viewing the site amongst the tall grass and bushes, the construction of the ring was flawless \u2014 stones were all the same height and length and had been placed upright, fitting together perfectly. the site was recorded and a new gps point taken about 20 m away from the original mark. we would like to thank amer khan and cameron hartnell from denr for giving us the opportunity to volunteer on such a unique project. also terry drew, lynda bignell and steve saville for supplying a box of mars bars and entertaining stories. finally our appreciation to the flinders chase national park rangers : charlotte, caroline and alison, abc news crew : caroline and chris, and all the volunteers with the kangaroo island walking group for carrying our equipment. please tune into abc at 7 : 30 on friday 20th to see the news feature about the site and the loch sloy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4410249141282758, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:695e0304-4aba-4023-b2bc-331e904e91b5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.489916"}
{"text": "xerostomia is the medical term for a dry mouth due to a lack of saliva. xerostomia is sometimes colloquially called pasties or cottonmouth, the latter especially when occurring as a side effect, primarily after smoking marijuana or during a hangover. xerostomia can cause difficulty in speech and eating. it also leads to halitosis and a dramatic rise in the number of cavities, as the protective effect of saliva is no longer present, and can make the mucosa of the mouth more vulnerable to infection. it may be a sign of an underlying disease, such as sjogren ' s syndrome, poorly controlled diabetes, or eaton - lambert syndrome, but this is not always so. other causes of insufficient saliva include side effects of drugs, medications, or alcohol, trauma to the salivary glands or their ducts or nerves, dehydration, excessive mouth breathing, or previous radiation therapy. playing or exercising a long time outside on a hot day will often cause your saliva glands to simply dry up as your bodily fluids are concentrated elsewhere. marijuana acts as a particularly strong catalyst in drying out one ' s throat, mouth, and lips. http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / xerostomia there ya go. hope that helps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44267033174794446, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e70f4da7-9370-489a-bb91-cce23a7a9be7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.491269"}
{"text": "| join our mailing list! | nine out of 10 lgbt teenagers experience bullying and harassment at school, and lgbt teens are four times likelier to attempt suicide. but lgbt adults aren ' t allowed to talk to these kids. schools and churches don ' t bring us in to talk to teenagers who are being bullied. many of these kids have homophobic parents who believe that they can prevent their lgbt children from ever coming out by depriving them of information, resources, and positive role models. itgetsbetter. org is a place where young people who are lesbian, gay, bi, or trans can see how love and happiness can be a reality in their future. it ' s a place where our straight allies can visit and support their friends and family members. it ' s a place where people can share their stories, take the it gets better project pledge and watch videos of love and support. in addition to running a website that encourages lgbt youth, donations to the it gets better project benefit lgbt youth service organizations and resources. many lgbt youth can ' t picture what their lives might be like as openly lgbt adults. they can ' t imagine a future for themselves. so let ' s show them what our lives are like, let ' s show them what the future may hold in store for them. let ' s show them it gets better.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4429614373420985, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39fae469-4f4a-4214-a47a-d7b2d93b96d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.493610"}
{"text": "questions & answers : supply, demand, production cost and pricing how do businesses decide what to make and sell? emily : basically, businesses want to sell things that consumers like you and me want to buy. here at the candy store, the owner has probably figured out which candies people like the most. he ' ll be sure to keep plenty of the popular stuff in stock because he knows it ' s gonna sell, and make him some money. deciding what items to sell, and what they should cost has a lot to do with something called supply and demand. what ' s supply and demand? isaac : well, supply refers to the amount of goods, like candy, available to purchase at any given time. demand measures how many consumers actually want to buy those goods. at a store like this, supply and demand affects things like what kind of candy is sold, and how much it ' s gonna cost you. how does supply and demand affect prices? emily : if a particular candy is way popular, meaning the demand is high, it usually sells at full price because people are willing to pay it. if there ' s low demand for something \u2014 like if no one ' s really crazy about a certain candy bar, or it tastes really terrible \u2014 the store might try selling it really cheap. and even then people might not buy it. so most of the time, high demand leads to higher prices, low demand leads to lower prices. on the other hand, high supply \u2014 when there ' s lots of a product \u2014 usually means lower prices, and low supply \u2014 when there ' s not enough of an item \u2014 usually means higher prices! what else affects how much stuff costs? isaac : prices aren ' t determined by supply and demand alone. a product ' s price can be also related to the quality and cost of the materials used to make it. take hand - made gourmet chocolates for example \u2014 they ' re going to be a lot more expensive than candy that ' s been mass - produced in a factory. that ' s because the gourmet candies use high quality ingredients, take more time to make, and there ' s less of a supply of them. all that makes them much more expensive. plus they taste incredible \u2026 which is why people are willing to pay such high prices for them. but stores can only charge as much as their customers are willing to pay, so one of the biggest factors in determining the price is you \u2014 the consumer. emily : yep. there are still a few more factors that affect price", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45806217844586505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74531ed4-48b4-403c-b7ca-5c4d96b11134>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.496237"}
{"text": "bored? play our free word games \u2013 interactive hangman oronyms and homophonesoronyms ( or homophones ) are words which sound the same. generally the word homophone is used to describe one of a pair or group of words that have the same sound ( like prince and prints ; allowed and aloud ), whilst oronyms are normally strings of words ( phrases ) such as iced ink and i stink. psycholinguist steven pinker defines oronyms in his bestselling popular linguistics book the language instinct : [ in speech ] it is impossible to tell where one word ends and the next begins. the seamlessness of speech is... apparent in \" oronyms, \" strings of sound that can be carved into words in two different ways : here are some more phrases that sound the same : oronym ( homophone ) poetrythere is a well - known poem called eye halve a spelling chequer ( i have a spelling checker ) that written almost entirely with homophones. it could be considered an oronym poem : it came with my pea sea it plainly marques four my revue miss steaks eye kin knot sea. eye strike a key and type a word as soon as a mist ache is maid eye have run this poem threw it an oronym story \u2013 ladle rat rotten huteven more impressive in length is the following oronym story. it is the tale of little red riding hood... but not the famous version ; this one is constructed entirely from homophones : ladle rat rotten hut. this curious version was written in 1940 by a professor of french named h. l. chace. he wanted to show his students that intonation is an integral part of the meaning of language. try reading it out loud ( best in the accent of southern / central usa )! wants pawn term, dare worsted ladle gull hoe lift wetter murder inner ladle cordage, honor itch offer lodge, dock, florist. disk ladle gull orphan worry putty ladle rat cluck wetter ladle rat hut, an fur disk raisin pimple colder ladle rat rotten hut. wan moaning, ladle rat rotten hut ' s murder colder inset. \" ladle rat rotten hut, heresy ladle basking winsome burden barter an shirker cockles. tick disk ladle basking tutor cordage offer groinmurder hoe lifts honor udder site offer florist. shaker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5504676950911326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bd3ba6e-1075-4b05-a441-a06569ef9f88>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.500830"}
{"text": "ladle rat rotten hut, heresy ladle basking winsome burden barter an shirker cockles. tick disk ladle basking tutor cordage offer groinmurder hoe lifts honor udder site offer florist. shaker lake! dun stopper laundry wrote! dun stopper peck floors! dun daily - doily inner florist, an yonder nor sorghum - stenches, dun stopper torque wet strainers! \" \" hoe - cake, murder, \" resplendent ladle rat rotten hut, an tickle ladle basking an stuttered oft. honor wrote tutor cordage offer groin - murder, ladle rat rotten hut mitten anomalous woof. \" wail, wail, wail! \" set disk wicket woof, \" evanescent ladle rat rotten hut! wares are putty ladle gull goring wizard ladle basking? \" \" armor goring tumor groin - murder ' s, \" reprisal ladle gull. \" grammar ' s seeking bet. armor ticking arson burden barter an shirker cockles. \" \" o hoe! heifer gnats woke, \" setter wicket woof, butter taught tomb shelf, \" oil tickle shirt court tutor cordage offer groin - murder. oil ketchup wetter letter, an den - o bore! \" soda wicket woof tucker shirt court, an whinney retched a cordage offer groin - murder, picked inner windrow, an sore debtor pore oil worming worse lion inner bet. en inner flesh, disk abdominal woof lipped honor bet, paunched honor pore oil worming, an garbled erupt. den disk ratchet ammonol pot honor groin - murder ' s nut cup an gnat - gun, any curdled ope inner bet. inner ladle wile, ladle rat rotten hut a raft attar cordage, an ranker dough ball. \" comb ink, sweat hard, \" setter wicket woof, disgracing is verse. ladle rat rotten hut entity betrum an stud buyer groin ~ murder ' s bet. \" o grammar! \" crater ladle gull historically, \" water bag icer gut! a nervous sausage bag ice! \" \" battered lucky chew whiff, sweat hard, \" setter bloat - thursday woof, wetter wicket small honors phase. \" o grammar, water bag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4878993148563502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bd3ba6e-1075-4b05-a441-a06569ef9f88>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.501643"}
{"text": "historically, \" water bag icer gut! a nervous sausage bag ice! \" \" battered lucky chew whiff, sweat hard, \" setter bloat - thursday woof, wetter wicket small honors phase. \" o grammar, water bag noise! a nervous sore suture anomolous prognosis! \" \" battered small your whiff, doling, \" whiskered dole woof, ants mouse worse waddling. \" o grammar, water bag mouser gut! a nervous sore suture bag mouse! \" daze worry on - forger - nut ladle gull ' s lest warts. oil offer sodden, caking offer carvers an sprinkling otter bet, disk hoard hoarded woof lipped own pore ladle rat rotten hut an garbled erupt. mural : yonder nor sorghum stenches shut ladle gulls stopper torque wet strainers. oronyms and mondegreenson a similar theme to oronyms are mondegreens. why not visit the mondegreens page of our malapropisms section to find out more? | \u2022 nym word books | | link to this site | version of this page tell a friend | about this page | boggle jr. : wacky world of wor... | more boggle items | all word games | | the cambridge encyclopedia of the englis... | | buy this book at amazon | view all in this category : | general wordplay books hundreds more books at : | wordplay book store wild madagascar on bbc two | with david attenborough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48016512805119027, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bd3ba6e-1075-4b05-a441-a06569ef9f88>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.502160"}
{"text": "growing beans from seed whether you want to grow green, yellow or purple beans, climbers or bush beans, snap or dried beans, you will want to give your beans a good rich soil with plenty of compost dug in. you might even want to side dress your planting with a little fertilizer. even though the bean family ( leguminosae ) has roots that actually fix nitrogen in the soil, most beans will benefit from adding a bean inoculant or a little nitrogen to the soil. plant beans at a depth that is double their size, and keep soil moist yet well - drained. place them at least three inches apart if you do not have specific directions to follow on your seed packet. beans do not like the cold so wait until you can be sure the temperature will stay above 40 \u2032 f at the coldest time of day ( or night ). you can start them indoors while the weather is cool since they are easy to transplant. in fact, beans are excellent for growing in big pots outdoors on balconies or patios. one exception to the warmth - loving bean family is the fava bean. this one is fine for growing even in the winter in low - frost climates. beans love full sun and will take all the sunshine you want to give them. plant your beans in rows for the best productivity, but feel free to use some of the climbing varieties to decorate trellises, fences or walls. use high quality seed that will not carry diseases. wet soil can cause rot, mildew and fungus, and there are a number of insects that can bother beans, especially in more moist climates. in dry climates, there are fewer pests, but if summers get too hot and dry, flowers have difficulty setting seed and plants will not produce big crops. watch out for rabbits and deer if you have them in your neighborhood. they love beans! ( you might consider protecting your beans with wire cages or netting. ) beans are best rotated with other crops. since the roots do fix nitrogen in the soil, leafy green vegetables like lettuce, spinach, swiss chard, etc. will flourish well planted where last season \u2019 s beans grew. you will also find your beans will grow better if they are not planted on the same site year after year. beans are fun to grow from seed. the hardest part is to decide what kind of beans you want to grow. there are enough varieties to fill a whole vegetable garden! how to seed cool season crops as the warm weather of...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3890872593162731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f036f289-4df6-47b2-b44f-cea9efc8e2e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.504775"}
{"text": "scientists have developed a low - cost, paper - based microfluidic point - of - care test that they claim can can identify drug - induced liver toxicity from a fingerprick of blood in just 15 minutes. the multiplex, postage stamp - sized test semiquantitatvely measures levels of the serum transaminases aspartate aminotransferase ( ast ) and alanine aminotranserase ( alt ), and provides the results as a color - change reaction akin to that of a litmus paper test for measuring ph. the beth israel deaconess medical center ( bidmc ) team say the platform could form the basis of a cheap, easy - to - use assay that could be used routinely in any poc or field setting to monitor for liver status in patients with underlying liver disease, or those receiving potentially heptatotoxic drugs for diseases such as tuberculosis or hiv. moreover, the test format could be adapted to measure a diverse range of analytes. monitoring for hepatotoxicity in resource - limited settings is often hampered by expense, as well as logistic and practical issues, explain nina r. pollock, m. d., george m. whitesides, and colleagues. such testing, where available, requires venipuncture, which patients may object to strongly, and the testing procedure is also often carried out in centralized laboratories, which delays results. consequently many patients receive little monitoring during treatment for hiv or tuberculosis. unlike paper - based lateral - flow assays that can only run multiple tests if they use compatible reagents, paper - based microfluidic devices can be designed to direct the flow of sample within channels, and split a single, low - volume sample into multiple sections, for assaying using completely different reagents. one of the major benefits is that, like lateral - flow tests, paper - based microfluidic assays require no external pumps, instrumentation or power, are portable and disposable. these factors make such technology ideal for poc testing, particularly in resource - limited settings. however, while proof - of - principle studies have confirmed that paper - based microfluidics can be harnessed for clinical chemistry, enzymatic, immunoassay, and elisa tests on patterned paper, \u201c there has been minimal validation of paper - based microfluidic devices using actual clinical specimens, and a field - ready clinical test for monitoring hepatotoxicity has yet to be demonstrated,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46384805776067317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3eed5f25-bb64-4a95-8773-0bbefbf3344f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.509530"}
{"text": "the first \u201c sit - in \u201d : revolt against rule by professors on the afternoon of june 22, 1966, more than 3, 000 students gathered below the windows of the senate meeting hall. the student speakers for the senate had violated the confidentiality of the session by publicizing the secret agenda, which enabled the assembly of protesters to openly discuss the same problems as the senate. delegations elected by the assembly demanded that the rector and the senators take part in this public discussion in order for them to discuss their resolutions before and with those gathered. when the professors refused, the students entered the building and started a sit - down strike. the discussion continued there and was briefly interrupted when the rector appeared ; he promised the students that he would meet with student representatives. he also told them to go home, but the assembly decided to continue the discussion. a teach - in, which lasted until after midnight, was held with various professors and assistants. around 10 pm the student speakers for the senate announced that the academic senate had formally reversed its decision not to authorize any political events in the rooms of the free university. what the tactics and confidential negotiations of student representatives had not been able to accomplish was pushed through by a massive demonstration by the rank and file of the university. the sit - in was concluded with the demand for equal representation on student reform commissions and a resolution : \u201c resolution of june 22, 1966, passed by the students of the free university of berlin gathered at the sit - in : \u201c we are fighting not only for the right to study for a longer period of time and to have a greater voice in expressing our opinions. that is only half of it. we are more concerned that decisions affecting students be made democratically and with student participation. \u201c what is going on right now in berlin is a conflict, like that in society at large, the main point of which is neither longer periods of study nor increased vacation time. instead, it is about dismantling oligarchic rule and implementing democratic freedom in all areas of society. \u201c we oppose all those who do not respect the spirit of the constitution, in whatever way, even if they presume to be grounded in the constitution. this is about viewing freedom in the university as a problem that points beyond the realm of the university itself. for this reason the students see the need to work together with all democratic organizations in society in order to assert their demands. \u201d source : uwe bergmann, \u201c das erste \u2018 sit in \u2019 : revolte gegen die ordinarien - herrschaft", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4481848307305542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fa20ea0-7c8e-419e-84e0-918d12f67df1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.514784"}
{"text": "2. system components ( 1 ) redox flow battery ( 1 mw x 5 hours ) a redox flow battery is a storage battery that comprises a charging / discharging cell section and a tank full of metal ion electrolyte. it charges / discharges through oxidation - reduction of vanadium or other ions. the battery features long service life as the electrodes and electrolyte are not subject to deterioration even after repeated charge / discharge operations and is easily maintained as its uses the same electrolyte in both the cathode and anode. it also provides increased safety as it does not require any combustible substances and is operated at ambient temperatures. this battery is suitable for irregular, highly fluctuating charge / discharge operations, enabling accurate monitoring and control of stored electric power. accordingly, it is an optimal storage battery for efficient use of renewable energy and surplus electricity supplied during the night. ( 2 ) concentrator photovoltaic ( cpv ) unit ( maximum power generation of a total of 28 units : 200 kw ) a cpv unit is a photovoltaic system incorporating small - size photovoltaic cells for energy conversion, directing high - intensity sunlight converged by a lens to photovoltaic cells. the power generation efficiency of the cpv panel is about twice that of silicon solar panels currently on the market as cpv cells are made from a special compound semiconductor material. installed at an elevated position, concentrator panels provide usable space below them. the newly developed cpv unit offers 7. 5 times greater output power ( 7. 5 kw / unit ), and yet the cpv panels are thinner and lighter than conventional ones. ( 3 ) energy management system ( ems ) the ems monitors the amounts of electric power generated by a total of 28 cpv units, provided via commercial power networks, stored in a redox flow battery, and consumed at an office or plant to manage the electric power flow. obtained data is sent by optical communication networks to be collectively controlled at the central control server. this system will be used in the demonstration test held at the yokohama to achieve optimal supply - demand balance ( maximum demand control of 1 mw ) and power demand control based on preset schedules.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5443676897541647, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b4dd4d7-7021-4f6f-9f01-df3c057913f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.517261"}
{"text": "question : \" when were the gospels written? \" answer : it is important to understand that the dating of the gospels and other new testament books is at best an educated guess and at worst foolish speculation. for example, suggested dates for the writing of the gospel of matthew range from as early as a. d. 40 to as late as a. d. 140. this wide range of dates from scholars indicates the subjective nature of the dating process. generally, one will find that the presuppositions of the scholars greatly influence their dating of the gospels. for example, in the past many liberal theologians have argued for a later dating of many of the new testament books than is probably warranted or valid, in an attempt to discredit or cast doubts upon the content and authenticity of the gospel accounts. on the other hand, there are many scholars who look to a much earlier dating of the new testament books. there are some that believe there is good evidence to support the view that the whole new testament, including revelation, was written prior to the destruction of jerusalem in 70 a. d. it is our contention that the evidence supports the earlier dating more than it does the later dating. there are scholars who believe the gospel of matthew was written as early as ten to twelve years after the death of christ. those who hold to this earlier dating of matthew believe he first wrote his gospel in aramaic, and then it was later translated into greek. one of the evidences of this earlier dating of matthew \u2019 s gospel is that early church leaders such as irenaeus, origen, and eusebius recorded that matthew first wrote his gospel for jewish believers while he was still in palestine. in fact eusebius ( a bishop of caesarea and known as the father of church history ) reported that matthew wrote his gospel before he left palestine to preach in other lands, which eusebius says happened about 12 years after the death of christ. some scholars believe that this would place the writing of matthew as early as a. d. 40 - 45 and as late as a. d. 55. even if the gospels were not written until 30 years after christ \u2019 s death, that would still place the writing of them prior to the destruction of jerusalem in a. d. 70. this presents no major problem with their authority or accuracy. passing on oral traditions and teachings was commonplace in the jewish culture of that day, and memorization was highly cultivated and practiced. also, the fact that even at that time there would have been a considerable number of eye", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4479940612320628, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8d29839-ab17-47fc-89cc-050659a31e2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.527556"}
{"text": "problem with their authority or accuracy. passing on oral traditions and teachings was commonplace in the jewish culture of that day, and memorization was highly cultivated and practiced. also, the fact that even at that time there would have been a considerable number of eyewitnesses around to dispute and discredit any false claims, and the fact that none of the \u201c hard sayings \u201d of jesus were taken from the gospel accounts, further supports their accuracy. had the gospels been edited before being written down, as some liberal scholars contend, then it was a very poor job. the writers left far too many \u201c hard sayings, \u201d and culturally unacceptable and politically incorrect accounts that would need explaining. an example of this is that the first witnesses of the resurrection were women, who were not considered reliable witnesses in the culture of that day. the bottom line for christians is this \u2014 whether the gospels were written soon after the death of christ, or not until 30 years after his death, does not really matter, because their accuracy and authority does not rest on when they were written but on what they are : the divinely inspired word of god ( 2 timothy 3 : 16 ). we should also remember that one of the promises jesus gave his disciples was that he would send them \u201c another helper, \u201d the holy spirit, who would teach them all things and \u201c bring to your remembrance all that i said to you \u201d ( john 14 : 26 ). so, whether it was few years or many after jesus \u2019 death that the gospels were written, we can have total confidence and faith in their completeness and accuracy, knowing that they were written by \u201c men moved by the holy spirit \u201d ( 2 peter 1 : 21 ), who accurately recorded the very words of god. \u00a9 copyright 2002 - 2013 got questions ministries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4231569274112135, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8d29839-ab17-47fc-89cc-050659a31e2a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.531408"}
{"text": "jaundice is a yellow coloring in your baby \u2019 s skin and sometimes the whites of the eyes. newborn jaundice happens during the first weeks of life. there are many types of jaundice, including : - physiologic jaundice - breastfeeding jaundice - breast milk jaundice ( human milk jaundice syndrome ) - jaundice caused by hemolysis or increased bilirubin production - jaundice caused by inadequate liver function ( due to inborn errors of metabolism, prematurity, or enzyme deficiencies ) this condition can be treated. contact your doctor if you think your baby may have jaundice. the yellow coloring is caused by bilirubin. bilirubin is a waste product. it is created when red blood cells are broken down. bilirubin normally passes out of the body through feces or urine. jaundice occurs when there is an abnormal buildup of bilirubin. different types of jaundice have different reasons for the abnormal buildup of bilirubin : - may be caused by the breakdown of fetal red blood cells. - the baby \u2019 s body does not get rid of bilirubin very efficiently in the first days of life. - occurs in about 13 % of breastfed babies. - this type of jaundice is caused by dehydration and poor calorie intake. it may happen in babies that are not taking in enough breast milk. breast milk jaundice - occurs in only 2 % of babies. - it may be caused by a substance in breast milk that blocks the elimination of bilirubin. - caused by massive breakdown of red blood cells. - may be caused by mismatched blood types in mom and baby such as rh disease. - this type of jaundice will occur within the first 24 hours of life. it occurs before the baby leaves the hospital and can be harmful. inadequate liver function - the liver may be impaired by an infection or liver disease. - this type of jaundice usually happens before the baby leaves the hospital. the following factors increase your baby \u2019 s chances of developing newborn jaundice : - prematurity \u2014 babies born before 36 weeks of pregnancy - brother or sister treated for jaundice - baby has a different blood type than mother, resulting in hemolysis - east asian, mediterranean, or native american descent - poor feeding with breast or bottle - large bruises or a condition called cephalhematom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5059894481386236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed64c001-9a7d-44fe-93b4-94f633994a70>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.545439"}
{"text": "sister treated for jaundice - baby has a different blood type than mother, resulting in hemolysis - east asian, mediterranean, or native american descent - poor feeding with breast or bottle - large bruises or a condition called cephalhematoma ( bleeding under the scalp related to labor and delivery ) - high bilirubin levels or signs of jaundice in the first 24 hours of life ( before leaving the hospital ) - certain liver enzyme deficiencies the main symptom of jaundice is yellow skin color. the color usually starts in the face. the yellow color may then spread down to the stomach and legs. certain environments may make your baby appear yellow. to look for yellow skin, place your baby near a window or in a room with fluorescent light. if you are still unsure, press gently on the baby \u2019 s forehead or chest. watch as the color reappears. if your baby has yellow skin do not assume it is due to newborn jaundice. these symptoms may be caused by other health conditions. when to call the doctor call your baby ' s doctor if you suspect your baby has jaundice. if your baby has been diagnosed with jaundice, call your doctor if : - yellow color gets deeper - yellow color spreads to other parts of the body or the eyes - jaundice lasts for more than three weeks. very high levels of bilirubin in your baby \u2019 s blood can be dangerous. it can lead to a very rare form of brain damage called kernicterus. it is important to see a doctor if your baby has signs of this condition. call the doctor immediately if your baby : - is tired all the time or difficult to wake - sucks or nurses poorly - looks weak or floppy - arches his or her back or neck backwards - develops a high - pitched cry or fever - has convulsions or spasms the american association of pediatricians recommends that all babies are assessed for jaundice before they leave the hospital. your baby will be checked again at 3 - 5 days of age. if your doctor suspects jaundice, he will ask about your baby \u2019 s symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. tests may include the following : - examination of baby \u2019 s skin - transcutaneous bilirubin ( tcb ) \u2014 a light is passed through the baby ' s skin to screen for high bilirubin levels - blood test \u2014 to check level of bilirubin in blood, may be done if tc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48111027841256543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed64c001-9a7d-44fe-93b4-94f633994a70>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.547193"}
{"text": "students compete with underwater robots they build themselves what ' s going on in your neighborhood this month? meet other people and learn together at recreational and educational events! our new dynamic calendar is updated daily with current educational events. correlated to education standards? yes table of contents bell live is a virtual field trip to lake superior, accompanied by demonstrations and experiments. the curriculum is divided into four sections each providing a variety of activities and experiments related to that topic, and backed up by on - line information and activities. bell live! is an annual series of virtual field trips, accompanied by demonstrations and experiments. the year 2000 focuses on a journey to the great lakes. the intention of the program and curriculum is to raise awareness of the great lakes, specifically lake superior, by raising the understanding of forces that influence these lakes. the curriculum guide contains activities that focus mainly on issues related to lake superior, where the bell live! 2000 broadcast took place. the program provides a broad introduction to lake superior, beginning with its creation. the curriculum is divided into four sections - skills, setting the stage, all about water, and life in the lake - each providing a variety of activities and experiments related to that topic. an index of lessons indicates which national science standards are met by each lesson. the bell live! 2000 website ( http : / / www. bellmuseum. org / distancelearning / belllive. html ) provides supplemental information to some activities. it also provides activities and information not found in the curriculum guide, including chat sessions with researchers and experts, online ecogames, teacher and student bulletin boards, a great lakes field guide, and the minnesota and national science standards. the bell live! broadcast took place on october 12, 2000 from lake superior itself and from the great lakes aquarium in duluth, minnesota. a 1 - hour video features the best of the october 12, 2000 on - line broadcast, and is available for purchase. the curriculum guide is $ 30. a dvd or vhs of the one - hour virtual field trip is $ 30. the curriculum guide and the dvd / video together cost $ 55. to compare this title with other materials, click here. disclaimer : the reviews of this and the other great lakes fisheries education materials were conducted by a single independent reviewer. the views of this reviewer do not necessarily reflect the views of glin, the great lakes commission, the great lakes fishery trust, or the university of michigan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4888298021034716, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd13e7c1-1b4b-4515-aa36-200bb501ee4b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.553650"}
{"text": "the new york times has come out with an editorial position on the keystone xl tar sands pipeline, and it \u2019 s unusually definitive, considering that we still have news media trying to represent \u201c both sides \u201d of the climate change \u201c debate. \u201d here \u2019 s how they break it down. canada and the u. s. want to build a pipeline thousands of miles long from canada to texas, to carry bitumen from the tar sands to refineries where it can be turned into fuel. on the one hand, this seems like a good idea : as long as we ' re stuck with oil, why not buy it from people we can probably annex in an emergency, rather than people who are at least in theory plotting our downfall? the problem is, a pipeline that long is probably going to leak, and that will be a big nasty mess. just as important, facilitating the transport and refining of oil from canada ' s tar sands will only further perpetuate our addiction to oil. this is bad for the climate, and therefore all future generations of life on earth. oil from tar sands leads to significantly more greenhouse - gas emissions than conventional crude. those emissions are likely to cause canada to increase, rather than reduce, its net carbon emissions. perhaps, as a northerly country, canada ' s government believes it is uniquely well - suited to adapt to climate change. that would be true, except for the part where climate - abetted resource scarcity and mass migrations cause world wars and economic crashes the likes of which we can scarcely imagine. i ' m sure future generations won ' t mind, though, because they ' ll be so \u201c wealthy \u201d as a result of all the \u201c sound investments \u201d their ancestors made with their oil largesse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48683372439114464, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c3f5e43-2ad3-4549-8afe-4a151927aa24>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.555839"}
{"text": "realizing bakke \u2019 s legacy : affirmative action, equal opportunity, and access to higher education editors patricia marin and catherine l. horn provide a comprehensive overview of the lingering impact the u. s. supreme court \u2019 s 1978 landmark decision in regents of the university of california v. bakke has had on race - conscious policies \u2014 broadly termed affirmative action \u2014 in education. the publication of their new book is timed to coincide with the decision \u2019 s thirtieth anniversary, and its nine articles contribute new research and legal analysis that will benefit administrators and policymakers in their ongoing efforts toward improving educational equity. marin and horn divide the book into three parts, beginning with a legal and philosophical introduction to the case, and concluding with implications for future policy and practice. in part one, angelo ancheta, a legal scholar, presents a thorough yet accessible overview of affirmative action jurisprudence during the last three decades. distilling the competing ideologies of anticlassification and antisubordination norms, he provides readers with a framework to understand the six separate opinions that were written in bakke, as well as subsequent court opinions pertaining to affirmative action. philosopher michelle moses unmasks the deeply personal viewpoints surrounding affirmative action issues by outlining the moral and political disagreements over the ideals of equality and liberty at the root of the debate. by including these two different perspectives, marin and horn provide a rich foundation that assists advocates of affirmative action policies to frame the debate and generate effective strategies for addressing racial and ethnic inequities in education. the three articles in part two explore the educational pipeline and document the cumulative barriers to access that exacerbate racial and ethnic disparities in educational attainment and achievement. authors john t. yun and chungmei lee provide a comprehensive overview of the persistent inequities in k \u2013 12 educational resources and outcomes among racial and ethnic groups, while authors donald heller and michal kurlaender and erika felts document how these disparities continue at the college level and beyond. these articles \u2019 findings reveal the overwhelming challenge educators face in realizing justice sandra day o \u2019 connor \u2019 s statement in the 2003 grutter v. bollinger decision that race - conscious policies may no longer be necessary in the next two decades. the five articles in the final section of the book provide a rich contextual understanding of higher education admissions practices and highlight the complicated yet increasingly critical role institutional decisionmakers play in attaining a racially and ethnically diverse student body. in \u201c is 1500 the new 1280? \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.526501082179055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fa39e28-6459-4d62-b6d8-e3837fe5ad73>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.567470"}
{"text": "final section of the book provide a rich contextual understanding of higher education admissions practices and highlight the complicated yet increasingly critical role institutional decisionmakers play in attaining a racially and ethnically diverse student body. in \u201c is 1500 the new 1280? \u201d catherine l. horn ( editor ) and john t. yun illuminate how admissions practices that rely on standardized test scores as a sole measure of merit may be undermining the diversity efforts endorsed in bakke. their findings challenge institutions to reconceptualize their definitions of merit and shatter the \u201c false dichotomy between diversity and academic excellence. \u201d in the next article, legal scholar william c. kidder explains the important role race - conscious policies have played in maintaining racial and ethnic diversity within the legal profession. the book concludes with two of the most practical chapters for institutional decisionmakers. first, attorney karen miksch examines the roles of the general counsel \u2019 s office and the media in determining whether race - conscious policies are implemented, followed by social scientists patricia marin \u2019 s ( editor ) and stella m. flores \u2019 s exploration of the interrelation between state - and institutional - level policies for maintaining student body diversity. the book is admittedly a snapshot of the consequential issues that contribute to the ongoing debate over affirmative action policies. marin and horn conclude with a call for future research, such as the need to better understand the educational benefits of racial and ethnic diversity. an important consideration that is not included in the recommendations is an analysis of whether the diversity - based rationale espoused in bakke has left racial equity efforts more vulnerable to political manipulation than the pre - bakke equity - based rationale that sought to address lingering effects of past discrimination. the weight institutional leaders give to the various meanings of diversity \u2014 which range from racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences to geographic location and musical interests \u2014 have consequences for issues of racial equity that are worth exploring in more substantive detail. realizing bakke \u2019 s legacy is grounded in a thorough understanding of higher education law and policy. the array of perspectives presented shows how justice powell \u2019 s swing vote thirty years ago has influenced and guided policies that seek to reduce educational inequities. the compilation of articles provides theoretical tools for conceptualizing the affirmative action debate, supplies new social science research to inform educational policies, and offers cogent strategies for implementing institutional policies to realize this nation \u2019 s promise of equal educational opportunity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5066162735828672, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fa39e28-6459-4d62-b6d8-e3837fe5ad73>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.568520"}
{"text": "during partitions of poland, zbaraz was a part of austro - hungarian empire and there weren ' t good railway connections between galician towns and those at russian side, also because of different breadth of rails. this way i believe your grandmother could use the railway connection between tarnopol and krakow, which was part of galician railway of archduke charles louis. and from there she could take another train going through kielce to warsaw, as from what i know, that was the easiest way. you can see the possible route on the linked map, which shows the state of connections in 1897. here ' s its smaller version : as for the next part, between warsaw and gdansk, this map of german railways in 1899 can provide some details : the main differences that could change the possible way after 1899 were the development of russian railways in the first decade of 20th century and the overall development and changes in railways during the world war i. still, take in mind that when the war finished, there were only a few rail connections between areas of poland that were previously parts of different empires. so it was much easier to go by train from polish town to another country than to another polish town. it ' s possible that she didn ' t take the train from warsaw, as many polish peasants who tried to emigrate were crossing the border illegally, paying the bribe, which was was much easier on smaller routes. with the help of google you can translate this post from polish genealogy board speaking about polish emigration to usa in the end of 19th century, which covers this subject among others. of course it could look pretty different in the times of world war i. also are you sure about gdansk? because at the same article it ' s written that at the end of 19th century the main ports from which poles were leaving to usa were bremen, antwerp and hamburg. edit : i ' ve found the following map, showing ports from which emigrants from another galician town, swilcza, were coming to new york between 1897 and 1924. as we can see, there ' s also gdansk on the list, even if the numbers show it was much less popular option. more details at the linked website in polish language. you should also read another website, containing local press articles in which galician citizens write about their road to usa. the first one ( 1902 ) was written by journalist who focuses on the ship itself, but the more interesting is the second relation ( 1903 ), describing how emigrants from galicia were treated in germany on their way in trains and in the ports.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41643544156201434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09f678da-681b-4ce8-914b-6a21d5ac1a3e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.571294"}
{"text": "the following definitions reflect those used by the international energy agency ( iea ) ; definitions used by other organisations and publications may vary. operation and maintenance open - cycle gas turbine oxidative coupling of methane official development assistance outward direct investment original equipment manufacturer online information system, an oecd / iea system for submitting official documents for oecd and iea committees, standing groups and working parties other major economies oil market report ( iea publication ) organic rankine cycle ocean thermal energy conversion the production decline rate of an oil or gas field after all measures have been taken to maximise production. it is the aggregation of all the production increases and declines of new and mature oil or gas fields in a particular region. includes crude oil, condensates, natural gas liquids, refinery feedstocks and additives, other hydrocarbons ( including emulsified oils, synthetic crude oil, mineral oils extracted from bituminous minerals such as oil shale, bituminous sand and oils from ctl and gtl ) and petroleum products ( refinery gas, ethane, lpg, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, gas / diesel oil, heavy fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes and petroleum coke ). nominal oil expenditures ( demand multiplied by the crude price ) divided by nominal gdp. this is a proxy of how much any given economy spends on its oil needs in a given year. typically, the global oil burden hovers around 2 % of gdp \u2013 excepting during oil price shocks, most recently in 2008, and perhaps in 2011 as well, if prices continue to rise. in other words, the oil burden is one leading indicator of potential economic trouble ahead. debt and equity issued by a company which appears on the company \u2019 s balance sheet to fund investments. instruments that convey the rights, but not the obligation to engage in a future transaction on an underlying security or in a future contract. this term covers the use of energy by transformation industries and the energy losses in converting primary energy into a form that can be used in the final consuming sectors. it includes losses by gas works, petroleum refineries, coal and gas transformation and liquefaction. it also includes energy used in coal mines, in oil and gas extraction and in electricity and heat includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide / wave / ocean energy for electricity generation. the direct use of geothermal and solar heat is also included in this category.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5730606516695906, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2742aca6-70d0-4e23-bbdd-1b72570fed61>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.573838"}
{"text": "to hear religious apologists tell it, the triumph of atheism would mean a swift descent into selfishness and chaos. the defenders of the faith argue that atheism inevitably leads to selfishness and nihilism, and that only religion can justify charity or compassion, bind people together in community, or inspire a lively and flourishing culture. but this assertion can only be sustained by ignoring the accomplishments of famous nonreligious people throughout history, of which there have been many. to dispel the myth that nonbelievers have never contributed anything of worth or value to human civilization, i want to highlight some who ' ve left their mark in the arts, the sciences and the humanities. demonstrating that the godless count distinguished members of the human race among our numbers is a way to fight back against this prejudice and to demonstrate that we, too, have a historical legacy we can be proud of. not all of the people profiled here were strict atheists, but all of them were freethinkers, a broader umbrella term that embraces a rainbow of unorthodoxy, religious dissent, skepticism, and unconventional thinking. it ' s no surprise that so many influential thinkers and creative types have come from the ranks of these intellectual revolutionaries. organized religion tends to reward people not for thinking creatively or critically, but for reciting and defending the dogmas of the previous generation. throughout human history, it has consistently been true that hidebound theocracies have been mired in poverty, backwardness and intellectual stagnation, whereas the most dramatic advances have come about in times and places where people had the freedom to think for themselves, to freely question and debate. the lives of the men and women recounted here bear testimony to this. the archetypal scientific genius, einstein inaugurated a revolution in physics that bears fruit to this day. his theories and equations undergird the 20th century : technologies from nuclear power to gps satellites only exist because of his discoveries. but beyond his impressive scientific contributions, he was known as a peacemaker and civil - rights advocate : he was one of the first to warn the world of the dangers of nazism, joined anti - lynching campaigns, publicly opposed mccarthyism, and called for nuclear disarmament worldwide. later in life, he was offered the presidency of israel but turned it down, saying that he was unqualified. einstein famously made statements like, \" god does not play dice with the universe \" that have inspired religious apologists to try to claim him as their own,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5324310436280817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c433986-b370-413a-8139-50cb8536127a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.585219"}
{"text": "was offered the presidency of israel but turned it down, saying that he was unqualified. einstein famously made statements like, \" god does not play dice with the universe \" that have inspired religious apologists to try to claim him as their own, but on other occasions, he made it clear that this was nothing but poetic metaphor. he made his views known in letters, writing, for example : \" i do not believe in a personal god and i have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. if something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it. \" on another occasion, he wrote, \" the word god is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the bible a collection of honorable but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish. \" 2. robert ingersoll. one of the most famous americans most people today have never heard of, colonel robert green ingersoll, known in his lifetime as the \" great agnostic, \" once commanded national fame and renown. in an era before television and radio, public oratory was the leading form of entertainment, and ingersoll set the gold standard. he was one of the most sought - after speakers in the country ; he drew crowds of thousands, and on one occasion, after hearing him speak, mark twain observed, \" what an organ is human speech when it is employed by a master! \" he was a staunch abolitionist who served honorably for the union in the civil war, and went on to advocate progressive causes like free speech, women ' s rights, anti - racism and the abolition of corporal punishment. though politicians repeatedly sought his endorsement and his rhetorical talents, the highest position that ingersoll himself ever held was the attorney general of illinois - - due, no doubt, to his willingness to eloquently express his freethought views. in a eulogy, the new york times observed that only his outspoken irreligious views kept him from taking \" that place in the... public life of his country to which by his talents he would otherwise have been eminently entitled. \" not that ingersoll himself would have wanted it any other way : as he declared, a truly spiritual man \" attacks what he believes to be wrong, though defended by the many, and he is willing to stand for the right against the world. \" 3. w. e. b. dubois. contrary to popular impression", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5182404244032662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c433986-b370-413a-8139-50cb8536127a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.586183"}
{"text": "he declared, a truly spiritual man \" attacks what he believes to be wrong, though defended by the many, and he is willing to stand for the right against the world. \" 3. w. e. b. dubois. contrary to popular impression, the black community in america has a long tradition of involvement with freethought and secularism, as exemplified by one of its most influential racial - justice activists, w. e. b. dubois. one of the first black men to get a ph. d. from harvard, dubois was one of the founders of the naacp and a prolific and critically praised writer, educator and historian. by dubois ' own account, he was raised religious and attended an orthodox missionary college, but his doubts about religion blossomed while studying in europe. when he returned to america, he taught at a black methodist college, wilberforce university, but drew the wrath of school administrators for refusing to lead students in prayer. as susan jacoby quotes him in her book freethinkers, \" i flatly refused again to join any church or sign any church creed. from my 30th year on i have increasingly regarded the church as an institution which defended such evils as slavery, color caste, exploitation of labor and war. \" he also said he wanted \" to make the negro church a place where colored men and women of education and energy can work for the best things regardless of their belief or disbelief in unimportant dogmas and ancient and outworn creeds. \" 4. zora neale hurston. like dubois, zora neale hurston was an influential black freethinker and an acclaimed early 20th - century author. she attended columbia university on a scholarship, and while living in manhattan at the height of the harlem renaissance, met scholars and artists like margaret mead and langston hughes. she herself wrote both fiction and anthropological works about the black community. her masterwork, the 1937 novel their eyes were watching god, was judged one of the 100 best english - language novels of the 20th century. in her autobiography, dust tracks on a road, hurston makes her freethought views clear and denies that the prospect of nonexistence after death holds any fear for her : prayer seems to me a cry of weakness, and an attempt to avoid, by trickery, the rules of the game as laid down. i do not choose to admit weakness. i accept the challenge of responsibility. life, as it is, does not frighten me, since i have made my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4821457823649325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c433986-b370-413a-8139-50cb8536127a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.587246"}
{"text": "an attempt to avoid, by trickery, the rules of the game as laid down. i do not choose to admit weakness. i accept the challenge of responsibility. life, as it is, does not frighten me, since i have made my peace with the universe as i find it, and bow to its laws... it seems to me that organized creeds are collections of words around a wish. i feel no need for such. i know that nothing is destructible ; things merely change forms. when the consciousness we know as life ceases, i know that i shall still be part and parcel of the world. i was a part before the sun rolled into shape and burst forth in the glory of change. i was, when the earth was hurled out from its fiery rim. i shall return with the earth to father sun, and still exist in substance when the sun has lost its fire, and disintegrated into infinity to perhaps become a part of the whirling rubble of space. why fear? the stuff of my being is matter, ever changing, ever moving, but never lost ; so what need of denominations and creeds to deny myself the comfort of all my fellow men? 5. elizabeth cady stanton. although no one person deserves sole credit for laying the groundwork for the 19th amendment, elizabeth cady stanton comes close. stanton organized and shepherded one of the pivotal early events in the suffrage movement, the 1848 seneca falls convention, and she played a key role in issuing the famous declaration of sentiments that first called for women ' s suffrage ( against the wishes of other attendees, some of whom felt that demanding the vote was too radical even for them ). despite a lifetime of organizing and lobbying for women ' s suffrage, stanton was often shunted aside by her own movement for her controversial, outspoken freethought views and her attacks on religion as a major justification for the continued oppression of women, including her scathing the woman ' s bible. on one occasion, she wrote, \" i have endeavoured to dissipate these religious superstitions from the minds of women, and base their faith on science and reason, where i found for myself at least that peace and comfort i could never find in the bible and the church. \" some of stanton ' s spiritual descendants in the feminist movement had similarly irreligious views. one of the most famous was margaret sanger, one of the founders of planned parenthood and a fearless crusader in the fight to make birth control available and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.536439034324772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c433986-b370-413a-8139-50cb8536127a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.588281"}
{"text": "some of stanton ' s spiritual descendants in the feminist movement had similarly irreligious views. one of the most famous was margaret sanger, one of the founders of planned parenthood and a fearless crusader in the fight to make birth control available and legal to american women. sanger ' s motto was \" no gods, no masters, \" and her newsletter had the memorable title the woman rebel. 6. asa philip randolph. the 20th - century american civil rights movement is often identified with christianity, which is almost single - handedly due to the influence of the rev. dr. martin luther king jr. but secular humanists played almost as important a role. one of them was asa philip randolph, a trailblazing labor organizer whose career spanned the 20th century and who was one of the pioneers of the strategy of nonviolent civil disobedience. randolph entered the civil - rights movement by way of the labor movement, beginning by organizing mainly black railroad workers. but he soon set his sights higher, especially as the country was drawn into world war ii and the defense industry was booming. he took the lead in organizing civil - rights marches that convinced presidents roosevelt and truman to issue executive orders ending segregation in defense contractors and the armed services. as his star rose, he served as vice president of the afl - cio and helped organize the march on washington for jobs and freedom, where king delivered his \" i have a dream \" speech. in addition to all this, randolph was a lifelong freethinker. he was the founder of a literary magazine, the messenger, whose masthead declared that \" prayer is not one of our remedies... we consider prayer as nothing more than a fervent wish. \" he was also one of the signers of the humanist manifesto in 1970. 7. robert frost. new england ' s most famous poet is justly immortalized for his poetic tributes to nature and rural life, but his religious skepticism is lesser known. frost ' s views on god are complex ; for much of his life, he grappled with a deep - seated superstitious fear he could never fully shake. but after 20 years of marriage, his wife said that he was an atheist, and he didn ' t deny it. what ' s interesting is that this comes through inadvertently in his poetry. when speaking of his fellow human beings and their relationships, frost is warm, welcoming, thoroughly humanist. but when he turns to the subject of god, he more often than not becomes dark and terrifying,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47165034086305657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c433986-b370-413a-8139-50cb8536127a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.589445"}
{"text": "is that this comes through inadvertently in his poetry. when speaking of his fellow human beings and their relationships, frost is warm, welcoming, thoroughly humanist. but when he turns to the subject of god, he more often than not becomes dark and terrifying, depicting the idea of a deity as a savage force of nature more than a worthy object of reverence. his famous poem \" design \" calls the suffering and predation in nature a \" design of darkness. \" the poem \" once by the pacific, \" frost ' s vision of the apocalypse, has the poet looking out at crashing ocean waves and envisioning them as a harbinger of doomsday. the poem \" a loose mountain \" envisions god as a cosmic destroyer waiting to hurl a meteor at the earth, like a stone thrown from a sling, biding his time so he can release it when it will cause the maximum amount of devastation. 8. emma lazarus. like robert frost, emma lazarus was a poet whose words have defined the american experience. she may not have as many classics to her name, but her one crowning achievement may be even better known than any of his : her poem \" the new colossus, \" best known as the words engraved on the pedestal of the statue of liberty : \" give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free... \" the statue was originally a symbol of republicanism, but lazarus ' poem recast it as a beacon for immigrants from all over the world. even when america has fallen short of this ideal, these words remind us that we can do better and inspire us to work for positive change. lazarus came from a jewish background, but she was known as a freethinker. as the jewish virtual library records, on one occasion she told a rabbi who asked her to contribute to a hymn book, \" i shall always be loyal to my race, but i feel no religious fervor in my soul. \" 9. yip harburg. e. y. \" yip \" harburg isn ' t a household name, but some of his works are. harburg was the broadway lyricist who wrote the words to some of america ' s most memorable and culturally significant songs, including \" it ' s only a paper moon, \" \" brother, can you spare a dime? \" and all the music from the wizard of oz, including \" somewhere over the rainbow. \" harburg was known as \" broadway ' s social conscience \" for the progressive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48223640461320005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c433986-b370-413a-8139-50cb8536127a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.590377"}
{"text": "the habsburg empire may be dead, but its honest bureaucracy ' s legacy lives on when i think habsburg empire, i think of archduke franz ferdinand, whose assassination famously marked the beginning of world war i and less famously, the decline of the empire itself until its dissolution in 1918. however, the silhouette of the empire still marks a psychologically different part of europe, according to research by sascha becker and ludger woessmann. in their 2011 short paper, the empire is dead, long live the empire! long - run persistence of trust and corruption in the bureaucracy, ( summarized here ) they compared levels of trust on opposite sides of the long - gone habsburg empire border within five countries. surprisingly, they found that the border was still meaningful. within the border, firms and people have higher trust in courts and police. outside the border - - specifically in regions that were once part of the ottoman empire - - levels of trust are relatively lower. historians have described the habsburg bureaucracy as \u201c fairly honest, quite hard - working, and generally high - minded \u201d ( taylor 1948 ). according to becker and woessman, this lies at the root of the higher trust levels. taylor, ajp ( 1948 ), the habsburg monarchy 1809 - 1918 : a history of the austrian empire and austria - hungary, penguin books ( reprint 1990 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40381220178147026, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7f49f9a-360a-4a42-b5ca-1aa296eaa087>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.591695"}
{"text": "the unknown korean war : the truth and reconciliation commission of korea and excavation of the remains of mass - murdered victims translation by nobuko adachi this is the sixtieth anniversary of the start of the korean war. we are now just starting to learn about the mass murder of civilians by both korean armies and the united states, and the policies that made this possible. in south korea, little by little the remains of some of these victims are being uncovered through the work of the truth and reconciliation commission and korean citizens. one of the most popular books in south korea in the 1980s was t \u2019 aebaek mountain range, 1 by one of the country \u2019 s most famous authors, cho chong - rae ( b. 1943 ). despite political pressure from the chun doo - hwan military regime, it sold over five million copies. it was also translated into japanese and published by shuei - sha press in tokyo. the novel is about the suffering of the people of polgyo \u2014 a seaport town in the ch \u2019 ollanam - do area of south korea \u2014 during the korean war. it tells of efforts to build a new nation after finally being free of japanese rule after world war ii. for the most part, the korean people were little informed about their own history by the military government, but through this novel they finally read some of the truth of their recent past. i think this book was instrumental in helping south korean become a democratic nation. from this long novel, i learned about mass killing in both south and north korea. after finishing this book, i decided to leave for kyongsan city, in kyongbuk, south korea. the closed cobalt mine : the killing fields in the spring of 2009 i heard rumors that some acts of genocide during the korean war occurred at p \u2019 yongsan - dong in kyongsan city. i visit there in early july. a week before i arrived, official excavation of the site began, though the surviving family members of the victims had already previously excavated in the area several times. kyongsan city is located at about twenty kilometers south of daegu, one of the three largest cities in south korea. the excavated site \u2014 p \u2019 yongsan - dong \u2014 is located on a hill in the suburbs. lee tae - jun, president of the association of the kyongbuk cobalt mine survivors, showed me around the site. he was 71 years old at the time. exhumation site at kyongbuk cobalt mine lee told me that about 3, 500 people were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45092479682202946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6075c2d-21b1-4168-93d7-cf679a64bae8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.603913"}
{"text": "president of the association of the kyongbuk cobalt mine survivors, showed me around the site. he was 71 years old at the time. exhumation site at kyongbuk cobalt mine lee told me that about 3, 500 people were killed by the south korean police and military here between july and september, 1950. this was around the time when the korean war was just starting. the majority were murdered at the site of a former mine owned by the japanese cobalt mine and munitions company during the japanese colonial period. this is in the daewon valley, located right next to the hill. the cobalt was used for making munitions, including aviation ammunition. those who were killed here were 2, 500 political prisoners from daegu prison and 1, 000 members of the national guard alliance. the national guard alliance consisted of some 330, 000 people, and was actually organized by the rhee syngman regime, in order to allow the government to better control former left - wingers and partisans. according to lee tae - jun, they were killed because of government fears of their communist sympathies and north korea leanings. the local people and prisoners were brought in chains to the mine by truck. it is said that everyday about five trucks arrived at the site. eight or so people at a time were lined up and shot at the entrance of the mine each time a truck arrived. if a person did not die by bullet, he or she was clubbed or stabbed. the bodies were thrown into the mine. some of the bodies were doused in oil and burned. the shaft is about 70 to 80 meters deep. it is said some that 2, 300 people were thrown down at the spot i was standing. when i stood where they were shot, i felt the fear and hopeless the victims must have experienced just before they died. remains unearthed at kyongbuk cobalt mine thigh bones glowing in the water mr. lee put on a helmet and took me down to the site. the entrance of the area of excavation is a tunnel about fifty - meters long. the tunnel area is granite, a very hard stone. so i also wore a helmet. water was dripping from the granite, because of abundant groundwater. neighbors told me that in those days they saw the victims \u2019 blood running from the shaft into the outside river for several months. they blew open the airway of the entrance in 2001 to make excavation possible. we walked about 150 meters down the shaft to the excavation site. i saw hundreds of pails of plastic bags all around", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43116774567292365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6075c2d-21b1-4168-93d7-cf679a64bae8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.604944"}
{"text": "the shaft into the outside river for several months. they blew open the airway of the entrance in 2001 to make excavation possible. we walked about 150 meters down the shaft to the excavation site. i saw hundreds of pails of plastic bags all around the area. mr. lee explained that there were bones and sand in the bags, waiting to be classified. some bones, which were dug up as recently as a week ago, were lying in a yellow polyurethane box. the box contained ten thigh bones. assuming two thigh bones per person, it was estimated that about 400 bodies \u2014 out of the alleged 2, 300 victims \u2014 had been discovered. during the military dictatorships and repressive regimes of president rhee syngman, 2 general chun doo - hwan, and president park chung - hee, these atrocities were kept secret. thus, when bereaved families finally organized an association in the 1960s, the instigators were imprisoned. in south korea until the 1980s, guilt - by - association was commonplace, and relatives of supposed leftists were prohibited from traveling overseas and could not get positions in public service. as a result, many victims and relatives of the kyongbuk cobalt mine incident did not come forward to add their names to the organization. they simply kept silent. it took great courage, then, for mr. lee to finally stand up and organize this group. regardless of the consequences, he finally acted. he was motivated by the fact that his cousin was accused of being a north korean partisan and was executed. furthermore, because of his cousin, mr. lee himself could not become an officer in the army. since then, he has dedicated himself to learning the truth behind the massacre and restoring the reputation of the victims. throughout the years of the dictatorship, the incident was kept secret, and the site at p \u2019 yongsan - dong was often pillaged and looted. one poor youth took the gold - fillings of a victim \u2019 s teeth to pay some bills. one looter who entered the shaft died by suffocation. after this, rumors spread that he was killed by a demon. i also heard that local children long ago had played a bone - matching game with the bones they found the mine. today the excavated bones are categorized by body - part into polyurethane boxes temporarily stored in a prefabricated building near the mine. they are to be shipped to yeungnam university in pusan therefore study. some skulls had bullet holes in them, while others were of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4521718248962123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6075c2d-21b1-4168-93d7-cf679a64bae8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.605929"}
{"text": "- part into polyurethane boxes temporarily stored in a prefabricated building near the mine. they are to be shipped to yeungnam university in pusan therefore study. some skulls had bullet holes in them, while others were of a dark color. according to mr. lee the dark - colored skulls were those of people killed by flame - throwers. i saw a bullet, which had become aquamarine, between some bones. the truth and reconciliation commission was established in 2005 during the kim dae - jung administration, a special law was passed concerning the cheju uprising3 of 1948, and another special law was also passed under kim young - sam concerning the kwangju massacre4 of 1980. through such democratization processes, the reputations of the victims are slowly being restored. there were, however, many other unrecognized innocent deaths caused by official acts during the early years of the south korean government. for example, many civilian mass murders occurred during the political struggles between koreans after the japanese colonial occupation, world war ii, and the korean war. people who were suspected of being communists were executed by the park chung - hee regime ( these incidents are collectively known as the people \u2019 s revolutionary party incidents5 ). for these cases, finding the truth and restoring the reputations of the victims had to wait until the truth and reconciliation in history law passed in may, 2005 during the presidency of roh moo - hyun. the truth and reconciliation commission was organized in december, 2005 and research on the past began as a national public project. in an effort to find out the historical facts about civilian genocide during the korean war, the committee has been studying all kinds of data, including testimonies of surviving family members of deceased persons, forensic evidence, examination of victims \u2019 bones, and excavating remains. the excavation of the kyongbuk cobalt mine site is one of the committee \u2019 s projects. at this site the excavation of bones has been undertaken under the guidance of the truth and reconciliation commission since 2008. however, after the lee myung - bak presidency, the project got behind schedule and the committee requested a larger budget to hire more people to complete the research in a timely way. furthermore, the committee requested : 6 ( 1 ) appropriate maintenance of the bones after they have been gathered, and respect paid to honor the victims, including cremation, interring of ashes, and burial. ( 2 ) permission to excavate a golf course and rehabilitation facility near p \u2019 yongsan - dong.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46029651727500087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6075c2d-21b1-4168-93d7-cf679a64bae8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.606923"}
{"text": "bones after they have been gathered, and respect paid to honor the victims, including cremation, interring of ashes, and burial. ( 2 ) permission to excavate a golf course and rehabilitation facility near p \u2019 yongsan - dong. ( 3 ) designation of the mine as an historical site, and construction of a memorial monument for peace. the moving battlefields that caused the genocides the korean war started when the people \u2019 s army of north korea attacked on june 25, 1950. within a month the allied forces of the south korean army and the united states were pushed south down the pusan peninsula, establishing a line of defense east of naktong - gang. however, when the american military landed on the west coast at inch \u2019 on in mid - september, the front line of the people \u2019 s army of north korea was cut off, and they were pushed back toward the yalu river. however, when the chinese people \u2019 s volunteer army joined the north korean forces at the end of october, the battle line was again pushed south, crossing the 38th parallel. in january, 1951, the allies pushed back north korean and chinese forces, and by april crossed north of the 38th parallel. as a result, much of korea became a battlefield, and each time power changed hands, locals were punished, at times massacred. the capital city of south korea \u2014 seoul \u2014 was occupied four different times during the war. each time when power changed, mass murder of civilians occurred. the people who killed civilians were the army, police, and gangs of youths from the northwest who had fled south. while they were fleeing toward the south, these youths murdered political refugees and members of the national guard alliance. 7 mass murders took place all over korea, including sanch \u2019 ong, hamgyong, koch \u2019 ang, pusan, mokp \u2019 o, and puongsan - dong. the american army killed many civilians with machine - gun fire at nogun - ri. after north korean forces invaded inch \u2019 on in 1949 they killed many anti - north korean government officials and south korean pows in seoul. some north korean government documents state that an estimated 60, 000 civilians were murdered. it is said that during the war, each time an occupier withdrew, the prisons were filled with the bodies of political and religious prisoners \u2014 in both the north and south. since so many were killed, today few christians remain in the north and few socialists remain in the south. the people who fled to the south became partisans in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42279321997321306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6075c2d-21b1-4168-93d7-cf679a64bae8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.607848"}
{"text": "prisons were filled with the bodies of political and religious prisoners \u2014 in both the north and south. since so many were killed, today few christians remain in the north and few socialists remain in the south. the people who fled to the south became partisans in the chiri - san and t \u2019 aebaek mountain range, and most died. about 4, 800, 000 people died in the peninsula wada haruki states in his book chosen senso zenshi ( \u201c the complete history of the korean war \u201d ) that the number of north koreans lost \u2014 including dead, missing, and refugees to the south \u2014 was 2, 720, 000. for south korea the number dead were about 1, 330, 000. korea lost over ten percent of its population. wada also reported the estimates given by bruce cumings ( an historian at the university of chicago ) and dr. john harris ( an asian specialist in england ). according to them, the dead included 500, 000 soldiers and two million civilians in north korea, and 250, 000 soldiers and one million civilians in south korea. some of the causes of deaths in the north were bombs from aircraft that took off from american bases in japan. they also reported that one million soldiers of the chinese people \u2019 s volunteer army, 54, 246 soldiers of the united states military, and 299 airmen of the soviet air force also perished during the war. according to senryo - gun chotatsu - shi ( \u201c the history of the occupation, \u201d published by chotatsu - cho ), 56 japanese engaged in transportation work around the korean area of the operation were reported as dead by january 1951. it is impossible to give exact numbers, but i estimate that at least 4, 800, 000 people lost their lives in the conflict. and ten million people from both south and north korea \u2014 that is, one out of every three families \u2014 had to evacuate their homes. if \u2014 if \u2014 we were allowed to redo our history ; if japan had been able to surrender before august, 1945 \u2014 that is, before the soviets entered word war ii in the east \u2014 not only would the korean war not have occurred, but korea would not have been split into south and north by the forces of the united states and the soviet union. in this sense, the korean war was the responsibility of the japanese empire. the largest civilian massacres occurred on the sites of the former japanese occupation. this seems to symbolize the history of the japanese empire in korea. this is a slightly abbreviated translation of an article that appeared", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4280525110168216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6075c2d-21b1-4168-93d7-cf679a64bae8>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.609679"}
{"text": "korean war was the responsibility of the japanese empire. the largest civilian massacres occurred on the sites of the former japanese occupation. this seems to symbolize the history of the japanese empire in korea. this is a slightly abbreviated translation of an article that appeared in shukan kin \u2019 yobi ( weekly friday ) on february 10, 2010. kobayashi akira is a photo - journalist. nobuko adachi is assistant professor of anthropology at illinois state university and a japan focus associate. she is the editor of japanese diasporas. unsung pasts, conflicting presents and uncertain futures and the editor and translator of i ' m married to your company! everyday voices of japanese women. she translated this article for the asia - pacific journal. recommended citation : kobayashi akira, \" the unknown korean war : the truth and reconciliation commission of korea and excavation of the remains of mass - murdered victims, \" the asia - pacific journal, 18 - 2 - 10, may 3, 2010. articles on related subjects : kim dong - choon, the truth and reconciliation commission of korea : uncovering the hidden korean war. kim dong - choon and mark selden, south korea \u2019 s embattled truth and reconciliation commission. gavan mccormack and kim dong - choon, grappling with cold war history : korea \u2019 s embattled truth and reconciliation commission. do khiem and kim sung - soo, crimes, concealment and south korea \u2019 s truth and reconciliation commission. 1 this novel was published over three years, from 1983 to 1986. in all, it consists of ten volumes. 2 he is generally known as syngman rhee in english. 3 the rebellion on cheju island in south korea began on april 3, 1948 and lasted until may 1949, though in some areas of the island the fighting continued until 1953. during this period, an estimated 14, 000 to 30, 000 individuals were killed. 4 this massacre occurred in the city of kwangju in the area of chollanam - do, south korea, from may 18 to may 27, 1980. democratization activists and their supporters ( including university students ) rose against chun doo - hwan \u2019 s military dictatorship only to be violently suppressed. this kwangju uprising and massacre is also called the 518 incident, referring to the date when the uprising began. 5 these were cases brought by the south korean government against communists ( or suspected communist sympathizers ) according to the anti - communism law of 1965 ( the first incident ) and the national security law of 1975", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38663863588401814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6075c2d-21b1-4168-93d7-cf679a64bae8>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.610608"}
{"text": "\u201c you can live longer without food than you can without sleep. it has also been reported that if you go without sleep for extended periods of time, your mental health will be significantly compromised, and you may experience episodes of manic behaviour or deep depression \u201d for most of us, it won \u2019 t be as dramatic as going a week without sleep. it will be a more subtle kind of sleep deprivation that can take place because of bad habits, medical conditions, small children or shift work, and it can have a dramatic impact on our health, not to mention our quality of life. adequate sleep, which is six to eight hours for the average person, is required for your body to regenerate and handle day to day demands. quality of sleep is important, as well. if you are getting eight hours of sleep, but having it interrupted a number of times throughout the night, you may experience the same physical and emotional fatigue as someone who is not getting the quantity of sleep that they need. sleep is a pillar of holistic health! quality sleep will help with the aging process, speed metabolism, increase immune function, increase mental and emotional health, increase willpower and mental clarity, just to name a few things. so what can you do to increase your level of quality sleep? - bed time routine : we are creatures of habit, and our body responds accordingly. if we have the same routine before going to bed every night, our bodies adapt and will start releasing the hormones that promote sleep as soon as we begin the routine. this can be something as simple as having a cup of hot tea, and then brushing your teeth and washing your face. or, it could be something a little more involved, like a warm bath followed by reading from your favourite book. - turn off electronic devices : it may feel like you are unwinding when you watch tv, but don \u2019 t mistake numbing or being distracted with relaxing. it often feels good to zone out in front of the tv or computer, but your mind is going a mile a minute as it follows visual stimulation. - de - stress throughout the day : having a ten minute relaxation routine before bed doesn \u2019 t always cut it when you have been going full steam ahead all day. it is like going a hundred miles per hour all day and then putting your foot on the brake. you will not stop instantly. it is important to do relaxation exercises, like the ones listed below, throughout the day and not just at bed time. - supplementation : to find out the best quality supplements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4780632852575975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da780964-74ae-41f0-87e7-5510d0ce48ce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.614675"}
{"text": "and then putting your foot on the brake. you will not stop instantly. it is important to do relaxation exercises, like the ones listed below, throughout the day and not just at bed time. - supplementation : to find out the best quality supplements please contact me and i will give you more info - meditation : for those who aren \u2019 t used to meditation. try a guide meditation on youtube or down load an app to your phone. my favorite is an app for iphones called sleepstream2. it works with binaural beats to help bring your brain waves into a zen like state. - limit caffeine : coffee is an obvious culprit, but be careful of other caffeinated bevies like green tea, black tea, iced tea, cola and hot chocolate. everyone metabolizes caffeine differently, but it can take up to seven hours to be out of your system, and if you want to be in bed early, that may mean kicking your skinny latte habit on your last coffee break. - exercise : this releases the adrenaline and energy that gets built up from daily stresses. you don \u2019 t have to train for an hour. even twenty minutes of exercise a day will help you to fall into a deeper sleep at night. note : exercising actually stimulates you and will interfere with sleep if you do it within two hours of going to sleep, so get your dance on during the day or in the morning. - journal : one of the number one reasons people report not being able to sleep is not being able to turn off their thoughts. journaling is a great way to get out what is going on in your mind and clear your thoughts. it doesn \u2019 t have to be poetic or look pretty. just get it out there, so that your thoughts are no longer taking up sacred consciousness when you want to be asleep. if you believe in prayer, this is also a great time to release your thoughts and worries to a higher power. once you surrender your worries and desires, it is often easier to surrender to sleep. if you have been putting your sleep habits on the back burner, here is your wake up call. quality sleep is one of the number one keys to optimal health and it is time to master this aspect of your health. if you have had ongoing sleep issues, please consider seeing a doctor or naturopath to look deeper into underlying issues. but, whatever you do, don \u2019 t put up with lousy sleep! shared by sam and jes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45949641932861307, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da780964-74ae-41f0-87e7-5510d0ce48ce>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.615670"}
{"text": "ancient egyptian weight systems this paper presents an analysis of three of the ancient egyptian weight systems. this paper presents an analysis of three of the ancient egyptian weight systems. key words : weights, egyptian, ancient, petrie, peyem, qedet, stater in \" ancient weights and measures \", flinders petrie1 lists stone and metal weights recovered from excavations in egypt. this paper presents an analysis of some of these stone weights which start with catalogue number 2001. these are tabulated in plates 27 to 42 of petrie \u2019 s publication. the metal weights and the stone weights from earlier finds are not included in this analysis. there are over 2700 stone weight specimens listed in these tables. of these, about 2100 pieces are purchased items. just over 600 pieces have provenance2. petrie classified this collection of stone weights under eight systems. information in the tables includes details about the material of the specimens, form of each specimen, weight in grains, assigned ratio and the unit value for each specimen. some of the specimens are damaged. listed weight for such pieces is corrected by estimating the damage. the amount added to the weight is listed separately in the last column headed \" details \". corrected weights are used in this analysis. in the tables, the specimens are sorted in an ascending order of the calculated unit value. in the first column is the catalogue number for each specimen. this starts at 2001 to avoid mix up with previously published lists of ancient egyptian weights. under each weight system, a few specimen do not have a catalogue number. these appear as an alternative fit with this weight system and full details of such specimen, including the catalogue number, are given under the weight system they are identified to belong. a note in the final column identifies that weight system. analysis of the ancient weight systems can be carried out by different methods and this paper examines some of them. these methods are illustrated with three of the ancient egyptian weight systems. these are : peyem, qedet and stater. the peyem is the first of the eight systems and has the lowest unit value, qedet has the most numerous specimens and the stater weights show the best accuracy of the eight systems. a log chart is a plot of the logarithm of the weight values. the weight list is sorted in ascending order. this way the lowest weight appears on the left of the chart, with heavier weights progressing towards the right. the logarithm ( log for short ) of a number is the power to which another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5106721342296578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe55f920-30d0-46c2-97db-dbfbd5f1afb5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.626253"}
{"text": ". the weight list is sorted in ascending order. this way the lowest weight appears on the left of the chart, with heavier weights progressing towards the right. the logarithm ( log for short ) of a number is the power to which another number, called the base, is raised. the most common base is 10. any number can be used as a base. in the ancient weight systems, multiples and submultiples of 2 are fairly standard. hence the whole list of weights is expressed as log to base 2 and plotted on a chart. with base 2, logarithms of 2, 4 and 8, for example, are 1, 2 and 3, respectively. a number between the exact multiples of 2 will have its logarithm between the logarithms of those multiples. for any two numbers, the logarithm of smaller number is smaller than that of the larger number. the log chart displays the weight list in a compressed form. this permits such a large range to be displayed on a reasonable size chart. hemmy used a log chart to display a wide range of harappan weights on a single chart3. he displayed the number of specimens lying within a short range of nominal weight values for the weights from 0. 5 grams to 550 grams. this required some processing of weight data before the charts could be prepared. in the charts presented here nothing more than sorting the weight data in an ascending order is required. in the charts, the vertical scale is adjusted such that the grids are a unit apart. this means that an increase of 1 on the chart represents a doubling of the weight value. similarly, a decrease of one represents halving of the value. a log chart suitably prepared can identify the systematic nature of any weight system and point to different multipliers used in the system. the frequency at any particular value is also easily observable. such information can be gleaned without processing the weight data. in the end the raw data needs to be processed to gather further information about the make up of the system. table of ratios a table listing the ratios and frequencies of weights at those ratios is another way of examining the weight system. petrie assigned a ratio to every weight specimen in each system and then using the weight of the piece, calculated the unit value for each specimen. since a specific value is not assigned to the unit of the system, an average of all the unit values is used as the system ' s unit weight. the nominal weight for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5457571450921015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe55f920-30d0-46c2-97db-dbfbd5f1afb5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.627746"}
{"text": "using the weight of the piece, calculated the unit value for each specimen. since a specific value is not assigned to the unit of the system, an average of all the unit values is used as the system ' s unit weight. the nominal weight for each ratio is simply the product of this unit value and the assigned ratio. an additional column lists the logarithm to base 2 of each nominal weight. this should help to identify the plotted points on the log chart. the frequencies are determined by counting the number of specimens that are allocated to each nominal weight. this is accomplished as follows. any weight between two adjacent nominal weights a and b will be allocated to a if it is less than ( a + b ) / 2, otherwise it is allocated to b. continuing this way, all the weights between the lowest and the highest nominal weights are allocated to one or the other weight ratio. the weights lighter than the lowest nominal value are assigned to the lowest ratio. similarly, those heavier than the highest nominal value are assigned to the highest ratio. this method of allocation of weights ensures that each specimen belongs to only one ratio and that no specimens are left out. another way of displaying the characteristic of a weight system is by means of a histogram or a frequency distribution chart. this displays the number of specimens in a given interval of weight. to cover the entire range of the system, the whole collection of weights is first normalised. to do this, each specimen allocated to a ratio or nominal weight is divided by that nominal weight. this will give a value of 1 for specimens that are exactly equal to the nominal weight. those specimens below nominal weight will return a value less than 1 and those above greater than 1. the number of pieces within 1 % interval of the normalised value is counted. the interval at the centre spans the range from 0. 995 to 1. 005 of the normalised value and the rest of the range is similarly divided. the count of specimens in each interval is displayed on a chart. this is the histogram or frequency distribution of the weight system. there are 269 specimens in this weight system. the unit value of these weights ranges from 112. 0 grains to 125. 2 grains and their average value is 119. 6 grains. chart 1a is a log plot of these peyem weights. the binary scale of the weight system, in parts, is apparent, as is the fact that the whole system does not follow the binary scale. the vertical axis is set to start at 3. 90 =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.532768948491777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe55f920-30d0-46c2-97db-dbfbd5f1afb5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.628812"}
{"text": "log plot of these peyem weights. the binary scale of the weight system, in parts, is apparent, as is the fact that the whole system does not follow the binary scale. the vertical axis is set to start at 3. 90 = log2 ( 15 ). the first six steps in the chart, up to 8. 90 on the vertical scale, represent a sequence of binary multiples as they all lie on successive grid lines. the steps or flats are made of weights very close in value. the next flat is below the expected 9. 90, indicating a multiplier less than 2 is involved. an inspection of values in table 1 shows that this multiplier is 1. 25. starting from this step, there are four flats that form another sequence. there are a few odd groups that are not part of this sequence. of these, two are on the grid line and therefore belong to the sequence starting with the lowest weight. another single weight, also on the grid line, appears very near the top. by setting the vertical scale to different values, successive flats that form a sequence can be identified. in the chart above, three separate groups that follow a binary sequence can be seen. table 1 is constructed using 119. 6 grains as the unit of the peyem system. an examination of the table shows the basic scale of 1, 2, 4, 5 repeating over the next two decades. the expected ratio of 500 is absent and that at 1000 has only one specimen. there are also three fractional ratios of a half, a quarter and an eighth. there are a few odd ratios : 3, 8, 12, 16, 60 and 1500. their frequencies are low. they do not form part of any sequence as their decimal multiples are absent. altogether, 17 specimens out of a collection of 269 do not follow the basic 1, 2, 4, 5 scale. chart 1b is a histogram of the peyem system. the set of nominal weights, as listed in table 1, occurs at the normalised value of 1. 00 and there are four values where the frequency is higher than at the nominal weights. the peak frequency occurs at 0. 96 of the normalised value. the collection of the qedet system comprises 861 specimens. the unit value ranges from 135. 5 grains to 153. 5 grains with the average equal to 144. 5 grains. chart 2a displays the whole collection on a log scale to base 2. the unit value of 144. 5 grains can be seen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5371253215527148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe55f920-30d0-46c2-97db-dbfbd5f1afb5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.629755"}
{"text": ". the unit value ranges from 135. 5 grains to 153. 5 grains with the average equal to 144. 5 grains. chart 2a displays the whole collection on a log scale to base 2. the unit value of 144. 5 grains can be seen on the grid line at 7. 17. the collections on the following two succeeding grid lines form part of the binary sequence of 1, 2, 4. the presence of a large number of specimens just above the grid line at 9. 17 shows a non - binary multiple of 5. like peyem, qedet also follows a basic scale of 1, 2, 4, 5. all of these multiples can be seen in table 2b, which also shows the frequencies at different ratios as well as the value to log2 ( weight ) for different nominal weights. again there are fractional ratios, this time a third and a sixth as well as a half, with the fractional ratio of a sixth having a frequency of only one. the collection on the grid line at 6. 17 are weights at half the unit value. here also there are odd ratios. these are the fractional ratios of a third and a sixth and the ratios 2. 5, 3, 6, 8, 25, 30, 150, 250. the frequency at ratio of 25, like that at one third, is surprisingly high. in all, there are 70 of these odd ratios out of the total collection of 861 specimens. chart 2b is a histogram of the qedet system. the collection ranges from 0. 93 to 1. 06 of the normalised values of the weights. the peak frequency occurs at 0. 98 of the normalised value. the stater system compromises 396 specimens. the unit value of weights ranges from 132. 0 grains to 140. 3 grains and their average value is 135. 3 grains. chart 3a is a log plot of these weights. the vertical scale is adjusted so that the value of 7. 08 ( = log2 ( 135. 3 ) ) falls on a grid line. table 3 shows the ratios of the stater weight system. the scale of 1, 2, 5 better describes the system as there are specimens with multiples of tens of this scale up to a ratio of 1000. while there are 3 specimens at ratio 4, there are none at ratios 40 and 400. similarly, ratios 3 and 25, with respectable counts, do not have any at higher multiples. all these ratios, along with the sixth, the third", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5619335723895136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe55f920-30d0-46c2-97db-dbfbd5f1afb5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.631260"}
{"text": ". while there are 3 specimens at ratio 4, there are none at ratios 40 and 400. similarly, ratios 3 and 25, with respectable counts, do not have any at higher multiples. all these ratios, along with the sixth, the third and 8 and 150 are odd to the basic ratio of 1, 2, 5. in all, there are 62 of these odd ratios out of the total collection of 396 specimens. the stater system of weights is an odd one out of the three systems being analysed in that its basic scale is different from the other two and it is also the most accurate of the three. this can be seen from the histogram, chart 3b. this shows the distribution ranging from 0. 98 to 1. 04 of the normalised values. this in spite of a large number of specimens with odd ratios. the analysis of each weight system is based on petrie ' s assignment of ratio to each specimen from which a value of the unit of the system is derived. the histogram or frequency distribution of the weight system is based on the average of the derived values of the unit. the frequencies at each ratio listed in the table of ratios are obtained from the weight tables. the log charts are based solely on the weight of specimens which petrie determined using a balance and set of grain weights4 specially manufactured for the purpose. a set of weights manufactured to a specific value will display a spread about that specific or intended value. the number of specimens at the intended value is the highest and the distribution of the rest is symmetrical about it. the distribution trails away from the peak. the distribution is shaped like a bell and is known as the normal distribution. the frequency distribution for the peyem and the qedet systems, charts 1b and 2b, presents a challenge. the peak frequency is not at the centre of the distribution. frequencies away from the nominal value do not trail off as expected for a normal distribution. the frequency distribution of the stater system, however, is much closer to that expected for a normal distribution. these histograms are fairly compact, the range of spread of the weights about the nominal values is mostly less than 5 %. the stater system displays the narrowest range, with most of the collection accommodated within 2 % of the nominal values. histograms can be examined for slightly different values of the unit weight. for the peyem and qedet systems, the distribution will roll along, with the frequencies rippling along the top.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5121157331006925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe55f920-30d0-46c2-97db-dbfbd5f1afb5>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.632196"}
{"text": "within 2 % of the nominal values. histograms can be examined for slightly different values of the unit weight. for the peyem and qedet systems, the distribution will roll along, with the frequencies rippling along the top. no unit value can give a distribution with a single peak frequency. but for the stater system the matters are different. a slightly higher value of the unit weight is found that produces an almost symmetrical distribution with the peak frequency occurring at the nominal value. chart 3b1 shows the distribution of the stater system for two different values of the unit weight : at the average value of 135. 3 grains in blue, and at 135. 8 grains in red. all the systems examined here include ternary and quinary ratios as well as the usual binary and decimal ratios found in many of the ancient weight systems. the quinary ratio can be explained as an intermediate stage of a decimal scale. the ternary ratio is not so easily explained. binary submultiples are a standard feature of each weight system. also, a few ternary submultiples are present in two of the weight systems examined but none of the systems has any quinary submultiple. removing the weights of the ternary scale alters the picture. both total frequency and distribution are affected. however, reassigning weights of the ternary scale to the nearest ratio applicable alters the frequency distribution only. examination of the weight systems presented here is based on weights recovered nearly 100 years ago. addition of newer finds could alter the picture. a larger collection will give a better value of the unit of the weight system. it should also provide a better view of the ratios that existed in different weight systems. special thanks are due to norman j. street for providing access to certain books without which this paper would not have been possible. 1. ancient weights and measures by flinders petrie, department of egyptology, university college, london. 1926 2. an analysis of the petrie collection of weights by a. s. hemmy in the journal of egyptian archaeology, vol. 23 no. 1 ( june 1937 ), p 42 3. the statistical treatment of ancient weights by a. s. hemmy, in ancient egypt, december 1935. page 86. 4. ancient weights and measures, op cit, p3 \u00a9 2012 chandrakant doshi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5617932684488154, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe55f920-30d0-46c2-97db-dbfbd5f1afb5>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.633043"}
{"text": "if you ' ve ever had the flu, you know how bad it can make you feel. to help avoid all that misery \u2014 as well as possible health complications \u2014 doctors now recommend that all teens through age 18 get a flu vaccine every year. hate getting shots? there ' s good news : the flu vaccine also comes in a nasal spray. why get vaccinated? the main reason for getting vaccinated is to spare yourself the misery of flu. but there are other reasons to get vaccinated too. it ' s especially important for people with certain medical conditions ( like kidney disease, diabetes, hiv, heart problems, or asthma ) to get a flu vaccine. they are more likely to get serious complications ( like pneumonia ) when they get the flu. kids and teens who take aspirin regularly also need to be vaccinated. they are at risk for developing a serious condition called reye syndrome if they get the flu. another reason for getting vaccinated is to protect the people around you who might get seriously ill from flu \u2014 like babies, people with serious illnesses, and the elderly. when you protect yourself with a flu vaccine, you also protect other people who are more vulnerable because there ' s less chance you ' ll get the flu and pass it on. scientists call this \" herd immunity. \" when should a person get vaccinated? the best time to get a flu shot in the united states is before flu season starts. this gives the body a chance to build up immunity before the winter flu season. so you ' ll want to get vaccinated as soon as this year ' s flu vaccine becomes available in your area. ( your mom or dad should be able to find out when that is from your doctor ' s office, or ask your school nurse. ) if you can ' t get vaccinated right away, you can still get a flu shot throughout flu season and have some protection against the flu. you also can protect yourself against the flu by washing your hands frequently. flu vaccines are available as a shot or nasal mist ( a type of spray that ' s squirted up the nose ). the shot contains killed flu viruses that won ' t cause people to get the flu, but will cause the body to make antibodies to fight off infection by the live flu virus. the flu shot is very effective at protecting against the flu, but it ' s not 100 %. a few people who get the shot will get the flu. in addition, the shot only contains certain strains of the virus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43307689544598016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c97142c2-873f-428e-8550-97585ca80c7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.637236"}
{"text": "by the live flu virus. the flu shot is very effective at protecting against the flu, but it ' s not 100 %. a few people who get the shot will get the flu. in addition, the shot only contains certain strains of the virus. if a new flu strain emerges, a person who ' s had a shot may not be protected against it. if you hate getting shots, ask your doctor about the nasal mist vaccine. the nasal mist is different from the shot because it contains weakened live flu viruses instead of killed viruses. because it contains live viruses, the nasal mist isn ' t for everyone. for example, people with weakened immune systems ( from certain illnesses or medications ) shouldn ' t get the nasal mist. check with your doctor to see if you can get the nasal mist vaccine. what about side effects? it ' s possible to have some minor side effects for 1 or 2 days after getting a flu shot, like soreness in the area where you got the shot. some people may feel achy or have a mild fever after getting the shot. but the side effects aren ' t as bad as the flu, which can make some people sick for as long as 2 or 3 weeks. a few people who get the nasal mist vaccine can develop mild flu - like symptoms that go away after several days. and if you have an egg allergy, get your flu shot in a doctor ' s office, not at a supermarket, drugstore, or other venue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4305592008735471, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c97142c2-873f-428e-8550-97585ca80c7b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.637875"}
{"text": "a magnesium test is done to assess magnesium levels in the blood. magnesium, a mineral obtained mostly from food, helps the : muscles and nerves function heart maintain normal rhythm bones stay strong body process energy and make proteins why it ' s done doctors may order a magnesium test to help diagnose or monitor : kidney problems ( whether the kidneys are excreting or retaining too much magnesium ) gastrointestinal and nutritional conditions ( problems with intestinal absorption or malnutrition ) abnormal heart rhythm muscle problems, such as cramping, twitching, or weakness low calcium or potassium levels ( because magnesium works closely with other minerals, its levels can directly affect the body ' s overall chemical balance ) no special preparations are needed for this test. however, certain drugs \u2014 especially those that contain magnesium, such as some antacids and laxatives \u2014 might alter the test results, so tell your doctor about any medications your child is taking. on the day of the test, having your child wear a short - sleeve shirt can make things easier for the technician who will be drawing the blood. a health professional will usually draw the blood from a vein. for an infant, the blood may be obtained by puncturing the heel with a small needle ( lancet ). if the blood is being drawn from a vein, the skin surface is cleaned with antiseptic, and an elastic band ( tourniquet ) is placed around the upper arm to apply pressure and cause the veins to swell with blood. a needle is inserted into a vein ( usually in the arm inside of the elbow or on the back of the hand ) and blood is withdrawn and collected in a vial or syringe. after the procedure, the elastic band is removed. once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed and the area is covered with cotton or a bandage to stop the bleeding. collecting blood for this test will only take a few minutes. either method ( heel or vein withdrawal ) of collecting a sample of blood is only temporarily uncomfortable and can feel like a quick pinprick. afterward, there may be some mild bruising, which should go away in a few days. getting the results the blood sample will be processed by a machine. the results are commonly available after a few hours or the next day. if magnesium levels are found to be either elevated or deficient, further testing may be necessary to determine what ' s causing the problem and how to treat it. the magnesium test is considered a safe procedure. however, as with many medical tests, some problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5076087776432266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:16bce2a2-3910-4888-ad4b-fb9a1344bf93>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.643283"}
{"text": "a boy in my 8 - year - old daughter ' s class has a cleft palate. i know that he has trouble finding friends because other kids \u2014 including my daughter \u2014 are wary of his difference. how can i encourage her to reach out to him so other kids will too? this is an excellent opportunity for you to teach your daughter about accepting others. kids are often sharp observers of physical appearances and, like your daughter, many are initially wary of others with noticeable differences. provide basic information about cleft palate so your daughter will understand it. emphasize that although some kids may look different, they are just like other children in many ways. keep it as simple and direct as possible, perhaps saying something like : \" johnny was born with an opening on the roof of his mouth, called a cleft palate. his doctors are working to make it better and he sometimes has trouble saying certain sounds. \" focus on how the boy is just like other kids, perhaps saying something like, \" he ' s a good reader like you and likes to play soccer. \" encourage your daughter to talk to him or ask him to play in the same ways she does with other kids. if she ' s reluctant to do this for fear of what her friends think, ask her to consider how she would feel if others excluded her based on a physical feature that she couldn ' t help, like glasses or a birthmark. forcing your daughter to develop friendships with specific kids isn ' t likely to work. but you can continue to gently encourage her to reach out to the boy, help her feel more comfortable and confident interacting with people who are different for any reason, and teach ways to be more accepting of them. and don ' t forget to pay attention to the way you treat others with differences, as the example you set will strongly influence your daughter ' s behavior.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4710631713807059, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eee9c195-401a-43f8-9ff6-93b3e980eac3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.645694"}
{"text": "pools, lakes, ponds, and beaches mean summer fun and cool relief from hot weather. but water also can be dangerous for kids if you don ' t take the proper precautions. nearly 1, 000 kids die each year by drowning. and most drownings occur in home swimming pools. it is the second leading cause of accidental death for people between the ages of 5 and 24. the good news is there are many ways to keep your kids safe in the water and make sure that they take the right precautions when they ' re on their own. keeping kids safe kids need constant supervision around water \u2014 whether the water is in a bathtub, a wading pool, an ornamental fish pond, a swimming pool, a spa, the beach, or a lake. young children are especially vulnerable \u2014 they can drown in less than 2 inches ( 6 centimeters ) of water. that means drowning can happen where you ' d least expect it \u2014 the sink, the toilet bowl, fountains, buckets, inflatable pools, or small bodies of standing water around your home, such as ditches filled with rainwater. always watch children closely when they ' re in or near any water. if you don ' t already, it ' s a good idea to learn how to swim, and kids older than 4 years should learn, too ( check the local recreation center for classes taught by qualified instructors ). kids who are younger ( but older than age 1 ) also might benefit from swimming lessons, but check with your doctor first. don ' t assume that a child who knows how to swim isn ' t at risk for drowning. all kids need to be supervised in the water, no matter what their swimming skill levels. and infants, toddlers, and weak swimmers should have an adult swimmer within arm ' s reach to provide \" touch supervision. \" invest in proper - fitting, coast guard - approved flotation devices ( life vests ) and use them whenever a child is near water. check the weight and size recommendations on the label, then have your child try it on to make sure it fits snugly. for kids younger than 5 years old, choose a vest with a strap between the legs and head support \u2014 the collar will keep the child ' s head up and face out of the water. inflatable vests and arm devices such as water wings are not effective protection against drowning. don ' t forget the sunscreen and reapply frequently, especially if the kids are getting wet. uv sunglasses, hats, and protective clothing can also help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4165639608955316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58063c3b-cf8e-4511-a199-4b75c6c1c7ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.657005"}
{"text": "where the water hazards in your neighborhood are. who has a pool or water spa? where are the retaining ponds or creeks that may attract kids? tell neighbors who have pools that you have a young child and ask them to keep their gates locked. having a pool at home having a pool, pond, spa, or hot tub on your property is a tremendous responsibility when it comes to safety. hot tubs may feel great to adults, but kids can become dangerously overheated in them and can even drown \u2014 so it ' s best not to let them use them at all. having a fence ( one that goes directly around the pool or spa ) between the water and your house is the best safety investment you can make and will help prevent pool - related drownings. according to the consumer product safety commission ( cpsc ), fences should meet these standards : fences should stand at least 4 feet ( 130 centimeters ) high with no foot or handrails for kids to climb on. the slats should be less than 4 inches ( 110 millimeters ) apart so a child can ' t get through, or if chain link, should have no opening larger than 1\u00be inches ( 50 millimeters ). gates should be self - closing and self - latching, and the latch should be out of kids ' reach. you can buy other devices, such as pool covers and alarms, but these haven ' t been proved effective against drowning for very young children, so fencing remains your best measure of protection. it ' s important to teach your kids proper pool and spa behavior, and to make sure that you take the right precautions, too. let kids know that they should contact the lifeguard or an adult if there ' s an emergency. kids shouldn ' t run or push around the pool and should never dive in areas that are not marked for diving. if the weather turns bad ( especially if there ' s lightning ), they should get out of the pool immediately. above all, supervise your kids at all times. don ' t assume that just because your child took swimming lessons or is using a flotation device such as an inner tube or inflatable raft that there ' s no drowning risk. if you ' re at a party, it ' s especially easy to become distracted, so designate an adult who will be responsible for watching the children. if you leave your child with a babysitter, make sure he or she knows your rules for the pool. seconds count when it comes to water emergencies, so take a cordless phone with you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4238493814311603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58063c3b-cf8e-4511-a199-4b75c6c1c7ac>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.659412"}
{"text": "adult who will be responsible for watching the children. if you leave your child with a babysitter, make sure he or she knows your rules for the pool. seconds count when it comes to water emergencies, so take a cordless phone with you when you ' re watching kids during water play. a quick - dial feature keyed to 911 or your local emergency center will also save additional seconds. if you receive a call while supervising kids, keep your conversation brief to prevent being distracted. once you ' ve installed all your safety equipment, review your home for water hazards and plan what to do in an emergency. learn cpr ( other caregivers should learn it, too ) and make sure you have safety equipment, such as emergency flotation devices, that are in good shape and are close at hand when boating or swimming. post emergency numbers on all phones and make sure all caregivers are aware of their locations. after your kids are finished playing in the pool for the day, be sure to remove all pool toys and put them away. children have drowned while trying to retrieve playthings left in the pool. you should still be concerned about water safety, even after the swim season has passed. pools with covers are not safe ; many kids attempt to walk on top of pools during the winter months and may get trapped underneath a pool cover. in addition, icy pools, ponds, and streams are tempting play areas for kids, so keep your pool gates locked and teach your kids to stay away from water without your supervision. if you have an above - ground pool, it ' s wise to always lock or remove the ladder when the pool is not in use. first, teach kids never to swim alone. using the buddy system means there ' s always someone looking out for you. make sure your kids understand that swimming in a pool is different from swimming in a lake or the ocean \u2014 there are different hazards for each. here are some tips : at the lake or pond don ' t let kids swim without adult supervision \u2014 lakes or ponds may be shallow near the bank and then increase in depth sharply further out from shore. ponds and lakes may hide jagged rocks, broken glass, or trash. make sure kids wear foot protection ; even in the water, they should wear aqua socks or water shoes. watch out for weeds and grass that could entangle a leg or arm. most boating accidents, particularly among teenagers, are related to alcohol. when you and your family are boating, assign a designated driver who won ' t drink. be sure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4264819937483446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58063c3b-cf8e-4511-a199-4b75c6c1c7ac>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.661186"}
{"text": "shoes. watch out for weeds and grass that could entangle a leg or arm. most boating accidents, particularly among teenagers, are related to alcohol. when you and your family are boating, assign a designated driver who won ' t drink. be sure teens know about the dangers of alcohol, on and off the water. at the beach teach kids to always swim when and where a lifeguard is on duty. they shouldn ' t swim close to piers or pilings because sudden water movements may cause swimmers to collide with them. unlike the calm waters of a swimming pool, the beach has special dangers like currents and tides. check with the lifeguard when you arrive to find out about the water conditions. don ' t allow kids to swim in large waves or undertows, and tell them never to stand with their back to the water because a sudden wave can easily knock them over. teach kids that if they ' re caught in a rip current or undertow, they should swim parallel to the shore or should tread water and call for a lifeguard ' s help. the stings of jellyfish or portuguese man - of - wars can be painful, so tell kids to avoid them in the water and to tell an adult right away if they ' re stung. whether at the lake or at the beach, teach your child to get out of the water during bad weather, especially lightning. water parks can be a lot of fun for kids, as long as you keep safety in mind. before you go, make sure the park is monitored by qualified lifeguards. once there, read all posted signs before letting your child on any rides ( many rides have age, height, weight, or health requirements, and each has a different depth of water ). teach your kids to follow all rules and directions, such as walking instead of running and always going down the water slide in the right position \u2014 feet first and face up. a coast - guard approved life jacket is a good idea, too. know which rides are appropriate for your child ' s age and development. for example, wave pools can quickly go from calm to rough, putting even a good swimmer in over his or her head. younger children can be intimidated by older kids ' splashing and roughhousing. what to do in an emergency whenever a child is missing, always check the pool first. survival depends on a quick rescue and restarting breathing as soon as possible. if you find a child in the water, immediately get the child out while calling loudly for help. if someone else", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43002269026863216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58063c3b-cf8e-4511-a199-4b75c6c1c7ac>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.662209"}
{"text": "whenever a child is missing, always check the pool first. survival depends on a quick rescue and restarting breathing as soon as possible. if you find a child in the water, immediately get the child out while calling loudly for help. if someone else is available, have them call 911. check to ensure the child ' s air passages are clear. if the child is not breathing, cpr should be initiated as necessary. this is best done by someone who is trained in cpr. when the emergency number is called, follow the instructions the emergency operators provide. if you think the child may have suffered a neck injury, such as with diving, then keep the child on his or her back and brace the neck and shoulders with your hands and forearms to help keep the neck immobilized, until emergency help arrives. this type of immobilization minimizes further injury to the spine and is best performed by someone who is trained in the technique. don ' t let the child move. speak in calm tones to keep the child comforted. continue to watch for adequate breathing. recreational water illnesses happen due to contact with contaminated water from recreational water sources like a swimming pool, hot tub, water fountain, water park, lake, or ocean. it is usually spread by swallowing, inhaling or coming into contact with water that is contaminated with germs. most reported infections people get are diarrhea - related and often are due to the parasite cryptosporidium, which normally lives in the gastrointestinal tract and is found in feces. other infections can affect the skin, eyes, ears, and respiratory tract. kids, pregnant women, and people with a weakened immune system can be the most affected by these infections. although chlorine treatment in water kills germs that cause these illnesses, it can take time depending on the type of germ. a few tips to prevent getting a recreational water illness : kids with diarrhea should not swim. take kids on bathroom breaks often and change swim diapers often ( not at the poolside ). if you are taking a baby in the water who is not potty - trained, use a swim diaper. wash hands after using the bathroom or changing diapers. avoid swallowing or getting water in your mouth. keep the swimming water clean by showering with soap before entering the pool. after swimming, dry ears well with a towel / washcloth, tilting each ear down to help water drip out of the ear canal. this can help prevent swimmer \u2019 s ear (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4401912973972497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58063c3b-cf8e-4511-a199-4b75c6c1c7ac>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.663182"}
{"text": "the swimming water clean by showering with soap before entering the pool. after swimming, dry ears well with a towel / washcloth, tilting each ear down to help water drip out of the ear canal. this can help prevent swimmer \u2019 s ear ( an ear infection due to trapped water in the ear canal ). water safety tips for babies drowning, although the biggest worry, isn ' t the only concern when babies are exposed to water. infants are particularly susceptible to diseases that can be transmitted in water. after introducing an infant to a pool, dry the child ' s ears carefully with a towel or cotton ball to help prevent swimmer ' s ear. after a dip, wash your baby with a mild soap and shampoo the hair to remove pool chemicals. water temperatures below 85\u00b0f ( 29\u00b0c ) can cause babies to lose heat quickly, putting them at risk for hypothermia ( when body temperature falls below normal ). shivering infants or those whose lips are turning blue should be removed from the water immediately, dried, and kept in a towel. infants can also spread disease in a pool. cryptosporidium can be released into pools by babies with leaky diapers. when swallowed by other swimmers, the parasite can cause severe diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and dehydration. the safest thing to do is to keep your baby out of public pools until the child is potty - trained. if you do decide to take the baby in for a dip, use waterproof diapers only and change the diapers frequently ( but not poolside! ), washing your child well each time. keep any child with diarrhea or a gastrointestinal illness out of the pool during the illness and for 2 weeks afterward. provide frequent bathroom breaks for kids who are already potty - trained. water play can be a great source of fun and exercise. you ' ll enjoy the water experience more by knowing and practicing these safety precautions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4307396368620692, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58063c3b-cf8e-4511-a199-4b75c6c1c7ac>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.664961"}
{"text": "a couple of weeks ago, i was invited to the local pbs affiliate to hear the results of a study recently commissioned by pbs kids. we are a pbs kids family for sure, so the whole family was excited to attend the event with me. while i was hearing about the study, my little guy was hanging out with curious george. [ cue the pre - school squee! ] according to pbs kids, \u201c the national survey of parents with children ages 2 - 12 also indicated that parents are less likely to support their kids \u2019 math skills from the earliest ages, and that many parents have anxiety about supporting math learning at home. \u201d responding to this need, pbs kids and the corporation for public broadcasting ( cpb ) announced a new program called \u201c it all adds up. \u201d it all adds up is \u201c an effort that aims to boost math learning at home \u2013 and everywhere \u2013 by providing resources for parents. \u201d pbs kids and the cpb have already been doing great work over the last two years in literacy and math via more than 100 games and apps through the ready to learn program. it all ads up will build on that success and make them accessible online at pbs kids \u2019 lab, \u201c a site that aggregates games, apps and offline activities to help support math and reading learning for kids 2 - 8. \u201d here are a couple of photos of my little guy and a little girl playing a particularly awesome curious george game available at pbs kids \u2019 lab. it uses the microphone and the camera on the computer to allow the game to be interactive with little ones who maybe haven \u2019 t mastered the mouse or the keyboard. my guy loved it. here are a few of the awesome new resources : new fetch! 3 - d online game : ruff ruffman \u2019 s monumental mini - golf kiddos aged 6 to 8 will help ruff build his mini golf course. kids will partner up ( safely ) with other kids who are also online to solve puzzles and create structures. all along they will be practicing spatial reasoning, measurement, and shape manipulation. at the end of the game, kids get to play through the mini golf course that they just helped create! this game is in public beta, so there will likely be more changes to the game, but it \u2019 s a great time to get in and try it! pbs parents play & learn app this is pbs kids \u2019 first app designed exclusively for parents. available for free download, the app offers games and ideas for parents to practice math skills with their kids. the games are organized around familiar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4934244501436504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ff562cd-9f9c-4eba-80bb-a3c7a2b95858>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.667899"}
{"text": "pub. date : 2009 | online pub. date : may 18, 2009 | doi : 10. 4135 / 9781412971935 | print isbn : 9781412966702 | online isbn : 9781412971935 | publisher : sage publications, inc. about this encyclopedia homo ludens ( huizinga ) in 1938 johan huizinga ( 1872 \u2013 1945 ) wrote homo ludens : a study of the play element in culture. this was the last book written by this dutch comparative linguist and cultural historian. it remains one of the most influential books about play. a later critic of it, roger caillois, stated that though most of its premises are debatable, it opens up many ideas for research about play. the title of this book comes from homo, meaning man, and ludens, meaning play. huizinga writes that play is interwoven with culture, and the essence of play is that it is fun. he further writes that play cannot be reduced to anything else. play cannot be viewed as a function of something else ; you play because you want to play. he argued that while play is a part of culture, since animals play, play exists before culture. the fact that animals play...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5403877550866536, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19ac4c79-a506-4c0d-bdfd-882c4e880c4b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.669142"}
{"text": "shots - health news wed november 14, 2012 signs of drug - resistant malaria emerge in vietnam and myanmar last spring, the global health community got some alarming news about its last, best treatment for malaria. the artemisinin - based drugs were losing their potency at two different places in southeast asia : in western cambodia and along the border between thailand and myanmar. health workers feared that it was only a matter of time before the resistant malaria would show up elsewhere. now there are signs that artemisinin - resistant malaria is cropping up in vietnam and central myanmar, researchers reported tuesday at the annual meeting of the american society of tropical medicine and hygiene in atlanta. \" showing that resistance is emerging outside of western cambodia is a game changer, \" says dr. rick fairhurst, an infectious disease specialist from the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases, who co - chaired the study. \" there are other places, up and coming, that we ' ll have to be deal with now. \" for the past year and a half, fairhurst and a team of doctors from oxford university have closely monitored 883 malaria patients at 12 locations in cambodia, thailand, myanmar, bangladesh, vietnam and laos. the researchers have been measuring how quickly the plasmodium parasite leaves patients ' blood after they ' re given artemisinin. patients in the drug - resistant hot spots of western cambodia took the longest time to recover from malaria infections, as researchers expected. but at clinics more than 300 miles away in vietnam, the results were mixed. some patients wiped out the infections fast, but others were quite slow to recover. the team saw the same split at clinics in central myanmar. some researchers at the meeting were hesitant to label this slow clearance of the parasite drug resistance because several factors can influence how fast the drug works, including a patient ' s age and the malaria species. plus, artemisinin still kills the parasite, eventually. it just takes longer. this is good news, fairhurst says, because it means doctors can still use the drug to treat malaria in these locations. they probably just have to be extra careful, and perhaps add another medication to make sure they wipe out all forms of the parasite. \" we may need to get more serious about using a second drug to kill the gametocytes [ one stage of the parasite ], \" he tells shots. \" the guidelines say to do this, but it is not in widespread use. \" although the study is still ongoing, the team hasn ' t found any signs of sluggish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42537495694736005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76e42f4e-b032-45b7-b75a-5d3a304f38dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.673948"}
{"text": "total co2 or bicarbonate is different than the partial pressure of co2 ( pco2 ). learn about pco2 at a glance why get tested? when to get tested? during a routine physical or as recommended by your doctor if you are experiencing symptoms such as weakness, confusion, prolonged vomiting, or respiratory distress that could indicate an electrolyte imbalance or acidosis or alkalosis a blood sample drawn from a vein in the arm test preparation needed? the test sample what is being tested? the total co2 test measures the total amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, which occurs mostly in the form of bicarbonate ( hco3 - ). bicarbonate is a negatively charged ion that is excreted and reabsorbed by the kidneys. it is used by the body to help maintain the body ' s acid - base balance ( ph ) and secondarily to work with sodium, potassium, and chloride to maintain electrical neutrality at the cellular level. how is the sample collected for testing? a blood sample is drawn by needle from a vein in the arm. note : if undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles : coping with test pain, discomfort, and anxiety, tips on blood testing, tips to help children through their medical tests, and tips to help the elderly through their medical tests. another article, follow that sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture. is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample? no test preparation is needed. ask a laboratory scientist this form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, american society for clinical laboratory science. if your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our contact us form. thank you. * indicates a required field note : this article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the lab tests online editorial review board. this article is periodically reviewed by the editorial board and may be updated as a result of the review. any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. sources used in current review pagana and pagana. mosby \u2019 s manual of diagnostic and laboratory tests. fourth edition. pp 152 - 154. medlineplus medical encyclopedia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5271047725764001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c94de90-fcb1-42b4-9cd9-e215d4a80149>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.681118"}
{"text": "will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. sources used in current review pagana and pagana. mosby \u2019 s manual of diagnostic and laboratory tests. fourth edition. pp 152 - 154. medlineplus medical encyclopedia. co2 blood test. available online at http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / ency / article / 003469. htm. accessed september 2011. sources used in previous reviews thomas, clayton l., editor ( 1997 ). taber \u2019 s cyclopedic medical dictionary. f. a. davis company, philadelphia, pa [ 18th edition ]. pagana, kathleen d. & pagana, timothy j. ( 2001 ). mosby \u2019 s diagnostic and laboratory test reference 5th edition : mosby, inc., saint louis, mo. ( 1995 - 2004 ). minerals and electrolytes. the merck manual of medical information \u2013 second home edition [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. merck. com / mmhe / sec12 / ch155 / ch155a. html? qt = electrolytes & alt = sh through http : / / www. merck. com. ben - joseph, e., reviewed ( 2004 july ). dehydration. familydoctor. org information for parents [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. kidshealth. org / pagemanager. jsp? dn = familydoctor & lic = 44 & article _ set = 21646 through http : / / www. kidshealth. org. webner, d., updated ( 2003 august 18 ). co2. medlineplus medical encyclopedia [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / ency / article / 003469. htm. a. d. a. m. editorial, updated ( 2003 october 15 ). electrolytes. medlineplus medical encyclopedia [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / ency / article / 002350. htm. voorhees, b ( updated may 17, 2007 ). medlineplus medical encyclopedia : co2 test, serum. available online at http : / /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46267353008762246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c94de90-fcb1-42b4-9cd9-e215d4a80149>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.681919"}
{"text": "that is why, like so many who follow astronomy and the space program, i felt a genuine sadness upon hearing yesterday that phoenix has frozen with the onset of the martian autumn and winter. it was like hearing that a friend had died. in fact, phoenix has been a facebook friend to me and to many, as are the mars rovers, new horizons, messenger, the hubble telescope, various lunar missions, etc. even though everyone knew this day would come, there is no denying a very real sense of grief. we still have many science lessons to learn from phoenix ' s findings. but there is another lesson here too, specifically that sentiment and human emotions cannot ever be entirely separated from science. people ranging from scientists officially part of space missions to avid followers cannot help personifying the spacecrafts and robots we send to explore the solar system. the mars exploration rovers are affectionately referred to as \" the girls \" or the \" twin girls \" by the mission ' s leading scientists, who take enormous pride in the fact these \" girls \" that were intended to last 90 days have gone on more than four years. phoenix inspired the same attachment, the same anthropomorphism ; it was the lander built from the remains of a previous unsuccessful mission that became our eyes and ears in searching for water on mars. likewise, we cannot help but view the pioneers and voyagers, the only spacecrafts to leave our solar system, as our ambassadors to the stars, as extensions of ourselves pioneering our first ventures into the unknown. this is why those who argue that science must remain completely free of sentiment are fighting a losing battle. we have no vulcans ; no one, not even the most objective scientist, can ever completely separate him / her self from human emotions. what those who demean supporters of pluto ' s planet status as being motivated by sentiment are unable to see is that they, too, are motivated at least somewhat by sentiment. everyone is ; if not, we would never have had the excitement that motivated the apollo missions or the universal inclination to personify machines sent to mars. sentiment in science is not necessarily a negative thing. how many of today ' s scientists were first motivated by the thrill of viewing the apollo missions or even by the wonder of viewing planets or stars through a telescope for the first time? nothing can substitute for the awe and wonder inspired in so many by the night sky. if we took that away, and insisted only on hard, cold facts and mathematical equations, so much of the beauty of astronomy would be lost. of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5261160016846687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:740ba312-b2f5-4592-b418-f26c6c0b056d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.688767"}
{"text": "first time? nothing can substitute for the awe and wonder inspired in so many by the night sky. if we took that away, and insisted only on hard, cold facts and mathematical equations, so much of the beauty of astronomy would be lost. of course, sentiment alone, if it contradicts science, is inadequate in telling us anything meaningful about any subject. that is why medieval dogmas like geocentrism cannot be sustained. the pluto case is not like that. there is sufficient science, as discussed in this blog many times, to support the classification of dwarf planets as a subclass of planets, based on their being in hydrostatic equilibrium and experiencing the same geological processes as the major planets. but, in addition to the science, there is sentiment too. not just in the us, but all over the world, people are drawn to pluto, enraptured by it. maybe it ' s because of the enigma of an object so small and so far away. or maybe, with its planet status in question from day one, pluto has come to represent the underdog in all of us. whatever the reason, the sentiment is a positive thing, not only because it has science behind it, but also because it means people feel excitement about astronomy, that same excitement experienced during the heyday of the us space program, the same thrill at seeing a celestial object through a telescope for the first time. more than two years after the iau vote, that excitement over pluto is still very much alive. a new ps3 game by the european firm little big planet features sackboy, a rag doll type character and prototype of an avatar players can customize and use, in \" proposition pluto, \" an online petition to get pluto ' s planet status reinstated. that petition can be found here : http : / / www. propositionpluto. com / index. ht i ' ve never had any version of playstation, but i just might go out and buy ps3 and little big planet ' s games as a measure of solidarity with sackboy ' s support for pluto. mike wrathell, an artist and writer in michigan who shares with me a passion for pluto and for political campaigns, has a site with pluto - themed art, among many other works, at http : / / ultra - renaissance. com / according to wikipedia, \" a documentary about wrathell and his art called the king of pluto won an award of excellence for its director, sheila franklin, at the berkeley film & video festival in 2004, and was also screened", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5237340077636431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:740ba312-b2f5-4592-b418-f26c6c0b056d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.689808"}
{"text": "ultra - renaissance. com / according to wikipedia, \" a documentary about wrathell and his art called the king of pluto won an award of excellence for its director, sheila franklin, at the berkeley film & video festival in 2004, and was also screened in new york city and indianapolis. \" a blog post he wrote about his recent campaign for public office can be found here : i am also happy to report that after i complained about an entry in the la times kids reading room that presented only one side of this issue, namely the view that our solar system has only eight planets, the readers ' representative has contacted me with a pledge to post the other, pro - pluto as a planet side of this issue, on its online page of reader responses, which can be found here http : / / latimesblogs. latimes. com / readers / and for anyone in or near new jersey, i invite you to a joint presentation at amateur astronomers, inc. in cranford, nj this friday, november 14, at 8 : 30 pm, by aai members mike luciuk and me on the subject, \" is pluto a planet? \" this will not be so much a debate but a presentation. mike has a masters in astronomy, is very well versed on this subject, and did a superb job putting our power point together. the presentation will be at william miller sperry observatory located at union county college, 1033 springfield ave., cranford, nj. we will discuss the criteria that define a planet and the controversy surrounding pluto ' s status. this event is open to the public and has no admission fee. free parking is provided. for directions and more information on aai, visit http : / / www. asterism. org /. hope to see you there! for those who could not attend the great planet debate, both audio and video proceedings of the conference can be found online at http : / / gpd. jhuapl. edu /. the panel discussions are available in audio form, and the debate between dr. mark sykes and dr. neil degrasse tyson can be viewed on video. in short, there is a lot of continuing good news for pluto!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4552759235656372, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:740ba312-b2f5-4592-b418-f26c6c0b056d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.693276"}
{"text": "the fire and the agony of kim chi ha ' s verses are rooted in korea ' s long and tragic history. kim, one of park chung hee ' s most dangerous critics, was born on february 4, 1941, in mokpo, cholla province, for centuries the scene of resistance to overbearing govts. while a student he spent two years - wandering \" in the countryside to avoid the clampdown of 1961. later he was tortured and imprisoned for joining the student movement against normalization of japan - south korea relations in 1964 - 65. after acute tuberculosis had put him in a sanatorium for two years from 1967, his first long poem, \" five bandits, \" was published in 1970. kim, the editor and publishers of the paper that printed it, and other people were arrested under the anti - communist law and the paper confiscated by the kcia. after a long imprisonment, the charges were suspended and the defendants freed on bail. three months later the anthology, \" yellow earth, \" was published, and kim took to the countryside to avoid arrest after the 1972 publication of his next anti - establishment poem, \" groundless rumor, \" the govt re - committed him to masan sanatorium for penning material \" likely to benefit north korea, \" and threatened recriminations against his family if he kept it up. still he continued to write clandestinely. after a japanese writers ' delegation, part of a global campaign for his release, visited him at the sanatorium, kim was released in july 1972. by april 1974 he was once again in jail, this time for writing \" cry of the people, \" a biting attack on park ' s ultra - oppressive emergency measures. in july he was convicted of helping plot a nation - wide student rebellion ( the \" ndysf - see pp. 8 - 15, this issue ). in a hasty, closed trial he was sentenced to death, and only a new international outcry forced the govt to commute his sentence to life. he did not reappear until february 1975, when he and almost all of the ndysf students were released. this breath of freedom lasted him but three weeks. after kim revealed the truth of kcia tortures in the dong - a ilbo, the gates clanged shut behind him once again. kim ' s poems attack govt and official corruption, erosion of human rights in south korea, and the suffering and poverty of his fellow koreans. they make you cry and laugh at once, such is their satirical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4226717265245219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.735690"}
{"text": "gates clanged shut behind him once again. kim ' s poems attack govt and official corruption, erosion of human rights in south korea, and the suffering and poverty of his fellow koreans. they make you cry and laugh at once, such is their satirical power. as government oppression of kim got ever more violent, so the tone of his poetry has hardened and sharpened, until it seems the pages must explode with the power of the images. as long as kim chi he remains alive and writing, the govt and park chung hee will squirm in its iron - shod shoes. the \" statement of conscience \" below was smuggled gut of prison in mid - 1975, soon after 8 of the prp \" spies \" were hung. in it, kim exposes the govt ' s plan to frame him on similar charges. since its appearance, he has been refused all visits, and is still awaiting trial. to all who cherish justice and truth : the park regime is tying me up in a conspiratorial net of incredible lies. they say i am a communist who infiltrated the catholic church and pretended to be an advocate of democracy and human rights. i have been arrested and imprisoned on these charges. the authorities will soon begin a courtroom charade to \" legally \" brand me forever as a treacherous marxist - leninist agent. i will be impressed into the ranks of that legion of govermnent - designated \" communists. \" i am not the only target of this conspiracy. it is directed at the whole movement to restore democracy and at the christian church which has been fighting for social justice. the authorities are particularly determined to label as procommunist the association of catholic priests for the realization of justice, the national council for the restoration of democracy, and all youth and student movements. this is the forerunner of a broad crackdown on dissent. the government has been making these vile charges against me for more than a decade ; they are nothing new. i should prefer not to waste words with a personal defense here. the korean central intelligence agency ( kcia ) agents say, \" if you have a statement to make about these charges, do it in court. \" for once i agreed with them. i intended to do just that : to bring out some of the truth about this travesty during the trial by challenging the prosecutor. however, the current political situation compels me to speak out now. it is not just my convictions and my credibility that are endangered. the net has been thrown widely to encompass all democratic forces,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4946098793239333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.736819"}
{"text": "chi ha \" regardless of the facts. the kcia agents were cogs in the machine ; they could not refuse that order. they were ashamed of what they were doing but they harnmered away at me day and night. i saw no point in continuing the nerve - wracking war of attrition against such pitiful men! finally, on the sixth day, i wrote out a statement which they dictated. i scribbled it down like graffiti on a toilet wall and threw it at them. that is how my \" confession \" was written. as one might expect, the statement is full of lies and inconsistencies. there is the banal wording so dear to the kcia hacks : \" i became a communist out of a sense of inferiority and frustration due to poverty and illness. \" 3 this is the vilest part of the document. they used the same phrasing over and over again when i was indicted in 1970 for writing \" five bandits, \" for \" groundless rumors \" in 1972, and in the national democratic youth and student federation ( ndysf ) case of 1974. there is a materialistic determinism in the phraseology, as if all the poor and afflicted are \" potential communist criminals. \" would any self - respecting person write such craven drivel of her / his own free will? according to the \" confession, \" all my activities, including writing \" five bandits \" and \" groundless rumors, \" were due to my communist ideas. i wonder if foreign readers of these poems were deceived by my communist propaganda? there must be many red faces among those foreign literary critics who praised my work and did not even realize that it was \" communist propaganda. \" if \" five bandits \" is communist literature, why have the charges against me been pending for more than four years! and why was i not even indicted for \" groundless rumors? \" the \" confession \" says that i am a communist and a catholic. that is an antimony like being a \" democratic fascist. \" every school child knows that communism regards religion, especially christianity, as the \" opiate of the masses. \" i understand that the kcia pamphlet cites a few books i had in my possession as \" proof \" that i am a communist. they are so stupid! their petty, frightened police state minds! no matter how severely intellectual freedom is restricted in south korea, does reading a few marxist classics make a person a communist? the most avid readers of leftist books are the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5037566077998161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.738962"}
{"text": "am a communist. they are so stupid! their petty, frightened police state minds! no matter how severely intellectual freedom is restricted in south korea, does reading a few marxist classics make a person a communist? the most avid readers of leftist books are the censors who check every piece of literature that comes into this country. if they can read these materials, why is it a crime for me? i have read hundreds of books ; the authorities seized fewer than ten. every one of those, without exception, is a classic that any foreign intellectual has read. the kcia pamphlet reproduces some of the notes i jotted down in prison from april 1974 until this february. again those memoranda and notes are supposed to be \" proof \" that i am a communist. these notes contain all kinds of thoughts and emotions. ideas that winged into my mind like birds flitting past my cell window. there are ruminations on this or that, outlines of projects i hope to write about in the future. bits and pieces, unconnected fragments. they do not show that i am a person ideologically committed to communism. if the government will make public all my notes, the charges against me will fall of their own weight. anyone who examines the material will see my values : my hatred of oppression and exploitation, my groping in the political wilderness for a way out of these iniquities. how i have driven myself in the quest for the answers! this search has nothing to do with communism. how should i define my ideological position? before i attempt that, two points require clarification. first, i regard myself as a free thinker not bound by any ideological system. i hope my ideas are neither shaped by personal ambition nor yield to intimidation and that they are also unfettered by any dogma or creed. thus i have never defined myself as an adherent of any \" ism. \" i belong in the creative tension formed by the chaos of freedom. a natural pool swirls with crosscurrents of ideas, values, systems, experiences. by diving into that pool again, and again i hope to come up with a few grains of truth. i stand beside that pool poised for the next dive. secondly, i am ideologically unfinished. that ' s a crude way of saying that i have never accepted one ideology as my operative value system. so far i have never found one system of thought that was logically convincing. i am still looking. in a sense, this is a shameful admission, but there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5329086319390067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.739989"}
{"text": "way of saying that i have never accepted one ideology as my operative value system. so far i have never found one system of thought that was logically convincing. i am still looking. in a sense, this is a shameful admission, but there are extenuating circumstances, i think. an individual ' s beliefs and conscience must be free, and the process that shapes them must also be open, competitive, eclectic. a person has a natural right to find her / his own values. even the yushin constitution, promulgated by park chung hee in. december 1972, guarantees this right to south korean society. nevertheless, intellectual life and value - formulation are totally controlled in our country. a single ideology with its priorities, preferences, taboos and sanctions is dominant. consider the spiritual ethos of south korea. the flow of information is controlled. once can only read a limited number of authorized books. anti - intellectualism and pervasive secrecy are the rule. i have tried, though often with doubts and remorse, to find the truth in this darkness. i am not the only one. every south korean who sought to understand what is going on in this country and in the world has trod the same uncertain, dangerous path. my ideological education is incomplete. under such conditions there ' s surely no chance of autogenous communism sprouting here. our conditioned reflex to \" communists \" was to imagine redfaced devils with horns growing out of their heads and long claws dripping with blood. every south korean below the age of thirty has been educated and indoctrinated this way. furthermore, we have never been taught anything about communism except emotional diatribes against it. even if a few curious people secretly read some leftist books, how could they turn into full - fledged communists with a firm grasp of dialectics, party history and doctrine? no \" autogenous communist \" could emerge from the younger generation. that includes me. far from being a committed communist, as the kcia charges, i have no reliable information about the nature of communism or what life is like in a socialist country. the charge that i am a communist is utterly groundless. 2. democracy, revolution, violence i want to identify with the oppressed, the exploited, the troubled and the despised. i want that love to be dedicated, passionate, and manifested in practical ways. this is the totality of my self - imposed task for humanity, the alpha and omega of my intellectual search. i hope that my odyssey will be understood as a love", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5458215856047894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.741056"}
{"text": "i want that love to be dedicated, passionate, and manifested in practical ways. this is the totality of my self - imposed task for humanity, the alpha and omega of my intellectual search. i hope that my odyssey will be understood as a love for humanity. my desire to love the human family makes me hate the oppression and exploitation that dehumanizes. one who exploits others corrupts oneself. thus i fight against oppression and exploitation - the struggle is my existence. i became a catholic because catholicism conveyed a universal message. not only that spiritual and material burdens could be lifted from humanity but also that oppression itself could be ended by the salvation of both the oppressor and the oppressed. catholicism is capable of assimilating and synthesizing these contradictory and conflicting ideologies, theories and value standards into a universal truth. my beliefs spring from a confident love for the common people. i have opposed the park regime and ridiculed the \" five bandits \" because they are the criminal gangleaders looting the country. i have grown up as one of the oppressed masses. that perspective enabled me to see that a pernicious elitist bias permeates our society. the oppressors say the masses are base, ugly, morally depraved, inately lazy, untrustworthy, ignorant and a spiritless, inferior race. but the common people i have known were not like that. they were honest and industrious. they may have looked stupid to a seoul bureaucrat but they were endowed with a rich native intelligence. although they seemed listless, they possessed enormous inner strength and determination. they may have been rough, not very sophisticated, but they had genuine affection for their friends and neighbors. the common people i knew were proud and full of an unassuming vitality. i have total confidence in the people. given the opportunity they will find correct solutions to their problems. and their time is coming. the people cannot be denied their rights and justice much longer. my confidence in the people has led me to trust their ability to determine their own fate. those who fear the people, who find the masses despicable, are ipso facto not democrats. when the going gets rough they will stand with the oppressors. what is democracy? it is an ideology opposed to silence, a system that respects a free logos and freedom of speech. it encourages the cacophony of dissent. a political system where everything is not revealed to the public is not a democracy. i believe that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5069711561499828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.742210"}
{"text": "? it is an ideology opposed to silence, a system that respects a free logos and freedom of speech. it encourages the cacophony of dissent. a political system where everything is not revealed to the public is not a democracy. i believe that the truth, only the truth, will liberate humanity. a public consciousness dulled by soporific incantations and smothered in darkness can be liberated by the truth. only when the people struggle out of the darkness, driven along by the very chaos of their opposition to authority, will they reach the sun - drenched fields. then they can head toward canaan, the land of justice and freedom promised by the creator. this is my dream, my faith. i cannot describe canaan in detail. no one person can do that. i think it win be created by the collective effort of all the people. my task is to fight on until the people hold the power in their own hands to shape their destiny. i want a victory for real democracy, complete freedom of speech. nothing more, nothing less. in this sense, i am a radical democrat and libertarian. i am also a catholic, one of the oppressed citizens of the republic of korea, and a young man who loathes privilege and corruption and dictatorial power. this defines my political beliefs. i have nothing more to add. democracy does not require a \" benevolent ruler who loves the people. \" a ruler who fears the people ' s wrath and weapons is preferable. democracy entails an uncompromising rejection of oppression. there is no democracy as long as the people cannot depose an undesirable ruler. thus democracy does not deny the people the right of revolution ; on the contrary, that fundamental right is the last guarantee of popular sovereignty. this obvious truth must never be forgotten. the right of revolution, the constant and eternal possibility of overthrowing illegitimate authority, is the ultimate sanction against misrule that enables the people to defend themselves from oppression and exploitation. rulers, of course, make revolution illegal, even discussion of it is banned as subversive. thus they can continue their political and economic domination. but that is why i must support resistance and revolution. i feel enormous pride in our korean traditions. the people have often protested against injustice and misgovernment., unfortunately, the rulers, irredeemably callous and arrogant, often crushed the protests with force. under these circumstances have the people any choice but revolution? catholic political thought since thomas aquinas has explicitly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5691825245733774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.744330"}
{"text": "injustice and misgovernment., unfortunately, the rulers, irredeemably callous and arrogant, often crushed the protests with force. under these circumstances have the people any choice but revolution? catholic political thought since thomas aquinas has explicitly recognized the people ' s right and duty, based on natural law, to overthrow a tyrant who threatens their existence and the common good. resistance abruptly changes the course of human affairs. the people themselves recover their humanity., the masses undergo a sudden and profound awakening ; history makes up for lost time by encouraging the people to miraculous feats. sooner or later resistance and revolution lead to the phenomenon of violence. when the violence of authority sustains oppression, the people ' s will is crushed, their best leaders are killed, and the rest are cowed into submission. the \" silence of law and order \" settles grimly across the land. then an antithetical situation exists where. violence must shatter this macabre order. to a degree, i approve of this kind of violence - no, that is not strong enough. i must approve of it! i reject the violence of oppression and accept the violence of resistance. i reject dehumanizing violence and accept the violence that restores human dignity. it could justly be called a \" violence of love. \" jesus used his whip on the merchants defiling the temple. that was the \" violence of love. \" it was force suffused with love. jesus wanted the afflicted and their oppressive rulers to be reborn again as true children of god. violence and destructiveness obviously bring suffering and hardship. but we ' must sometimes cause and endure suffering. never is this more true than when the people are dozing in silent submission, when they cannot be awakened from their torpor. to preach \" non - violence \" at such a time leaves them defenseless before their enemies. when the people must be awakened and sent resolutely off to battle, violence is unavoidable. gandhi and franz fanon agonized over this dilemma. father camillo torres took a rifle and joined the people. he died with them, the weapon never fired. the fallen priest with his rifle epitomized godliness. i do not know if his beliefs and methods were correct or not, but the purity of his love always moves me to tears. he staggered along his road to golgotha with uncertain tread. he was prepared to commit a sin out of his love for others. he was not afraid to bum in the depths", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5125717090758428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.745409"}
{"text": ", but the purity of his love always moves me to tears. he staggered along his road to golgotha with uncertain tread. he was prepared to commit a sin out of his love for others. he was not afraid to bum in the depths of eternal hell. true non - violence requires total non - compliance and non - cooperation. it concedes nothing to the oppressors. the superficial kind of non - violence which makes limited gestures of opposition is just another form of craven cooperation with the authorities. cowardly non - violence is the moral equivalent to cruel violence because with both the people get crushed. on the other hand, the \" violence of love \" is essentially the same as a \" courageous non - violence \" in that it arms the people against their foes. i approve of the \" violence of love \" but i am also a proponent of true non - violence. the revolution i support will be a synthesis of true non - violence and an agonized violence of love. ( i am now working on a long ballad, \" chang il tam, \" set against this background. ) to reach th it golden mean - a non - violence that does not drift to cowardly compromise and a violence that does not break the bonds of love and lapse into carnage - humankind must undergo an unceasing spiritual revival and the masses must experience a universal self - awakening. while i grant that the violence of blanquism can light the psychological fuse to revolution, i do not anticipate nor support a \" lucky revolution \" achieved by a small number of armed groups committing terrorist acts of violence. that is why i have eschewed the formation of or membership in secret organizations and have participated in activities consistent with the democratic process : writing and petitions, rallies and prayer meetings. my vision of a revolution is one to create a unified korea based on freedom, democracy, self - reliance and peace. more fundamentally, however, it must enable the korean people to decide on their own fate. i can confidently support such a revolution. that revolution will not follow foreign models or patterns, but will flow from our unique revolutionary tradition. the tong hak rebellion, the march first independence movement, 4 and the 1960 april student revolution adumbrate the next revolution. 3. revolutionary religion : the world of \" chang il tam \" the more i search for answers, the more contradictory ideas i find and the more confused i am. j. b metz confessed to the same experience. yet the antagonistic diversity of these systems of thought makes me strive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5386863706950522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.747569"}
{"text": "world of \" chang il tam \" the more i search for answers, the more contradictory ideas i find and the more confused i am. j. b metz confessed to the same experience. yet the antagonistic diversity of these systems of thought makes me strive even more for faith in the one absolute being. i believe such faith is attainable. must revolution reject religion and religion be the foe of revolution? i think that the answer is \" no. \" perhaps by this reply i could not be a marxist - leninist. but the marxist dictum that religion is the opiate of the masses is only a partial truth applicable to one aspect of religion. when a people have been brutally misruled and exploited for a long time, they lose their passion for justice and their affection for their fellows. committed only to self - survival, they lapse into an individualistic materialism. their near - crazed resentment and rage at social and economic conditions, diverted into frustration and self - hatred, is repeatedly dissipated in fragmented, anomic actions. our prisons are full of lower - class criminals, thrown there by the ruling elite that spits on the poor and flourishes on social injustice. the prisoners ' roster of crimes is diverse : armed robbery, theft, murder, desertion from military service, kidnapping, etc. yet their wretched tragedy has a common origin in frustration and isolation. the chief priests and pharisees defuse the people ' s bitter resentment and moral indignation with sentimental charity. the people are emasculated by mercy. the god of philanthropy serves the oppressor by turning the people into a mob of beggars. that is why i cannot admire albert schweitzer. in similar situations of bondage and deprivation, prophetic religions of love arise in the wilderness and shake the emotions of the oppressed and mistreated people. the slumbering masses awaken like a thunderclap! their human and divine qualities suddenly shine forth. the mystery of resurrection - revolution! that resurrection fashions people in god ' s image, opens their eyes to their own nobility and turns their frustration and self - hatred into eschatalogical hope. this kind of resurrection changes a selfish, individualistic, escapist anomie into a fraternal, united, realistic commitment to the common good. it becomes a struggle for a humane life and dignity for all the people. this resurrection prevents the people ' s bitter resentment and moral indignation from evaporating in self - hatred and converts it into a fierce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5278472618626089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.748632"}
{"text": "realistic commitment to the common good. it becomes a struggle for a humane life and dignity for all the people. this resurrection prevents the people ' s bitter resentment and moral indignation from evaporating in self - hatred and converts it into a fierce demand for god ' s universal justice. if necessary, the people ' s enormous energy may also be directed to a decisive, organized explosion. this is a revolutionary religion. this miraculous conversion which conceived the mystery of revival may also bring a decisive spiritual revival. this conversion is the philosophy of tan - the determination to choose the circumstances of one ' s death - that my hero, chang il tam, sings about. since my college years when i suffered from tuberculosis, i have passionately wanted to understand both my personal situation and my country ' s. how could i overcome my terror of death and how could south korea find its way out of ubiquitous spiritual dehumanization and material poverty? i heard something then about the tonghak teaching5 that \" the human is heaven. \" at first it was a pianissimo idea that made only a slight impression. later, i learned more about the tonghak rebellion, and an image took shape in my mind. i could see that awesome band of starving peasants, their proud banners proclaiming \" an end to violence, save the people, \" as they marched off to fight. suddenly that tonghak teaching became fortissimo, as thunderous as the battle cries of those marching peasants. i feel like writing a rude straightforward poem such as no one has ever written before. it has been a long time since i was beaten to hell for writing unsavory articles. my body is itching for a beating, my mouth is eager to speak and my hands are dying to write. since this impulse to write is beyond my control, i have made up my mind to set down a story concerning some strange thieves.... i do this knowing full well that i am asking for severe punishment including physical pain. but it ' s the best story that you ever saw with your belly - button or heard with your asshole since this country was formed under the paektu mountain on the third of october a long time ago. i have been grappling with that image for ten years. at some point i gave it a name - \" the unity of god and revolution. \" i also changed the phrase of \" the human is heaven \" into \" rice is heaven \" and used it in my poetry. that vague idea of \" the unity of god and revolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5325678049713745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.749633"}
{"text": "gave it a name - \" the unity of god and revolution. \" i also changed the phrase of \" the human is heaven \" into \" rice is heaven \" and used it in my poetry. that vague idea of \" the unity of god and revolution \" stayed with me as i continued my long, arduous search for personal and political answers, and as i became very interested in contemporary christian thought and activism. european social reformism, including ernst troeltsch, frederic ozanam, karl marx and others, had been absorbed into the grand edifice of christian thought. their ideas were now being questioned anew, developed in new directions. i was intrigued by efforts to combine marxist social reform and christian beliefs as evinced in the 1972 santiago declaration of christian socialism. the synthesis draws from diverse sources. one example is the adaptation of the teachings of marx and jesus. marx ' s contribution is his structural epistemology which maintains that social oppression blocks human salvation. from jesus ' s teachings we take his humanism, which advocates love for all people, the sanctity of the person, his emphasis on rebirth as the means to salvation, the idea of the god of hope who brings salvation, equality and liberation on earth, and the activities of jesus of nazareth during his lifetime. the synthesis tries to unify and integrate these concepts. in my view, this is not a mechanical process, a rote grafting of bits of marxism onto christianity. the union produces something entirely new. ( the new synthesis is not finished. its gestalt cannot be defined ; it is still amorphous. therefore i must decline to use the existing terminology. the korean people are suffering from the tragic reality of a divided peninsula. this division has become the excuse for brutal repression ; everything is done in the name of \" national security, \" the threat from the north. under this praetorian system, south korean society has become rigid, intolerant, frightened ; our intellectual life is as airless and barren as the valleys of the moon. the authorities, hyper - sensitive and always suspicious of new and possibly \" dangerous thoughts, \" may attempt to label my ideas as a certain ideology. i reject this false labelling of an unfinished \" product. \" i stand on my human right to be creative. humankind ' s original ideas are not turned out on an assembly line. ) my image of the unity of god and revolution was clarified by pope john xxiii ' s encyclical, mater et magistra. \" the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5508248566222655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.750771"}
{"text": "be creative. humankind ' s original ideas are not turned out on an assembly line. ) my image of the unity of god and revolution was clarified by pope john xxiii ' s encyclical, mater et magistra. \" the mystery of jesus and the loaves of bread is a temporal miracle which shows the future heaven. \" i also benifitted from writings of the liberation theologians : frederick herzog, james cone, richard shaull, paul lehmann, jurgen hartmann, j. b. metz, todt hugo, reinhold niebuhr, dietrick bonhoffer, and others. the statements of the pope after vatican ii and encyclicals such as rerum novarum provided insights. the greatest single influence on my thinking, however, has been my participation since 1971 in the korean christian movement for human rights. this experience convinced me that the korean tradition of resistance and revolution, with its unique vitality under the incredibly negative circumstances prevailing here, are precious materials for a new form of human liberation. this rich lode will be of special value to the third world. shaped and polished by the tools of liberation theology, our experience may inspire miraculous new forms of missio dei in the gritty struggle of the south korean people. my ballad, chang il tam, attempts to express these ideas through the teachings and intellectual pilgrimage of one holy man who speaks in the form of gospels. however, the park regime has seized my notes as proof of a \" conspiracy to publish subversive materials. \" chang il tam is a. thief, the son of a prostitute and a paekchong. 6 a failure in life and despondent, chang suddenly attains enlightenment and becomes a preacher of liberation. chang emulates im kok chong7 in believing that the poor should \" re - liberate \" what the rich have stolen from them and divide it equally among the needy. he begins by stealing from the rich and giving to the poor, is arrested and thrown into jail, whereupon he teaches the other prisoners about revolution. one day chang is unfairly disciplined. angrily throwing caution to the winds, he shouts, \" we must be liberated! down with the hated bourgeosie! \" ( my working notes cover only a portion of his proselytizing in prison ; these are his early radical ideas. the government claims they are identical with my ideas and therefore constitute irrefutable proof that i am a communist! ) chang escapes from prison, is hunted by the police,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5299235614248496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.751903"}
{"text": "his proselytizing in prison ; these are his early radical ideas. the government claims they are identical with my ideas and therefore constitute irrefutable proof that i am a communist! ) chang escapes from prison, is hunted by the police, and finally hides in a filthy back alley where some prostitutes are plying their trade. he calls to the prostitutes : \" oh, you are all my mother! \" he kisses their feet, and declares : \" the soles of your feet are heaven! \" \" god is in your putrid wombs! \" and \" god ' s place is with the lowest of the low. \" chang later goes to live on mt. kyeryong and preaches about a paradise in the land of the eastern sea. 8 he teaches a systematic religious discipline in three stages : sich ' onju, acceptance of god and service to him ; yangch ' onju, cultivation of god in your heart and subordination. of everything to god ' s will ; and saengch ' onju. 9 chang preaches \" community ownership of property, \" teaches about revolution, stresses the unity of prayer and action, and advocates \" resistance against the tide. \" his major ideas include, \" the transformation of the lowest into heaven, \" that the traveller ' s path from this world to heaven is revolution, the need to purge wild beasts that lurk within human heartssymbolic of the paekchong ' s occupation - and that this world is corrupt but in the next world they will visit the paradise in the eastern sea. chang il tam preaches to the workers and farmers. he builds an altar in the wilderness, starts a huge bonfire, and casts everything old into the flames. he teaches the people that although violence is unavoidable, tan is desirable. he leads the multitude toward the evil palace in the capital, seoul. the throng all carry beggar ' s cans. at this point chang proclaims that paradise is \" to share food with others \" and that \" food is heaven. \" they reach the capital where food is abundant and continue through the city on the eternal journey toward paradise where food is shared by all. ( this journey implies an endless transmigratory discipline : to the destination and then a return to a place where there is no food. ) during the march to seoul, chang is defeated in a battle. the government offers a reward, and the traitor judas turns chang in. chang remains silent, saying nothing in his own defense. he is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5180406585561897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.752996"}
{"text": "to a place where there is no food. ) during the march to seoul, chang is defeated in a battle. the government offers a reward, and the traitor judas turns chang in. chang remains silent, saying nothing in his own defense. he is convicted of violating the anti - communist law, the national security law and inciting rebellion. chang is taken out to be executed and just before he is beheaded, breaks his silence to sing a song, \" food is heaven. \" food is heaven you can ' t make it on your own food should be shared food is heaven we all see the same stars in heaven how natural that we all share the same food. food is heaven as we eat god enters us food is heaven should be shared by all. chang is resurrected three days later. his severed head seeks out the traitor judas, decapitates him and places itself on his trunk. the traitor ' s body is joined with the saint ' s destiny. this weird union of holiness, goodness and truth, accomplished through judas ' wicked intelligence, is both chang ' s revenge and salvation for the sinner. it expresses the manifold paradoxes of chang ' s thought. my tentative denouement for the ballad is \" the song, ' food should be shared ' has become a raging storm sweeping into every comer of south korea. \" that is the general outline of the ballad. i repeat that chang il tam ' s world is in flux. religious asceticism and revolutionary action, the works of jesus, the struggle of ch ' oe che u ( founder of the tonghak ) and chon pong jun ( commander of the tonghak peasant army ), a yearning for the communal life of early christianity, and a deep affection for the long, valiant resistance of the korean people are all part of chang ' s kaleidoscopic world. so are paulo freire ' s the pedagogy of the oppressed, franz fanon ' s ideas on violence, the direct action of blanquism, the christian view of the human being flawed by original sin, the catholic doctrine of the omnipresence of god and the buddhist concept of the transmigration of the soul, the populist redistributive egalitarianism of im kok chong and hong kil tong, 10 and the tonghak teachings of sich ' onju and yangch ' onju. some of these movements and doctrines combine and coalesce ; others clash in mighty confrontations. i have no intention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.51623964155237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.753894"}
{"text": "a real \" communist connection. \" they said i was a maoist who joined the catholic church because i followed mao ' s teaching on the transformation and unity of antagonisms. my notes included the words, \" god and revolution, bread and freedom, the unity of earth and heaven \" - all phrases that correspond to the resolution of contradictions. to my astonishment, the kcia even attributed my use of the word \" resurrection \" to mao! they said the \" resolution \" of death into resurrection was the resolution of a contradiction! even perverse sophistry has its limits, one would think! perhaps under the circumstances i can be excused for not admiring the vivid imagination and creativity of the prosecutor. the police of the republic of korea are not much for subtle distinctions. they regard materialism as identical with metaphysics. at the faintest whiff of dialectics, they stick the communist label on you. in south korea, lao tzu, confucius, jesus, the buddha - anybody and everybody concerned with fundamental truth or essential reality would be a communist. i said above that it would be premature to categorize chang il tam but i can say that it is not socialist realism, a vehicle for marxist ideas. the work is apocalyptical, prophetic, full of allegory, mystery, and symbolism. i use supernatural occurences and the fanciful events conjured up by the sensitivity and imagination of peasants and workers. i dab in a touch of the abstract with bizarre illusions. i use death, chaos, insecurity, terror, revolution, despair, melancholy, atrocities, executions and decadence to create the overall tone. i attempt to describe a ghastly, blood - soaked, transitional period by the use of furious language and violent incidents. my work bears no resemblance to the pallid tone, naturalistic descriptions and realistic plots of conventional socialist writings. there are no romances between steel workers and their blast furnaces in chang il tam. this is what i am working on. it is far from finished. nevertheless, the government says it was written \" to aid the northern puppet regime. \" what can i say? there has been much publicity recently about the government ' s \" five - year plan to encourage literature. \" but what they are doing to me is really how they go about \" encouraging \" literature. let ' s look at the second charge. i had made notes for a play called \" maltuk, \" in which a day - laborer by the same name fights against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5510338348044419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.756104"}
{"text": "doing to me is really how they go about \" encouraging \" literature. let ' s look at the second charge. i had made notes for a play called \" maltuk, \" in which a day - laborer by the same name fights against the bourgeoisie. the police and the kcia insist that this is marxist writing which calls for the overthrow of the bourgeoisie by workers and peasants. they are so eager to find communists that they react like pavlovian dogs to the word \" bourgeoisie \" and neurotically grab the anti - communist law. just because marx called a flower a flower, am i supposed to call it something else? the word \" bourgeoisie \" is an internationally accepted historical term. if the mere use of the word, or the expression of contempt for something \" bourgeois \" proves a person is a communist, where does that leave france ' s george bernanos, who said, \" i hate the bourgeoisie? \" one hardly need cite foreign examples. don ' t we hear the word everyday as a half - humorous term for the rich? that is how i used it. to be more exact, my use of the word \" bour. : geoisie \" has the limited meaning of the \" corrupt ruling elite \" which dominates south korea. it is synonymous with the \" five bandits. \" \" maltuk ' is based on the rebellious servant character in traditional mask dramas. the plot evolves from a popular protest against corruption and privilege. the protagonist is a laborer but he is not trying to start a revolution to impose a dictatorship of the proletariat. i am trying to portray a rebel from the lowest stratum of society - far lower than organized industrial workers, in fact. my idea was to make my hero a \" debased ch ' onmin, \" a stratum shunned by society as subhuman. he is a typical dehumanized south korean, spiritually and physically robbed of his manhood. i want to describe his despair and the divine inspiration that rescues him. i will show the \" reciprocal effect of action and prayer \" which leads win to resist and regain his human dignity. i place this interaction in maltuk, a \" rebellious, sweaty, dirty south korean peasant, \" and stressed hope. i tried to describe a certain world of \" community \" which appears in the resultant eschatological illusion. this is also an illusory manifestation of an oppression - free society, the eternal theme of true art. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5096770165850211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.757064"}
{"text": "\" and stressed hope. i tried to describe a certain world of \" community \" which appears in the resultant eschatological illusion. this is also an illusory manifestation of an oppression - free society, the eternal theme of true art. the drama is sustained by an imagination rooted in christian eschatology ; it is not derived from any political ideology. the allegation that it \" was written to aid the northern puppets \" could not be more preposterous. i want to explain why i wrote \" five bandits, \" \" groundless rumors, \" \" chang il tam, \" \" maltuk \" and other works. so they could be used by someone? no! because i wanted to write them. i had no choice. they were deep inside me, stirring and swirling. i had to, let them burst out. i wrote them because i had to. that was the only reason. next, the \" people ' s revolutionary party \" case, i wrote about the torture of ha chae wan and i held a press conference to ask for the release of the prp prisoners. the government terms these actions \" support for the propaganda activities of the northern puppets \" that \" benefitted the people ' s revolutionary party, a subversive organization. \" for the sake of argument, let ' s say that my statement about the torture of the prp prisoners was identical with the north korean \" propaganda \" on the case. the question really is, did i \" support \" their version or did they, \" support ' ' mine? they did not meet ha chae wan. i met him and i heard his, story directly from him. i just told the world what i heard. i did not say ha chae wan was tortured on the basis of a north korean broadcast. does similarity of. content mean \" support? \" if it does, thousands of ordinary citizens, intellectuals,, religious leaders, students and politicians who demanded the \" release of the democratic leaders ' arrested in 1974 must be fellow - travellers since the north certainly must have advocated the same thing. don ' t they all have to be charged under the ' anti - communist law? hasn ' t this nonsense gone too far? did i speak out to help the \" people ' s revolutionary party, a subversive organ ' zation? \" how could that possibly have been my reason? i knew certain fact which every person in this country needed to know. i made those horrible fact public in the interests of civil rights and democracy in south korea. consider", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5566816046455765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.758000"}
{"text": "all over the world concerned with freedom will generously support our struggle. our age demands truth and the passion to endure the suffering necessary to learn the truth. we want to be free. to taste, feel and transmit to our children the freedom so long promised in south korea. to this noble cause we must commit everything we are and hope to be. my - prayers are with all of you in this courageous struggle. kim chi ha just before i was arrested in march the authorities searched my country house and the home where my child is staying. they seized four or five of my private notebooks. at first i wasn ' t sure what they were after, but the interrogators ' questions provided a clue. they asked : \" weren ' t you asked to write a poem about the kim dae jung kidnapping? \" and \" where is that manuscript? \" 12 i am not allowed to receive visitors or mail, to write anything, or even to read the bible. i cannot move around very much. this gloomy, cramped cell is a bit less than seven feet by seven. i sit here in the dark angrily thinking about the uncertain future. but prison has not dimmed my spirits. these miserable conditions and the endless waiting have made me more determined than ever. i feel a quiet composure, almost serenity. but i am terribly worried about what may happen to the individuals involved in making this statement public. my friends, please help these good people. do not grieve for me. we will surely see each other again soon. kim chi ha, may 1975 the yellow dust road along the vivid blood, blood on the yellow road i am going, papa, where you died. now it ' s pitch dark only the sun scorches. two hands are barbed - wired the hot sun burns sweat and tears and rice - paddies under the bayonets through the summer heat. i am going, papa, where you died where you died wrapped in a rice - sack when the trouts were jumping along the bujoo brookside. when the blaze rose from opo hill every night on that day when the sun brightly shone on the yellow land the muddy land resilient as the gorses that grow intrepidly green shall i we cry out the hurrah of that day? shall we sing the song of that day? in the small whadang village embraced among sparse bamboo bushes blood wells up in every well, every ten years ah, born in this barren colony slain under the bayonets, my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47693087123828004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.763276"}
{"text": "of that day? shall we sing the song of that day? in the small whadang village embraced among sparse bamboo bushes blood wells up in every well, every ten years ah, born in this barren colony slain under the bayonets, my papa. how could the dews that spring in the bamboo buds forget, ever forget the crystal brightness of may? it was a long and cruel summer even kids were starving to death the sultry summer of blatant tyranny that even didn ' t know of the heavens at last, all the time of the motherland, the yellow road, and our hope. along the muddy beach where the sun burns old wooden boats to dust again through the rice paddies and over the bleached, whitish furrows it ' s been ten years since the hurrah of that day that thundered the ever blue and high firmament in the flesh, in the breath, the barbed wires keep tightening hearing, and sobbing, in your voice i am going now, papa, where you died. when the trouts were jumping along the bujoo brookside wrapped in the rice - sack where you died. this poem commemorates a village rising in cholla province against the govt of syngman rhee before the korean war. ( all notes are by the translator and editors. ) - 1. the kcia, shortly after kim chi ha ' s arrest, put out a pamphlet entitled \" the case against kim chi ha : the true identity of the poet. \" containing kim ' s \" confession, \" excerpts from his prison notes, and a list of books ostensibly seized from his home, it attempts to \" prove \" that he is a communist. - 2. the korean central intelligence agency, modeled after its american namesake, is so ubiquitous in daily korean affairs, that, rather than saying someone was picked up by the kcia, people always specify the bureau. for torturing students, imprisoning priests and pastors and manufacturing domestic cases of \" subversion \" and \" communist rebellion, \" the fifth bureau is responsible. for keeping up with the sinister schemes of the north koreans abroad and other international affairs, the sixth bureau is in charge ( most of the appointments to foreign embassies and legations are now filled by sixth bureau men, whose job it is to keep an eye on dissident south korean activities ). within korea itself, the two bureaus compete, to the point where they now operate as nearly separate agencies ( indeed, two years ago it was rumored that the fifth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48215886295130067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.764199"}
{"text": "whose job it is to keep an eye on dissident south korean activities ). within korea itself, the two bureaus compete, to the point where they now operate as nearly separate agencies ( indeed, two years ago it was rumored that the fifth bureau was hauling in sixth bureau people for a working over. ) - 3. kim ' s forced \" confession \" states : \" after advancing to college, i suffered from frustration and an inferiority complex. i could not enjoy normal campus life because of sickness and family hardship, compared with other students, and these feelings developed into a sense of resistance against our social system.... through my readings on communism, i have come to the conclusion that all irregularities and contradictions in our society derive from the capitalist system, and that the means to rooting out such irregularities is to overthrow the existing system via a proletarian revolution in accordance with the teachings of marx. ( \" the case against kim chi ha, \" p. 11 ) - 4. the three rebellions that changed modern korean history. the tonghak rebellion was the name for a wide - spread peasant rebellion that swept the lower korean peninsula in 1893 - 94. though it had tonghak ( \" eastern learning \" - see following note ) religious origins, by the 1890s it had developed strong anti - government and anti - foreign overtones. like the boxer reballion in china, it marked the end of dynastic rule and the collapse of the old order. and also like the boxer rebellion, it provided the pretext for foreign intervention - this time not by the western powers, but by the \" would - be western power, \" japan. the rebellion was put down with the japanese occupation of seoul in june 1894, which led to 35 years of outright annexation and brutal suppression which did not end until liberation day, august 15, 1945. march first refers to the date on which, in 1919, religious and cultural leaders throughout korea simultaneously read in public a secretly - prepared \" proclamation of independence : \" \" we herewith proclaim the independence of korea... in witness of the equality of all nations, and we pass it on to our prosperity as their inherent right.... victims of an older age, when brute force and the spirit of plunder ruled, we have come after these long thousands of years to experience the agony of ten years of foreign oppression, with... every restriction of the freedom of thought, every damage done to the dignity of life.... the result of annexation, brought about against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47525739784007703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.765180"}
{"text": "come after these long thousands of years to experience the agony of ten years of foreign oppression, with... every restriction of the freedom of thought, every damage done to the dignity of life.... the result of annexation, brought about against the will of the korean people, is that the japanese are concerned only for their own gain... digging a trench of everlasting resentment deeper and deeper.... \" japanese revenge was merciless as they set to applying their trench - digging talents to burying corpses. thousands were killed outright ; sometimes whole villages ( in one village the people were locked in a church and it was set afire ). in 1919 - 20 alone, some 7000 koreans were killed. the april 1960 revolution refers to one of modern korea ' s few successful rebellions. in protest against government corruption and widespread voting fraud, students took to the streets in april 1960. it led to the fall only days later of the american - supported strongman, syngman rhee ( only to have a two - bit general that hardly anyone had heard of, park chung hee, come to power a year later ). - 5. partly in opposition to and partly as an imitation of jesuit teachings ( sohak, or \" western learning \" ) into korea, in the 1860s a religious cult, called tonghak ( \" eastern learning \" ), was established by a young man of lowly kyongsang province origins. ch ' oe che - u ( 1824 - 1864 ) claimed to have received a direct divine mandate, on may 25, 1860, in which he was personally directed to lead a movement that would make the east as strong as the west. a syncretic thought \" system \" combining elements of taoism, buddhism, confucianism, native shamanism and even jesuit cosmology, it spread the word of a \" world of re - creation, \" a new turn of the historical wheel that would see the poor and lowly come into their own. the beatitudes bit. the movement spread like a prairiefire, especially among the impoverished peasantry in the southernmost provinces remote from seoul. it was put down after a long and brutal campaign in 1863 - 64, and fell largely dormant after the capture and beheading of ch ' oe in 1864. the movement revived again in the ' 80s and early ' 90s, finally breaking out in full force with the tonghak rebellion of 1893 - 94 ( see preceding note. ) - 6. paekchong : a member of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4543278600917686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.766141"}
{"text": "oe in 1864. the movement revived again in the ' 80s and early ' 90s, finally breaking out in full force with the tonghak rebellion of 1893 - 94 ( see preceding note. ) - 6. paekchong : a member of the lowliest caste, considered to be defiled and dirty. paekchong could not marry outside of their caste or carry on other normal social discourse, nor were they permitted residence outside slum - like ghettos, where their labors were confined to trades considered beneath the dignity of \" humans \" - animal slaughter and butchery, tanning, garbage and manure disposal, cremation or burial of the dead, etc. such discrimination still exists today. - 7. im kok chong : hero of an early 17th century popular novel, the leader of a bandit band that set out to redistribute unjustly gained wealth to the poor. sort of korea ' s robin hood, he and his band came to inspire a number of peasant uprisings later. - 8. the eastern sea is china ' s ( the \" central kingdom ' s \" ) name for korea ; in ancient times travel to korea was usually by boat from the shantung peninsula. - 9. author s term, meaning obscure. - 10. hong kil tong : a leader of im kok chong ' s band ( see note 7 ). - 11. article four of the anti - communist law reads in part : \" ( 1 ) any person who has benefitted the anti - state organization by praising, encouraging or siding with or through other means the activities of an anti - state organization or their components or the communist organizations outside the republic of korea shall be imprisoned at hard labor for not more than seven years ; ( 2 ) the same penalty shall apply to any person who has, for the purpose of committing the acts as provided for in the foregoing paragraph, produced, imported, duplicated, kept in custody, transported, disseminated, sold, or acquired documents, drawings and / or any other similar means of expression. \" ( \" the case against kim chi ha, \" pp. 44 - 45. ) - 12. kidnapped from a tokyo hotel in august ' 73 by kcia goons and spirited back to seoul to stand trial for \" election law violations \" in the presidential \" race \" of ' 71, kim dae jung is the most prominent \" opposition politician \" in seoul, america ' s hope for a korean kerensky to replace the tsar in the south and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4905500289829265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d28df5-3378-451d-ac1f-aac40633a67d>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.767323"}
{"text": "the relevance of this book is highlighted first by the fact that language - based approaches are still lacking in arabic dialectology. the classification of arabic dialects is not yet entirely satisfactory. geographical and sociological layers were traditionally based on the assumption that the saliency of some features in the modern arabic dialects is the product of two different processes : diffusion and innovation. however, this traditional approach is not consistent with the history of arabic. for instance, the saliency of some features that support the classification of the modern dialects varies according to features that can be traced back to classical arabic, islamic dialects, old arabic dialects, another explicative process has been, to some extent, neglected in the study of arabic dialects, namely inheritance. some phonological features currently present in modern arabic dialects cannot be explained by any of the two terms of this paradigm. as long as the mapping of western approaches on arabic dialects seems to be relatively unsatisfactory, diffusion and innovation are found to be incomplete to explain the extreme variability of the linguistic features of the arabic dialects. since some features appear in very distant isolated isoglosses, they are consistent neither with diffusion nor with concomitant innovation ; only their underlyingly inherited nature could provide a logical scheme. introducing the process of inheritance, besides diffusion and innovation, aims to enlarge our knowledge of the history of the modern arabic dialects. the threefold paradigm is more accurate to perform satisfying explanations of the features of similarity and dissimilarity between old arabic and modern arabic dialects, at the synchronic and diachronic levels. this division necessitates evaluating actual geographical and sociological classifications of modern arabic dialects, as well as our interpretations of the similarity and dissimilarity of linguistic features in the arabic area. even if language - specific approaches to arabic dialects are lacking, and the mapping of western constructs unappealing, this fact should not justify per se constructing new completely compartmentalized trends in arabic dialectology. cross - cultural outlooks as widely experienced in the first stages of the arabic empire in the orient as well as during the islamic kingdoms of spain, remain an essential motor that must lead to build up specific approaches for the study of arabic dialects. this book aims to shed light on recent trends in arabic dialectology. cross - cultural analyses are provided by scholars from different origins ( arabic native speakers and excellent arabists ) and from different linguistic backgrounds ( arabic, berber, english, french, hebrew, spanish ). the chapters are all devoted to produce systematic descriptions and analyses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5262032605984701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ffdf1a1-7cd2-41f4-bed5-8a725932146e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.772018"}
{"text": "in my last addition to my weekend fun series i presented a orange, slightly translucent little \" rock \". it was correctly recognised and described by effjot as amber! due to weathering effects the surface of the amber is covered with cracks and fractures and developed a surface incrustraction that has likely been abraded by transport and subsequent re - sedimentation. the specimen you see here is of eocene age and was found by a friend of mine in a small gravel pit in northern germany close to the baltic sea. i am sorry silver fox but what you interpret as breccia texture is likely nothing more than the weathering cracks and surface features of the hardening resin. there are no visible inclusions in this specimen except some tiny air bubbles ( i wonder if it ' s worth examining those ). the origin of amber is, to make it short, fossilised tree resin that hardened under exposure to air and was then deposited in sediment and re - sedimented. the german name for amber \" bernstein \" is likely derived from the lower german word \" bornen \" which means something like \" to burn \". this is closely linked to the fact that amber can easily be burned. there is only one major and active amber mine to my knowledge. it is located in the area of the former konigsberg, now part of the russian exclave of kaliningrad. the open pit is called primorskoye in jantarni and the amber is part of the so called \" blue earth \" that holds a considerable content of glauconite that is respondsible for its color and name. they are also of eocene age. of course amber can be found in many parts of the world. a lot of you likely remember if from jurassic park! a good source that gives a great overview to baltic amber is : baltischer bernstein by ulf erichson and dr. wolfgang weitschat published by the deutsches bernsteinmuseum ribnitz - damgarten. that little book is also my source here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5250916532455521, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41bef664-cbfb-4c03-90f1-37e3b55c2144>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.778062"}
{"text": "the \u201c sculptured rock from forsyth county, georgia \u201d is a petroglyph that currently sits in front of baldwin hall at the university of georgia in athens, georgia. it was moved there in the late 1990s from its location next to the president \u2019 s building. [ i ] it was originally located in north georgia and was \u201c found near mt. tabor baptist church in the northwestern part of forsyth county. \u201d [ ii ] it was first described in white \u2019 s statistics of georgia in 1849 : \u201c on the road from canton to dahlonega, 10 miles northwest from cumming, is a very remarkable rock. it is an unhewn mass of granite, eight and a half feet long, and two and a half feet wide. it is three - sided, with irregular converging points, upon which are characters, seventeen of them varying in shape. the largest circles are eight inches in diameter. from its appearance, it must have been wrought at a very remote period. the designs are very irregular, and it is probable that they were executed by the same race of people who constructed the mounds in this and other sections of the state. what the characters on this rock mean, the oldest inhabitants cannot tell. the oldest indians could give no account of it. \u201d [ iii ] it was next mentioned twenty - four years later in the book antiquities of the southern indians, particularly of the georgia tribes by charles c. jones, jr. originally published in 1873. jones referred to the petroglyph as the \u201c sculptured rock from forsyth county, georgia. \u201d i will refer to this petroglyph as the forsyth petroglyph throughout this paper for brevity \u2019 s sake. in his book jones states : \u201c in forsyth county, georgia, is a carved or incised bowlder of fine - grained granite, about nine feet long, four feet six inches high, and three feet broad at its widest point. the figures are cut in the bowlder from one - half to three - quarters of an inch deep \u2026. as yet no interpretation of these figures has been offered, nor is it known by whom or for what purpose they were made. it is generally believed, however, that they are the work of the cherokees. on the eastern end of the bowlder, running vertically, is a line of dots, like drill - holes, eighteen in number, connected by an incised line. \u201d [ iv ] it was next mentioned in an 1888 smithsonian bureau of ethnology report entitled \u201c picture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4566668945847037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cae64f2b-0299-4cd1-907d-af265dd08c7f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.791390"}
{"text": "the bowlder, running vertically, is a line of dots, like drill - holes, eighteen in number, connected by an incised line. \u201d [ iv ] it was next mentioned in an 1888 smithsonian bureau of ethnology report entitled \u201c picture - writing of the american indians. \u201d this report noted that \u201c the characters in it are chiefly circles, including plain, nucleated, and concentric, sometimes two or more being joined by straight lines, forming what is now known as the \u2018 spectacle shaped \u2019 figure. \u201d [ v ] the report goes on to compare the petroglyph to so - called cup - and - ring sculptures around the world, especially in the middle east, british isles and india, which have supposed astronomical interpretations. sir james simpson who developed a classification system for these types of petroglyphs notes that \u201c occasionally four or five or more of [ these symbols ] are placed in more or less regular groups, exhibiting a constellation - like arrangement. \u201d [ vi ] in palestine and jordan similar designs are said to be \u201c reasonably suggestive of the sun, moon, and stars. \u201d [ vii ] in india these designs are \u201c correlated with the worship of mahadeo, one of the many names given to siva, the third god of the hindu triad, whose emblem is the serpent. \u201d [ viii ] the forsyth petroglyph was next mentioned in 1950 in an article by margarett perryman entitled \u201c hunting petroglyphs in north georgia \u201d in the second issue of early georgia, the journal of the society for georgia archaeology. [ ix ] in this article she notes : \u201c my general reading on north american indians naturally included, antiquites of the southern indians, by charles c. jones, jr., and it was there i found the first reference to rock writings in georgia. one of the stones he described and pictured was said to be in forsyth county. so at long last it became possible for me to actually examine a genuine georgia petroglyph. but finding even that well documented stone was not so easy. it took a good bit of detective work and much pussy - footing around the public library to find out in what section of forsyth county the stone was located. the first hunt was ready to start but we had to make some rather careful plans, for these were the days of gasoline rationing. we had to do a lot of round about town walking and weaning of the car to save up enough gas coupons to make the first expedition up into forsyth county. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4716655462680899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cae64f2b-0299-4cd1-907d-af265dd08c7f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.793304"}
{"text": "rather careful plans, for these were the days of gasoline rationing. we had to do a lot of round about town walking and weaning of the car to save up enough gas coupons to make the first expedition up into forsyth county. the favorable day finally arrived and after losing our way innumerable times on the backwoods roads, some miles west of silver city, we were able to locate the stone. there on the wayside of a little dusty country road was my first georgia petroglyph. totally neglected and forgotten and practically obscured from sight by brambles and looking somewhat like a fat grey granite whale, was the most beautiful carved stone i ever saw. the elements had been kind to the stone, for most of the symbols were still discernible, although grey - green lichens had grown into most of the markings. on that sunday afternoon this petroglyph was given a most thorough examination. our fingers traced every concentric circle until they were roughened and grimy. we admired the perfect symmetry which the ancient stonecarver had achieved in his well proportioned designs. we marveled how every symbol had been carved with such precision and how deeply cut. we counted the little nut size holes that were spaced so neatly and carefully down the entire backbone of the rock. luck was with us that day for the owner of the land on which the stone lay was our guide and companion. he valued his \u2018 old indian rock \u2019 very much and he was quite elated to have us admire his prize possession. his name was mr. corn and i shall never forget his genuine friendliness and his twinkling eyes as he told us exciting tales about the old stone. he told us how folks had come in the dead of night and dug under and about the stone in quest of the forty pony loads of pure indian gold ; how many a brawny copper colored lad had skulked about the stone at dusk to study the inscriptions ; how old and bearded tramps with tattered treasure maps had appeared in the evening mists and disappeared after much pacing around the stone ; of the quaint old men that appeared often with weird treasure finding gadgets to prod and poke the ground about the stone ; of the vandals that attempted to dynamite the stone, believing it to be hollow and hoping to find the treasure inside ; of the law suits and land fights that had taken place in years gone by. mr. corn gave us the information that there were other rock writings on his farm and was interested in showing them to us that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4525101863626959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cae64f2b-0299-4cd1-907d-af265dd08c7f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.795127"}
{"text": "hollow and hoping to find the treasure inside ; of the law suits and land fights that had taken place in years gone by. mr. corn gave us the information that there were other rock writings on his farm and was interested in showing them to us that day. but night was falling fast, so we promised that we would be back soon and bring our camera and take photographs of all his stones. alas and alack! well laid plans often go astray and it was many months before we could get back to forsyth county with our camera equipment and then mr. corn was gone. the new owner of the land was considerate enough to let us take photographs of the petroglyph and he grudgingly consented to let us search for the stonecarvers ancient cutting tool. the only thing he was interested in was seeing that we did not get the treasure for our own. he knew absolutely nothing about there being other carved stones in the vicinity. but he did show us a large purposely shaped, obviously imported piece of rock with a rather recent and crudely carved letter n on its top side. he claimed that this rock was the key that would unlock the whereabouts of the, \u2018 hundred pony loads of indian gold, \u2019 and he knew exactly where it was buried almost \u2026 after getting home and developing our pictures we compared them with the drawing of the stone as shown in jones book. the shape of the stone was identical, measurements agreed, but the symbols as shown in our photographs would not match those of jones. some of the symbols were alike but placement of them was entirely different and we found many symbols that jones had not shown. then the question arose had jones actually seen this stone? or had he seen it and waited until a much later date before he drew the picture from memory? or had he acquired the drawing from some other person who had been careless? or had symbols been cut at a later dater after jones had examined the stone? apparently here was just another one of the baffling mysteries that always seem to pester and torment a petroglyph hunter. \u201d later in this article perryman compared the forsyth petroglyph to the track rock petroglyphs and noted : \u201c the forsyth county stone and the stones in union county have symbols totally dissimilar, the rocks are of a different geological nature, the topographical placement of the petroglyphs varies, and it appears to me that the two stones were carved for somewhat different purposes. but there is one important feature that is almost identical ; the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47935986606884184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cae64f2b-0299-4cd1-907d-af265dd08c7f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.796273"}
{"text": ", the rocks are of a different geological nature, the topographical placement of the petroglyphs varies, and it appears to me that the two stones were carved for somewhat different purposes. but there is one important feature that is almost identical ; the fact that both have nut size holes carved upon them of a similar diameter and depth. \u201d when i first discovered the illustration of this petroglyph in jones \u2019 antiquities, i immediately assigned it an astronomical interpretion based purely on its appearance, not yet having read the smithsonian report. i stated in 2004 on my website lostworlds. org that at first glance it appeared to be a star map. [ x ] this is the first known attempt at interpreting the forsyth petroglyph. to the above potential interpretation, i add the proposal that designs on the forsyth petroglyph include astronomical representations of stars, the constellation draco, the pleiades asterism or constellation scorpius, a comet, and meteors or comet fragments. two georgia pottery traditions, weeden island and swift creek, have designs similar to those that appear on the forsyth petroglyph and have been interpreted as astronomical symbols. david allison has argued that astronomical phenomena are portrayed on \u201c sacred \u201d weeden island pottery including \u201c constellations, the milky way, the annual movements of the sun and moon, solar equinoxes and solstices, and the paths of the planets venus and mercury as \u2018 morning stars. \u2019 \u201d [ xi ] frankie snow has argued that some of the motifs found on swift creek pottery are astronomical in nature. he suggests that concentric circles and circles with a central dot ( nucleated circles ) are motifs that represent the sun. [ xii ] both the weeden island and swift creek pottery traditions coexisted in georgia between 20 bc and 805 ad. [ xiii ] since similar motifs are found on the forsyth petroglyph, it likely dates from the same time period although no tests have been done to prove this. other researchers have suggested it is \u201c roughly contemporary to \u2026 dated ceramics [ from ] ad 700 to 1400 ( i. e., late woodland swift creek and middle mississippian savannah. ) \u201d [ xiv ] analysis and interpretation of the forsyth petroglyph the most numerous features on the forsyth petroglyph are a series of concentric circles and nucleated circles ( circles with central circles / dots ) known in petroglyph studies as cup - and - ring [ xv ] designs and elsewhere as circumpuncts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5019734825951563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cae64f2b-0299-4cd1-907d-af265dd08c7f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.797246"}
{"text": "forsyth petroglyph are a series of concentric circles and nucleated circles ( circles with central circles / dots ) known in petroglyph studies as cup - and - ring [ xv ] designs and elsewhere as circumpuncts or circled dots [ xvi ]. most of the circles on the forsyth petroglyph are nucleated although a few of the smaller circles are not. | figure 2 : side by side comparison of a detail from the line drawing with photo of same section on the actual rock | | note : the circles on the actual petroglyph are closer together than the drawing conveys. also, line drawing doesn \u2019 t accurately reflect thickness of circles. | david allison found two sets of concentric circles on c. b. moore \u2019 s vessel no. 17 from the \u201c mound near the warrior river, taylor county. mound b. \u201d and proposed they were solar symbols. on the same vessel allison also found circles with central dots and proposed a solar interpretation for them as well. frankie snow found concentric circles with central dots on several swift creek pots. he interpreted these as solar symbols based on known historic accounts of native americans using similar symbols to represent the sun. so far we have established that concentric circles and nucleated circles ( circumpuncts ) may have astronomical associations as symbols for our day star, the sun. is it possible that native americans also used concentric circles to represent night stars? due to the multiple instances of concentric circles and their scattered arrangement on the forsyth petroglyph it is doubtful that each and every one of them represents the sun. i propose that in this particular case, based on their quantity, arrangement and context ( i. e., the other design elements that surround them ), they represent stars in the night sky. evidence below will further support this contention. ( for further proof that ancients used concentric circles with central dot as a symbol for stars, see the ancient sumerian image \u201c kudurru of king melishipak. \u201d ) [ xvii ] [ continues... ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48236848514205505, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cae64f2b-0299-4cd1-907d-af265dd08c7f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.798051"}
{"text": "has taken a comprehensive look, \u201d white says. systematically exploring tejon ranch to inventory its natural resources is one of the conservancy \u2019 s top priorities. as the dirt double - track climbs through rolling hills, incense cedars begin to show among the oaks, then sycamores and cottonwoods. we are following tejon creek, a perennial stream that forms a luxuriant riparian corridor before disappearing into the valley floor. the higher we go, the lusher things get. near a small pool in the stream, two tiger swallowtail butterflies are locked in the synchronized flight of a mating ritual. i sample the watercress near willows where a purple finch flits among the branches. in a matter of minutes we have left san joaquin valley species for birds and plants found in the southern sierra nevada. pushing on up the ridge, we hear woodpeckers as we pass jeffrey pines near the tehachapi crest. once we enter the cottonwood creek watershed everything changes again. clumps of sagebrush, even an occasional yucca, now dot the roadside. the creek flows southeast into antelope valley, the westernmost arm of the mojave desert. this rare biological crossroads at the confluence of ecosystems harbors at least 25 rare, endangered, or threatened species, documented in a record scientists eked out for the past 150 years. among them are the tehachapi buckwheat, the tehachapi pocket mouse, and several others found nowhere else on earth. \u201c what i find so absolutely fascinating, \u201d white says, \u201c is all the stuff sloshing around this place \u2014 rabbitbrush growing under an oak savannah and yuccas around the corner from a gray pine stand. it \u2019 s just so unique. \u201d and it \u2019 s all but unexplored. take the slender salamander, a lungless amphibian with four - toed feet that rarely strays beyond the six feet of its mostly underground niche. a series of slightly different species of slender salamanders evolved throughout the sierra and pacific coast ranges. at least two of these live on tejon ranch, including the tehachapi slender salamander, a candidate for listing under the federal endangered species act. brick - red and stealthy, this salamander can coil its body like a snake when threatened. once scientists look, they may find new species of slender salamanders that have not yet been described, white says. the occurrence of several species on the ranch may also help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35299314162131584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff851a89-e26e-4505-a31a-4eefa48fa529>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.806134"}
{"text": ", this salamander can coil its body like a snake when threatened. once scientists look, they may find new species of slender salamanders that have not yet been described, white says. the occurrence of several species on the ranch may also help scientists better understand evolution and how it shapes new species. as we wend our way through the pine and douglas fir forests near the tehachapi crest, white is intent on finding a sooty grouse, a two - pound turkey cousin with a long neck, dark plumage, and breathy bass hoot. sooty grouse have never been sighted on tejon ranch, but the old - growth trees at its canyons \u2019 edges could support them. ever the optimist, white stops to play a recording of a male in breeding season, when they hoot from branches over open areas, hoping to entice their paramours. sooty grouse males are known for their deep, booming calls \u2014 whoop, whoop, whoop, whoop, whoop, whoop \u2014 audible more than a quarter - mile away. they are also known for their vigorous territorial defense. \u201c so if we were to attract one, it would fly in the window and attack us, \u201d white says half - jokingly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41749293892019074, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff851a89-e26e-4505-a31a-4eefa48fa529>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.806810"}
{"text": "see also the dr. math faq : browse high school triangles and other polygons stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : area of an irregular shape. pythagorean theorem proofs. - euler line and nagel point [ 07 / 20 / 1998 ] can you provide more information on the euler line and the nagel point, - euler line proof [ 11 / 13 / 2001 ] prove that if the euler line of a triangle passes through a vertex, then the triangle is either right or isosceles. - euler ' s line theorem [ 04 / 08 / 2001 ] prove that the circumcenter, orthocenter, and centroid of any triangle lie on the same line using analytical geometry. - euler ' s nine - point circle [ 02 / 21 / 1999 ] what is the \" nine - point circle \" problem? - evaluating a trigonometric expression [ 07 / 31 / 1999 ] can you help me evaluate tan ( arcsin ( 3 / 5 ) )? - existence of the brocard point [ 06 / 06 / 2002 ] demonstrate that the brocard point exists in any triangle. - explanation and informal proof of pick ' s theorem [ 04 / 27 / 2004 ] we just learned pick ' s theorem, a = b / 2 + i - 1, where b is the boundary pegs, i is the interior pegs, and a is the area. i don ' t get why it works. why do you divide the boundary by 2 and subtract 1? - explanation and test case for pick ' s theorem [ 06 / 13 / 2006 ] i don ' t really understand pick ' s theorem and its formula. can you explain the formula and show how it works for a polygon? - exploring the distance from ( 0, 0 ) to ( 1, 1 ) with limits [ 10 / 15 / 2006 ] any route traveling from ( 0, 0 ) to ( 1, 1 ) going only north and east will cover a total distance of 2 units. but the straight line distance from ( 0, 0 ) to ( 1, 1 ) is sqrt ( 2 ) units. it seems that if i think of a staircase connecting the two points and let the stairs become infinitely small, the limit of the north / east route distance should converge to sqrt ( 2 ). but it doesn ' t! what ' s going on here? - exterior angles in triangles [ 09 / 11", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5250477071685764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a193c291-7e90-4842-aca6-2279883576d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.814902"}
{"text": "two points and let the stairs become infinitely small, the limit of the north / east route distance should converge to sqrt ( 2 ). but it doesn ' t! what ' s going on here? - exterior angles in triangles [ 09 / 11 / 1999 ] how can you prove that in any triangle, each exterior angle is equal to the sum of the two nonadjacent interior angles? - familiar triangles [ 01 / 19 / 1999 ] how do you get the lengths of the sides of a 45 - 45 - 90 triangle and a 30 - - a fibonacci jigsaw puzzle [ 04 / 29 / 1999 ] why is the area of our rectangle, formed from a square, 65 when the square ' s area was 64? - fibonacci riddle [ 11 / 21 / 2001 ] we can cut an 8x8 square with an area of 64 into four pieces and reassemble to get a 5x13 rectangle with an area of 65. where does the extra 1x1 square come from? - the figure of maximum area and given perimeter [ 06 / 02 / 1998 ] can you help me show, with and without calculus, that the geometric figure of a maximum area and given perimeter is a circle? what are the dimensions of a triangle with perimeter p that encloses the maximum area? - filling a garden with topsoil [ 2 / 5 / 1996 ] i have a garden that is 10 ' x 10 ' ( 100 square feet ). i want to add 6 \" of topsoil to my garden. topsoil is sold by the cubic yard. how many cubic yards of topsoil will i need for my project? - find angle acb [ 04 / 20 / 2002 ] let a ', b ' and c ' be points on triangle abc such that aa ' bb ' cc ' are angle bisectors. suppose angle a ' c ' b ' = 90 degrees. find angle acb. - find angle deb [ 5 / 27 / 1996 ] given an isosceles triangle abc... - find angles, area, perimeter of a parallelogram [ 03 / 23 / 2001 ] i can ' t understand how to find indicated measures when i am given little information to begin with. - find a point 3 / 8 along the line [ 12 / 04 / 2002 ] find a point 3 / 8 from a to b. given : two endpoints x, y coordinates. point a ( - 2, 7 ) point b ( 6, - 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5027130179203487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a193c291-7e90-4842-aca6-2279883576d6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.815747"}
{"text": "point 3 / 8 along the line [ 12 / 04 / 2002 ] find a point 3 / 8 from a to b. given : two endpoints x, y coordinates. point a ( - 2, 7 ) point b ( 6, - 5 ). - finding a missing angle [ 01 / 23 / 2002 ] using trigonometry, calculate the measure of angles abc and acb. - finding angles without using trigonometry [ 08 / 27 / 2001 ] given the lengths of three sides of a triangle, determine the measures of the three angles using only geometry and algebra. - finding area and volume [ 04 / 12 / 2001 ] when working with area and volume of triangular shapes, how do i know when to divide the base by 2 and when to divide it by 3? - finding areas of different polygons [ 09 / 02 / 1997 ] could you please tell me how to work out the area for an equilateral heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, unedecagon, and dodecagon? - finding polygon areas [ 03 / 20 / 1997 ] how do i find the area of polygons? - finding rhombi in a rhombus [ 9 / 25 / 1995 ] how can i work out a formula for finding how many rhombi there are in a rhombus? ( say 2cm * 2cm or 3cm * 3cm and so on, etc. ) - finding side lengths of a scalene triangle [ 6 / 2 / 1996 ] two observers on points a and b of a national park see a beginning fire on point c. knowing that the angles cab = 45 degrees, abc = 105 degrees and that the distance between points a and b is of 15 kilometers, determine the distances between b and c, and between a and c. - finding the area of an irregular polygon [ 02 / 23 / 2008 ] what is the formula for finding the area of an irregular polygon? - finding the area of an irregular shape [ 01 / 03 / 2007 ] i need the area of a parcel of land with 5 sides. i know the lengths of the sides and the angles at the corners, but am not sure how to calculate the area. - finding the area of a regular pentagon [ 04 / 15 / 1998 ] how can you find the area of a regular pentagon given only the length of - finding the base of parts of a triangle [ 05 / 22 / 2000 ] can you derive an expression for l1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4538164031222503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a193c291-7e90-4842-aca6-2279883576d6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.816685"}
{"text": "of a regular pentagon [ 04 / 15 / 1998 ] how can you find the area of a regular pentagon given only the length of - finding the base of parts of a triangle [ 05 / 22 / 2000 ] can you derive an expression for l1 in terms of l2 and l3 such that the area of a triangle with base a1 and the area of a triangle with base a2 are each 10 % of the total area? - finding the center of the research triangle [ 9 / 5 / 1995 ] we live in an area known as the research triangle, with the triangle ' s points at the university of north carolina, north carolina state university and duke university. we are interested in finding the center point of our triangle home and whether there is a unique term ( or several terms ) for the center point of a triangle. - finding the coordinates of a triangle vertex [ 10 / 26 / 1999 ] how can i find the coordinates of the point a of triangle abc if b lies on the line 3y = 4x, c lies on the line y = 0, the line bc passes through ( 2 / 3, 2 / 3 ) and aobc forms a rhombus ( where o is the origin )? - finding the dimensions of a box [ 10 / 21 / 2001 ] you want to construct a cardboard box from a cardboard strip that is 8 inches wide. the dimensions of the box are 8 \" x8 \" x4 \". how long does the strip need to be? - finding the incenter of a triangle [ 10 / 08 / 2006 ] what is the equation or method to find the incenter of a triangle? i ' m having trouble with the cartesian coordinates. - finding total area of several rectangles [ 07 / 08 / 2005 ] i need to find the total square footage of a lot of rectangular lawns. do i have to find the area of each lawn and add up all the areas, or can i just add all the lengths and all the widths and make one area calculation based on those two totals? - finding triangle vertices from midpoints [ 09 / 18 / 1999 ] if you know the coordinates of the midpoints of the sides of a triangle, how can you find the coordinates of its vertices? - find lengths of sides of triangle [ 04 / 20 / 2002 ] let abc be a right - angled triangle with angle c = 90 degrees. let the bisectors of angle a and angle b intersect bc and ca at d and e respectively. given that cd = 9 and ce = 8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5053040647405616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a193c291-7e90-4842-aca6-2279883576d6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.817611"}
{"text": "date : 01 / 30 / 97 at 20 : 21 : 52 from : m. quinn subject : proof problems for the following statement, give a proof if the statement is true, or a counterexample ( with explanation ) if the statement is false : if r is any nonzero rational number, and s is any irrational number, then r / s is irrational. i think this is true, but i can ' t prove it. i know s must be an integer and an integer isn ' t irrational am i going the right way? date : 01 / 31 / 97 at 11 : 15 : 50 from : doctor wilkinson subject : re : proof problems well, so far so good. you ' re correct that the statement is true. let ' s try to figure out a proof. \" irrational \" is a negative concept. that is, a number is irrational if it ' s not the quotient of two integers, so you typically have to use an \" indirect \" proof. that means, assume the number is rational and show that that assumption leads you to something you know is false. so suppose r / s is rational. that means r / s = m / n, where m and n are integers. let ' s multiply by ns to get rid of the fractions. that gives us rn = ms. but now what we ' re really interested in is s. so let ' s divide both sides by m. ( we know we can do this because if m were zero, r would be zero : that ' s what that extra hypothesis was for! ). this gives us : s = rn / m r is rational, n and m are integers, so that makes s rational. but we know it isn ' t. contradiction! so our original assumption was wrong, and r / s is irrational. do you see how this works? this is a typical indirect proof. i hope this helps a little. you seem to be on the right track. - doctor wilkinson, the math forum check out our web site! http : / / mathforum. org / dr. math / search the dr. math library : ask dr. mathtm \u00a9 1994 - 2013 the math forum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.584847147403458, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7300688-7cab-4ccd-a9cc-39081bab45f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.819491"}
{"text": "the midwestern region of the united states experienced its second coldest december in the 106 year record of observations. the december 2000 average temperature was 14. 3\u00b0f, just missing the 1983 record of 13. 9\u00b0f. a number of first - order stations broke their all - time cold records for december, including south bend, in ; chicago - midway, rockford, and moline, il ; and louisville and paducah, ky. the center of unusually cold conditions was in iowa, missouri, and illinois, where temperatures averaged 12 - 15\u00b0f below normal over most of the three states ( figure 1 ). even in relatively warmer locations such as northern michigan, temperatures were still more than 5\u00b0f below normal. the temperature departure pattern in december 2000 was similar to that in december 1983, in the sense that the largest negative anomalies were in the western half of the region ( figure 2 ). the causes were similar, too. both cold months occurred during a somewhat neutral to slightly la nina oriented season, with central equatorial sea surface temperatures slightly cooler than normal. the resulting upper air patterns indicate the preference for a strong trough to develop over the central and eastern united states in both seasons. during december 2000, a strong ridge dominated the western coast of north america, helping to accentuate the north - south delivery of very cold air in the midwest trough ( figure 3 ). december 1983 was similar ; while the amplitude of the western upper air ridge was less than in 2000, the eastern trough was deeper ( figure 4 ). while the amount of liquid water in the precipitation that fell during december 2000 is only slightly above normal overall in the midwest, some more active regions can be seen in iowa and the northern tier states ( figure 5 ). it is unusual for a cold month during winter to also be a month with normal or above normal precipitation. the remarkable aspect of the precipitation in december, though, was that almost all of it was delivered in the form of snow, leading to a widespread deep snow pack that helped to maintain cold temperatures. the snow totals reported in real time in december 2000 vary widely depending on the reliability of reporting, but can be seen to include many very large values, especially in the north - central latitudes of the midwest ( figure 6 ). a subset of stations with good climate records and available real - time data show that the snow fall totals were typically more than 10 inches above normal in most of the midwest ( figure 7 ). snow fall exceeded 300 % of normal in the central and southern midwest (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48328607975132853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b95f622-3145-4801-a016-2adda5d7e638>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.823061"}
{"text": "of stations with good climate records and available real - time data show that the snow fall totals were typically more than 10 inches above normal in most of the midwest ( figure 7 ). snow fall exceeded 300 % of normal in the central and southern midwest ( figure 8 ). while there were several major snowstorms that traversed the region during december, the sheer number of smaller \" clipper \" systems originating in the northern rocky mountains contributed greatly to the overall snow fall totals. at least 15 first - order stations broke all - time records for december snowfall, and five of these set their all - time record snowfall for any month of the year ( table 1 ). most of these stations are located in a belt from central iowa and southern minnesota eastward through the great lakes region ( figure 9 ). as might be expected, december 1983 was similarly snowy, with the axis of heaviest snow perhaps shifted somewhat to the northern part of the midwest ( figure 10 ). overall, conditions during december 2000 were quite extraordinary in the midwest. illinois experienced its single coldest december in 106 years, while iowa experienced its largest december snow fall state - wide ( harry hillaker, iowa state climatologist ). the december 2000 temperature rankings for each of the nine states in the midwestern region are available in table 2, and the temperature and snow fall rankings for a list of major midwestern cities is given in table 3. the climate prediction center in washington, d. c., has indicated an appreciable likelihood for cold weather to continue through the upcoming winter months, especially in the northern great lakes region. however, it should be noted that following the record cold december 1983, january - february 1984 was the 25th warmest on record for the midwest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46681645987371845, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b95f622-3145-4801-a016-2adda5d7e638>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.823762"}
{"text": "collagen - seeking synthetic protein could lead doctors to tumor locations pictured are mice injected with a fluorescently tagged peptide that binds to degraded collagen ( seen as red ) and a commercially available imaging agent that binds to the calcium in bones ( seen as green ). the mouse on the left was injected with both compounds, and the one in the right was injected only with the collagen mimetic peptide. ( areas where both compounds are present appear as yellow. ) the purpose of these tests was to show that the peptides can target bone and cartilage of living animals by binding to degraded collagen. the peptide could someday deliver imaging agents and medications to combat various human disorders such as cancers, arthritis and fibrosis, which are associated with excess collagen degradation. credit : catherine foss and yang li / jhu johns hopkins researchers have created a synthetic protein that, when activated by ultraviolet light, can guide doctors to places within the body where cancer, arthritis and other serious medical disorders can be detected. the technique could lead to a new type of diagnostic imaging technology and may someday serve as a way to move medications to parts of the body where signs of disease have been found. in a study published in the aug. 27 - 31 online early edition of proceedings of the national academy of sciences, the researchers reported success in using the synthetic protein in mouse models to locate prostate and pancreatic cancers, as well as to detect abnormal bone growth activity associated with marfan syndrome. the synthetic protein developed by the johns hopkins team does not zero in directly on the diseased cells. instead, it binds to nearby collagen that has been degraded by various health disorders. collagen, the body ' s most abundant protein, provides structure and creates a sturdy framework upon which cells build nerves, bone and skin. some buildup and degradation of collagen is normal, but disease cells such as cancer can send out enzymes that break down collagen at an accelerated pace. it is this excessive damage, caused by disease, that the new synthetic protein can detect, the researchers said. \" these disease cells are like burglars who break into a house and do lots of damage but who are not there when the police arrive, \" said s. michael yu, a faculty member in the whiting school of engineering ' s department of materials science and engineering. \" instead of looking for the burglars, our synthetic protein is reacting to evidence left at the scene of the crime, \" said yu, who was principal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4758531568517057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91c1cc32-d32a-4bce-b249-46a6987f912e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.834838"}
{"text": "member in the whiting school of engineering ' s department of materials science and engineering. \" instead of looking for the burglars, our synthetic protein is reacting to evidence left at the scene of the crime, \" said yu, who was principal investigator in the study. this video is not supported by your browser at this time. a key collaborator was martin pomper, a school of medicine professor of radiology and co - principal investigator of the johns hopkins center of cancer nanotechnology excellence. pomper and yu met as fellow affiliates of the johns hopkins institute for nanobiotechnology. \" a major unmet medical need is for a better non - invasive characterization of disrupted collagen, which occurs in a wide variety of disorders, \" pomper said. \" michael has found what could be a very elegant and practical solution, which we are converting into a suite of imaging and potential agents for diagnosis and treatment. \" the synthetic proteins used in the study are called collagen mimetic peptides or cmps. these tiny bits of protein are attracted to and physically bind to degraded strands of collagen, particularly those damaged by disease. fluorescent tags are placed on each cmp so that it will show up when doctors scan tissue with fluorescent imaging equipment. the glowing areas indicate the location of damaged collagen that is likely to be associated with disease. in developing the technique, the researchers faced a challenge because cmps tend to bind with one another and form their own structures, similar to dna, in a way that would cause them to ignore the disease - linked collagen targeted by the researchers. to remedy this, the study ' s lead author, yang li, synthesized cmps that possess a chemical \" cage \" to keep the proteins from binding with one another. just prior to entering the bloodstream to search for damaged collagen, a powerful ultraviolet light is used to \" unlock \" the cage and allow the cmps to initiate their disease - tracking mission. li is a doctoral student from the department of chemistry in the krieger school of arts and sciences at johns hopkins. yu, who holds a joint appointment in that department, is his doctoral adviser. yu ' s team tested li ' s fluorescently tagged and caged peptides by injecting them into lab mice that possessed both prostate and pancreatic human cancer cells. through a series of fluorescent images taken over four days, researchers tracked single strands of the synthetic protein spreading throughout the tumor sites via blood vessels and binding to collagen that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5394604418278744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91c1cc32-d32a-4bce-b249-46a6987f912e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.835956"}
{"text": "them into lab mice that possessed both prostate and pancreatic human cancer cells. through a series of fluorescent images taken over four days, researchers tracked single strands of the synthetic protein spreading throughout the tumor sites via blood vessels and binding to collagen that had been damaged by cancer. similar in vivo tests showed that the cmp can target bones and cartilage that contain large amounts of degraded collagen. therefore, the new protein could be used for diagnosis and treatment related to bone and cartilage damage. although the process is not well understood, the breakdown and rebuilding of collagen is thought to play a role in the excessive bone growth found in patients with marfan syndrome. yu ' s team tested their cmps on a mouse model for this disease and saw increased cmp binding in the ribs and spines of the marfan mice, as compared to the control mice. journal reference : proceedings of the national academy of sciences provided by johns hopkins university - new method to grow synthetic collagen unveiled sep 08, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - synthetic collagen from maize has human properties jun 24, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - scientists create super - strong collagen jan 12, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - nanoscale scaffolds and stem cells show promise in cartilage repair jul 17, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - causes found for stiff skin conditions mar 19, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 pressure - volume curve : elastic recoil pressure don ' t make sense may 18, 2013 from pressure - volume curve of the lung and chest wall ( attached photo ), i don ' t understand why would the elastic recoil pressure of the lung is... if you became brain - dead, would you want them to pull the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4978481941112984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91c1cc32-d32a-4bce-b249-46a6987f912e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.836886"}
{"text": ", 2013 from pressure - volume curve of the lung and chest wall ( attached photo ), i don ' t understand why would the elastic recoil pressure of the lung is... if you became brain - dead, would you want them to pull the plug? may 17, 2013 i ' d want the rest of me to stay alive. sure it ' s a lousy way to live but it beats being all - the - way dead. maybe if i make it 20 years they ' ll... mri bill question may 15, 2013 dear pfers, the hospital gave us a $ 12k bill for one mri ( head with contrast ). the people i talked to at the hospital tell me that they do not... ratio of hydrogen of oxygen in dessicated animal protein may 13, 2013 as an experiment, for the past few months i ' ve been consuming at least one portion of jell - o or unflavored knox gelatin per day. i ' m 64, in very... alcohol and acetaminophen may 13, 2013 edit : sorry for the typo in the title, can ' t edit i looked around on google quite a bit and it ' s very hard to find precise information on the... marie curie ' s leukemia may 13, 2013 does anyone know what might be the cause of marie curie ' s cancer - more from physics forums - medical sciences more news stories in their quest to learn more about the variability of cells between and within tissues, biomedical scientists have devised tools capable of simultaneously measuring dozens of characteristics of individual... medical research 1 hour ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | in 2008 researchers from the university of southern denmark showed that the drug thioridazine, which has previously been used to treat schizophrenia, is also a powerful weapon against antibiotic - resistant bacteria such as... medical research may 17, 2013 | 3. 7 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | scientists investigating the interaction of a group of proteins in the brain responsible for protecting nerve cells from damage have identified a new target that could increase cell survival. medical research may 17, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 new findings by researchers carrying out experiments at the u. s. department of energy office of science ' s advanced photon source ( aps ) help explain why some drugs that interact with two kinds of human serotonin... medical research may 17, 2013 | 4 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | researchers at the university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.539003102988109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91c1cc32-d32a-4bce-b249-46a6987f912e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.837916"}
{"text": "office of science ' s advanced photon source ( aps ) help explain why some drugs that interact with two kinds of human serotonin... medical research may 17, 2013 | 4 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | researchers at the university of wisconsin have identified a potential new risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea : asthma. using data from the national institutes of health ( heart, lung, and blood institute ) - funded wisconsin... 41 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | a new study looking at sleep - disordered breathing ( sdb ) and markers for alzheimer ' s disease ( ad ) risk in cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) and neuroimaging adds to the growing body of research linking the two. 51 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | gourmands and foodies everywhere have long recognized ginger as a great way to add a little peppery zing to both sweet and savory dishes ; now, a study from researchers at columbia university shows purified components of the... 41 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 scientists at johns hopkins have turned their view of osteoarthritis ( oa ) inside out. literally. instead of seeing the painful degenerative disease as a problem primarily of the cartilage that cushions joints,... 1 hour ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | the hunt for an hiv vaccine has gobbled up $ 8 billion in the past decade, and the failure of the most recent efficacy trial has delivered yet another setback to 26 years of efforts. 5 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 the devastating effect of alzheimer ' s disease on bilingual people has been thrown into focus in canada, where the sudden loss of a second language can leave sufferers feeling like strangers in their own country. 3 hours ago | not rated yet | 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5635190460805283, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91c1cc32-d32a-4bce-b249-46a6987f912e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.838716"}
{"text": "your doctor will ask about your symptoms. if symptoms suggest pneumonia, your doctor will ask about your medical history, travel history, and other related exposures. this information may suggest what caused your pneumonia. a physical exam usually includes tapping on your chest and back. this may identify the presence of fluid or air trapped in your lungs. the doctor will also listen carefully to your chest and back with a stethoscope. your doctor may choose to order a variety of tests, such as : blood tests \u2014 complete blood count including the number and types of white blood cells may help determine whether you have a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. blood culture \u2014 this involves sending a blood sample to a laboratory where it can be processed to see if any organisms are growing. if there are organisms, they can often be identified, and tests can be run to determine what types of antibiotics can best eliminate them. urine antigen tests \u2014 this involves giving a urine sample to look for certain bacteria that could be causing the infection. pulse oximetry \u2014 this test measures the amount of oxygen in your blood to get a sense of how ill you are. arterial blood gas \u2014 this blood test measures the concentration of certain substances in your blood, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ph. this test may be performed to determine whether you will be able to continue breathing on your own, or whether you may need treatment with additional oxygen or mechanical ventilation. sputum culture \u2014 if you \u2019 re able to cough up a sample of sputum, it can be sent to a laboratory to examine it for the presence of specific organisms. if there are organisms in the sputum, they can often be identified, and a specific antibiotic can be ordered for you. chest x - ray \u2014 chest x - ray may reveal signs of pneumonia. however, sometimes a patient will have clear - cut symptoms and signs of pneumonia on physical exam with a clear x - ray for the first couple of days. this may be the case if a patient is dehydrated. ct scan \u2014 this imaging procedure may be required in some cases. bronchoscopy \u2014 in this procedure, a narrow, lighted scope is passed through your mouth or nose, down your bronchial tubes, and into your lungs. your healthcare provider can examine your respiratory tract for signs of pneumonia. samples of fluid and biopsies of tissue can be taken through the bronchoscope. these samples can be processed and examined in a laboratory to try and identify organisms that might be causing your pneumonia. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4722629640296769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f32291ff-2992-4641-a389-278c8f1e1f45>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.841358"}
{"text": "this is about leveson, viewed through ' semiotics ' and ' grammar '. if i write ' the cat sat on the mat ', i can change that in several different ways. if i write ' the dog sat on the mat ', that ' s different from writing ' the cats sat on the mat ' and different again from writing ' did the cat sit on the mat? ' in the past some linguists have said that the way a sentence joins together in a ' chain ' is a ' horizontal ' way of sticking together. this is the ' syntax ' of the sentence, the words are in a ' syntagmatic ' relationship with each other. swapping ' cat ' and ' dog ' has altered things in a ' vertical ' way, they are in what is called a ' paradigmatic ' relationship. then again, turning ' the cat ' to ' the cats ' has made a change but within the ' paradigm ' of ' cat ' ( ie changing cat to one of the ways in which the word ' cat ' can change. finally, by turning the whole sentence into a question, i made a ' syntagmatic ' change, i changed the grammar of the whole sentence from a statement into a question. if this is hard to visualise, imagine that each word is written on a piece of lego and the lego bricks. swapping ' cat ' for ' dog ', we might say, meant swapping a green brick for a blue one, leaving everything in the same place and in the same positions. we might imagine that if ' cat ' was blue then so are ' the cats ', ' cats ', ' a cat ', ' some cats ' *. maybe they are different size blue lego bricks. and to turn the sentence into a question, we would of course have had to change the positions of the bricks. after the linguists played with this idea, various critics and theoreticians said that much of what we perceive and make can be described in this way. jonathan culler asked us to think of how, say, in western food, we think of a meal : starters, main and dessert. that would be the ' horizontal ' line, or ' syntagmatic ' line. now, for starters you might have olives or melon or hummus. swap one for the other and you ' ve swapped the ' paradigm '. alter the order you eat the starters, main and dessert or indeed leave one of them out and you have changed the ' syntax ' ( or '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5513282179743728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28a9b90f-c4ee-4a14-99bc-0a3e69732bc2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.851038"}
{"text": "melon or hummus. swap one for the other and you ' ve swapped the ' paradigm '. alter the order you eat the starters, main and dessert or indeed leave one of them out and you have changed the ' syntax ' ( or ' syntagm ' - but i can ' t pronounce that ). again, think of conventional western male clothing : footwear, trousers, top ( as opposed to, say, one long robe or, say, a toga ). we might imagine that ' shoes ' can be changed from ' within the paradigm of the shoes, but we switch the paradigm when we swap shoes for sandals... and so on. the syntax of this kind of clothing arrangement ( mine ) remains unchanged until i choose to change from this three - part structure ( shoes, trousers, top ) to wearing a robe, say. this can be applied to thinking about movies, poems, novels and politics. when i work with children writing poems, it is possible ( and many teachers and poets do this without dressing it up in paradigm - syntax theory! ) is take a poem and invite children to do their own versions. an obvious case is the limerick, where, let ' s say, we stick to the basic shape but change the paradigms but in fact you can look at a lot of poems, figure the ' structure ' or ' syntax ' and swap some paradigms and then see what happens. again, if you watch a hollywood movies - let ' s say a ' rom - com ', you can see a pattern ( or syntax ) and the producers / writers / director has simply swapped some elements either in a ' shift ' or ' within the paradigm '. when there are clear hybrids ( harry potter marrying ' fantasy ' with ' school story ' ) you can see two ' syntaxes ' (? ) being combined. what about politics? consider what ' s gone on with the hacking scandal and leveson. as it unfolded, i, along with millions of others ( i thought ) started to see a ' syntax ' - a chain of relations between the police, the press and senior politicians. they were having social relationships which were part of their political relationships ( appointments ), which affected whether complaints were or were not being taken up. money was passing between, say, members of the press and the police and so on. this was, we might say, the ' syntax ' of what was going on. i thought that there was a consensus forming which said that this was wrong. then leveson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.583485524272003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28a9b90f-c4ee-4a14-99bc-0a3e69732bc2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.852086"}
{"text": "between, say, members of the press and the police and so on. this was, we might say, the ' syntax ' of what was going on. i thought that there was a consensus forming which said that this was wrong. then leveson was appointed and the hearings took place. this exposed the syntax. we could see the shape and process of how it all joined up : who scratched whose back. who ensured that this or that happened or didn ' t happen. meetings took place, appointments were made, notebooks filled, phones were tapped, newspapers sold, police took money or indeed proceeded towards other jobs... and so on. the leveson pronounced. and here ' s the mystery. apart from an aside where he seems to have admonished the press and the politicians for being too close and some kind of ticking off about improper behaviour by the police, all his attention has been on the ' freedom of the press '. he has recommended one syntactic change ie with his recommendation that government ' underpins ' the new ' independent body '. the new independent body would, then we might say, like swapping ' cat ' for ' cats ' ( ie within the paradigm ). yes, suggesting that government ' underpin ' this body is syntactic but one which leaves the overall power structure intact, so perhaps this would be analogous to writing ' do you think that the cats sat on the mat? ' (! ) or some such, a tentative shift where the original stays intact but nothing fundamental changes overall. why, for example, will journos stop trying to slip coppers money for information? why, when this happens, will it be the journos who lose their jobs and not the proprietors? ( of course not! ). there will of course be no ending of the revolving doors between press, politics and police, jobs will continue to flow between all three, which means much more than a matter of personnel. people take with them ' spheres of influence ', knowledge of where and how to apply pressure and to get things done so that nothing shakes the system, even when there are clear miscarriages of justice eg hillsborough. to be blunt, i think that what is going on is a massive distraction from the real and full ' syntax '. a combination of nick davies ' articles, articles in ' private eye ', and what we heard in leveson ( or didn ' t hear ) exposed the syntax of how political, press and ' security ' power interrelates. ( the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49047075123494277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28a9b90f-c4ee-4a14-99bc-0a3e69732bc2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.853171"}
{"text": "'. a combination of nick davies ' articles, articles in ' private eye ', and what we heard in leveson ( or didn ' t hear ) exposed the syntax of how political, press and ' security ' power interrelates. ( the horizontal chain. ) and then, ( using whatever metaphor you want ), the curtains are closing, the waves wash back, the box is closed - and we can ' t see it anymore. the heavyweight apologists try to focus everyone ' s attention on one part of what ' s happened so that we don ' t see the whole picture. perhaps, when the law cases open - we will get some more glimpses but more often than not, law cases end up being about the crimes, mistakes etc of one person with an underlying assumption that if he or she had been someone else, such crimes and mistakes wouldn ' t have happened ( ie paradigms not syntax ). apologies if this all seems rather laboured, as a way of explaining something comparatively simple. i find that this way of thinking can sometimes illuminate what ' s going on. i mean, it does for me! * eagle - eyed linguists would say that the paradigm for ' cat ' is : cat, cats. ' a cat ', ' cats ', ' the cat ' and ' some cats ' is a piece of mini - syntax ie how ' cat ' and a ' determiner ' are linked syntactically. the determiner is a paradigm of itself ie ' a ' ( or ' an ' ), ' the ', ' some ' and no determiner is a paradigm of itself. think how hard it is to learn this piece of mini - syntax when you learn another language : eg french un / une, le, la, les, du, de la, des, and no determiner. when do you use which? aaaaaaagh.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5647673793635961, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28a9b90f-c4ee-4a14-99bc-0a3e69732bc2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.853838"}
{"text": "this video, already viewed by about 800, 000 people since it came out last november is, for some reason, racing around the internet with new abandon today. it ' s not that it ' s not interesting. it certainly is. it ' s just that it ' s not that new. it ' s based on a study that actually was released in 2010 by michael norton, of harvard business school. he co - authored the paper. he talked to steve inskeep about it back in 2010. and almost two years ago, pbs newshour tried to recreate norton ' s ( and his colleague ' s ) work. it presented several pie charts of countries ' distribution of wealth and asked people which country they ' d like to live in. pie chart c, based on norton ' s work, was actually the united states, although the country wasn ' t named. only 9 percent of people who took the survey said they wanted to live there. the exercise was done as part of a series on inequality in the united states. watch americans facing more inequality, more debt and now more trouble? on pbs. see more from pbs newshour. \" it ' s probably a good thing that the public underestimates how much wealth inequality there is, \" bryan d. caplan of george mason university told business week back in 2010, since \" they tend not to understand the ways that wealth inequality is good. \" in harvard business review a little over a year ago, norton ' s colleague had his own theories - - that the survey reflects how we view ourselves : norton and his coauthor, dan ariely ( author of the popular title predictably irrational and a professor of behavioral economics at duke ), believe that one reason perceptions are so skewed is because the easy availability of credit masks people ' s real financial situation. if your neighbors own the same make and model of car that you own, norton points out, there ' s no way to know whether they paid cash for theirs or took out a loan for the full amount. it ' s easy, he says, to think, \" i have a car and you have a car, so i guess wealth is equally distributed. \" this perception is reinforced by the fact that people tend to interact primarily within their own social stratum. what is surprising given these circumstances, says norton, is that americans at all income levels - - the very rich as well as the very poor - - said they would like wealth to be more evenly distributed. given that there ' s been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46408463910062764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24f6575e-b57b-433b-8352-dd7a9daf9db0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.858906"}
{"text": "mostly on booze, cigarettes and doritos while i imagine there ' s the occasional anecdote to be supplied, i doubt very much this is a statistically valid statement. / / the wealthy are wealthy because they didn ' t piss away what came their way. it would be interesting to see how the breakdown of attained wealth works. in other words, what percentage of wealth is \" old money \" vs \" new money. \" / bryan d. caplan of george mason \" they tend not to understand the ways that wealth inequality is good. \" / other than philanthropy, i can ' t come up with much. maybe prof. caplan can enlighten? i deleted all of \" jimmy \" ' s comments. he supplied a fake email and was obviously trolling. here ' s a reminder that all commenters must provide a valid email address when submitting comments. jimmy - i am a member of what can be considered the \" working poor \". i have had a job ever since i was legally allowed to work. the same with my husband. at one point he held 3 jobs at once. we have two children and we work our butts off trying to provide for them and keep a roof over our head and food ( not doritos ) on the damn table. we are far from lazy and in most cases, i think we work even harder than the superwealthy. i ' m even trying to find a way to go back to school while working and being a mother to better our situation. so, your statement is not only generalizing a whole socio - economic group, it ' s dead wrong in most cases. practically all the families i know who are considered the working poor all work just as hard as we do ( and none of us are chain smoking alcoholics, thank you very much!! ) and it makes me so angry that there are so many individuasl like yourself that feel this way, with your \" let them eat cake \" attitude while my husband and i work our fingers to the bone for very little pay which goes directly to our children and home. please educate yourself before you make ignorant, blanket statements like that. the video went viral today because george takei posted it on his facebook page. with 3. 5 million likes on fb, it ' s easy for things he posts to go viral. $ 50 trillion in wealth globally. 6. 9 billion people. divided equally and we get an amazing $ 7260 per person. congrats!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45079488734855305, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24f6575e-b57b-433b-8352-dd7a9daf9db0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.861402"}
{"text": "the beachcombers are gathering data that can be averaged over several years, and will serve to provide \" normal, \" or background, rates of mortality. then, in the case of an oil spill or other catastrophic event, differences in mortality will help elucidate the amount of damage caused. volunteers have been trained in animal identification and record - keeping skills, to ensure the most accurate data possible. for each animal found, volunteers note the location, species, age, sex, presence of oil on or near the carcass, probable cause of death, and degree of decomposition. \" it ' s an excellent way for volunteers to participate with the sanctuary, \" says scott benson, volunteer coordinator and data manager of beachcombers. \" the sanctuary can only be as good as local people make it ; this gives them a chance to be involved directly with the science of surveying their marine environment. \" the beachcombers program has already provided useful information for several recent incidents. \" it ' s been amazing to me that in our first few months we ' ve been able to help so much, \" says benson. in the summer of 1997 beachcomber volunteers began to detect a much larger than normal number of dead common murres on local beaches. without the program ' s regular monitoring, the incident would never have been noticed, according to andrew devogelaere, sanctuary research coordinator and senior scientist ( and beachcomber volunteer ). sanctuary and department of fish and game officials began investigating possible causes, and have concluded by reviewing biotoxin data and national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) data that the die - off was caused either by a red tide event or by an increase in gill - net fishing in monterey bay. \" without this monitoring program, no one would have actually pulled the nmfs data out and studied it, and we wouldn ' t have been aware of the increase in gill - net fishing, \" explains devogelaere. the beachcombers program also proved extremely useful in the recent \" monterey bay bird incident, \" in which a mysterious oil was spilled in the monterey bay and coated hundreds of seabirds. ( see related story on page 7. ) the program was able to provide a background team to do all the field surveys for the spill event because it had the volunteers, data sheets, and beach survey segments already in place to step right into action. \" in addition to helping out with that spill event, we now know the other players involved, and they know us, \" explains benson. \" it builds the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4491774265449052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90b4e486-eecc-41a9-a7d7-711850e0a67f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.865238"}
{"text": "volunteers, data sheets, and beach survey segments already in place to step right into action. \" in addition to helping out with that spill event, we now know the other players involved, and they know us, \" explains benson. \" it builds the basis for cooperative work in the future. \" the program is largely based on an ongoing effort the gulf of the farallones nms is using very effectively on beaches north of ano nuevo. \" both offices are looking forward to sharing our data so they can be made available on a geographic information system ( gis ) and easily interpreted, \" explains devogelaere. beachcombers is an excellent example of local and state institutions working cooperatively. it was started with a cuerec ( california urban environmental research and education center ) grant to dr. jim harvey, and then received matching resources from moss landing marine laboratories. the sanctuary also donated funds, and california ' s office of oil spill prevention and response ( ospr ) donated cameras and sampling equipment. the pacific grove natural history museum has helped with training and identification of birds. the program also has standing cooperative arrangements with county marine mammal stranding networks, spcas, native animal rescue, the california dept. of parks and recreation, and others. having volunteers out walking beaches has proven to be more valuable than just surveying the natural environment. beachcomber scott benson and a fellow volunteer, while surveying zmudowski state beach, heard screams and saw a woman flailing in the water, being pulled away from shore by a rip tide. benson, a certified california lifeguard, swam out to the woman, calmed her down, and brought her back in to shore. paramedics who arrived later are reported to have said that benson saved the women ' s life. william j. douros has been named mbnms superintendent. sanctuary staff are excited to begin working with douros, who previously served as deputy director of the santa barbara county energy division, and has extensive background in marine regulatory issues, setting policy, and ocean research. he assumed his new position in january 1998. look for a detailed article in the next issue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4174435804464416, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90b4e486-eecc-41a9-a7d7-711850e0a67f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.866255"}
{"text": "passive components, like many other building blocks in the high - frequency industry, have improved in terms of electrical performance per unit size over the last five decades. when looking back over the years at earlier passive components and assemblies, it is not so much the pure electrical performance that is striking as much as the advances in packaging that have taken place over that time. in 1980, for example, one of the leading suppliers of microwave mixers, watkins - johnson of palo alto, ca, made news with their m4 series of flatpack mixers. the products included the model wj - m4a with local - oscillator ( lo ) and rf range of 10 to 1500 mhz and intermediate - frequency ( if ) range of dc to 1000 mhz. during the same time period, a company still going strong, mini - circuits, was selling coaxial power dividers for only $ 39. 95 each. the firm ' s zapd line of power dividers included models from 0. 5 to 1. 0 ghz, 1. 0 to 2. 0 ghz, and 2. 0 to 4. 2 ghz ( fig. 1 ). the insertion loss was 0. 2 db for all models, still considered good today. another company still going strong, arra, inc., of westbury ( now bay shore ), ny, offered a line of miniature continuously variable attenuators in 1968. available for applications from 2. 0 to 12. 4 ghz, the attenuators handled 5 w average power and 3 kw peak power with maximum insertion loss of 0. 5 db. an article in march 1968 by members of the technical staff of the microwave department of sylvania electric products, inc. of woburn, ma detailed how a new type of diode, the beamlead schottky barrier diode ( fig. 2 ), appeared to be a more electrically efficient device than point - contact diodes for frequency - conversion applications. the article compared the performance characteristics of both semiconductor devices, and showed how a microwave mixer could be formed using a beam - lead schottky diode pair ( fig. 3 ). around the same time, bill marshall, switch marketing manager for transco, demonstrated his firm ' s modular approach to waveguide switch assemblies ( fig. 4 ). using a variable waveguide switch design, the assemblies performed transmitter switching to 18 ghz under full - power operation. they provided switching speed of better than 50 ns. the micro state electronics operation of raytheon in murray", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5226834550738817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:786bbed4-3232-48f5-96a9-e55a200d2af5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.872034"}
{"text": "assemblies ( fig. 4 ). using a variable waveguide switch design, the assemblies performed transmitter switching to 18 ghz under full - power operation. they provided switching speed of better than 50 ns. the micro state electronics operation of raytheon in murray hill, nj was working with advanced stripline, leading to the group ' s development of a switch / driver assembly for applications from 1020 to 1100 mhz ( fig. 5 ). it achieved hot switching of 10 kw peak power in only 150 ns. for those who doubted digital technology existed five decades ago, daico industries offered a pair of digital variable attenuators with integral ttl ( model da0295 ) and cmos ( model da0285 ) drivers. switching under 7 - b control, the digital attenuators ( fig. 6 ) provided 63. 5 - db attenuation control ranges from 30 to 500 mhz with least significant bit ( lsb ) of 0. 5 db. they could handle input power levels to + 13 dbm with nominal switching speed of 5 s. last but not least, systron donner was among a group of companies promoting their capabilities in \" supercomponents. \" these were essentially compact assemblies that combined the functions of multiple components. one of the company ' s supercomponents was an assembly designed for x - band radar ( fig. 7 ), with a low - noise mixer and gunn diode lo. the lo provided a 40 - mhz tuning range around 9. 375 ghz.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5441405621938558, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:786bbed4-3232-48f5-96a9-e55a200d2af5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.872643"}
{"text": "porosity is the ability of the hair to absorb water and other matter ( like chemicals ). in the post \u2018 balancing moisture & protein \u2019, i gave a brief summery of what hair is. the outer layer of the hair, the cuticle, is made up of several layers of interlocking scales and is responsible for how porous the hair is. different degrees of porosity low or poor porosity is characterised by very tightly closed cuticles and is generally considered healthy as all or most of the cuticle layer is intact. it doesn \u2019 t easily absorb water and resists the penetration of chemical treatments. normal porosity is hair that is able to absorb water well but resists permitting too much water to penetrate. this is considered the best porosity to have. again, all or most of the cuticle layer is in tact and lies down flatly. hair with normal porosity can hold styles well and receives chemical processing well. although chemical processes can change the porosity of the hair from average to high. highly porous hair is hair that has sustained cuticle damage with lifted, missing, cracked or chipped cuticles. it absorbs significantly higher amounts of water then normal or low porosity hair ( up to 55 %, in contrast with 31. 1 % for healthy hair ) and is not capable of holding onto that water as the damaged cuticles allow water out just as fast. this type of hair never feels properly moisturised even with constant moisturising. when hair is fully soaked in water, the weight of the excessively absorbed water can lead to significant breakage due to loss of elasticity. highly porous hair easily accepts chemical treatments such as dyes, but wont hold onto the colour for very long and is easily over processed as it takes significantly less time than low or average porosity types to receive the chemicals. highly porous hair doesn \u2019 t hold onto styles as well as normal or low porosity types. uneven porosity is a combination of low or average porosity and high porosity and is common in long hair. the longer your hair is, the older it is and the more it has been exposed to mechanical, chemical, environmental and heat damage. uneven porosity has spotty issues where some parts of your hair hold onto moisture well and some parts ( such as the ends ) do not. what causes highly porous hair? genetics does have a part to play with how porous the hair is. naturally curly hair is more porous than straight hair by nature. every kink", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5255544892969413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:219d2900-0635-4d2c-a6f8-40869cabd598>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.880661"}
{"text": "and some parts ( such as the ends ) do not. what causes highly porous hair? genetics does have a part to play with how porous the hair is. naturally curly hair is more porous than straight hair by nature. every kink and bend along the shaft where the hair naturally curls or kinks stops the cuticles from lying down flatly and so the cuticles remain slightly raised along these points. the curlier or kinkier your hair is the more porous it is. other determining factors are mechanical damage caused by rough handling, dry combing / brushing, friction caused by towel drying, scarfs, hair bands and hats, chemicals such as permanent dyes, relaxers, texturisers and perms, heat damage from tools such as blow - dryers, flat irons and curling tongs as well as over exposure to environmental factors such as uv rays and harsh winds. strong sulfate shampoos, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, are capable of dissolving the fatty acid layer beneath the cuticle ( called the cell membrane complex or cmc, the \u2018 cement \u2019 that keeps the cuticles in place ), which can lead to irreparable gaps in the cuticle layer. natural soaps, being very alkaline in nature, causes the hair to swell and the cuticle to lift up away from the surface of the hair shaft, penetrating through the cuticle and into the cmc where it can bind with the fatty acid layer and rinse it away, again causing gaps within the cuticles. all these different factors can permanently alter, raise and / or damage the cuticle layer causing highly porous hair. it is best test for porosity on freshly cleaned and dried hair. test one \u2013 the finger touch test gently hold a few strands of hair with one hand. with the other, run your fingers up the length of your hair, from tip to root. if your hair feels rough with lots of little ridges or bumps ( excluding the bumps that are naturally created by the bends in the shaft where the hair curls ) then your cuticles are not lying flatly and your hair is porous. there are some who argue that the first test is not at all effective at determining porosity as the cuticle layers are so microscopically tiny that you can \u2019 t possibly feel whether they are raised or not unless the hair has sustained significant damage. test two \u2013 the water test take some shed hair ( or pull out a strand of freshly washed and dried hair ), a stop watch and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4373644526535049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:219d2900-0635-4d2c-a6f8-40869cabd598>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.881741"}
{"text": "that you can \u2019 t possibly feel whether they are raised or not unless the hair has sustained significant damage. test two \u2013 the water test take some shed hair ( or pull out a strand of freshly washed and dried hair ), a stop watch and a tall glass of water. drop the hair into the glass and wait for one minute. after the minute has passed check to see whether your hair is floating or has sunk. if your hair is floating on top of the water, than you have low / poor porosity. if your hair is floating just under the water, your hair has average porosity. if your hair has sunk to the bottom of the cup then your hair is highly porous. if part of your hair is floating and part of it is sinking, you have spotty porosity issues. healthy hair should not sink at all or only sink slightly ( in one minute that is ). the rate that the hair sinks is an indication of how quickly it absorbs ( and will lose ) moisture. the faster the moisture is absorbed into the hair, the more porous it is. hair should naturally absorb moisture at a slow pace and should be capable of holding it for long periods of time. if hair absorbs enough moisture within one minute to cause it to sink in water, it is absorbing too fast and indicates high porosity. correcting porosity issues after you have determined whether your hair has low, average or high porosity you may be wandering how to correct any issues. here are some suggestions if you find your hair does not absorb water well than you need to focus on moisture rich products more than protein. deep conditioning with heat ( a hooded dryer ) is highly recommended. the heat will cause the cuticles to open and will allow the much needed moisture to enter into the cortex. highly porous hair can be treated in two ways depending on the type of damage caused to the cuticle. lifted cuticles \u2013 ph if your hair is highly porous and you don \u2019 t necessarily use chemicals or heat and are generally quite gentle with your strands then it is possible that the cuticles are raised. rebalancing your hair \u2019 s ph may be all that is required to help return your porosity level to normal. acidic rinses such as apple cider vinegar ( acv ) rinses are an effective way of bringing the ph of your hair back down to optimal levels, thus closing your cuticles and correcting high porosity. for more on ph and hair click here. damaged cuticles \u2013 protein if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.470197174704044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:219d2900-0635-4d2c-a6f8-40869cabd598>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.882659"}
{"text": "acv ) rinses are an effective way of bringing the ph of your hair back down to optimal levels, thus closing your cuticles and correcting high porosity. for more on ph and hair click here. damaged cuticles \u2013 protein if your hair is highly porous and you regularly use heat and / or chemicals, brush or comb your hair very roughly and / or without slippery products such as conditioner or you have tried correcting your porosity with ph and it hasn \u2019 t really helped, then you have sustained cuticle damage. you may have missing, cracked or chipped cuticles. you cannot permanently repair damaged hair but you can patch it up temporarily with protein treatments. protein helps to reinforce the hairs structure and can help fill in the gaps where the cuticles are chipped or missing. this creates a complete layer over your cortex that can resist moisture loss, keeping the hair moisturised for longer and will help to correct high porosity. again heat can and should be used to help create stronger bonds between the protein and your hair so that the protein is not simply washed down the drain but actually remains on your hair after rinsing. uneven porosity can be corrected by either or both of the suggestion listed above. using ph and protein will help fill in or flatten the cuticles in those places that are causing the spotty porosity problems. product layering can also be very effective where the porosity issues are uneven, such as at the ends. if you have dry ends, then layering more moisture and oil / butter on the ends will help to create a thicker barrier where your hair is most susceptible to moisture loss and will help your hair retain moisture evenly. the best treatment of all i \u2019 m sure you know what i \u2019 m about to say. prevention is better then cure! reducing those things can cause the hair to sustain damage is the best \u2018 treatment \u2019 we could possibly administer. - treat your hair gently. - detangle only when your hair is loaded with conditioner to reduce damage caused by friction - avoid chemical treatments as much as possible - avoid the overuse of heat styling tools - avoid harsh sulfate shampoos and alkaline soaps this brings us to the end of the \u2018 getting to know your hair series \u2019. i hope you \u2019 ve enjoyed learning about the different things that can affect the hair and what it takes to keep it healthy. knowledge is the best tool in any successful hair journey! if you have any comments, suggestions or questions regarding anything we \u2019 ve discussed in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4732864952907791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:219d2900-0635-4d2c-a6f8-40869cabd598>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.883611"}
{"text": "agricultural research service ( ars ) scientists have discovered that a common swine vaccine used to fight disease is significantly compromised when a concurrent parasite infection is present. the discovery was made by researchers at the ars diet, genomics and immunology laboratory in beltsville, md. ars microbiologist joseph urban collaborated with nina steenhard of the institute for veterinary disease biology at the university of copenhagen in denmark. in the study, 36 pigs raised on a pathogen - free farm were split into four groups and studied for about three months, to compare three treated groups with an untreated group. the three groups included pigs that had been continuously exposed to a common worm infection ; pigs that were exposed to the same worm infection but vaccinated for mycoplasmal pneumonia at week three ; and a worm - free group that was similarly vaccinated against mycoplasma at week three. all pigs were infected with live mycoplasma bacteria via aerosol four weeks after vaccine was administered. another four weeks later, the tissues of all pigs were evaluated. all worm - free, vaccinated pigs infected with mycoplasma developed vaccine - derived antibodies. but only 78 % of the vaccinated pigs that had been worm infected developed serum antibodies. the other 22 % were considered vaccine failures. the worm - infected pigs also had a higher percentage of lung infections than non - worm - infected pigs after vaccination and exposure to mycoplasma bacteria. researchers conclude the findings confirm the importance of parasite control during vaccination.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4847528036893032, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61600506-f75a-4e69-8fcf-f3b688fcf29e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.885051"}
{"text": "4. checklist for the next decade as i have been careful to stress the basic tenets of inflation + cold dark matter have not yet been confirmed definitively. however, a flood of high - quality cosmological data is coming, and could make the case in the next decade. here is my version of how \" maybe \" becomes \" yes. \" - map of the universe at 300, 000 yrs. cobe mapped the cmb with an angular resolution of around 10\u00b0 ; two new satellite missions, nasa ' s map ( launch 2000 ) and esa ' s planck surveyor ( launch 2007 ), will map the cmb with 100 times better resolution ( 0. 1\u00b0 ). from these maps of the universe as it existed at a simpler time, long before the first stars and galaxies, will come a gold mine of information : among other things, a definitive measurement of a determination of the hubble constant to a precision of better than 5 % ; a characterization of the primeval lumpiness ; and possible detection of the relic gravity waves from inflation. the precision maps of the cmb that will be made are crucial to establishing inflation + cold dark matter. - map of the universe today. our knowledge of the structure of the universe is based upon maps constructed from the positions of some 30, 000 galaxies in our own backyard. the sloan digital sky survey will produce a map of a representative portion of the universe, based upon the positions of a million galaxies. the anglo - australian 2 - degree field survey will determine the position of several hundred thousand galaxies. these surveys will define precisely the large - scale structure that exists today, answering questions such as, \" what are the largest structures that exist? \" used together with the cmb maps, this will definitively test the cold dark matter theory of structure formation, and much more. - present expansion rate h0. direct measurements of the expansion rate using standard candles, gravitational time delay, sz imaging and the cmb maps will pin down the elusive hubble constant once and for all. it is the fundamental parameter that sets the size - in time and space - of the observable universe. its value is critical to testing the self consistency of cold - cold dark matter. a key element of theory is the cold dark matter particles that hold the universe together ; until we actually detect cold dark matter particles, it will be difficult to argue that cosmology is solved. experiments designed to detect the dark matter that holds are own galaxy together are now operating with sufficient sensitivity to detect both neutralino", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6074447914570732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:606aa78d-6e2e-4f18-ba06-96b1eb161c6a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.888133"}
{"text": "the universe together ; until we actually detect cold dark matter particles, it will be difficult to argue that cosmology is solved. experiments designed to detect the dark matter that holds are own galaxy together are now operating with sufficient sensitivity to detect both neutralinos and axions. in addition, experiments at particle accelerators ( fermilab and cern ) will be hunting for the neutralino and its other - nature of the dark energy. if the universe is indeed accelerating, then most of the critical density exists in the form of dark energy. this component is poorly understood. vacuum energy is only the simplest possibly for the smooth dark component ; there are other possibilities : frustrated topological defects or an evolving scalar field ( see e. g., caldwell et al, 1998 ; turner & white, 1997 ). independent evidence for the existence of this dark energy, e. g., by cmb anisotropy, the sdss and 2df surveys, or gravitational lensing, is crucial for verifying the accounting of matter and energy in the universe i have advocated. additional measurements of sne1a could help shed light on the precise nature of the dark energy. the dark energy problem is not only of great importance for cosmology, but for fundamental physics as well. whether it is vacuum energy or quintessence, it is a puzzle for fundamental physics and possibly a clue about the unification of the forces and particles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.625934066966175, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:606aa78d-6e2e-4f18-ba06-96b1eb161c6a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.888632"}
{"text": "like many other things in the region, water is in hot dispute between the israelis and the palestinians. the river jordan ( white line, top right ) is a crucial water source in the region under international law, israel is committed to supplying drinking water to the palestinians and not denying them. but israel itself is a very arid area surrounded by desert. it rains only a few months a year - and for the past few years the region has been in the grip of drought. \" we have a chronic water shortage, and it is getting worse year to year, \" jacob kaidar, the director of multilateral peace talks coordination and water issues in the israeli foreign ministry, told bbc world service ' s politics of water programme. \" basically we have a drought almost every year, we have to cut our water supplies almost every year. \" the water that israel receives comes mainly from the jordan river system, the sea of galilee and two underground sources. the supply is shared between israelis and palestinians, but, as ever, is a source of great controversy. at the third world water conference in kyoto, former soviet president mikhail gorbachev outlined the history of water conflict around the world. he said there had been 21 armed disputes over water in recent history - and 18 of them involved israel. \" it ' s highly unfair, \" said yehezkel lein, a water expert for israeli human rights group b ' tselem, who help to solve water problems in palestinian areas. \" we are talking about mainly the mountain aquifer and the jordan river system. regarding the first one israel exploits approximately 80 % of the renewal water resources, and the palestinians the remaining 20 %. \" regarding the jordan river system, the palestinians do not have any access. \" mr lein added that the conflict in the region had dramatically exacerbated the problem. the sea of galilee can supply parts of israel, but not the palestinian areas \" there is a clear linkage between the gap in water availability, and the occupation, \" he said. \" israel has taken advantage of its control of the west bank in order to appropriate more water sources and to prevent palestinians from developing new water sources that are under the land. \" israel has controlled water supplies in the west bank and gaza strip since it first occupied the areas in 1967. the 1993 oslo peace accord stated that the palestinians should have more water resources and greater control, although the israelis disagree, insisting they supply 40 million cubic metres of water. many palestinians struggle, however, as they remain unconnected to any water infrastructure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4159897329710955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c4a933a-7ecf-4bbe-a4c8-da053ab09cd7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.894235"}
{"text": "1967. the 1993 oslo peace accord stated that the palestinians should have more water resources and greater control, although the israelis disagree, insisting they supply 40 million cubic metres of water. many palestinians struggle, however, as they remain unconnected to any water infrastructure. one such place is beit furik, a village in the west bank near the palestinian town of nablus. \" the real problem is at the beginning of their hot summer - they will have used up their water and they will begin to suffer, \" explained beit furik ' s mayor, atef atif hanani. \" we have about 12 tanks to collect water from nablus, but during the intifada the israeli authorities have imposed checkpoints on the roads. \" these checkpoints started to forbid these tanks from reaching nablus, so sometimes they have to wait for about five or six hours - and some days they were forbidden. \" he added that even when the tanks were allowed through, sometimes israeli soldiers would undo the valves and let the water back out. israel ' s water minister mr kaidar said he was \" not happy \" about a lack of co - operation, acknowledging that turning water trucks away was \" totally unacceptable. \" \" israel is committed to supplying drinking water to the palestinians, and not to deny them, \" he added. but jacob dallal of the israel army said that delays were unfortunate, but necessary to stop the militants. \" this is the nature of this conflict when people are trying to smuggle things including suicide bombers through the west bank and into israel, \" he said. oxfam says israeli soldiers target palestinian water tanks \" we have to be very careful, but at no time lose sight of the importance of getting essential materials to people. \" we do have to check because in the past, as has been the case with ambulances, people have taken advantage of vehicles that are supposed to be only for humanitarian purposes. \" some statistics suggest that, in large part because of these constant arguments at checkpoints, the palestinians use on average four times less water than the israelis. the mother of one family in beit furik, fuaz hanani, told politics of water that they were only able to wash every two weeks, such was the shortage of water. \" i feel angry that israeli settlers in itmar drink clean water while my dear family drink water from a well which sometimes has dirty or polluted water, \" mrs hanani said. however, jacob kaidar insisted that, while he hoped co - operation between the two sides would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43092740965549775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c4a933a-7ecf-4bbe-a4c8-da053ab09cd7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.895162"}
{"text": "settlers in itmar drink clean water while my dear family drink water from a well which sometimes has dirty or polluted water, \" mrs hanani said. however, jacob kaidar insisted that, while he hoped co - operation between the two sides would be better in the future, mrs hanani should direct her anger towards her own people. he said palestinians were stealing water from israeli pipes and drilling illegal wells. \" in gaza we have some 2, 000 illegal wells, in the west bank the report is 250 or more, \" he said. according to oxfam, an additional problem is that what little infrastructure the palestinians do have is targeted by the israelis. \" we are helping very poor families to build new tanks on their roofs... unfortunately it ' s a really good target for israeli soldiers to shoot at, \" oxfam ' s ton berg stated. \" we ' ve just finished a really big water tank that would serve half a village in el boursh and now the israeli defence forces have announced that they will destroy it, because they need land that is officially palestinian to build a wall. \" so that whole village this summer will again be without clean drinking water. \" with the publication of the roadmap to peace, there had been hopes that political leaders would begin to look more closely at the water crisis in the region. but with the roadmap apparently in crisis, it seems the palestinians may be thirsty for a good while longer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35611474575788504, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c4a933a-7ecf-4bbe-a4c8-da053ab09cd7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.895766"}
{"text": "illustration courtesy l. calcada, eso published may 16, 2012 a nasa spacecraft has witnessed hundreds of \" superflares \" coming from sunlike stars \u2014 and the observations suggest that the trigger for such massive outbursts remains a mystery. on our sun, solar flares aimed at earth can send huge amounts of energy colliding with our planet. if a flare is strong enough, it can cause a solar storm that might cripple satellites and even knock out the power grid. astronomers have also recorded similar but much more powerful flares coming from a variety of stars. these superflares can be millions or even a billion times more powerful than an average sun eruption, packing enough energy to roast nearby planets whole. it ' s not likely, but if a superflare were to engulf earth, for example, our protective ozone layer would be instantly obliterated, said brad schaefer, an astrophysicist at louisiana state university ( lsu ) who wasn ' t involved in the new study. with no more atmospheric ozone, dangerous ultraviolet rays from the sun would flood the planet, and all life would get fried to a crisp. \" if you got rid of the ozone layer on earth, you would sunburn in one second, \" schaefer said. the new study is the first to take a detailed look at superflares on sunlike stars, few of which have been seen until now. using data from the kepler space telescope, hiroyuki maehara and colleagues at kyoto university in japan found 365 superflares coming from 148 sunlike stars. a popular theory proposed by schaefer and colleagues suggested that superflares are linked to the presence of hot jupiters \u2014 large gas giant planets that orbit very close to their host stars. ( related : \" distant planet mapped for first time, ' hot jupiter ' features fierce winds. \" ) surprisingly, though, \" none have been discovered around the stars that we have studied, indicating that hot jupiters associated with superflares are rare, \" the study authors write in their paper. a strike against hot jupiters scientists think that solar flares are driven by the sun ' s magnetic field lines \u2014 invisible, tightly wound loops of energy connected to magnetically active regions known as sunspots when a field line snaps, it whips an arc of light and charged particles away from the sun and into space. ( related : \" solar flare sparks biggest eruption ever seen on sun \" ) according to the widely accepted theory, a similar mechanism likely powers superfl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47499984681113516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97473a30-18ae-439f-8969-218ab28c44af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.899837"}
{"text": "line snaps, it whips an arc of light and charged particles away from the sun and into space. ( related : \" solar flare sparks biggest eruption ever seen on sun \" ) according to the widely accepted theory, a similar mechanism likely powers superflares, except that instead of being anchored to two star spots, a magnetic field line rises from the star and connects to a nearby hot jupiter. only by anchoring one end of the field line to another object can a star create a magnetic loop large enough to generate a truly immense flare when it snaps, schaefer explained. \" this was a very reasonable idea, \" he said. \" you can ' t get enough energy unless you have something else nearby.... so this hot jupiter idea has been taken by everyone as the default model. \" based on this theory, \" we predicted that hot jupiters should be detectable around about 10 percent of the superflare stars, \" schaefer said. but with the new observations from maehara and colleagues, this prediction failed, schaefer said, and \" that ' s a fairly substantial strike against the hot jupiter model. \" earth safe from superflares even with the new data, schaefer thinks the model linking planets to superflares can work \u2014 it just needs a few tweaks. for example, instead of using a hot jupiter as an anchor, superflare stars may be using closely orbiting rocky planets \u2014 hot earths or hot super - earths \u2014 to ground their magnetic field lines. \" that would work just as well, \" schaefer said. \" the basic idea is not dead. \" testing this version of the theory will be a bit more challenging. kepler looks for the tiny dip in starlight as a planet transits \u2014 or crosses in front of \u2014 its host star as seen from earth. the craft can ' t yet make out the signal from less massive, rocky planets in tight orbits around sunlike stars. but in either scenario, earth is safe from superflares, schaefer added : mercury, the innermost planet in our solar system, isn ' t close enough to our star and its magnetic field is too weak for the body to anchor a superflare - generating field line. the new superflare study was published online this week by the journal nature. a new species of dinosaur - era reptile is rewriting the books on the evolution of so - called sea monsters, a new study claims. the world ' s highest peak has been shedding snow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5021514811774204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97473a30-18ae-439f-8969-218ab28c44af>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.900730"}
{"text": "light in space 1. according to the books, the speed of light in a vacuum is 300, 000 km per second. if you send out a sudden pulse of light in space, does it have to accelerate to that speed? 2. if you could make a _ very _ long tube in space, with a mirror at both ends ( perfect mirrors, and perhaps long enough to reach from earth to venus ), could you open one end, shine a bright light in for a few seconds, then slide the mirror back in place, trapping the beam of light in there? would the light beam keep bouncing back and forth? 1. no, light starts out at the speed of light - it does not have to accelerate. what does happen is that the amplitude ( of the electric and magnetic fields ) gradually increases so that at the start of the pulse the amplitude is small, it then rises to a peak, and then falls back down to 2. yes, you sure could do that. in fact, that is essentially the way some experiments on fiber optics work ( and somewhat related to the way lasers work ). apparently a recent experiment by some japanese researchers has sent light pulses round and round a fiber optic cable for some 180 million miles - that is getting into astronomical distances right here on earth! but why does not light \" have to accelerate \"? in truth it does, but the acceleration to light speed is instantaneous. that is because light is made up of massless photons. the force that creates the photons gives them infinite acceleration, so they reach the speed of light click here to return to the physics archives update : june 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5291483138749746, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:996dd21f-14ac-4602-86ae-847a661c620d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.902373"}
{"text": "if you ' re a backpacker you need a reliable yet lightweight method for purifying and filtering water in the wild. most commercial methods are either bulky and heavy or need supplies such as salt and / or batteries. instead you can make a gravity water filtration system using two water bladders, a $ 17 aquamira frontier pro filter or likewise, and a pack of chlorine dioxide purification tablets. youtube user and veteran backpacker jason klass demonstrates the light weight, versatility, and low cost ( around $ 40 for everything ) of this setup. basically you fill your \" dirty \" water bottle directly from a river, lake, or stream, add a purification tablet, and connect your clean water bottle to the aquamira filter. the other side of the filter is connected to the water resevoir you drink from. hang the dirty water from a tree branch and keep the clean water on the ground and in half an hour you ' ll have a couple of liters of clean water to drink. why does this system use both a chemical and a mechanical filter? the aquamira filter is good at keeping out dirt and objects that would change the taste of your water but does not filter closely enough to remove most bacterias and viruses. a chlorine dioxide chemical treatment ( same as what most municipal water supplies use ) will kill 99. 999 % of all viruses and bacterias and shouldn ' t change the taste of the water. if you run out of purification tablets while on the trail you can always gravity filter the water into a pot and boil it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4667075555644536, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ef6fead-c2aa-4082-9afb-ef5875a6ba51>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.904843"}
{"text": "a timeline of management and leadership 1880 - scientific management frederick taylor decides to time each and every worker at the midvale steel company. his view of the future becomes highly accurate : \" in the past man was first. in the future the system will be first. \" - frederick taylor in scientific management the managers were elevated while the workers ' roles were negated. \" science, not rule of thumb, - frederick taylor the decisions of supervisors, based upon experience and intuition, were no longer important. employees were not allowed to have ideas of responsibility. yet the question remains \u2014 is this promotion of managers to center - stage justified? 1929 - taylorism the taylor society publishes a revised and updated practitioner ' s manual : scientific management in american industry. 1932 - the hawthorne studies elton mayo becomes the first to question the behavioral assumptions of scientific management. the studies concluded that human factors were often more important than physical conditions in motivating employees to greater productivity. 1946 - organization development social scientist kurt lewin launches the research center for group dynamics at the massachusetts institute of technology. his contributions in change theory, action research, and action learning earn him the title of the \u201c father of organization development : \u201d the systematic application of behavioral science knowledge at various levels ( group, intergroup, and total organization ) to bring about planned change. lewin is best known for his work in the field of organization development and the study of group dynamics. his research discovered that learning is best facilitated when there is a conflict between immediate concrete experience and detached analysis within the individual. also see organizational behavior. 1949 - sociotechnical systems theory a group of researchers from london ' s tavistock institute of human relations, led by eric trist, studied a south yorkshire coal mine in 1949. their research leads in the development of the sociotechnical systems theory which considers both the social and the technical aspects when designing jobs. it marks a 180 - degree departure from frederick taylor ' s scientific management. there are four basic components to sociotechnical theory : - environment subsystem - social subsystem - technical subsystem - organizational design. 1954 - hierarchy of needs maslow ' s hierarchy of needs theory is published in his book motivation and personality. this provides a framework for gaining employees ' commitment. 1954 - leadership / management drucker writes the practice of management and introduces the 5 basic roles of managers. he writes : the first question in discussing organization structure must be : what is our business and what should it be? organization structure must be designed so as to make possible the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47632158822418363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e497c465-b269-467c-be6e-a8cbe2024e75>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.911281"}
{"text": "colleague, tom peters, to step in at the last minute and make a presentation that leads to in search of excellence. thus tom peters spawns the birth of the \u201c management guru business. \u201d 1990 - learning organization peter senge popularized the learning organization in the fifth discipline : the art and practice of the learning organization. he describes the organization as an organism with the capacity to enhance its capabilities and shape its own future. a learning organization is any organization ( e. g. school, business, government agency ) that understands itself as a complex, organic system that has a vision and purpose. it uses feedback systems and alignment mechanisms to achieve its goals. it values teams and leadership throughout the ranks. he called for five disciplines : - system thinking - personal mastery - mental models - shared vision - team learning 1995 - ethics on december 11, 1995 a fire burned most of malden mills to the ground and put 3, 000 people out of work. most of the 3, 000 thought they were out of work permanently. ceo aaron feuerstein says, \u201c this is not the end \u201d \u2014 he spent millions keeping all 3, 000 employees on the payroll with full benefits for 3 months until he could get another factory up and running. why? he answers, \u201c the fundamental difference is that i consider our workers an asset, not an expense. \u201d related concept \u2014 ethos and leadership. business process management ( bpm ) - 2000 this is actually a slow advance in process management that has the following roots : - record management - workflow - 1970 - business process re - engineering ( bpr ) - 1990 - business process management ( bpm ) - 2000 return to the main history page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5040581714199973, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e497c465-b269-467c-be6e-a8cbe2024e75>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.915041"}
{"text": "herman melvillea\u20ac\u2122s moby dick may paint a picture of the sperm whale as a terrifying, ferocious creature that destroys ships and attacks the sailors on them, but modern research shows that sperm whales are compassionate and social creatures, dangerous only to the fish and squid that the giant whale feasts on for dinner, or to the orca whales that prey on sperm whale calves. a heartwarming and unusual recent discovery does even more to distinguish the sperm whale from its deadly reputation, as a group of sperm whales were observed a\u20acsadoptinga\u20act a bottlenose dolphin with a spinal malformation. behavioral ecologists alexander wilson and jens krause discovered this unique phenomenon when they set out to observe sperm whales off the island of pico in the azores in 2011. upon arriving there, they discovered a whale group of adult sperm whales, several whale calves, and an adult male bottlenose dolphin. over the next eight days, the pair observed the dolphin with the whales six more times, socializing and even nuzzling and rubbing members of the group. at times, the sperm whales seemed merely to tolerate the dolphina\u20ac\u2122s affection, while at others, they reciprocated. \" it really looked like they had accepted the dolphin for whatever reason, \" wilson reports to sciencenow. \" they were being very sociable. \" exploring the oceans from one of these animals points of view would be an exciting ( and eye opening ) experience. so what marine animal would you be if you had the chance to be any creature in the ocean? we posed this question to our ocean heroes finalists, and herea\u20ac\u2122s what they had to say. see if you can match their responses to the pictures above ( answers at the bottom of this post )! michele hunter a\u20ac \u201c harbor seal hardy jones a\u20ac \u201c sperm whale kristofor lofgren a\u20ac \u201c mako shark dave rauschkolb a\u20ac \u201c porpoise richard steiner a\u20ac \u201c polar bear ( i like the odds and the challenge they face ) donald voss a\u20ac \u201c humpback whale sara brenes a\u20ac \u201c tiger shark calvineers a\u20ac \u201c blue whale sam harris a\u20ac \u201c tiger shark james hemphill a\u20ac \u201c hawksbill sea turtle ( i have always been amazed at all the colors on its shell and how gracefully and peacefully it swims ) teakahla whitecloud a\u20ac \u201c dolphin make sure to vote for your favorite ocean heroes, open from now until july 11th. stay tuned to learn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4557473901347867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea457fa7-3c6c-4c2b-81c4-c41a687f127f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.930036"}
{"text": "been amazed at all the colors on its shell and how gracefully and peacefully it swims ) teakahla whitecloud a\u20ac \u201c dolphin make sure to vote for your favorite ocean heroes, open from now until july 11th. stay tuned to learn more about our finalists! photo credits ( clockwise from top left ) : sperm whale : oceana / juan cuentos, tiger shark : albert kok, harbor seal : noaa, hawksbill turtle : noaa / caroline rogers, porpoise : noaa, tiger shark : austin gallagher, humpback whale : noaa, dolphin : oceana / eduardo sorenson, mako shark : noaa, polar bear : noaa, blue whale : noaa ( middle ) therea\u20ac\u2122s no shortage of blame to go around when it comes to climate change. individuals are responsible for poor consumer choices ; we drive the wrong cars, use the wrong light bulbs, even wash our laundry on the wrong setting. even the poor dairy cow shares the blame for having the nerve to burp methane emissions. but bessie isna\u20ac\u2122t the only creature catching a bad rap. sperm whales have been criticized for breathing. yes, breathing. apparently the carbon dioxide emitted from the roughly 210, 000 sperm whales in the southern ocean is contributing to global warming, producing in the ballpark of 17 million tons of carbon a year. but new research suggests that wea\u20ac\u2122re missing a very big factor in the calculation. ita\u20ac\u2122s not just what the whales put out, but also what they take in.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44919712306546866, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea457fa7-3c6c-4c2b-81c4-c41a687f127f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.930687"}
{"text": "front page titles ( by subject ) on the lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of deposition and extent of denudation. - the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, vol. 2 return to title page for the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, vol. 2 the online library of liberty a project of liberty fund, inc. search this title : also in the library : on the lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of deposition and extent of denudation. - charles darwin, the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, vol. 2 the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, with additions and corrections from the sixth and last english edition, in two volumes ( new york : d. appleton and co., 1896 ). volume 2. part of : the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, 2 vols. about liberty fund : liberty fund, inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. the text is in the public domain. fair use statement : this material is put online to further the educational goals of liberty fund, inc. unless otherwise stated in the copyright information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. it may not be used in any way for profit. on the lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of deposition and extent of denudation. independently of our not finding fossil remains of such infinitely numerous connecting links, it may be objected that time cannot have sufficed for so great an amount of organic change, all changes having been effected slowly. it is hardly possible for me to recall to the reader who is not a practical geologist, the facts leading the mind feebly to comprehend the lapse of time. he who can read sir charles lyell \u2019 s grand work on the principles of geology, which the future historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in natural science, and yet does not admit how vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume. not that it suffices to study the principles of geology, or to read special treatises by different observers on separate formations, and to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5580890044248354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a246bbe4-9402-4193-b6a7-b9b3b5d0b30f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.941716"}
{"text": "and yet does not admit how vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume. not that it suffices to study the principles of geology, or to read special treatises by different observers on separate formations, and to mark how each author attempts to give an inadequate idea of the duration of each formation, or even of each stratum. we can best gain some idea of past time by knowing the agencies at work, and learning how deeply the surface of the land has been denuded, and how much sediment has been deposited. as lyell has well remarked, the extent and thickness of our sedimentary formations are the result and the measure of the denudation which the earth \u2019 s crust has elsewhere undergone. therefore a man should examine for himself the great piles of superimposed strata, and watch the rivulets bringing down mud, and the waves wearing away the sea - cliffs, in order to comprehend something about the duration of past time, the monuments of which we see all around us. it is good to wander along the coast, when formed of moderately hard rocks, and mark the process of degradation. the tides in most cases reach the cliffs only for a short time twice a day, and the waves eat into them only when they are charged with sand or pebbles ; for there is good evidence that pure water effects nothing in wearing away rock. at last the base of the cliff is undermined, huge fragments fall down, and these, remaining fixed, have to be worn away atom by atom, until after being reduced in size they can be rolled about by the waves, and then they are more quickly ground into pebbles, sand, or mud. but how often do we see along the bases of retreating cliffs rounded boulders, all thickly clothed by marine productions, showing how little they are abraded and how seldom they are rolled about! moreover, if we follow for a few miles any line of rocky cliff, which is undergoing degradation, we find that it is only here and there, along a short length or round a promontory, that the cliffs are at the present time suffering. the appearance of the surface and the vegetation show that elsewhere years have elapsed since the waters washed their base. we have, however, recently learnt from the observations of ramsay, in the van of many excellent observers \u2014 of jukes, geikie, croll, and others, that subaerial degradation is a much more important agency than coast - action, or the power of the waves. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5074598780187591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a246bbe4-9402-4193-b6a7-b9b3b5d0b30f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.945030"}
{"text": "observations of ramsay, in the van of many excellent observers \u2014 of jukes, geikie, croll, and others, that subaerial degradation is a much more important agency than coast - action, or the power of the waves. the whole surface of the land is exposed to the chemical action of the air and of the rain - water with its dissolved carbonic acid, and in colder countries to frost ; the disintegrated matter is carried down even gentle slopes during heavy rain, and to a greater extent than might be supposed, especially in arid districts, by the wind ; it is then transported by the streams and rivers, which when rapid deepen their channels, and triturate the fragments. on a rainy day, even in a gently undulating country, we see the effects of subaerial degradation in the muddy rills which flow down every slope. messrs. ramsay and whitaker have shown, and the observation is a most striking one, that the great lines of escarpment in the wealden district and those ranging across england, which formerly were looked at as ancient sea - coasts, cannot have been thus formed, for each line is composed of one and the same formation, whilst our sea - cliffs are everywhere formed by the intersection of various formations. this being the case, we are compelled to admit that the escarpments owe their origin in chief part to the rocks of which they are composed having resisted subaerial denudation better than the surrounding surface ; this surface consequently has been gradually lowered, with the lines of harder rock left projecting. nothing impresses the mind with the vast duration of time, according to our ideas of time, more forcibly than the conviction thus gained that subaerial agencies which apparently have so little power, and which seem to work so slowly, have produced great results. when thus impressed with the slow rate at which the land is worn away through subaerial and littoral action, it is good, in order to appreciate the past duration of time, to consider, on the one hand, the masses of rock which have been removed over many extensive areas, and on the other hand the thickness of our sedimentary formations. i remember having been much struck when viewing volcanic islands, which have been worn by the waves and pared all round into perpendicular cliffs of one or two thousand feet in height ; for the gentle slope of the lava - streams, due to their formerly liquid state, showed at a glance how far the hard, rocky beds had once extended into the open", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.508115503597311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a246bbe4-9402-4193-b6a7-b9b3b5d0b30f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.946116"}
{"text": "pared all round into perpendicular cliffs of one or two thousand feet in height ; for the gentle slope of the lava - streams, due to their formerly liquid state, showed at a glance how far the hard, rocky beds had once extended into the open ocean. the same story is told still more plainly by faults, \u2014 those great cracks along which the strata have been upheaved on one side, or thrown down on the other, to the height or depth of thousands of feet ; for since the crust cracked, and it makes no great difference whether the upheaval was sudden, or, as most geologists now believe, was slow and effected by many starts, the surface of the land has been so completely planed down that no trace of these vast dislocations is externally visible. the craven fault, for instance extends for upwards of 30 miles, and along this line the vertical displacement of the strata varies from 600 to 3000 feet. professor ramsay has published an account of a down - throw in anglesea of 2300 feet ; and he informs me that he fully believes that there is one in merionethshire of 12, 000 feet ; yet in these cases there is nothing on the surface of the land to show such prodigious movements ; the pile of rocks on either side of the crack having been smoothly swept away. on the other hand, in all parts of the world the piles of sedimentary strata are of wonderful thickness. in the cordillera i estimated one mass of conglomerate at ten thousand feet ; and although conglomerates have probably been accumulated at a quicker rate than finer sediments, yet from being formed of worn and rounded pebbles, each of which bears the stamp of time, they are good to show how slowly the mass must have been heaped together. professor ramsay has given me the maximum thickness, from actual measurement in most cases, of the successive formations in different parts of great britain ; and this is the result : \u2014 \u2014 making altogether 72, 584 feet ; that is, very nearly thirteen and three - quarters british miles. some of the formations, which are represented in england by thin beds, are thousands of feet in thickness on the continent. moreover, between each successive formation, we have, in the opinion of most geologists, blank periods of enormous length. so that the lofty pile of sedimentary rocks in britain gives but an inadequate idea of the time which has elapsed during their accumulation. the consideration of these various facts impresses the mind almost in the same manner as does the vain endeavour to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5160663890258779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a246bbe4-9402-4193-b6a7-b9b3b5d0b30f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.947144"}
{"text": ". so that the lofty pile of sedimentary rocks in britain gives but an inadequate idea of the time which has elapsed during their accumulation. the consideration of these various facts impresses the mind almost in the same manner as does the vain endeavour to grapple with the idea of eternity. nevertheless this impression is partly false. mr. croll, in an interesting paper, remarks that we do not err \u201c in forming too great a conception of the length of geological periods, \u201d but in estimating them by years. when geologists look at large and complicated phenomena, and then at the figures representing several million years, the two produce a totally different effect on the mind, and the figures are at once pronounced too small. in regard to subaerial denudation, mr. croll shows, by calculating the known amount of sediment annually brought down by certain rivers, relatively to their areas of drainage, that 1000 feet of solid rock, as it became gradually disintegrated, would thus be removed from the mean level of the whole area in the course of six million years. this seems an astonishing result, and some considerations lead to the suspicion that it may be too large, but even if halved or quartered it is still very surprising. few of us, however, know what a million really means : mr. croll gives the following illustration : take a narrow strip of paper, 83 feet 4 inches in length, and stretch it along the wall of a large hall ; then mark off at one end the tenth of an inch. this tenth of an inch will represent one hundred years, and the entire strip a million years. but let it be borne in mind, in relation to the subject of this work, what a hundred years implies, represented as it is by a measure utterly insignificant in a hall of the above dimensions. several eminent breeders, during a single lifetime, have so largely modified some of the higher animals, which propagate their kind much more slowly than most of the lower animals, that they have formed what well deserves to be called a new sub - breed. few men have attended with due care to any one strain for more than half a century, so that a hundred years represents the work of two breeders in succession. it is not to be supposed that species in a state of nature ever change so quickly as domestic animals under the guidance of methodical selection. the comparison would be in every way fairer with the effects which follow from unconscious selection, that is the preservation of the most useful or beautiful animals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5663969416396525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a246bbe4-9402-4193-b6a7-b9b3b5d0b30f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.948182"}
{"text": "book review : ice, mice and men : the issues facing our far south by geoff simmons & gareth morgan antarctica brings to mind nature documentaries and penguins. beautiful snowscapes and adventure. maybe even of science and scientists working in harsh conditions. but what about its ecological and political importance? well, some climate change deniers / contrarians / sceptics / cranks have lately turned their attention to antarctica in an attempt to \u201c balance \u201d the record breaking summer ice loss in the arctic. i guess that \u2019 s a start \u2013 but what role do the antarctic and the southern ocean really play in climate change. what about its natural resources and unique species? what are the governance issues \u2013 so many countries are interested in the area and many have a presence? and what does this all mean for new zealand? the first figure in this book ( see below ) shows our political and economic territorial interests in this area and suggest why we should perhaps pay more attention. especially as the rest of the world is. but there is also climate change \u2013 which interests all of us. geoff simmons & gareth morgandescribe the southern ocean as : \u201c the engine room of the global ocean, and of the world \u2019 s climate. that is what many of us don \u2019 t realise and in our ignorance we \u2019 re complacent about the changes it is undergoing. \u201d so it \u2019 s about time the world, and new zealand in particular, learned more about this region because the political, economic and ecological changes will eventually effect all of us. that makes this book very timely. the book proves to be successful in its aim. it provides a very readable overview of the important issues : the history of the region ; its resources and the battle to exploit them ; international governance \u2013 the nature of the treaties covering the region and their problems ; the ecology of the region \u2013 the threats to rare species, management of fisheries and problems with introduced species ; climate change \u2013 the key role of the southern ocean and the antarctic circumpolar current ( acc ) in circulating nutrients around the world \u2019 s oceans and as an important sink for heat and carbon dioxide ( co2 ). the book describes the formation of the acc this way : \u201c some 34 million years ago, australia and zealandia separated from antarctica, and along with a mobile south america created a passage of deep water all the way around the southern hemisphere. the opening of this last gap, between the tip of south america and the antarctic peninsula ( known as the drake passage ) allowed the westerly winds and currents an un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4893769293329234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb078207-33a8-4470-9a55-8b072477e81d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.955993"}
{"text": "mobile south america created a passage of deep water all the way around the southern hemisphere. the opening of this last gap, between the tip of south america and the antarctic peninsula ( known as the drake passage ) allowed the westerly winds and currents an unimpeded romp around the globe. this accident of geography created the world \u2019 s greatest current system \u2013 the acc. and it was the inauguration of the acc that directly contributed to a massive shift in the earth \u2019 s climate from hot to cold,.. \u201c this current, together with churning of the sea by wind, resulted in removal of carbon dioxide and heat from the atmosphere as well as transport of nutrients from the sea bed. the result, a cooling of the global climate, appearance of ice sheets in antarctica, and a key role for the acc in nutrient supply to the world oceans. as the authors say : without the acc \u201c we would have a much warmer planet, which means higher sea levels, and less land \u2013 and frankly, it \u2019 s quite likely we wouldn \u2019 t exist. \u201d the key role of the acc in global climate, the world \u2019 s weather systems and insulation of the antarctica continues today. the churning of sea by the wind and the low temperature of the water enables the current to carry heat and co2 to middle depths and transport them around the world. the result : \u201c 40 % of the carbon stored in the ocean is taken in between 30 degrees south and 50 degrees south. \u201d the acc needs to be monitored closely \u2013 it \u2019 s important and climate change seems to be changing the workings of the acc itself. there have been changes of wind and current speed and of location of the acc which could have global consequences simmons and morgan summarise it this way : our far south \u201c is a place of incalculable importance to new zealand and to the entire world. the ecosystem, climate and the actions of humankind are irrevocably intertwined \u2013 maybe here more than anywhere else on the planet... having a continent on our southern pole, surrounded by ocean and carrying an immense quantity of ice is part of what makes our planet \u2019 s current climate so hospitable \u201d even from the perspective of climate change alone we need to be more aware of what is happening in our southern oceans. although the sea floor of the ross sea and similar places are exceptions, most of our far south is not very diverse biologically. this makes it sensitive to losses of even a few species. differences between the southern ocean and northern hemisphere add to this sensitivity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4537591869916225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb078207-33a8-4470-9a55-8b072477e81d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.956920"}
{"text": "although the sea floor of the ross sea and similar places are exceptions, most of our far south is not very diverse biologically. this makes it sensitive to losses of even a few species. differences between the southern ocean and northern hemisphere add to this sensitivity. for example the lack of land mean there are no terrestrial sources of iron, no dust blowing of deserts. algae require iron and even trace amounts make a huge difference to biological production. circulation of nutrients to the global ocean by the acc means conservation and study of the southern ocean and antarctica is important. unfortunately scientific research is under pressure to support commercial exploitation of the resources, rather than conservation. one area new zealand scientists has had success is in eradication of introduced pests from islands to our south. and this work is continuing. one of the authors, gareth morgan, supports this work through a charitable trust. so it \u2019 s fitting that he gives an invitation to readers at the end of the book : the rush to exploit resources antarctica and the southern oceans have probably fared better than the arctic region in the race for territory and resources. nevertheless, there has been a rush here and new zealand has contributed to this, as well as benefited from it : \u201c thanks to our rapacious sealing, whaling and farming in the subantarctic islands ( a legacy from which they are still recovering ), new zealand was able to secure sovereignty over those rocky isles. this in turn gained us one of the largest areas of eez ( extended economic zone ) in the world. i am old enough to remember the scientific activity and the cooperative spirit behind it during the international geophysical year in 1957. this enthusiasm provided political support for an international agreement on management of antarctica and a treaty was signed in 1959. the antarctic treaty temporarily resolved territorial disputes on that continent by agreeing to disagree over sovereignty. this treaty has proved incredibly successful at ensuring the continent is dedicated to peace and science. this is in our interest : we are just too small to get into a turf war. it left new zealand with the ross dependency. that, together with our eez, one of the largest in the world, and our extended continental shelf ( see first figure ) makes us an important player in the region, politically and economically. but the treaty simply froze the status quo from the 1950s and the balance of world power is changing. of course this means new zealand also has huge responsibilities in the political future of the region and exploitation of its natural resources. we really should be paying more attention here. whaling, and the threat of extinction to some species", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4634259390243694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb078207-33a8-4470-9a55-8b072477e81d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.957899"}
{"text": "balance of world power is changing. of course this means new zealand also has huge responsibilities in the political future of the region and exploitation of its natural resources. we really should be paying more attention here. whaling, and the threat of extinction to some species, has reached the attention of the new zealand public which has an awareness of its relevance to our region and the southern ocean. while international negotiation and political protest action concentrate on whaling itself, and those nations which still kill whales, there is also a threat to whales in the region from climate change. the subtle change in nutrient flows influence the populations of species which whales feed on. many of us are also vaguely conscious of an ongoing struggle between conversation and exploitation of fish in our far south. * this is hugely controversial because science is used to manage fisheries, but also to exploit the same fisheries. it \u2019 s often hard to know who is winning \u2013 but most of us suspect commercial and not conservation interests prevail. on the other hand it is true that sensible conservation must often allow for controlled exploitation. toothfish in the southern oceans has been very much in the news lately. some scientists are very critical of it \u2019 s commercial exploitation because so little is known about the species. however, others believe it to be one of new zealand \u2019 s success stories. the authors discuss the controversy and their sympathies lie with the fisheries. they say \u201c our fishing industry is by no means perfect, but the toothfish fishery really is an example of them at their best \u201d despite the success of the antarctic treaty it does present problems because of the presence of so many countries and interests in the region and unresolved differences over sovereignty. the book discusses these current problems as well as the future problems we must grapple with as treaties and agreements are renegotiated. this book provides an excellent resource for information on the southern oceans, our subarctic islands and antarctica. it will provide students and layperson new zealanders with an access to wide - ranging material on the history, politics, economics, ecology and natural and mineral resources of the region. references provide avenues for deeper study. but it \u2019 s also very readable. there is an absolute minimum of technical language \u2013 and what there is often gets treated with humour. mind you, it \u2019 s kiwi humour so some overseas readers may miss the occasional digs against the aussies. some advice for the reader, though. i read this book on an ereader and learned again that such devices are currently not always suitable for technical books, even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5057586006063142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb078207-33a8-4470-9a55-8b072477e81d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.959008"}
{"text": "##wi humour so some overseas readers may miss the occasional digs against the aussies. some advice for the reader, though. i read this book on an ereader and learned again that such devices are currently not always suitable for technical books, even those written in a popular style like this one. in this case only because many of the figures are colour coded. i can see a real need for colour eink screens in ereaders \u2013 which can \u2019 t be far off anyway. and tablets such as the ipad are ideal for this book. in summary, this book is important because it \u2019 s about an important region of the world which influences the globe. it \u2019 s especially important for new zealanders because it \u2019 s our backyard \u2013 we have territorial rights to large parts of it. and finally it \u2019 s important because most of us, including most new zealanders, are ignorant of the important role it plays. it \u2019 s the most important place you didn \u2019 t know about. fortunately this readable and informative book will help overcome that problem. prime tv : the last ocean next tuesday 8 : 30 pm \u201c the ross sea, antarctica, is the most pristine stretch of ocean on earth. but the fishing industry is targeting the lucrative antarctic toothfish, and unless stopped, will destroy its ecosystem. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4747322154181471, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb078207-33a8-4470-9a55-8b072477e81d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.960391"}
{"text": "more children in the united states than ever before are being diagnosed with some form of autism. take a look at the skyrocketing numbers from the centers for disease control : - 2000 : 1 out of every 150 kids had autism - 2006 : 1 out of every 110 kids had the disorder - 2008 ( most recent numbers ) : 1 out of every 88 kids has autism. it ' s even higher for boys, 1 out of 54 while experts continue to research and debate the cause, many frustrated families are left wondering what they can do to lower their risk. a board - certified tampa pediatrician has created an experimental prevention program that includes three ways to increase your chances of having a healthy baby. \" i think every mother is concerned about how their child is going to turn out, \" says newly pregnant mother orel zwiebel. some parents in the tampa bay area, like orel, are taking a proactive approach. they ' re looking for ways to prevent autism before pregnancy. even with one healthy child, orel took extra steps the second time around. she turned to tampa pediatrician dr. david berger from wholistic pediatrics for suggestions. he admits this is a controversial area. dr. berger specializes in kids with autism and, over the past decade, developed a pre - pregnancy testing program to check for vitamin deficiencies and toxins. 10 news anchor heather van nest recently interviewed the doctor to find out if his methods are effective. heather van nest : can you really prevent autism? dr. berger : so far, we have had a tremendous amount of success. in over 10 years and hundreds of children born into our practice, we know of no children who have gone on to develop autism, even in families who have had one child already. those high risk families already have a one - in - seven chance of having another child with autism. heather : so how did you come up with these suggestions? dr. berger : it was really out of necessity. families who had a child with autism, who started nutritional and toxin testing, we found these things in the child, so the family started asking, \" is it possible that the mom could have these types of findings? \" heather : there are a lot of doctors out there who would say this is controversial. \" how can he say autism can be prevented? \" what do you say to them? dr. berger : i would say yes, we need more research, but the experience we ' ve had a lot of success with, the types of things that we ' re talking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4383083967313486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f1625d6-faef-41ef-b0d4-953617be94c0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.967057"}
{"text": "say autism can be prevented? \" what do you say to them? dr. berger : i would say yes, we need more research, but the experience we ' ve had a lot of success with, the types of things that we ' re talking about are nutritional things that are well known and should be done to support pregnancy in the first place. however, it ' s not common for doctors to proactively check for these things ahead of time. here are three things dr. berger checks and corrects before pregnancy : # 1 nutritional deficiencies : including iron, b - vitamins, omega - 3 fatty acids and vitamin d levels. dr. berger says low levels of vitamin d in the mother have been linked to delayed language development and weaker immune systems. # 2 thyroid health : untreated hypothyroidism is a known cause of developmental delays in children. including pesticides, lead, and mercury, which have been linked to learning disorders. for moms like orel, the early testing motivated her to make changes. \" mentally, it gives me peace of mind and physically my pregnancy is a lot easier. i don ' t feel drained or tired and i feel like i have good energy, and that ' s an important factor, \" she says. dr. berger wrote an article that includes all of his nutritional and environmental strategies to lower the risk of autism in autism science digest. click here to read. many researchers suspect autism may have genetic and environmental triggers. the children ' s environmental health center at mount sinai school of medicine created a research - based list of the \" top 10 toxic chemicals suspected of causing autism and other learning disabilities. \" click here to read. in response to some viewer comments, we have included this editorial from dr. berger : as a person with both adhd and sensory integration issues, i have had life experiences similar to some people who are on the autism spectrum. in no way am i attempting to extinguish autistic existence. if anyone took that as my message - then i truly am sorry. i embrace the individuality of all. my approach towards people with autism is to help them obtain their maximum potential, not eliminate them. families seek out my assistance and i try to provide whatever help they need. when a child with autism cannot communicate his / her needs or explain what is bothering them, or is irritable much of the day, or who sleeps poorly, it is difficult for parents to care for all of their family ' s needs. usually when these symptoms are improved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44337356242710346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f1625d6-faef-41ef-b0d4-953617be94c0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.968876"}
{"text": "cannot communicate his / her needs or explain what is bothering them, or is irritable much of the day, or who sleeps poorly, it is difficult for parents to care for all of their family ' s needs. usually when these symptoms are improved, i often get the opportunity to see a beautiful mind grow. i fully agree that the road to improving the life of a child on the spectrum is through education and traditional therapies, but often we can remove roadblocks that permit the child to flourish at a faster pace. i often ask families if they are content with how their child is doing. if a family is comfortable with where the child is at, then we try to back off the various biomedical therapies and see how things progress. i am also a strong supporter of the emotional well being of families that have children with special needs. i encourage families to find ways to gain acceptance of their life events. i know there are many doubters of the biomedical approach, mostly because of the lack of good research that supports its use. but with each child having his / her own combination of genes and exposures, it is very difficult to study these kids. however, i have seen countless children have a quick, remarkable decrease in their hyperactivity, irritability, or abdominal symptoms when they respond to an antifungal therapy, a dietary change, or an amino acid. it is my experience that there is no single biomedical therapy that a majority of children respond to - but a strong majority will respond to something. early on in my career, parents of children on the autism spectrum asked me if there were things that they could consider to decrease the likelihood of having another child with challenges. the issues that i bring up in the autism science digest article are real concerns that many have reported on and researched. this is a review article that raises many questions and contains my personal observations. there is no family who has made every change that is discussed in this article. there seems to be significance to the approach we are taking in that it has helped to keep children born into our practice healthy and well - developing. and i am not talking just about neurodevelopmental issues. i rarely see these children have an ear infection. i cannot recall the last time a child developed asthma. these kids have not developed colitis, diabetes, cancer, or significant immune problems either. if a family wishes to make one or more changes in their lifestyle, or try to correct an imbalance, in an attempt to improve their child ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4959314520844623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f1625d6-faef-41ef-b0d4-953617be94c0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.970170"}
{"text": "gospel of matthew authorship and writing of the gospel although the document is internally anonymous, the authorship of this gospel has been traditionally ascribed to st. matthew. the surviving testimony of the church fathers is unanimous in this view, and the tradition had been accepted by christians at least as early as the 2nd century up to modern times. in addition, the title \" according to matthew \" is found in the earliest codexes, which date to the fourth century. 1 according to tradition, after pentecost st. matthew preached the good news of the lord ' s resurrection throughtout palestine. then, \" at the request of the jewish converts at jerusalem, the holy apostle matthew wrote his gospel describing the earthly life of the savior before leaving to preach the gospel in faraway lands. \" 2 he then left to preach his gospel in syria, media, persia, parthia, before being martyred in ethiopia. because it was first recorded in palestine, there is some speculation and evidence that matthew ' s gospel was originally written in aramaic, though the earliest surviving version now in existence is in greek. according to oca, \" many of the linguistic and cultural - historical peculiarities of the greek translation give indications of it [ the gospel ' s original aramaic form ]. \" it was probably written somewhere from ad 60 - 65, though more liberal scholars put the date at 80 - 100. for convenience, the book can be divided into its four structurally distinct sections : two introductory sections ; the main section, which can be further broken into five sections, each with a narrative component followed by a long discourse of jesus ; and finally, the passion and resurrection section. - containing the genealogy, the birth, and the infancy of jesus ( matthew 1 ; matthew 2 ). - the discourses and actions of john the baptist preparatory to christ ' s public ministry ( matthew 3 ; matthew 4 : 11 ). - the discourses and actions of christ in galilee ( 4 : 12 \u2013 26 : 1 ). - the sermon on the mount, concerning morality ( ch. 5 \u2013 7 ) - the missionary discourse, concerning the mission jesus gave his twelve apostles. ( 10 \u2013 11 : 1 ) - the parable discourse, stories that teach about the kingdom of heaven ( 13 ). - the \" church order \" discourse, concerning relationships among christians ( 18 \u2013 19 : 1 ). - the eschatological discourse, which includes the olivet discourse and judgement of the nations, concerning his second coming and the end of the age ( 24 \u2013 25 ). - the sufferings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39248998462092505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a87f844b-4ec6-49ed-89cc-3cd809988bd5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.975947"}
{"text": "among christians ( 18 \u2013 19 : 1 ). - the eschatological discourse, which includes the olivet discourse and judgement of the nations, concerning his second coming and the end of the age ( 24 \u2013 25 ). - the sufferings, death and resurrection of jesus, the great commission ( 28 : 16 \u2013 20 ). the one aim pervading the book is to show that jesus of nazareth was the promised messiah \u2014 he \" of whom moses in the law and the prophets did write \" \u2014 and that in him the ancient prophecies had their fulfillment. this book is full of allusions to passages of the old testament which the book interprets as predicting and foreshadowing jesus ' life and mission. this gospel contains no fewer than sixty - five references to the old testament, forty - three of these being direct verbal citations, thus greatly outnumbering those found in the other gospels. the main feature of this gospel may be expressed in the motto \" i am not come to destroy, but to fulfill \" ( 5 : 17 ). the apostle matthew preached among people who were awaiting the messiah. his gospel manifests itself as a vivid proof that jesus christ is the messiah foretold by the prophets, and that there would not be another ( mt. 11 : 3 ). the preaching and deeds of the savior are presented by the evangelist in three divisions, constituting three aspects of the service of the messiah : as prophet and law - giver ( ch. 5 - 7 ), lord over the world both visible and invisible ( ch. 8 - 25 ), and finally as high priest offered as sacrifice for the sins of all mankind ( ch. 26 - 27 ). the theological content of the gospel, besides the christological themes, includes also the teaching about the kingdom of god and about the church, which the lord sets forth in parables about the inner preparation for entering into the kingdom ( ch. 5 - 7 ), about the worthiness of servers of the church in the world ( ch. 10 - 11 ), about the signs of the kingdom and its growth in the souls of mankind ( ch. 13 ), about the humility and simplicity of the inheritors of the kingdom ( mt. 18 : 1 - 35 ; 19 13 - 30 ; 20 : 1 - 16 ; 25 - 27 ; 23 : 1 - 28 ), and about the eschatological revelations of the kingdom in the second coming of christ within the daily spiritual life of the church ( ch. 24 - 25 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47998293001816594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a87f844b-4ec6-49ed-89cc-3cd809988bd5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.976862"}
{"text": "the color treatment of the pan - american exposition by edward hale brush in determining to give color treatment to the buildings of the pan - american exposition the management well understood that to create an exposition whose outward aspect should be essentially different from anything of the kind created heretofore would be a task of exceeding difficulty. indeed, it was feat to be well nigh an impossibility to attain success unless the buildings could be colored. there could not be another \" white city. \" to create one would simply challenge comparison with chicago ' s supreme achievement in the columbian exposition of 1893, and occasion unfavorable comment rather than the reverse. color there must be, but how was it to be accomplished? the practical difficulties in the way of giving suitable and artistic coloring to the temporary staff without consuming all the funds of the exposition in the purchase of paint seemed almost insurmountable. but persistent and intelligent study of the problem has won the day, and in this respect, as well as others, the pan - american exposition now bids fair to be a signal success. the selection of the spanish renaissance style of architecture for the buildings of the exposition was a fortunate one in view of the need to make unique in appearance and give the exteriors of the structures color. to prepare a color scheme suitable to classic architecture would have been a dubious task indeed. but with buildings in the spanish style color is a natural and fitting adjunct and rich, warm tints may appropriately be used in abundance, for they but enhance the beauty of form the structures themselves possess ; and with courts and fountains and floral and horticultural effects such as the pan - american exposition will have in profusion, the charm of a setting tropical in its richness is attained. having determined upon giving the pan - american exposition buildings color, the next thing was to find a man capable of putting it on. from the very first the aim of the creators of this exposition has been to make it on the artistic side a complete and harmonious ensemble. to this end there has been the closest co - operation between every department. every effort has been made to avoid haphazard work and jarring contrasts. the avoidance of the incongruous and inartistic in the laying on of the color was of especial importance and also of unusual difficulty in view of the fact that there were few precedents to follow, so that he who would achieve success must possess in a marked degree the creative instinct. in charles y. turner, n. a., president of the art students ' league, of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.444308546293619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b68e1278-fc78-4ad6-a41a-580ce78245ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.986897"}
{"text": "view of the fact that there were few precedents to follow, so that he who would achieve success must possess in a marked degree the creative instinct. in charles y. turner, n. a., president of the art students ' league, of new york, and a leading member of the national society of mural painters, the exposition management found an artist who has proved equal to the task. mr. turner has had the assistance of other mural painter ' s of national reputation, and the problems to be solved have been studied with the greatest care on both the practical and the artistic side. the accompanying views give the reader some idea of the work that has been going on in mr. turner ' s studio at no. 35 west fourteenth street, new york city. as will be seen from these pictures, a large corps of artists has been engaged in working out from models of the buildings the color scheme of the exposition in detail. in the first place, the general character of the color plan was determined upon. this was not left to chance or mere fancy, but was studied out with a special reference to the purposes and situation of the different buildings and the character of the whole exposition. the spanish renaissance architecture is especially adapted to convey the impression of joyousness and festivity. it lends itself readily to enrichment by ornate sculptural adornment and fantastic treatment in both form and color. it gives an opportunity for decorative enrichment of pinnacles and minarets, of arches and colonnades, of dome interiors and the frames of doors and windows, and all this profusion of color, provided it is harmonious and artistic, heightens the pleasing effects, gives striking contrasts, and is in keeping as a whole with the feeling of gaiety, of buoyancy of spirits which is characteristic of the pleasure - seeking multitude of a great exposition. these colors as laid on at the pan - american will, in many places, particularly in the pavilions, arches over doorways, and colonnades, give the impression of mosaic work. other pleasing effects will be produced, as, for instance, the grill work over the main entrances to the machinery building, which will be colored to resemble bronze. similar effects will be produced in the principal entrances to other structures. the color is now being applied on some of the buildings, and some idea can therefore be obtained already of the artistic effects which will be produced. experiments have been made with all kinds of paint, and an especially prepared oil paint has been adopted which is found, after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49999324173689086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b68e1278-fc78-4ad6-a41a-580ce78245ca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.987833"}
{"text": "now being applied on some of the buildings, and some idea can therefore be obtained already of the artistic effects which will be produced. experiments have been made with all kinds of paint, and an especially prepared oil paint has been adopted which is found, after sufficient trial on the staff work, to hold its color well and stand drying like any other paint. as i have said, the general chromatic scheme is planned with reference to the purposes of the buildings, their situation and the general character of the group. the same is true of the sculpture, produced under the direction of karl bitter, and the landscape settings, under the supervision of rudolf ulrich. mr. turner ' s scheme has been to follow out the main ideas of the composition, as the architects and sculptors have been doing. the roofs, as a whole, will be in red the staff walls tinted in yellows and grays and delicate tones of ivory at varying hues. these light walls and red roofs with heavy foliage banked below and the blue sky above reflected in the interspersed lagoons mr. turner calls his primary colors. in this large and comprehensive effect is to be the great picture of the exposition. the smaller pictures will be discovered in studying the detail. in general the plan is to have the coloring of the buildings progress in intensity as one enters the triumphal bridge in the southern portion of the grounds, where one gets the first comprehensive view of the exposition as a whole and where one ' s first impressions of its grandeur are obtained. in the transverse court, the profile of which faces one at the approach of the grounds, there will be the richest coloring. to the left the walls of the mines, horticulture and graphic arts building will be a warm buff color ; the roofs, a medium dark terra cotta. on the right the walls of the government buildings will be more yellowish. together these buildings will be the lowest in key in the main vista. in comparison with the rest of the coloring, mr. turner calls this crude and strong. from there the buildings on the sides of the court of fountains, the main court running directly away from the entrance, will be lighter and - more refined in coloring, changing frown yellows into grays, the roofs being in hues of lighter reds. first the buildings of machinery and manufactures and liberal arts will have walls of light yellow and drab or gray, then the electricity building and the agricultural building opposite will be of a warm light yellow and french gray. the architectural climax of the exposition, the electric tower, by john", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49950310422290306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b68e1278-fc78-4ad6-a41a-580ce78245ca>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.989103"}
{"text": "and manufactures and liberal arts will have walls of light yellow and drab or gray, then the electricity building and the agricultural building opposite will be of a warm light yellow and french gray. the architectural climax of the exposition, the electric tower, by john galen howard, standing at the head of the court of the fountains, will strike the highest key of all, being of ivory white with the open work panel on the shaft a broken mass of delicate green, blue and gold. the figure surmounting the tower at a height of 375 feet, the goddess of light, will be gilded, and in the rays of the sun will be a dazzling object, visible many miles away. the accompanying views show how the work of putting on these colors has been studied. mr. turner has models prepared of the different buildings, so as to give in miniature an exact reproduction of the entire exposition. these twenty carefully finished architectural models, each about 15 inches high and on a scale of about one - sixteenth of an inch to the foot, were grouped according to the plan of the exposition, and upon them and upon other models in plaster, some of which were worked out in most elaborate and perfect detail, the colors are being tried. by comparing the effects of the color upon the models inharmonious results are avoided. preliminary color studies and experimental treatment of the models prepared the way for the filling in of the details of the general plan and the making of watercolor drawings to be used as guides in laying the colors on the staff of the buildings themselves. i say \" guides \" advisedly, because they cannot be followed precisely, various conditions requiring change in some details when the paint is tried upon the staff in the open air. in mr. turner ' s studio the blue sky was represented by a painted scroll 8 feet high, and even green shrubbery and trees were reproduced in miniature, so that none of the effects and contrasts of the real exposition might be lost. take as an instance of the color scheme in detail one of the entrances to the machinery building. these entrances are elaborate in their sculptural and mural enrichment. the general principle followed in laying on the color is to give the columns and relief work light tints and obtain contrasts and a rich effect by darker and warmer hues in the background. thus, in this entrance the pillars are given an ivory tint, the ornamental bases and capitals of the fluted columns are enriched with golden background and the main wall at the back is a light soft red, while the arches of the doorways are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5385476909406215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b68e1278-fc78-4ad6-a41a-580ce78245ca>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.990179"}
{"text": "gargantua the great, probably the most famous circus animal of the 20th century, was orphaned when he was only a month old and lived with missionaries in africa until a sea captain purchased him and brought him to boston in 1931. there, after being disfigured with nitric acid by a sailor with a grudge against the captain, he was bought by gertrude davies lintz, who was determined to save the severely burned gorilla. mrs. lintz named him buddha, \u201c buddy \u201d for short, and tenderly nursed him back to health. however, his face was permanently disfigured and his mouth twisted into a fierce snarl. in 1937 lintz offered buddy, who then weighed an estimated 460 pounds, to the ringling bros. and barnum & bailey circus. a delighted henry ringling north ( yale \u2019 33 ) renamed him \u201c gargantua the great \u201d after one of the giants in rabelais \u2019 gargantua and pantagruel. as gargantua, buddy was transformed into the greatest of circus attractions by a flamboyant advertising campaign that saved the circus from imminent bankruptcy. for 12 years the circus toured the country and millions stood in line to see the lowland gorilla. buddy died of double pneumonia in november 1949 at the age of 20. north donated gargantua \u2019 s skeleton to the yale peabody museum in 1950.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4353243105142104, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e566d612-9974-4dbb-83a7-088929de7a00>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.991704"}
{"text": "european painting before 1900, johnson collection benjamin franklin drawing electricity from the skymade in england, europe benjamin west, english ( born america ), 1738 - 1820 oil on slate 1958 - 132 - 1gift of mr. and mrs. wharton sinkler, 1958 labelthis dramatic painting by benjamin west commemorates the 1752 experiment in philadelphia in which benjamin franklin demonstrated that lightning is a form of electricity. west was born in swarthmore, pennsylvania, in 1738, when the american colonies were still part of the british empire, and became an renowned history painter and the second president of england \u2019 s royal academy of arts. while in london, west befriended franklin, a fellow pennsylvanian, but did not render this likeness of the celebrated scientist and american statesman until after his death, creating it as a study for a larger, unrealized portrait that he planned to give to pennsylvania hospital, an institution franklin founded in philadelphia. west intended to display the larger picture with another of his compositions and a self - portrait, perhaps as an homage to americans who had achieved international acclaim in science and the arts. social tags [? ] allegory [ x ] america [ x ] benjamin franklin [ x ] clouds [ x ] founder [ x ] invention [ x ] key [ x ] lightning [ x ] nhd 1783 to 1815 event [ x ] nhd 1783 to 1815 portrait [ x ] nhd 1783 to 1815 tools [ x ] putti [ x ] science [ x ] storm [ x ] tools [ x ] [ add your own tags ] * works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4890766769216315, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbee379b-1c35-4b23-a89a-e05b2ca2343e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:19.995158"}
{"text": "\" then the lord rained on sodom and gomorrah brimstone and fire from the lord out of heaven ; and he overthrew those cities, and all of the valley, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and what grew on the ground. \" okay, that ' s the mythical biblical version and carries some weight for the fundamentally religious but from a scientific perspective it isn ' t that simple and over the years conjectures have been varied : massive flooding, volcanic, an asteroid, and earthquake [ great rift valley ]. \" searching for sodom and gomorrah \" biblical archaeology review biblical archaeology review sodom and gomorrah. they are perhaps the most infamous cities of the bible, inhabited by men and women so vile and wicked that only their utter annihilation could appease god \u2019 s wrath ( genesis 19 ). but where does the bible locate these legendary dens of iniquity, and does any trace of them still exist? it is clear from various biblical passages that sodom and gomorrah should be located in the dead sea region. when abraham and his nephew lot part ways ( genesis 13 : 8 - 13 ), lot chooses to settle in the jordan valley \" in the direction of zoar \" and moves his tents to \" the cities of the plain \" as far as sodom. according to genesis 14, the \" cities of the plain, \" which include sodom, gomorrah, zoar, zeboiim and admah, join forces to battle a coalition of mesopotamian kings in the \" valley of siddim ( that is, the salt sea ), \" a clear reference to the dead sea region. another clue is found in genesis 10 : 19, which describes the southern border of canaan as extending east from gaza \" in the direction of sodom, gomorrah, admah, and zeboiim, \" again placing the cities in the vicinity of the dead sea. but biblical scholars have long been divided about where exactly around the dead sea the cities were located. most traditional theories place the cities at the southern end of the dead sea, in and around the well - watered and fertile plains and valleys south of the lisan peninsula. at the southern end of this region, the bible and other sources, including the first - century a. d. historian josephus and the sixth - century a. d. madaba map, locate zoar, one of the cities of the plain and the place to which lot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3909322934898738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c9c4051-285c-4911-a62f-8645bf741b5d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.005444"}
{"text": ", the bible and other sources, including the first - century a. d. historian josephus and the sixth - century a. d. madaba map, locate zoar, one of the cities of the plain and the place to which lot and his daughters fled following the destruction of sodom ( genesis 19 : 22 - 23 ). * finding no clear archaeological evidence for sodom and gomorrah in the vicinity of zoar, however, w. f. albright and others conjectured that the remaining cities of the plain lay submerged beneath the shallow waters of the dead sea ' s southern basin. they argued that during the time of abraham, when the level of the dead sea was possibly much lower, the entire southern basin would have been a lush valley watered by rivers flowing down from the highlands of moab. by the late 1970s, when the level of the dead sea had begun to drop considerably due to industrial exploitation and damming projects, archaeologists had an unprecedented opportunity to search the now mostly dry southern basin for remains of the lost cities. but alas, not a sherd was found ; there was no evidence that the cities had been submerged beneath the salt sea. while exploring the high fertile banks along the southeastern shore of the dead sea, however, the same archaeological expedition discovered the ruins of four towns that had been inhabited during the early bronze age ( 3300 - 2000 b. c. ). * * some scholars, though certainly not all, * * * date the origins of the stories of abraham and lot to the end of this period. the expedition, headed by archaeologists thomas schaub of indiana university of pennsylvania and walter rast of valparaiso university, excavated two of the largest sites in the plain \u2014 bab edh - dhra and numeira \u2014 and discovered that both had been thriving bronze age cities that were destroyed at almost exactly the same time, about 2350 b. c. rast proposed that the biblical story of the destruction of sodom and gomorrah originated from ancient traditions surrounding the near - simultaneous demise of these once - prosperous twin cities. 1 although many have adopted rast ' s view of the southern provenance of the sodom and gomorrah tradition, others have proposed that the bible actually locates the fabled cities at the northern end of the dead sea. the most vocal proponent of the northern theory is dr. steven collins of trinity southwest university, who argues that lot \u2019 s apportioned territory and all the \" cities of the plain \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4640047282040944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c9c4051-285c-4911-a62f-8645bf741b5d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.008364"}
{"text": "the fabled cities at the northern end of the dead sea. the most vocal proponent of the northern theory is dr. steven collins of trinity southwest university, who argues that lot \u2019 s apportioned territory and all the \" cities of the plain \" ( genesis 13 : 8 - 13 ) should be located in the broad circular plain where the jordan river meets the dead sea. first, according to collins, genesis 13 places the separation scene between abraham and lot somewhere around ai and bethel, an area that has commanding views over the northern dead sea and southern jordan valley, not the southern dead sea region. second, the passage describes lot \u2019 s territory as the \" circular \" or \" disc - shaped \" plain ( heb. kikkar ) of the jordan, a term which collins argues refers specifically to the broad alluvial plain of the southern jordan valley just north of the dead sea. what is more, collins believes he has located the actual site of biblical sodom on a high bank overlooking the valley. the site, tell el - hammam, is one of the largest mounds in the plain and supported almost continuous occupation from the chalcolithic to the byzantine period. although the site has substantial early bronze age remains ( as at bab edh - dhra and numeira ), collins believes that the extensive and well - fortified middle bronze age city ( c. 2000 - 1550 b. c. ) represents the sodom known to lot and abraham, biblical figures that he and many others believe should be dated to the first half of the second millennium b. c. in one area of the middle bronze age city, collins located a massive destruction layer over 3 feet thick. could this layer be the archaeological residue of god \u2019 s infamous judgment on sodom? whatever the case, collins hopes to uncover even more evidence of the biblical story in future seasons of excavations at the site. but whether one locates sodom and gomorrah south or north of the dead sea, there is plenty of reason to suspect that the biblical tradition surrounding the doomed cities of the plain was more than just fanciful legend. as suggested by amos frumkin in his may / june 2009 bar article on the salt pillar known as lot ' s wife, the sodom story told in the bible likely represents an ancient memory of a single catastrophic event that affected the cities and peoples of the dead sea region nearly 4, 000 years ago. * konstantinos politis, \" where lot ' s daughters seduced their father, \" bar, january / february", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45632068961976313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c9c4051-285c-4911-a62f-8645bf741b5d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.018129"}
{"text": "in john doris ( ed. ), moral psychology handbook. oxford university press ( 2010 ) | abstract | | in this chapter, we begin with a discussion of motivation itself, and use that discussion to sketch four possible theories of distinctively moral motivation : caricature versions of familiar instrumentalist, cognitivist, sentimentalist, and personalist theories about morally worthy motivation. to test these theories, we turn to a wealth of scientific, particularly neuroscientific, evidence. our conclusions are that ( 1 ) although the scientific evidence does not at present mandate a unique philosophical conclusion, it does present formidable obstacles to a number of popular philosophical approaches, and ( 2 ) theories of morally worthy motivation that best fit the current scientific picture are ones that owe much more to hume or aristotle than to kant. | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles c. daniel batson ( 2011 ). what \u2019 s wrong with morality? emotion review 3 ( 3 ) : 230 - 236. donald c. hubin ( 1999 ). what ' s special about humeanism. nous 33 ( 1 ) : 30 - 45. c. daniel batson ( 2008 ). moral masquerades : experimental exploration of the nature of moral motivation. phenomenology and the cognitive sciences 7 ( 1 ). donald c. hubin ( 1996 ). hypothetical motivation. nous 30 ( 1 ) : 31 - 54. nick zangwill ( 2009 ). non - cognitivism and motivation. in constantine sandis ( ed. ), new essays on the explanation of action. palgrave macmillan. sergio tenenbaum ( 2011 ). externalism, motivation, and moral knowledge. in susana nuccetelli & gary seay ( eds. ), ethical naturalism : current debates. cambridge university press. caj strandberg ( 2007 ). externalism and the content of moral motivation. philosophia 35 ( 2 ) : 249 - 260. ragnar francen ( 2010 ). moral motivation pluralism. journal of ethics 14 ( 2 ) : 117 - 148. ralph wedgwood ( 1995 ). theories of content and theories of motivation. european journal of philosophy 3 ( 3 ) : 273 - 288. simone de colle & patricia h. werhane ( 2008 ). moral motivation across ethical theories : what can we learn for designing corporate ethics programs? journal of business ethics 81 ( 4 ) : 751 - 764. constantine sandis ( 2009 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5583491766857664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:056f9b2f-0b74-4784-b465-9040d4e091dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.030216"}
{"text": "colle & patricia h. werhane ( 2008 ). moral motivation across ethical theories : what can we learn for designing corporate ethics programs? journal of business ethics 81 ( 4 ) : 751 - 764. constantine sandis ( 2009 ). hume and the debate on ' motivating reasons '. in charles pigden ( ed. ), hume on motivation and virtue. palgrave macmillan. ryan nichols ( 2004 ). moral motivation and christian theism. faith and philosophy 21 ( 2 ) : 175 - 194. robert noggle ( 1997 ). the nature of motivation ( and why it matters less to ethics than one might think ). philosophical studies 87 ( 1 ) : 87 - 111. eve garrard & david mcnaughton ( 1998 ). mapping moral motivation. ethical theory and moral practice 1 ( 1 ) : 45 - 59. jonathan dancy ( 1995 ). why there is really no such thing as the theory of motivation. proceedings of the aristotelian society 95 : 1 - 18. added to index2010 - 09 - 20 total downloads113 ( # 4, 758 of 548, 984 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 3 ( # 25, 729 of 548, 984 ) how can i increase my downloads?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5393853730882693, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:056f9b2f-0b74-4784-b465-9040d4e091dd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.031379"}
{"text": "during the turkish wars the wild hordes of riders advanced as far as purbach. on such occasions the townspeople of purbach fled into the nearby leitha mountains to seek refuge there from the hordes. during one such attack andreas grein remained at home. when the turkish horde found grein, they placed him in handcuffs, tied him to a horse ' s tail, and thus forced him to run along behind. the turks took grein back to their country, where he was housed in a stall and forced to pull a plow by day. for food he received nuts and millet. after seven years of terrible suffering he succeeded - - with the help of a fellow countrywoman - - in escaping from turkey. in october 1647, after traveling on foot for many months, he arrived at purbach. he stopped to rest on his own property, about 1000 steps from the town. he then went to his home, where he encountered his wife, who had recently remarried. she did not recognize grein, because of his wild appearance. after much discussion she recognized her husband from his voice. she asked him for forgiveness, and they lived happily together until they died. the second husband, of course, had to step aside. at the place where he had rested, grein erected a holy trinity column, inscribed with the year 1647.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44239296273504947, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8b5016e-3bf1-413c-baa0-3966ffcdb0e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.039409"}
{"text": "this last section on companion planting ( cp ) sums up practical ways to cultivate a healthy garden with some \u201c built - in \u201d natural protection. intercropping vs. monoculture by this time, you should be convinced that intercropping to create a diverse vegetable garden \u201c habitat \u201d is most effective to naturally protect your garden from pests, and can potentially enhance the yield of your favorite crops. monoculture not only makes your valuable veggies more susceptible to pests in one season ; sometimes, despite your efforts to work in rich, organic fertilizers, the same family of plants grown in the same area will fail in later seasons. we learned this the hard way as we were initially concerned about having too many different veggies with too little yields. as it turned out, yields started falling in later years as our broccoli became more susceptible to pests ( btw \u2013 brassica family, unlike tomato plants, generally like to be moved around ). so be daring, be bold, and experiment with different veggies \u2013 even those you think you \u2019 d never like! exploiting garden warfare your lovely spring garden or the woods near your home may look \u201c serene \u201d, but in truth, there \u2019 s constant warfare going on at a physical and chemical level. so why not take advantage of it? for instance, sunflowers may be great weed deterrents as they were found to be strongly allelopathic to weeds like wild mustard, jimsonweed and ragweed ( ref 1, p. 310 ). or what about selecting a \u201c sacrificial plant or soldier \u201d to protect the more valuable crops? for instance, kale can be planted at borders of other more valuable cabbage family plants to draw pests away. or black nightshade can be used as a decoy plant to attract colorado potato beetles away from your potato plants. this may not be the best option for those of you with tiny gardens, but try to think of creative ways \u2013 even using containers which can easily be moved around \u2013 in deploying \u201c soldiers \u201d to protect your cash crops. and while we \u2019 re on the subject of war, keep in mind that cp is not necessarily a mutually beneficial combination. some gardening experts believe that it is almost one - directional, though this can be difficult to ascertain. for instance, you might consider that if carrots were planted next to peas or tomatoes ( as our comparison of cp guides suggest ), would yields from peas or tomatoes be greater at the expense of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44063083305975187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f60172d-d097-4961-b365-9501ec6df000>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.049767"}
{"text": ", though this can be difficult to ascertain. for instance, you might consider that if carrots were planted next to peas or tomatoes ( as our comparison of cp guides suggest ), would yields from peas or tomatoes be greater at the expense of the carrots? using ornamentals to attract beneficials and help control pests many gardeners certainly deploy ornamentals like nasturtiums and marigolds to protect plants from pests like aphids, detrimental nematodes, white flies, and other pests. but having herbs and flowering plants ( esp. daisy and parsley families ) also benefits the vegetable garden by attracting beneficial insects and birds that eat nasty bugs or pollinate plants. we have had success growing tomatoes and beans with marigolds in containers, but have yet to attribute the yields / health of the plants to the marigolds. some cp guides will suggest different varieties of marigolds for different pests ( african, french and golden marigolds appear to be the best varieties ). nasturtiums ( whose flowers are a mildly peppery but delicious and attractive addition to your salad! ) do have to be kept in check as they can take over an entire area, and are an incredible snail magnet on the west coast. recording your own companion planting results if you \u2019 re really intrigued by companion planting and want to put it to work for your garden, then record your observations. your best cp guide is your own gardening experience, though keeping in mind that results may not always be reproducible ( see part i ). a simple notebook or spreadsheet works perfectly well ( of course, there \u2019 s plangarden, too ) some variables to keep in mind are the yield and planting distance in the control vs. experiment plots. for the die - hard garden geeks, we refer to anna carr \u2019 s excellent book ( ref. 1, pp. 332 - 355 ) that offers experimental techniques. good luck and may the companion forces be with you!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4268454497572163, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f60172d-d097-4961-b365-9501ec6df000>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.052767"}
{"text": "| view printer - friendly version | | sleeping language gets help from rosetta stone | the chitimacha tribe on louisiana \u2019 s coast endured for century after century, surviving war, settlement, assimilation. now, its language also lives on arlington, va. ( august 22, 2007 ) \u2014 the chitimacha tribe on louisiana \u2019 s coast endured for century after century \u2014 surviving war, settlement and assimilation. its language did not. the native tongue of the chitimacha people disappeared, seemingly forever, when its last two fluent speakers died in 1934 and in 1940. one generation, then another, grew up not knowing the words of their ancestors, the rich language of the bayous of the mississippi delta. but now, with a curious mix of historical, scholarly and technological effort, the language is being reborn. rosetta stone inc., a global language - learning software company, has agreed to subsidize software development in the tribal tongue as part of its endangered language program. \u201c we want to bring the language back to the point where we can use it conversationally when we gather as a tribe, \u201d says kimberly s. walden, m. ed., cultural director of the 1, 000 \u2013 member tribe. \u201c language is really the heart of who you are. it \u2019 s not just about learning the words, it \u2019 s about learning your past. it \u2019 s that connection. \u201d rosetta stone inc. is helping the tribe translate and record its award - winning software program into sitimaxa, the language of the chitimacha. when it \u2019 s finished, the tribe will own the software and use it to assist ongoing educational programs for children and adults. this unusual journey to awaken a sleeping language began with the help of history. in 1986, tribal leaders at the small reservation in charenton, la. received a delivery from the library of congress, and discovered recordings of their language \u2014 sounds no one had heard in decades ; a cultural treasure buried in archives for half a lifetime. twenty - two wax cylinders made by a dictaphone recording machine provided 200 hours of sitimaxa captured in the 1930s by an outsider \u2014 the esteemed linguist morris swadesh. with partial funding from the american philosophical society, swadesh conducted extensive field research on native american languages. he had recorded the chitimacha \u2019 s last two sitimaxa speakers \u2013 already aging and alone in the tribe in their fluency. swadesh and his wife, also a linguist, made field notes that the tribe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45913344965914527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c6f621c-19c6-46b3-8798-1da047adcb38>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.071579"}
{"text": "native american languages. he had recorded the chitimacha \u2019 s last two sitimaxa speakers \u2013 already aging and alone in the tribe in their fluency. swadesh and his wife, also a linguist, made field notes that the tribe has since recovered. \u201c the recordings were very hard to understand, especially if you \u2019 d never heard the language spoken before, \u201d walden says. \u201c you have to realize that, as long as i was growing up, all we had [ of sitimaxa ] was a few words on a museum brochure that no one could pronounce. \u201d stumbling upon a scholar faced with a daunting puzzle, and having more pressing community needs, the tribe made little progress for a decade. things began to change when the chitimacha transformed their bingo hall into a casino in 1992 and began to use part of the revenue to finance a cultural department. they finally had the internal employees to tackle the sitimaxa challenge. but they needed help. tribal employees began asking archeological contractors in louisiana if they knew anyone who was familiar with the chitimacha \u2019 s language \u2013 a long - shot request that, improbably, paid off. they found dr. julian granberry, a linguist and anthropologist living in florida with academic credentials and experience with native american languages. most incredible of all, they discovered that he \u2019 d worked with swadesh as a high school sophomore and had taught himself to speak sitimaxa, using research materials. granberry, now 80, had been studying their native language for decades. \u201c when dr. granberry spoke sitimaxa to a group of chitimacha elders assembled at a meeting, some of the elders began to cry, \u201d says walden. \u201c words started coming back. they remembered. \u201d he and some members of the tribe threw themselves into the project. dictionaries were created, classes formed, primers and recordings were shared. instruction now starts at six weeks after birth at yaamahana, the chitimacha child development center, and continues through eighth grade at the chitimacha tribal school. adults who live on or near the reservation have access to night sessions. rachel vilcan was one of the first students in the adult class. now she \u2019 s an aide in the k - 8 sitimaxa program. \u201c the language sounds natural ; it sounds like it fits me, like it fits the area, \u201d vilcan says. \u201c it was scary, at first, to be learning it as an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42298240645140894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c6f621c-19c6-46b3-8798-1da047adcb38>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.073319"}
{"text": "aide in the k - 8 sitimaxa program. \u201c the language sounds natural ; it sounds like it fits me, like it fits the area, \u201d vilcan says. \u201c it was scary, at first, to be learning it as an adult, but the desire was stronger. it \u2019 s our identity. \u201d high - tech solutions from rosetta stone the missing piece in the chitimacha \u2019 s language revival has been conversational fluency. the rosetta stone endangered language program hopes to help with a solution. the program offers clients, such as the alaskan inupiat, the chance to preserve their language through the cutting - edge rosetta stone\u00ae software. but, this year, the company also began to offer a subsidized development program for tribes and other groups with a need, but limited ability, to finance language projects. \u201c our hope is that sitimaxa rosetta stone software will be a tool that will make a difference in the vitality of the language of the chitimacha tribe, \u201d says marion bittinger, manager, rosetta stone endangered language program. \u201c we look forward to working with the tribe to help realize their vision for a living and growing language. \u201d the software program will be translated into sitimaxa, paired with audio recorded in the studio, and combined with rosetta stone elegant photography and some customized chitimacha images. ilse ackerman, editor - in - chief at rosetta stone, says the ease of access will enhance language learning for the tribe. \u201c it \u2019 s wonderful to think about the multiplier effect, \u201d she says. \u201c if you only have exposure to a few speakers, you are limited \u2014 but the software can change that, giving you access to the language around the clock and at long distances. \u201d the tribe has members as far away as guam, germany and alaska who will be able to learn chitimacha using cds or online software when the project finishes. \u201c i think the chances are very great that they will succeed, \u201d granberry says. \u201c there has been, for the last decade, a strong interest on the part of a large number of the tribal members. when the rosetta stone program works, which it will, this will be the first native american language revived from zero. \u201d about rosetta stone inc. rosetta stone inc. is a leading provider of language - learning software. acclaimed for the speed, power and effectiveness of its dynamic immersiontm method, rosetta stone is a revolutionary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46650120924081256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c6f621c-19c6-46b3-8798-1da047adcb38>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.078404"}
{"text": "native american language revived from zero. \u201d about rosetta stone inc. rosetta stone inc. is a leading provider of language - learning software. acclaimed for the speed, power and effectiveness of its dynamic immersiontm method, rosetta stone is a revolutionary language - learning software program. while teaching more than 30 languages to millions of people in more than 150 countries throughout the world, rosetta stone software is the key to language learning success\u2122. inc. magazine has named rosetta stone inc. one of the 500 fastest - growing companies in the united states, and for the fourth consecutive year deloitte has named the company one of the fastest - growing technology companies in virginia. rosetta stone was founded in 1992 on two core beliefs : that the natural way people learn languages as children remains the most successful method for learning new languages ; and that interactive cd - rom and online technology can recreate the immersion method powerfully for learners of any age. the company is based in arlington, va. for more information, visit www. rosettastone. com. | \" safe harbor \" statement under the private securities litigation reform act of 1995 : statements in this press release regarding rosetta stone pr ' s business which are not historical facts are \" forward - looking statements \" that involve risks and uncertainties. for a discussion of such risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results to differ from those contained in the forward - looking statements, see \" risk factors \" in the company ' s annual report or form 10 - k for the most recently ended fiscal year. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.486807734374448, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c6f621c-19c6-46b3-8798-1da047adcb38>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.080534"}
{"text": "combating heteronormative language the oxford dictionary definition for \u201c heteronormative \u201d is : \u201c denoting or relating to a world view that promotes heterosexuality as the normal or preferred sexual orientation. \u201d while in the lgbt community the term \u201c heteronormativity \u201d is spoken often, we must remember that it is not a commonly used term in the workplace or classroom ( unless you \u2019 re studying women \u2019 s studies or queer studies ). it is also not uncommon for you to hear aunts, cousins, or elderly people talking to young girls and teasingly asking \u201c so, have you got a boyfriend yet? \u201d and it \u2019 s often difficult in the workplace or classroom to speak up when someone says something about advertising to \u201c women looking for a man \u201d or things like that. so what can we do in times these situations? do we speak up and out ourselves in a potentially non - queer friendly environment, or do we stay quiet and allow the teacher to keep speaking about \u201c traditional \u201d heterosexual sex and relations? it \u2019 s important to also remember that just because a teacher doesn \u2019 t know about heteronormativity that that doesn \u2019 t necessarily mean they are not queer friendly. i wrote a paper for an assignment that included the word heteronormativity as an example \u2013 and when i got the marked essay back the professor had written \u201c is this a word? \u201d many people are not regularly educated on queer issues or studies and terms that affect the queer community. it \u2019 s very possible that this idea had never been presented to my professor, and i have decided that it is an important role that i get to play in helping to develop someone \u2019 s education in lgbt issues. when faced with a professor or employer that often uses heteronormative terms, ideas and examples if you feel that it is giving the topic a closed - minded approach, consider talking to them. you \u2019 d be surprised how many people hadn \u2019 t heard of the term, nor thought about the idea of including other sexual orientations in their language choice. many people may not realize that by using heteronormative language, they are excluding a growing population of people and further encouraging the idea of \u201c preferred sexual orientations. \u201d if you \u2019 re worried about a teacher grading you, or treating you unfairly based on your concerns \u2013 consider an anonymous letter dropped off at their office with a respectful definition of heteronormative language and its effects. if the problem seems to be a persistent one that cannot be solved by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5462193902350432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1eaf4260-1cc1-423e-877d-9c9ef3d7c394>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.091082"}
{"text": "research paper topics, free example research papers you are welcome to search thousands of free research papers and essays. search for your research paper topic now! research paper topic : aids whats new - 1690 words note : the research paper or essay you see on this page is a free essay, available to anyone. you can use any paper as a sample on how to write research papers or as a source of information. we strongly discourage you to directly copy / paste any essay and turn it in for credit. if your school uses any plagiarism detecting software, you might be caught and accused of plagiarism. if you need a custom term paper, research paper or essay, written from scratch exclusively for you, please, use our paid research papers writing service!.. tory - taking, questionnaires and donor interviews. very few people at risk of aids now come to give blood. the \" self - elimination form \", filled out in a private booth, allows any who feel compelled by peer pressure to donate blood, total privacy to check the box that says \" do not use my blood for transfusion. \" as to banking one ' s own blood, or autologous donations, the red cross permits a few \" medically suitable \" people, referred by their physician, to store their blood if they are likely to need blood transfusion in upcoming elective surgery. they can bank up to four units of blood, taken in the five weeks before surgery. finally - it can be categorically stated - it is absolutely impossible to get aids by giving blood!!! minimal risk to health care workers : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - while health care personnel face a slight risk of hiv infection, all cases reported to date have been due to potentially avoidable mishaps or failure to follow recommended precautions. of thousands caring for aids patients worldwide, only a tiny percentage has become infected, and so far no canadian health personnel have become hiv - infected. a survey done by the federal centre for aids ( fca ) of 50 workers occupationally exposed to aids showed that none became infected. a british hospital study on staff looking after 400 aids patients over several years found none who became hiv - positive. in one u. s. survey, 7 out of 2, 500 health care workers seroconverted and developed hiv antibodies all by potentially avoidable accidents such as needle pricks, exposure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49455861697734566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc4665d8-3bfa-482d-95da-33031669d289>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.185067"}
{"text": "patients over several years found none who became hiv - positive. in one u. s. survey, 7 out of 2, 500 health care workers seroconverted and developed hiv antibodies all by potentially avoidable accidents such as needle pricks, exposure to large amounts of blood, body fluids spattered into unprotected mouth, eyes or open sores. the reported mishaps underscore the need for rigorous, vigilant compliance with preventive guidelines. universal body substance precautions ( bsp ) urged : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - the newest guidelines suggest that every health care worker, including dentists, should handle all blood and body fluids as if infectious. testing all patients for hiv is not practical and does not confer protection. relying on tests that are not 100 per cent accurate would only induce a false sense of security. rather than trying to identify infected persons, the cdc and ottawa ' s fca now promote a philosophy that regards all patients as potentially infected. ( at johns hopkins in baltimore, about six percent of admissions to the traumatic emergency unit recently tested hiv - positive. ) hospital and health care workers ( including those caring for patients at home ) are encouraged to \" think aids \" and protect themselves. all patients should be handled in a way that minimizes exposure to blood and body fluids, e. g. by always wearing gloves when touching open sores, mucous membranes, taking blood, attending emergencies, putting in iv needles, touching blood - soiled items, with scrupulous hand - washing between patients ( and whenever gloves are removed ), wearing masks, eye protection, plastic aprons and gowns when appropriate. taking such precautions will not only protect against aids but also against more infectious agents such as hepatitis b and some hospital acquired infections. we are all being forced to remember stringent anti - infection rules! absolutely no evidence of spread by casual contact : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - all the research to date points to the fact that aids is not very easy to catch. one university of toronto microbiologist speculates that those with high antibody counts are probably not very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.470112885000545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc4665d8-3bfa-482d-95da-33031669d289>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.186789"}
{"text": "- - - - - - - - - - - - - all the research to date points to the fact that aids is not very easy to catch. one university of toronto microbiologist speculates that those with high antibody counts are probably not very infectious. the most infectious appear to be seemingly healthy persons carrying hiv without any sign of disease as yet. aids cannot be picked up casually via doorknobs, public washrooms, shared school books, communion coups, cutlery or even by food handlers with open cuts. a relatively weak virus, hiv is easily killed by a dilute 1 in 10 solution of javex / bleach, rubbing alcohol and other disinfectants. even where parents or caregivers have cleaned up hiv - infected blood, vomit or feces, hiv has not been transmitted. it is perfectly safe to share a kitchen, bathroom, schoolroom or workbench with hiv - infected individuals. but it is inadvisable to share toothbrushes, razors, acupuncture needles, enema equipment or sharp gadgets, which could carry infected blood through the skin. ordinary, nonsexual workplace and childhood activities don ' t transmit aids. the rare exception might be direct blood - to - blood contact via cuts or wounds if infected blood ( in considerable amounts ) spills onto an open sore. even in such cases a swab with dilute bleach can kill hiv viruses. not spread by mosquitoes and other insects : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - there ' s no evidence of hiv transmission by insects. researchers report that the aids virus cannot multiply or survive inside a mosquito. the infection pattern in africa - where children who are not sexually active might be expected to have aids if mosquito bites were a real threat - shows no sign of insect transmission. vaccines still a way off : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - scientists caution that a safe, effective vaccine against hiv may be at least a decade away, mainly because, like the influenza virus, hiv mutates ( changes structure ) quickly, producing different strains. ( several different hiv strains have already been isolated. ) an ideal vaccine must be able to stimulate neutralization of both \" free \" viruses and those hidden within lymph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.502442008357154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc4665d8-3bfa-482d-95da-33031669d289>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.211257"}
{"text": "virus, hiv mutates ( changes structure ) quickly, producing different strains. ( several different hiv strains have already been isolated. ) an ideal vaccine must be able to stimulate neutralization of both \" free \" viruses and those hidden within lymphocytes, such as t - helper cells. researchers in various countries have developed and are testing a few preliminary vaccines. one sub - unit vaccine, made from virus coat material ( a glycoprotein ) genetically cloned in an insect virus ( the baculovirus, which attacks moths and butterflies but no humans ) has been shown to stimulate an immune response in experimental animals. another preliminary vaccine, produced by cloning modified vaccinia viruses, containing a portion of hiv envelope, is about to enter clinical trials in new york. ( it would be applies, like the old smallpox vaccine, into a small scratch. ) but to date no vaccine tried in animals or humans has been shown to prevent aids. testing no solution : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - large scale, screening of the public for hiv antibodies offers little protection because today ' s apparent negatives can become infected tomorrow or test seropositive when antibodies develop in those already harboring hiv. reliance on tests could lull people into false complacency. a \" false negative \" result may fool someone into risky sexual behaviour. curiously, despite a widespread demand for tests, especially among high - risk groups, a study in pittsburgh showed that 46 percent of a group of homosexual / bisexual men tested did not return for or want their antibody test results. many health experts therefore believe that mandatory testing would be useless as hiv antibody tests only indicate exposure, not necessarily infectivity. as one university of toronto virologist puts it : \" widescale compulsory screening for hiv antibodies is not necessarily useful and will do nothing to promote prevention or cure. what ' s needed perhaps is more accurate knowledge about the disease and more responsible behaviour rather than testing. \" those who should consider testing might include people known to be at high risk and any who think they may have been hiv - infected or who wish to be tested and have discussed it with their physician. what ' s needed, as with any infectious disease, is not more testing buy more precautions against infection. message clear but still largely unheeded : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5422329813160823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc4665d8-3bfa-482d-95da-33031669d289>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.214368"}
{"text": "more testing buy more precautions against infection. message clear but still largely unheeded : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - despite a veritable blitz of aids information, experts claim that too few people are changing their lifestyles or behaviour sufficiently to protect themselves from aids. a recent canadian poll revealed widespread ignorance of the fact that aids is primarily a sexually acquired infection, not caught by casual touch. the survey showed that although sexual intercourse among adolescents has risen steeply in the past 10 years, less than 25 percent of those aged 18 to 34 have altered their sexual behaviour to protect themselves against aids, i. e. by consistent use of condoms and spermicide. the central message is clear : unless absolutely sure ( and monogamy is no guarantee ) that your sex partner is hiv - free, use a condom ( latex, not made of animal material ) plus a reliable spermicide ( e. g. one containing nonoxyl - 9 ). studies with infected haemophiliacs show that condom use by a regular sex partner reduces infection risks, compared to unprotected sex. and regular condom use may bring the added reward of preventing other sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and chlamydia or unwanted pregnancy. many educators say that, by whatever means, aids information must get out to young people at an early enough age for them to absorb it before becoming sexually active. only by acting upon accurate aids information can people protect themselves, their sex partners, families and ultimately society from this disease. protection the only answer : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - the best way to avoid aids is to regard it as a highly lethal disease and practice commonsense prevention. avoiding infection is in one ' s own hands. people can protect themselves. to halt its spread, people are encouraged to obtain and apply accurate aids information to their living styles and sexual habits in order to reduce the risk of getting or transmitting the virus. sadly, health promoters claim that \" reaching the many who don ' t want to know \" is no easy task. health promoters suggest that educators must learn how and when to communicate aids information - in the right way at \" teachable \" moments. many public health departments are now taking the lead in disseminating education about aids with largesca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4744077167622923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc4665d8-3bfa-482d-95da-33031669d289>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.216167"}
{"text": "is no easy task. health promoters suggest that educators must learn how and when to communicate aids information - in the right way at \" teachable \" moments. many public health departments are now taking the lead in disseminating education about aids with largescale public awareness programs. what of the future? : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - many virologists believe that since antibiotics became available in the late 1940s we have become too complacent about viral infections, no longer take communicable disease seriously, and have modern medical schools which devote few teaching hours to anti - infective strategies. in fact, we still know little about retroviruses such as hiv. perhaps special virology research centres, like the virus research institute proposed for the university of toronto, will help to halt the tragic toll of aids and other as yet unknown viruses waiting in the wings. for more information on aids or aid for aids call : local aids committees, public health departments, or aids hotlines ( in toronto 392 - aids. ) in everyday conversations, aids is usually a source for humour. for anybody who is suffering from the disease there is very little humour. the best prevention is not the thought that \" it could never happen to me \", if that was so all the insurance companies would be out of business. the most reliable person to be put in - charge of preventing you for getting aids is yourself!!!! t a k e p r e v e n t i v e p r e c a u t i o n s!. research paper topics, free term papers, essays, sample research papers on aids whats new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4862048912073781, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc4665d8-3bfa-482d-95da-33031669d289>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.217885"}
{"text": "insciout recently participated in a debate at the royal institution, aimed at what scientists could do to improve science news reporting. about 150 - 200 people attended from science ( 40 % ), journalism and press relations backgrounds as well as interested members of the general public. the debate concerned how scientists and journalists could improve science reporting by changing their own behaviour ( see an insciout blog and companion piece in the guardian online ). the speakers were chris chambers, fellow at cardiff university and member of insciout ( see here for his account of the debate ) dr ananyo bhattacharya, editor nature online ( see his views as well as nature. com write - up of twitter feeds of the debate. ed yong ( science writer and blogger ) as well as fona fox, chief executive of the science media centre provided commentary on presentations. alice bell chaired the event and posted a commentary the debate raised several issues that will be addressed in upcoming research and in a future debate to be held at cardiff university. see links to the full debate at the end of this precis : we summarise the debate around six themes that were discussed by the speakers and / or members of the audience. 1. accuracy, accountability and public interest ultimately journalists are responsible for the news they report ( accuracy, interpretation ). the quality of this reporting can be dependent on the quality of a press release because it is often the only data source for the press article ; scientists could take more responsibility for avoiding exaggeration in press releases. there are standards for science news reporting and these vary by publication title and the specialism of the journalist. error can also originate in the original scientific publication itself, and because, by nature, science constantly evolves, the first journal article is unlikely to be the final say on a topic. the probabilistic nature of the scientific truth can sometime clash with the journalist \u2019 s need for more absolute values. 2. journalism versus reporting ( and workload ) there is tension between reporting and journalism, which is not specific to science news. there is also tension between short headline pieces that likely attract many readers and in - depth pieces aimed at public understanding that are likely to attract a smaller audience. how these tensions are resolved depends on goals of the report. the tensions exist because of pressures of news reporting that are old ( lack of specialism, advertising ) and new ( online hit rates ). the investment made in researching a piece ( accuracy, reading the science article, following blogs, speaking to scientist, etc ) depends on which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48670609643460355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7ce91ba-a6df-478d-b0f6-27be778a82e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.236642"}
{"text": "pressures of news reporting that are old ( lack of specialism, advertising ) and new ( online hit rates ). the investment made in researching a piece ( accuracy, reading the science article, following blogs, speaking to scientist, etc ) depends on which type of story is required, and by whom. online news reporting is having a major impact on the format of science reporting and possibly the relevance of the press release as an intermediary between scientists and journalists. blogs could facilitate exchange between journalists and scientists. however this benefit could not be guaranteed if the blog was poor quality or journalists did not have the time to read the blogs. there could also be limitations related to bloggers having more influence than warranted due to being particularly present on the science scene and \u2018 shouting the loudest \u2019. a blog of opinion by a scientist could also be misconstrued as a science report such that the distinction between blogger and reporter could become blurred. the editorial agenda affects science reporting. the agenda is about what the reader wants but also about hits and traffic for advertising, including readers and subscriptions. the story and its hit - potential, rather than public interest, can be the starting point for the journalist. scientists, journals and universities also have their own agendas. it is not coincidental that press releases are sometimes made when new funding is required or to influence research councils preparing their thematic priorities. scientists can also be political ( e. g., climate change ). scientists should be more willing to do something when they see inaccuracies in news reports or when they see data misinterpreted. scientists could usefully engage with journalists, write letters to the editor or provide a commentary following science reports or blogs. scientists have a duty to speak to the press when they see bad reporting. however engagement should go beyond addressing problems and also aim to prevent such problems from occurring in the first place, for example by improving quality of press releases. scientists could probably be a better source for science reporting if they knew more about what journalists really expected by engagement. journalists could improve reporting by taking specialist courses ( e. g., statistics, common errors of interpretation ) but reading the focal scientific publication could make an even bigger difference. however there is mixed opinion about whether reporters would understand content of a scientific article ( even with training ) and whether it was even necessary for a reasonably good report. reporters should take account of the fact that science evolves and that scientists debate scientific data, models and interpretation over many issues of the scientific journal. see part 1 and part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46119151653683965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7ce91ba-a6df-478d-b0f6-27be778a82e9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.238361"}
{"text": "if you \u2019 ve ever wondered whether your favorite coffee, tea or soda contains caffeine \u2014 despite its decaf label or the absence of caffeine on the ingredient list \u2014 then you may soon be able to test the beverage yourself. chemists at washington university school of medicine in st. louis are developing a quick, convenient \" dipstick \" test that they say could represent the first home testing kit to detect the common stimulant, which can cause insomnia and make you jittery. their study will appear in the june 1 print issue of the american chemical society \u2019 s analytical chemistry. \" we envisioned that a simple method to measure caffeine, even in hot beverages, such as coffee, would be of value to individuals and institutions wanting to verify the absence of caffeine, \" says study leader jack h. ladenson, ph. d., a chemist at the university. \" this will greatly assist individuals who wish to avoid caffeine. \" ladenson hopes to develop a simple caffeine test in which test strips that are treated with a specific antibody will react by changing color in the presence of caffeine. the new test will be designed to be qualitative only : it allows a person to quickly determine whether caffeine is present, but does not indicate the exact amount or concentration of caffeine. in preliminary tests using coffee and cola, an experimental version of the test effectively distinguished caffeinated versions of these products from their decaf counterparts, ladenson says. the researcher adds that he does not know when the test will be available to consumers or at what price. further refinements are ongoing, he says. many consumers are increasingly trying to avoid caffeine due to unwanted health effects, including insomnia and irritability. several studies have linked an increase in caffeine consumption with a higher risk of miscarriage among pregnant women. for years, the u. s. food and drug administration has specifically advised pregnant women to avoid or limit their intake of caffeine. but the caffeine content of foods and beverages can be difficult for consumers to determine. products do not always indicate whether they contain caffeine, and the caffeine content of similar food products can vary widely depending on the manufacturer. even drinks that are labeled \" decaf \" can contain detectable amounts of caffeine, experts say. current tests to detect caffeine use sophisticated laboratory methods, including spectroscopy and chromatography, none of which are applicable to home use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47196163291768234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d890798-32dc-4e6a-85e1-038d999effb7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.244914"}
{"text": "even drinks that are labeled \" decaf \" can contain detectable amounts of caffeine, experts say. current tests to detect caffeine use sophisticated laboratory methods, including spectroscopy and chromatography, none of which are applicable to home use, ladenson and his associates say. while caffeine - specific antibodies are commercially available, these antibodies are destroyed at high temperatures, like those of hot beverages, and consequently are not practical for use in home tests, the scientists say. to develop the new immunoassay test, ladenson and his associates obtained an unusual antibody \u2014 derived from the blood of llamas \u2014 that is resistant to high temperatures due to its unusually stable structure. they obtained the antibodies by repeatedly injecting the animals with caffeine to illicit an immune response to the drug. the researchers then cloned the caffeine - specific antibody and combined it with other chemicals to facilitate caffeine detection. in early laboratory studies, the antibody mixture was used to measure the presence of caffeine in both caffeinated and decaf versions of coffee and cola. in general, the researchers found that test results were comparable to those of conventional chromatography tests and that the caffeine content of these beverages was accurately labeled. the antibodies worked equally well in both hot and cold beverages and did not appear to show any false readings caused by structures that are similar to caffeine, ladenson says. he has filed patents related to the research. funding for the current study was provided by washington university school of medicine. other researchers at the university involved in the study were ruth c. ladenson, dan l. crimmins, and yvonne landt. the american chemical society \u2014 the world \u2019 s largest scientific society \u2014 is a nonprofit organization chartered by the u. s. congress and a global leader in providing access to chemistry - related research through its multiple databases, peer - reviewed journals and scientific conferences. its main offices are in washington, d. c., and columbus, ohio. the online version of the research paper cited above was initially published april 26 on the journal \u2019 s web site. journalists can arrange access to this site by sending an e - mail to firstname. lastname @ example. org or calling the contact person for this release. last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.494773210276439, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d890798-32dc-4e6a-85e1-038d999effb7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.246149"}
{"text": "portugal has been affected by large wildfires causing huge losses, not only environmental, but also economic and social losses. to face this risk, the portuguese government, through the national forest authority ( afn ), decided, a few years ago, to create technical offices allocated to local governments which, among other skills, must prepare municipal plans for forest fire protection and operational response. in order to support the elaboration of these documents, the afn provided technical guides with a methodology for calculating and mapping the forest fire hazard and risk. moreover, tutorials have been offered to follow this methodology, using proprietary software. however, the acquisition and licensing costs of that software are unaffordable for most of the smaller local administrations and so, it was decided to create and make available a guide with a methodology for developing hazard and risk cartography using only free and open source software. it was proposed to use the following set of software : qgis, grass gis, gvsig and gdal / ogr libraries. that guide describes all the geoprocessing tasks necessary for the elaboration of the plans for forest fire protection and operational response, according to the afn methodology. a large part of the tasks were developed with qgis, and spatial analysis in raster model was developed with grass. gvsig was used for network analysis, with its network analysis extension, and gdal / ogr libraries were used for transformations between coordinate reference systems. after an extensive suite of tests to the methodology, and three years of real application in the preparation of the operational plan for the municipality of pinhel, it can be said that the proposed alternatives allow to replace, with many advantages, proprietary software that is usually used to carry out this task. the validation of the results shows that, despite the relative simplicity of the conceptual model, its predictive ability is quite good, and that the model implementation in open source software does not interfere negatively with the results, quite the opposite. figure 1 - forest fire hazard and risk maps of pinhel, implemented with open source software. in a second phase, it was tried to speed up this process, using models to establish a workflow that perform a wide set of tasks, almost without human intervention. this second stage consisted essentially in the automation of the entire procedure described in practical guide which resulted from the first phase. such automation could mean a reduction of several hours of intense work on the part of the technician who intends to produce annually forest defense plans, for just a few minutes, in which the human intervention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4951801215808928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76d16100-4a1d-4a88-a9c6-adc391cbfcbf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.253147"}
{"text": "procedure described in practical guide which resulted from the first phase. such automation could mean a reduction of several hours of intense work on the part of the technician who intends to produce annually forest defense plans, for just a few minutes, in which the human intervention boils down to the selection of input data and the indication of the place where we intend to keep the output data. figure 2 - interface of the sextante model to calculate the probability of the forest fire hazard. in furtherance of this second phase, we used the python version of sextante software, that works integrated into qgis and adds a broad set of independent applications ( grass gis, saga gis, otb, r, gdal / ogr, pymorph, lastools, python scrips, etc.. ) in a single interface, providing a huge geoprocessing toolbox to qgis users. besides the integration of these applications in qgis, sextante has a tool for creating models, taking advantage of the modules offered by any of those softwares which aggregates. so, we ' ve created a model to automate the process of producing forest fire hazard and risk maps, using grass, saga, ftools and mmqgis tools. figure 3 - part of the model developed for automation of the production of cartography for forest fire hazard and risk. the results obtained so far are very promising, as already can be automatically achieved the creation of the hazard and risk maps. taking into account that the python version of sextante is still very recent and is in heavy construction, there are some problems that must be corrected so that the models may be completed, which certainly will happen very soon, given the momentum that sextante project presents. as future work, we intend to apply, also automatically, the symbology to the results as well as provide the final layouts in qgis composer, ready for export and / or print. upon completion of the second phase and the realization of a sufficient set of tests that can validate the results obtained, it is our intention to provide the model free and openly. the alternatives studied proved to be of enormous quality, allowing all operations recommended in the national forest authority technical guides, in many ways, more efficiently than with proprietary software. in terms of ease of use, it was observed that this type of software is not, in any way, more complex than the proprietary software, requiring only more technical knowledge of the models and algorithms implemented which, however, allow a higher degree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5042121037538668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76d16100-4a1d-4a88-a9c6-adc391cbfcbf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.257150"}
{"text": "software. in terms of ease of use, it was observed that this type of software is not, in any way, more complex than the proprietary software, requiring only more technical knowledge of the models and algorithms implemented which, however, allow a higher degree of freedom, making possible to explore and fine tune the models to each particular situation. the process of producing forest fire hazard and risk cartography using, exclusively, open source software is fully consolidated, after several years of testing and application in the municipality of pinhel. the fact that open source software is based on standards and support most of the open data formats, allows the complete interoperability between software, allowing the user to opt for the most suitable in each moment. despite our proposal point to a specific set of software, nothing prevents to be replaced by any of the existing alternatives in the wide range of proposals for free and open source software for geospatial. however, qgis increasingly presents itself as the most complete, stable and easy to use foss4g solution, and whose project is more dynamic, with rapid correction of bugs and with almost daily implementation of new plugins that adds specific functionalities to the most diverse areas of activities. pedro venancio b. sc. in geology, postgraduate in free software and m. sc. in geographic information systems. he was a researcher at the centre for geophysics of the university of coimbra, at the national laboratory for civil engineering and is currently responsible for the service of cartography and geographic information systems at the municipality of pinhel. venancio, pedro - cartografia de risco de incendio florestal com software open source - elaboracao e disponibilizacao online ( url : http : / / goo. gl / tsv2e ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5093933033880513, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76d16100-4a1d-4a88-a9c6-adc391cbfcbf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.258700"}
{"text": "there are some interesting things to note in there : i think that ray tracing in the classical sense, of analytically intersecting rays with conventionally defined geometry, whether they be triangle meshes or higher order primitives, i \u2019 m not really bullish on that taking over for primary rendering tasks which is essentially what intel is pushing. but, i do think that there is a very strong possibility as we move towards next generation technologies for a ray tracing architecture that uses a specific data structure, rather than just taking triangles like everybody uses and tracing rays against them and being really, really expensive. it involves ray tracing into a sparse voxel octree which is essentially a geometric evolution of the mega - texture technologies that we \u2019 re doing today for uniquely texturing entire worlds. it \u2019 s clear that what we want to do in the following generation is have unique geometry down to the equivalent of the texel across everything. - ray tracing in the classical sense, in which rays intersect with triangles, is far too expensive for use in games, even with next generation hardware - the sparse voxel octree format permits unique geometry octrees can be used to accelerate ray tracing and store geometry in a compressed format at the same time. quote from a game developer ( rare ) on the voxel octree : storing data in an octree is far more efficient than storing it using textures and polygons ( it ' s basically free compression for both geometry and texture data ). it ' s primarily cool because you stop traversing when the size of the pixel is larger than the projected cell, so you don ' t even need to have all your data in memory, but can stream it in on demand. this means that the amount of data truly is unlimited, or at least the limits are with the artists producing it. you only need a fixed amount of voxels loaded to view a scene, and that doesn ' t change regardless of how big the scene is. the number of voxels required is proportional to the number of pixels on the screen. this is true regardless of how much data you ' re rendering! this is not true for rasterization unless you have some magical per - pixel visibility and lod scheme to cut down the number of pixels and vertices to process, which is impossible to achieve in practice. plus ray casting automatically gives you exact information on what geometry needs to be loaded in from disk, so it ' s a \" perfect \" streaming system, wheras with rasterization it would be very difficult to incrementally load a scene", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5647226438816055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eea54f5-70c2-4727-b883-a7027e92ec81>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.272854"}
{"text": "plus ray casting automatically gives you exact information on what geometry needs to be loaded in from disk, so it ' s a \" perfect \" streaming system, wheras with rasterization it would be very difficult to incrementally load a scene depending on what ' s visible ( because you need to load the scene before you know what ' s visible! ) if you want to model micrometer detail, go ahead, it won ' t be loaded into memory until someone zooms in close enough to see it. voxels that are not intersected can be thrown out of memory. of course you would keep some sort of cache and throw things out on a least recently used basis, but since it ' s hierarchical you can just load in new levels in the hierarchy only when you hit them. voxels have some very interesting benefits compared to polygons : - it ' s a volumetric representation, so you can model very fine details and bumps, without the need for bump mapping. particle effects like smoke, fire and foam can be efficiently rendered without using hacks. voxels are also being used by some big hollywood special effects studio ' s to render hair, fur and grass. - id wants to use voxels to render everything static with real geometry without using normal maps. - voxels can store a color and a normal. for the renderer, textures and geometry are essentially the same. - the position of the voxel is defined implicitely by the structure that is holding it ( the octree ). here ' s the good part : this structure represents both the primitives that need to be intersected and the spatial division of these primitives. so, in contrast to triangle ray tracing which needs a separate spatial division structure ( kd - tree, bvh,... ), voxels are right away structured in a grid or an octree ( this does not mean that other structures can ' t be used as well ). so for voxel ray tracing, octrees are perfect. - voxels are very cheap primitives to intersect, much cheaper than triangles. this is probably their biggest benefit when choosing between voxel and polygon ray tracing. - a voxel octree permits a very natural multiresolution. there ' s no need to go deeper into the octree when the size of a pixel is larger than the underlying cell, so you don ' t have to display detail if it ' s not necessary and you don ' t streal in data that isn ' t visible either way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5085541722076995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eea54f5-70c2-4727-b883-a7027e92ec81>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.274793"}
{"text": "go deeper into the octree when the size of a pixel is larger than the underlying cell, so you don ' t have to display detail if it ' s not necessary and you don ' t streal in data that isn ' t visible either way. - voxels are extremely well suited for local effects ( voxel ray casting ). in contrast to triangle rasterization, there are no problems with transparency, refraction,... there are also major benefits artwise : because voxels are volumetric, you can achieve effects like erosion, aging materials, wear and tear by simply changing the iso value. - ray casting voxels is much less sensitive to scene complexity than triangles ( partly translated from http : / / forum. canardplus. com / showpost. php? p = 1257790 & postcount = 96 ) disadvantages of voxel ray tracing vs polygon ray tracing : - memory. voxel data sets are huge relative to polygon data. but this doesn ' t have to be a problem, since all data can be streamed in. this does however create new challenges when the point of view changes rapidly and a lot of new data bricks have to be streamed in at once. voxels sets have the benefit over polygons that voxel subsets can be loaded in, which permits some sort of progressive refinement. other possible solutions are : using faster hard disks or solid state drives to accelerate the streaming, limiting depth traversal during fast camera movement or masking the streaming with motion blur or depth of field postprocessing. - animation of voxels requires specialized tools - disadvantages of ray tracing in general : dynamic objects require the octree to be updated in realtime. however, there are solutions for dynamic objects which don ' t require updating of the octree ( such as building a deformation lattice around dynamic objects so that when you raycast into it bend the rays as it hits the deformation lattice ). id tech 6 plans to tackle the problem of having many dynamic objects with hybrid rendering. more on dynamic raytracing : dynamic acceleration structures for interactive ray tracing, reinhard, e., smits, b., and hansen, c., in proc. eurographics workshop on rendering, pp. 299 - 306, june 2000. summary : this system uses a grid data structure, allowing dynamic objects to be easily inserted or removed. the grid is tiled in space ( i. e. it wraps around ) to avoid problems with fixed boundaries. they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48512666531019666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eea54f5-70c2-4727-b883-a7027e92ec81>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.276912"}
{"text": "299 - 306, june 2000. summary : this system uses a grid data structure, allowing dynamic objects to be easily inserted or removed. the grid is tiled in space ( i. e. it wraps around ) to avoid problems with fixed boundaries. they also implement a hiearchical grid with data in both internal and leaf nodes ; objects are inserted into the optimal level. towards rapid reconstruction for animated ray tracing, lext and akenine - moller, eurographics 2001. summary : each rigid dynamic object gets its own grid acceleration structure, and rays are transformed into this local coordinate system. surprisingly, they show that this scheme is not a big win for simple scenes, because in simple scenes it is possible to completely rebuild the grid each frame using only about a quarter of the runtime. but, this would probably not be true for a k - d or bsp tree. distributed interactive ray tracing of dynamic scenes, wald, benthin, and slusallek, proc. ieee symp. on parallel and large - data visualization and graphics ( pvg ), 2003. summary : this system uses ray transformation ( into object coordinate system ) for rigid movement, and bsp rebuild for unstructured movement. a top - level bsp tree is rebuilt every frame to hold bounding volumes for the moving objects. performance is still an issue for unstructured movement. interactive space deformation with hardware assisted rendering, ieee computer graphics and applications, vol 17, no 6, 1997, pp. 66 - 77. summary : instead of deforming objects directly, this system deforms the space in which they reside ( using 1 - to - 1 deformations ). during raytracing, the rays are deformed into the object space instead of deforming the objects into the ray space. however, the resulting deformed rays are no longer straight, so they must be discretized into short line segments to perform the actual ray - object intersection tests. ray casting free - form deformed - volume objects, haixin chen, jurgen hesser, reinhard manner a collection of techniques is developed in this paper for ray casting free - form deformed - volume objects with high quality and efficiency. the known inverse ray deformation approach is combined with free - form deformation to bend the rays to the opposite direction of the deformation, producing an image of the deformed volume without generating a really deformed intermediate volume. the local curvature is estimated and used for the adaptive selection of the length of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5486151780143084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eea54f5-70c2-4727-b883-a7027e92ec81>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.278984"}
{"text": "last summer during a dive with pacific adventure charters in hood canal, washington, a group of reef pacific advanced assessment team ( aat ) surveyors came across something unexpected. as part of reef \u2019 s funded project with the russell family foundation, the team \u2019 s goal was to look for invasive tunicates and do reef marine life surveys on several previously unsurveyed sites. while they found the invasive tunicates they were looking for, they also found a derelict fishing net that was damaging fragile habitat and ensnaring marine life. aat members, pete naylor, steve rubin and janna nichols found the abandoned gill net on a wall, amid large growths of cloud sponge ( aphrocallistes vastus ), one of puget sound \u2019 s rarest and longest lived animals and an invertebrate species monitored in the reef pacific northwest volunteer survey project program. as the name implies, cloud sponges form pale, irregular cloud - shaped colonies, which can be more than ten feet across and seven feet high. these colonies attach to rocky surfaces and provide complex habitat for a variety of marine species. the nearly invisible monofilament derelict gill net was draped over and around the cloud sponge colonies, clearly causing damage. dungeness crab and other invertebrates lay dead and entangled in the net \u2019 s folds. concerned by what she saw that day, janna contacted the northwest straits commission, a regional marine conservation initiative that runs a derelict gear removal program. given the net \u2019 s direct threat to the safety of divers and that it was causing clear harm to marine life and habitat, the commission made removing the gill net in dewatto bay a high priority. after an initial search in the fall 2007 that failed to locate the net, the net was successfully located with the help of reef members keith clements and rob holman. trained commercial divers removed the net from the fragile cloud sponge reef earlier this month. it was clear during the removal operation that the net had swung in the current and scraped much of the rocky outcrop clean of marine life. but cloud sponge colonies were still present on either side. the initial reef survey conducted last summer will now serve as a baseline for future monitoring. a reef team, including janna, pete and steve are planning to revisit the site in may to note any signs of recovery. jeff june, the initiative \u2019 s derelict gear program lead commented about the collaborative effort : \u201c this particular net removal effort shows the importance of the reef divers participation in these types of projects. we would have probably", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44678243139738416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec0441cf-281e-4227-b0e5-371857cb8bd8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.306118"}
{"text": "in may to note any signs of recovery. jeff june, the initiative \u2019 s derelict gear program lead commented about the collaborative effort : \u201c this particular net removal effort shows the importance of the reef divers participation in these types of projects. we would have probably never known there was a gillnet in the vicinity of these amazing sponges had the reef folks not been monitoring the site. \u201d janna made this observation about encountering the net : \u201c from a diver ' s point of view, it ' s really shocking to see firsthand just how much marine life a derelict net can snare and kill. we spend hours underwater all around the waters of washington state, and are specifically attracted to viewing and protecting all the amazing wildlife we can on each dive. seeing trapped and dead or dying fish and invertebrates is a real shame. derelict gear not only poses hazards to all the marine life they continue to snare and kill, but to divers as well, because of the entanglement hazards. \u201d if you are a pacific northwest diver, you can report derelict fishing gear in washington through the wdfw sighting form. other states have similar programs. reef scientists, volunteers and collaborators will be in the cayman islands next month for the 8th year of the grouper moon project. thanks to a three - year grant awarded last year by the lenfest ocean program of the pew charitable trusts, reef has greatly expanded the critical conservation research conducted as part of this study of nassau grouper spawning aggregations. we will have teams on all three of the cayman islands conducting field research as part of the project, \u201c the reproductive biology of remnant nassau grouper stocks : implications for cayman islands marine protected area ( mpa ) management \u201d. the little cayman team will continue the long - term visual monitoring of the large aggregation located there. work on grand cayman and cayman brac will focus on studying the remnant aggregations that remain on these islands after years of fishing. there is currently a harvest ban in effect for all aggregations in the islands. this ban is set to be lifted in 2011 unless the extension of the protections are warranted. despite logistical complications, weather anomalies and difficulties locating fish, the grouper moon project had a successful year of field - work in 2008. the team conducted preliminary work on cayman brac and grand cayman, tagging nassau grouper with pinger acoustic tags and then installing hydrophone arrays to track the movements of those tagged individuals. studies were also conducted to better understand the patterns of recruitment by larval and juvenile nassau grouper to the islands.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4610953667337407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec0441cf-281e-4227-b0e5-371857cb8bd8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.308205"}
{"text": "cayman, tagging nassau grouper with pinger acoustic tags and then installing hydrophone arrays to track the movements of those tagged individuals. studies were also conducted to better understand the patterns of recruitment by larval and juvenile nassau grouper to the islands. in addition, members of our team attended major scientific conferences both nationally and internationally, and presented aspects of our research and findings to date. in the winter of 2002, reef launched the grouper moon project with a ground breaking expedition to observe the nassau grouper spawning aggregation off the western tip of little cayman and to develop a protocol for monitoring their numbers and activity at the site. since that first year, reef has coordinated annual efforts to monitor and study the little cayman nassau grouper aggregation. the project has grown in scope to include an ambitious acoustic tagging research project, juvenile habitat and genetics studies, and early results have been published in the scientific literature. this work is a collaboration with the cayman islands department of the environment and researchers from oregon state university. to find out more, visit the grouper moon project webpage. as part of reef ' s efforts to increase awareness about the invasive lionfish, train removal teams and develop regional response plans, reef recently conducted a series of workshops, talks and lionfish removals in partnership with the gray ' s reef national marine sanctuary ( grnms ) in georgia and the cozumel marine park in mexico. combined the two projects held in july 2009 included 15 talks to more than 370 people. the gray ' s reef project included a meeting of sanctuary personnel from the florida keys, flower garden banks and gray ' s reef national marine sanctuaries, working to develop a regional coordinated response plan. sanctuary and reef staff also conducted two days of lionfish collecting and handling dives, including the removal of 54 lionfish averaging almost 30 cm from sites just outside the grnms boundaries. talks to the general public, sanctuary advisory council and georgia law enforcement working groups also helped increase awareness of the lionfish issue and conveyed removal plans for the region. immediately following the gray ' s reef project, a week - long series of workshops and talks were held in mexico to initiate development of the mexican regional lionfish response plan focusing on the yucatan. an initial day - long meeting included over 40 representatives, including national environmental regulators, regional marine park directors, conservation and science groups, academia and the mexican navy. presentations and discussions resulted in the development of an early detection / rapid response plan. the plan was then unveiled in numerous public and key user group talks including those to dive operators", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48798259420783685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec0441cf-281e-4227-b0e5-371857cb8bd8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.311364"}
{"text": "regional marine park directors, conservation and science groups, academia and the mexican navy. presentations and discussions resulted in the development of an early detection / rapid response plan. the plan was then unveiled in numerous public and key user group talks including those to dive operators, fishermen, medical / first responders and university groups. training dives with marine park staff also resulted in the removal of 3 juvenile lionfish from local cozumel reefs. to find out more about reef ' s lionfish research program and to report a lionfish or other non - native fish sighting, visit the reef lionfish webpage. share on facebook for the next 10 days ( starting 10am pst on march 25 ), the original \" grumpy \" grouper painting will be up for auction on ebay. bidding ends on april 4. own the original painting by rogest and at the same time benefit an endangered reef fish species. proceeds from this auction will go to the support reef ' s important work on nassau grouper spawning aggregations. last summer, reef friend and world famous painter, diver and character extraordinaire, ron steven ( aka rogest ), created a brand new piece celebrating the nassau grouper. rogest was inspired after talking with reef scientists about the reef grouper moon project and the important conservation research being done to study one of the last remaining spawning aggregations of the endangered nassau grouper. rogest painted \" grumpy \", which features the face of a nassau grouper, with the tag line \" extinction makes me grumpy \". he has since been inspired to create additional pieces with grumpy. \u201c the ocean is a gift, and it offers us the privilege, opportunity, and responsibility to give something back by becoming more. my life is the ocean and its critters. i created this grumpy grouper for reef. it is my hope it will give a little back to the ocean we all love so much. \" - - rogest the original \" grumpy \" painting is 18 \" x24 \", created with acrylic, saltwater and sand on 100 % cotton canvas, stretched ready to frame or hang. place your bid today and help make this auction a success! for the ninth year in a row, new england ' s scuba - diving community hosted the largest single - day great annual fish count ( gafc ) event. on july 24, 2010, a stunning 104 divers conducted 114 fish surveys at 13 locations around cape ann and southern maine. after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44061147729274786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec0441cf-281e-4227-b0e5-371857cb8bd8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.314282"}
{"text": ", new england ' s scuba - diving community hosted the largest single - day great annual fish count ( gafc ) event. on july 24, 2010, a stunning 104 divers conducted 114 fish surveys at 13 locations around cape ann and southern maine. after conducting their surveys, divers gathered at stage fort park in glouster, ma, for fun, food, and prizes ( over $ 8, 000 in prizes were donated for the event ). the event was coordinated by active reef volunteers, holly martel bourbon and bob michelson, and was sponsored by the new england aquarium dive club. with support from the stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary, reef expanded the fish survey project to the northeast in 2001 and participation has been slowly growing ever since. we are currently working to increase the frequency that divers conduct surveys, taking it beyond the one - day gafc event. regional survey and training materials are currently being revised, and a companion invertebrate monitoring program for the area is also now in development. reef is proud to partner with over 130 dive shops, dive clubs, individuals, and other organizations as reef field stations. this month we feature reef watch waikiki in hawaii, which has been a field station for about a year. reef watch waikiki is a project of the university of hawaii sea grant college program and their mission is to inspire and facilitate community stewardship of the famed waikiki coastline. they coordinate a suite of ocean education and marine monitoring programs, which began in february 2009 with \" beach watch \", a human - use monitoring program, followed by \" fish watch \" in february 2010. fish watch trains community volunteers and visitors in the reef method and encourages participants to conduct surveys in the waikiki marine life conservation district. this unique site is a small, no - take marine protected area located along a largely \" engineered \" shoreline that is heavily utilized by both visitors and residents. reef watch waikiki has really embraced the reef program and we are thrilled to have this active partner on oahu, an island that previously had very few reef surveys. coordinator, jennifer barret, says that her favorite things about the reef program are \" to see people ' s excitement and enthusiasm when they participate in their first survey and see fish, yes, even in waikiki!, as well as the easy access online to the database. \" in the past year, since becoming a reef field station, the folks at reef watch waikiki have offered 17 reef classes and have coordinated 15 snorkel surveys ( because of uh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4372836754134919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec0441cf-281e-4227-b0e5-371857cb8bd8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.317228"}
{"text": ", as well as the easy access online to the database. \" in the past year, since becoming a reef field station, the folks at reef watch waikiki have offered 17 reef classes and have coordinated 15 snorkel surveys ( because of uh requirements for scuba, they stick to snorkeling )! thanks to grant funding that they secured, reef watch waikiki provides reef starter kits and a supply of underwater survey paper to most of their volunteers. for participants who happen to have a favorite snorkel spot outside of waikiki, they take advantage of the opportunity for a ' field trip ' to help out with obtaining gps coordinates for new surveys sites. they also connect their volunteers with monthly dives planned by another local reef field station, fin oahu. in order to share sightings and post information about their monitoring efforts, they recently started a blog, which has been a great way to keep the community informed of their activities and to experiment with online resources like quizzes and ( coming - soon ) self - paced training modules. a big fish thanks to reef watch waikiki - keep up the great work! reef members are at the heart of our grassroots marine conservation programs. over 43, 000 divers, snorkelers, students, and armchair naturalists stand behind our mission. this month we highlight mike phelan ( reef member since 1998 ). mike is a member of our golden hamlet club, having conducted over 1, 000 surveys ( 1, 211 to be exact! ), and he is a member of the advanced assessment team in the tropical western atlantic. in addition to being an active reef surveyor, mike has been documenting an annual aggregation of goliath grouper in florida. here ' s what mike had to say about reef : when and how did you first volunteer with reef? i read an article in skin diver magazine over 12 years ago. shortly thereafter, i signed up for a reef field survey trip to saba and several other nearby islands on a live aboard. since then, i have participated in seven reef field surveys and several reef advanced assessment team surveys in the florida keys. the most memorable was my trip to st. vincent. i was fortunate to add several fish to my species life list including the illusive black brotula. my favorite part of being a reef member is interacting with fellow citizen scientists. what inspires you to complete reef surveys? what is the most interesting thing you \u2019 ve learned doing a reef fish survey? i believe that reef members occupy a somewhat unique position to make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44071295389106674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec0441cf-281e-4227-b0e5-371857cb8bd8>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.320154"}
{"text": "part of being a reef member is interacting with fellow citizen scientists. what inspires you to complete reef surveys? what is the most interesting thing you \u2019 ve learned doing a reef fish survey? i believe that reef members occupy a somewhat unique position to make a dive that really counts. i find that the focused experience of completing a survey opens up your eyes to the entire reef ecosystem including fish behaviors, the surrounding benthic community, and both species presence and absence. i have been a diver for over 44 years, and i can state with certainty that you need to enlarge your diving hobby beyond \u201c blowing bubbles \u201d to keep that inquisitiveness that attracted you to diving in the first place. do you dive close to where you live, and if so, what is the best part about diving there? i live in se florida and most of my diving takes place on the off - shore reef system of jupiter, florida. jupiter is a unique location. it is the only known aggregation and spawning site for the goliath grouper ( epinephelus itajara ) in the se united states. in the late summer, aggregations of 30 - 50 goliath groupers can be seen. since the species was almost fished to extinction in the late 1980s, it is a privilege to witness its repopulation on the reefs of florida. jupiter is also a major nesting site for three species of sea turtle ( leatherback, loggerhead, and green ). in the spring and summer, the reefs abound in turtles. they are very cool animals. lastly, there is a winter aggregation of lemon sharks ( negaprion brevirostris ) and seeing them is quite a thrill. do you have a favorite local ( or not ) reef field station or dive shop? my favorite dive shop is the jupiter dive center. they are very supportive of the goliath grouper research. what is the most fascinating fish encounter you \u2019 ve experienced? while bluewater drift diving in the gulf stream near jupiter, i sighted a large sailfish that turned sharply upon sensing me and thereby displayed its sail. last year, i was able to see the flashlightfish in a cave at night in the solomon islands. the flashing light was very disorienting since you were hovering in completely black water while the blinking lights of about 30 fish turned on and off. the number one fish that i would like to see is the sawfish ( pristis pectinata ). do you have any surveying, fishwatching", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4750031630253806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec0441cf-281e-4227-b0e5-371857cb8bd8>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.323001"}
{"text": "hovering in completely black water while the blinking lights of about 30 fish turned on and off. the number one fish that i would like to see is the sawfish ( pristis pectinata ). do you have any surveying, fishwatching, or identification tips for reef members? my recommendation for all fish surveyors is to slow down and let nature emerge right in front of you. carry a point and shoot type camera to aid in identification after the dive. this can be very helpful with the smaller gobies and blennies. in your opinion, what is the most important aspect of reef \u2019 s projects and programs? by far, the database containing the fish and sea turtle sightings gains ever more importance each year. there really is no other information source on the planet containing the number of reported survey dives with such a broad geographic scope. every month, scientists, government agencies, and other groups request raw data from reef \u2019 s fish survey project database. here is a sampling of who has asked for reef data recently and what they are using it for : - a researcher from the seattle aquarium is using reef data on rockfish populations from washington state to analyze with other long - term monitoring data. - the nature conservancy in washington state is using reef data to evaluate patterns of biodiversity in the salish sea and oregon. - a citizen group from the florida keys is using data from areas around key largo to evaluate the status of fish populations on reefs that are not currently protected within the existing network of sanctuary preservation areas. - a scientist from university of connecticut is using reef data collected in gray ' s reef national marine sanctuary in georgia. we are excited to announce our 2013 field survey schedule. spaces are already starting to fill up so reserve yours today. these trips offer a great introduction to fish identification for novice fishwatchers, and are a fun way for experienced surveyors to build their life list while interacting with fellow fishwatchers. each trip features daily classroom seminars and a full diving schedule. complete package details and prices can be found online at www. reef. org / trips. to find out more about any of these trips or to book your space, contact our travel consultants at caradonna at 1 - 877 - 295 - 7333 ( reef ), or via e - mail reef @ caradonna. com. make a dive trip that counts! dates and destinations for 2013 - - may 11 - 21, 2013 fiji, aboard the nai ' a, led by paul humann may 18 - 25,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4710637978877583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec0441cf-281e-4227-b0e5-371857cb8bd8>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.326135"}
{"text": "e - mail reef @ caradonna. com. make a dive trip that counts! dates and destinations for 2013 - - may 11 - 21, 2013 fiji, aboard the nai ' a, led by paul humann may 18 - 25, 2013 southern bahamas, lionfish research cruise aboard explorer ii, led by lad akins, reef director of special projects, and peter hughes july 13 - 20, 2013 little cayman, southern cross club, led by paul humann, reef co - founder and renowned underwater photographer and marine life author july 20 - 27, 2013 utila, deep blue utila, led by ned and anna deloach, reef board members and world - famous marine life authors and photographer / videographers september 25 - 28, 2013 barkley sound, british columbia with rendezvous dive adventures. led by janna nichols, reef outreach coordinator october 5 - 12, 2013 grenada, with true blue bay resort and aquanauts diving. led by dr. christy pattengill - semmens, reef director of science december 3 - 12, 2013 socorro islands, aboard rocio del mar, led by andy dehart and marty snyderman, shark experts, photographers, and reef board members december 7 - 14, 2013 cozumel, aqua safari, led by tracey griffin and sheryl shea, reef fish experts and cozumel naturalists 2012 trips with space available - - july 14 - 21, 2012 - lionfish research in dominica - dive dominica and anchorage hotel, led by lad akins, reef director of special projects july 28 - august 4, 2012 - san salvador, bahamas - riding rock inn and marina, led by paul humann, reef co - founder and renowned underwater photographer and marine life author september 22 - 29, 2012 - sea of cortez, baja mexico - rocio del mar liveaboard, led by drs. christy and brice semmens, reef director of science, reef researcher october 6 - 13, 2012 - bermuda - triangle diving and grotto bay hotel, led by ned and anna deloach, reef board members and world - famous marine life authors and photographer / videographers november 10 - 17, 2012 - british virgin islands - cuan law liveaboard, led by heather george, reef expert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3763971914208454, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec0441cf-281e-4227-b0e5-371857cb8bd8>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.327156"}
{"text": ", rosdiana ( 1997 ) a morphological study of malang reversion usage. bachelor thesis, petra christian university. full text not available from this repository. malang walikan is a kind of language that uses reversed words in which malang people use in their daily - conversation, especially in informal talks. usually it is the younger generations who use such language more often than the older ones. there are three reasons why the writer is interested in analyzing malang reversion. the first reason is because she has many friends who live in malang and use the reversion everyday. the second is she is curious about the usage of malang reversion. she becomes more interested in such reversion after she read a thesis of malang reversion done by former student of ikip malang in 1976. this study tries to find out the various types of malang walikan. another important focus of this study is to determine the source languages of malang walikan. this study is also a kind of further study of similar research conducted by melik sumanandar. the reason is to find out the proves of the writer ' s disagreement to sumanandar ' s findings. after a thorough analysis, it is revealed that malang walikan can be divided into three types of words ; systematic reversion, fluctuated reversion, and slang. there is a particular formula to form systematic reversion, while the other two types could not be found any formula. the formula is : p l + p 2 +..... + p x becomes px + p ( x - 1 ) +...... + p1 the words of systematic and fluctuated reversions are derived from indonesian and javanese since the people of malang are influenced by the usage of both languages. thus, the domination of indonesian words can be seen obviously in both types of reversion. | item type : | | thesis ( bachelor ) | | date deposited : | | 23 mar 2011 18 : 48 | | last modified : | | 31 mar 2011 21 : 41 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.533097382802854, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ee966bc-dfce-4402-a5d9-023ec50fc553>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.329247"}
{"text": "health matters : \u2018 i \u2019 m no racist, but \u2026 \u2019 : hidden messages in everyday conversations by mina tanaka medical student and member of the student group, physicians for social responsibility, university of illinois college of medicine at rockford i was recently seeing patients with a doctor when one of the patients asked me, \u201c where are you from? \u201d \u201c chicago, \u201d i answered. \u201c no, i mean, where are you really from? \u201d i knew that what he wanted to hear was \u201c japan, \u201d because i \u2019 ve done this song and dance so many times before. this seemingly innocent interaction is commonly experienced by many minority individuals. but this question can have a way of making people feel as if they don \u2019 t belong. the hidden messages are : \u201c hi, you look different to me, \u201d or even, \u201c hey, you \u2019 re not a true american. \u201d psychologists refer to these subtle everyday insults that alienate and offend people of different ethnicities and backgrounds \u2014 including gender, sexual orientation, religions, disability and age \u2014 as \u201c microaggressions. \u201d these microaggressions are often delivered by well - meaning people who have no idea they are engaging in harmful behavior. in this way, they are different from more obvious macroaggressions, like hate crimes and racial slurs. microaggressions could be non - verbal actions, like designating women to less physical duties around the workplace or in the home ( hidden message : women are weak and incapable of physical labor ). they could even come in the form of compliments, such as the case with vice president joe biden describing president barack obama as an ideal candidate because he is \u201c the first mainstream african - american who is articulate and bright and clean and a nice - looking guy \u201d ( hidden message : all other african - americans are inarticulate and dumb ). many of these occurrences of microaggressions can seem trivial, but research indicates they have a big impact on people \u2019 s quality of life by affecting their mental health, physical health and school / work performances. researchers have found that experiences of microaggressions are linked to increased risks of depression, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, colds and poor breast cancer survival because of the elevated level of stress caused by such perceived prejudices. other researchers have shown that women and african - american students did poorly on standardized exams when they were primed with stereotypes on gender or race. for example, if the female subjects were told that women usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49260188290423823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8f22d83-f1e1-4b47-b0b2-8d3c7d8e009a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.333115"}
{"text": "level of stress caused by such perceived prejudices. other researchers have shown that women and african - american students did poorly on standardized exams when they were primed with stereotypes on gender or race. for example, if the female subjects were told that women usually did not do well on a particular test compared to men, they scored noticeably lower than women who took the exact same test without such a \u201c warning. \u201d the hidden messages in microaggressions, in spirit, do the same thing : enforce stereotypes. by doing so, we are essentially setting up certain marginalized people for failure. some readers may think this kind of thinking is simply being hypersensitive. my goal is not to stifle free expression or make certain people angry. rather, i am hoping to encourage more introspection and cultivate an environment for thoughtful discussion. as an asian american woman myself, the idea of microaggression helped make sense of some of my own experiences. until then, i had a hard time putting my finger on why i felt disturbed when people told me i seemed very american or when someone asked me what i was trying to prove by joining the high school wrestling team. it also made me realize that certain things i said to other people may have been offensive. in short, i would like people to think twice before making comments based on someone \u2019 s race / ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, disability, religion or age, but i am not saying you should ignore those differences. i \u2019 m encouraging the thoughtful consideration of comments we might make before we say them and, of course, we might decide that a statement is not offensive after thinking about it. however, if you \u2019 re still not sure, discuss it with the person you \u2019 re talking to. if you are on the receiving end of a comment or question that has insulted you, speak up! the more we talk about it and the more aware we become of the issue, the more likely we are to change our speech and behavior. after all, most microaggressions occur because the speaker is unaware that what they are saying can be hurtful or demeaning. for more examples of microaggressions, visit the microaggressions project at www. microaggressions. com. from the jan. 23 - 29, 2013, issue print this article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.506694123342661, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8f22d83-f1e1-4b47-b0b2-8d3c7d8e009a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.333971"}
{"text": "guide for the perplexed, by moses maimonides, friedlander tr., at sacred - texts. com the term hokmah ( \" wisdom \" ) in hebrew is used of four different things : ( 1 ) it denotes the knowledge of those truths which lead to the knowledge of god. comp. \" but where shall wisdom be found? \" ( job xxviii. 12 ) ; \" if thou seekest her like silver \" ( prov. ii. 4 ). the word occurs frequently in this sense. ( 2 ) the expression hokmah denotes also knowledge of any workmanship. comp. \" and every wise - hearted among you shall come and make all that the lord hath commanded \" ( exod. xxxv. 10 ) ; \" and all the women that were wise - hearted did spin \" ( ibid. ver. 25 ). ( 3 ) it is also used of the acquisition of moral principles. comp. \" and teach his senators wisdom \" ( ps. cv. 22 ) ; \" with the ancient is wisdom \" ( job xii. 12 ) ; for it is chiefly the disposition for acquiring moral principles that is developed by old age alone. ( 4 ) it implies, lastly, the notion of cunning and subtlety ; comp. \" come on, let us deal wisely with them \" ( exod. i. 10 ). in the same sense the term is used in the following passages : \" and fetched thence a wise woman \" ( 2 sam. xiv. 2 ) ; \" they are wise to do evil \" ( jer. iv. 22 ). it is possible that the hebrew hokmah ( \" wisdom \" ) expresses the idea of cunning and planning, which may serve in one case as a means of acquiring intellectual perfection, or good moral principles ; but may in another case produce skill in workmanship, or even be employed in establishing bad opinions and principles. the attribute hakam ( \" wise \" ) is therefore given to a person that possesses great intellectual faculties, or good moral principles, or skill in art ; but also to persons cunning in evil deeds and principles. according to this explanation, a person that has a true knowledge of the whole law is called wise in a double sense ; he is wise because the law instructs him in the highest truths, and secondly, because it teaches him good morals. but as the truths contained in the law are taught by way of tradition, not by a philosophical method, the knowledge of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5391992079877782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb53a8d1-6a73-4add-9481-0213deca92ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.349073"}
{"text": "he is wise because the law instructs him in the highest truths, and secondly, because it teaches him good morals. but as the truths contained in the law are taught by way of tradition, not by a philosophical method, the knowledge of the law, and the acquisition of true wisdom, are treated in the books of the prophets and in the words of our sages as two different things ; real wisdom demonstrates by proof those truths which scripture teaches us by way of tradition. it is to this kind of wisdom, which proves the truth of the law, that scripture refers when it extols wisdom, and speaks of the high value of this perfection, and of the consequent paucity of men capable of acquiring it, in sayings like these : \" not many are wise \" ( job xxxii. 9 ) ; \" but where shall wisdom be found \" ( ibid. xxviii. 12 )? in the writings of our sages we notice likewise many passages in which distinction is made between knowledge of the law and wisdom. they say of moses, our teacher, that he was father in the knowledge of the law, in wisdom and in prophecy. when scripture says of solomon, \" and he was wiser than all men \" ( 1 kings v. 11 ), our sages add, \" but not greater than moses \" ; and the phrase, \" than all men, \" is explained to mean, \" than all men of his generation \" ; for this reason [ only ] \" heman, chalcol, and darda, the sons of mahol, \" the renowned wise men of that time, are named. our sages further say, that man has first to render account concerning his knowledge of the law, then concerning the acquisition of wisdom, and at last concerning the lessons derived by logical conclusions from the law, i. e., the lessons concerning his actions. this is also the right order : we must first learn the truths by tradition, after this we must be taught how to prove them, and then investigate the actions that help to improve man ' s ways. the idea that man will have to render account concerning these three things in the order described, is expressed by our sages in the following passage : \" when man comes to the trial, he is first asked, ' hast thou fixed certain seasons for the study of the law? hast thou been engaged in the acquisition of wisdom? hast thou derived from one thing another thing? ' \" this proves that our sages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44916261728989193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb53a8d1-6a73-4add-9481-0213deca92ca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.350015"}
{"text": "trial, he is first asked, ' hast thou fixed certain seasons for the study of the law? hast thou been engaged in the acquisition of wisdom? hast thou derived from one thing another thing? ' \" this proves that our sages distinguished between the knowledge of the law on the one hand, and wisdom on the other, as the means of proving the lessons taught in the law by correct reasoning. hear now what i have to say after having given the above explanation. the ancient and the modem philosophers have shown that man can acquire four kinds of perfection. the first kind, the lowest, in the acquisition of which people spend their days, is perfection as regards property ; the possession of money, garments, furniture, servants, land, and the like ; the possession of the title of a great king belongs to this class. there is no close connexion between this possession and its possessor ; it is a perfectly imaginary relation when on account of the great advantage a person derives from these possessions, he says, this is my house, this is my servant, this is my money, and these are my hosts and armies. for when he examines himself he will find that all these things are external, and their qualities are entirely independent of the possessor. when, therefore, that relation ceases, he that has been a great king may one morning find that there is no difference between him and the lowest person, and yet no change has taken place in the things which were ascribed to him. the philosophers have shown that he whose sole aim in all his exertions and endeavours is the possession of this kind of perfection, only seeks perfectly imaginary and transient things ; and even if these remain his property all his lifetime, they do not give him any perfection. the second kind is more closely related to man ' s body than the first. it includes the perfection of the shape, constitution, and form of mans body ; the utmost evenness of temperaments, and the proper order and strength of his limbs. this kind of perfection must likewise be excluded from forming our chief aim ; because it is a perfection of the body, and man does not possess it as man, but as a living being : he has this property besides in common with the lowest animal ; and even if a person possesses the greatest possible strength, he could not be as strong as a mule, much less can he be as strong as a lion or an elephant ; he, therefore, can at the utmost have strength that might enable him to carry a heavy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5546493645862656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb53a8d1-6a73-4add-9481-0213deca92ca>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.351113"}
{"text": "a person possesses the greatest possible strength, he could not be as strong as a mule, much less can he be as strong as a lion or an elephant ; he, therefore, can at the utmost have strength that might enable him to carry a heavy burden, or break a thick substance, or do similar things, in which there is no great profit for the body. the soul derives no profit whatever from this kind of perfection. the third kind of perfection is more closely connected with man himself than the second perfection. it includes moral perfection, the highest degree of excellency in man ' s character. most of the precepts aim at producing this perfection ; but even this kind is only a preparation for another perfection, and is not sought for its own sake. for all moral principles concern the relation of man to his neighbour ; the perfection of man ' s moral principles is, as it were, given to man for the benefit of mankind. imagine a person being alone, and having no connexion whatever with any other person, all his good moral principles are at rest, they are not required, and give man no perfection whatever. these principles are only necessary and useful when man comes in contact with others. the fourth kind of perfection is the true perfection of man : the possession of the highest, intellectual faculties ; the possession of such notions which lead to true metaphysical opinions as regards god. with this perfection man has obtained his final object ; it gives him true human perfection ; it remains to him alone ; it gives him immortality, and on its account he is called man. examine the first three kinds of perfection, you will find that, if you possess them, they are not your property, but the property of others ; according to the ordinary view, however, they belong to you and to others. but the last kind of perfection is exclusively yours ; no one else owns any part of it, \" they shall be only thine own, and not strangers ' with thee \" ( prov. v. 17 ). your aim must therefore be to attain this [ fourth ] perfection that is exclusively yours, and you ought not to continue to work and weary yourself for that which belongs to others, whilst neglecting your soul till it has lost entirely its original purity through the dominion of the bodily powers over it. the same idea is expressed in the beginning of those poems, which allegorically represent the state of our soul. \" my mother ' s children were angry with me ; they made me the keeper of the vineyards ; but mine own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5404628264151292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb53a8d1-6a73-4add-9481-0213deca92ca>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.352278"}
{"text": "powers over it. the same idea is expressed in the beginning of those poems, which allegorically represent the state of our soul. \" my mother ' s children were angry with me ; they made me the keeper of the vineyards ; but mine own vineyard have i not kept \" ( song i. 6 ). also the following passage refers to the same subject, \" lest thou give thine honour unto others, and thy years unto the cruel \" ( prov. v. 9 ). the prophets have likewise explained unto us these things, and have expressed the same opinion on them as the philosophers. they say distinctly that perfection in property, in health, or in character, is not a perfection worthy to be sought as a cause of pride and glory for us : that the knowledge of god, i. e., true wisdom, is the only perfection which we should seek, and in which we should glorify ourselves. jeremiah, referring to these four kinds of perfection, says : \" thus saith the lord, let not the wise man glory in his wisdom, neither let the mighty man glory in his might, let not the rich man glory in his riches ; but let him that glorieth glory in this, that he understandeth and knoweth me \" ( jer. ix. 22, 23 ). see how the prophet arranged them according to their estimation in the eyes of the multitude. the rich man occupies the first rank ; next is the mighty man ; and then the wise man ; that is, the man of good moral principles : for in the eyes of the multitude, who are addressed in these words, he is likewise a great man. this is the reason why the three classes are enumerated in this order. our sages have likewise derived from this passage the above - mentioned lessons, and stated the same theory that has been explained in this chapter, viz., that the simple term hokmah, as a rule, denotes the highest aim of man, the knowledge of god ; that those properties which man acquires, makes his peculiar treasure, and considers as his perfection, in reality do not include any perfection : and that the religious acts prescribed in the law, viz., the various kinds of worship and the moral principles which benefit all people in their social intercourse with each other, do not constitute the ultimate aim of man, nor can they be compared to it, for they are but preparations leading to it. hear the opinion of our sages on this subject in their own words. the passage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5260485225261176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb53a8d1-6a73-4add-9481-0213deca92ca>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.353292"}
{"text": "their social intercourse with each other, do not constitute the ultimate aim of man, nor can they be compared to it, for they are but preparations leading to it. hear the opinion of our sages on this subject in their own words. the passage occurs in bereshit rabba, and runs thus, \" in one place scripture says, ' and all things that are desirable ( hafazim ) are not to be compared to her ' ( prov. viii. 11 ) ; and in another place, ' and all things that thou desirest ( hafazeha ) are not to be compared unto her ' \" ( ibid. iii. 15 ). by \" things that are desirable \" the performance of divine precepts and good deeds is to be understood, whilst \" things that thou desirest \" refer to precious stones and pearls. both - - things that are desirable, and things that thou desirest - - cannot be compared to wisdom, but \" in this let him that glorieth glory, that he understandeth and knoweth me. \" consider how concise this saying is, and how perfect its author ; how nothing is here omitted of all that we have put forth after lengthy explanations and preliminary remarks. having stated the sublime ideas contained in that scriptural passage, and quoted the explanation of our sages, we will now complete what the remainder of that passage teaches us. the prophet does not content himself with explaining that the knowledge of god is the highest kind of perfection ; for if this only had been his intention, he would have said, \" but in this let him who glorieth glory, that he understandeth and knoweth me, \" and would have stopped there ; or he would have said, \" that he understandeth and knoweth me that i am one, \" or, \" that i have not any likeness, \" or, \" that there is none like me, \" or a similar phrase. he says, however, that man can only glory in the knowledge of god and in the knowledge of his ways and attributes, which are his actions, as we have shown ( part 1. liv. ) in expounding the passage, \" show me now thy ways \" ( exod. xxxviii. 13 ). we are thus told in this passage that the divine acts which ought to be known, and ought to serve as a guide for our actions, are, hesed, \" loving - kindness, \" mishpat, \" judgment, \" and ze", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5361097631522133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb53a8d1-6a73-4add-9481-0213deca92ca>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.354385"}
{"text": ". we are thus told in this passage that the divine acts which ought to be known, and ought to serve as a guide for our actions, are, hesed, \" loving - kindness, \" mishpat, \" judgment, \" and zedakah, \" righteousness. \" another very important lesson is taught by the additional phrase, \" in the earth. \" it implies a fundamental principle of the law ; it rejects the theory of those who boldly assert that god ' s providence does not extend below the sphere of the moon, and that the earth with its contents is abandoned, that \" the lord hath forsaken the earth \" ( ez. viii. 12 ). it teaches, as has been taught by the greatest of all wise men in the words, \" the earth is the lord ' s \" ( exod. ix. 29 ), that his providence extends to the earth in accordance with its nature, in the same manner as it controls the heavens in accordance with their nature. this is expressed in the words, \" that i am the lord which exercise loving - kindness, judgment, and righteousness in the earth. \" the prophet thus, in conclusion, says, \" for in these things i delight, saith the lord, \" i. e., my object [ in saying this ] is that you shall practise loving - kindness, judgment, and righteousness in the earth. in a similar manner we have shown ( part i. liv. ) that the object of the enumeration of god ' s thirteen attributes is the lesson that we should acquire similar attributes and act accordingly. the object of the above passage is therefore to declare, that the perfection, in which man can truly glory, is attained by him when he has acquired - - as far as this is possible for man - - the knowledge of god, the knowledge of his providence, and of the manner in which it influences his creatures in their production and continued existence. having acquired this knowledge he will then be determined always to seek loving - kindness, judgment, and righteousness, and thus to imitate the ways of god. we have explained this many times in this treatise. this is all that i thought proper to discuss in this treatise, and which i considered useful for men like you. i hope that, by the help of god, you will, after due reflection, comprehend all the things which i have treated here. may he grant us and all israel with us to attain what he promised us, \" then the eyes of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5204754012396751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb53a8d1-6a73-4add-9481-0213deca92ca>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.355391"}
{"text": "gods and fighting men, by lady gregory,, at sacred - texts. com but as to the tuatha de danaan after they were beaten, they would not go under the sway of the sons of miled, but they went away by themselves. and because manannan, son of lir, understood all enchantments, they left it to him to find places for them where they would be safe from their enemies. so he chose out the most beautiful of the hills and valleys of ireland for them to settle in ; and he put hidden walls about them, that no man could see through, but they themselves could see through them and pass through them. and he made the feast of age for them, and what they drank at it was the ale of goibniu the smith, that kept whoever tasted it from age and from sickness and from death. and for food at the feast he gave them his own swine, that though they were killed and eaten one day, would be alive and fit for eating again the next day, and that would go on in that way for ever. and after a while they said : \" it would be better for us one king to be over us, than to be scattered the way we are through the whole of ireland. \" now the men among them that had the best chance of getting the kingship at that time were bodb dearg, son of the dagda ; and llbrech of ess ruadh ; and lir of sidhe fionnachaidh, the hill of the white field, on slieve fuad ; and midhir the proud of bri leith, and angus og, son of the dagda ; but he did not covet the kingship at all, but would sooner be left as he was. then all the chief men but those five went into council together, and it is what they agreed, to give the kingship to bodb dearg, for the sake of his father, for his own sake, and because he was the eldest among the children of the dagda. it was in sidhe femen bodb dearg had his house, and he put great enchantments about it. cliach, the harper of the king of the three rosses in connacht, went one time to ask one of his daughters in marriage, and he stayed outside the place through the whole length of a year, playing his harp, and able to get no nearer to bodb or to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40735641133472444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a5256cf-9480-49c6-8ad4-1687b47929dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.364030"}
{"text": "king of the three rosses in connacht, went one time to ask one of his daughters in marriage, and he stayed outside the place through the whole length of a year, playing his harp, and able to get no nearer to bodb or to his daughter. and he went on playing till a lake burst up under his feet, the lake that is on the top of a mountain, loch bel sead. it was bodb ' s swineherd went to da derga ' s inn, and his squealing pig along with him, the night conaire, the high king of ireland, met with his death ; and it was said that whatever feast that swineherd would go to, there would blood be shed before it was over. and bodb had three sons, angus, and artrach, and aedh. and they used often to be living among men in the time of the fianna afterwards. artrach had a house with seven doors, and a free welcome for all that came, and the king ' s son of ireland, and of alban, used to be coming to angus to learn the throwing of spears and darts ; and troops of poets from alban and from ireland used to be with aedh, that was the comeliest of bodb ' s sons, so that his place used to be called \" the rath of aedh of the poets \". and indeed it was a beautiful rath at that time, with golden - yellow apples in it and crimson - pointed nuts of the wood. but after the passing away of the fianna, the three brothers went back to the tuatha de danaan. and bodb dearg was not always in his own place, but sometimes he was with angus at brugh na boinne. three sons of lugaidh menn, king of ireland, eochaid, and fiacha, and ruide, went there one time, for their father refused them any land till they would win it for themselves. and when be said that, they rose with the ready rising of one man, and went and sat down on the green of brugh na boinne, and fasted there on the tuatha de danaan, to see if they could win some good thing from them. and they were not long there till they saw a young man, quiet and with pleasant looks, coming towards them, and he wished them good health, and they answered him the same way. \" where are you come from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40230215463819563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a5256cf-9480-49c6-8ad4-1687b47929dc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.364950"}
{"text": "some good thing from them. and they were not long there till they saw a young man, quiet and with pleasant looks, coming towards them, and he wished them good health, and they answered him the same way. \" where are you come from? \" they asked him then. \" from the rath beyond, with the many lights, \" he said. \" and i am bodb dearg, son of the dagda, \" he said, \" and come in with me now to the rath. \" so they went in, and supper was made ready for them, but they did not use it. bodb dearg asked them then why was it they were using nothing. \" it is because our father has refused land to us, \" said they ; \" and there are in ireland but the two races, the sons of the gael and the men of dea, and when the one failed us we are come to the other. \" then the men of dea consulted together. and the chief among them was midhir of the yellow hair, and it is what he said : \" let us give a wife to every one of these three men, for it is from a wife that good or bad fortune comes. \" so they agreed to that, and midhir ' s three daughters, doirenn, and aife, and aillbhe, were given to them. then midhir asked bodb to say what marriage portion should be given to them. \" i will tell you that, \" said bodb. \" we are three times fifty sons of kings in this hill ; let every king ' s son give three times fifty ounces of red gold. and i myself, \" he said, \" will give them along with that, three times fifty suits of clothing of all colours. \" \" i will give them a gift, \" said a young man of the tuatha de danaan, from rachlainn in the sea. \" a horn l will give them, and a vat. and there is nothing wanting but to fill the vat with pure water, and it will turn into mead, fit to drink, and strong enough to make drunken. and into the horn, \" he said, \" you have but to put salt water from the sea, and it will turn into wine on the moment. \" \" a gift to them from me, \" said lir of sidhe fionnachaidh, \" three times fifty swords, and three times fifty well - riveted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4384898102747162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a5256cf-9480-49c6-8ad4-1687b47929dc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.365810"}
{"text": "the sea, and it will turn into wine on the moment. \" \" a gift to them from me, \" said lir of sidhe fionnachaidh, \" three times fifty swords, and three times fifty well - riveted long spears. \" \" a gift from me, \" said angus og, son of the dagda, \" a rath and a good town with high walls, and with bright sunny houses, and with wide houses, in whatever place it will please them between rath chobtaige and teamhair. \" \" a gift to them from me, \" said aine, daughter of modharn, \" a woman - cook that i have, and there is geasa on her not to refuse food to any ; and according as she serves it out, her store fills up of itself again. \" \" another gift to them from me, \" said bodb dearg, \" a good musician that i have, fertuinne, son of trogain ; and although there were women in the sharpest pains of childbirth, and brave men wounded early in the day, in a place where there were saws going through wood, they would sleep at the sweetness of the music he makes. and whatever house he may be in, the people of the whole country round will hear him. \" so they stopped in brugh na boinne three days and three nights, and when they left it, angus bade them bring away from the oak - wood three apple - trees, one in full bloom, and one shedding its blossom, and the third covered with ripe fruit. they went then to their own dun that was given them, and it is a good place they had there, and a troop of young men, and great troops of horses and of greyhounds ; and they had three sorts of music that comely kings liked to be listening to, the music of harps and of lutes, and the chanting of trogain ' s son ; and there were three great sounds, the tramping on the green, and the uproar of racing, and the lowing of cattle ; and three other sounds, the grunting of good pigs with the fat thick on them, and the voices of the crowd on the green lawn, and the noise of men drinking inside the house. and as to eochaid, it was said of him that he never took a step backwards in flight, and his house was never without music or drinking of ale. and it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4274054535138846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a5256cf-9480-49c6-8ad4-1687b47929dc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.366748"}
{"text": "the green lawn, and the noise of men drinking inside the house. and as to eochaid, it was said of him that he never took a step backwards in flight, and his house was never without music or drinking of ale. and it was said of fiacha that there was no man of his time braver than himself, and that he never said a word too much. and as to ruide, he never refused any one, and never asked anything at all of any man. and when their lifetime was over, they went back to the tuatha de danaan, for they belonged to them through their wives, and there they have stopped ever since. and bodb dearg had a daughter, scathniamh, the flower of brightness, that gave her love to caoilte in the time of the fianna ; and they were forced to part from one another, and they never met again till the time caoilte was old and withered, and one of the last that was left of the fianna. and she came to him out of the cave of cruachan, and asked him for the bride - price he bad promised her, and that she was never able to come and ask for till then. and caoilte went to a cairn that was near and that was full up of gold, that was wages earned by conan maol and hidden there, and be gave the gold to bodb dearg ' s daughter. and the people that were there wondered to see the girl so young and comely, and caoilte so grey and bent and withered. \" there is no wonder in that, \" said caoilte, \" for i am of the sons of miled that wither and fade away, but she is of the tuatha de danaan that never change and that never die. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3976449075718457, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a5256cf-9480-49c6-8ad4-1687b47929dc>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.367436"}
{"text": "your past experience in earthquakes may give you a false sense of safety ; you didn \u2019 t do anything, or you ran outside, yet you survived with no injuries. or perhaps you got under your desk and others thought you overreacted. however, you likely have never experienced the kind of strong earthquake shaking that is possible with a cascadia subduction zone earthquake : sudden and intense back and forth motions of several feet per second will cause the floor or the ground to jerk sideways out from under you, and every unsecured object around you could topple, fall, or become airborne, potentially causing serious injury. this is why you must learn to immediately protect yourself after the first jolt \u2026 don \u2019 t wait to see if the earthquake shaking will be strong! in most situations, you will reduce your chance of injury if you : - drop down onto your hands and knees ( before the earthquakes knocks you down ). this position protects you from falling but allows you to still move if necessary. - cover your head and neck ( and your entire body if possible ) under a sturdy table or desk. if there is no shelter nearby, only then should you get down near an interior wall ( or next to low - lying furniture that won \u2019 t fall on you ), and cover your head and neck with your arms and hands. - hold on to your shelter ( or to your head and neck ) until the shaking stops. be prepared to move with your shelter if the shaking shifts it around. wherever you are, protect yourself! you may be in situation where you cannot find shelter beneath furniture ( or low against a wall, with your arms covering your head and neck ). it is important to think about what you will do to protect yourself wherever you are. what if you are driving, in a theater, in bed, at the beach, etc.?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4577560520977317, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4dbfa45f-5c5d-4275-b5f0-1c79f722dc09>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.369302"}
{"text": "the federal no child left behind act requires states to define challenging academic standards and administer high - quality assessments so that students, teachers, parents, and administrators can measure progress against shared expectations for student achievement. elementary and middle school students in new york state take yearly state tests in core academic subjects to assess their mastery of the common core learning standards. students \u2019 test results are one of the factors that schools use to decide whether to promote a student to the next grade. in high school, students must pass five regents exams in order to graduate and may earn an advanced diploma if they pass more exams. read more about the elementary and middle school promotion policies or high school graduation requirements. students in new york city also take tests to apply for admission to selective schools and programs and to prepare for college. new york city and new york state use test results to evaluate how well schools are serving students. to learn more about how the subjects are taught in new york city, see the academics page. parents and guardians can see their child \u2019 s test scores and learn more about what the scores mean on aris parent link. educators can find information about test administration and procedures on the yearly testing page on the doe intranet. grades 3 \u2013 8 state tests elementary and middle school students in new york state take yearly state tests in core academic subjects to assess their mastery of the common core learning standards. students \u2019 test results are one of the factors that schools use to decide whether to promote a student to the next grade. educators also analyze students \u2019 test results to help determine which instructional standards to focus on, and to evaluate their programs. the links below take you to pages with more information about each particular test that elementary and middle school students take ; you can also read more about how subjects are taught in new york city on the academics page. for information about student participation in state tests, see this frequently asked questions ( faq ) resource ; a two - page parent guide is also available. translated versions of the parent guide are also available in arabic, bengali, chinese, french, haitian creole, korean, russian, spanish, and urdu. test coordinators can find more information here. on june 17, 2013, the nyc lote ( languages other than english ) exams will be offered in 21 languages : albanian, arabic, bengali, chinese ( simplified ), chinese ( traditional ), french, german, greek, haitian creole, hebrew, hindi, italian, japanese, korean, latin, polish, punjabi, russian, spanish, urdu, and vietnamese. for questions, contact your network assessment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4672656118920363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:802c4c3a-21c8-4de4-af23-d0fb186e80b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.375060"}
{"text": "( simplified ), chinese ( traditional ), french, german, greek, haitian creole, hebrew, hindi, italian, japanese, korean, latin, polish, punjabi, russian, spanish, urdu, and vietnamese. for questions, contact your network assessment team. high school students in new york state take regents exams to assess their mastery of new york state learning standards. in order to graduate from high school, students must pass exams in five subjects : english, mathematics, science, global history, and u. s. history and government. student may also earn an advanced regents diploma if they pass additional exams in math, science, and a foreign language. learn more about regents exams and new york city high school graduation requirements. back to the top some students with disabilities are eligible to take new york state alternate assessments ( nysaa ) in place of the general education state tests in grades 3 - 8, or regents competency tests ( rcts ) in place of regents exams in high school. back to the top new students who speak languages other than english at home take the language assessment battery ( lab - r ) test within ten days of starting school in new york state. the lab - r assesses students \u2019 english language skills. educators use the results of the assessment to determine whether students should receive special services to help them learn english. students who receive english as a second language assistance take the new york state english as a second language achievement test ( nyseslat ) every year to determine how well they are learning english. students will continue to receive special language services until their scores on the nyseslat are high enough to show that they are ready to participate in english - only programs. educators also use students \u2019 nyseslat scores to help determine which instructional standards to focus on, and to evaluate their programs. students who are unable to understand the math, science, and social studies state tests in english may take versions translated into chinese ( traditional ), haitian creole, korean, russian, or spanish. when tests are not available in the student ' s native language, the test may be translated orally to the student. ells who have been in the united states for less than one year are not required to take the new york state ela test in their grade, but must start taking ela tests after their first year. back to the top any student who wishes to apply to new york city \u2019 s gifted and talented ( g & t ) elementary school programs must take the gifted and talented test. all students in pre - kindergarten through grade 2 who are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4664208469593466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:802c4c3a-21c8-4de4-af23-d0fb186e80b9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.377118"}
{"text": "their first year. back to the top any student who wishes to apply to new york city \u2019 s gifted and talented ( g & t ) elementary school programs must take the gifted and talented test. all students in pre - kindergarten through grade 2 who are current new york city residents are eligible for the tests. students who score in the top ten percent are eligible for g & t programs in their local district. students who score in the top three percent are also eligible for citywide g & t programs. for more information about new york city elementary school gifted and talented programs, see the gifted and talented test information and handbooks. back to the top students in grades 8 or 9 who wishes to enroll in one new york city \u2019 s specialized high schools must take the specialized high school admissions test ( shsat ) in the fall to demonstrate their verbal and math skills. all students in grades 8 and 9 who are current new york city residents are eligible for the tests. students are ranked according to their scores on the test, and assigned to a school depending on their rank on the list, the priority in which they placed schools, and the seats available at each school. learn more about the high school admissions process. back to the top city public school students in grades 10 and 11 may take the preliminary sat ( psat ) for free in the fall. the psat assesses students ' verbal and math skills. it helps put students on track for college success by giving them practice for the sat exams, which many colleges require for admission. it also gives students access to college and career planning tools and the chance to enter the national merit scholarship competition. schools administer the psat to their students ; families do not need to register students or make a special request to participate in the test. back to the top students in grades 3 through 12 whose native language is spanish and who are receiving language arts instruction in spanish take el examen de lectura en espanol ( ele ) to assess their reading achievement in spanish. students who receive instruction in chinese may take the chinese reading test to determine their chinese proficiency. back to the top a sample of new york city schools also participate in naep assessments every year. naep provides a common way of comparing academic performance at a high level across states and over time. not every student or school takes the naep ; only a limited sample of schools and students participate each year. naep assesses students in math, reading, science, writing, the arts, civics, economics, geography, and u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44834318948902957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:802c4c3a-21c8-4de4-af23-d0fb186e80b9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.378122"}
{"text": "key words : google, jane goodall, forests and the cloud 28 dec, 2009 10 : 59 am not long ago, the only people who could access and analyze satellite images of the earth were government officials, the military, well - equipped scientists and oil, gas and mining companies. today, anyone with a computer and internet connection can access to google earth. since its introduction in 2005, google earth has become a powerful tool for scientists, activists and ordinary citizens who want to better understand, monitor and communicate about the environment. today, anyone with a computer and internet connection can access to google earth. since its introduction in 2005, google earth has become a powerful tool for scientists, activists and ordinary citizens who want to better understand, monitor and communicate about the environment. on my way home from copenhagen, i learned about these new developments from lilian pintea, who is the director of conservation science at the jane goodall institute, which is best known for its pioneering research on chimpanzee behavior. we met when we missed a connection in geneva, so we arranged to have dinner during the layover. you could say that lilian, who is 38, has already lived through two democratic revolutions. a native of moldova, he was studying ecology in moscow when the soviet union collapsed in 1991. he subsequently came to the u. s. as a fulbright scholar and earned a phd in conservation biology from the university of minnesota. as a specialist in geographic information systems ( gis ) and remote sensing, he has watched technology that was once reserved for elites in the developed world spread to the rest of the world, including remote villages in the global south. \u201c as a biologist, i was always frustrated that i was in the middle of a lake or forest and i would collect my data, and i didn \u2019 t know what was happening a few kilometers away, \u201d pintea says. now, satellite images reveal landscape patterns that simply aren \u2019 t visible from the ground \u2014 evidence of illegal logging or gradients in deforestation. \u201c you can then look for political, social economic and ecological factors that explain the pattern, \u201d pintea says. lilian, who lives in maryland and works the northern virginia suburbs of washington, travels frequently to tanzania and uganda. \u201c one problem which we often face in our project areas is the lack of capacity, \u201d he told me. \u201c every trip to africa, i do training \u2026 we want to empower local communities and governments to take charge and manage their lands. \u201d in places were traditional land tenure systems are breaking down,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4997171084628167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da2c6b4e-7bb2-42ea-b7ac-df844778de28>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.382214"}
{"text": "is the lack of capacity, \u201d he told me. \u201c every trip to africa, i do training \u2026 we want to empower local communities and governments to take charge and manage their lands. \u201d in places were traditional land tenure systems are breaking down, the technology had help settle boundary disputes. \u201c sometimes people don \u2019 t agree on where their village begins and ends, \u201d he said. not surprisingly, geospatial technologies are also used to better understand the relationship between chimpanzees and their habitats. if all goes well, the google mapping tools announced in copenhagen will enable communities to generate accurate and timely information about their forests. that \u2019 s crucial to a financing mechanism known as redd ( reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation ), which is designed to prevent deforestation. regular readers of this blog know that emissions from tropical deforestation account for about 17 % of global warming pollutants, more than all of the world \u2019 s cars, trucks, trains, boats and planes. the government of norway, a major backer of redd, has given the goodall institute a $ 2. 7 million grant to equip and train villagers in western tanzania and their institutions to prepare for redd. google programmers including rebecca moore, an evangelist for google earth outreach, visited the region last fall to train goodall institute staff, village forest monitors, local government officials, university staff and others to gather data, take pictures and upload their findings to \u201c the cloud \u201d \u2013 meaning the internet, where powerful software and data are stored.. \u201c it \u2019 s still a work in progress but we are already doing it, \u201d lilian told me. \u201c they \u2019 re mapping the forests and monitoring the threats. \u201d the number of scientists, ngos and companies working on gis and forestry issues is impressive : students and professors at the university of washington have created free software called odk ( open data kit ) that makes it easy to collect survey data and upload it from android phones. digital globe, an imagery and information firm based in longmont, colorado, gathers more detailed satellite images than those available on google. esri, a software firm based in redlands, ca., is the world leader in gis, proving tools to build geospatial infrastructure. for its part, google collaborated with greg asner of carnegie institution for science, and carlos souza of imazon to build its newest platform, and it got support from the gordon and betty moore foundation. in my job, i hear a lot of blah -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45842297182935265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da2c6b4e-7bb2-42ea-b7ac-df844778de28>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.383281"}
{"text": "learn the scrum methodology the scrum methodology of agile software development marks a dramatic departure from waterfall management. in fact, scrum and other agile processes were inspired by its shortcomings. the scrum methodology emphasizes communication and collaboration, functioning software, and the flexibility to adapt to emerging business realities \u2014 all attributes that suffer in the rigidly ordered waterfall paradigm. posted by admin under scrum basics in waterfall, managers determine a team member \u2019 s workload capacity in terms of time. that is, managers estimate how long they anticipate certain tasks will take and then assign work based on that team member \u2019 s total available time. this is problematic because it does not distinguish between a story that is very hard to complete and one that is undemanding ; it only considers how long the work will take. to put it another way, coding a feature and organizing the heaps of documentation on your desk are activities that likely take the same amount of time, but there \u2019 s no question that the former would require much more sustained concentration and effort. because of that fact, they should be recognized as incredibly different tasks, requiring different levels of effort. scrum takes a considerably different approach to determining a team member \u2019 s capacity. first of all, scrum assigns work to an entire team, not an individual. philosophically, this places an emphasis on collective effort. second, scrum refuses to quantify work in terms of time because this would undermine the self - organization central to the success of scrum. this is a major break from waterfall : instead of a manager estimating time on behalf of other individuals and assigning tasks based on conjecture, team members in scrum use effort and degree of difficulty to estimate their own work. what does the process of estimation look like? scrum does not prescribe a single way for teams to estimate their work. however, it does ask that teams not estimate in terms of time, but, instead, use a more abstracted metric to quantify effort. common estimating methods include numeric sizing ( 1 through 10 ), t - shirt sizes ( xs, s, m, l, xl, xxl, xxxl ), the fibonacci sequence ( 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, etc. ), and even dog breeds, in which a chihuahua would represent the smallest stories and a great dane the largest. the important thing is that the team shares an understanding of the scale it is uses, so that every member of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5012581275819018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecd742e9-c0bc-4a0e-9e18-bf323f8d1b9f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.389583"}
{"text": ", 34, etc. ), and even dog breeds, in which a chihuahua would represent the smallest stories and a great dane the largest. the important thing is that the team shares an understanding of the scale it is uses, so that every member of the team is comfortable with the scale \u2019 s values. in the sprint planning meeting, the team sits down to estimate its effort for the stories in the backlog. the product owner needs these estimates, so that he or she is empowered to effectively prioritize items in the backlog and, as a result, forecast releases based on velocity. this means the product owner needs an honest appraisal of how difficult work will be. thus it is recommended that the product owner does not observe the estimation process to avoid pressuring ( intentionally or otherwise ) a team to reduce its effort estimates and take on more work. even when the team estimates amongst itself, actions should be taken to reduce influencing how a team estimates. as such, it is recommended that all team members disclose their estimates simultaneously. because individuals \u201c show their hands \u201d at once, this process is not unlike a game of poker. unsurprisingly, teams often call estimation \u201c planning poker. \u201d some teams have even developed their own decks of playing cards expressly for this process. still, even when teams possess a shared understanding of their scale, they can \u2019 t help but estimate differently. to arrive at a single effort estimation that reflects the entire team \u2019 s sense of a story \u2019 s difficulty, it often requires numerous rounds of estimation. veteran teams who are familiar with the process, however, should reach a consensus after just a few rounds of planning poker. need an example? watch an example team conduct a backlog grooming meeting, including relative estimation and example user stories. planning poker is demonstrated at the 4 minute mark of this video : to see how velocity is computed from story points, watch an example sprint review meeting including velocity measurement. posted by admin under scrum basics in scrum, a product owner would never deem a team \u2019 s work \u201c done / done / done \u201d until he or she had consulted the story \u2019 s acceptance criteria. acceptance criteria are the requirements that have to be met for a story to be assessed as complete. acceptance criteria are incredibly important in scrum because they spell out what a product owner expects and what a team needs to accomplish. there are no hairs to split and no points to argue. if it \u2019 s in the acceptance criteria, then it needs to be in the release. so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5328124559544547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecd742e9-c0bc-4a0e-9e18-bf323f8d1b9f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.390570"}
{"text": "scrum because they spell out what a product owner expects and what a team needs to accomplish. there are no hairs to split and no points to argue. if it \u2019 s in the acceptance criteria, then it needs to be in the release. so what happens when only some \u2014 most, even \u2014 of a story \u2019 s acceptance criteria is met? should the team be awarded a corresponding percentage of the story points? well, no. scrum frowns on partial credit for work that is only partially completed. all of the criteria must be fulfilled or else the work is incomplete. ( many scrummasters won \u2019 t allow teams to present work that hasn \u2019 t been completed. ) why does scrum only accept work that is 100 percent complete? first of all, an implicit acceptance criterion of any story is that it must be completed during the sprint it was assigned. work is confined to the sprint, so a team must complete the work in that sprint as well. second, it \u2019 s common for teams to discover the final one percent of work to be more challenging than they expected. it might sound like a yogi berra - ism, but if it \u2019 s not done, it \u2019 s not done. third, when a product owner awards unearned credit, it results in velocity inflation, rendering the team \u2019 s velocity an unreliable metric for forecasting. furthermore, when a team is awarded credit for a story that it will have to finish in the next sprint, it means the team \u2019 s workload is even greater than the sprint backlog suggests. when this happens, a team has to play catch up, which often leads to a team falling behind and accruing substantial technical debt along the way. clearly, it is in the interest of the team to only award credit when it is completely earned. partial credit only serves to undermine a product owner \u2019 s ability to forecast accurately and risks building technical debt. tags : acceptance criteria posted by admin under agile and scrum here \u2019 s an interesting video i reposted from the agile journal website : an interview at the agile 2008 conference in toronto between agile journal reporter patrick egan and victor szalvay, co - founder of danube technologies, inc. and product owner for the scrumworks pro agile management tool. it only clocks in at about five minutes, but, in that time, patrick and victor cover a lot of ground. topics discussed include agile adoption trends ; the evolution of agile tooling solutions ; common challenges organizations face when adopting agile ; and how danube uses sc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4747420178273003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecd742e9-c0bc-4a0e-9e18-bf323f8d1b9f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.391553"}
{"text": "clocks in at about five minutes, but, in that time, patrick and victor cover a lot of ground. topics discussed include agile adoption trends ; the evolution of agile tooling solutions ; common challenges organizations face when adopting agile ; and how danube uses scrum to manage all their projects, from budget forecasting to marketing. tags : agile conference 2008 - scrum based funding model \u2013 20 percent may 9, 2013 - what is agile alm april 2, 2013 - \u6708 \u6708 \u6708 \u9593 \u3001 \u65e5 \u672c \u306b \u3059\u308b \u5b9a \u3066\u3059 \u3002 \u30b9\u30af\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u30b3\u30fc\u30c1\u30f3\u30af\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30af\u306b \u306e\u3042\u308b \u65b9 \u306f \u3053 \u304f\u305f\u3055\u3044 \u3002 march 14, 2013 - the next big idea march 5, 2013 - on being available february 17, 2013 - open source think tank 2013 on march 20, 2013 - eclipsecon 2013 on march 25, 2013 - scrum gathering 2013 on may 5, 2013 - oscon 2013 on july 22, 2013 - agile 2013 on august 5, 2013 click to follow laszlo on twitter - may 2013 - april 2013 - march 2013 - february 2013 - january 2013 - december 2012 - november 2012 - october 2012 - january 2012 - december 2011 - november 2011 - october 2011 - november 2010 - september 2010 - june 2010 - april 2010 - march 2010 - february 2010 - december 2009 - november 2009 - october 2009 - september 2009 - august 2009 - july 2009 - june 2009 - may 2009 - april 2009 - march 2009 - february 2009 - january 2009 - december 2008 - november 2008 - october 2008 - september 2008 - august 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.500066899766375, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecd742e9-c0bc-4a0e-9e18-bf323f8d1b9f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.392947"}
{"text": "homesickness... that miserable feeling of longing for something or someone familiar, that seemingly physical pain that erupts whenever you think of home, that nagging thought that perhaps you made a terrible mistake in leaving the comforts of your old life. sound familiar? it may, because it ' s a common experience of students who have left home for the first time. what can you do to deal with those feelings so that you can focus on the task before you - being a successful student? 1 ) surround yourself with familiar images and objects from home : a favorite comforter, your high school yearbook, pictures of family and friends... 2 ) spend some time with new friends sharing stories of home. talk about home with anyone who will listen. more people than you may realize will be interested in stories of your life and home. 3 ) get connected! being active in your new environment not only distracts you from your feelings of homesickness, it helps to create positive reasons for being where you are. 4 ) try to avoid random and impulsive ( and expensive! ) trips or phone calls home, but set up a regular schedule for contact ; for example, you call home every monday, wednesday and friday, and they call you tuesday, thursday, and on the weekend. work it out. 5 ) give it time. you were home all your life, so expect some difficulty with adjusting to being away. but know that this too shall pass. soon, this will feel like home as well and you ' ll have plenty of reasons to stay. if you continue to have difficulty and find it hard to function though time has passed, it may be helpful to talk with a trained professional who can help you feel better.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49003190055035967, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d318386-14ac-4e3b-acbe-91a5abb7f1bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.395193"}
{"text": "timeline for jesus \u2019 real birthday there are two calendars to be aware of when studying the scriptures ; the jewish or sacred ( religious ) calendar and the civil calendar. note : if you study bible prophecy always use the months and days from the jewish calendar when studying events which occurred after the implementation of the feast of the lord. these feast dates are recorded in leviticus 23. ( that ' s my instruction given to me from holy spirit when i first began to study bible prophecy ). christmas ( december 25 ) is the time we celebrate the time of christ birth. however, i believe the keys scriptures and the prophetic symbolism of the feast of the lord contradict man \u2019 s tradition of december 25 as christ birthday. i put together a timeline which is made from some key verses which point to jesus \u2019 birthday being in the fall most like at the feast of trumpets ( tishri 1 ). month 1 : nisan ( mar - apr ) \u2013 zacharias \u2013 performing priestly services. lk 1 : 8 - 25 john is conceived during the first month which is nisan. month 6 ; elul ( aug - sep ) gabriel visits with mary. lk 1 - 26. mary informed that elizabeth is 6 month pregnant lk 1 : 36 mary visit with elizabeth 3 months before returning home in month 9 which would be the month kislev, lk1 : 56. hanukkah occurs in kislev. mary returned home and most likely conceived jesus from holy spirit during hanukkah. month 9 : kislev ( nov - dec ) elizabeth gives birth to john. lk. 1 : 57. this would place john ' s birth in the month hanukkah occurs, not jesus \u2019 birth. hanukkah is the feast of \" dedication \" or feast of lights. john was dedicated to serve god and prepare the way for the coming of the lord. now let ' s work with the clues in the text to locate the approximate time of christ birth. months before the birth of jesus - caesar ' s census decree went out to all the roman empire. lk 2 : 1. it took months for the news of the census decree to travel across the land and then additional time for the people to travel to their birth place where they were counted in the census and paid a tax. i can only assume that the taking of the census went on for more than a year or perhaps even two. however, we do have some clues to the condition of mary and the season of the year in which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37498041043170144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25f3eadd-aa37-4a85-a5ea-47b30336cbe5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.398972"}
{"text": "in the census and paid a tax. i can only assume that the taking of the census went on for more than a year or perhaps even two. however, we do have some clues to the condition of mary and the season of the year in which they returned to bethlehem. mary was about to give birth. with the decree mary & joseph returned to bethlehem, jesus is born shortly after mary and joseph arrived in bethlehem. lk 2 : 6 - 7 the shepherds are in the fields when the angel announces christ birth. lk 2 : 8. the shepherds wouldn \u2019 t be abiding in the fields in the winter months when the rain and snow fall in some areas. this places the angelic announcement much sooner than winter or the traditional date of december 25. tishri 1 - is the feast of trumpets established by god. lev. 23 : 24. this date is the beginning of the jewish new year. trumpets are blown and the time of the early rains and plowing. it is taught in jewish lore that adam was formed on tishri 1. \u201c so also it is written, \u201c the first man, adam, became a living soul. \u201d the last adam became a life - giving spirit. 1 cr 15 : 45 count backwards 9 months from tishri to find the month of conception and you get kislev ( nov - dec ) and hanukkah, the feast of lights. modern astromony software shows celestial studies very well may indicate that a uniques sign appeared in the heavens above bethlehem during tishri in 3bc. see the movie trailer http : / / thestarofbethlehemmovie. com /. it is an amazing look at the celestial events which were occuring in the heavens leading up to christ birth. so i believe it ' s accurate to say that john the baptist was born during the month of kislev and most likely during hanukkah ( festival of lights ). jesus was most likely conceived by holy spirit during hanukkah ( jesus, the light of the world jn 9 : 5 ). john ' s birth proceeded and prepared the way for christ conception. nine months later jesus was most likely born on tishri 1 during the feast of trumpets. follow the calendar timeline which i have put together and you will see the scriptures point to jesus \u2019 birthday being in the fall of the year and not in winter. some people say, \" what does it matter anyway when we celebrate jesus ' birthday as long as we celebrate it? \" okay, then when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39548163898927313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25f3eadd-aa37-4a85-a5ea-47b30336cbe5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.399977"}
{"text": "it \u2019 s an odd thing about barge / scow jargon \u2026 if it \u2019 s out there, it keeps itself well hidden. so i \u2019 m going to arbitrarily grab some terms to use. if you use them in public, some scholar is likely to take a swing at you, so be warned. for the purposes of this post \u2026 - barge or scow \u2013 square sectioned vessels with a bow and stern transom. since these examples are all called scows, i \u2019 ll follow suit, today. but it \u2019 s six - of - one, half dozen of t \u2019 other. - dead - flat \u2013 a planar stretch of mid - bottom ( no rocker, v or arc \u2026 flat like a table top ). - curved end \u2013 bottom which connects dead - flat and transom with a curved \u2018 plane \u2019. - raked end \u2013 bottom which connects dead - flat and transom with a plane. - knuckle \u2013 the angle between dead - flat and a curved or raked end that does not fair smoothly into the dead - flat. let \u2019 s take a little stroll down memory lane. the following models represent four treatments of the flat bottomed scow : milton is a real \u2018 knucklehead \u2019. raked ends, steep forward and easy aft. this was very common around the great lakes, and showed up elsewhere around this country and others ( e. g., the german rhine ). knuckles clearly disturb the clean flow of water. but in the heavy timber construction common to the day, the chines are quick and inexpensive to shape. milton \u2019 s ends do have some curve, but slight enough to be easily fashioned from a grown tree. this will help reduce the angle, and therefore the resistance of the knuckle. a bigger mystery is the blunt bow angle and easy aft end, also common ( we \u2019 ll see it in alma, below ), which is contrary to most modern practice. i haven \u2019 t found a good explanation. it \u2019 s possible that it \u2019 s a holdover from the out - of - favor cod \u2019 s head and mackerel tail that was a leading paradigm for many centuries. speed - wise, that \u2019 s got to hurt \u2026 the steep bow throws water forward, wasting energy and slowing the boat. there may be other properties that paid for the loss of speed. the extra buoyancy to lift over short, steep or confused seas ( endemic to the great lakes, and the north sea )? many dutch coasters have extremely blunt bows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5088094257691129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e238616-c747-42d3-9b5c-f26663d2f974>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.404788"}
{"text": "boat. there may be other properties that paid for the loss of speed. the extra buoyancy to lift over short, steep or confused seas ( endemic to the great lakes, and the north sea )? many dutch coasters have extremely blunt bows, it \u2019 s claimed, for this reason. easy aft ends, though, release water smoothly, with little turbulence and drag. a good thing. st. michael \u2019 s sailing scow this model has raked ends, but now both are at a low angle. it should move much more easily through the water. but you can see that, it \u2019 s traded off some volume by doing so. power variations can be found around the country, with aft rake eliminated and the dead - flat extended to the transom. this allows it to get up on step. btw, the line between scows of this type and garveys starts to get fuzzy. more thesis material, if you care about such things. another cargo schooner, alma has lines similar to those of milton, but her ends are both curved and faired into the dead - flat. compared to milton, she should move quite well. alma may have had to face the steep head seas at the mouth of sf bay, where current meets the westerly, pacific swell. as with milton, it may make up for speed lost to her abrupt bow. in both cases, distances to cover under sail were circumscribed \u2026 speed may not have been their top priority. alma \u2019 s end curves are chine - logged with scarfed sections of heavy timber. compared to milton, this would have been slower and more labor intensive. sf had a lot of chinese, might - as - well - be - slave labor \u2026 despite the killer name, these were pretty common along the gulf of mexico coast, and were used more for smuggling than battle, though it did occur. these are triloboats \u2019 closest scow ancestor. ends curved and faired and relatively easy. the leeboards were quite common in these boats, too, especially in smaller boats where uninterrupted hold space is at a premium. so here \u2019 s one of mine. note the raked aft end. this is optional. either end may be curved or raked. my preference is curved at both ends. in plank - framed plywood construction, i consider it easier to build curved than raked. raked ends have the edge in tape \u2019 n ' glue construction, but not by much. the performance gains from curves will, i believe, quickly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.454047943109241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e238616-c747-42d3-9b5c-f26663d2f974>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.405823"}
{"text": "both ends. in plank - framed plywood construction, i consider it easier to build curved than raked. raked ends have the edge in tape \u2019 n ' glue construction, but not by much. the performance gains from curves will, i believe, quickly pay for themselves, and keep paying. but that \u2019 s me. if you do choose a raked end, it \u2019 s best astern. turbulence created at the bow has the whole hull to play, dragging and slowing the boat. my end angles are somewhere between the cargo schooners and the smaller scows. i \u2019 d like them to be a bit easier than they are, but other trade - offs muscle in ( e. g. arranging longitudinal, full - length bunks in the bow ). if you \u2019 re design your own, you \u2019 ll find your own set of trade - offs. it boils down to trading off sleekness for speed vs. displacement / interior volume. the more you carve away, the faster you are, but the less you can carry, with less elbow room. two last thoughts : the more heel \u2013 or the higher the expected seas \u2013 the higher the ends have to rise, especially at the bow. low ends plow their transoms sooner. pinching in the sides toward bow and stern transoms helps by shortening their radius from the center - line. on flat water, garveys \u2013 light scows with low ends and freeboard \u2013 are among the fastest monohulls under sail. but in a chop, forget it. the easier the bow angle, the sooner it will pound, a consideration when motoring, or anchoring exposed. the boat is upright, then, and when bow and wave angle match up, it \u2019 s like hands clapping. for the next few weeks to months dave zeiger of triloboats. com will answer one of your shantyboat living questions each week or so. dave will draw upon his years of experience in boating \u2026 in living aboard.. how do you handle discharge of sewage? what are your food storage secrets? send your questions to firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4396405923257324, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e238616-c747-42d3-9b5c-f26663d2f974>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.406801"}
{"text": "what ' s a fab lab? shopbot has been involved in the innovative and progressive fablab agenda for many years, supplying a shopbot digital fabrication tool ( cnc router ) as an integral component of fablabs, including mobile fablabs that tour the country. what ' s a fablab and what is the mission of fablabs? originating from mit ' s center for bits and atoms, fablabs bring the technologies of digital fabrication to people in smaller u. s. communities and in developing countries around the world, giving people the technological tools that can enable them to leapfrog into 21st century lean manufacturing for the betterment of their local communities. \u201c fablab is a perfect fit for shopbot, \u201d said ted hall, shopbot \u2019 s founder and ceo. \u201c we \u2019 re focused on technology and education, \u201d he said, \u201c and we \u2019 re proud to be participating in this incredible effort to support innovation and manufacturing through the use of technology. \u201d fab labs have spread from inner - city boston to rural india, from south africa to the north of norway. activities in fab labs range from technological empowerment to peer - to - peer project - based technical training to local problem - solving to small - scale high - tech business incubation to grass - roots research. projects being developed and produced in fab labs include solar and wind - powered turbines, thin - client computers and wireless data networks, analytical instrumentation for agriculture and healthcare, custom housing, and rapid - prototyping of rapid - prototyping machines. fab labs share core capabilities, so that people and projects can be shared across them. this currently includes : - a computer - controlled lasercutter, for press - fit assembly of 3d structures from 2d parts - a shopbot cnc milling machine, for making furniture - ( and house - ) sized parts - a signcutter, to produce printing masks, flexible circuits, and antennas - a precision ( micron resolution ) milling machine to make three - dimensional molds and surface - mount circuit boards - programming tools for low - cost high - speed embedded processors in shopbot ' s home state of north carolina, fablabs carolinas are hoping to generate funding for fablab installations across north carolina. they believe fablabs will give a wide range of people \" the ability to conceptualize, design, develop, fabricate and test almost anything they can create. from new games to robots to whatever the users can imagine, the fab lab puts price", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5100649124319752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37e8d423-acba-467f-bbaf-8ff15f7aa98a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.420243"}
{"text": "believe fablabs will give a wide range of people \" the ability to conceptualize, design, develop, fabricate and test almost anything they can create. from new games to robots to whatever the users can imagine, the fab lab puts priceless equipment, typically out of reach for most, into the hands of anyone, with the goal of creating innovative ideas, products and services to enrich our community and world. \" learn more about fablabs here. ambulantes on their way click to view slideshow fab7 lima : ambulante day by sallye coyle, shopbot trainer and consultant, august 19, 2011 friday was the final push for finishing the ambulantes. the plan was to pack up the ambulantes and take them over to the town square at 4 : 30 pm \u2026 so there was much laughter and hard work as everyone put on the final details. phyllis from dc finished cutting all of her pieces the previous tuesday before the mobile fablab left dc to arrive at shopbot, so her project was to assemble them into a cookie stand. people came with various levels of experience : tom from abu fablab ( kenya ) started with a drawing on the back of an envelope, learned how to translate that into parts and toolpaths with partworks software, and ended up with a rolling cart with storage and cooking space and a sign. the two graduates students from the school of education at stanford, rachel and daniel, made us all smile, they were so excited with their first experience with the shopbot. the \u201c scandanavian \u201d team effort included a tongue drum to announce their entrance and lights to make their bottles glow. japan \u2019 s effort had fans and upholstered fablab logos. visitors continued to come by to see the shopbot in action. and kenny, from mit, started cutting his ambulante at 4, and had it ready to go by the 4 : 30 we took a break from building to wrap up the conference. committees made their reports. thanks were given to sherry lassiter ( mit ) and karin niemantsverdriet, who was at fab6 in amsterdam and came to lima for 6 months to help with the organization of fab7. neil announced the location of fab8 ( new zealand ) and fab9 ( japan ). then, the task was to transport the ambulantes to the park by the river. of course, in addition to the cart was the creation of food from each country. my job was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4506627816490921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37e8d423-acba-467f-bbaf-8ff15f7aa98a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.421123"}
{"text": "( new zealand ) and fab9 ( japan ). then, the task was to transport the ambulantes to the park by the river. of course, in addition to the cart was the creation of food from each country. my job was to make the chocolate chip cookies for the phyllis \u2019 s stand \u2026 i even carried flour and sugar and chocolate chips in my backpack to lima ( security had fun testing those bags \u2026 i got teased about making cookies on the plane. ) alas, the task of baking enough cookies in a toaster oven that shared a power supply with the laser cutter upstairs while helping get everyone else \u2019 s ambulantes cut out on the shopbot downstairs proved too much for me, so phyllis fell back on her supply of ginger cookies she had brought from home. the illinois group made popcorn on a stove powered by llama dung that they had collected from around machu picchu! sambosas from africa, empanaditas, indian food, snacks molded ( molds made at fablab ) from fruit puree, etc, alcoholic beverages to warm the soul \u2026 the crowd was pleased, the lines long, the carts emptied. click to view slideshow fab7 lima, thursday, august 18 by sallye coyle, shopbot trainer and consultant, august 18, 2011 i have been in lima for more than a week now. with the official opening of the fablab conference, things have gotten so busy that i haven \u2019 t had time to write. but much has been happening. the shopbot is in continuous service, with a sign up list. on friday night, there will be a contest of \u201c ambulantes, \" or street food carts with food from the contestant \u2019 s native country. so, people are cutting out parts on the shopbot, the laser cutter and who knows what else. my time has been busy showing people how to design in partworks, how to bring in a dxf from another program, how to set toolpaths. half of the group works in metric, half in inches, so we are all getting pretty good at switching back and forth. i \u2019 ve set up the automatic zeroing routines for the lima shopbot to run in metric ( confusing to the users of imperial, but they are dealing with it. ) to backtrack over the highlights of the week : sunday, during the day, all was ( almost ) quiet in the final hours before the opening of fab 7. kenny and i worked on the shopbot until the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3924483159187041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37e8d423-acba-467f-bbaf-8ff15f7aa98a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.422062"}
{"text": "dealing with it. ) to backtrack over the highlights of the week : sunday, during the day, all was ( almost ) quiet in the final hours before the opening of fab 7. kenny and i worked on the shopbot until the last moment, and then rushed home to change before the final ceremonies. sunday night, we had the official opening of fab7, with a celebration at the town hall. after the official greeting, a concert by the symphony orchestra and youth orchestra, and several dance exhibitions, we boarded busses for a light display at a water park nearby. monday, the games began. the shopbot is working great, and so people are designing and cutting like mad. it is a truly international crowd, with people helping people with their design files. alex from the netherlands was the first to cut out his table, and then gathered in others to help wire tie the legs. now, his table has become a worktable. dan from chicago has not only learned to run the shopbot, but he is now teaching and helping others. his team is making a popcorn stand with an umbrella and vinyl stickers. the group from india was cutting their parts while i was running among people needing help, so it was awhile before i realized that they were cutting at 1 ips with a. 01 plunge. i \u2019 m amazed we didn \u2019 t start a fire. we were able to clean the carbon in the collet and get it back into working order. tom ado from kenya ( his fablab is running totally on solar power ) got his first experience with partworks and cutting out parts on the shopbot. he intends to order his shopbot in the next couple of months. i have now finished all three presentations. on tuesday, i gave a tips and tricks class on the shopbot. feedback was that even people who have used a shopbot for awhile learned a few things, like how to use the c3 program, and we talked about feeds and speeds, bits, toolpathing, etc. later, as people worked on their part files, i could tell that people had actually been listening. well, almost everyone. wednesday was a brief summary of shopbot \u2019 s beginning and big building projects that have been made with a shopbot ( provided by bill young ). it was fun to then learn about other big projects created in other parts of the world. the days have become a blur, with 14 hours a day at the fablab, or preparing for talks early in the morning because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4513334004188546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37e8d423-acba-467f-bbaf-8ff15f7aa98a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.423098"}
{"text": "by bill young ). it was fun to then learn about other big projects created in other parts of the world. the days have become a blur, with 14 hours a day at the fablab, or preparing for talks early in the morning because i am too tired at night to do more than go to bed. but everyone is wonderful, they are thrilled with the shopbot, and are moving from needing my help to helping each other. the tradition is a single kiss on the cheek to greet \u2026 i \u2019 m trying to pass it on to the indian men. many many conversations about using the shopbot for manufacturing or opening other fablabs throughout the world. last night was a dinner with the presenters of today \u2019 s symposium. from barcelona, victor ( iaac, fablab solar house ) and the vice mayor of barcelona and another barcelonan talked about their vision of barcelona as a fab city \u2026 instead of product in - trash out, turn the city into a self - sufficient fab city. it is a vision! today, the lab itself is closed because we are having a symposium with real and virtual presentations. everyone from bioengineering to maker shed to ponoko to wired, plus the barcelona presentation in more detail. my presentation showed shopbot from its origin in the barn, and using 2 x 4 \u2019 s, strut and screen door rollers to the desktop and 5 axis tool. it has generated quite few questions and excitement, both in spanish and english. this website is interesting in terms of finding supplies for small - scale www. inventables. com : the hardware store for desktop manufacturing. zach is planning to create materials sized for the shopbot desktop. wednesday, aug 17 : shopbot international by sallye coyle, shopbot trainer and consultant, august 17, 2011 folks from around the world are taking advantage of the shopbot, and people to give them a helping hand in using it. my laptop is in demand as the design computer, with a sign up sheet to get time on the machine. we \u2019 ve had to empty the dust collection bag once already \u2026 and the shopbot table has a fine record of the things we have been cutting. in the meanwhile, the traditional art of weaving continues to take place on the patio. carlos \u201c pedrero \u201d and luis took me back behind the scenes to show me photos of ancient ruins. experiments in microhabitats for growing crops? scientists have found that each step is a half a degree different than the one below it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4788498537941739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37e8d423-acba-467f-bbaf-8ff15f7aa98a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.424192"}
{"text": "carlos \u201c pedrero \u201d and luis took me back behind the scenes to show me photos of ancient ruins. experiments in microhabitats for growing crops? scientists have found that each step is a half a degree different than the one below it. designing for the shopbot click to view slideshow fab7 lima, day 2 by sallye coyle, shopbot trainer and consultant, august 13, 2011 the actual fab7 doesn \u2019 t begin until next week, but the activity surrounding the fablab lima is incredible. located as we are in the lower level, we don \u2019 t see all of it, but visitors come by on a regular basis \u2026 from visiting dignitaries to students from other universities. if watching the shopbot plane the sacrificial board is fascinating, watching your own name cut out is fabuloso, estupendo! in addition to the electronics and digital fabrication labs, parts of the school of architecture itself are getting a facelift. notably, the restroom facilities have a new coat of paint and organization. and, they need new signs. so, several of the regulars got a chance to play with the partworks software to design their part files. after giving them a few hints, i left them to it, and was rewarded with peals of laughter as they worked their way through the cad / cam program. it \u2019 s easy for me to think that it \u2019 s all about shopbot, but we are just a small part of the effort that is going into this. other works stations ( electronics, molding, laser cutting, even ( gasp ) another cnc machine, are coming into being. computers need to be set up, sponsors are setting up their booths, decor has been fabricated and is being put into place. victor freundt, beno juarez, organizers, are in constant contact with other universities and officials to promote the idea behind fablab. friday night, sherry lassiter and several of the mit grad students and i were invited to dinner with jaime serida nishimura, dean, and santiago roco, professor of economics, of the business school at esan university in lima. the main topic was innovation, and how to foster it. and then, how to manufacture the ideas that may come of the community created by fablab. in the meanwhile, there is much to celebrate that is not digital fabrication. carlos \u201c pedrero \u201d, sculptor, borrowed my camera to take videos and pictures of a weaver who is treasured for his techniques", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4776859649049384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37e8d423-acba-467f-bbaf-8ff15f7aa98a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.425429"}
{"text": "the community created by fablab. in the meanwhile, there is much to celebrate that is not digital fabrication. carlos \u201c pedrero \u201d, sculptor, borrowed my camera to take videos and pictures of a weaver who is treasured for his techniques. and, dinner last night was next to an even older treasure, the huaca made of adobe bricks that is thousands of years old. fablabbers from around the world are beginning to arrive. i have heard stories from the mit graduate students about their adventures setting up labs in africa and india, and am looking forward to meeting some of the people from those labs. last night, i talked with jens, from norway, who is travelling the world to visit the fablabs, and see how each lab uses their equipment. our conversation included physiological indications of stress level, and how to create a friendly device that would monitor stress levels and help a person regulate their own heart rate. and, he also wants to surf while in lima. his friend from iceland thinks having a shopbot to create surfboards in iceland would be a great idea. julio thrilled with the shopbot click to view slideshow lima, day 1 by sallye coyle, shopbot trainer and consultant, august 12, 2011 a fortunate series of events lead me to meet nadya and kenny from mit in the elevator, so i didn ' t have to brave my way to the school of engineering via the crazy bus system ( 50 + independent bus companies, small bus, one driver threading his way through traffic, one assistant hanging out the window with a sign indicating their direction, a bus stop any place in the right two lanes of traffic ), or fall prey to the conniving desk clerk who wanted to charge my room 45 soles for a 10 soles taxi ride. lima is amazing... street stalls hanging with ( i hope ) freshly killed chickens, fruit, and the soles of shoes waiting to be fabricated to fit your feet. a whole part of town devoted to the sale of toilet paper. last night, we had dinner next to a pre - incan ruin in the center of town. the fab7 is taking place at the school of architecture, a brick and glass enclave, complete with peruvian totems, nestled against a hill side of dirt and shanties. victor, beno, karen and many many others have created a light - filled electronics lab and a white and clean feeling digital fabrication lab out of two storage rooms that had been filled with 50 years of furniture, debris and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4814310447431273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37e8d423-acba-467f-bbaf-8ff15f7aa98a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.427454"}
{"text": "of dirt and shanties. victor, beno, karen and many many others have created a light - filled electronics lab and a white and clean feeling digital fabrication lab out of two storage rooms that had been filled with 50 years of furniture, debris and dust. in three weeks!!! the shopbot was up and wired, so we spent the day grounding and putting on the support board. people are sooo excited about it that, as soon as i started moving it around, 2 - 3 people came in to watch. then, they went and got 10 more people, so i switched to showing them the software. then, they went and got 10 - 15 more people. so, the maiden test was in front of 30 people. needless to say, we had issues, but they did get to see it move a bit before we sent them away while we worked on it. by the end of the day, we were able to surface the table, and use the bot to countersink the holes for the support board. manuel and gina were so excited that they were dancing every time they started a part file. even julio, who can ' t speak a word of english, willingly vacuumed and swept when needed, then quietly grinned the biggest grin you have ever seen when he was asked to run the shopbot. shopbot in peru for fab7 by sallye coyle, shopbot trainer and consultant, august 11, 2011 i ' ve just arrived in lima in preparation for fab7 ( www. fab7. pe ), the annual meeting of fablabs from around the world. this year the conference is being held in lima. fablabs bring technology and digital fabrication machinery to those who want to make what they need. there is a shopbot in most of the 50 fablabs open throughout the world, with more opening every week. the conference takes place aug 15 \u2013 19, 2011, with the first part of the week reserved for those who are actually associated with a fablab. on thursday, an academic symposium will be open to all who are interested. there will be a graduation ceremony on thursday evening, and the lima fablab will officially opened. representatives of the government of peru will be on hand for the opening. i will be making three presentations during fab7. tuesday, as part of the subtractive printing track, i ' ll be providing tips and tricks for running a shopbot. wednesday, i ' ll showcase large projects that have used a shopbot,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46324767345778917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37e8d423-acba-467f-bbaf-8ff15f7aa98a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.428482"}
{"text": "the words forbidden fruit stand as a metaphor ( an image ). the metaphor comes from the book of genesis in the bible. there adam and eve are thrown out of paradise because they eat from the tree of knowledge. most often, people thought the fruit was an apple. this is a wordplay of latin language word for apple, malus, which can mean both \" evil \" and \" apple \". the bible does not say what kind the fruit is. in judaism the fruit is believed to be either a grape, a fig, a citron or wheat. most scholars say that the type of fruit is not forbidden, it was just the fruits of that particular tree that were. in general, the term can also refer to something that is considered to be illegal or immoral to do. it might also be dangerous. many times this is about sex ( perhaps with children, inside the family, or outside of marriage ) or about using illegal drugs. it might also be about people drinking alcohol even though they are too young to be legally allowed to do so. other pages [ change ] - old testament, genesis 1 : 16 - 17, \" and the lord god commanded the man, saying, of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat : but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it : for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5060348045373269, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86fc7822-6609-4ad0-a60c-a0bc61a508f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.432123"}
{"text": "it is widely regarded that a healthy diet protects against major illness. men on the whole however, are not given to healthy eating and lifestyle practices, although recent reports from the department for health ( 2009 ) suggest men \u2019 s health awareness is beginning to change. one reason for men \u2019 s slow up - take of a healthy lifestyle and eating practices is the meanings men attach to food and the relationship between diet and health ( gough, 2007 ). historically, diet and the concern with healthy eating have been associated with feminised ideals and practices which centre on consumption, health and embodiment ( gill, henwood & mclean, 2005 ). these associations put pressure on men to conform to conventional masculine identity projects with their disinterest in health and appearance. the recent launch of the super scooby provides an interesting example of how masculine ideals can absolve men from changing their health - defeating ways. the metro \u2019 s article about the \u2018 super scooby \u2019 with its \u2018 artery - busting 2, 645 calories \u2019 draws on conventional masculine identity markers, which allow men to engage unproblematically in eating the unhealthy meal. for example the \u2018 super scooby \u2019 is offered to \u2018 real men \u2019 who are willing to take up the challenge to \u2018 beat the ( as yet unbeaten ) beast \u2019. indeed, the \u2018 super scooby \u2019 provides a man - size portion of meat with its eight rashers of bacon and four burgers ( gough 2007 ). irony and humour ( see benwell, 2004 ) are also frequently used to mock health concerns associated with eating the burger \u2018 health concerns haven \u2019 t been completely ignored \u2013 the monster burger contains some salad. it boasts two lettuce leaves and six slices of tomato \u2026 accounting for all of 29 calories \u2019. super scooby is uk \u2019 s \u2018 biggest burger \u2019 the beer talking : four lads, a carry out and the reproduction of masculinities \u2018 real men don \u2019 t diet \u2019 : an analysis of contemporary newspaper representations of men, food and health new stats reveal england \u2019 s calorific alcohol intake concerns about health and looks are driving thousands to cut back on alcohol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5284968520713937, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5841f523-15da-4117-b5eb-c683ca219fe5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.434229"}
{"text": "hundreds of auroras detected on mars 13 dec 2005 ( source : university of california at berkeley ) auroras similar to earth ' s northern lights appear to be common on mars, according to physicists at the university of california, berkeley, who have analyzed six years ' worth of data from the mars global surveyor. the discovery of hundreds of auroras over the past six years comes as a surprise, since mars does not have the global magnetic field that on earth is the source of the aurora borealis and the antipodal aurora australis. according to the physicists, the auroras on mars aren ' t due to a planet - wide magnetic field, but instead are associated with patches of strong magnetic field in the crust, primarily in the southern hemisphere. and they probably aren ' t as colorful either, the researchers say : the energetic electrons that interact with molecules in the atmosphere to produce the glow probably generate only ultraviolet light - not the reds, greens and blues of earth. \" the fact that we see auroras as often as we do is amazing, \" said uc berkeley physicist david a. brain, the lead author of a paper on the discovery recently accepted by the journal geophysical research letters. \" the discovery of auroras on mars teaches us something about how and why they happen elsewhere in the solar system, including on jupiter, saturn, uranus and neptune. \" brain and jasper s. halekas, both assistant research physicists at uc berkeley ' s space sciences laboratory, along with their colleagues from uc berkeley, the university of michigan, nasa ' s goddard space flight center and the university of toulouse in france, also reported their findings in a poster presented friday, dec. 9, at the american geophysical union meeting in san francisco. last year, the european spacecraft mars express first detected a flash of ultraviolet light on the night side of mars and an international team of astronomers identified it as an auroral flash in the june 9, 2005, issue of nature. upon hearing of the discovery, uc berkeley researchers turned to data from the mars global surveyor to see if an on - board uc berkeley instrument package - a magnetometer - electron reflectometer - had detected other evidence of auroras. the spacecraft has been orbiting mars since september 1997 and since 1999 has been mapping from an altitude of 400 kilometers ( 250 miles ) the martian surface and mars ' magnetic fields. it sits in a polar orbit that keeps it always at 2 a. m. when on the night side of the planet. within an hour of first delving into the data, brain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47262199896895174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7afe1857-be38-48b1-8763-ea2b23ec4fad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.440701"}
{"text": "( 250 miles ) the martian surface and mars ' magnetic fields. it sits in a polar orbit that keeps it always at 2 a. m. when on the night side of the planet. within an hour of first delving into the data, brain and halekas discovered evidence of an auroral flash - a peak in the electron energy spectrum identical to the peaks seen in spectra of earth ' s atmosphere during an aurora. since then, they have reviewed more than 6 million recordings by the electron reflectometer and found amid the data some 13, 000 signals with an electron peak indicative of an aurora. according to brain, this may represent hundreds of nightside auroral events like the flash seen by the mars express. when the two physicists pinpointed the position of each observation, the auroras coincided precisely with the margins of the magnetized areas on the martian surface. the same team, led by co - authors mario h. acu? a of nasa ' s goddard space flight center and robert lin, uc berkeley professor of physics and director of the space sciences laboratory, has extensively mapped these surface magnetic fields using the magnetometer / reflectometer aboard the mars global surveyor. just as earth ' s auroras occur where the magnetic field lines dive into the surface at the north and south poles, mars ' auroras occur at the borders of magnetized areas where the field lines arc vertically into the crust. of the 13, 000 auroral observations so far, the largest seem to coincide with increased solar wind activity. \" the flash seen by mars express seems to be at the bright end of energies that are possible, \" halekas said. \" just as on earth, space weather and solar storms tend to make the auroras brighter and stronger. \" earth ' s auroras are caused when charged particles from the sun slam into the planet ' s protective magnetic field and, instead of penetrating to the ground, are diverted along field lines to the pole, where they funnel down and collide with atoms in the atmosphere to create an oval of light around each pole. electrons are a big proportion of the charged particles, and auroral activity is associated with a physical process still not understood that accelerates electrons, producing a telltale peak in the spectrum of electron energies. the process on mars is probably similar, lin said, in that solar wind particles are funneled around to the night side of mars where they interact with crustal field lines. the ultraviolet light is produced when the particles hit carbon dioxide molecules. \" the observations suggest some acceleration process occurs like on earth,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4856617889215517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7afe1857-be38-48b1-8763-ea2b23ec4fad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.441638"}
{"text": ", in that solar wind particles are funneled around to the night side of mars where they interact with crustal field lines. the ultraviolet light is produced when the particles hit carbon dioxide molecules. \" the observations suggest some acceleration process occurs like on earth, \" he said. \" something has taken the electrons and given them a kick. \" what that \" something \" is remains a mystery, though lin and his uc berkeley colleagues lean towards a process called magnetic reconnection, where the magnetic field traveling with the solar wind particles breaks and reconnects with the crustal field. the reconnecting field lines could be what flings the particles to higher energies. the surface magnetic fields, brain said, are produced by highly magnetized rock that occurs in patches up to 1, 000 kilometers wide and 10 kilometers deep. these patches probably retain magnetism left from when mars had a global field in a way similar to what occurs when a needle is stroked with a magnet, inducing magnetization that remains even after the magnet is withdrawn. when mars ' global field died out billions of years ago, the solar wind was able to strip the atmosphere away. only the strong crustal fields are still around to protect portions of the surface. \" we call them mini - magnetospheres, because they are strong enough to stand off the solar wind, \" lin said, noting that the fields extend up to 1, 300 kilometers above the surface. nevertheless, the strongest martian magnetic field is 50 times weaker than the field at the earth ' s surface. it ' s hard to explain how these fields are able to funnel and accelerate the solar wind efficiently enough to generate an aurora, he said. brain, halekas, lin and their colleagues hope to mine the mars global surveyor data for more information on the auroras and perhaps join with the european team operating the mars express to get complementary data on the flashes that could solve the mystery of their origin. \" mars global surveyor was designed for a lifetime of 685 days, but it has been very valuable for more than six years now, and we are still getting great results, \" lin observed. the work was supported by nasa. coauthors with brain, halekas, lin and acu? a are laura m. peticolas, janet g. luhmann, david l. mitchell and greg t. delory of uc berkeley ' s space sciences laboratory ; steve w. bougher of the university of michigan ; and henri r? me of the centre d ' etude spatiale des rayonnements in toulouse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49507107360646724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7afe1857-be38-48b1-8763-ea2b23ec4fad>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.443090"}
{"text": "go to set theory part ii. linear sets ( serial theory ) abdo. see pitch number div, or directed - interval vector, also interval string. the distance between successive ( ordered ) pcs cycling to an octave. a prime div is the div of a prime form. forte prime. a generalized version of a set that includes its inversion. index number. the transposition number, in semitones, above a reference pc. p5 would be a transposition up 5 semitones from p0. interval. the distance between two pitches. in set theory intervals are measured by the number of semitones. thus, ce is not a major third ( m3 ) but 4 semitones, or simply 4. a minor sixth would be 8. interval class ( ic ). the distance between two pitch classes, measured by the shortest distance. c to g may be the interval of 7, but its interval class is 5. thus, the largest ic is the tritone ( 6 ). interval string. see div modulo 12 ( mod12 ). an arithmetic system nearly identical to that of a clock, where 13 = 1, 14 = 2 etc. however, in modulo 12 the number 12 = 0. if we want to know what 2 hours past 11 is ( 11 + 2 ), we say it is one o ' clock ( 1 ). thus, in mod12, 11 + 2 = 1, and there is no number greater than 11. normal form or normal order. a cyclic permutation of a pc set arranged in ascending order as compactly as possible with respect to the first pc. each pc is represented by a pitch number in the absolute - do system. the normal order of an f major chord would be 590. pitch class ( pc ). all pitches with the same name plus their enharmonic equivalents ; e. g. all c # s make up a single pitch class. but, db and bx are also in the same class. pitch number ( pin ). each pc can be represented by a number from 0 to 11 in the twelve - tone system. the first row of numbers in this table indicates the decimal notation for each pc. the last row shows the same pcs in hexadecimal ( base 16 ) notation. the table shows abdo ( absolute - do ) notation, where c is always zero ( 0 ). in the reldo ( relative - do ) notation, any pc may be set to zero, usually the first of an arbitrary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5827571906362944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.464168"}
{"text": ") notation. the table shows abdo ( absolute - do ) notation, where c is always zero ( 0 ). in the reldo ( relative - do ) notation, any pc may be set to zero, usually the first of an arbitrary rotation. thus, fac is represented as 590 in abdo, but as 047 in reldo. pcs or pitch - class set. a group of pitch classes. protoprime. the prime form of a set without including its inversion. reldo. see pitch number unordered set, ( or nonlinear set ). a set whose temporal order is irrelevant, as in chords. the first and most important way that a pc set is identified is by its protoprime, or simply prime. however, sometimes the normal form, or normal order, is used. the normal order may be considered as a step on the way to the prime. so, we ' ll start by figuring it. as in the above glossary, the normal order is a cyclic permutation of a pc set arranged in ascending order as compactly as possible with respect to the first pc. each pc is represented by a pitch number in the absolute - do system. thus, the normal order of an f major chord would be 590. here are the quickest steps for finding the normal form and then the prime : 1. eliminate any duplicate pcs. for example, d # c g # f # a c g #, eliminate the duplicate g # and c. thus, this pc set is initially labeled 30869, with the pitch duplications eliminated. 2. place the numbers in ascending order, 03689. 3. figure the intervals between consecutive pairs of pitch numbers, cycling back to the initial pc. 3 - 0 = 3, 6 - 3 = 3, 8 - 6 = 2, 9 - 8 = 1, 0 - 9 = 3. thus, the intervals are 33213. this is called the directed - interval vector, or div. pins = 0 3 6 8 9 div = 3 3 2 1 3 4. find the index number by locating the largest interval number. in this case, the largest interval number is 3, but there are three of them. when there are more than one of the largest number, choose the one with the smallest number following it ( cyclically ). this would be the second 3 in the above example. the pin ( pitch number ) following this is the index number. in our example the index pin is 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5251025977840584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.465070"}
{"text": "the largest number, choose the one with the smallest number following it ( cyclically ). this would be the second 3 in the above example. the pin ( pitch number ) following this is the index number. in our example the index pin is 6. ( if the \" smallest \" number occurs more than once following a tie, then the next number should be considered using the same criteria, etc. ) 5. arrange the pins ascending from the index number : 68903. this is the normal form. the normal form has very little use and can be discarded. 6. the prime is figured from the normal form by setting the first pin to zero by transposition. this is done in our example by subtracting 6. subtract the same number from all the pins. [ 6 - 6 = 0, 8 - 6 = 2, 9 - 6 = 3, 0 - 6 = 6, 3 - 6 = 9 ]. the result is 02369. this is the prime, which may be simplified to 2369, omitting the superfluous leading zero. a more elegant ( simpler ) way to get the prime is to use the div, or interval string. in our example this is 33213. the largest interval followed by the smallest is the second 3. this points to the next interval as the starting interval for the prime. therefore, cycling the intervals, we get 21333. the digits should always sum to 12 to complete an octave. if we build a set class from this we get 02369. to get the inversion ( i ), reverse the div : 33312. then find the inversion ' s prime div by the same method : 12333. building a set class from this we get : i = 01369. 6. the forte prime may or may not differ from the protoprime. to get the forte prime ( after allen forte ), compare the prime with its inversion. the one which is most compacted toward zero is the forte prime. in this case, compare p = 02369 with i = 01369. the latter is most compacted ( smallest interval ) near zero. so, the forte prime is 01369. remember that forte primes do not discriminate between major and minor. notice : this is all that is required to identify the set class ( the set class is the protoprime ). the following are additional steps for computing the inversion and the forte prime. to find the forte prime ; the forte primes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5035990435010949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.465955"}
{"text": "minor. notice : this is all that is required to identify the set class ( the set class is the protoprime ). the following are additional steps for computing the inversion and the forte prime. to find the forte prime ; the forte primes can be computed in real time on the internet at paul nelson ' s tools. primes from the keyboard the keyboard of a piano, organ, or other electronic keyboard, can be used to simplify the determination of the prime. for example, a dominant seventh chord, e. g., a c7, can be imagined or played on a keyboard in four possible configurations or positions. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) these are the cyclical rotations of this set, commonly known as root, first, second, and third inversions. from these, choose the most compact form under the hand, i. e., number 2, which encompasses the smallest inverval of a minor sixth or 8 semitones. using this form, set the first pc to zero, i. e., using reldo, and figure the intervals in semitones above it ; i. e., 0368. this is the prime. this method can be used for any set. if two or more forms compete with the smallest span, choose the one with the smallest interval from the bass to the next note above. interval string notation the most elegant way to represent a set class is with interval string notation ( isn ), first documented by ernst - lecher bacon in the monist, 27 : 1, october 1917, under the title \" our musical idiom \". in this system a pc set is represented by a series of intervals ( in semitones ) that fills an octave. thus, the minor 7th chord, 037, becomes 345 in isn, the intervals between the pcs with one more to complete the octave. on close scrutiny it will be ascertained that a set class is really a directed - interval vector, or div, rather than a pitch - class set. a new catalog of sets may be constructed with this notation in which set identity is very elegant and economical, without the need for set names ; e. g., c7 chord, 0368 ( 4 - 27b ), becomes 3324. the half - diminished seventh ( 0258 or 4 - 27 ) becomes simply 2334. in isn, the difference between major ( 435 ) and minor ( 345 ) chords are clearly nonequivalent, just as are the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5384979786669305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.466847"}
{"text": "), becomes 3324. the half - diminished seventh ( 0258 or 4 - 27 ) becomes simply 2334. in isn, the difference between major ( 435 ) and minor ( 345 ) chords are clearly nonequivalent, just as are the dominant seventh and half - diminished seventh. the intervals in isn should always add up to 12. allen forte ' s \" prime forms \" are actually combined pairs of protoprimes ( or simply, primes ) that are not perceived or conceived as such in our music. as a simple example, 047, the major chord, does not appear in forte ' s table, but is subsumed into 037, the minor chord. ( it is important to recognize that set theory calls these chords \" inversions \", which is not the same as the traditional concept of chord inversion as determined by the bass note. ) thus, it is impossible to distinguish these \" inversions \" in forte ' s system, e. g., impossible to distinguish major chords from minor. this problem expands to all distinct pairs of prime inversions. the dominant - seventh ( 0368 ), as another example, is subsumed into the half - diminished seventh ( 0258 ), making them indistinguishable. the same is true for more complex sets. the table of set classes retains all the original forte set - names, but identifies each distinct inversion as a \" b \" form, an identifying label that is suffixed to the forte name for each inversion. thus, these additional primes are reinstated to their proper position in the pantheon of chords, distinct, yet related, to their inversions. in no way does this subtract from the information of set theory, nor does it change forte ' s foundational sets. rather, it embraces them and expands upon them ; i. e., more information is provided - - information that is omitted by subsumption of inversions into the same set class. it also has the additional benefit of simplifying the determination of the prime form by elimination of the steps that include the inversion, normal form, \" best normal form \", which are unnecessary and have little use. it is maintained by some theorists that the reduction in the forte primes is valid because of the \" atonal \" context for which set theory was designed ; i. e., major and minor chords are the same in an \" atonal \" context. but, the division between tonality and atonality \" is itself questionable, and objective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5481727579148618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.467820"}
{"text": "\" atonal \" context for which set theory was designed ; i. e., major and minor chords are the same in an \" atonal \" context. but, the division between tonality and atonality \" is itself questionable, and objectively indefinable, just as is \" atonal music \". ( see my web essay tonality, modality and atonality. schoenberg himself maintained that \" atonality \" is actually a misnomer and is indeterminate,. even the concept \" pantonality \" can only be defined subjectively. forte himself uses set theory to analyze stravinsky ' s rite of spring and other at least marginally tonal music, such as in scriabin ' s late music. major and minor chords are found in the rite, and they are rendered indistinguishable by forteian analysis. i would contend that these chords are not heard as identical sonorities in this, or any other context. they are simply not normally perceived as equivalent set classes. the division between tonal and and atonal music is very unclear. the problem is exacerbated in the \" atonal \" work of schoenberg, ives, satie, and others. the set name is found in the table of pc sets. the prime, 02369, is found as set number 125 with the set name 5 - 31b. the forte prime, 01369, is 5 - 31. * set name. a tag used to identify a pc set. allen forte ' s set name consists of two numbers separated by a dash. an example is 4 - 27. the number before the dash indicates the cardinality of the set ( the number of pcs it contains ). the number after the dash, the ordinal number, indicates a catalog number determined by its alphanumeric order in the complete list of sets. another way to identify a set is by its prime form, which may also be its set name ; 047, the major chord may be represented as simply 47 and minor as 37. set class. all the pc sets represented by a single prime form, including transpositions. in forte ' s system the set class also includes the inversion. thus, 037 and 047 are in the same set class. * note : another way to find the forte prime is to look up the prime in a table of sets ( try this link ), and note its set - name ( 5 - 31b ). find the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5651011002197572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.468727"}
{"text": "differing cardinalities. similarity relation. sets of the same cardinality may be related by their similarity. there are several different types, the most important of which are described below. directed interval ( di ). the distance between two pins that are placed in an order. e. g., the di of e to c is 8, whereas the di from c to e is 4. directed interval vector ( div ). the di between a series of pins ; e. g., the div of ecgac is 8723. since pc sets are not bound by the octave, two pc sets are equivalent if they map under rotation and / or transposition. egc ( 470 ) and ceg ( 047 ) are equivalent by rotation. gbdf ( 7b25 ) and faceb ( 5903 ) are equivalent by transposition. the first operation involves rotating the pitch numbers as in a circle. the second, transposition, is a matter of addition ; add 2 to 5903 and the result is 7b25. thus, pc sets are equivalent by these two operations. sets fbgd ( 5b72 ) and cegbb ( 047a ) are equivalent after both operations, rotation and transposition. inversion is achieved by projecting intervals of a set in the opposite direction. mathematically, this is acheived by subtracting the pins from 12 ( the modulus ). as an example, 047, the major chord is inverted by subtracting its pins from 12 to give : 085. when placed in prime form 085 becomes 037. thus, 037, the minor chord is the inverse of 047, the major. in forte ' s system inversionally related sets are equivalent and are made indistinguishable. thus, 047 is subsumed into 037. in this system inversionally related sets are identified as distinct but related by mutual inversion. inversionally related sets always have the same interval vector. z related sets are sets that have the same interval vector. additionally, when two sets have the same name except for the b ending on one, the sets are inversionally related. this makes it easy to establish these relations in the tables. z - related sets are accompanied by an extension on the set name with two dots followed by an ordinal number. this identifies the ordinal number of another set having the same interval vector. a mirror set is actually not a relation between sets, but a relation that a set may have within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5846957239392625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.470773"}
{"text": "the set name with two dots followed by an ordinal number. this identifies the ordinal number of another set having the same interval vector. a mirror set is actually not a relation between sets, but a relation that a set may have within itself. such a set results in the equivalent set when inverted and is thereby called a mirror set. all such sets are indicated in the table of sets with an asterisk after their set names. thus, such a set has no distinct inverse, but instead, each is its own inverse. when one set is included within another, they are said to be in the subset relation, also known as the inclusion relation. this may be abbreviated s for the subset relation. a familiar example of this is the incomplete dominant - seventh chord. bgf is a subset of gbdf. bdf, the diminished chord, is also a subset of the dominant seventh. the subset relation is the only relation that two sets of differing cardinalities may have. however, forte has also described special set complexes that relate groups of such sets. the first is called the set complex k, where a set or its complement are in the inclusion relation ( superset or subset ) with all the other sets in its group. the second is called the set complex kh, where a set and its complement are in the inclusion relation with all the other sets in its group. the latter is more selective. the set to which all the others are so related is called a nexus set, which is used as a reference. a table of the set complexes kh may be found in sam, appendix 3. not all subset relations are equally significant. for instance, the statement that the major chord is a subset of the 12 - note set, although true, is insignificant, because all sets are subsets of the 12 - note set ; i. e., the statement is not discriminating. the larger the superset is, the less significant are its subsets. a 3 - note subset is more significant if it is a subset of a 4 - note set, than it is if it were a subset of an 9 - note set. this observation leads to a method for establishing subset significance. it is suggested here that a subset whose cardinality is more than half of the superset is more significant than one that is not. in this way one may make a distinction between significant - subsets ( mapping > 50 % ) by labelling them with an s, and a less - significant subset ( mapping < = 50 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5871575986829967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.471813"}
{"text": "superset is more significant than one that is not. in this way one may make a distinction between significant - subsets ( mapping > 50 % ) by labelling them with an s, and a less - significant subset ( mapping < = 50 % ) by labelling it with a +. to determine if one set is contained in another place both in prime form. in some cases, the pins of the smaller set will be the same as those of the larger set and can, thus, reveal the subset relation. but, most of the time this will not be the case. figure the intervals between successive pins of both sets. these intervals should, as usual, be considered cyclic. if the div of the smaller set can be aligned with the larger or with successive sums of the larger, then the subset relation applies. two sets are in the complement relation when one contains all the pcs that are excluded from the other. for example, a c major scale excludes \" black keys \". the five black keys are its complement, and vice versa. thus, a 7 - note set has a 5 - note complement, a 4 - note set has an 8 - note complement, etc., where the complement cardinalities always add up to 12. in the table of sets, sets with complementary cardinalities and the same ordinal number are complements. but, if one has a b ending, the complement does not. exceptions to this are indicated with a < sign in the table of sets. this sign indicates that the complement has the same name ending. all hexachords have hexachord complements. many are there own complements, except for the b ending. those that are not their own complements identify their complements by the ordinal number that follows two dots in the set name. these dots also identify z - sets, those that have the same interval vector. every set is in the subset relation to its complement except for the complementary couple 7 - z12 / 5 - z12. the cardinality of the two sets must add up to 12. write the pins of the complement of one of the sets and place it in prime form. if this matches the other set, the two sets are complements. similarity relations are used to describe the relationships between sets of the same cardinality. these are based upon pc similarity and ic similarity. allen forte describes four basic types of similarity relations, which he designates rp, ro, r1, and r2. rp is determined by pc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5565743618072684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.472701"}
{"text": "between sets of the same cardinality. these are based upon pc similarity and ic similarity. allen forte describes four basic types of similarity relations, which he designates rp, ro, r1, and r2. rp is determined by pc similarity, and the other three are determined by ic similarity. rp, maximum similarity of pc, exists when the two sets of cardinality c have at least one common subset of cardinality c - 1, which is the same as saying that there is one unmatched pc. forte remarks that rp by itself is \" not especially significant \" because it is too common, and leaves it at that. by forte ' s rp criteria, for example, 014 would be just as similar to 047 ( major chord ) as is 037 ( minor chord ). and, 014 is just as similar to 037 ( minor chord ) as is 036 ( diminished chord ). this does not agree with the way these chords are commonly perceived. for a revision of rp that would agree more with our perceived notions of similarity, one could require that the unmatched pc pair be within a semitone of a match. this makes the criteria for maximal similarity more selective, more distinguished, and corresponding more closely to our perceived notions of similarity. this type of similarity could be designated as simply p. ro, called \" minimum similarity \", exists when two set of cardinality c have no corresponding interval vector digits in common. r1 and r2 are known as maximum similarity of interval class. such is the case when four out of their six iv digits are equivalent. the remaining two dissimilar digits determine the difference between r1 and r2. if these are the same numbers but switched in position, then the relation is r1. if the two dissimiar digits are simply not equivalent, even if switched, the relation is r2. 1. they must be the same cardinality c. 2. they have four out of six iv digits corresponding and parallel ( same position ). ( r1 / r2 ) 3. they have all but one pc correspondence. ( rp ) maximal similarity exists when two pc sets of the same cardinality can be mapped to one another, with the exception of one pc in one of the sets. additionally, the interval vectors of the two sets must have four out of six matches. these may be called the x relation ( forte ' s r1 ) when the unmatched digits are switched and the o relation (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5648150426430978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.473597"}
{"text": "in one of the sets. additionally, the interval vectors of the two sets must have four out of six matches. these may be called the x relation ( forte ' s r1 ) when the unmatched digits are switched and the o relation ( forte ' s r2 ) when they are not. ( the reasons for changing forte ' s symbols become apparent when a single letter is needed on a \" relations triangle \". additionally, x and o are easier to remember, because they neatly describe their respective relations in the shape of the letters. ) another type of maximal similarity, called simply the r relation, is more selective, and is based upon a perception model that is statistically determined. by this criteria it is assumed that the perception of the similarity of small sets is easier than is the perception of the similarity of large ones ; i. e., the similarity of, say, 9 - note sets would be more difficult to perceive than their complements, 3 - note sets. thus, a formula is constructed to simulate this difference in perception. to satisfy r the sets must meet the following criteria : 1. two pc sets of the same cardinality can be mapped to one another, with the exception of one pc in one of the sets, which must be within a semitone of a match with the unmatched pc of the other set. 2. there must be a minimum of interval correspondence t, where t equals the total number of ics corresponding in the two sets. t must be equal or greater than sc / 8, where s is the sum of the ics in the set cardinality ( the sum of the digits in the iv ), and c is the cardinality. as an example, compare the following two sets, given in prime form with their interval vectors : c = 6, the cardinality. comparing the primes, only one pin pair is unmatched ( 8 and 9 ), and they are a semitone apart, which satisfies condition 1. then observing the ivs, the sum ( s ) of the ics in this cardinality is 15. ( this is determined by adding the numbers in either iv. all sets of cardinality c will have the same s. ) to determine t : the number of ics common in each iv position is equal to the smaller number ( comparing each pair of digits in the same position ), and 132321 is the result. adding these together gives t, which is 12 in this case. the number 8 is the cardinality chosen to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5700895445721921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.474700"}
{"text": "iv position is equal to the smaller number ( comparing each pair of digits in the same position ), and 132321 is the result. adding these together gives t, which is 12 in this case. the number 8 is the cardinality chosen to represent a reasonable limit to the perception of r ; i. e., sets having cardinalities greater than 7 cannot have the r relation ( although they may have other maximally similar relations ). since sc / 8 = 11. 25 and t = 12 is greater, the two sets of our example meet the criteria for the r relation. various operations are commonly performed on pc sets. these include rotations ( ceg becomes egc, gce, ecg, etc. ) and registral displacement. these operations have no effect on pc content. that is, they remain invariant under these operations. two operations that are commonly performed on pc sets that can alter pc content are ( 1 ) transposition and ( 2 ) inversion. pc sets often maintain some pc invariance after a transposition. a common example is the whole - tone scale, 02468a, or 6 - 35 *. when this set is transposed by 2 semitones all of its pcs are held invariant. this would, of course, have important compositional consequences. it would be important, then, to know when pcs are held invariant under the operation of transposition. we can determine this by examining the iv of a pc set. 6 - 35 * has an iv of 060603. the number that appears in each position indicates the number of pcs held invariant when transposed by its respective ic. thus, the 6 that appears in ic position 2 reveals that when this set is transposed by 2 semitones ( t2 ), 6 pcs ( all ) are held invariant. since this is an ic transposition it may be either up or down, i. e., t2 or t10. a zero in the first position reveals that when this set is transposed by 1 semitone no pcs are held constant ( also true for t11 ). the same is true of t3 and t9. there is a 6 in the ic4 position, meaning that at t4 or t8, 6 pcs ( all ) are again held constant. the 3 in the ic6 position, however, may seem puzzling at first. but, recall that 6 is its own inversion ; therefore, the number of invariant pcs is double the number in the ic6 position ; i. e.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6053926233788909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.478173"}
{"text": "constant. the 3 in the ic6 position, however, may seem puzzling at first. but, recall that 6 is its own inversion ; therefore, the number of invariant pcs is double the number in the ic6 position ; i. e., t6 also results in 6 invariant pcs ). as another example, consider set 6 - 7 *, 012678, with iv = 420243. the iv tells us that there will be 4 pcs invariant when t = 1 ( or t11 ), 2pcs invariant when t = 2 ( or t10 ), no pcs invariant when t = 3 ( or t9 ), 2 pcs invariant when t = 4 ( or t8 ), 4 pcs invariant when t = 5 ( or t7 ), and 6 pcs invariant when t = 6. inversion can and often does lead to pc invariance. but, this operation needs to be considered in combination with transposition, i. e., tni, representing a transposition n of the inversion. the easiest way to determine this type of pc invariance is to form an addition table with the set represented horizontally and vertically. let us take 2478 as an example. notice that the set is placed at the top, horizontally, and down the left side, vertically. the numbers within the table are the sums at the intersections of the pins. by tallying these numbers we can ascertain the invariant pcs under tni. for example, the two 9s reveal that there are 2 common pcs at t9i. further, the table tells us which pcs are invariant under this t, namely those that create the intersection : 2 and 7. the two 4s indicate 2 common pcs at t4i, and they are 2 and 8, etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5903045710008281, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ec33147-dfef-434f-ba96-fb4279691c49>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.479008"}
{"text": "phenology : changes in ecological lifecycles by zack guido | the university of arizona | september 12, 2008 lilac flowers bloom with cues from the weather. caribou give birth at the peak of plant abundance so that their newborns have plenty to eat. in the southwest, as well as all other parts of the world, variations in the climate trigger life cycle events in plants and animals. studying these events and their relation to climate is known as phenology. the information obtained is vital for understanding the impact climate change has on humans and ecosystems. a gila woodpecker feeding on the flowers of the giant saguaro cactus. the timing of blooming may shift in a changing climate. credit : \u00a9frank leung, istockphoto. com phenology includes the timing of flower blooms, agricultural crop stages, insect activity, and animal migration. all of these events are changing as a result of climate change and these changes impact humans. the date flowers bloom, for example, controls the timing of allergens and infectious diseases \u2014 impacting human health \u2014 and alters when tourists visit regions to enjoy wildflowers, which impacts economies. variations in crop phases affect agriculture by influencing the timing of planting, harvesting, and pest activity. quantitative assessments of the impact of phenological changes on humans in the southwest are scant primarily because phenology is a relatively recent scientific endeavor in the southwest. however, increasing concern about climate change has amplified efforts in the following areas : - documenting observed phenological changes - projecting phenological changes from climate change - establishing a national phenological network phenology in the southwest is relatively young and there are only a few observational records more than 20 years old. nonetheless, records less than 20 years are sufficient to observe trends in phenological changes, and experts believe that changes in life cycle events in the southwest will be similar to those documented in other parts of the world where longer records exist. two of the more important and well - documented effects of climate change on phenology are changes in the date of flowering and food - chain disruptions. changes in flower blooms studies indicate an advance in the date that flowers bloom in the west. important conclusions include the following : - shrub specimens collected in the sonoran desert of the southwestern u. s. and northwestern mexico and biological models suggest that the spring bloom of shrubs may have advanced by 20 to 41 days between 1894 and 20041 - a study published in 2001 concluded that the average date of bloom for lilacs in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44538449328021523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4515ae2-0ac7-44ec-a9dc-42ec8a5adf76>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.484679"}
{"text": "of the southwestern u. s. and northwestern mexico and biological models suggest that the spring bloom of shrubs may have advanced by 20 to 41 days between 1894 and 20041 - a study published in 2001 concluded that the average date of bloom for lilacs in the western u. s. advanced by 7. 5 days between 1957 and 1994, while the average bloom date of honeysuckle advanced by 10 days between 1968 and 1994. 2 - a 20 - year record of the timing of flower blooms for hundreds of plant species across 4, 000 vertical feet in the santa catalina mountains near tucson, arizona, suggests more than 15 percent of the surveyed species bloom at elevations as much as 1, 000 feet higher than they did in the past. 3 - the same 20 - year record showed the average total number of species in bloom per year increased over the 20 - year period by nearly three species per year at the highest elevations \u2014 this increase was associated with increasing summer temperatures. 4 food chain disruption important life cycle events in plants and animals are often triggered by each other. when the timing of life cycle events changes in one species, it can disrupt symbiotic relationships and affect other species. for example, in the northeastern u. s., nectar - producing trees currently bloom 25 days earlier than in the past. as a result, honey bees have switched their source of nectar from the tulip poplar tree to black locust tree, impacting the pollination of tulip poplars and causing their numbers to crash. 5 in the arctic, the peak in plant abundance and caribou births no longer coincide, causing a 400 percent jump in offspring mortality. future phenological changes will be localized, depending on the specific plant and animal species and the magnitude of climate change. some species may profit, while others suffer. in general, flowers will likely bloom earlier and food - chain disruptions will likely be more frequent. several changes are likely in the southwest : - because the date and abundance of flower blooms are highly correlated with winter snowpack, projected declines in snowpack will decrease flower abundance and advance the date of flowering. 6 - global warming may have a disproportionate effect on montane plant communities. some mountain species may not be able to respond to changes in temperature by migrating north or south. in addition, an upward shift in altitudinal range of species to encounter cooler temperatures will decrease habitat area. 2 - earlier flower blooms could have substantial impacts on plant and animal communities in the sonoran desert, especially on shrubs and migratory humming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4579535614518862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4515ae2-0ac7-44ec-a9dc-42ec8a5adf76>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.485754"}
{"text": ". in addition, an upward shift in altitudinal range of species to encounter cooler temperatures will decrease habitat area. 2 - earlier flower blooms could have substantial impacts on plant and animal communities in the sonoran desert, especially on shrubs and migratory hummingbirds. 1 in addition, climate change will cause plant species to move in response to changes in temperature and precipitation. this may be most evident on mountains, where changes in elevation help create specific habitat zones within small areas. in the santa catalina mountains near tucson, arizona, for example, the habitat of many species has expanded upslope, and to a lesser extent downslope. the usa national phenology network ( npn ) is headquartered in tucson, arizona. its mission is to facilitate collection and dissemination of phenological data from the united states. npn primarily supports scientific research concerning interactions among plants, animals, and the lower atmosphere, especially the long - term impacts of climate change. npn encourages involvement in phenological research and provides opportunities for interested people to contribute to science. scholars, students of all grades, and citizens record the timing of life cycle events in key plant and animal species and submit their observations on - line. in this manner, a detailed database is growing. currently, 800 people in the u. s. participate in npn. among them, amateur scientists in the southwest have provided some of the more valuable and longer observational data. - bowers, j. e. 2007. has climatic warming altered spring flowering date of sonoran desert shrubs? the southwestern naturalist, 52 ( 3 ) : 347 - 355. - cayan, d. r., et al. 2001. changes in the onset of spring in the western united states. bulletin of the american meteorological society, 82 ( 3 ) : 399 - 415. - personal communication with dave bertelsen, august 4, 2008. - crimmins, t. h., m. a. crimmins, d. bertelsen and j. balmat. 2008. relationships between alpha diversity of plant species in bloom and climatic variables across an elevation gradient. international journal of biometeorology, 52 : 353 - 366. - personal communication with jake weltzin, july 21, 2008. - inouye, d. w., m. a. morales and g. j. dodge. 2002. variation in timing and abundance of flowering by delphinium barbeyi huth ( ranunculaceae ) : the roles of snowpack", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44084221519807076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4515ae2-0ac7-44ec-a9dc-42ec8a5adf76>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.486758"}
{"text": "this species may reach a length of 1 m and width of 25 mm or more. the worms, however, are exceptionally contractile and may be less than half their extended length ( c. marginatus ). the head is sharply tapered and bluntly pointed, with wide cephalic furrows ( c. marginatus - detail ). although it is stated that eyes are absent from this species, pigmented eyes are present. their small size, however, makes them easily overlooked in living individuals. the body behind the mouth is dorsoventrally compressed, with sharp lateral margins. transverse epidermal folds of varying sizes often give the nemerteans an irregularly wrinkled appearance, particularly when the body is contracted. the transparent caudal cirrus is slender. the colour is typically a uniform greyish - brown with whitish or transparent lateral margins through which the pink coloured lateral nerve cords are often visible. younger individuals are generally paler, and the dorsal pigmentation of older animals may be somewhat darker than that of the underside. variations in colour reported include dark greyish green, slate - blue or dull brown. both the mouth and cephalic slits are pale on their inner margins. in young specimens the cerebral ganglia and proboscis apparatus may show through the epidermis. cerebratulus marginatus is able to swim actively with strong dorsoventral undulatory movements. when swimming it often rotates about its own longitudinal axis and frequently projects its head above the water surface. it also readily fragments when handled. rarely found on the lower shore, cerebratulus marginatus is usually obtained when dredging in sandy or muddy sediments at depths of 20 - 150 m or more, although it may be caught on fishing lines when mussel flesh is used as bait. the species has a wide geographic range in the northern hemisphere. in european waters it extends from scandinavia and the british isles to the mediterranean and southwards to madeira ; it is widespread in the arctic ( king charles land, bremer sound, hinlopen strait, east spitzbergen ), and is found in the western north altantic from greenland, labrador and cape cod southwards beneath the off - shore arctic current, and in the pacific from alaska to san diego, california on the eastern seaboard and japan in the west.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41479411766606233, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:760ca1f5-78b5-4653-9cd1-bd9edb29c9cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.489520"}
{"text": "hawaiian spinner dolphin info did you know \u2026? in hawaii we called the dolphins nai \u2018 a? they travel in groups called pods? they are called spinner dolphins because they leap out of the water and spin. that dolphins and whales are air breathing mammals, just like us? that dolphins are conscious breathers \u2013 meaning that they must be conscious to continue swimming and coming up for air? we are unconscious breathers \u2013 we go to sleep and continue to breathe unconsciously \u2026 so how do dolphins sleep if they must remain conscious? they have the unique ability to shut down one half of their brain at a time, while the other half remains awake \u2026 if you are in the water with them, you can tell which side of their brain is asleep because their eye will be closed on that side. hawaiian spinner dolphins are one of the smaller species of dolphin. adults are 5 \u2032 - 7 \u2019 long and will weigh about 120 lbs or so \u2026 they are very social beings, and quite affectionate with one another. they will play the leaf game with one another and sometimes they will let you join in! hawaiian spinner dolphins are all about love and joy \u2026 you only have to open up your heart and allow the magic \u2026 common questions about dolphins how do dolphins sleep? dolphins have to be conscious to breathe. this means that they cannot go into a full deep sleep, because then they would suffocate. dolphins have \u201c solved \u201d that by letting one half of their brain sleep at a time. this has been determined by doing eeg studies on dolphins. rem ( rapid eye movement ) sleep, usually associated with dreaming has been recorded only very rarely. some scientists claim dolphins do not have rem sleep at all. a dolphin \u2019 s behavior when sleeping / resting depends on the circumstances and can vary within different species of dolphins, and possibly on individual preferences. they can either : swim slowly and surface every now and then for a breath which is the pattern for the hawaiian spinner dolphins ; rest at the surface with their blowhole exposed ; or rest on the bottom ( in shallow water ) and rise to the surface every now and then to breathe. how intelligent are dolphins? during the past few decades, scientists have intensified their efforts to better understand the dolphin mind. this research led to a groundbreaking milestone in 2001. a study conducted at the wildlife conservation society \u2019 s new york aquarium demonstrated unequivocally that dolphins are self - aware, a complex, cognitive capacity previously known only in humans and great apes ( reiss & marino, 2001", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47079539438471163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef8a3ab3-44a7-4ebc-a177-92279ebecf43>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.501010"}
{"text": "milestone in 2001. a study conducted at the wildlife conservation society \u2019 s new york aquarium demonstrated unequivocally that dolphins are self - aware, a complex, cognitive capacity previously known only in humans and great apes ( reiss & marino, 2001 ). but just how intelligent are they? the short answer to this is that we do not yet know. there is no reliable method to measure intelligence in humans across cultures, so it is not surprising that comparing humans, dolphins, apes, dogs, etc. is impossible. there are some indications of their potential : they are fast learners and can generalize ( which is also true of pigs, by the way ). also they can learn to understand complicated language - like commands ( which is also true of the great apes ). how do dolphins communicate and do they have their own language? dolphins communicate mainly by means of sounds. these sounds include whistles, but also so - called pulsed sounds, which are often described as squawks, barks, rasps, etc. but they also use breaching ( jumping and falling back into the water with a loud splash ) and pectoral fin ( or flipper ) and tail ( or fluke ) slaps ( hitting the flipper or fluke on the water surface ). body posturing and jaw popping also have a role in communication. dolphins may be closer to humans than previously realized, with new research showing they communicate by whistling out their own \u201c names \u201d. the evidence suggests dolphins share the human ability to recognize themselves and other members of the same species as individuals with separate identities. the research, on wild bottlenose dolphins, will lead to a reassessment of their intelligence and social complexity, raising moral questions over how they should be treated. the research was carried out by vincent janik of the sea mammal research unit at st. andrews university, who has found bottlenose dolphins to be among the animal world \u2019 s quickest learners of new sounds. he said : \u201c each animal develops an individually distinctive signature whistle in the first few months of its life, which appears to be used in individual recognition. \u201d the research has its origin in the 1960s when dolphin trainers first noticed that captive animals each had their own personal repertoire of whistles. this prompted speculation that dolphins had their own language and might even have individual \u201c names \u201d. however, the theory was controversial among whale and dolphin researchers, and until now, there had been no means of testing it. janik \u2019 s work was based on a group of dolphins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48344102957148993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef8a3ab3-44a7-4ebc-a177-92279ebecf43>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.502094"}
{"text": "had their own language and might even have individual \u201c names \u201d. however, the theory was controversial among whale and dolphin researchers, and until now, there had been no means of testing it. janik \u2019 s work was based on a group of dolphins living in sarasota bay, florida, who have been studied for more than 30 years. over that time researchers have built up a detailed picture of individual dolphins, their family ties and their \u201c social \u201d interaction. they have also made extensive recordings of the noises made by individual dolphins and isolated the sounds thought to be their \u201c signature whistles \u201d or names. in the study some of the sarasota bay animals were corralled in a net. the researchers then played synthetic versions of the signature whistles of other dolphins through underwater loudspeakers to see if they would evoke a response in the captive animals. the use of synthetic whistles ruled out the possibility that the animals might simply be recognizing the sound of each others \u2019 voices. they found that dolphins responded strongly to the whistles of their relatives and associates while generally ignoring those of dolphins to whom they had no link. janik said : \u201c bottlenose dolphins are the only animals other than humans to have been shown to transmit identity information independent of the caller \u2019 s voice. \u201d the findings are supported by other authorities. denise herzing, research director at the wild dolphin project at florida atlantic university, said it was already clear that many of the 77 known cetacean ( whale and dolphin ) species had rudimentary languages. \u201c we know that dolphins \u2019 brains are nearly as large and complex, relative to body size, as those of humans. they have evolved to be intelligent and that implies being able to communicate, \u201d she said. dolphins may, however, be just the first of many species where individuals are found to have their own names. other researchers have already found evidence for highly developed language skills in parrots, crows and primates. great apes, such as chimpanzees and orangutans, have been a popular subject for research because they are so closely related to humans. their limited vocal apparatus means they cannot speak but researchers at georgia state university have taught chimpanzees to communicate in english via computers equipped with customized keyboards and voice synthesizers. the african grey parrot is another renowned linguist, able not only to learn words but to use them in the right context. even some rodent species may have developed a rudimentary language. con slobodchikoff of northern arizona university recently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.511032144059605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef8a3ab3-44a7-4ebc-a177-92279ebecf43>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.503241"}
{"text": ". the african grey parrot is another renowned linguist, able not only to learn words but to use them in the right context. even some rodent species may have developed a rudimentary language. con slobodchikoff of northern arizona university recently found that prairie dogs, a large rodent found in the western united states, shared a language of at least 100 words. donald broom, professor of animal welfare at cambridge university, said species living in large groups all had advanced communication skills. \u201c they have a complex social structure where they have to live with others, negotiate friendships and find mates. if dolphins are using names i expect we will find the same in other species with similar lifestyles.. \u201d how does dolphin sonar work? dolphins ( and other toothed whales ) can produce high pitched clicks. when these clicks hit an object, some of the sound will echo back to the \u201c sender \u201d. by listening to the echo and interpreting the time it took before the echo came back, the dolphins estimate the distance of the object. ( that \u2019 s why sonar is also called echolocation : with information from the echoes, a dolphin can locate an object ). depending on the material the object is made of, part of the sound may penetrate into the object and reflect off internal structure. if the object is a fish, some sound will reflect off the skin on the dolphin \u2019 s side, some of the bones, the internal organs and the skin on the other side. so one click can result in a number of ( weaker ) echoes. this will give the dolphin some information about the structure and size of the fish. by moving its head ( thereby aiming the clicks at other parts of the fish ) the dolphin can get more information on other parts of the fish. can dolphins combine information from their sonar with their vision? the short answer is : yes, they can. just like people can visualize an object by just touching it, dolphins can get an idea of what an object looks like by scanning it with their sonar. they can also identify objects with their sonar that they have only been able to see. whether they form a visual picture from the sonar information ( visualization ) or form an acoustical picture from visual information is still unresolved. this capability is called cross - modal transfer and it has been demonstrated in only a few animal species so far : the bottlenose dolphin and the california sea lion. what and how much do dolphins eat? dolphins eat several kinds of fish and squid. the composition of the diet depends very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5140644043820963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef8a3ab3-44a7-4ebc-a177-92279ebecf43>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.504351"}
{"text": "transfer and it has been demonstrated in only a few animal species so far : the bottlenose dolphin and the california sea lion. what and how much do dolphins eat? dolphins eat several kinds of fish and squid. the composition of the diet depends very much on what is available in the area they live in and also on the season. the amount of fish they eat depends on the fish species they are feeding on. mackerel and herring have a very high fat content and consequently have a high caloric value, whereas squid has a very low caloric value, so to get the same energy intake ( calories ) they will need to eat much more if they feed on squid than if they feed on mackerel or herring. on average an adult dolphin will eat 4 - 9 % of its body weight in fish per day. how deep can dolphins dive? the deepest dive ever recorded for a bottlenose dolphin was 300 meters ( 990 feet ). this was accomplished by tuffy, a dolphin trained by the us navy. most likely dolphins do not dive very deep, though. many bottlenose dolphins live in fairly shallow water. in the sarasota bay area, the dolphins spend a considerable time in waters that are less than 2 meters ( 7 feet ) deep. other whale and dolphin species are able to dive to much greater depths. how fast can dolphins swim? the dolphin \u2019 s fast cruising speed ( a travelling speed they can maintain for quite a while ) is about 11 \u2013 12. 5 km / hr. they can reach speeds of up to 16. 5 km / hr while travelling in this fashion. when they move faster, they will start jumping clear of the water ( porpoising ). they are actually saving energy by jumping. when chased by a speedboat, dolphins have been clocked at speeds of 26. 3 km / hr, which they maintained for about 1500 meters, leaping constantly. energetic studies have shown that the most efficient traveling speed for dolphins is between 6. 0 \u2013 8. 2 km / hr. there have been reports of dolphins traveling at much higher speeds, but these refer to dolphins being pushed along by the bow wave of a speeding boat \u2013 they were getting a free ride. it is possible that dolphins can reach speeds over 15 knots during very short bursts ( like in preparation for a high jump ), but they can \u2019 t maintain that speed. where can you find dolphins? whales and dolphins can be found in almost every sea and ocean, from the arctic ocean, through the tropics all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4334265119402617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef8a3ab3-44a7-4ebc-a177-92279ebecf43>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.505349"}
{"text": "bursts ( like in preparation for a high jump ), but they can \u2019 t maintain that speed. where can you find dolphins? whales and dolphins can be found in almost every sea and ocean, from the arctic ocean, through the tropics all the way to the antarctic. each species however has its own preferred type of habitat. some live in cold water only, others in tropical oceans only. there are also species that can be found in a large variety of environments, like the bottlenose dolphins, killer whales and sperm whales. source : p. g. h. evans ( 1987 ) the natural history of whales and dolphins. christopher helm publishers, london. can dolphins live in fresh water? there are a number of dolphin species that live in fresh water. they all belong to the river dolphin families. these are : the platanistidae ( ganges and indus river dolphins ), the iniidae ( the boto or amazon river dolphin ) and the pontoporiidae ( the baiji and the franciscana ). there is one species that can be found both in fresh water ( the amazon river ) and in coastal sea waters : the tucuxi ( sotalia fluviatilis ). in general, salt water species don \u2019 t do well in fresh water. they can survive for some time, but they will be come exhausted ( since they have less buoyancy in fresh water ) and after a while their skin will start to slough ( like our own skin after spending a long time in the bathtub ). how do dolphins get their water? most dolphins live in the ocean and the ocean water is too salty for them to drink. if they would drink sea water, they would actually use more water trying to get rid of the salt than they drank in the first place. most of their water they get from their food ( fish and squid ). also, when they metabolise ( burn ) their fat, water is released in the process. their kidneys are also adapted to retaining as much water as possible. although they live in water, they have to live as desert animals, since they have no direct source of drinkable water.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3723829581817897, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef8a3ab3-44a7-4ebc-a177-92279ebecf43>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.506374"}
{"text": "nine ways to reduce plagiarism based on her research with postgraduate students in the department of media and communications, megan le masurier developed nine ways to avoid plagiarism. the nine steps are detailed in her article published in synergy and summarised below. step 1 : maximise student engagement since class size has been found to impact on student engagement and plagiarism, find ways to increase student participation by decreasing class size or introducing groupwork. step 2 : devise a subject - specific questionnaire a questionnaire will allow you to discover what your students know and don \u2019 t know about academic honesty and attribution practices. you will then be able to build course content around any gaps in knowledge. step 3 : fill the gaps in student knowledge after providing correct answers to the questionnaire, design simple exercises based on class needs. for example, students can be asked to attribute a quote using departmental guidelines. step 4 : test knowlegde of plagiarism ask your students to produce a written and signed response to the question what is plagiarism?. this will help you to identify students who are still confused about attribution and to assess english language competence. step 5 : encourage student language support use the written statements ( see step 4 ) to direct at risk students to available support. click here for more details. step 6 : make course content and assessment relevant select course content and assessment task which your students can relate to, for example on a cultural level. research suggests that this increases student engagement and diminishes the chance of plagiarism. step 7 : ask students to discuss their writing via consultation or email provide incremental and assessable feedback on how well students can discuss their own writing. step 8 : develop plagiarism ' unfriendly ' assessment design tasks which work against the possiblity of plagiarism. for instance stagger due dates to prevent students from being overwhelemed with assignment demands. request brief annotations with list of references, submission of essay plans and research notes, or ask for transcripts if interviews are part of the assignment. step 9 : prepare an assignment - specific checklist to the normal coversheet add a checklist which alerts students to possible instances of plagiarism in their assignments. for example ask them if you have quoted have you attributed the source in the text?.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4345327865329742, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf8bf0be-7be3-4f40-a3c6-ec227f1ee313>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.508986"}
{"text": "this tutorial shows how to send modifications of code in the right way : by using patches. the word developer is used here for someone having a kde svn account. we suppose that you have modified some code in kde and that you are ready to share it. first a few important points : now you have the modification as a source file. sending the source file will not be helpful, as probably someone else has done other modifications to the original file in the meantime. so your modified file could not replace it. that is why patches exist. patches list the modifications, the line numbers and a few other useful information to be able to put that patch back into the existing code. ( this process is called \" patching \" or also \" applying a patch. \" ) the main tool for creating patches is a tool called diff, which makes the difference between two files. this tool has a mode called unified diff, which kde developers use. unified diffs have not just the difference between the file but also the neighborhood around the differences. that allows to patch even if the line numbers are not the same anymore. the most simple patch is created between the modified file ( here called source. cpp ) and the non - modified version of the file ( here called source. cpp. orig. ) diff - u - p source. cpp. orig source. cpp that lists the difference between the two files in the unified diff format ( and with function name information if possible. ) however it only displays it to screen, which is of course not the goal. so you need to redirect the output. diff - u - p source. cpp. orig source. cpp > ~ / patch. diff ~ / patch. diff is here an example and you can create the file where you prefer with the name that you prefer. ( you will soon find out that it is probably not a good idea to create a patch where the source is. ) but normally, you do not just change one file and you do not keep the original version around to be able to make the difference later. but here too, there is a solution. the program svn, which is used on the command line interact with the svn server, has a diff function too : svn diff. you can run it like this and it will give you the difference of the current directory and all sub - directories below it. of course, here too, you want to redire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45856496574209155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1579d04-7a6b-420c-9fe2-a0b676d91ec3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.518392"}
{"text": ", has a diff function too : svn diff. you can run it like this and it will give you the difference of the current directory and all sub - directories below it. of course, here too, you want to redirect the output. svn diff > ~ / patch. diff there are useful variants too ( shown here without redirection ) note : even if svn can make the difference of another directory ( svn diff mydirectory ), it is not recommended to do it for a patch that should be applied again. ( the problem is that the person that will apply the patch will have to be more careful about how he applies it. ) note : for simple diff, like those shown in the examples above, svn diff can be used offline, therefore without an active connection to the kde svn server. this is possible, as svn keeps a copy of the original files locally. ( this feature is part of the design of svn. ) by default, svn diff does not have a feature like the - p parameter of diff. but svn allows that an external diff program is called, so you can call diff : svn diff - - diff - cmd diff - - extensions \" - u - p \" the procedures described above work very well with text files, for example c + + source code. however they do not work with binary files, as diff is not made to handle them. and even if svn can internally store binary differences, svn diff is not prepared to do anything similar yet, mainly because it currently uses the unified diff format only, which is not meant for binary data. therefore, unfortunately, there is little choice but to attach binary files separately from the patch, of course attached in the same email. first, you need to make svn aware of files you have added. svn add path / to / new / file / path / to / another / new / file then run svn diff as before. note that if you do svn revert, for example, the files you created will not be deleted by svn - but svn will no longer care about them ( so they won ' t show up when you do svn diff, for example ). you will have to rm them manually. ( todo : are there any other issues with adding new files if you don ' t have commit access? ) now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43509839220321106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1579d04-7a6b-420c-9fe2-a0b676d91ec3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.519304"}
{"text": "they won ' t show up when you do svn diff, for example ). you will have to rm them manually. ( todo : are there any other issues with adding new files if you don ' t have commit access? ) now you are ready to share the patch. if your patch fixes a bug from kde bugs, then the easiest way is to attach it there, see next section. the main way of sharing a patch is to email to a mailing list. but be careful not to send big patches to a mailing list, a few 10kb is the limit. if you find that the patch is too big to send to a mailing list, the best is to create a bug report in kde bugs and to attach the patch there, after having created the bug report. another possibility, however seldom used, is to post the patch on a public web server ( be it by http or ftp ) and to send an email to the mailing list, telling that the patch is waiting there. another variant is to ask on the mailing list which developer is ready to get a big patch. ( try to give its size and ask if you should send it compressed, for example by bzip2. ) a last variant, if you know exactly which developer will process the patch and that you know or that you suppose that he currently has time, is to send the patch to a developer directly. ( but here too, be careful if your patch is big. some kde developers have still analog modems. ) in this section we assume that you have chosen to add your patch to an existing kde bug or that you have created a bug report just for your patch. even if this tutorial is more meant to send patches to a mailing list, most of it can be applied to adding a patch to kde bugs. you have two ways to do it : to send an email to a bug report, you can use an email address of the form firstname. lastname @ example. org where 12345 is the bug number. please be sure to attach your patch and not to have it inlined in your text. ( if it is inlined, it would be corrupted by kde bugs, as html does not respect spaces. ) note : if you send an email to kde bugs, be careful to use as sender the same email address as your login email address in kde bugs. otherwise kde bugs will reject your email. note : if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40643024944016715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1579d04-7a6b-420c-9fe2-a0b676d91ec3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.520207"}
{"text": "respect spaces. ) note : if you send an email to kde bugs, be careful to use as sender the same email address as your login email address in kde bugs. otherwise kde bugs will reject your email. note : if you create a new bug report just for your patch, be careful that you cannot attach a patch directly when creating a new bug. however as soon as the new bug is created, you can then attach files, one - by - one, therefore also patches. warning : sometimes your patch will be forgotten because the developers do not always closely monitor the bug database. in this case, try sending your patch by email as described below. if that also does not help, you can always talk to the developers on irc assuming that you have chosen to send the patch to a mailing list, you might ask yourself : to which one? the best destination for patches is the corresponding developer mailing list. in case of doubt, you can send any patch for kde to the kde - devel mailing list. ( however with an increased risk that you would miss the right developer. ) of course, if you know exactly which developer will process the patch and that you know or that you suppose that he currently has time, then you can send the patch to him directly. now you have a patch redirected into a file ( for this example called patch. diff ), you are ready to send it by email. but the first question : where? now that you have entered an email address, a good practice is to attach the patch to your file before writing anything else in the email. so you will not forget to attach it. a little note here : yes, in kde ( unlike for the linux kernel for example ), we prefer to have the patches sent as attachments. now you are ready to write the rest of the email. please think of a title that matches your patch. ( think of having to find it again in the archives in a few months or even years. ) a good habit is to precede the title by [ patch ]. so for example a title could be [ patch ] fix backup files. as for the body of the email, please tell to which file or directory your patch applies. for example for a file : the attached patch applies to the file koffice / kword / kwdoc. cpp or for a directory : the attached patch applies to the directory koffice / kword. this help the developers to have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42333500616615377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1579d04-7a6b-420c-9fe2-a0b676d91ec3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.521223"}
{"text": "example for a file : the attached patch applies to the file koffice / kword / kwdoc. cpp or for a directory : the attached patch applies to the directory koffice / kword. this help the developers to have an overview of which code has been modified. also tell for which branch it is meant, for example for trunk. then tell what your patch does. if it fixes a bug, then please give the bug number too. if the bug was not registered in kde bugs, then please describe instead the bug that is fixed. similarly, if you know that the patch fixes a bug introduced from a precise svn revision, please add the revision number. tell also what could be useful to the developers, for example if you could not completely test the patch ( and why ), if you need help to finish fixing the code or if it is a quick & dirty solution that should be fixed better in long - term. now check the email again to see if you have not forgotten anything ( especially to attach the patch ) and you can send the email. one popular way of submitting patches is kde ' s reviewboard. a big advantage over using the bugtracker of kde is that the patches are less likely to be forgotten here. also, the reviewboard allows inline review of diffs and other gimmicks. first you need to check if the project you ' ve created the patch for is actually using reviewboard. for this, go to the groups section and see if the project ' s group is listed there. if it is listed there, you should use the reviewboard, otherwise send the patch by other means. for sending a patch, you first need to register. then simply click new review request and fill out the form. the most important parts of the form are : after you completed the form, a notification mail will be sent to the developers and they will answer you. now you have to wait that a developer reacts on your patch. ( if you are not subscribed to the mailing lists where you have sent the patch, then monitor the mailing list archives ] for such a message. ) the reaction is normally one of the following : the first case is when nobody has answered. that perhaps means that you have chosen the wrong mailing list. perhaps you have not explained correctly what the patch fixes or you have given a title that is not precise enough. if this happens, the developer might have overlooked the patch. perhaps the developer that should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4551289917610713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1579d04-7a6b-420c-9fe2-a0b676d91ec3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.522190"}
{"text": "direct execution is the most basic way to execute a statement. an application builds a character string containing a transact - sql statement and submits it for execution using the sqlexecdirect function. when the statement reaches the server, sql server compiles it into an execution plan and then immediately runs the execution plan. direct execution is commonly used by applications that build and execute statements at run time and is the most efficient method for statements that will be executed a single time. its drawback with many databases is that the sql statement must be parsed and compiled each time it is executed, which adds overhead if the statement is executed multiple times. sql server significantly improves the performance of direct execution of commonly executed statements in multiuser environments and using sqlexecdirect with parameter markers for commonly executed sql statements can approach the efficiency of prepared execution. when connected to an instance of sql server, the sql server native client odbc driver uses sp _ executesql to transmit the sql statement or batch specified on sqlexecdirect. sql server has logic to quickly determine if an sql statement or batch executed with sp _ executesql matches the statement or batch that generated an execution plan that already exists in memory. if a match is made, sql server simply reuses the existing plan rather than compile a new plan. this means that commonly executed sql statements executed with sqlexecdirect in a system with many users will benefit from many of the plan - reuse benefits that were only available to stored procedures in earlier versions of sql server. this benefit of reusing execution plans only works when several users are executing the same sql statement or batch. follow these coding conventions to increase the probability that the sql statements executed by different clients are similar enough to be able to reuse execution plans : do not include data constants in the sql statements ; instead use parameter markers bound to program variables. for more information, see using statement parameters. use fully qualified object names. execution plans are not reused if object names are not qualified. have application connections as possible use a common set of connection and statement options. execution plans generated for a connection with one set of options ( such as ansi _ nulls ) are not reused for a connection having another set of options. the sql server native client odbc driver and the sql server native client ole db provider both have the same default settings for these options. if all statements executed with sqlexecdirect are coded using these conventions, sql server can reuse execution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4622118157709919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f82767ed-532d-4540-b80b-cef97bc9291c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.524958"}
{"text": "\u201c the dog is everywhere what society makes him, \u201d wrote charles dudley warner in the january 1896 issue of harper \u2019 s new monthly magazine. elaine ostrander and heidi parker update that message in the november 2005 issue of the online journal, public library of science \u2014 genetics : \u201c the domestication of the dog from its wolf ancestors is perhaps the most complex genetic experiment in history, and certainly the most extensive. \u201d undeniably, the results of that experiment are directly manifest in the appearance and behavior of the dog. since hitching its evolutionary fate to that of humans some 9, 000 canine generations ago, the dog has proven the most adaptable, versatile and steadfast of companions, serving as a guard ; draft animal ; hunter ; herder ; warrior ; entertainer ; finder of explosives, contraband, disease and lost souls ; healer, therapist ; physical and spiritual guide ; and friend. with the public unveiling last month of the fully sequenced and richly annotated dog genome \u2014 the approximately 2. 4 billion base pairs of dna ( a [ adenine ], which always binds with t [ thymine ], and c [ cytosine ], which binds with g [ guanine ] ) that form its genetic code \u2014 the dog might now also add to its monikers, shall we say, \u201c genomic consort. \u201d of course, the dog is not the first mammal other than humans to have its genome fully sequenced \u2014 the mouse, rat and chimp got theirs first \u2014 but because of its architectonic breed structure, it might prove the most illuminating. to shift metaphors : geneticists can now use the dog genome sequence like a combination zoom and telephoto lens, zeroing in on specific genes and even minute changes within genes, or jetting back to examine broad patterns and interrelationships within it and between it and other genomes that reveal the evolutionary history of an individual, a breed, a population, or the entire species and genus. dog as cultural construct a cultural and biological construct from the start, the dog is a mash of intensive human tinkering and the natural proclivities both of its wolfish fore bearer and of its randomly breeding dog ancestors. indeed, the newly released analysis of the sequenced dog genome points to two unmistakable genetic bottlenecks \u2014 about 9, 000 generations ( taken by the sequencers as 27, 000 years ) ago, when perhaps as few as two tamed wolves produced the first litters of what became dogs. since then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5270449016336171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32774c06-7578-46e1-a005-76996661d773>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.529112"}
{"text": "homeowners can prepare their lawn for possible drought homeowners, armed with a weather forecast predicting severe drought can take proper preparations that can greatly improve the chances of their home lawn surviving, even with very limited water. the lawn institute in suburban chicago has assembled the following tips to manage turf during a drought. - reduce or eliminate nitrogen fertilizer because at this time of year it overly promotes leaf growth, at the cost of rooting activity. plan on fertilizing in the fall when top growth slows - down and root growth increases. - avoid all weed killers ( herbicides ) because most can also lessen the vigor of grass roots, the last thing you want to do prior to or during a drought. - reduce thatch and compaction as early in the year as possible so that moisture and air can reach the roots as easily as possible. thatch can act like a sponge, capturing water before it reaches roots while compaction will increase rapid run - off at the cost of deep saturation. - sharpen the mower blade several times during the turf - growing season because dull blades shred rather than cleanly cut grass and shredded turf can greatly increase water losses. - mow less or when it ' s cooler because no matter how you cut it, grasses lose moisture after every mowing. less plant moisture will be lost when mowing takes place at cooler times of the day. - mow as high as possible to promote deep rooting and maximize soil shading. although studies have shown that taller grasses can use more water, there is a greater benefit to deep roots and reduced soil moisture loss from evaporation. - leave clippings, not clumps to add moisture, nutrients and a mulching effect ; however, remove clumps because they will block the sun and heat up as they decay, killing the under - lying grass. - water right \u2026 defend your right to use water to save your landscape by participating in public water hearings, while practicing proper watering techniques. - water early in the morning to take advantage of cooler temperatures and less evaporative losses to the afternoon winds and hot sun. - water infrequently and deeply to encourage roots to go deeper where moisture remains available for longer periods of time. - let the grass go dormant naturally by withholding water, except for a quarter - inch every four to six weeks to keep the vital grass crowns hydrated and capable of greening up when temperatures cool and moisture is again available. - reduce traffic on the lawn at all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40142959765591796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb3071d-dbf2-408f-8d8c-005ba974d9a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.531923"}
{"text": "the t. i. s. p., or teacher in space project was initiated by president ronald reagan on august 27th 1984. the project \u2019 s main goal was to uplift the inspiration to new generations in enthusiasts in mathematics, space, and scientific research exploration. due to unfortunate circumstances the cancelation of the program was installed in 1990 after the death of teacher christa mcauliffe during the fatal 1986 challenger flight and disaster. but, this was not to be the complete end to the project and its related program e. a. p. ( educator astronaut project ). for it would be reborn in the early years the 21st century. due to its controlled release to the private sector, billionaire companies were able to establish their mark on the space and aerospace industries by enabling teachers wanting to participate in the program, via their monetary support. in 2005, teacher in space candidate pam leestma, a second - grade teacher and cousin of space shuttle astronaut david leestma, flew a training flight aboard a mig - 21 operated by x - rocket, llc. this project an escalating outpouring of applicants to similar companies that also offered space flight as an option for teachers and educators. flights continued into 2008, for in 2009 t. i. s. p. announced the seven chosen teachers from around the u. s.. they are : maureen louis adams, james kuhl, lanette oliver, stephen heck, rachael manzer, chantelle rose, and robert schmidt. \u201c becoming a teacher may have its benefits \u2026 you may get to go to space! \u201d by : thomas mcgregor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48692322914812547, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b19e2402-d3a6-437e-91c2-0de559ed9364>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.535190"}
{"text": "the tonawanda news tonawanda news \u2014 knowledge is power and my favorite form of knowledge is vocabulary. when i took a field course in costa rica for three weeks studying rainforest animals i committed to memory a few terms that i use often when talking about animals and pets and when they sleep. in college i was also taught that one of the best ways to not only remember, but to truly understand a concept is to teach the idea to a friend. this is probably one of the reasons why i still have the following party - worthy words ready to go at a moment \u2019 s notice. as soon as i learned them, i began sharing. understanding your pet \u2019 s behavior directly relates to understanding your pet \u2019 s health. since about third grade we \u2019 re all familiar the word \u201c nocturnal. \u201d nocturnal animals are those animals that are active during night and sleep during the day. sugar gliders, rats, hamsters, bats and owls are popular examples. a slightly less - known vocabulary word would be the term that describes the opposite : those animals that are active during the day and sleep during the night. it is silly to think that humans, who are mostly \u201c diurnal, \u201d seldom know that word for their behavior. there are many examples of diurnal animals, we see them every day when we are awake. if you can take one thing away from america \u2019 s favorite series of vampire - themed fantasy, twilight is an activity time as well. \u201c crepuscular \u201d animals are active during twilight, such as dawn and dusk. the word crepuscular is derived from the latin crepusculum, meaning \u201c twilight. \u201d knowing if your pets are truly crepuscular might resolve your original thoughts of your animals being lethargic. the more likely answer is that they are active when you are sleeping. want to know why your cat starts kneading your arm at 5 a. m. or why your dog starts tugging on your blanket at 5 : 45 a. m.? it has to do with their activity level. hamsters, housecats, dogs, rabbits, ferrets, guinea pigs, hedgehogs and rats might fall into the crepuscular group better then the previously mentioned categories. in a study of stray dogs, the researchers found that most of the dogs were active during dawn and dusk. while most of our house dogs are diurnal, this is likely to be a result of their human activity level. one advantage of being crepuscular in a hot region", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5321211289843737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a664aa29-43b3-4d31-a230-0e9cad9c70a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.540392"}
{"text": "researchers found that most of the dogs were active during dawn and dusk. while most of our house dogs are diurnal, this is likely to be a result of their human activity level. one advantage of being crepuscular in a hot region is avoiding the sun. taking a midday siesta can be beneficial to animals, especially if their food sources are also absent. many animals use the changing of sun to moon or vice versa to feed, look for water and engage in other behaviors because of the reduced risk of predators. visibility is challenging, making it easier for animals to hide from potential predators. another term that we can use to describe our pets is \u201c cathemeral. \u201d animals that are cathemeral have very interesting habits. they are active / inactive throughout the 24 hour period. they can be up for two hours, then asleep for four hours, then up for 10 min, then inactive for one hour. some primates can be described as cathemeral ( maybe even humans ) and the most famous pet that does this would be the house cat. it gives new meaning to the term \u201c catnap. \u201d knowing your pet \u2019 s activity will serve as another instrument to assess whether or not animals are stressed, frustrated or ill. the last vocab word that i would like to discuss is not related to activity levels but rather eating habits. \u201c coprophagy \u201d is the consumption of fecal material. now, before you put down the paper, i will try to explain why this is important. unsurprisingly pigs do this, but so do pandas, kolas, kittens, dogs, rabbits, hamsters, kangaroos and chinchillas. hamsters, guinea pigs and chinchillas eat their own droppings, which are thought to be a source of vitamins b and k, produced by bacteria in the gut. animals such as rabbits are referred to as hindgut fermenters, which digest cellulose ( plant material / dietary fiber ) with the help of bacteria in their gut. giving it a second pass through the system, allows better chance for absorption. now that you are verbally equipped with new vocabulary terms, you can now share this information, retain it and enjoy sunday brunch. kenny coogan has a b. s. in animal behavior. please email your questions to email @ example. com, or search for \" critter companions by kenny coogan \" on facebook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5190535715846029, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a664aa29-43b3-4d31-a230-0e9cad9c70a5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.541406"}
{"text": "some people may look at stonehenge and think it \u2019 s just a big, old pile of rocks, thinking \u201c yeah, so what? \u201d okay, it is a big, old pile rocks, sure, but it \u2019 s much more than that. i \u2019 m not a religious person or even spiritual by any means, but i found stonehenge quite captivating. maybe because there \u2019 s so much mystery surrounding the monument. maybe because so many people are drawn to it. maybe because it has stood on that patch of land for thousands of years. i don \u2019 t know. or maybe it \u2019 s because spinal tap did a song about it. there is nothing like stonehenge anywhere else in the world. it was a burial site, ritual site, temple, community meeting place and a calendar for the people of the neolithic and bronze ages. some people say that the druids used the site for pagan festivals during the summer and winter solstices, but there is conflicting information on whether or not the druids had anything to do with stonehenge. it is thought that the name stonehenge could mean \u201c stones hanging in the sky, \u201d but the word \u201c henge \u201d means a circular ditch with a bank outside and one or more entrances. at this site, on the salisbury plain, this ditch, or henge, was believed to have been created over 5, 000 years ago. about 4, 600 years go, a wooden structure was built in the center and then about 4, 500 to 3, 500 years ago the stones were added and re - arranged for almost 1, 000 years. one of the biggest mysteries of the site is how it was built. over 5, 000 years ago there obviously were no tools like we have today. and the population of britain was much, much smaller, so there wasn \u2019 t an unlimited supply of workers. the stones are not from the area, some coming from 240 miles away in wales. so, how did these gigantic stones get transported to the site and lifted into place? the largest stones weight about 45 tons each! it is thought that it could have taken several thousands of years to build stonehenge. i can see that. what else did these people have to do with their lives? if so much time and effort was spent on building this monument, it must have had great importance. it was originally much, much larger than it is today. it was in use for more than 1, 500 years by nomadic people as a gathering site for different events", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.485645631865896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66484fbd-fb82-4af5-9f56-2766c09bb212>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.545059"}
{"text": "solar power at the \u2018 tipping point \u2019 the holy grail of the solar industry \u2014 reaching grid parity \u2014 may no longer be a distant dream. solar power may have already reached that point, at least when compared to nuclear power, according to a new study by two researchers at duke university. it \u2019 s no secret that the cost of producing photovoltaic cells ( pv ) has been dropping for years. a pv system today costs just 50 percent of what it did in 1998. breakthroughs in technology and manufacturing combined with an increase in demand and production have caused the price of solar power to decline steadily. at the same time, estimated costs for building new nuclear power plants have ballooned. the result of these trends : \u201c in the past year, the lines have crossed in north carolina, \u201d say study authors john blackburn and sam cunningham. \u201c electricity from new solar installations is now cheaper than electricity from proposed new nuclear plants. \u201d if the data analysis is correct, the pricing would represent the \u201c historic crossover \u201d claimed in the study \u2019 s title ( pdf ). two factors not stressed in the study further bolster the case for solar. 1 ) north carolina is not a \u201c sun - rich \u201d state ( pdf ). the savings found in north carolina are likely to be even greater for states with more sunshine \u2013 arizona, southern california, colorado, new mexico, west texas, nevada and utah. 2 ) the data include only pv - generated electricity, without factoring in what is likely the most encouraging development in solar technology : concentrating solar power ( csp ). csp promises utility scale production and solar thermal storage, making electrical generation practical for at least six hours after sunset. power costs are generally measured in cents per kilowatt hour \u2013 the cost of the electricity needed to illuminate a 1, 000 watt light bulb ( for example ) for one hour. when the cost of a kilowatt hour ( kwh ) of solar power fell to 16 cents earlier this year, it \u201c crossed over \u201d the trend - line associated with nuclear power. ( see chart below ) the authors point out that some commercial scale solar developers are now offering electricity at 14 cents a kwh in north carolina, a price which is expected to continue to drop. while the study includes subsidies for both solar and nuclear power, it estimates that if subsidies were removed from solar power, the crossover point would be delayed by a maximum of nine years. the report is significant not only because it shows solar to be a cheaper source of energy than nuclear. the results", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4947584396641408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f8b33a1-7a80-4c82-8c83-6c5e94784055>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.548025"}
{"text": "population change in tyler and texas will impact economic development and education the tyler area is seeing an ever growing hispanic population but has one of the highest percentages of hispanics without high school degrees in the state, demographer dr. steve h. murdock reported monday. from 2000 to 2010, the tyler area ' s population grew by 20 percent to 209, 714 people. in the last decade, the tyler area saw 33. 3 percent of its population growth come from white non - hispanics and 66 from all minorities, including 47. 3 percent for hispanics, he said. murdock estimated that by 2050, 87 percent of smith county ' s population growth will be because of the hispanic population. about 40 percent of hispanic population have less than a high school degree in texas, with 60 percent in the tyler area. the local figure is higher than houston and dallas, which each saw about 50 percent of its hispanic population without a high school degree, and about 28 percent in san antonio, murdock reported. \" it reinforced what we see out in the community, \" price arredondo, director of the hispanic business alliance, said of murdock ' s presentation monday. he said the hispanic population has an impact from an economic standpoint, as well as the educational system. \" we need to work as a community to create a better system, \" arredondo said, adding that about 40 percent of students in kindergarten through 12th grade in tyler are hispanic. he said they can be a contributor or a burden to the community. arredondo said tyler ' s high percentage rate of hispanics without a high school degree took him back. \" i knew it was high, but that number really opened my eyes, \" he said, adding that the community needs to focus more on pre - kindergarten programs, such as ninos de promesa, which teaches 3 - and 4 - year - old spanish - speaking children english so they can enter into mainstream public schools. murdock said not only do changes need to be made to the public school system statewide, but also to the cost of public colleges and universities. murdock, director of the hobby center for the study of texas and the allyn r. and gladys m. cline professor of sociology at rice university, the first official state demographer of texas before serving as director of the u. s. bureau of the census from 2007 to 2009. he presented the \" population change in texas and tyler : implications for education and economic development \" to a group of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3886298266916994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ca54edb-2733-46db-97dd-7303adf675a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.552279"}
{"text": ", the first official state demographer of texas before serving as director of the u. s. bureau of the census from 2007 to 2009. he presented the \" population change in texas and tyler : implications for education and economic development \" to a group of about 250 people monday at a luncheon put on by the tyler area chamber of commerce and the tyler area business - education council. \" in the last decade, the hispanic population has grown significantly more than any other group in texas and the country and will continue to do so in the coming decades. \" the hispanic population will exceed, by far, that of every other population group, \" he said. \" the future of texas is tied to its minority populations. and how well they do is how well texas will do and how well the u. s. will do, \" he said. based on 2010 census data, there was a 4. 2 percent growth of the white / non - hispanic population in the country and 42 percent growth of the hispanic population in the past decade. about 10 percent of the state ' s growth is due to the anglo population while about 85 percent is hispanic, he said. of the population 18 and older in texas, one - third is hispanic, while one - third of the state ' s children are white and one - half are hispanic, he said. murdock said the country saw a net decline of about 4. 3 million anglo children from 2000 to 2010, and a 4. 8 million growth in hispanic kids. all 50 states in the u. s. had an increase in the hispanic population of children while 46 of 50 states had a decline in the number of anglo children. \" these demographic characteristics are tied to socioeconomic characteristics, \" he said. when the population demographic changes, the socioeconomic factors, such as education and employment, also must change, he added. murdock said the average household in the u. s. was significantly poorer in 2010 than in 1999, and there is a three - to - one poverty rate in texas. he said if the population changes the way they believe it will and the income levels don ' t change with it, the average american household will be $ 7, 759 poorer in 2050, compared to 2010. but if the country can get its educational levels for all population groups up, it could see the poverty level drop, he said. while texas did a lot better than the country with its percentage change for civilian employment for people 16 years and older, the tyler area didn ' t fare as well as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3914129712468686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ca54edb-2733-46db-97dd-7303adf675a3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.553244"}
{"text": "today, a billion heartbeats. the university of houston ' s college of engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity stephen jay gould asks us to muse upon the allotted lifetimes of mammals. gerbils live only a few years, most dogs get beyond twelve, elephants and the big whales live about as long as we do. now, says gould, if our reaction is pity for those short - lived species, let ' s ask just how we should measure the length of a the clock on the wall is misleading. in another episode, i talk about the way smaller creatures have to perceive the passage of time much differently than we do. a small creature, watching you and me, has to see us as though we ' re moving through molasses think about heartbeats and respiration, says gould. your heart or mine might beat seventy - two times per minute, while we breathe eighteen times per minute. the next time you hold your cat, take note of its pulse and breath. both are much more rapid than yours. a waking cat lives on a faster track than we it turns out that any mammal ' s heart beats about four times per breath. however, pulse and respiration each decrease roughly as the fourth root of body mass. that means a twenty - five pound whippet breathes twice as fast as a four - hundred pound gorilla. so let us look upon that clock on the wall, not as measuring minutes, but rather heartbeats of the creature watching it. it turns out that all animals live for roughly a billion heartbeats. with a heartbeat clock, our lifetimes would all be roughly the same. well, not exactly... we humans are statistical outliers. we mature far more slowly than other creatures and our hearts typically beat around three billion times. however, that ' s still the same order - of - magnitude as the rest of the animal kingdom. gauging life in heartbeats or breaths reveals, once more, how deeply subjective time is. the second law of thermodynamics tells us that we experience time moving only from past to future. that ' s because the world we perceive is statistically irreversible. and the rate at which we see time moving in only one direction, is dictated by our hearts and lungs. i watch the clock on my wall \u2014 its second hand ticking at a rate very close to my own heartbeat \u2014 and i better understand the old song about a ninety years without slumbering tick,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.546767364656745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a71c268e-974d-49d2-8a47-1088d56ddf33>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.556442"}
{"text": "one direction, is dictated by our hearts and lungs. i watch the clock on my wall \u2014 its second hand ticking at a rate very close to my own heartbeat \u2014 and i better understand the old song about a ninety years without slumbering tick, tock, tick, his life seconds numbering tick, tock, tick, and it stopped short \u2014 never to go again when the old man died. it is quite wondrous to view all animals as one universal creature scaled up or down. the sizes of brains increases roughly as the three - quarters power of body mass. the cross - sectional area of a leg increases as the square of mass. we may be statistical outliers, we humans. but it ' s a lot harder to put on airs when we can see ourselves as scaled up cats, or scaled down elephants. and, at the same time, i also read in that a fine dimension of hope. i ' m john lienhard, at the university of houston, where we ' re interested in the way inventive minds s. j. gould, the panda ' s thumb : more reflections in natural history. new york : w. w. norton & company, inc. 1980. gould deals with many of these issues here, but see especially, chapter 8. the engines of our ingenuity is copyright \u00a9 1988 - 2003 by john h.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5609556006479706, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a71c268e-974d-49d2-8a47-1088d56ddf33>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.557056"}
{"text": "\u201c clementine had a zest for political life second to none \u201d as it happened, clementine richard attlee, 1st earl attlee, wha, ti, stt, his ( 3 january 1883 \u2013 8 october 1967 ) was a british politician, who served as prime minister of the united kingdom from 1945 to 1951, and leader of the labour party from 1935 to 1955. attlee is often described as the first british prime minister to be part fruit, but this is incorrect as william gladstone was 3 / 8ths kumquat, whilst recent research has revealed that benjamin disraeli to have a little fruit in him which he chose to hide from public knowledge as that sort of thing could get you hung back then. attlee was born in putney, london, england, into a middle - class family, the seventh of a punnet of eight children. his father was henry attlee ( 1841 \u2013 1908 ) who was a solicitor, whilst his mother was a mandarin orange ( 1847 \u2013 1920 ). he was educated at bramley school, ribston pippin and st mango ' s university college, oxford, where he graduated with a second class honours ma in modern fructarianism in 1904. attlee first came into the public conciousness in a 1893 edition of the daily mail which focused on children named after fruit, a popular and widespread craze amongst the victorians for a number of decades. the piece featured the ten year old clementine, who already had a keen interest in the world of politics as well as a fondness for dressing up. unlike the other children featured within the article, such as apples tompkins, banana o ' flaherty and peachie saxe - coburg - gotha, attlee was the only one who was actually part fruit. marriage and children suggestions that clementine was a fruit were squashed when he met violet tangerine on a trip to italy in 1921. within a few weeks of their return the pear were engaged and married on january 10, 1922 following a ceremony spoken entirely in mandarin. theirs would be a devoted marriage until she died in 1964 from consumption. the couple had four children : lady satsuma helen ( b. 1923 ), lady tangor ann ( 1925 - 2007 ), martin, 2nd earl clementine ( 1927 - 1991 ) and lady mikan elizabeth ( b. 1930 ). the procreation was met with wholesale surprise as clementine was assumed to be seedless. attlee became involved in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4259008943288348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ad281d6-03a1-442d-8ff3-62cc1a3c0c0c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.563666"}
{"text": "2007 ), martin, 2nd earl clementine ( 1927 - 1991 ) and lady mikan elizabeth ( b. 1930 ). the procreation was met with wholesale surprise as clementine was assumed to be seedless. attlee became involved in local politics in the immediate post - war period, becoming mayor of the metropolitan borough of stepney in 1919. whilst being mayor in 1920 he put his creative juices onto paper with his first book \" the social squeeze \". this work set out many of the principles which underlay his political philosophy, and which underlay the actions of his government in latter years. the book attacked the idea that drinks made from diluted concentrate were an adequate replacement to that made from freshly prepared citrus products. he wrote that : | orange cordial is a cold grey loveless thing. if a man wants to provide a truly refreshing drink he should gladly use real citrus fruit, not dole out cordial on a whim. | he went on to write : | in a civilised community, although it may be composed of self reliant individuals, there will be some persons who will be unable at some period of their lives to obtain all their necessary vitamins and minerals, and the question of what is to happen to them may be solved in three ways - they may be neglected, they may be given a nutritious, enjoyable, freshly squeezed citrus drink, or they may drink cordial and take vitamin supplements. the first way is intolerable, and as for the third : drinking cordial is not possible without loss of taste and freshness between equals. a right established by law, such as that to an old age pension, is less galling than an allowance given by vitamin supplements, dependent on his view of the recipient \u2019 s character, and terminable at his caprice. | thanks to attlee ' s involvement in the fresh vs concentrate debate it became possible for large scale production of non - dilute citrus drinks to begin. the increased availability allowed that for the first time the masses as a whole to were able to enjoy a really satisfying, refreshing drink regardless of class, gender or personal circumstance. he strongly supported the addition of sliced lemons to non - citrus drinks led by george lansbury in 1921. this put him into conflict with many leaders of the london labour party including herbert morrison who supported the addition of olives and umbrellas. member of parliament at the united kingdom general election, 1922, attlee became mp for the constituency of limehouse in stepney.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45374599662990556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ad281d6-03a1-442d-8ff3-62cc1a3c0c0c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.564622"}
{"text": "conflict with many leaders of the london labour party including herbert morrison who supported the addition of olives and umbrellas. member of parliament at the united kingdom general election, 1922, attlee became mp for the constituency of limehouse in stepney. his first taste of ministerial office came in 1924, when he served as under - secretary of fruit in the short - lived first labour government, run by macdonalds. in the years that would follow, attlee would squeeze out his competitors and would serve as acting leader for nine months from december 1933 due to then leader george lansbury fracturing his thigh after slipping on a banana skin. during this period, he felt the financial squeeze and was almost forced to quit politics, as his wife was ill, and as leader of the opposition he was paid peanuts. he was persuaded to stay on, however, by stafford cripps, a wealthy socialist who agreed to pay him an additional celery. like most labour mps ( in concert with the liberal party ) attlee opposed rearmament in the interwar period, a position criticised by winston churchill in his book \" what the hell are you idiots talking about, the bosh are total fucking nutters and some serious shit is going to kick off \". when war broke out in september 1939 an attempt to repel the germans by throwing rotten tomatoes failed in norway, resulting in a motion of no confidence in the government of neville chamberlain. a coalition government was formed between labour and the liberals which would be led by winston churchill. churchill never really did get the smug look off his face afterwards. only attlee and churchill remained in the war cabinet throughout world war ii. attlee was lord privy orange ( 1940 \u2013 1942 ), deputy prime fruit ( 1942 \u2013 1945 ), avocado secretary ( 1942 \u2013 1943 ), and lord president of the limes ( 1943 \u2013 1945 ). during the war rationing had limited the availability of truly fresh thirst quenchers, leading the public to require a profound change in how fruit products were distributed. this mood was epitomised in the beverage report. the report assumed that the maintenance of full freshness would be the aim of postwar governments. all major parties were committed to this aim, but perhaps attlee and labour were seen by the electorate as the best candidates to follow through with the programme. the landslide 1945 election saw labour sweep to power and attlee become prime minister. clementine lived to the ripe old age of 84. his death was a sad loss to the many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42124189359305975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ad281d6-03a1-442d-8ff3-62cc1a3c0c0c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.565540"}
{"text": "the electorate as the best candidates to follow through with the programme. the landslide 1945 election saw labour sweep to power and attlee become prime minister. clementine lived to the ripe old age of 84. his death was a sad loss to the many who admired him, especially percy montrose who released the song \" oh my darling, mr attlee \" to commemorate his life. - mr. chamberlain ' s budget was the natural expression of the character of the present government. there was hardly any increase allowed for the services which went to build up the life of the people, education and health. everything was devoted to piling up the instruments of death. the chancellor expressed great regret that he should have to spend so much on armaments, but said that it was absolutely necessary and was due only to the actions of other nations. one would think to listen to him that the government had no responsibility for the state of world affairs. - shurrup, fruitboy. - \u2191 honest. - \u2191 this is the famous scotch egg and whisky burger brothers, james and ramsay macdonald. just to make clear. - \u2191 winston churchill ' s wife was also called clementine. he was to say in his war diaries i did the war my way that sleeping and working with ' the clementines ' made him permanently fruity during the war.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4078977423920653, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ad281d6-03a1-442d-8ff3-62cc1a3c0c0c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.566036"}
{"text": "the east frankish and west frankish chant dialects during the middle ages the low countries formed the border line between the regions of the west frankish and the east frankish chant dialects. the difference between these two dialects is most manifest in the tendency of the east frankish repertoire variant to turn b into c, e into f, while in west frankisch manuscripts b and e are preserved. besides this, there is a certain exchange of neumes, for instance a torculus in east frankisch manuscripts and a clivis in west frankish manuscripts ( see m. e. heisler in studia musicologia 27 ( 1985 ) pp. 67 - 82, where the semitone - differences, only discernible in diastematic notations, are considered ' melodische variante ' and the neume - differences, discernible in all notations, ' graphische variante ' ). on this website, to each manuscript the dialect variant has been added, using the terms ' western ' for descendants of the west frankish repertoire variant, and ' eastern ' for those of the east frankish variant. this is mainly based on the melodic variants, i. e. the tendency to raise the semitones ; research on dutch manuscripts covering the entire subject is lacking. use of these terms on this home page must be considered to be no more than a first attempt to bring more clarity in this matter, which might perhaps be more complicated than it seems at first sight. the geographical distribution of the repertoire variants is connected with the spread of notation types. generally it can be stated that square notation manuscripts display the western variant, while hufnagelschrift manuscripts and manuscripts with low countries notation contain the eastern variant, though many transitional variants can be observed. some observations can be of particular interest for the study of the two repertoire dialects. the manuscript nl - uc bmh 20, is a gradual, manufactured in the late 15th century in zuid - holland for the amsterdam agnesklooster. it os provided with hufnagelschrift, but with some characteristics that strongly resmind of square notation : staves in red paint, no quilismata, vertical bars drawn in the staves. besides, the original versions of the melodies show the western repertoire variant, but later these were changed into the eastern variant. all this suggests that this manuscript was copied from a square notation manuscript with only one change : hufnagelschrift instead of square notation, while keeping the western chant variant - erroneously, because in amsterdam this variant was unusa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4353497194818543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7057c946-d95b-4f16-b4ef-db38e5f41401>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.569391"}
{"text": "the eastern variant. all this suggests that this manuscript was copied from a square notation manuscript with only one change : hufnagelschrift instead of square notation, while keeping the western chant variant - erroneously, because in amsterdam this variant was unusal. hence the many corrections in this manuscript ; they give us a clear insight in the differences between the two repertoire variants ( see : het gregoriaans in de lage landen ). that the tendency of the east frankish repertoire variant to turn b into c ( and e into f ) was still an active process during the late middle ages can be observed in several manuscripts. firstly, a difference exists between the older and younger manuscripts of the utrecht mariakerk, dating from the 12th up to the 16th century. whereas the 12th and 13th century manuscripts of this church still have a relatively ancient practice ( having kept some e and b inflections ), the 14th and 15th century manuscripts display a more modern practice ( the e ' s and b ' s having developed into f and c ). secondly, the two 15th century rijnsburg manuscripts, a summer antiphoner nl - dhk 73 e 8 and a hymnal nl - dhk 71 j 70, have some semitone corrections ( b corrected into c, e into f ) that may indicate a shift from a more ancient eastern tradition into a more modern one. the office for st gudula, that partly has been preserved in both square notation and hufnagelschrift, displays some characteristic differences between the two dialects, even though this is a relatively young and local repertoire.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46575464297404545, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7057c946-d95b-4f16-b4ef-db38e5f41401>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.569987"}
{"text": "by anthony on 08 / 10 / 11 at 12 : 50 am checkboxes and radio buttons are an essential part of forms. but most of the time, they \u2019 re not easy to click. this is because their click targets are small. the smaller a click target is, the more difficult it is to click it. luckily, there are three things you can do to your checkboxes and radio buttons to make them easy for users click. 1. use label tags at the most basic level, your checkboxes and radio buttons should have label tags on them. this allows users to click the label to toggle the checkbox or radio button. this is easier for users to do because the label is usually a larger target to click than the checkbox or radio button itself. it also makes your checkboxes and radio buttons accessible to users who use screen readers. 2. add hover effects to them a checkbox or radio button may have label tags, but most users won \u2019 t know that they can click the label unless there \u2019 s a visual affordance that tells them that. a hover effect is a clear visual affordance that lets users know they can simply click the labels to toggle the controls. 3. place them on a button zone the last way to make your checkboxes and radio buttons easy to click is possibly the best way. placing them on a button zone clearly tells users where they can click to toggle the controls. not only can users click the label, but they can also click outside the label. this makes their click targets even bigger and easier to click. when users click on a checkbox or radio button, the button zone should highlight in color to tell users that it \u2019 s selected. this gives users the clear visual feedback they need when they \u2019 re looking at a dense area of checkboxes and radio buttons. there \u2019 s a lot you can do to make your checkboxes and radio buttons more usable and accessible. if your form has a lot of them, try using these techniques to take the burden off your users. making your checkboxes and radio buttons easier to click will increase the chances of users completing your form. this is exactly what you want to do if you have a long form that asks for a lot of information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4041853955796161, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3988b4ee-0e80-4b25-ad36-6662ff61ad59>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.572137"}
{"text": "january 17, 2006 homework syllabus for all sect consider the following algorithm for getting a drink of water in an apartment in which n roomates share n cups. procedure get - drink ( dirty : int, clean : int, n : int ) if ( clean = 0 ) then for ( j = 1 to n ) do wash - cup ( j ) ; dirty = 0 ; clean = n ; return ( dirty + 1, clean - 1, n ) question 1 use the accounting trick method to show that this algorithm runs in amortized constant time ( meaning that it is o ( 1 ) when using amortized anlaysis ). how many \" tokens \" will you deposit with each procedure call? which instruction will you pick as the barometer instruction to measure withdrawals on each function call? can you prove that the account will never go negative? question 2 suppose that rather than using the get - drink algorithm above, the roomates decided to implement a \" you use it, then you wash it \" policy instead. under policy, one would get a drink of water then immediately wash the cup so that all cups were clean at all times. compare and contrast the amount of time required to get a drink of water under both policies. how does this related to the design of algorithms and data structures? question 3 problem 4. 19 page 142 question 4 problem 6. 1 page 214 note : problem 6. 2 and the question about nephite coinage were moved to homework # 4 for jan. 23 ( so if you started them already, you are still ahead on your homework ). posted by jones at january 17, 2006 12 : 03 pm post a comment thanks for signing in,. now you can comment. ( sign out ) ( if you haven ' t left a comment here before, you may need to be approved by the site owner before your comment will appear. until then, it won ' t appear on the entry. thanks for waiting. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6102833524913546, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:527a7d20-acb9-4769-8c09-4236147d141d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.573891"}
{"text": "water resources of the united states date : thu, 06 sep 2012 17 : 18 : 33 edt summary : drought conditions worsen significantly throughout nebraska in the last week. summary of event impact : drought conditions have significantly worsened throughout nebraska in the last week. this drought has been referred to as a \u201c flash drought \u201d due to the rapidity of its onset. the u. s. drought monitor has categorized the majority of nebraska as being in the exceptional drought category. the state climatologist has claimed this drought is in the top three observed in nebraska over the last 110 years. usgs crews have continued to provide additional time and effort in monitoring low - flows, acquiring gzfs ( gage heights of zero - flow ) and streamgage maintenance activities. event information : hydrologic conditions : drought conditions deepened slightly throughout nebraska this past week. the u. s. drought monitor currently shows 100 percent of the state in severe drought, with 98 percent of the state in extreme drought status, and 71 percent in the exceptional status category ( up by 48 percent from last week ). fifteen usgs streamgages in nebraska are at zero flow. of 60 long - term usgs streamgages ( > 30 years record ) in nebraska, 12 ( or 20 percent ) are at no flow ( a slight decrease from last week ). 22 percent of the long - term gages are equal to or exceed the 7 - day low - flow average record for nebraska. flow is returning to the dry sections of the platte river as surface water irrigation demands are reduced due to the end of the growing season. over 95 percent of nebraska received zero to less than one - quarter inch of rainfall this past week. throughout the state, more than two dozen public water systems are restricting water use because of water level problems. nearly 50 more are restricting water use as a preventive measure. most are in the eastern half of the state, away from access to the ogallala aquifer. restrictions range from voluntary every - other - day lawn watering to mandatory bans on any outside water use. four usgs newsc field crews continued to make additional low - flow measurements, extend and repair pressure lines, and verify gzf \u2019 s at more than 10 streamgages and made 22 extra streamflow measurements over the past week ( about 227 extra measurements over the past 8 weeks ). crews are currently making 2 measurements per week at the elkhorn river at waterloo, platte river at ashland, platte river at venice, and platte river at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46792316661514144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c89bc308-7ff3-4ce4-84a3-926c0d00796a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.578817"}
{"text": "measurements over the past week ( about 227 extra measurements over the past 8 weeks ). crews are currently making 2 measurements per week at the elkhorn river at waterloo, platte river at ashland, platte river at venice, and platte river at louisville with increased frequency of visits to the platte river at duncan, north bend, and overton and the loup river at genoa, all key forecast points for omaha and lincoln municipal water systems. lincoln and omaha get most of their drinking water from well fields in and adjacent to the lower platte river and depend upon adequate streamflow in the river for their supply. newsc has completed 2 additional low - end rating extensions this past week for a total of 34 across the state in the last 8 weeks. groundwater levels groundwaterwatch shows over half of the nebraska real - time groundwater observation wells in the below normal, much below normal, or low ( new low ) categories. the groundwaterwatch water - level network readings were mostly completed in the spring before the onset of the drought. the city of lincoln municipal well field on the platte river is approaching operational limits and is currently more stressed than during the 2002 drought. usgs crews continue to take weekly groundwater level readings ( typically monthly ) at about 20 wells. several natural resources districts ( nrd ) are reporting that some domestic wells and irrigation wells are going dry and are concerned about municipal supplies. one native american tribe has also reported dry domestic wells. one nrd is providing emergency assistance to homeowners with well repairs and replacements, or providing drinking water. several communities are also reporting domestic water problems. water quality the center continues normal operation of a network of stream temperature stations, and several multi - parameter water - quality stations. in the past week, no water - quality issues have arisen that differ from previous updates. special projects none. communications and outreach the newsc drought page has been updated and expanded at http : / / ne. water. usgs. gov / drought /. a drought information message has been created and provided to all field staff to provide usgs information to the public and for media requests. usgs staff have answered numerous media requests for drought information to date ( none within the past week ). a www page is available. the url is : http : / / ne. water. usgs. gov / drought / twitter. @ usgsneb no news release is planned, but we have been using our landing page of http : / / ne. water. usgs. gov to provide updates and link to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44247689442541915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c89bc308-7ff3-4ce4-84a3-926c0d00796a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.579836"}
{"text": "the kinna ' s are another fine example of a pioneer family contributing to the development of the eckville area in the early 20th century. john kinna was born in 1854 in waimela, estonia. in 1903 john, along with his wife marie and their five children, immigrated to canada and settled on a homestead north of eckville, adjacent to the medicine river. john and his sons soon built a five - room, two - storey house from surrounding trees. john and marie lived here until 1942 when they retired from homesteading to take up a quiet life in the town of eckville. john ' s background as a labourer in estonia facilitated the cultivation of land in alberta ' s rugged wilderness. john was well trained in leather work and often repaired shoes, mittens, and harnesses. the topography around eckville also provided ideal fishing locations. john ' s first significant purchase was in livestock when he bought four cows and numerous chickens. when killick ' s general store opened its doors, the kinna family delivered butter and eggs in exchange for other groceries. to earn additional revenue, the kinnas contracted a modest mail route and made three trips a week to neighboring towns and villages. a horse - drawn sleigh equipped with a tent, food and bedding was used to deliver the mail. the family ' s earnings typically went toward the purchase of farm tools and livestock. the kinna ' s often butchered pigs at home and produced a variety of pork products. sausages, lard, smoked hams and blood sausages were mixed with barley to create traditional estonian cuisine. since canning had not yet been widely developed, root vegetables stored in the cellar were frequently used. rye and oats were the first crops grown. marie would use the oats to create \" kiisla \", another popular estonian meal. in 1909 john ' s son fritz began establishing plans for building and operating a water - powered mill adjacent to the medicine river. a dam and a 50 - yard canal were also to be built. the project was successfully completed in 1912, and farmers soon arrived from miles around to pay the kinnas to grind grain. john and marie died in 1950. they had six children, all born in estonia. fritz was born 30 september 1881 in waimela, estonia. he was an active member of the eckville community participating in school board functions and serving as a director for the eckville co - operative association. olga was born 29 march 1883. she married charlie raabis and they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42393159819945514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151e5f49-326c-467d-9169-07f948d770fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.582513"}
{"text": "neurons that can multitask greatly enhance the brain \u2019 s computational power, study finds. three mit researchers have completed a study to explain the apprehension outside japan caused by that nation ' s plans for a \" plutonium economy. \" the report, \" international responses to japanese plutonium programs, \" was written by professor eugene skolnikoff of the mit department of political science ; dr. tatsujiro suzuki, research associate in mit ' s center for international studies ( cis ) ; and professor kenneth a. oye, cis director. the study was carried out under the auspices of the center. the authors note that the japanese nuclear power program has long included an extensive commitment to use plutonium removed from the spent fuel of light - water reactors for recycling or as fuel for breeder reactors. the plans are approaching commercialization as construction of a major reprocessing plant at rokkasho has begun. the stated goal is to derive maximum energy from uranium, but concerns have been raised outside japan about proliferation risks, safety and possible diversion for terrorist purposes. the authors point out in particular that \" proceeding with commercial - scale plutonium programs increases the likelihood that other countries will follow the japanese example, perhaps with less physical security against theft by subnational groups or diversion for weapons use. \" the authors note that \" long - term r & d intended to maintain technology options. would not raise similar concerns. \" the international reaction is fueled by the unconvincing nature of the official rationales for the program in a context in which concerns over proliferation, safety and terrorism are considered by many to be of paramount importance. the authors state that the energy security, economic and environmental benefits claimed for the program by japan do not appear to others to justify the major commitments that have been made. they cite, as one of the explanations for continuation of the programs in the face of inadequate justification, a number of \" background factors, found in one form or other in all countries, \" including \" local politics, inertia of large organizations, limited transparency of the policy process, industrial interests and cultural considerations. \" the authors note that these factors, which are major drivers of the programs, are little appreciated outside japan. the researchers ' primary recommendations to mitigate international concerns are to : - diversify aspects of the fuel - cycle program to avoid undue reliance on plutonium. - emphasize long - term r & d to maintain a technology option. - avoid premature commercialization of plutonium. - open further the policy process. - enhance international confidence - building measures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5809939461603821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1f6efb4-0fc8-425a-a8f3-793bb4ca2df8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.585267"}
{"text": "neurons that can multitask greatly enhance the brain \u2019 s computational power, study finds. the movie \" 21, \" a fictional work loosely based on the story of the mit blackjack team that won millions of dollars from casinos across the country, opens in theaters friday. throughout the 1990s, several mit students were part of a team that used advanced card - counting techniques to improve their chances of winning at blackjack. their story became ben mezrich ' s book \" bringing down the house, \" which served as the basis for the fictional \" 21. \" most notably, the character played by kevin spacey, portrayed as an mit professor, is entirely fictional. while his irresponsible acts may enliven the hollywood script, they are entirely unrepresentative of the institute. those familiar with mit should not be surprised that its students are capable of the calculations and observations necessary to outsmart casinos. in addition to its global leadership in science and engineering, mit remains a mathematics powerhouse. as just one example, the mit math team recently finished third at the prestigious william lowell putnam intercollegiate mathematics competition, garnering 21 out of the top 74 scores. and while shots of killian court and other mit exteriors dot \" 21, \" the movie was actually filmed at boston university, at the christian science center in boston and in las vegas. the careful mit observer will notice several alumni also have small credited roles in the film, including irobot co - founder colin angle ' 89, sm ' 91, who provided the movie robot ; jeffrey ma ' 94 ; and henry houh ' 89, ' 90, sm ' 91, phd ' 98.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47748233143365426, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:064d02dc-b4dd-4dec-8584-0fceaa255d08>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.587085"}
{"text": "ulum al qur ' an contents online library ' literal ' and ' understood ' meanings the meaning of certain ayat is derived from the literal wording ( mantdq ) while that of others is derived from what is understood ( mafhum ) by them : of the literal understanding there are several kinds. the first concerns a clear text, i. e. a text clear and without ambiguity. ' but if he cannot afford it, he should fast three days during the hajj and seven days on his return, making ten days in all ' ( al - qur ' an 2 : 196 ). in other cases the text may be somewhat ambiguous in its expression but obvious as far as the meaning is concerned. ' and do not approach them until they are clean ' ( al - qur ' an 2 : 222 ). the arabic word tatahharna may refer to the end of the woman ' s menstrual period, or the completion of the bath after the period ; the second being more obvious. [ qattan, m. : mabahith it ' ulum al - qur ' an, riyadh. 1971. ] still other verses imply a meaning through the context, although the wording itself is not clear. ' and out of kindness reward to them the wing of humility ' ( al - qur ' an 17 : 24 ). this applies to parents, and not to all human beings in general, as the context of this verse suggests.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5164347828580234, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5e69e16-1ee9-4e04-98b1-e97407e4860d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.588427"}
{"text": "[ back ] cancers from chemo and radiation cancer risk for child survivors 27 may 2009 survivors of childhood cancer have a higher life - long risk of developing a new form of the disease, a study shows. the journal of the national cancer institute study blames potent therapies rather than genetics, and is the first to show the risk is so long - term. the study of 50, 000 also found those diagnosed after 1975 appeared to have a slightly higher risk of cancer as treatments became more aggressive. but they also led to a big improvement in child cancer survival rates. a team from the institute of cancer epidemiology in copenhagen studied 47, 679 people who were diagnosed with cancer before the age of 20, between 1943 and 2005. they were drawn from the cancer registries of denmark, finland, iceland, norway and sweden. in all, they were three times more likely to develop a new cancer than their contemporaries - and the risk remained even as people approached their seventies. among survivors, the generation diagnosed between 1975 to 2005 were more likely to have developed second cancers at comparable ages than either the generation treated between 1960 and 1974, which saw first - generation chemotherapy, and the period before 1960, with no chemotherapy at all. this increase occurred despite the advances in radiation treatment in which doses were markedly reduced, leading the team to point the finger at chemotherapy - either as an independent factor or one which exacerbates the carcinogenic effects of radiation. brain tumours were found to affect survivors more than the general population, due to the susceptibility of the brain to cancer treatments. \" what we need now is two - fold : new treatment ideas to decrease the risk of later effects, and much better surveillance of childhood cancer survivors during adulthood, \" said dr jorgen olsen, who led the research. \" cancer treatments don ' t just increase the risk of other cancers, but can lead to all sorts of other problems - from cardiovascular to reproductive. \" dr james nicholson, a paediatric oncologist at addenbrooke ' s hospital in cambridge welcomed the research as one of the most comprehensive studies yet, but stressed change to treatment was already afoot. \" we have known about this for a while, and we are now in a position where we can decrease the intensity of treatment in many cases and still get the same results. \" but a study like this does raise awareness of the problem. if it means alarm bells ring earlier when there are symptoms in people who were treated for cancer as a child that would be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4485777456984139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8e78721-377a-403f-b1a3-aedd1b2f9dbf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.594207"}
{"text": "intensity of treatment in many cases and still get the same results. \" but a study like this does raise awareness of the problem. if it means alarm bells ring earlier when there are symptoms in people who were treated for cancer as a child that would be a very good thing. \" judith kingston, a consultant at barts and the london, said the paper highlighted the importance of following - up survivors to learn about the long - term effects and to investigate how treatments might be modified. \" however for the children with \" bad \" or high risk tumours, we still need to give intensive chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy to effect a cure and this intensive therapy will come at the cost of potentially increasing that child ' s risk of developing a second cancer, \" she said. \" i am afraid it is a problem we have to recognise, be alert to and warn the parents about, but the risk needs to be put into perspective, as it affects a small minority of patients, whilst the majority of children will continue to lead healthy lives after treatment for childhood cancer. \" ed yong, cancer research uk ' s health information manager, said : \" more and more children are surviving an early fight against cancer and this study suggests that they still have a slightly higher risk of different cancers later on in life. \" even so, when a child is diagnosed with cancer, the priority must be to save life. thanks to research, over the past few decades we have seen tremendous improvements in the treatment of childhood cancer. \" in the 1960s, only a quarter of children who were diagnosed with cancer survived for more than five years. now around three quarters survive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43842658201090345, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8e78721-377a-403f-b1a3-aedd1b2f9dbf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.594852"}
{"text": "digitized film images originating from a datacine conversion process are high - resolution scans that preserve much of a film ' s resolution and colour depth. in flame, a lookup table ( lut ) is the primary colour management tool available to deal with different colour spaces. a lut is an ascii file used to map pixels or pixel components from one colour to another. to display logarithmic film scans properly, such as cineon files in the linear colour space native to flame, you can work with monitor, display, and image conversion luts. you can use one of two kinds of luts : 1d luts and 3d luts. digital film scans often consist of logarithmic data rather than linear data. linear data maps the luma range in equal intervals from black to white. logarithmic data allows for more subtlety in the lower luma ranges of an image. in flame, you can work with either logarithmic or linear data. when you want to work with linear data, you can use an image conversion lut on input to convert the logarithmic data to linear data. since flame assumes that input data is linear, it behaves more predictably when you work with linear data than when you work with logarithmic data. when you want to preserve the image data contained in logarithmic film scans and do not want to apply an image conversion lut, you can work directly with logarithmic clips. working with logarithmic clips prevents any data loss that could occur during the image conversion process. when you work with logarithmic clips, however, apply a lut for display purposes. display luts affect transient data only \u2014 no data conversion is committed to the clip. you can also change the display of an image you are working with to create a more plausible image display result. this allows you to display a video, logarithmic, or linear image in a context that is the same or similar to its final result.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5148550890241759, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9087b852-658a-4832-a220-3fad43be83b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.598007"}
{"text": "petrified forest national park petrified forest national park is a united states national park that is in eastern arizona, in the southwest region of the united states. the park takes its name from the remnants of ancient trees which have been transformed into brilliantly colored minerals through a series of geological processes. petrified forest was set aside as a national monument in 1906 to preserve and protect the petrified wood for its scientific value. the monument became a national park in 1962, and legislation passed in 2004 more than doubled the park ' s area from 93, 533 acres to 218, 533 acres. petrified forest national park features one of the world ' s largest and most colorful concentrations of petrified wood, the multi - hued badlands of the chinle formation known as the painted desert, historic structures, archeological sites, and displays of 225 million year old fossils. the park is now recognized as protecting the best representation of the late triassic period in the world, and on average paleontologists discover about two new animal species each year. the park features one of the world ' s largest and most colorful concentrations of petrified wood, the multi - hued badlands of the chinle formation known as the painted desert, and displays of 225 million year old fossils. flora and fauna the park includes a grassland ecosystem and the badlands of the painted desert. the terrain changes quickly as you travel through the park, from the vistas of the painted desert, into the grassland of a large plateau, through grand geologic formations, and arrays of richly colored petrified wood. animal life at petrified forest includes amphibians, birds, insects, spiders, mammals, and reptiles. birds, lizards and some rodents are seen most frequently, though seasons and weather play a large role in determining what animals are active. nocturnal animals include kangaroo rats, woodrats ( also called packrats ) and most other small desert rodents, skunks, foxes, bobcats, bats and owls. animals that can be seen during the day include pronghorn, mule deer, coyotes, porcupines, desert cottontails, black - tailed jackrabbits, squirrels, hawks, snakes, lizards, golden eagles, and many songbirds. the park has summer daytime average temperatures in the 90s f and summer overnight temperatures in the 60s f. winters are mild, frequently freezing overnight but warming by mid - afternoon to an average of 40 f. park closures for weather are possible but not frequent. get in by car an automobile is the only feasible way of getting to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42573759112086984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db752b3-67c5-4ea4-8083-1c26f7997327>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.603592"}
{"text": "in the 60s f. winters are mild, frequently freezing overnight but warming by mid - afternoon to an average of 40 f. park closures for weather are possible but not frequent. get in by car an automobile is the only feasible way of getting to the park, located off of interstate 40 in northeastern arizona, 106 miles east of flagstaff and 178 miles west of albuquerque. westbound interstate 40 travelers should take exit 311, drive through the park and connect with highway 180 at the south end. highway 180 north returns to interstate 40 via holbrook. eastbound interstate 40 travelers should exit at holbrook and travel on highway 180 south to the park ' s south entrance. drive north through the park to return to interstate 40. by plane by train entrance fees are $ 5 for individuals on foot, bike or motorcycle, and $ 10 for private vehicles. the petrified forest annual pass is available for $ 20 and allows free park entry for one year. alternatively, the america the beautiful national parks pass is $ 80 and allows free entry to all national park areas for one year. get around petrified forest national park is open to the public every day of the year except for christmas day ( december 25 ). park access is prohibited at night without a permit. park hours are : unlike most western states, arizona does not observe daylight savings time, remaining on mountain standard time year - round. however, many visitors arriving from the navajo reservation ( which does observe dst ) travel with their clocks set an hour off. check the time to make sure you don ' t accidentally get locked in at night. by car a car is the easiest way of getting around in the park, with the 28 mile ( 45 km ) park road allowing visitors to travel through the park from end to end without backtracking. eastbound travelers should enter at the south off highway 180, and exit at the north onto interstate 40. westbound travelers should enter at the north at exit 311 off interstate 40, and exit at the south onto highway 180. by bicycle bicycles are permitted only on the established paved roadway and cannot be used on paved or dirt trails or off road at any time. in addition, if planning to see the park from a bicycle be aware of the potential for extreme heat, thunderstorms, or high winds and plan accordingly. [ add listing ] see [ add listing ] do [ add listing ] buy there are stores just outside the park which sell petrified wood souvenirs. these specimens were ( or were supposed to have been ) collected outside the park boundaries. this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3773803149269106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db752b3-67c5-4ea4-8083-1c26f7997327>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.604602"}
{"text": "[ add listing ] see [ add listing ] do [ add listing ] buy there are stores just outside the park which sell petrified wood souvenirs. these specimens were ( or were supposed to have been ) collected outside the park boundaries. this is why rangers will ask about possession of petrified wood when you enter the park. additional souvenirs may be purchased at the gift shops located near the painted desert visitor center or the rainbow forest museum. both of these areas also offer bookstores selling books of local interest. [ add listing ] eat there is a snack shop located near the rainbow forest museum. the painted desert visitor center area offers a restaurant and travel store selling snacks. additional restaurants and grocery stores can be found 30 miles west in the town of holbrook. [ add listing ] drink the consumption of alcohol or the presence of open alcoholic containers is prohibited, except in picnic areas or concession food service facilities. water and other beverages can be obtained either near the rainbow forest museum or the painted desert visitor center. [ add listing ] sleep there are no organized campgrounds within the park. some of the souvenir shops located just outside of the park ' s southern entrance will allow camping or overnight parking on their properties as long as you purchase at least one item from them. for those who wish to stay overnight in the park ' s wilderness area, a free permit must be obtained at least one hour before the park closes. permits are issued from either the painted desert visitor center or rainbow forest museum. hikers must park their cars in the painted desert inn parking area and use the access trail on the northwest side of the building. backpackers must hike to a designated zone north of lithodendron wash before setting up camp. no campsites are maintained in the wilderness area, and you must carry all of your water in with you. stay safe the primary dangers in the park are from the weather. summer storms can bring lightning, high winds and flash floods, while the heat can cause dehydration and heat stroke. avoid open areas during storms, and drink plenty of water ( at least one gallon per day ). always be prepared for rapidly changing weather conditions ; from july through august expect afternoon monsoon thunderstorms, while from october through april expect cold temperatures and possibly snow. high winds are also common, and can bring blowing sand that makes hiking unpleasant if not dangerous. get out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43088869761788084, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3db752b3-67c5-4ea4-8083-1c26f7997327>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.605592"}
{"text": "secure sockets layer ( ssl ) in depth this week we \u2019 ve brought back dave hutchieson \u2013 with his scottish accent and technical expertise. to share with us details of how ssl works. this is fairly detailed subject \u2013 you \u2019 ll need the show notes graphics and links to help understand all the details. thanks do dave for his time in researching this subject and sharing his expertise with the rest of us. warning! \u2013 this is going to get pretty detailed. you might want to listen multiple times. symmetric keys, public keys, private keys, certificates and hashing secure sockets layer or ssl part 1 historical background in order to get the most from this audiocast, a basic knowledge of symmetric key encryption, public and private key mechanisms, digital certificates and hashing functions is assumed. if this is new material to anyone, or you feel you need a review, please refer to the tutorial weblink included in the show notes. a ladder diagram showing the step by step processes involved in ssl is also provided in the show notes. it is suggested that this diagram be referred to whilst the audiocast is in progress. wireless security is one of the most complex topics imagineable. one of the biggest problems is the number of acronyms and abbreviations that are in use. there are a number of security mechanisms in use such as eap - tls, eap - ttls, eap - peap, eap - fast etc etc. it would be nice if there was a common root that could be studied in order to get a foundation for how some of them work. one common type is eap - tls. eap - tls has it \u2019 s roots in tls or transport layer security. transport layer security in turn, has it \u2019 s roots in ssl or secure sockets layer. i have found that if you have a good understanding of how ssl works, that can provide a stepping stone to understanding many of the more complex wireless security methods such as peap. in this audiocast, we shall look at the ssl protocol in detail. ssl is not only used as a basis for several wireless security protocols but is also used in https [ hypertext transfer protocol secure ] which is often used for managing access points in a secure manner. there are support materials provided in the show notes section, and these have diagrams which may be viewed to accompany the audio portion. ssl is a very complex protocol and due to time constraints, we will not be able to discuss all the details that are involved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6063212399065032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a819949c-1a35-4ae2-86e7-b6f526fccc15>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.620212"}
{"text": "are support materials provided in the show notes section, and these have diagrams which may be viewed to accompany the audio portion. ssl is a very complex protocol and due to time constraints, we will not be able to discuss all the details that are involved. however, it is hoped that by the end of the audiocast, and with the support of the show notes, that you should have a good foundation for further study. in a future audiocast, we shall look at how tls was developed from ssl and how eap - tls was developed from tls. imagine that you are on holiday and are looking out at the countryside. you decide that there are a number of different places that you want to visit on the landscape. you use a paper map to navigate around the landscape. in the early 80 \u2019 s, an english scientist, tim berners - lee developed the foundation of the world wide web. however, it was a young student called marc andreessen from the university of illinois who developed the first commercial browser. this browser allowed us to navigate from place to place on the electronic landscape. thus, his browser allowed you to navigate the electronic network landscape or netscape. thus, the term netscape navigator came into being. it wasn \u2019 t long before the commercial aspects of the internet began to be developed. companies sprouted up all over the place trying to sell goods and services to people. there was a major problem, however, and that was the issue of security. if someone wanted to buy something, that would probably mean that they would have to provide their credit card number over an open line. a method of hiding that number from prying eyes had to be developed. the issue of confidentiality or privacy had to be covered. there was also the problem of having confidence that the company that you are going to buy something from was actually that company and not an imposter. the issue of authentication had to be covered. it was from this background that the secure sockets layer or ssl was developed. part 2 ssl overview ssl was designed to work on top of a secure transport layer protocol, such as tcp or transmission control protocol. we can get a clue about this from the use of the term \u201c sockets \u201d in the phrase ssl. the designers wanted ssl to accomplish three main goals : 1. to provide privacy of information 2. to provide authentication [ although as we shall see later, this is not always mutual authentication ]. 3. to provide a method of message integrity which would allow us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5760733678410709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a819949c-1a35-4ae2-86e7-b6f526fccc15>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.621223"}
{"text": "wanted ssl to accomplish three main goals : 1. to provide privacy of information 2. to provide authentication [ although as we shall see later, this is not always mutual authentication ]. 3. to provide a method of message integrity which would allow us to detect if a message had been tampered with on - route from the sender to the destination. the ssl protocol has two layers which sit on top of a reliable transport protocol. in our discussion, we shall assume that protocol is tcp. the uppermost layer comprises three sub - protocols : 1. the ssl handshake protocol 2. the ssl change cipher spec protocol 3. the ssl alert protocol. the lowermost layer comprises the ssl record protocol the ssl record protocol performs a number of functions. firstly, it takes the application data and divides it into a number of fragments when necessary. the fragment size should be no more than 16, 384 bytes in length. the specification says that we can compress these fragments. this is rarely if ever carried out in practice due to compression usually having occurred further up the protocol stack. a message authentication code is then added to each fragment. each fragment is now encrypted and an ssl header is added. the secure, integrity enabled fragments are now passed onto the transport layer. we will see later how we obtain the keys used for the actual encryption process. part 3 ssl in detail we shall now look at the three uppermost protocols, the change cipher spec protocol, the alert protocol and the handshake protocol. the change cipher spec protocol the change cipher spec protocol allows us to change from one encryption state to another in an organized manner. we shall see more of this later. the alert protocol the alert protocol allows warning messages to be passed between the two parties. for example, if an incorrect message authentication code is received, an alert protocol message would be sent from one party to the other. the handshake protocol the handshake protocol is the meat of the entire system, and is the most crucial component for tls and eap - tls. imagine that you are a police officer and your lieutenant tells you that you have to go over to the united nations to talk to a un security officer about a very important matter. the officer will be waiting for you at the entrance. upon arrival, you walk up to him and say \u201c hello \u201d. he looks at you with puzzled eyes. you realize that your boss has not told you what language he speaks. you say \u201c guten", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5996283562984736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a819949c-1a35-4ae2-86e7-b6f526fccc15>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.622276"}
{"text": "will be waiting for you at the entrance. upon arrival, you walk up to him and say \u201c hello \u201d. he looks at you with puzzled eyes. you realize that your boss has not told you what language he speaks. you say \u201c guten tag \u201d. no reponse. you say \u201c bonjour \u201d no response. you finally say \u201c buenos dias \u201d. his eyes light up and he says \u201c ah, buenos dias, como esta usted? \u201d you shake hands. you show each other your id badges and start talking. in social situations, we don \u2019 t usually just walk up to someone and start talking. we usually say hello and shake hands. sometimes we need to establish a common language. so it is with ssl. instead of just starting to communicate, hellos need to be said and handshakes need to take place. there are four main phases to ssl : 3. key exchange 4. ongoing communications let \u2019 s look at each phase now. during the negotiation phase, the client and server introduce each other, and decide which encryption, authentication and compression protocols will be used. it should be noted that even though the capability for compression exists in the ssl specification, it is rarely, if ever used. in the authentication phase, the server proves itself to the client via a digital certificate. the server may also ask the client to prove itself via a digital certificate. it should be noted that in the case of internet shopping, this is rarely, if ever done. in the key exchange phase, a key is exchanged which will be used in creating a master key for encrypted communications. there are several methods by which this can be done, including the diffie - hellman method, which i shall discuss in a future audiocast. for now, we shall only discuss what is called the rsa method. firstly, the client randomly generates a key called the pre - master secret key [ or pmsk ] by means of a method that will be covered when we discuss ssl in detail a little later on. firstly, the client encrypts the pmsk with it \u2019 s own private key. this allows the server [ who has a copy of the client \u2019 s public key ] to authenticate that the pmsk did indeed come from the client. the whole assembly [ that is the pmsk encrypted with the client \u2019 s private key ] is now encrypted with the server \u2019 s public key [ which came via the server \u2019 s certificate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6080217497546295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a819949c-1a35-4ae2-86e7-b6f526fccc15>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.623305"}
{"text": "did indeed come from the client. the whole assembly [ that is the pmsk encrypted with the client \u2019 s private key ] is now encrypted with the server \u2019 s public key [ which came via the server \u2019 s certificate ] and sent to the server. the server decrypts the package with it \u2019 s own private key. this now leaves the original pmsk which has been encrypted with the client \u2019 s private key. the server decrypts this package with the client \u2019 s public key and hence authenticates the original pmsk. this original key is not the final key in the process, but is used along with some other items to create the final symmetric key, also known as the master key. from the master key, session keys can be derived. now that both sides have the symmetric or master key, they can exchange messages in an encrypted manner. digital signatures can also be provided to help ensure authentication and message integrity. now we are now ready to discuss the detailed step by step operation of the ssl handshake protocol. step 1. client hello this message begins the entire process. the client _ hello message is sent from the client to the server. there are four main things that are included in the message : 1. a random number called clienthello. random. this random number will be used to create a key later on in the process. the random number consists of a 32 bit timestamp along with 28 bytes created by a random number generator. 2. a list of cyphersuites and compression methods that the client supports. 3. the highest version of ssl that the client supports 4. a session identifier that indicates whether the client wishes to establish a new connection on the current session or establish a new connection on a new session the session identifier is useful for \u201c going back \u201d to previous webpages for example. so what is a cyphersuite? a cyphersuite consists of a listing of encryption methods, certificates and integrity checking methods. the client cannot just simply say \u201c i am going to use this value of encryption, this certificate and this integrity checking method \u201d. it has to check with the server to see if the server is actually capable of using any of the methods. step 2. server hello the server hello message is sent from the server to the client. there are four main things that the message contains : 1. a random number called serverhello. random. this number will also be used to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6188814997679886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a819949c-1a35-4ae2-86e7-b6f526fccc15>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.624251"}
{"text": "the methods. step 2. server hello the server hello message is sent from the server to the client. there are four main things that the message contains : 1. a random number called serverhello. random. this number will also be used to create a key later on in the process. 2. the cyphersuite that the server wishes to use, chosen from the list supplied by the client 3. the lowest common value of the version given by the client and the highest that the server supports. for example, if the client suggested 2. 0 and the server supports up to 3. 0, the 2. 0 version would be used. 4. a session id number. this number uniquely identifies the current session and helps with security. the cipher suite is made up two main parts : a. the key exchange method. that is, how the keys will be exchanged. for example, this could be the rsa method, diffie - hellman method, etc. b. the cipherspec itself, which has fields which tell us the algorithm being used [ for example rc4, des etc ], the mac algorithm [ for example md 5 or sha - 1 ] the cipher type [ for example stream cipher or block cipher ] the hashsize [ for example up to 16 bytes for md5 and up to 20 bytes for sha - 1 ] up to this point, unique random numbers have been exchanged, an encryption method has been agreed to, and a unique session identifying number called the \u201c session id \u201d has been generated. step 3. server cerificate at this point, the server sends the client it \u2019 s digital certificate. this point is very important, as not only will the client use a key provided in the certificate to encrypt messages back to the server, but the certificate provides proof that the server is what it says it is, and not an impostor. the client will have previously been provided with a public key from the certification authority. this authority could be a reputable organization such as verisign for example. at this stage, we have to carefully distinguish between the two public keys mentioned : the first public key has been provided by the certificate authority, that is, an independent certifier, who basically says : \u201c if you can validate the certificate that you have just received from your server using the public key that i provided to you, you can be certain that the server is who he says he is \u201d once the certificate has been verified, the client extracts the server \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5955638753490256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a819949c-1a35-4ae2-86e7-b6f526fccc15>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.625208"}
{"text": "can validate the certificate that you have just received from your server using the public key that i provided to you, you can be certain that the server is who he says he is \u201d once the certificate has been verified, the client extracts the server \u2019 s public key from the certificate. this key is very important. any messages encrypted with this key can only be decrypted by the server using it \u2019 s own private key. step 4 server key exchange a server - key - exchange message may be sent in this step. only some systems require this. in our example of using regular rsa, we do not require this step. step 5 client certificate request in this step, the server may request a certificate from the client via a certificate _ request _ message. this message has two areas of interest. firstly a certificate type parameter. the certificate type would cover rsa or diffie - hellman for example. the second item concerns certificate authorities. this would give a list of the distinguished names of certificate authorities whom the server deems to be \u201c reliable \u201d. step 6 server hello done at this point, the server hello done message is sent from the server to the client. this is the end of the first phase of the proctocol exchange. hello messages have been sent from the client and server. an encryption method and other security parameters have been agreed to. the client has it \u2019 s own random number and that of the server. the server has it \u2019 s own random number and that of the client. a certificate has been sent from the server to the client, and possibly one from the client to the server. the public key of the server has been extracted from the server \u2019 s certificate, ready for use in the second phase. a point to note : there are no formal first and second phases in the tls specification. i have simply broken up the process into two parts in order to, hopefully, make the process easier to undertstand. in a future audiocast, i \u2019 ll be covering another eap method which does have two officially defined phases. step 7 client certificate in this step, if the server has requested a certificate, then the client will send one. in the classic case of ssl being used in https for internet transactions with say an on - line clothing company, the customer or client would not normally have to provide any formal identification with the exception of say a credit card number. this is obviously somewhat a problem, as it means that fraud could and in fact does occur. step", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5218222616026911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a819949c-1a35-4ae2-86e7-b6f526fccc15>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.627533"}
{"text": "an on - line clothing company, the customer or client would not normally have to provide any formal identification with the exception of say a credit card number. this is obviously somewhat a problem, as it means that fraud could and in fact does occur. step 8 client key exchange in common with many other security protocols, a true master secret key is not sent between the two parties. instead, a key called the pre - master secret is created and sent from the client to the server. this pre - master secret will then be used at both ends of the link to create a master secret key. a random number is generated at the client and this number is referred to as the pre - master secret key or pmsk firstly, the client encrypts the pmsk with it \u2019 s own private key. this private key is known only to the client. this allows the server [ who has a copy of the client \u2019 s public key ] to authenticate that the pmsk did indeed come from the client. the whole assembly [ that is the pmsk encrypted with the client \u2019 s private key ] is now encrypted with the server \u2019 s public key [ which came via the server \u2019 s certificate ] and sent to the server via a client _ key _ exchange message. the server decrypts the package with it \u2019 s own private key. the server \u2019 s private key should be known only to the server. this now leaves the original pmsk which has been encrypted with the client \u2019 s private key. the server decrypts this package with the client \u2019 s public key and hence authenticates the original pmsk. at this stage, both sides have the pre - master secret key. in the next part, the actual or master secret key will be calculated at both ends of the link. the master secret is calculated using a complex hash function involving the pre - master secret, the clienthello. random and the serverhello. random variables or nonces that were described earlier. the master key is 48 bytes in length. from the master key, a number of other keys are derived. these keys are used for encrypting data sent by the server, for mac operations performed by the server, for encrypting data sent by the client and for mac operations performed by the client. initialization vector values are produced for the situation in which block ciphers in cbc mode are used. step 9 client certificate verification a certificate _ verify message is sent if the client previously provided a certificate to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5990017410963916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a819949c-1a35-4ae2-86e7-b6f526fccc15>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.628678"}
{"text": "client and for mac operations performed by the client. initialization vector values are produced for the situation in which block ciphers in cbc mode are used. step 9 client certificate verification a certificate _ verify message is sent if the client previously provided a certificate to the server. this message is only used with certificates that have signing capabilities. step 10 change cipher spec it should be noted that the change cipher spec protocol is a separate protocol from the handshake protocol. it has been included here due to it \u2019 s critical function within the handshake protocol itself. ssl keeps a record of two states called the current state and the pending state. we can think of these two states as \u201c conditions that are happening now \u201d and \u201c conditions that will happen later \u201d. when ssl is first initialized, both states are zero. once the master key is established, that key is used for a pending state. both sides end up with a pending encryption process waiting in the wings so to speak. the pending cipherspec is copied into the current cipherspec. we just need some form of agreement between both ends as to when to begin implementing the encryption. this occurs in the next step. step 11 finished the finished message is used to tell the other end that the key exchange and authentication procedures were successful. this message is encrypted with one of the newly produced keys, and authenticated as well. once the server receives the encrypted finished message from the client, it is able to send it \u2019 s own change _ cipher _ spec and finished messages in steps 12 and 13 of the process. finally we are able to encrypt any data that needs to be sent from either party. that was quite a lot of material, but the core of the whole process [ as for many other security protocols ] consists of : negotiation, authentication, key exchange and ongoing communications in the show notes section, i have included an interesting trace of a client to server communication process i hope that this audiocast was useful, and thank you for listening. we \u2019 d love to have you subscribe to our rss feed \u2013 just click the button in the upper right corner of the web page. until next week, thanks for listening! if you have any feedback on the show \u2013 please drop an e - mail to feedback @ wirelesslanprofessionals. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6363337095197561, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a819949c-1a35-4ae2-86e7-b6f526fccc15>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.629663"}
{"text": "fri february 15, 2013 bat disease found in two more state parks a disease responsible for killing millions of bats in north america has spread to caves at two state parks in eastern kentucky that are homes to federally endangered bats, parks officials said friday. white - nose syndrome has been detected in caves at carter caves state resort park and kingdom come state park, said state parks department spokesman gil lawson. small numbers of bats have died so far from the disease, he said. it ' s the latest red flag in the fight to prevent the spread of the disease in kentucky, home to large numbers of bats that hibernate in a vast network of caves. the disease has been found in 10 kentucky counties - bell, breckinridge, carter, christian, edmonson, hart, letcher, trigg, warren and wayne, lawson said. white - nose was confirmed earlier this year at cumberland gap national historic park and in one of the caves at mammoth cave national park. diseased bats were found recently at carter caves in caves that are not open to the public. the three caves were closed in 2008 as part of a pre - emptive effort to stop the spread of the fungus causing the disease, lawson said. carter caves naturalist coy ainsley said the discovery was regretful but inevitable given the area ' s large number of bats. \" we are not surprised by this, \" he said. \" we knew it was coming. it was just how long was it going to take to get here. we are taking precautions to try and prevent other large jumps say from carter caves to a state or two away. \" the carter caves system, near olive hill, is home to about 40, 000 indiana bats, which are federally endangered. the majority of those are found in one of the closed - to - the - public caves where the disease was detected, lawson said. state parks officials plan to continue allowing public tours in two caves at carter caves state resort park, he said. as a precaution, visitors are required to disinfect their footwear and not wear clothing that was worn in other caves. those steps began in fall 2011 as part of the effort to limit the spread. meanwhile, a bat with the disease was found early this year at line fork cave at kingdom come state park during a routine cave survey, lawson said. the letcher county cave is gated and not open to tourists. it ' s also home to the federally protected indiana bats. white - nose syndrome, named for the sugary smudges found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41549856431466703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d42ed90-05f3-4a18-9a3d-a367bc9f5c22>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.632654"}
{"text": "tue february 19, 2013 wmu speaker considers \" health equity \" the federal government says black babies are up to three times more likely to die than white infants. and the centers for disease control and prevention say more african - americans suffer from high blood pressure than whites do. those and other disparities in health and health care are the subject of the annual burian lecture on wednesday, february 20th, at western michigan university. brian gibbs is an assistant professor at the johns hopkins university school of medicine. he says the problem involves much more than differences in rates of disease. that \u2019 s because minorities disproportionately live in areas with high poverty rates and more pollution as well as lower access to health care services and healthy food. gibbs says differences in a person \u2019 s situation can have big effects on the results of health care that is available. he says the first step toward solving the problem is getting more and better data to determine what exactly the challenges are. the training of physicians, nurses, and other health care workers is also an issue. gibbs says doctors and others should be trained to be able to deal appropriately with patients from all backgrounds. gibbs \u2019 public presentation health inequality : barriers, challenges, and solutions at wmu \u2019 s fetzer center starts wednesday at 5 : 30 p. m. and is sponsored by western \u2019 s college of health and human services. gibbs will also give the keynote address diversity and inclusion : preparing ourselves to advance health equity at a conference thursday in western \u2019 s health and human services building. the conference is from 8 a. m. to 4 : 30 p. m. and is also open to the public.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.486998032257405, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3da13c2b-5b4e-4037-8ce0-97e9c79b40a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.635305"}
{"text": "materials required : the trumpet of the swans written by eb white concepts taught : reading, ssr, think aloud the trumpet of the swan think aloud technique i keep the owl questions in mind throughout the chapters and the days. i seldom cover each question on one day, but i do use the vocabulary, i observe, i wonder, this links to me \u2026.. to teach the children how to interact with text and to think about their thinking, i decided to read the trumpet of the swan, written by e. b. white aloud. after each chapter, i am going to think - aloud about the chapter. first read the title and the book jacket or back cover ( or both ). think aloud : \u201c i wonder who louis is. i wonder if louis is the trumpeter swan. how did sam beaver and the swans start talking to each other? \u201d read chapter 1 \u2032 s title : sam. think aloud : \u201c oh the back cover said that sam agrees to help. i wonder if sam is the boy on the cover. read chapter 1 just the first page then revisit the first paragraph. think aloud : reread the beginning : \u201c walking back to camp through the swamp, sam wondered whether to tell his father what he had seen. \u201c i know one thing, \u201d he said to himself. \u201c i \u2019 m going to that little pond again tomorrow. and i \u2019 d like to go alone. if i tell my father what i saw today, he will want to go with me. i \u2019 m not sure that \u2019 s a very good idea. \u201d then think aloud, \u201c i am curious about why he doesn \u2019 t want his dad to come. \u201d finish chapter 1 think aloud : hmmmmmm i wonder what is going to happen? i am a little bit interested in the story but not very interested. i am going to read more tomorrow. i observed that sam likes to write things down because right here on page 5 it says, \u201c on the day he found the swan \u2019 s nest, this is what sam wrote in his diary. \u201d side note : because this is the first time the kids are hearing a chapter book i am not going to start recording the swan facts yet. i am going to read three chapters then suggest to the class that we keep a class notebook about swans. then i will reread chapters 1 - 3 skimming for facts and we \u2019 ll record them on a notebook chart. what book did we start yesterday? does anyone remember who wrote the book? ( e. b. white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46615194251107905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e18be3fa-5cff-4156-9583-7c729677b7e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.643128"}
{"text": "notebook about swans. then i will reread chapters 1 - 3 skimming for facts and we \u2019 ll record them on a notebook chart. what book did we start yesterday? does anyone remember who wrote the book? ( e. b. white ) who did we read about? ( sam seeing a swan, not wanting to tell dad ) who is the main character? ( sam ) read chapter 2 \u2032 s title the pond think aloud : i wonder if sam is going to the pond alone or with his dad. read chapter 2 think aloud : what didn \u2019 t the swans know i wonder? i wonder if sam \u2019 s dad is following sam and sam doesn \u2019 t know it? do you think sam should tell his dad? i am more interested in the book now. i wish we had more time to read another chapter. read chapter 3 \u2032 s title a visitor think aloud : i wonder who the visitor is? i wonder if the guest is sam because he sees the swans or maybe his dad might be spying on sam. i wonder if the swans see sam or sam sees the swans \u2014 maybe both are visitors. read chapter 3 think aloud : my favorite part of this chapter was where the boy says he felt happy when he was in a wild place among the wild creatures. sitting on his log, watching the swans, he had the same good feeling some people get when they are sitting in church. it reminds me of when i am at the beach in the summer, watching my two kids lay in the water and feeling the sun warming my skin. do you remember how the first chapter ended? reread the last line from his journal : why does a fox bark? i think the author is foreshadowing - hinting - about the trouble with the fox in this chapter. do rivet for the word : cygnets the title of chapter 4 is the cygnets what is that? a newborn trumpeter swan. i wonder if we should keep track of the facts we are learning about trumpeter swans. let \u2019 s keep a list like sam is. brainstorm what we know so far. if your students can \u2019 t think of any, here are some pages. i would slow this way down and reread parts of the book. it isn \u2019 t the point to only concentrate on the swan facts. we study animals and i like finding new facts about animals so i tie this into the book. this shouldn \u2019 t be a distraction. if it bugs you don \u2019 t do it. page 2 \u2014 first long paragraph page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49980216136111844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e18be3fa-5cff-4156-9583-7c729677b7e6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.644477"}
{"text": "concentrate on the swan facts. we study animals and i like finding new facts about animals so i tie this into the book. this shouldn \u2019 t be a distraction. if it bugs you don \u2019 t do it. page 2 \u2014 first long paragraph page 5 \u2014 second line page 8 \u2014 last half of page page 9 - 14 \u2014 all of it think aloud at this point i read the title and show wonder in my eyes saying, i bet cygnets are the baby trumpeter swans. let \u2019 s find out about those babies! i bet the mama is as excited as i was when i had my babies! read chapter 4. think aloud i wonder why sam fell asleep wondering about what he would be when he grew up. i thought that he would think about those baby cygnets. read chapter 5 \u2032 s title louis. think aloud i think that we are going to find out about louis. read chapter 5. think aloud this reminds me of how my mom and dad treated me. they loved me even though i started talking at around age 7 or 8. doctors said that i would not be able to read or talk. and here i am! read chapter 6 \u2032 s title off to montana and jump right into reading chapter 6. think aloud i wonder if sam will see the swans again? i wonder if sam will ever tell his dad? read chapter 7 \u2032 s title school days read the chapter. ( note to teachers \u2014 this is a good chapter to lead into problem solving in math. ) think aloud i noticed that this class is unusual. it has a swan, the math lessons have more than one answer. the kids are reading big words like catastrophe in first grade. ( i would also use this chapter as a spring board for recording what happens in the classroom. teachers could go and reread the journals that sam has written and see if it tells an overview of the book. ) read chapter 8 \u2032 s title love read the chapter think aloud i wonder what cob was going to try and do? why don \u2019 t cob and the wife have names? the cob and wife want to fix louis \u2019 problem. i think cob is going to do something but i don \u2019 t know if it will be a good plan. read chapters 9 - 11 continuing with making comments about the book. read chapters 12 - 15 read chapters 16 - 18 read chapter 19 read chapter 20 read chapter 21 filed under : comprehension, comprehension strategies, independent reading, reading aloud, reading strategies, reading workshop, rereading, ssr, writing |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5091716783526478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e18be3fa-5cff-4156-9583-7c729677b7e6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.645445"}
{"text": "acting in the public interest \u201c the public interest \u201d is a very broad term, but in the context of journalism, it has been explicitly defined. the press complaints commission, which regulates british print media, defines the public interest as : ( i ) detecting or exposing crime or a serious misdemeanour. ( ii ) protecting public health and safety. ( iii ) preventing the public from being misled by some statement or action of an individual or organisation. since the public is the ultimate source of income for media, acting in their interest is both an ethical and pragmatic concern for journalists. maintaining the public \u2019 s trust journalists strive to keep the public \u2019 s trust, because it is on the foundation of trust that information is collected and exchanged. the public must trust journalists to provide accurate and valuable information, or the journalists \u2019 works will be neither sought out nor believed. sources of information must trust journalists to protect their identity, where applicable, and not to misrepresent them or their views. this can be seen as an ethical value, but it is also a pragmatic one : a media outlet cannot do business if it cannot obtain sources or be believed by the public. finally, there is the pragmatic concern of financial solvency. no media outlet wants to have to choose between accurately presenting an important story and turning a profit, but these objectives sometimes conflict. staying in business is, of course, the primary concern in such situations. when faced with a decision about what stories should be published, or how to portray a particular issue, the press is often more likely to publish a story that portrays events and issues unambiguously and straightforwardly ( galtung and ruge, 1965 ). often this results in an oversimplification of complex issues, or even a substitution of sensationalized stories for important ones. harcup and o \u2019 neill ( 2001 ) identified ten elements that journalists look for when assessing the viability of a story : - the power elite : stories concerning powerful individuals, organizations or institutions ; - celebrity : stories concerning people who are already famous ; - entertainment : stories concerning sex, showbusiness, human interest, animals, an unfolding drama, or offering opportunities for humorous treatment, entertaining photographs or witty headlines ; - surprise : stories with an element of the unexpected and / or contrast ; - bad news : stories with negative overtones such as conflict or tragedy ; - good news : stories with positive overtones such as rescues and cures ; - magnitude : stories perceived as sufficiently significant either in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5048456047350649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36ad9ea2-b02e-496c-ab3c-970c2def115d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.648331"}
{"text": "unless proper electronic - waste recycling is established in developing countries, they will face serious environmental and public health consequences, a united nations report says. the urgency in addressing e - waste disposal is driven by the sharp rise in sales of electronic products expected over the next 10 years in countries like china and india, across continents such as africa, and over large regions including latin america, the u. n. said. such imports are expected to add millions of tons of e - waste in regions where recycling efforts are inadequate to handle even current e - waste levels. for example, most e - waste in china is improperly handled today, with much of it incinerated by backyard recyclers to recover valuable metals like gold. such practices release steady plumes of toxic pollution and yield very low metal recovery rates compared to state - of - the - art industrial facilities. while such grossly inadequate recycling efforts are not being properly addressed, the mountain of e - waste that exists today is growing. for example, e - waste from old computers is expected to jump from 2007 levels by 200 % to 400 % in south africa and china and by 500 % in india. e - waste from discarded mobile phones will be about seven times higher than 2007 levels in china and 18 times higher in india, the report released monday from the u. n. environment programme said. e - waste from televisions will be 1. 5 to two times higher in china and india. this year, china is expected to produce about 2. 3 million tons of e - waste domestically, second only to the united states with about 3 million tons. \" this report gives new urgency to establishing ambitious, formal, and regulated processes for collecting and managing e - waste via the setting up of large, efficient facilities in china, \" said achim steiner, u. n. under - secretary general and executive director of unep, in a statement. in calling for action in e - waste recycling in developing nations, the u. n. report, \" recycling - - from e - waste to resources, \" points out that boosting recycling rates can generate employment, cut greenhouse emissions, and recover a wide range of valuable metals, including silver, gold, palladium, copper, and indium. \" by acting now and planning forward, many countries can turn an e - challenge into an e - opportunity, \" steiner said. in places like china, developing an effective national recycling scheme will be difficult and slow because of the lack of a comprehensive e - waste collection network, combined with competition from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4504209402462636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21638b03-3504-47ec-bde1-629a0ddb21f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.652411"}
{"text": "naad yoga and the healing power of sound compiled by guru tera k. khalsa from the aquarian teacher level 1 training manual we live in a sea of sound. even in silence, we can hear the beat of our own hearts. how often have you used sound to uplift your spirits when you are feeling sad or bad? do you sing a song, play a cd, call a friend and talk? how often have you brought yourself and others down by words used in anger and frustration? can the sounds we utter heal ourselves and others? the sounds we hear around us affect our health and vitality. the universe is made up of vibration and sound is not only a most potent tool in maintaining and creating our sense of well - being, but also can be used to heal the body, mind, and spirit. naad means \u201c the essence of all sound, \u201d the vibrational harmony of the infinite. naad yoga is based on the experience of how sound vibrations affect the body, mind, and spirit through the movement of the tongue and mouth, and changes in the chemicals of the brain. when we consciously regulate the sounds we make through the use of mantra, breath, and rhythm, we can produce profound effects on our health and well - being. the ability we have to affect our immune system through our thoughts and emotions has been scientifically documented. mantra, rhythm, and breath used together can create a healing response in the immune system. psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the connection between the mind and emotions, and the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. the link between these body systems and our sensations, thoughts, and emotions, is the limbic system which is made up of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal glands. sound, breath, and rhythm are intrepreted like a code by the hypothalamus. there are eighty - four meridian points on the upper palate. with each stroke of the breath and the tongue striking the meridian points, it is like a beat of a baton that releases waves of neuro - chemical messages to activate the pituitary gland. the pituitary gland commands all the other glands, which in turn, regulate our immune function and emotions. there is a special connection between the higher functions of the pineal gland and the use of the breath. when the breath is very slow ( 4 breaths per minute or less ), a channel is opened by the hypothalamus between the pituit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5427990040775266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f8a1dff-7df7-43c2-9764-5d34c6e41e66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.656391"}
{"text": "ever heard the line, \" water, water, everywhere and not a drop to drink? \" never is that more true than during a hurricane. superstorm sandy came ashore monday night, flooding parts of the east coast. after a natural disaster, your water may not be safe for use, according to the centers for disease control and prevention. this includes any water used for drinking, cooking, food preparation and / or personal hygiene. residents in sandy ' s path should be on the lookout for boil water advisories from their local and state departments of health, as well as from utility companies. these signify that your water may be contaminated. still, even if no notice has been issued, consumers should never assume that water in a flood - affected area is safe to drink, the rhode island department of health says. floodwaters may permeate the public water supply or private wells, bringing disease - causing organisms like viruses and parasites. \" limit toilet flushing and showering, and avoid using dishwashers and washing machines, \" rhode island ' s emergency site states. \" these appliances all drain water into the sewage treatment system. continual use could cause sewage backup and overflow. \" using bottled water is, of course, the easiest option. otherwise, boiling is the most effective way to disinfect water, according to the cdc. to properly kill bacteria, boil water for a full minute. if you cannot boil your water due to power outages, you may add 1 / 8 teaspoon of unscented, liquid bleach into a gallon of water and wait for 30 minutes before use. if your water is cloudy, filter if first through a paper towel or coffee filter. it ' s important to note, the cdc says, that boiling or bleaching water will not detoxify water contaminated with fuel or other chemicals. seek another water source if you suspect yours is toxic. for more information, visit the cdc ' s website at http : / / emergency. cdc. gov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4223480273603922, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:392eb075-a027-4832-8713-87a2fae0764c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.660782"}
{"text": "american academy of ophthalmology recommends baseline eye exam at age 40 for those without risk factors or symptoms ; women more likely to be affected by certain eye diseases san francisco \u2013 october 8 is world sight day and through its eyesmart\u2122 campaign the american academy of ophthalmology reminds the public that a baseline eye exam is a simple yet important measure for protecting your vision. world sight day this year is dedicated to raising awareness of women and eye health. worldwide, 314 million people are visually impaired, of whom 45 million are blind. nearly two - thirds of people affected by vision loss are female. \u201c many eye diseases progress without any warning signs, \u201d says michael brennan md, president of the academy. \u201c gradual changes in vision often go unnoticed but can have a devastating impact on your ability to function independently. the earlier that your eye m. d. can detect and treat an eye disease, the better your chances are of preserving precious vision. \u201d the academy recommends that individuals with no signs or risk factors for eye disease know the importance of getting a baseline eye disease screening at age 40 \u2014 the time when early signs of disease and changes in vision may start to occur. based on the results of the initial screening, an ophthalmologist will prescribe the necessary intervals for follow - up exams. for individuals at any age with symptoms of or at risk for eye disease, such as those with a family history of eye disease, diabetes or high blood pressure, the academy recommends that individuals see their ophthalmologist to determine how frequently their eyes should be examined. by 2020, 43 million americans will face significant vision loss or blindness from age - related eye diseases, such as cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and macular degeneration, an increase of more than 50 percent over the current number of americans with such diseases. because women in the united states live longer than men, they are disproportionately affected by age - related eye diseases. learn about eye injuries or find an eye m. d. in your area by visiting www. geteyesmart. org. consumers can also submit questions about eye health to an ophthalmologist at www. geteyesmart. org / askaneyemd about the american academy of ophthalmology aao is the world ' s largest association of eye physicians and surgeons \u2014 eye m. d. s \u2014 with more than 27, 000 members worldwide. eye health care is provided by the three \u201c o \u2019 s \u201d \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4684595005074775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbb0c7d8-5807-4b2e-ada1-db20a5ba4cfa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.664285"}
{"text": "osteoporosis is when bones become weak and brittle. if left unchecked, it can lead to bone breaks ( fracture ). any bone can be affected. fractures of special concern are of the copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. throughout life, old bone is removed and new bone is added to your skeleton. during childhood and adolescence, new bone is added faster than old bone is removed. as a result, bones become heavier, larger, and denser. peak bone mass is reached around age 30. from that point, more bone is lost than replaced. if not treated, bone loss may lead to osteoporosis. osteoporosis is more likely to occur if full bone mass was not achieved during your bone - building years. bone density also plays a role in bone health. bone density is determined by the amount of minerals within the bone framework. these include calcium, phosphorus, and others. as the mineral content of a bone ( especially calcium ) decreases, the bone weakens. getting enough calcium, vitamin d, and regular exercise can keep bones strong throughout life. there are many risk factors that may increase your chance of developing osteoporosis. some of the risk factors include : - increasing age - low weight - alcohol abuse - history of falls certain conditions, such as : - use of certain medicines ( such as antidepressants, warfarin [ coumadin ], long - term heparin, corticosteroids, thyroid medicine, anticonvulsants, antacids ) - low hormone levels ( low estrogen levels in women, low testosterone levels in men ) - inactive lifestyle certain restrictive diets ( for example, not getting enough - too little sunlight ( the effect of sun on the skin is a primary source of vitamin d ) more women than men develop osteoporosis. some specific risk factors that affect women include : - family history of osteoporosis - postmenopausal status ( no menstrual periods ) - gastrointestinal malabsorption - having another endocrine disorder ( such as thyroid disorder or diabetes ) - pain when bones break or collapse - severe back pain with fracture of the vertebrae, wrists, hips, or other bones - loss of height with stooped posture ( kyphosis ) copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. he or she will do a physical exam. early signs of osteoporosis can be seen with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.465497638457618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1229339-1a5f-4083-a655-f3753d04f20d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.670875"}
{"text": "height with stooped posture ( kyphosis ) copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. he or she will do a physical exam. early signs of osteoporosis can be seen with bone density testing : - dual - energy x - ray absorptiometry \u2014 measures bone density in the entire body - for older men, the american college of physicians ( acp ) recommends that your doctor check for risk factors for osteoporosis. the acp also recommends that you have this test if you are at an increased risk and are a candidate for drug therapy. ask your doctor about what is right for you. - single - energy x - ray absorptiometry \u2014 measures bone density in the arm or heel - ultrasound bone density measurement \u2014 measures bone density in fingers, heels, and leg bones other tests may include : - blood and urine tests \u2014 to test for calcium levels or substances created when bone is broken down decrease your intake of caffeinated beverages and alcohol. eat a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin d. calcium is in : - dairy products - green leafy vegetables - canned fish with bones - calcium - fortified products do not smoke. if you smoke, exercise improves bone health. it also increases muscle strength, coordination, and balance. do weight - bearing and strength - training exercises for maximum benefit. balance training may prevent falls and fractures. people who cannot eat enough calcium from food might want to take calcium supplements. calcium citrate has the best absorption and is well - tolerated. other vitamins and minerals may be recommended, including vitamin d, vitamin k. a study showed that japanese postmenopausal women who took vitamin k supplements had a reduced rate of fractures. talk to your doctor before taking herbs or supplements. your doctor may prescribe medicine to prevent bone loss, increase bone density, and reduce your risk of spine and hip fractures : ( such as evista ) [ such as fosamax ], [ such as actonel ], [ such as boniva ], [ such as reclast ] ) - recombinant parathyroid hormone ( such as teriparatide ) - denosumab ( prolia ) ( including estrogen replacement therapy [ ert ] ) can cut your risk of osteoporosis in half. however, research shows a strong association between longer - term hrt and / or ert a significantly increased risk of invasive heart attacks, and blood clots.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4834986663592906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1229339-1a5f-4083-a655-f3753d04f20d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.671801"}
{"text": "[ ert ] ) can cut your risk of osteoporosis in half. however, research shows a strong association between longer - term hrt and / or ert a significantly increased risk of invasive heart attacks, and blood clots. be sure to discuss all of the health risks and benefits of hormone therapy with your doctor to find out if it is right for you. hrt therapy may include : - estrogen alone ( ert ) estrogen and progestin \u2014 frequently preferred for women with an intact uterus because ert slightly increases the risk of - reduce bone loss - increase bone density - reduce the risk of hip and spinal fractures in postmenopausal women falls can increase the chance of fracture in someone with osteoporosis. here are ways to prevent falls : - wear rubber - soled shoes for traction. - use plastic or carpet runners when possible. - keep rooms free of clutter. - install grab bars in bathrooms. building strong bones throughout your early years is the best defense against osteoporosis. there are four steps to prevent osteoporosis : - balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin d - weight - bearing exercise - healthy lifestyle ( no smoking, drink alcohol only in moderation ) bone density testing and medicines where appropriate : fall prevention. national osteoporosis foundation website. available at : http : / / www. nof. org / patientinfo / fall _ prevention. htm. accessed june 10, 2008. ho - pham lt, nguyen nd, et al. effect of vegetarian diets on bone mineral density : a bayesian meta - analysis. am j clin nutr. 2009 ; 90 : 943 - 950. khosla l, melton lj. clinical practice : osteopenia. n engl j med. 2007 ; 356 : 2293 - 2300. strong women, strong bones : everything you need to prevent, treat, and beat osteoporosis. new york, ny : putnam ; 2000. osteoporosis. ebsco dynamed website. available at :. updated march 2010. accessed march 12, 2010. osteoporosis : frequently asked questions. womens health. gov. available at : http : / / www. womenshealth. gov / faq / osteoporosis. cfm # c. updated september 22, 2009. accessed december 22, 2009. osteoporosis : risk factors. mayo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4238050410848792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1229339-1a5f-4083-a655-f3753d04f20d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.672637"}
{"text": ": http : / / www. womenshealth. gov / faq / osteoporosis. cfm # c. updated september 22, 2009. accessed december 22, 2009. osteoporosis : risk factors. mayo clinic website. available at :. updated december 2009. accessed december 22, 2009. prevention : who ' s at risk? national osteoporosis foundation website. available at : http : / / www. nof. org / patientinfo / fall _ prevention. htm. accessed december 22, 2009. sambrook p, cooper c. osteoporosis. 10 / 6 / 2006 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : cockayne s, adamson j, lanham - new s, et al. vitamin k and the prevention of fractures : systematic review and meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials. arch intern med. 2006 ; 166 : 1256 - 1261. 5 / 16 / 2008 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : qaseem a, snow v, shekelle p, hopkins r jr, forciea ma, owens dk ; clinical efficacy assessment subcommittee of the american college of physicians. screening for osteoporosis in men : a clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians. ann intern med. 2008 ; 148 : 680 - 684. 1 / 30 / 2009 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : loke yk, singh s, furberg cd. long - term use of thiazolidinediones and fractures in type 2 diabetes : a meta - analysis. cmaj. 2009 ; 180 : 32 - 39. epub 2008 dec 10. 12 / 29 / 2009 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : hippisley - cox j, coupland c. predicting risk of osteoporotic fracture in men and women in england and wales : prospective derivation and validation of qfracturescores. 6 / 4 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : fda approves new injectable osteoporosis treatment for postmenopausal women. us food and drug administration website. available at :. published june 1, 2010. accessed june 4, 2010. last reviewed september 2011 by rosalyn carson - dewitt, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4667140919531644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1229339-1a5f-4083-a655-f3753d04f20d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.673473"}
{"text": "in the coming weeks, the national research council will announce nationwide recommendations for science education standards. states are under no obligation to incorporate these standards into curricula. the standards are a milestone at a critical moment in science education nationwide. states can integrate some, all or none of these suggestions into their curricula. for those of us committed to empowering america \u2019 s youth with the most accurate and up - to - date scientific information, it is imperative the standards incorporate the scientific consensus on the evidence of climate change and its extraordinary risks to humanity. we \u2014 those who work on the ground \u2014 must challenge ongoing attempts to institutionalize climate change denial. the heartland institute \u2019 s plan to weave denialism into american classrooms might be the most egregious example, but several states have passed or are considering laws that perpetuate myths that a bona fide climate change \u201c debate \u201d exists. just this month tennessee passed a law that protects the teaching of climate change denial. much like the industry - sponsored propaganda in the 1970 \u2019 s surrounding tobacco \u2019 s connection to lung cancer, these tactics seek to systematically confuse and spread misinformation. these efforts undermine students \u2019 mastery of critical scientific concepts. the notion of a debate despite scientific consensus ( 98 % of scientists surveyed for 2010 national research council reports said that global warming exists and is caused by human activities ) is not only inaccurate ; the tactic seriously jeopardizes future generations \u2019 ability to understand, manage and thrive amid 21st century challenges. history shows us that there is no greater force for good than an educated, passionate group of young americans. time and time again, young people worked as the agents of change to push for progress and innovation \u2014 even when some of the country wasn \u2019 t ready for it. if today \u2019 s youth are going to once more lead the world in innovation, they will have to enter the workforce armed with knowledge and motivated by the urgency of energy independence. but that solid understanding has to start now and be reinforced from year to year \u2014 it \u2019 s up to those of us responsible for their education to make sure they have the necessary tools to do so. the alliance for climate education ( ace ) exists to explain the science behind climate change in a fun, interactive way. we outline the potential consequences, including damage to economic, social and environmental systems worldwide, but we emphasize realistic solutions. to date, more than 1. 2 million high school students have seen our award - winning multimedia presentation, and tens of thousands have engaged in sustainability and energy savings projects in their schools and communities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5037393163998041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6049f56c-42e2-4fba-9caa-e53b681707fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.678535"}
{"text": "social and environmental systems worldwide, but we emphasize realistic solutions. to date, more than 1. 2 million high school students have seen our award - winning multimedia presentation, and tens of thousands have engaged in sustainability and energy savings projects in their schools and communities. youth across the country are taking action and learning in the process, but their education will be undermined if teachers don \u2019 t accurately \u2014 and with the support of their supervisors and communities \u2014 convey the science behind existing climate change and the pathways to reducing its impact. we often hear from teachers that accurate and, importantly, workable lesson plans on climate change aren \u2019 t available from their schools. ace is working hard to fill that gap. neither ace nor individual teachers and administrators who understand the importance of climate change education can work in a vacuum, however. success \u2014 a generation of young minds armed with the knowledge and will to tackle climate change solutions \u2014 requires collaboration across ideological, demographic and regional lines. we can start by prioritizing climate change education in these new standards. we must then support the leaders within our administrations and in the legislation who insist state curricula incorporate consensus climate science. last, we must prevent attempts to confuse our youth with inaccurate information. whether generated by groups that are primarily funded by fossil fuel interests such as heartland or others, the systematic support of denial undermines the education system beyond the science classroom. in our schools, quality science education, based on scientific consensus, must trump political agendas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.471239595105446, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6049f56c-42e2-4fba-9caa-e53b681707fe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.679139"}
{"text": "what pet owners say about laser surgery what is a laser? laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. a laser is an opto - electronic device that produces highly concentrated light rays. laser power may range from milliwatts ( in cd - rom drives and laser pointers ) to dozens of watts ( industrial and medical applications ) and over trillions of watts ( pulsed lasers in scientific and military applications ). what is laser surgery? interaction of laser light with tissue provides a fundamentally different approach to surgery. in laser surgery, a highly focused laser beam can efficiently ablate ( either vaporize or chip away ) the living tissue. at the same time, it seals ( welds ) capillaries, small blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve endings, with significant benefits to both patients and surgeons. what is the most efficient soft - tissue surgical laser? soft tissue laser surgery is different from hard tissue laser surgery ( bones and teeth in dentistry ) and laser eye surgery ( eye sight corrective surgeries ) by particular types of lasers. lasers differ from each other by the wavelength of light they produce. the most commonly used surgical laser in soft tissue surgery is the co2 laser. the co2 laser wavelength ( 10. 6 micrometers ) is highly absorbed by water contained in soft tissue. because of its outstanding versatility and precision, the co2 surgical laser is the most efficient and dominant soft tissue surgical laser since the 1960s. laser surgery is widely practiced in many applications of human as well as veterinary medicine. laser surgery benefits for patients as it cuts, the laser seals small blood vessels. this drastic reduction in bleeding enables a number of new surgical procedures that are not practical with conventional scalpel. the co2 laser beam seals nerve endings and lymphatics, resulting in less edema and pain. the patient experiences a far more comfortable post - operative recovery. reduced risk of infection : this is one of the unique features of the co2 laser beam. it efficiently kills bacteria in its path, producing a sterilizing effect. quicker recovery time : reduced risk of infection, less bleeding, less pain and less swelling often allow the patient a far quicker recovery after the surgery. laser surgery benefits for surgeons unique surgical capabilities : laser surgery improves many surgical procedures by making them simpler and reducing risk. this enables surgeries that are not practical with conventional methods. enhanced visibility of the surgical field : the laser light seals capillaries and small blood vessels as it cuts, thereby dramatically reducing bleeding. this results in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5705242628679522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97a4ec32-056c-4877-80f7-6c45b5f1691d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.689679"}
{"text": "making them simpler and reducing risk. this enables surgeries that are not practical with conventional methods. enhanced visibility of the surgical field : the laser light seals capillaries and small blood vessels as it cuts, thereby dramatically reducing bleeding. this results in a much clearer and drier surgical site. increased precision and control : the focal spot size of the beam may be adjusted down to a small fraction of a millimeter or expanded for a much wider coverage. the laser power may be set for rapid removal of relatively large tissue amounts, or adjusted to remove only one cell layer at a time. reduction of surgery time : the hemostatic effect of the laser beam and the improved visibility of the surgical field often reduce the duration of the surgery. veterinary laser surgery general surgery procedures : traumatic wound debridement, perianal tumors, toe nail lasing, amputations, tumor bed ablations, ceruminous adenocarcinoma, vaginal fold excision, chemodectoma chronic, mast cell tumors, colorectal tumor debulking or resection, cranial cruciate ligament rupture debridement, granulation tissue shaving, cystotomy, deep mass removal, everted saccule resection, vital pulpotomy, fibrosarcoma, graft bed preparation - infected wounds, hemangiopericytoma, hepatic carcinoma - hepatic lobectomy, lipoma & liposarcoma resections, operculectomy, perianal urethostomy stricture revisions, pericardectomy, rhabdomyxoma of flank, subtotal prostatectomy, tendon sheath tumors hemangiopericytoma, scc and infiltrating lipoma, thyroidectomy, enterotomy, transitional cell carcinoma of bladder, perianal fistulas, tumor / mass removal, urethral prolapse resections, urinary bladder polyps, vaginal tumor excisions - leiomyoma, scc and fibrosarcoma, anal saculectomy. \"... laser surgery offers better hemostasis and visibility, less post - operative swelling, and decreased post - operative pain. in certain procedures, better hemostasis and visibility will reduce overall surgical time. \" timothy l. holt, dvm and fred a mann, dvm, ms \" soft tissue application of lasers \" vet clin small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5099497306954954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97a4ec32-056c-4877-80f7-6c45b5f1691d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.690890"}
{"text": "- operative pain. in certain procedures, better hemostasis and visibility will reduce overall surgical time. \" timothy l. holt, dvm and fred a mann, dvm, ms \" soft tissue application of lasers \" vet clin small anim 32 ( 2002 ) 569 - 599, elsevier science ( usa ) \" the carbon dioxide laser is a very effective tool for treating diseases of the perianal region. the skin of the perianal region is thin and sensitive. the carbon dioxide laser offers a \u2018 no touch \u2019 method of excising these lesions, which helps decrease postoperative discomfort and irritation. the carbon dioxide laser is very effective in controlling hemorrhage from vessels smaller than 0. 5 mm. this is sufficient in controlling most hemorrhage caused from the rich blood supply of the perianal region. the perianal region is contaminated with bacteria. the carbon dioxide laser photothermally vaporizes bacteria, so that bacterial numbers are decreased, which helps reduce the risk of postoperative infections. these factors help the patient recover quicker and return to function sooner. the light emitted from a carbon dioxide laser has a wavelength of 10, 600 nm, which is in the far - infrared light spectrum. this wavelength of light is highly absorbed by water, creating a thermal effect. because all soft tissues in the body are composed mainly of water, the carbon dioxide laser penetrates very shallow into tissue, and there is very little collateral thermal damage. this interaction makes the carbon dioxide laser a useful tool for incising, excising, and photoablating soft tissue and allows for fine, controlled dissection of tissue. the axiom of \u2018 what you see is what you get \u2019 applies to the properties of the carbon dioxide laser. finally, the carbon dioxide laser seems to have a lower learning curve when compared with other types of lasers. \" bert a. shelley, dvm, ms \" use of the carbon dioxide laser for perianal and rectal surgery. \u201d \" vet clin small anim 32 ( 2002 ) 621 - 637, elsevier science ( usa ) opthamology surgery procedures : conjunctiva treatment, cherry eye, distichia, ectopic cilia, lacrimal punctotomy for epiphora, entropion, meibomium gland excision, eyelid tumor removal, hemangioma removal, scleral corneal mass removal, keratectomy, mast cell tumors, squamous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49027572687010446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97a4ec32-056c-4877-80f7-6c45b5f1691d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.691739"}
{"text": "vaporizing soft tissue with hemostasis. co2 lasers intended for dental applications are cw lasers. the co2 wavelength is absorbed by the water content of oral tissues. thermal necrosis zones of 100 to 300 lm at cut tissue edges are typical, providing better oral structure safety compared with other lasers ( neodymium : yttrium aluminum garnet [ nd : yag ], argon, and diode ), which may penetrate up to several millimeters. with the co2 laser, \u2018 what you see is what you get \u2019 compared with the nd : yag laser where no immediately visible change appears in the tissue surrounding the zone of vaporization. with the nd : yag laser, it is difficult to estimate the true extend of thermal necrosis. this advantage of replacing traditional excisional techniques with co2 laser ablation permits removal of the damaged epithelium with as little as 0. 1 to 0. 2 mm of reversible thermal injury to the submucosa. co2 lasers are used for oral, soft tissue procedures, such as gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, frenectomy, and biopsy. tissue vaporization is more efficient with the co2 laser than with other lasers discussed because of the direct absorption of this wavelength by water.. \" jan bellows, dvm \" laser use in veterinary dentistry \" vet clin small anim 32 ( 2002 ) 673 - 692. elsevier science, ( usa ) dermatology surgery procedures : acral lick granuloma ablation, cutaneous masses : skin tags, follicular cysts and tumors, gingival hyperplasia and epulis, hyperkeratosis of digital pads / nasal planum, hemostasis, malignant melanoma, localized demodex, inclusion cysts, papillomas, epibulbar melanoma, pigmented viral plaques, actinic keratosis, pinnal tumors, feline ceruminous cystomatosis, calcinosis circumscripta, squamous cell carcinoma removal, viral papillomas, wound management ( acute and chronic ), nodular sebaceous hyperplasia, plasma cell pododermatitis. \" the co2 laser proved to be an excellent choice for laser surgery because of the ability to limit the zones of damage to microsurgery with little to no collateral damage. this laser is the primary laser", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5202398940362495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97a4ec32-056c-4877-80f7-6c45b5f1691d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.696087"}
{"text": ", plasma cell pododermatitis. \" the co2 laser proved to be an excellent choice for laser surgery because of the ability to limit the zones of damage to microsurgery with little to no collateral damage. this laser is the primary laser in use today in veterinary dermatology. the operator can easily control the device for use in three ways : skin incision, lesion excision, and ablation. it can be readily controlled for precise microsurgery or can be used for ablating larger lesions. because of its high absorption by water, there is little to no collateral tissue damage with this laser when used properly.... the ability for the operator to control the effect of the laser beam essentially to the area that you can see with no collateral damage, has led to wide use of this laser in many areas of medicine, including veterinary dermatology... \" david duclos, dvm \" lasers in veterinary dermatology \" vet clin small anim 36 ( 2006 ) 15 - 37, elsevier science ( usa ) avian and exotic surgery procedures : traumatic wound debridement, eyelid polyp removal, stripping of tendons, avian pox lesion removal, diptheroid membrane obstructing, anal sac removal, choanal opening, fibrosarcoma removal, vocal fold excision, granulation tissue ablation, histiocytoma of forepaw, lipoma removal, xanthoma removal, liver mass removal, gonadectomy, adrenal gland removal, constricted toe syndrome, lymph node biopsy, ovary ablation, papilloma removal, caesarian section, renal adenocarcinoma, sebaceous adenomas, skin incisions, canthoplasty for lid deformities, synovial cell sarcoma removal, bumblefoot, nasal polyp removal, uterine adenocarcinoma, hysterectomy. \" there are many benefits of the co2 laser in exotic animal practice. their use is limited only by the imagination... the benefits of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) laser use in exotics include decreased blood loss, pain, surgery time, and healing time. because the co2 laser seals small vessels as it cuts, there is a decreased blood loss, which is of great benefit because many of the exotic species are quite small and therefore have a small blood volume. the use of co2 lasers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48414995024942553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97a4ec32-056c-4877-80f7-6c45b5f1691d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.696976"}
{"text": "healing time. because the co2 laser seals small vessels as it cuts, there is a decreased blood loss, which is of great benefit because many of the exotic species are quite small and therefore have a small blood volume. the use of co2 lasers for surgery also decreases pain because they seal nerve endings as they cut, which may also decrease selfinduced trauma after surgery. decreased pain may also lessen postsurgical fear and anxiety. lasers make surgery safer and provide a quicker recovery period. ablation of cutaneous masses is simplified, with minimal loss of blood. many exotics develop a capsule surrounding an abscess. if this capsule is not removed or is only partially removed, there is a high recurrence rate. the co2 laser allows for the ablation of the capsule. \" agnes e. rupley, dvm and terri parrott - nenezian, dvm \" the use of surgical lasers in exotic and avian practice \" vet clin small anim 32 ( 2002 ) 703 - 721. elsevier science ( usa ) equine surgery procedures : sarcoid removal, acute scrotal hernia repair, fibroma / neurofibroma, umbilical hernia repair, basal cell mastocytoma, entrapped epiglottis procedure, granulation tissue removal, lymphoid polyps, cryptorchidectomy, melanoma, palmer digital neurectomy, castration, removal of hydroceles, scirrhous cord resection, neoplasia, squamous cell carcinoma, guttural pouch membrane ablation, ethmoid hematoma, ablation of penile and cervical lesions, proud flesh. \" \u2026 surgical lasers have extended the operative precision, range, and morbidity reduction \u2026. equine upper airway surgery has also been revolutionized, and there are certainly many applications yet to be developed. \" stephen w. crane, dvm \" lasers in medicine and surgery \" vet clin small anim 32 ( 2002 ) xi - xii. elsevier science ( usa )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47133742648035254, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97a4ec32-056c-4877-80f7-6c45b5f1691d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.697685"}
{"text": "air traffic control - part 2 by roger meyer in september 1946 the provisional international civil aviation organisation ( picao ) appointed a special radio technical committee to evaluate the wartime developments in navigation, communications and air traffic control which could be used by civil aviation in peacetime. icao later issued a series of annexes which established uniform standards to be observed by member states. interestingly, under australian regulations air traffic controllers were not required to be licensed until 1961. australias air navigation regulations were re - drafted to embody, as far as possible, the picao recommendations. the new regulations, issued in august 1947, gave legal authority to the establishment and functions of the air traffic control service. a new manual of air traffic control was issued at the same time. a steady growth in air traffic, particularly on the main air routes between brisbane, sydney and melbourne led to congestion in the vicinity of these aerodromes where aircraft were on descent from their cruising height prior to landing. the already overloaded radio communications facilities did not allow a sufficiently rapid means of communication between atc and the pilots of aircraft flying in these critical areas, especially in conditions of bad weather. a separate service called approach control was introduced, and evaluated on a trial basis at essendon, mascot and archerfield in july 1947. by 1950 it was introduced at other locations where traffic density warranted such units. at the same time australian and new guinea airspace was divided into ten large areas of responsibility, called flight information regions. the next major innovation was the flight progress board ( fpb ), which was based on an american model. the flight progress board was introduced from 1950, and performed two separate control functions. first, it looked after aircraft travelling on controlled air routes. at a distance of more than 60 miles from the major airport aircraft were under the control of an area controller, who used aeradio stations for communications with aircraft. second, within a 60 mile radius of a major airport, the arrivals controller was in direct radio communications with all aircraft so that control was positive and carried out with least possible delay, thus providing control of aircraft converging on a busy airport. at least four people were needed to work the board. on one side was an assistant who used an aircrafts flight plan to prepare coloured flight progress strips with each flights details prior to its departure. on the opposite side, air traffic controllers actually directed the traffic using the data prepared by the assistant, updated as the flight progressed. finally, the senior area controller supervised and coordinated all activities. click here to see photos of essendon area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4451263758445978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d638ea14-e580-4d0c-9135-525ad7175c75>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.705340"}
{"text": "to its departure. on the opposite side, air traffic controllers actually directed the traffic using the data prepared by the assistant, updated as the flight progressed. finally, the senior area controller supervised and coordinated all activities. click here to see photos of essendon area control centre ' s fpbs in the late 1950s. it was soon realised that there was a need for some positive means of coordination between a control tower and the associated air traffic control centre in the assignment of aircraft altitudes. without this coordination, there was the ever present possibility that the same altitude for different aircraft could be assigned and although the control tower was responsible for the control of aircraft only in a restricted area, there existed the possibility of double assignment of altitudes. in order to obviate this difficulty, altitude assignment boards were developed, one of which was designed for building into the tower console, and the other for the flight progress board in the atc centre. to assign an altitude, the controller in the tower plugged into his board a flight progress strip, and the fact that this altitude was then assigned was indicated by a lamp in the control tower and a corresponding indication was presented on the flight progress board. if an attempt was made at the flight progress board to assign the same altitude to another aircraft by plugging in a flight strip, alarms in both the tower and at the centre operated. click here to read more about the altitude assignment board. this method of separating air traffic within controlled airspace continued to be used until the mid - 1960s when area approach control centres ( aaccs ) were established, which now leads us, inevitably, to the introduction of radar. this quantum leap changed what had been a static display of a dynamic situation with the flight progress board, to a completely dynamic radar display. possibly the most dramatic impact on atc in australia was the introduction of radar. radar was invented in britain in 1935, and its contribution to the allied war effort is well documented. the department of civil aviation, after the war, experimented with a number of ex - wartime radar installations at essendon airport. some were, by todays standards, positively primitive, such as the australian light weight air warning ( lw / aw ) radar, housed under a canvas tent. another was the 276 radar with its daylight plotter in the tower. an operator worked in a small, darkened building on the airport, tracking aircraft on his screen. the x and y coordinate voltages, representing the location of the aircraft, were connected to the tower by a control cable, and traced as a brown line on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48057304351639774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d638ea14-e580-4d0c-9135-525ad7175c75>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.706504"}
{"text": "worked in a small, darkened building on the airport, tracking aircraft on his screen. the x and y coordinate voltages, representing the location of the aircraft, were connected to the tower by a control cable, and traced as a brown line on a sheet of chemical - impregnated blotting paper. in 1959, short - range raw display cossor radars were provided at sydney and melbourne airports to facilitate control of arriving and departing aircraft within up to 50 miles of each respective airport. the displays were located in the tower cab at melbourne / essendon, and in a room under the tower in sydney. being raw displays, they were only viewable in semi - darkness. in 1961, dca produced a long - term plan outlining surveillance radar requirements, recommending the provision of dual - purpose radars for approach and area control at brisbane, sydney, melbourne, adelaide and perth. scan - converted bright radar display systems were incorporated in new aaccs at sydney, melbourne and brisbane. the aaccs were commissioned, respectively, in 1965, 1967 and 1969. in 1964 the upper limit of controlled airspace was increased to 40, 000 feet in 1964 to accommodate the introduction of domestic jet services. a further enhancement was secondary surveillance radar ( ssr ) which required target aircraft to be fitted with a receiver / transmitter ( transponder ) which responded to a recognised signal radiated from the ground radar beacon. in early systems only a symbol, different depending on the code being squawked by the aircraft, was displayed superimposed on the aircrafts primary radar return. in later display systems, such as the fully synthetic, computerised atcards system, an aircrafts callsign, altitude and computed ground - speed were displayed against the aircraft target on the operators screen. this is a very brief overview of the some of the many innovations which atc and the supporting airways engineering organisation implemented in response to the vastly increased volume of air traffic, and the introduction of jet aircraft. click here to read part 1 back to the air traffic services index page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48629763464316833, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d638ea14-e580-4d0c-9135-525ad7175c75>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.707394"}
{"text": "here \u2019 s a scary halloween statistic. oct. 31 marks the beginning of the holiday season, the time of year when the average american gains the most weight. in my last article, i discussed how it all starts with the simple equation, calories in versus calories out. in this article i will strive to help you ward off the horrors of becoming a weight - gain statistic by exposing another myth. is it possible to be overweight because of a slow metabolism? the answer is, probably not. you may know someone who eats nothing but junk food and never seems to gain an ounce, so you assume they have a fast metabolism. for the same reason that no particular type of food makes us fat other than the calories supplied, it is also possible to stay lean eating junk food. it may be tempting to blame your metabolism for weight gain, but only in rare cases do you get excessive weight gain from a medical problem that slows metabolism. metabolism is the process by which your body converts what you eat and drink into energy. even at rest, your body needs energy for functions such as breathing, circulating blood and cellular repair. the number of calories your body uses for these basic functions is known as your basal metabolic rate ( bmr ). similar to your bmr is your resting metabolic rate ( rmr ), which is just slightly higher and is the amount of calories burned while your body is awake and at total rest. energy needs for your body \u2019 s basic functions stay fairly consistent and aren \u2019 t easily changed. your resting metabolic rate accounts for about 60 to 75 percent of the calories you burn every day. the variables that determine metabolic rate are : \u2014 your body size and composition. the bodies of people who are larger or have more muscle burn more calories, even at rest. \u2014 your sex. men usually have less body fat and more muscle than do women of the same age and weight, therefore burn more calories. \u2014 your age. as you get older, the amount of muscle tends to decrease and fat accounts for more of your weight, slowing down calorie burning. other factors that can contribute to lowering your metabolic rate include heredity, certain medications, lack of sleep, and starvation diets. although your metabolism influences your body \u2019 s basic energy needs, weight / fat loss is determined by your daily caloric deficit. you create a caloric deficit through your total daily energy expenditure ( tdee ). in addition to your basal metabolic rate, another factor that determines how many cal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47343966332696596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0421789-305a-4de6-a32e-1c49ab5f3b7f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.712565"}
{"text": "s basic energy needs, weight / fat loss is determined by your daily caloric deficit. you create a caloric deficit through your total daily energy expenditure ( tdee ). in addition to your basal metabolic rate, another factor that determines how many calories your body burns each day is food processing ( thermogenesis ). digesting, absorbing, transporting and storing the food you consume also takes calories. this accounts for about 10 percent of the calories used each day. exercise adds to your daily calorie needs, and as long as you don \u2019 t consume more to compensate ( keeping your intake below your needs ) the body must draw on its fat stores and you \u2019 ll lose fat. aerobic / cardio exercise is the most efficient way to burn calories and includes activities such as walking or bicycling. remember, the more active you are, the greater the benefits. strength training helps counteract muscle loss associated with aging. and since muscle tissue burns more calories than fat tissue does, muscle mass is a key factor in weight loss. with both cardio and strength training, you have the benefit of what \u2019 s called epoc ( excess post - exercise oxygen consumption ), meaning a higher metabolic rate for an extended period of time after your exercise session is completed. lifestyle activities including all your daily walking, recreation, work, and house chores add up to more than you would imagine ( it \u2019 s called non exercise activity thermogenesis, or n. e. a. t. ). there \u2019 s no magic pill, so don \u2019 t look to dietary supplements claiming to speed up your metabolism. these products are often more hype than help, and some may cause undesirable or even dangerous side effects. dietary supplement manufacturers aren \u2019 t required by the fda to prove that their products are safe or effective, so view these products with caution, and always let your doctor know about any supplements you take. it \u2019 s simple but not always easy, especially over the holidays, but take in fewer calories than you burn, and you will lose weight and avoid the halloween to new year \u2019 s creep. perry buchanan, owner of pt gym, is certified as health fitness specialist through the american college of sports medicine and has been in the fitness industry for over 30 years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47881207101553497, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0421789-305a-4de6-a32e-1c49ab5f3b7f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.713555"}
{"text": "phaeophyceae : brown algae the brown colour of these algae results from the dominance of the xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin, which masks the other pigments, chlorophyll a and c ( there is no chlorophyll b ), beta - carotene and other xanthophylls. food reserves are typically complex polysaccharides, sugars and higher alcohols. the principal carbohydrate reserve is laminaran, and true starch is absent ( compare with the green algae ). the walls are made of cellulose and alginic acid, a long - chained heteropolysaccharide. there are no known unicellular or colonial representatives ; the simplest plant form is a branched, filamentous thallus. the kelps are the largest ( up to 70 m long ) and perhaps the most complex brown algae, and they are the only algae known to have internal tissue differentiation into conducting tissue ; there is, however, no true xylem tissue as found in the \u2018 higher \u2019 plants. most brown algae have an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. the haploid thalli form isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous gametes and the diploid thalli form zoospores, generally by meiosis. the haploid ( gametangial ) and diploid ( sporangial ) thalli may be similar ( isomorphic ) or different ( heteromorphic ) in appearance, or the gametangial generation may be extremely reduced ( fucales ). the brown giant kelp macrocystis pyrifera ( above ) is harvested off the coasts of california for feeding abalone. it used to be used for alginate extraction, but this now mostly comes from atlantic ascophyllum nodosum and laminaria hyperborea. alginates, derivatives of alginic acids, are used commercially for toothpastes, soaps, ice cream, tinned meats, fabric printing, and a host of other applications. it forms a stable viscous gel in water, and its primary function in the above applications is as a binder, stabilizer, emulsifier, or moulding agent. saccharina japonica, formerly laminaria, and other species of the genus are grown on ropes in china, korea and japan for food and alginate production. undaria pinnatif", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48627274353662653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9924fc05-d4a0-414f-a2df-787f540461a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.716537"}
{"text": "##ulsifier, or moulding agent. saccharina japonica, formerly laminaria, and other species of the genus are grown on ropes in china, korea and japan for food and alginate production. undaria pinnatifida is also cultivated in japan, korea and china for production of wakame, a valuable food kelp. small amounts are also grown in atlantic france for the european market. about 16, 000 tonnes of ascophyllum nodosum ( feamainn bhui in irish, referring to the yellow colour in summer ) are harvested each year in ireland, dried and milled in factories at arramara teo., cill chiarain ( kilkerrin ), co. galway ; and some 3, 000 t of the resulting seaweed meal is exported and processed in scotland for the production of alginic acid. laminaria hyperborea stipes ( sea rods ) are harvested in norway and used to be collected in drift in scotland and ireland. the rods are used for the manufacture of high - grade alginates. other brown algae are used for the extraction of agricultural sprays ( \u2018 liquid seaweed extracts \u2018 ). these extracts are used at low concentrations on crops and their hormone - like activities are thought to be due to betaines, cytokinenins, etc. there are about 1800 species of brown algae, and most are marine. in general, brown algae are larger and more species are found in colder waters. virtually all the biomass worldwide comes from a relatively small number of species in the orders laminariales and fucales. the total wholesale value of dried brown algae worldwide collected in the wild or cultivated is less than $ 100 million dollars.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.478703720930285, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9924fc05-d4a0-414f-a2df-787f540461a5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.717144"}
{"text": "in the name of allah ; most - merciful, most - compassionate. chivalry could be defined in a multitude of ways ; what follows in an attempt to describe chivalry from an islamic perspective and with a few examples - as explained and taught by our scholars, may allah preserve them. chivalry is an internalized power or strength possessing insight that reacts in order to give victory to truth. sincerity is its final goal, good character is its guide, mercy is its inward aspect and bringing about change is its outward manifestation. anything that does not combine all of these attributes is not chivalry. it is the ability to differentiate intentions ; to know when a decision is made for personal reasons and that which is done for the truth. chivalry is the ability to bring about positive change to the self and society based on truth and for the sake of truth. blind power is not chivalry ; insight is required for self - correction, even in the case of mistakes. demonstration of power is not its goal or method, except when used to uphold and give victory to the truth. responding to ones desires with a resounding \u2018 no \u2019 is an aspect of internal chivalry, and that is why the prophet ( peace and blessings be upon him ) said that the strong man is the one who can overcome his own self when he is angry. the champion and leader of the people of chivalry is our beloved prophet ( peace and blessings be upon him ) ; he was never angry for himself but only became angry for the sake of allah while upholding and protecting the truth. when animal entrails were thrown on his back ( peace and blessings be upon him ) he did not take out personal vengeance. today such a person is considered weak, however chivalry is based upon principles - principles which are not broken for bane or mundane challenges. when the religion of islam was attacked and insulted allah ' s messenger ( peace and blessings be upon him ) stood against that - strongly and firmly. he reacted to give victory to the truth and this is chivalry. transgression and oppression have nothing to do with chivalry. taking another person ' s right is not chivalry. rather, it is based upon principles. it is enacted through good conduct and mercy, it is built with insight and a struggle to give victory to truth. having insight and wisdom allows for a person of chivalry to realize that power is to be used selectively and wisely. we can find endless examples in the prophetic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5472301003870698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eca52f24-512e-4938-b7d2-2a37a1da8fb5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.720103"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia the holy spirit, or the holy ghost, is a religious term used in the christian tradition referring to the presence or power of god. in the new testament the greek words pneuma or chrisma are used. in some sects of christianity, the experience of the holy spirit is referred to as being anointed. in the african american gospel music tradition, the experience of the holy spirit is referred to as ' getting happy '. various interpretations of the term are held by various religious sects. in christianity the holy spirit is considered to be god himself, a part of the divine trinity. the holy spirit is first described in the new testament as ' descending ' on jesus ' like a dove ' during his baptism by john the baptist in the jordan river. for some christians, the holy spirit is related to god ' s will, but is not god ' s will personified. other sects deriving from the christian tradition, such as rastafarianism, have still different views of the holy spirit. christian views of the holy spirit in mainstream christianity, the holy spirit is one person of the trinity, co - equal with the father and the son ( jesus ), a part of the godhead. in many nontrinitarian sects such as unitarian churches, jehovah ' s witnesses and others that do not accept the doctrine of the trinity, the holy spirit is god ' s spirit or god ' s active force, and not a separate person. in the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints the holy spirit is considered a third and individual member of the godhead, distinct from the father and the son, having a body of spirit ( whereas the father and the son are believed to be resurrected individuals having immortalized bodies of flesh and bone ). christians believe it is the holy spirit who leads people to faith in jesus and the one who gives them the ability to lead a christian life. the spirit dwells inside every true christian. he is depicted as a ' counsellor ' or ' helper ' ( paraclete in greek ), guiding them in the way of the truth. the ' fruit of the spirit ' ( i. e. the result of his work ) is \" love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self - control \" ( galatians 5 : 22 ). the spirit is also believed to give gifts ( i. e. abilities ) to christians. these include the charismatic gifts such as prophecy, tongues, healing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5806130190626007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c942bbec-a770-43d5-a6e5-191af3fdf99d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.726245"}
{"text": ", faithfulness, gentleness and self - control \" ( galatians 5 : 22 ). the spirit is also believed to give gifts ( i. e. abilities ) to christians. these include the charismatic gifts such as prophecy, tongues, healing, and knowledge, which some christians, whose view is known as cessationism, believe were given only in new testament times. christians agree almost universally that certain more mundane \" spiritual gifts \" are still in effect today. these include the gifts of ministry, teaching, giving, leadership, and mercy ( see, e. g. romans 12 : 6 - 8 ). christians believe that it was the holy spirit whom jesus mentioned as the promised \" comforter \" in john 14 : 26. after his resurrection, christ also told his disciples that they would be \" baptized with the holy ghost \", and would receive power from this event ( acts 1 : 4 - 8 ). these christians also believe that christ ' s promise of the holy spirit was fulfilled in the events of the second chapter of acts. on the first pentecost, jesus ' disciples were gathered in jerusalem when a mighty wind was heard and tongues of fire appeared over their heads. a multilingual crowd heard the disciples speaking, and each of them heard them speaking in his or her native language. the christian movement called pentecostalism derives its name from these events. the pentecostal movement places special emphasis on the work of the holy spirit, and especially on the gifts mentioned above, believing that they are still given today. many pentecostals believe in a ' baptism of the holy spirit ', in which the spirit ' s power is received by the christian in a new way. some pentecostal sects hold that the baptism of the holy spirit is the one sure sign of christianity in a person, or conversely, that until a person has experienced this baptism of the holy spirit, they cannot be certain of their salvation. the holy spirit is often depicted as a dove, based on the story of the holy spirit descending on jesus in the form of a dove when he was baptized in the jordan. the book of acts describes the holy spirit descending on the apostles at pentecost in the form of a wind and tongues of fire resting over the apostles ' heads. based on the imagery in that account, the holy spirit is sometimes symbolized by a flame of fire. in john ' s gospel of the new testament, the emphasis is placed not upon what the holy spirit did for jesus, but upon jesus giving the spirit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4712344914806307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c942bbec-a770-43d5-a6e5-191af3fdf99d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.727247"}
{"text": "on the imagery in that account, the holy spirit is sometimes symbolized by a flame of fire. in john ' s gospel of the new testament, the emphasis is placed not upon what the holy spirit did for jesus, but upon jesus giving the spirit to his disciples. this \" higher \" christology, which was the most influential in the later development of trinity doctrine, sees jesus as a sacrificial lamb, and as coming among men in order to grant the spirit of god to humanity. although the language used to describe jesus ' receiving of the spirit in john ' s gospel is a parallel to accounts in other gospels, nevertheless, john reports this with the aim in view of showing that jesus is specially in possession of the spirit for the purpose of granting the spirit to his followers, uniting them with himself, and in himself also uniting them with the father. ( see raymond brown, \" the gospel according to john \", chapter on pneumatology ). in john, the gift of the spirit is equivalent to eternal life, knowledge of god, power to obey, and communion with one another and with the father. the holy spirit is sometimes referred to as the holy ghost ( the name used in the king james version of the bible ), particularly by conservative pentecostal groups and the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints. the usage was also common before 1901. according to dispensationalism, we are now living in the age of the spirit. the old testament period, under this view, may be called the age of the father ; the period covered by the gospels, the age of the son ; from pentecost until the second advent of christ, the age of the spirit. \" holy spirit \" or \" holy ghost \" holy ghost was the common name for the holy spirit in english prior to the 20th century. it is the name used in the king james version of the bible, and is still the preferred name among conservative pentecostal groups and the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints. in 1901 the american standard version of the bible translated the name as holy spirit, as had the english revised version of 1881 - 1885 upon which it was based. almost all modern english translations have followed suit as the word ghost has lost its old meaning of the spirit or soul that is inside man and come to be identified almost exclusively with the concept of disembodied spirits, usually of the dead, which may \" haunt \" the living, an idea far from that intended by the king james translators.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4985811096532315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c942bbec-a770-43d5-a6e5-191af3fdf99d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.728204"}
{"text": "spirit or soul that is inside man and come to be identified almost exclusively with the concept of disembodied spirits, usually of the dead, which may \" haunt \" the living, an idea far from that intended by the king james translators. jewish view of the holy spirit the jewish view of the holy spirit, or the holy ghost, is that it is an entirely christian concept with no bearing or basis whatsoever in judaism. people who claim otherwise often do so with the intention of proselytizing jews to christianity. rastafarian view of the holy spirit as a group that evolved out of christianity the rastafarians have evolved their own unique interpretation of both the holy trinity and the holy spirit. they believe it is haile selassie who embodies both god the father and god the son, while the holy spirit is to be found within rasta believers ( see ' i and i ' ), and within every human being. rastas also believe that the true church is the human body, and that it is this church which contains the holy spirit. - catholic apologetics of america - baptism of the holy spirit - the holy spirit as a person - a lutheran ' s view of what the holy spirit does - jewish perspective the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5274759830543196, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c942bbec-a770-43d5-a6e5-191af3fdf99d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.728733"}
{"text": "16 december 2010. progranulin mutations cause some forms of frontotemporal dementia, but exactly what the protein does and how it fails in disease are open questions. the dying neurons possess one good progranulin gene, but do not make enough of the protein. new research presented at the annual society for neuroscience meeting, held 13 - 17 november 2010 in san diego, california, suggests that the deficiency stems from a vicious feedback loop that keeps progranulin expression in neurons low, even as neighboring microglia produce plenty of the protein. ezra rosen, a student in the laboratory of dan geschwind, and independent researcher eric wexler, all at the university of california in los angeles, presented a pair of posters detailing the pgrn - wnt connection. premature stop codons in the granulin gene ( grn ) that encodes progranulin are a common cause of frontotemporal dementia ( ftd ). in a chromosomal coincidence, grn sits just a megabase away from tau, another ftd - related gene on chromosome 17 ( see arf related news story on cruts et al., 2006 and baker et al., 2006 ). progranulin \u2019 s role in neurons is unknown. \u201c our very simplistic hypothesis is that progranulin is some sort of trophic factor, \u201d wexler told arf in an interview. unique among the dementias, wexler said, pgrn - associated ftd appears to be caused by a haploinsufficiency, with one valid grn gene still present. yet in the brains of people who had ftd, pgrn expression was actually higher than normal, wexler said, mostly due to pgrn in microglia ( see also philips et al., 2010 ). \u201c it does not correlate, \u201d he said. \u201c if the microglia can make it from the gene that is still good, why can \u2019 t the neurons? \u201d a clue turned up through wexler \u2019 s separate interest in wnt signaling, which is essential throughout the body, with roles in neurogenesis ( see arf related news story on lie et al., 2005 ) as well as in dementia ( see arf related news story on de ferrari et al., 2007 ). as outlined in one poster, wexler and rosen started with a study of wnt1 signaling in fetal human neural progenitors ( hnps ) that they differentiated into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5301658959197522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:329234f7-6882-4764-85f7-37d5c90431e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.736999"}
{"text": "\u201c the only disease category that is represented is dementia, and the only signaling pathway that is represented is wnt signaling, \u201d wexler said. among the dementia - linked genes with altered expression were glycogen synthase kinase 3\u03b2 ( gsk - 3\u03b2 ) protein phosphatase 2 a ( pp2a ), and apc, which are scaffolds mediating presenilin - 1 / \u03b2 - catenin interactions. other affected genes were wnt1, frizzled - 2, and other signaling and pro - apoptotic genes. thus far, the researchers knew that wnt1, frizzled - 2, and pgrn were all involved together in lab - grown neurons. next, they sought to confirm their finding in human and animal studies. they compared their grn - influenced gene set to data from a previously published study on gene expression in brain samples from people who had ftd ( chen - plotkin et al., 2008 ). between the two datasets, a handful of genes overlapped. frizzled - 2 was one of the most highly expressed in both the human and cell studies, so the researchers analyzed this gene further. for an animal model, coauthor robert farese of the university of california in san francisco provided an as - yet unpublished grn knockout mouse. these animals show microglial activation by six months and neural loss by 18 months of age, but they had elevated frizzled - 2 in the neocortex at six weeks, suggesting frizzled - 2 upregulation is an early response to grn deficiency. frizzled - 2 upregulation might be a contributor to neurodegeneration, or might be an insufficient attempt to compensate for grn loss, the scientists posited. they found that frizzled - 2 knockdown in grn - deficient hnp - derived neurons led to an increase in cell death, suggesting it could be a neural protector of some kind. frizzled - 2 upregulation might be a useful early marker for ftd, wexler speculated. the researchers also looked at other dementia model mice, he told arf, but only saw upregulation of frizzled - 2 in grn knockout animals. \u201c it seems to be highly related to this disease, \u201d he said. indeed, gene association studies have not implicated frizzled - 2 in any other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5145274770439937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:329234f7-6882-4764-85f7-37d5c90431e1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.739444"}
{"text": "saw upregulation of frizzled - 2 in grn knockout animals. \u201c it seems to be highly related to this disease, \u201d he said. indeed, gene association studies have not implicated frizzled - 2 in any other major neurodegenerative disease. interestingly, the frizzled - 2 gene is one of a handful of genes that sit between the tau and grn genes on chromosome 17. \u201c this does seem like a real coincidence, \u201d wexler said. he hypothesizes that non - coding rnas in the same region might somehow affect these neighboring genes in a manner that leads to disease, although he admits that is \u201c hand waving \u201d at this point. to address this hypothesis, wexler is collecting tissue samples from people with grn - mediated ftd and their unaffected siblings. he plans to make pluripotent stem cells, then neurons, from these samples and prepare rna libraries. then, he intends to sequence the rna to look for chromosome 17 patterns that are common among ftd cells. \u201c the identification of the interaction between progranulin and wnt signaling is important and requires further study, \u201d wrote philip van damme of vib leuven, belgium, who also studies grn - mediated neurodegeneration, in an e - mail to arf. \u201c an important issue will be to what extent wnt signaling mediates the functional consequences of progranulin deficiency. is it a secondary effect or integral part of the detrimental effects of progranulin deficiency? \u201d in sum, the research points to a role for wnt1 in silencing grn in ftd neurons, potentially aided and abetted by frizzled - 2. the wnt - grn pathway is thus a potential therapeutic target, but the widely interconnected signaling networks could complicate the search for a therapy, wexler suggested. \u201c this is as much a disease of dysregulation as of anything else, \u201d he said. \u201c it may not be as easy as giving people more progranulin. \u201d \u2014 amber dance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5136507521399583, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:329234f7-6882-4764-85f7-37d5c90431e1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.740427"}
{"text": "sewers, water systems, and railroads everywhere. they would reform the archaic law and tax codes left over from the spanish, stimulate industry and finance, break up the old monastic estates and distribute their land to rural villagers. before long filipinos would enjoy the highest literacy rate in southeast asia. and vast improvements in public hygiene and health care would go a long way toward doubling the islands \u2019 population by 1920. \u201c compared to european colonialism, the united states was indeed a model of enlightenment, \u201d the journalist stanley karnow writes in his seminal work on the subject, in our image : america \u2019 s empire in the philippines. in 1916 an act of congress pledged eventual independence to the philippines ; the islands were made a semiautonomous commonwealth in 1935, and full independence, delayed by world war ii, became a reality in 1946. yet in karnow \u2019 s assessment, the americans \u2019 performance in the philippines \u201c was neither as brilliant as their publicists claimed nor as bleak as their critics contended. \u201d the americans tried to make the country over into another america but also made clear they considered the filipinos their racial inferiors. they preached democracy but dispersed patronage to those filipino politicians who supported u. s. policies. they fought side by side with their \u201c little brown brothers \u201d against the japanese, during some of the most ferocious combat in world war ii, and against southeast asian communism during the cold war, but also felt free to suborn the philippines \u2019 nascent democracy for years. since the reagan administration \u2019 s tardy but decisive support for cory aquino \u2019 s people power movement in the 1980s, u. s. - filipino relations have gotten on a more even keel, but not even enough to have kept the country from closing key american military bases for eight years in the 1990s. of course, iraq presents its own unique challenges and possibilities. among other differences, the united states does not view it as a colony at all and certainly not as a possession. but if we can learn anything from our long adventure into the philippines, it is that we need a policy that will be consistent not only in deed but in word and attitude as well, one that will avoid condescension and be directed toward making a restored, democratic iraq truly independent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45168685590467633, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:49afc403-f650-4d34-a369-793f515d62c2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.748125"}
{"text": "- historic sites inventing the presidency as america goes into its fifty - fifth presidential election, we should remember that there might have been only one \u2014 if we hadn \u2019 t had the only candidate on earth who could do the job october 2004 | volume 55, issue 5 such pleas did not fall on deaf ears. working closely with knox, washington devised a policy designed to create several sovereign indian \u201c homelands. \u201d he concurred when knox insisted that \u201c the independent tribes of indians ought to be considered as foreign nations, not as the subjects of any particular state. \u201d treaties with these tribes ought to be regarded as binding contracts with the federal government, whose jurisdiction could not be compromised : \u201c indians being the prior occupants possess the right of the soil.... to dispossess them... would be a gross violation of the fundamental laws of nature and of that distributive justice which is the glory of a nation. \u201d a more coercive policy of outright confiscation, washington believed, would constitute a moral failure that \u201c would stain the character of the nation. \u201d he sought to avoid the outcome \u2014 indian removal \u2014 that occurred more than 40 years later under andrew jackson. instead, he envisioned multiple sanctuaries under tribal control that would be bypassed by the surging wave of white settlers and whose occupants would gradually, over the course of the next century, become assimilated as full - fledged american citizens. attempting to make this vision a reality occupied more of washington \u2019 s time and energy than any other foreign or domestic issue during his first term. success depended on finding leaders willing to negotiate yet powerful enough to impose a settlement on other tribes. knox and washington found a charismatic creek chief of mixed blood named alexander mcgillivray, a literate man whose diplomatic skills and survival instincts made him the indian version of france \u2019 s talleyrand, and in the summer of 1790 washington hosted mcgillivray and 26 chiefs for several weeks of official dinners, parades, and diplomatic ceremonies more lavish than any european delegation enjoyed. ( mcgillivray expected and received a personal bribe of $ 1, 200 a year to offset the bribe the spanish were already paying him not to negotiate with the americans. ) washington and the chiefs locked arms in indian style and invoked the great spirit, and then the chiefs made their marks on the treaty of new york, redrawing the borders for a sovereign creek nation. washington reinforced the terms of the treaty by issuing the proclamation of 1790, an executive order forbidding private or state encr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48067805364403693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1529a89a-df75-476a-82d4-78a7cb8df31e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.752305"}
{"text": ", and then the chiefs made their marks on the treaty of new york, redrawing the borders for a sovereign creek nation. washington reinforced the terms of the treaty by issuing the proclamation of 1790, an executive order forbidding private or state encroachments on all indian lands guaranteed by treaty with the united states. but the president soon found that it was one thing to proclaim and quite another to sustain. the georgia legislature defied the proclamation by making a thoroughly corrupt bargain to sell more than 15 million acres on its western border to speculators calling themselves the yazoo companies, thereby rendering the treaty of new york a worthless piece of paper. in the northern district above the ohio, no equivalent to mcgillivray could be found, mostly because the six nations, which washington could remember as a potent force in the region, had been virtually destroyed in the war for independence and could no longer exercise hegemony over the ohio valley tribes. washington was forced to approve a series of military expeditions into the ohio valley to put down uprisings by the miamis, wyandots, and shawnees, even though he believed that the chief culprits were white vigilante groups determined to provoke hostilities. the indian side of the story, he complained, would never make it into the history books : \u201c they, poor wretches, have no press thro \u2019 which their grievances are related ; and it is well known, that when one side only of a story is heard, and often repeated, the human mind becomes impressed with it, insensibly. \u201d worse still, the expedition commanded by arthur st. clair was virtually annihilated in the fall of 1791 \u2014 reading st. clair \u2019 s battle orders is like watching custer prepare for the little bighorn \u2014 thereby creating white martyrs and provoking congressional cries for reprisals in what had become an escalating cycle of violence that defied washington \u2019 s efforts at conciliation. eventually the president was forced to acknowledge that his vision of secure indian sanctuaries could not be enforced. \u201c i believe scarcely any thing short of a chinese wall, \u201d he lamented, \u201c will restrain land jobbers and the encroachment of settlers upon the indian country. \u201d knox concurred, estimating that federal control on the frontier would require an arc of forts from lake erie to the gulf of mexico, garrisoned by no less than 50, 000 troops. this was a logistical, economic, and political impossibility. washington \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42695716199626255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1529a89a-df75-476a-82d4-78a7cb8df31e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.753310"}
{"text": "- historic sites a man to match the mountains to david thompson \u2014 who died blind, penniless, and bypassed by history \u2014 we owe our first knowledge of the american continent \u2019 s rugged northwest october 1960 | volume 11, issue 6 usually, his only companions were indians or halfbreeds who helped him find passages for his canoe and supplied him with fish and deer and caribou meat. in the face of an unending procession of hardships and close calls with death, he learned to live and travel like the natives, moving with speed and exactness across vast stretches of land, pausing only to seek protection from gales and blizzards or to gum the leaking seams of his cedar canoe with pine pitch. his sole comforts were the fair - weather lapping of lake water, the warming flames of evening fires, and the clean forest smell of pine - needle beds. despite his increasing interest in exploring and surveying, the hudson \u2019 s bay company wanted him to confine his activities to trading, and in 1797, when his term with that company ended, he joined the more aggressive north west company, whose partners were more appreciative of his special skills. unhampered by the problems of trade, he set off at once on an unprecedented mapping tour for his new employers, traveling south across the plains to the mandan indian villages on the missouri river in present - day north dakota, charting the red river country and the wild - rice lake district of northern minnesota, coming within a few miles of correctly identifying the source of the mississippi river ( it was not found until 1832 ), and going on to survey for the first time the entire shore line of lake superior. during this trip, he met alexander mackenzie ( see \u201c first by land, \u201d american heritage, october, 1957 ), at sault ste. marie and was told by that great north west company explorer that he had accomplished more in ten months than the company expected could be done in two years. in those months, which included the worst wintry traveling seasons of the year, thompson \u201c had covered a total of 4, 000 miles of survey. \u201d during the next two years, he mapped canada \u2019 s cold and remote churchill and athabaska regions, again probing unexplored forests and barrens, knowing the howl of wolves and the nightly call of loons, and charting rapids and gale - whipped lakes across hundreds of miles of bleak, quiet land. in the summer of 1800, he returned to the birch and aspen groves on the eastern slopes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37949626552622884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf63a79d-b8c1-4275-9efc-65644a89bb42>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.757427"}
{"text": ", knowing the howl of wolves and the nightly call of loons, and charting rapids and gale - whipped lakes across hundreds of miles of bleak, quiet land. in the summer of 1800, he returned to the birch and aspen groves on the eastern slopes of the rocky mountains, second in command of a party seeking to cross the mountains and open trade with indians in the upper basin of the columbia river, where whites had not yet been. the plan failed when the leader of the expedition came down with an attack of rheumatism, but thompson reached the high precipices of the canadian rockies, west of what is now banff. there he met some kutenai indians from the west side of the mountains, and gathered information about what lay beyond. when the groups parted, thompson recorded that he sent two of his men, \u201c la gasse and le blanc, \u201d to live with the indians. they were the first two men of white blood from eastern canada known to have entered the columbia basin. for the time being, the north west company postponed further attempts to expand across the rockies, and during the following years thompson continued his exploring and trading activities in the more northerly regions of lesser slave lake, the peace river, and the \u201c muskrat country \u201d between the nelson and churchill rivers. in 1806, the canadians were alarmed by the lewis and clark expedition, which threatened to flank british traders on the west, and once more the north west company ordered thompson to try to cross the continental divide. this time he was successful. setting out from the saskatchewan river on may 10, 1807, he led a trade group up the mountains into \u201c stupendous & solitary wilds covered with eternal snow, & mountain connected to mountain by immense glaciers, the collection of ages & on which the beams of the sun makes hardly any impression.... \u201d on june 25, they finally topped the pass now called howse and five days later, after following down the \u201c foaming white \u201d blaeberry river, reached the upper columbia river. since it flowed north at that point, thompson did not recognize it as the columbia. he named it the kootenai after the indians of the area, and on it built the \u201c kootanae house, \u201d a crude storage post for his trade goods and furs. [ note the many absurd differences in the modern spelling of this word. canadian and american officials who were unaware of thompson \u2019 s original version, kootanae, stamped approval on all sorts of later local preferences. ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39988869920679104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf63a79d-b8c1-4275-9efc-65644a89bb42>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.758429"}
{"text": "take back the classroom and make a positive difference in your students ' lives many teachers today are facing problems and discipline issues they never dreamed of when they decided to become teachers. combine violence, behavioral disorders, and downright defiant attitudes from students with the age - old problems of bullying, poor attendance, and more, and the mix is positively lethal. however, there are effective, positive strategies for restoring order and turning the teacher - student relationship into one of mutual respect. applicable to all grade levels, this comprehensive a to z guide addresses modern - day problems and practical solutions for establishing an effective learning environment. inside, you ' ll discover : \u00b7 the 17 fundamental tools of positive discipline \u00b7 real - life stories of proven positive discipline strategies \u00b7 suggestions for establishing and maintaining respectful, nurturing relationships with students \u00b7 and much more! \" overcome obstacles and get back to why you became a teacher in the first place : to empower students with confidence, self - respect, and resourcefulness. \" \u2014 bill scott, principal, birney elementary school, murietta, georgia \" an inspiring, information - packed book. all teachers \u2014 from those just beginning to those with many years of experience \u2014 will find the tools of positive discipline easy to use. \" \u2014 phillip harris, ed. d., director, center for professional development and services, phi delta kappa international", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46475503081646546, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7571965f-562c-465c-8ad7-ab49500ea694>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.761705"}
{"text": "what ' s a mangrove? and how does it work? if you ' ve ever spent time by the sea in a tropical place, you ' ve probably noticed distinctive trees that rise from a tangle of roots wriggling out of the mud. these are mangroves \u2014 shrub and tree species that live along shores, rivers, and estuaries in the tropics and subtropics. mangroves are remarkably tough. most live on muddy soil, but some also grow on sand, peat, and coral rock. they live in water up to 100 times saltier than most other plants can tolerate. they thrive despite twice - daily flooding by ocean tides ; even if this water were fresh, the flooding alone would drown most trees. growing where land and water meet, mangroves bear the brunt of ocean - borne storms and hurricanes. there are 80 described species of mangroves, 60 of which live exclusively on coasts between the high - and low - tide lines. mangroves once covered three - quarters of the world ' s tropical coastlines, with southeast asia hosting the greatest diversity. only 12 species live in the americas. mangroves range in size from small bushes to the 60 - meter giants found in ecuador. within a given mangrove forest, different species occupy distinct niches. those that can handle tidal soakings grow in the open sea, in sheltered bays, and on fringe islands. trees adapted to drier, saltier soil can be found farther from the shoreline. some mangroves flourish along riverbanks far inland, as long as the freshwater current is met by ocean tides. one ingenious plant how do mangroves survive under such hostile conditions? a remarkable set of evolutionary adaptations makes it possible. these amazing trees and shrubs : - cope with salt : saltwater can kill plants, so mangroves must extract freshwater from the seawater that surrounds them. many mangrove species survive by filtering out as much as 90 percent of the salt found in seawater as it enters their roots. some species excrete salt through glands in their leaves. these leaves, which are covered with dried salt crystals, taste salty if you lick them. a third strategy used by some mangrove species is to concentrate salt in older leaves or bark. when the leaves drop or the bark sheds, the stored salt goes with them. - hoard fresh water : like desert plants, mangroves store fresh water in thick succulent leaves. a waxy coating on the leaves of some mangrove species seals in water and minimizes evaporation. small hairs on the leaves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.472574501137582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f198350-c837-4dc6-bdfe-ac3b5bfad431>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.768994"}
{"text": "them. - hoard fresh water : like desert plants, mangroves store fresh water in thick succulent leaves. a waxy coating on the leaves of some mangrove species seals in water and minimizes evaporation. small hairs on the leaves of other species deflect wind and sunlight, which reduces water loss through the tiny openings where gases enter and exit during photosynthesis. on some mangroves species, these tiny openings are below the leaf ' s surface, away from the drying wind and sun. - breathe in a variety of ways : some mangroves grow pencil - like roots that stick up out of the dense, wet ground like snorkels. these breathing tubes, called pneumatophores, allow mangroves to cope with daily flooding by the tides. pneumatophores take in oxygen from the air unless they ' re clogged or submerged for too long. roots that multitask root systems that arch high over the water are a distinctive feature of many mangrove species. these aerial roots take several forms. some are stilt roots that branch and loop off the trunk and lower branches. others are wide, wavy plank roots that extend away from the trunk. aerial roots broaden the base of the tree and, like flying buttresses on medieval cathedrals, stabilize the shallow root system in the soft, loose soil. in addition to providing structural support, aerial roots play an important part in providing oxygen for respiration. oxygen enters a mangrove through lenticels, thousands of cell - sized breathing pores in the bark and roots. lenticels close tightly during high tide, thus preventing mangroves from drowning. the mangroves ' niche between land and sea has led to unique methods of reproduction. seed pods germinate while on the tree, so they are ready to take root when they drop. if a seed falls in the water during high tide, it can float and take root once it finds solid ground. if a sprout falls during low tide, it can quickly establish itself in the soft soil of tidal mudflats before the next tide comes in. a vigorous seed may grow up to two feet ( about 0. 6 m ) in its first year. roots arch from the seedling to anchor it in the mud. some tree species form long, spear - shaped stems and roots while still attached to the parent plant. after being nourished by the parent tree for one to three years, these sprouts may break off. some take root nearby while others fall into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4693484077576419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f198350-c837-4dc6-bdfe-ac3b5bfad431>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.769969"}
{"text": "species form long, spear - shaped stems and roots while still attached to the parent plant. after being nourished by the parent tree for one to three years, these sprouts may break off. some take root nearby while others fall into the water and are carried away to distant shores. a world traveler botanists believe that mangroves originated in southeast asia, but ocean currents have since dispersed them to india, africa, australia, and the americas. as alfredo quarto, the head of the mangrove action project, puts it, \u201c over the millions of years since they ' ve been in existence, mangroves have essentially set up shop around the world. \u201d the fruits, seeds, and seedlings of all mangrove plants can float, and they have been known to bob along for more than a year before taking root. in buoyant seawater, a seedling lies flat and floats fast. but when it approaches fresher, brackish water \u2014 ideal conditions for mangroves \u2014 the seedling turns vertical so its roots point downward. after lodging in the mud, the seedling quickly sends additional roots into the soil. within 10 years, as those roots spread and sprout, a single seedling can give rise to an entire thicket. it ' s not just trees but the land itself that increases. mud collects around the tangled mangrove roots, and shallow mudflats build up. from the journey of a single seed a rich ecosystem may be born. more about this resource... our innovative science bulletins are an online and exhibition program that offers the public a window into the excitement of scientific discovery. this essay was published in may 2004 as part of the mangroves : the roots of the sea bio feature. - it begins by explaining that these remarkably tough shrub and tree species can live in water up to 100 times saltier than most other plants can tolerate and thrive despite twice - daily flooding by ocean tides. - it then details the remarkable set of evolutionary adaptations that allow mangroves to survive under such hostile conditions. - the essay concludes with a note about how botanists believe that mangroves originated in southeast asia, but ocean currents have since dispersed them to india, africa, australia, and the americas. supplement a study of biology with a classroom activity drawn from this science bulletin essay. - have students read the essay ( either online or a printed copy ). - working individually or in small groups, have them investigate the explore a mangrove forest interactive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4336832815972652, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f198350-c837-4dc6-bdfe-ac3b5bfad431>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.771007"}
{"text": "a team of university of missouri and columbia university researchers have found a way to create these biological joints in animals, and they believe biological joint replacements for humans aren ' t far away. thursday, january 6, 2011 - 10 : 45 in a study published today in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( early edition ahead of print ), a team of researchers from the kennedy krieger institute and four collaborating institutions, identified a new and unexpected biological pathway that appears to contribute to the development of glaucoma and its resulting vision loss. tuesday, january 4, 2011 - 11 : 18 friday, december 10, 2010 - 14 : 27 the american physiological society condemns all acts of violence or intimidation against individuals engaged in legitimate scientific inquiries intended to advance knowledge and improve health. friday, december 10, 2010 - 14 : 16 stem cells taken from the brain of a 13 - year - old girl were transplanted into newborn mice and developed into a variety of brain cells almost identical to the animals ' own \u2014 a procedure that someday could be used to replace the misfiring cells in some epilepsy patients, the researchers said. wednesday, december 8, 2010 - 12 : 01 ( schaumburg, illinois ) december 1, 2010 \u2014 citing its policy on the use of animals in research, testing and education, the american veterinary medical association ( avma ) today condemned the recent actions of animal rights activists who have targeted a university of california research neuroscientist. wednesday, december 1, 2010 - 14 : 51 a gene therapy technique which aims to ease memory problems linked to alzheimer ' s disease has been successfully tested in mice. us scientists used the technique to increase levels of a chemical which helps brain cells signal to each other. tuesday, november 30, 2010 - 12 : 33 harvard scientists at dana - farber cancer institute say they have for the first time partially reversed age - related degeneration in mice, resulting in new growth of the brain and testes, improved fertility, and the return of a lost cognitive function. tuesday, november 30, 2010 - 12 : 24 metformin, a drug used in type 2 - diabetes might have the potential to also act against alzheimer ' s disease. this has been shown in a study from scientists of the german center for neurodegenerative diseases ( dzne ), the university of dundee and the max - planck - institute for molecular genetics. wednesday, november 24, 2010 - 12 : 43 researchers have found evidence that an environmental pollutant may play an important role in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.526383385384866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cccc72da-28c3-44f6-bc27-c212f775f0f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.777430"}
{"text": "wednesday, november 3, 2010 - 18 : 07 new research published in the journal of leukocyte biology suggests that a purified form of a product modified from simple sugar molecules can eradicate killer viruses by mobilizing white blood cells. wednesday, november 3, 2010 - 18 : 01 a team of scientists from japan and the university of california, san diego school of medicine have created a new mouse model that confirms that mutations of a protein called beta - synuclein promote neurodegeneration. wednesday, november 3, 2010 - 17 : 48 a molecular pathway within the brain \u2019 s reward circuitry appears to contribute to alcohol abuse, according to laboratory mouse research supported by the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism ( niaaa ), part of the national institutes of health ( nih ). the findings, published online today in proceedings of the national academy of sciences, also provide evidence that the pathway may be a promising new target for the treatment of alcohol problems. tuesday, november 2, 2010 - 17 : 09 university scientists are using a seemingly unlikely animal to study development, cell function and the effects of debilitating human diseases. ninety percent of zebrafish ' s amino acids are in the same order as a human ' s. because of these similarities, zebrafish make excellent model organisms for research on human diseases. tuesday, november 2, 2010 - 17 : 01", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5547192469479293, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cccc72da-28c3-44f6-bc27-c212f775f0f5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.779438"}
{"text": "scanned text contains errors. brated as a statesman and lawgiver in his native place, and lived, according to perizonius ( ad aelian. v. h. ii. 23 ), at the time of artaxerxes mnemon. the foolish aelian, who has preserved this statement, declines any further discussion of this relation, although he knew more about it, under the pretext that he thought it objectionable to say anything in praise of a man who was so hostile to the gods ( seats ex ^ po ^ aiayopa ^. but still he informs us, that diagoras assisted nicodorus in his legislation, which he himself praises as very wise and good. wachsmiith ( hellen. aherth. i. 2, p. so ) places this political activity of the two friends about the beginning of the peloponnesian war. we find diagoras at athens as early as b. c. 424, for aristophanes in the clouds ( 830 ), which were performed in that year,. alludes to him as a well - known character ; and when socrates, as though it were a mistake, is there called a melian, the poet does so in order to remind his hearers at once of diagoras and of his attacks upon the popular religion. in like manner hippon is called a melian, merely because he was a follower of diagoras. it can scarcely be doubted that diagoras was acquainted with socrates, a connexion which is described in the scholia on aristophanes as if he had been a teacher of socrates. fifteen years later, b. c. 411, he was involved, as diodorus ( xiii. 6 ) informs us, by the democratical party in a lawsuit about impiety ( sia\u20aco \\ 7js tu % coj / e - rr ' dcregeta ), and he thought it advisable to escape its result by flight. religion seems to have been only the pretext for that accusation, for the mere fact of his being a melian made him an object of suspicion with the people of athens. in b. c. 416, melos had been conquered and cruelly treated by the athenians, and it is not at all impossible that diagoras, indignant at such treatment, may have taken part in the party - strife at athens, and thus have drawn upon himself the suspicion of the democratic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4511522440577558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e331400-424e-4aff-9a72-490e093cfbf6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.785270"}
{"text": "and cruelly treated by the athenians, and it is not at all impossible that diagoras, indignant at such treatment, may have taken part in the party - strife at athens, and thus have drawn upon himself the suspicion of the democratical party, for the opinion that heterodoxy was persecuted at athens, and that the priests in particular busied themselves about such matters, is devoid of all foundation, ( bernhardy, gescli. d. grieoji. lit. i. p. 322. ) all the circumstances of the case lead us to the conclusion, that the accusation of diagoras was altogether and essentially of a political nature. all that we know of his writings, and especially of his poems, shews no trace of irreligion, but on the contrary contains evidence of the most profound religious feeling. ( philodemus in the herculanens. ed. drummond and walpole, p. 164. ) moreover, we do not find that out of athens the charge of dcre\u20aceta was taken notice of in any other part of greece. all that we know for certain on the point is, that diagoras was one of those philosophers who, like socrates, certainly gave offence by their views concerning the avorship of the national gods ; but we know what liberties the attic comedy could take in this respect with impunity. there is also an anecdote that diagoras, for want of other fire - wood, once threw a avooden statue of heracles into the fire, in order to cook a dish of lentils, and, if there is any truth in it, it certainly shews his liberal aqcavs respecting polytheism and the ' rude avorship of images. ( meier, i. c. p, 445. ) in like manner he may have ridiculed the common notions of the people respecting the actions of the gods, and their direct and personal interference ' with human affairs. this, too, is alluded to in several very characteristic anecdotes. for example ^ on his flight from athens by sea to pallene he avas overtaken by a storm, and on hearing his fellow - passengers say, that this storm avas sent them by the gods as a punishment, because they had an atheist on board, diagoras shewed them other vessels at some distance avhich avere struggling avith the same storm avithout having a diagoras on board", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49342691071297307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e331400-424e-4aff-9a72-490e093cfbf6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.786217"}
{"text": "endeavoured to lower in public estimation, and he is said to have prevented many persons from becoming initiated in them. these at least are the points of which the ancients accuse him ( craterus, ap. scliol. aristopji. 1. c. ; tarrhaeus, ap. suid. ; lysias, c. andocid. p. 214 ; joseph, c. apion. ii. 37 ; tatian, adv. grace, p. 164, a. ), and this statement is also supported by the circumstance, that melanthius, in his work on the mysteries, mentions the decree passed against diagoras. but, notwithstanding the absence of accurate information, ave can discover political motives through all these religious disputes. diagoras avas a melian, and consequently belonged to the doric race ; he avas a friend of the doric mantiiieia, avhich was hated by athens, and had only recently given up its alliance avith athens ; the dorians and lonians avere opposed to each other in various points of their avorship, and this spark of hostility was kindled into a gioaving hatred by the peloponnesian avar. diagoras fled from athens in time to escape the consequences of the attacks avhich his enemies had made upon him. he avas therefore punished by stelitetisis., that is, he was condemned, and the psephisma avas engraved on a column, promising a prize for his head, and one talent to the person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43180169224711296, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e331400-424e-4aff-9a72-490e093cfbf6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.788658"}
{"text": "descriptioncalculus may not seem very important to you but the lessons and skills you learn will be with for your whole lifetime! calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change. it helps you practice and develop your logic / reasoning skills. it throws challenging problems your way which make you think. although you may never use calculus ever again after school or college, you will definitely hold on to the lessons that calculus teaches you. things like time management, how to be organized, how to accomplish things on time, how to perform under pressure, how to be responsible are just some of the things calculus helps you become proficient in. traits that will help you succeed. calculus plays a big role in most universities today as students in the fields of economics, science, business, engineering, computer science, and so on are all required to take calculus as prerequisites. our pre - calculus guide is a preliminary version of calculus containing over 300 rules, definitions, and examples that provides you with a broad and general introduction of this subject. a valuable pocket reference to have on your phone. 1. matrix definition 2. matrix addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication 3. matrix multiplication 4. matrix multiplication example 5. augmented matrix for a system of equations 6. solving augmented matrices 7. solving by gauss - jordan elimination 8. gauss - jordan elimination ( continued ) 9. special types of matrices 10. 2 x 2 matrix determinant 11. 3 x 3 matrix determinant : expansion by minors 12. determinant of a 3 x 3 diagonal multiplication 13. cramer \u2019 s rule for solving 2 linear equations 14. cramer \u2019 s rule - example of solving 2 equations 15. cramer \u2019 s rule for 3 equations in 3 unknowns 16. cramer \u2019 s rule - example of solving three equations 17. inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix 18. system of equations by inverse matrices 19. area of a triangle using matrices 20. test for collinear points using matrices 21. finding equation of a line given two points 22. conic sections 24. ellipse whose center is at the origin 25. ellipse with center at the origin example 26. ellipse translation 27. ellipse translation example 28. equation of an ellipse in standard form 30. hyperbola standard form 31. hyperbola standard form ( continued ) 32. hyperbola centered at the origin example 33. hyperbola translation 34. hyperbola centered at the origin example 36. parabola equation with vertex at the origin 37. diagrams of previous page parabolas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5772816505215491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e6519d0-b5dc-4a61-aeaa-68b04919cd61>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.791353"}
{"text": "aquarium of the pacific - online learning center - species print sheet conservation status : safe for now ( novaculichthys taeniourus ) bony fishes this wrasse has a number of common names : rockmover, dragon, and reindeer. rockmover comes from the behavior in which they move coral fragments and rubble to find prey. reindeer and dragon describe the first two dorsal fin spines of juveniles that are elongated. at the aquarium who gets to eat the mussels, the rockmover wrasse or spiny lobster? the wrasse certainly tries to steal the lobsters \u2019 dinner but is seldom successful. it \u2019 s more difficult to tangle with a lobster than it is to move a rock to find food. hawaii south to central polynesia, west to micronesia and melanesia, through the east indies and across the indian ocean to the coast of africa adult fish live on shallow semi - exposed reef flats and in lagoons and seaward reefs to depths of 14 - 25 m ( 46 - 82 ft ). they prefer hard - bottomed grassy areas of mixed sand and rubble where there is exposure to a mild surge. juveniles favor shallow areas on rubble among large patch reefs or protected open patches on reef crests. rockmover wrasses have an oblong compressed body and a wedge - shaped head. except for two scales on the upper part of the gill coverings and an almost vertical row of small scales behind each eye. their head is scaleless. in juveniles the first two dorsal fin spines are long and extended, drooping over the fish \u2019 s forehead to form a \u201c cowlick \u201d. as the fish mature, the elongated rays are lost. adult fish have a dark greenish - brown body with an elongated white spot on each scale. their head is a gray - blue with brown lines radiated from their eyes. there are two black spots in front of the dorsal fin and a wide vertical white bar on base of the caudal fin. the posterior part of their caudal fin and pelvic fins are black. juveniles found in hawaii are usually green and those in the western pacific are burgundy to brownish. both are spotted in white. rockmover wrasses are 27 - 30 cm ( 10. 6 - 12 in ) in length. diet and feeding rockmover wrasses are opportunistic, feeding on a wide variety of bottom dwelling animals usually hidden under rocks, such as worms, snails, crabs, and brittle stars. both juvenile and adult rockmover wrasses over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4324711156888496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3803846-7400-4572-9613-b1de4e63c023>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.797572"}
{"text": "feeding rockmover wrasses are opportunistic, feeding on a wide variety of bottom dwelling animals usually hidden under rocks, such as worms, snails, crabs, and brittle stars. both juvenile and adult rockmover wrasses overturn coral fragments and rubble to expose target prey. although little is known about reproduction of these fish, it is believed that, like other wrasses, they probably are able to change sex and are pelagic spawners, broadcasting eggs and sperm into the water column. these fish are highly territorial. large adults, usually in pairs, move over \u201c their \u201d large section of a reef. one fish turns or shifts large pieces of debris or rubble grabbing or pulling it with its mouth or pushing it with its snout. when the working member of the pair has revealed the prey, the other fish quickly grabs and eats it. juveniles do not usually work in pairs, doing all the work themselves. facing danger, these wrasses quickly dive into the sand for protection. juveniles resemble algae and mimic the movements of detached, drifting seaweed by swaying back and forth in the currents. japanese researchers observed rockmover wrasses using coral fragments for mound construction. the wrasses heaped 4 - 70 pieces of fragments on each sand mount, diving into the mount just before sunset. it appeared that they returned to their own mount repeatedly. rockmover wrasses are not on the iucn red list. they are market fish but with only minor commercial value. there is a small demand in the aquarium trade. although called rockmover wrasses, these fish do not move rocks. they move rubble and coral fragments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43485044025246433, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3803846-7400-4572-9613-b1de4e63c023>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.798178"}
{"text": "born : august 26, 1915 ; oxford, england died : may 12, 1982 ; london, england this british composer created a highly expressive and personal style by uniting elements of twelve - tone music with traditional subjects and dramatic spirit. his output includes three operas, six symphonies, two piano concertos, several ballets, and a considerable number of fine chamber and vocal works. searle ' s education is described in charming detail in his memoir, quadrille with a raven. he began at winchester, then went to oxfordread more where he was a classical scholar. he studied composition with gordon jacob and john ireland at the royal college of music ( 1937 ) and continued at the new vienna conservatory ( 1937 - 1938 ) while studying privately with anton webern who strongly affected searle ' s thinking. at an early age, searle was attracted to the music of franz liszt ; he became a noted scholar of the composer, and drew connections between liszt and the newly emerging twelve - tone style in his book the music of liszt ( 1954 ). in 1938, searle joined the bbc as a program producer, then served in army intelligence and in the paratrooper training division from 1940 until 1946. surprisingly, he found time for composition and performances during this period, creating two suites for string orchestra ( 1942, 1944 ), night music for chamber orchestra ( 1943 ), vigil for piano ( 1944 ), his romantic piano concerto no. 1 ( 1944 ), and a quintet for bassoon and strings ( 1945 ). after 1946, almost all of searle ' s music employed twelve - tone compositional procedures but, like alban berg, he felt free to employ tonal progressions when they were expressively appropriate. searle aided trevor - roper in his research for the book the last days of hitler while still living in germany, and then returned to the bbc until 1948. various freelance work occupied him from 1948 - 1951, during which time he wrote gold coast customs, op. 15 ( 1949 ), a setting of a poem by edith sitwell for speakers, male chorus, and chorus. this was searle ' s first large - scale twelve - tone work. by accentuating the word imagery, dramatic structure, and the euphonious nature of words as divorced from meaning, searle was able to express lyrical and satirical qualities while bypassing dry, formalist serialist mannerisms. this was true for the other two parts of this trilogy, the riverrun, op. 20 ( 1951 ), with words by james joyce,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3906625684244541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07860d8e-967d-43b5-8e2b-5df6ae6f8bdf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.801538"}
{"text": "##rle was able to express lyrical and satirical qualities while bypassing dry, formalist serialist mannerisms. this was true for the other two parts of this trilogy, the riverrun, op. 20 ( 1951 ), with words by james joyce, and the shadow of cain, op. 22 ( 1952 ), with words by sitwell. searle ' s operas, the one - act the diary of a madman ( 1958 ) ( with a text by the composer based on gogol and sound - effects heightening the mad scenes ), the photo of the colonel ( 1964 ) ( on a text by eugene ionesco with many sound effects and vocal mannerisms ), and the three - act hamlet ( 1965 - 1968 ) all incorporate the approaches initiated in this first trilogy. searle ' s six symphonies progress from traditional format to programmatic ( especially the excellent no. 5, a sort of musical biography of webern ). from 1951 to 1957, searle was a music advisor to the sadler ' s wells ballet and has since been with many organizations promoting modern music. he was one of the most respected british composition teachers of his generation ; he held professorships at the royal college of music and also served as guest professor at stanford university in california, the aspen music festival in colorado, and the staatliche hochschule fur musik in karlsruhe. he was installed as a cbe in 1968 and became an honorary fellow of the rcm in 1969. read less there are 10 humphrey searle recordings available.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4420587482841961, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07860d8e-967d-43b5-8e2b-5df6ae6f8bdf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.802096"}
{"text": "caring for student health by naomi dillon it makes perfect sense : if you don \u2019 t feel well, you won \u2019 t perform well. professional athletes know this. medical professionals know this. moms and dads know this. and in an increasing number of public schools, district officials know it, too. and many are doing something about it, in the form of more than 2, 000 school - based health centers across the nation. known also by their acronym ( sbhcs ), these clinics take many shapes and forms, sometimes occupying a wing in a school building, a mobile unit on school grounds, or an old shuttered campus retrofitted as a modern medical facility. most provide preventative and wellness care, although more are adding mental health, dental, and eye care services to their list of offerings. \u201c lots of times, people like to describe them as a doctor \u2019 s office, but often they are more comprehensive than that, \u201d says linda juszczak, executive director of the national assembly on school - based health care. numerous studies have shown that sbhcs can improve student health while lowering hospitalizations and medicaid expenses. several have noted sharp reductions in absenteeism and tardiness rates in schools where health centers exist. at least one study has determined that students who frequented the clinics for mental health services had higher grade point averages than those who didn \u2019 t use the centers. meanwhile, a 2010 study published in the journal of community health estimated that a nationwide school - based clinic program would cost $ 4. 5 billion but save nearly $ 25 billion in medical and opportunity costs for missed work and premature death from asthma. that same year, as part of president obama \u2019 s health care reform bill, congress appropriated $ 200 million for school - based health programs. \u201c it \u2019 s a triumph of common sense, \u201d u. s. secretary of education arne duncan told the denver post last summer. \u201c schools should be the heart of the neighborhood. you \u2019 re putting a critical, critical resource right there at the school building. \u201d juszczak says the federal government \u2019 s support has sent the message \u201c that the clinics are here to stay, that they are filling a role that \u2019 s appreciated and essential in the communities that need them. \u201d \u201c that \u2019 s changed the attitude that people have of these programs, \u201d she says. subscribers please click here to continue reading. if you are not a subscriber, please click here to purchase this article or to obtain a subscription to asbj.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40598048030832207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d6398b53-1a87-4f65-83f1-facc26510df5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.804717"}
{"text": "the portable antiquities scheme ( pas ) exists to record objects found by members of the public and enter them onto an online database. since it began in 1997, pas has recorded over 750, 000 objects of all periods of history from palaeolithic flints to eighteenth - century coins and has become an important source of new archaeological data to be used by students and academics in their research. initially based on a small group of pilot regions, recording was extended to cover the whole of england and wales in 2003, at which point oxfordshire became a part of the scheme with the employment of a local finds liaison officer ( flo ) in the county. alongside recording ordinary objects, pas also deals with objects which come under remits of the treasure act 1996, which include gold and silver artefacts and coin hoards. the ashmolean has been officially involved with the pas since 2004 when the scheme \u2019 s \u2018 national finds advisor for medieval and post - medieval coinage \u2019 became a part of our heberden coin room. a further strengthening of the ties between the ashmolean and pas came with the re - opening of the museum in 2009 when the coin room and department of antiquities started a monthly \u2018 identification service \u2019 for artefacts and coinage, at which the oxfordshire flo also attends. through this service, pas has recorded hundreds of objects, many of which would probably not have come to pas \u2019 s attention in any other way. the importance of pas and local finds to the ashmolean can be seen in the displays of local material around the museum, especially the \u2018 england 400 - 1600 \u2019 and \u2018 money \u2019 galleries, the latter housing a set of drawers including a range of finds made by a local metal - detectorist. find out more about :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4733500161928403, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bafd5018-4828-4ce2-9e4e-364b50498bde>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.806460"}
{"text": "- pregnancy & childbirth - attachment parenting - family nutrition - family wellness as an example of how closeness regulates a baby ' s breathing, a mother shared the following story with me : \" my baby was born four weeks premature at five pounds, fifteen ounces. i held her all day long and never put her in a bassinet. she breastfed well. she seemed perfectly healthy, pink, and breathed normally. the evening the pediatrician came to check her, she took her into the nursery and put her in a bassinet. as soon as our baby was lying in the bassinet alone she had a stop - breathing episode, which alarmed the neonatologists, and she was put into intensive care for nine days. they never found out why she had apneic episodes, although they thought it was due to a ' slight seizure disorder. ' all they had to do was touch her and she would start breathing again. she never had any stop - breathing episodes when she was in my arms, only when she was lying alone. the doctors told me she was a prime candidate for sids. they convinced me that she needed to be on an infant monitor at home. i agreed, but it turned out to be a nightmare for our whole family. they told me not to put her in my bed, so she slept alone with the monitor. the monitor went off all night long, probably from false alarms, and no one got any sleep. i left her on the monitor but put her next to me in bed. we both slept wonderfully, and the monitor alarm never sounded. i strongly feel that my presence stimulated her to breathe until she outgrew her stop - breathing tendencies. my touch and closeness to her was all she needed. in fact, while she was in my arms, all day long, in the hospital no one ever knew she had a ' breathing problem. ' \" 2. motion regulates babies. motion calms babies. carried infants show a heightened level of quiet alertness, the behavioral state in which infants best interact with and learn from their environment. researchers believe that during the state of quiet alertness, the child ' s whole physiological system works better. 3. carried babies cry less. parents in my practice commonly report, \" as long as i wear her, she ' s content! \" parents of fussy babies who try babywearing relate that their baby seems to forget to fuss. this is more than just my own impression. in 1986, a team of pediatricians in montreal reported on a study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47792073647205857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:793e24a9-873e-42dc-9c6a-8bd141a42d84>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.811449"}
{"text": ", she ' s content! \" parents of fussy babies who try babywearing relate that their baby seems to forget to fuss. this is more than just my own impression. in 1986, a team of pediatricians in montreal reported on a study of ninety - nine mother - infant pairs, half of whom were assigned to a group which was asked to carry their babies for at least three extra hours a day and were provided with baby carriers. the parents in this group were encouraged to carry their infants throughout the day regardless of the state of the infant, not just in response to crying or fussing, although the usual practice in western society is to pick up and carry the baby only after the crying has started. in the control, or non - carried group, parents were not given any specific instructions about carrying. after six weeks, the infants who received supplemental carrying cried and fussed 43 percent less than the non - carried group. anthropologists who travel throughout the world studying infant - care practices in other cultures agree that infants in babywearing cultures cry much less. in western culture we measure a baby ' s crying in hours per day, but in other cultures, crying is measured in minutes. we have been led to believe that it is \" normal \" for babies to cry a lot, but in other cultures this is not accepted as the norm. in these cultures, babies are normally \" up \" in arms and are put down only to sleep \u2014 next to the mother. when the parent must attend to her own needs, the baby is in someone else ' s arms. in addition to the physiological effects of vestibular stimulation, there appear to be psychological benefits. sling babies seem to show a feeling of rightness, enabling them to adapt to all that is unfamiliar about the world to which they are now exposed, lessening their anxiety and need to fuss. as baby senses mother ' s rhythmic breathing while worn tummy - to - tummy and chest - to - chest, the babywearing mother acts as a regulator of her infant ' s biology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4968976920115309, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:793e24a9-873e-42dc-9c6a-8bd141a42d84>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.812237"}
{"text": "web programming is the process of creating internet applications. any application that uses the internet in a way, can be considered an internet application. they can be classified into four common categories : - web applications - applications based on the client / server architecture over the internet. the client / server architecture is composed of a server, which is responsible for providing services to the other computer systems - clients. typically, there is a single server which handles requests from multiple clients and responds to these requests by providing the client with the appropriate information. in a web application, the server is the machine where the web page is stored and the clients employ web browsers to view the application. such a server is called a web server. web services - web services are components that expose processing services from a server to other applications over the internet. the services themselves are executed remotely in the server hosting them. internet enabled applications - any stand - alone application that uses the internet falls into this category. such an an application uses the internet for online registration / activation, help, updates, etc. peer - to - peer applications - these are stand - alone applications that use the internet to communicate with other users running their own instances of the application. they use decentralized network architecture where there is no central server, rather individual nodes. examples of such applications can include the famous bit torrent client. note : - in this tutorial, we would be involved with web application only. working of the web applications as mentioned before, the client side of the web application includes a web browser, which interprets hypertext markup language ( html ) transferred by the server and displays the user interface. the server itself runs the web applications under microsoft internet information services ( iis ) which is responsible for managing the application, passing request from clients to the application and returning the application ' s responses to the client. the intricate communication involved in this process is done by using a standard set of rules ( protocols ) known as the hypertext transfer protocol ( http ). the responses generated by the web application is made from the resources ( executable code running on the server, web forms, html pages, images and other media files ) found on the server. these responses are similar to traditional web sites with html pages, except that they are dynamically generated. consider a university ' s web site which releases the exam results. do they take the pain of creating different html pages for each of the student ' s mark sheet? no, they use web applications to retrieve data ( marks, subjects, student name,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5219886809004001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c01a907-82ff-48b2-a8d2-a12fdb03cb7f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.816987"}
{"text": "consider a university ' s web site which releases the exam results. do they take the pain of creating different html pages for each of the student ' s mark sheet? no, they use web applications to retrieve data ( marks, subjects, student name, roll no, etc ) from a database and dynamically generate the html output which is then sent to the client ' s browser. the executable portion of the web application is responsible for overcoming the limitations of static web pages. they can be used to : - - collect information from the user and store the information on the server ( in a database ). - performing tasks for the user such as placing an order for a product, performing complex calculations, or retrieving information from a database. - identify a user and present customized user interface. asp. net is the platform that allows us to create web applications and services that run under iis. one must note that asp. net is not the only platform to develop web applications. other platforms such as common gateway interface ( cgi ) can also be used to create web applications. asp. net is unique in the way it is tightly integrated with microsoft server, programming, data access and security tools. it forms a part of the microsoft. net suite of products and is composed of : - - visual studio. net web development tools - these are graphical user interface ( gui ) based tools to facilitate easy designing of web pages using what you see is what you get ( wysiwyg ) editors, project management and deployment tools. - the system. web namespaces - these form a part of the. net framework base class libraries and include the programming classes that deal with web specific items such as http requests and responses, browsers and e - mail. - server and html controls - the user interface components such as text box, label, button, listbox, etc. that are used to gather information from and provide to users. - microsoft ado. net database classes and tools - database access is one of the key components of modern web applications. these tools provide methods to access and use microsoft sql server and odbc databases. - microsoft application center test ( act ) - testing environment for web applications. why choose asp. net? the following are the advantages that asp. net has over other platforms : - - faster execution - executable portions of web applications are compiled to facilitate faster performance. - on the fly updates of deployed web applications thus preventing the need to restart the server. - the amount", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4271881489704905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c01a907-82ff-48b2-a8d2-a12fdb03cb7f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.817920"}
{"text": "that asp. net has over other platforms : - - faster execution - executable portions of web applications are compiled to facilitate faster performance. - on the fly updates of deployed web applications thus preventing the need to restart the server. - the amount of code to be written is greatly reduced because of the access to. net framework base class libraries which includes classes and methods to perform common operations. - language independent - developers have the choice to write codes in the friendly visual basic programming language or the type safe c # language. other third party. net compliant languages can also be used. - automatic state management for controls on a web page ( server controls ) makes the controls behave more like the windows controls. - new controls can be created and existing controls can be extended. - built in security through the windows server or through other authentication / authorization methods. - integration with ado. net to provide database access and database design tools from within visual studio. net - full support for extensible markup language ( xml ) and cascading style sheets ( css ) - automatic intelligent caching of frequently requested web pages, localizing content for specific languages and cultures and detecting browser capabilities. previous tutorial - the. net framework & clr : basic introduction edited by turbopowerdmaxsteel, 06 april 2007 - 09 : 35 am.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4127484425836814, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c01a907-82ff-48b2-a8d2-a12fdb03cb7f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.818430"}
{"text": "smart - 1 final days | smart - 1 artist ' s impression. after sixteen months orbiting the moon, esa ' s lunar mission is preparing for the end of its scientific exploration. on 19 june, smart - 1 mission controllers initiated a 17 - day series of manoeuvres aimed at positioning the spacecraft to enhance science data return as the mission winds down. smart - 1, europe ' s successful first moon mission, is scheduled to end on 3 september 2006, impacting on the moon ' s surface in a disposal plan similar to that of many earlier lunar missions and almost three years to the day after its 2003 launch. the recently started manoeuvre campaign aims to avoid having the spacecraft intersect with the moon at a disadvantageous time from the scientific point of view, as it would have naturally about 17 august if left alone. instead, this ' extension ' to mission operations will provide new opportunities for low - altitude scientific observations and give optimum science returns during and after the spacecraft ' s controlled impact on the moon. in preparation for mission end, spacecraft controllers at esoc, esa ' s spacecraft operations centre in darmstadt, germany, have started a series of thruster firings to give a ' delta - velocity, ' or change in velocity, of approximately 12 metres per second. this will raise the orbit perilune ( point of closest passage over the moon ) by about 90 kilometres, and will shift the impact to 3 september. \" the shift in date, time and location for moon intersection is also optimised to favour scientific observations from earth, \" said gerhard schwehm, esa ' s smart - 1 mission manager. \" projections based on the current orbit indicated that the spacecraft, if left as is, would impact the moon on the far side, away from ground contact and visibility. the new location is on the moon ' s near - side, at mid - southern latitudes. \" for the manoeuvre campaign, the use of the electric propulsion system ( the ion engine ) had to be ruled out since all xenon propellant reserves were exhausted during the mission. the mission control team have instead developed an imaginative approach. | possible impact projection for smart - 1. credit : esa \" the manoeuvre strategy consists of a series of reaction - wheel off - loadings combined with about three hours of intermittent thrust centred at apolune ( point of furthest distance from the moon ) during the next 74 orbits, \" said octavio camino, spacecraft operations manager at esoc. the off - loading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46104177359687126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa806ada-f117-4cb0-b45e-4425c9bcc5b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.823491"}
{"text": "- loadings combined with about three hours of intermittent thrust centred at apolune ( point of furthest distance from the moon ) during the next 74 orbits, \" said octavio camino, spacecraft operations manager at esoc. the off - loading consists of braking a set of spinning wheels inside the spacecraft, which has the effect of transferring angular momentum from the wheels to the spacecraft and hence changing its velocity. \" we use asymmetric firing of the attitude thrusters to produce a small velocity variation aligned with the flight direction. this will change the orbit by an accumulative effect, \" added camino. \" after these manoeuvres, science activities will resume until the impact, with short interruptions for two trim manoeuvres to adjust the impact time, one around the end of july and one at the beginning of september, \" he concluded. this manoeuvre campaign and the following trim manoeuvres will make it possible to predict the exact time and location for the smart - 1 impact with more accuracy. smart - 1 is the first in a series of ' small missions for advanced research and technology ' in which elements of the platform and miniaturised payload technology have been conceived as a demonstration for future scientific missions and an early opportunity for science. smart - 1 used an innovative ion - propulsion system powered by a small quantity of onboard xenon and solar energy to generate electricity used to ionise the fuel to travel to the moon. | mosaic of lunar images from smart - 1. moon image using amie ' s clear filter. after a 27 september 2003 launch, smart - 1 spiralled out over a 14 - month period until being captured by the moon on 15 november 2004, thus successfully achieving the primary objective of demonstrating solar electric propulsion during interplanetary travel. in addition to helping prove new technology from the perspective of satellite design, the mission has also provided an opportunity to develop new ways of conducting ground control operations based on both increased satellite autonomy and improved tools for ground automation. the wealth of scientific data from smart - 1 are still being processed and analysed. thanks to smart - 1, scientists all over europe and around the world will have access to the best - resolution surface images ever taken from lunar orbit, as well as a better knowledge of the moon ' s minerals. for the first time from orbit, smart - 1 detected calcium and magnesium using an x - ray instrument. it measured compositional changes from the central peaks of craters, volcanic plains and giant impact basins. the camera studied impact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4955097707463402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa806ada-f117-4cb0-b45e-4425c9bcc5b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.824519"}
{"text": "in ages past rulers were not only makers of law but interpreters of law and dispensers of justice as well. subjects would journey to the place where the ruler was domiciled, i. e. the \u201c court \u201d, in order to present petitions, to settle disputes and to seek his decision on a variety of matters brought before him. a court was thus a ) the dwelling of a sovereign ruler and his retinue and b ) the place where justice is administered. later, as civilization became more complex, the authority to determine controversies and to dispense justice was delegated to an organized body, with defined powers, meeting at certain times and places for the hearing and decision of cases and other matters brought before it. we still refer to both these organized bodies and the places where they meet as courts. now as then, however, a court \u2019 s power to adjudicate is not inherent but derived \u2013 from the sovereign! who then is the sovereign? you are! you were born free and unless you have knowingly, intentionally and voluntarily signed away your sovereignty and your inalienable rights and agreed to be the subject / slave of another man or group of men, you are still a sovereign, although, most likely, you are completely unaware of it because this fact is intentionally hidden from you! the authority of a court is derived from sovereign men and women \u2013 people like you and me! a court needs standing in order to act on a matter. for the court to have standing to take up a matter one party must make an accusation against another. the accusation must be backed up by an affidavit, i. e. a statement sworn under oath, otherwise it lacks validity to engage the court. so the first point about courts to note is that it is people who actually create the court! even when a person has created the court by filing a writ, complaint or claim the court is not able to do as it pleases in taking the case forward. more people power is needed first. in order to become the arbiter in the dispute / controversy both parties must agree to accept the court \u2019 s ruling. if one of the parties refuses to authorize the court \u2019 s action then it is disempowered. the court cannot lawfully proceed! the second point to note about courts is : they are nothing to be afraid of. we, the people, have the power! the very fact that the judiciary feels the need to employ intimidation and manipulation, misinformation, lies and sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45777129328213356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9173c8e-9af0-45ac-808b-6b898371f05d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.838270"}
{"text": "! the second point to note about courts is : they are nothing to be afraid of. we, the people, have the power! the very fact that the judiciary feels the need to employ intimidation and manipulation, misinformation, lies and subterfuge, denial of due process and other criminal practices, ought to tell anyone that they are well aware of the fact that they are essentially powerless. most people have been indoctrinated to see themselves as subject to the demands of the court and government officials, and therefore unable to resist the impositions, judgements and demands made by a court or government official. because agreement to the authority of the court is essential for the court to exercise authority over people a series of apparently authoritative processes has been put in place to intimidate and manipulate people into accepting the role of the court in their affairs. such things as a summons, court order, judgement, penalty and fine carry the impression of authority but they are rarely worth the paper they are printed on. did you know that a summons, for instance, is nothing more than an invitation / offer to enter into a contract with the court in order to do business? invitations can be lawfully declined, can \u2019 t they? you bet! courtroom architecture and processes give people the impression that individuals have no real standing and that the court has all the authority. this really stands out when one views the victorian magistrates court virtual courtroom on their website. the images and video clips show the magistrate sitting high and above all, presiding over the whole realm of the court. the witness box appears like a small prison cell and it is seen as a tough place to be. the lawyers have the right to stand before the magistrate, but the real people, with the real issue to be resolved, are slumped in chairs in the background, as powerless ones, watching other people deliberate about their lives. court rooms are divided into two sections : a ) the public gallery ( where the audience sits and where the defendant waits until his case is called ) and b ) the area where the proceedings take place. the boundaries are always clearly marked by some sort of barrier. the two sections are connected either by a simple opening as shown below or an actual gate. unfortunately, too few people are aware of the significance of this architecture. a look at the illustration below will show you what the legal fraternity is hiding from you : the public gallery represents dry land. here you are under the jurisdiction and protection of common law, also known as the law of the land. under common law you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4695194138414387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9173c8e-9af0-45ac-808b-6b898371f05d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.839352"}
{"text": "a look at the illustration below will show you what the legal fraternity is hiding from you : the public gallery represents dry land. here you are under the jurisdiction and protection of common law, also known as the law of the land. under common law you are presumed to be innocent until proven guilty and furthermore, you have the inalienable right to trial by jury. the other part of the court room represents a sea - going vessel. here you are under the jurisdiction of admiralty law, also known as the law of the sea. things are topsy - turvy here : you are considered guilty unless you can prove your innocence and the right to trial by jury has been abolished. step from the the public gallery into the other part of the court room and you are considered to have boarded a ship ; you now come under the jurisdiction of admiralty law, administered by the captain of the imaginary vessel, the magistrate / judge. this ship, however, is flying false colors, i. e. it is making itself out to be a lawful court when in reality it is nothing more than a commercial outfit operating for profit / plunder. to put it bluntly : you have fallen amongst pirates! if you, from the safety of the public gallery and the protection of common law, unequivocally tell the magistrate / judge of a court of summary judgement that you do not consent to his / her jurisdiction \u2013 guess what? \u2013 s / he does not have jurisdiction! they will almost certainly attempt to manipulate you into thinking that you are misinformed. they may also threaten to have you arrested. that is nothing but more of their bluff and bluster. stand your ground! you are free to walk out! if they touch you after you have denied consent in order to drag you into their jurisdiction they are committing a crime, i. e. assault, unless there is probable cause, i. e. you have committed a breach of the peace! another of the traps they might set for you is to threaten you with contempt of court. do not fall for that! contempt of court is an invention of the judiciary designed by them to remove themselves even further from the law than they already are. it allows them to do pretty much anything they fancy without fear of consequences \u2013 this device serves two purposes a ) to gain control over anyone who challenges them and b ) to weasel out of accepting liability for any unlawful conduct! should that happen ask them : \u201c is this criminal or civil? \u201d a criminal offense needs to be based on an affidavit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5201445271387805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9173c8e-9af0-45ac-808b-6b898371f05d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.840440"}
{"text": ") to gain control over anyone who challenges them and b ) to weasel out of accepting liability for any unlawful conduct! should that happen ask them : \u201c is this criminal or civil? \u201d a criminal offense needs to be based on an affidavit of probable cause ( who was harmed? what is the harm done? what is the remedy sought? ) a civil offense needs to be based on a contract. needless to say they will not be able to produce either an affidavit or a contract to back up an offense that does not exist. if you do not want to fall prey to pirates : never walk into a court room without witnesses. do not enter their jurisdiction by stepping from the public gallery onto their pirate ship. clearly and unequivocally deny them your consent to proceed. do not ever carry out any order or instruction ( that will give them jurisdiction ). do not allow them to touch you. do not fall for their \u201c contempt of court \u201d lie. there are two types of courts : common law courts ( de - jure courts ) and courts of summary judgement ( de - facto courts ). courts of summary judgement require your consent to have jurisdiction over you. the judiciary knows this, of course, but keeps it well hidden from you ; they will often brazenly lie to you in order to prevent you from finding out this simple truth. in most cases, though, they employ manipulation to get jurisdiction. that is easy for them because you have been kept in the dark about your rights and you will walk right into their traps : here are a few examples of the traps they use : \u201c what is \u2026 / state your full name? \u201d \u201c how do you plead? guilty or not guilty? \u201d \u201c do you understand the charges against you? \u201d these questions or instructions sound innocuous, don \u2019 t they? but beware! state your name or move from the public gallery or answer yes to the question about charges and you are considered to have granted the court jurisdiction. enter a plea, regardless of whether you plead guilty or not guilty \u2013 and you grant them jurisdiction! in fact, carry out any of their instructions and they acquire jurisdiction! common law courts operate with a jury ; they are the only true courts \u2013 everything else is fraud ( unless you have consented to be without a jury ). regardless of the nature of the offence you are charged with it is your inalienable right to be tried by a jury. denying you this right is a crime! there is no way in the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46749133737926624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9173c8e-9af0-45ac-808b-6b898371f05d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.841812"}
{"text": "have consented to be without a jury ). regardless of the nature of the offence you are charged with it is your inalienable right to be tried by a jury. denying you this right is a crime! there is no way in the world i would ever entertain the idea of hiring a lawyer. lawyers are officers of the court ; their loyalty is to the court, not, i repeat not, to their clients. to put it crudely : your lawyer will hold your hand and console you while the court is raping you! hire a lawyer and you are deemed to be a \u201c ward \u201d of the court, i. e. somebody not competent to manage his / her own affairs, such as a minor or a mentally disabled person. as a result of this diminished legal status the court will handle your affairs and woe to you, then! the most important consideration for my wife and myself is this : we do not want to waste our precious time on fools and thugs. our strategy is therefore quite simple : rather than enter a court in order to argue with the judiciary about the law and the merits of a case we deny them jurisdiction right from the start! this is the only strategy that we use and it works! we have learnt from numerous dealings with courts and police, both in writing and in personal confrontations, that it is entirely useless to employ courtesy. true, you catch more flies with honey than with vinegar but this approach will not work \u2013 these guys are not regular flies but dung beetles! here is the skeleton of our approach : we tell them in an affidavit well before the scheduled appearance in court, submitted in the form of registered mail with delivery confirmation, that they do not have nor will they get in personam jurisdiction. it is almost certain that they will ignore the affidavit. we are therefore prepared for the fact that they will go ahead with their kangaroo court proceedings. if they know that they do not have jurisdiction, and if they know that we know why would they still continue? first of all, the lower levels of the judiciary do not necessarily know the law. strange, but true! furthermore, used to having their way they simply won \u2019 t accept that they are up against somebody who not only knows his rights but is also ready to assert them. they always assume that they can intimidate you into submission or manipulate you into granting jurisdiction unwittingly. when our names are called we rise and remain standing! some people make a show of not rising, arguing that the court will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4529175224942401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9173c8e-9af0-45ac-808b-6b898371f05d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.844462"}
{"text": "them. they always assume that they can intimidate you into submission or manipulate you into granting jurisdiction unwittingly. when our names are called we rise and remain standing! some people make a show of not rising, arguing that the court will not show the same courtesy to them. we rise, not out of respect for the court, but for a far more practical reason : psychologically speaking, you enhance your presence and your impact by standing. quite literally, we stand up for ourselves and our rights! we are also more visible to everybody in the room and at the same time we are now more or less level with the magistrate or judge who usually is placed a bit higher than everybody else. last but not least it is also easier to be assertive in a standing position. we do not shy away from interupting \u2013 rudely if it must be we raise our voice \u2013 if necessary to shout the magistrate / judge down just think of the impression this makes on the audience : they see and hear somebody who fearlessly faces a court, denies jurisdiction, humiliates and embarrasses the court and walks away! in fact, i once had one man come up to me after i had walked out of the court room giving me the thumbs up and saying, with a broad smile : \u201c good show! \u201d he may or may not be ready to do the same but this is one man who now knows that these scoundrels in fancy dress and fancy wigs are essentially nothing but powerless pathetic clowns and he is likely to talk to his friends about what he witnessed and they in turn.... we do not ever cross the bar that separates the public gallery from the actual court ; if we did we would be stepping from the jurisdiction and protection of common law, also known as the law of the land, into admiralty jurisdiction, or the law of the sea. in the fantasy world of the legal fraternity you are considered to have boarded a ship if you cross the bar. having crossed the bar you have lost the protection of common law and the captain ( the magistrate or judge ) of the imaginary vessel ( a pirate ship ), will deal with you according to the law of the sea. this captain, however, is nothing like the roguish but likeable and ultimately decent pirate captain jack sparrow ; this captain will lie and steal and rape and cut your throat! we deal with the court from the public gallery, i. e. from dry land, and always from the last row! they cannot physically force us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47971193565187664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9173c8e-9af0-45ac-808b-6b898371f05d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.845671"}
{"text": "ultimately decent pirate captain jack sparrow ; this captain will lie and steal and rape and cut your throat! we deal with the court from the public gallery, i. e. from dry land, and always from the last row! they cannot physically force us to cross the bar! if they did they would be committing a breach of the peace, i. e. assault, a criminal offence. neither can they arrest us to get us into their jurisdiction ; without probable cause such an arrest is likewise a breach of the peace, a criminal offence. after rising we announce that we are not the name that has just been called ; our names are bernard or edith. we are agents for the legal fiction! we refuse instructions to come forward : they are really nothing more than invitations to board their ship and enter into their admiralty jurisdiction. we do not respond to being addressed as mr or mrs... we tell the magistrate / judge that we claim protection of common law and that we do not consent to his or her jurisdiction! furthermore, we never carry out any orders they may give ; doing so would grant them jurisdiction. we address the audience in the court room, asking this simple question : does anybody here have a claim against me? note : claims must be backed up by an affidavit of probable cause or sworn statement showing amongst other things : the breach of the peace for which you have been summonsed, the name of the plaintiff who must be a human being ( not a legal fiction such as a government agency or police ) and the nature and extent of the harm done to the plaintiff. alternatively, the plaintiff needs to produce a lawful contract which you entered into knowingly and intentionally and which was subsequently not honored by you, thus causing the plaintiff harm. obviously, few cases meet those criteria. if you are up for driving without a license, for instance, ask yourself : what is the harm done? no harm was done to anyone! is the plaintiff a human being or a legal fiction? the police officer who booked you is a human being but he has not been personally harmed, has he? he therefore has no case against you! the police, however, is a legal fiction and can neither make a claim nor sign an affidavit! do you have a contract with police that obliges you to take out a drivers license? i don \u2019 t and neither do you! to sum it up : without an affidavit there is no criminal case and without a contract there is no civil case! we allow a few moments of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4816313655887521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9173c8e-9af0-45ac-808b-6b898371f05d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.846905"}
{"text": "a growing proportion of australian wines now have a higher alcohol concentration than was the case a decade or more ago. while such wines, which are typically full - bodied, rich, with ripe - fruit flavour, have undoubtedly contributed to the success of the australian wine sector, their relatively high alcohol content can compromise their desirability, particularly in overseas markets. the big wine style described above is essentially the product of relatively dry climatic conditions, which facilitate lengthy maturation of grapes. these conditions, however, lead to grapes with high sugar levels, and this, in turn, leads to wines with high levels of alcohol. high alcohol content can be problematic because it potentially compromises wine flavour, increases export costs in countries where taxes are levied according to ethanol content, and raises health concerns associated with excessive alcohol consumption. therefore, the wine sector is pursuing strategies to lower the ethanol content of wine without compromising quality or increasing input costs. the use of wine yeasts that produce wine with less alcohol than those currently available to winemakers is one of the strategies we are exploring. therefore, we are trying to generate novel strains of wine yeast which metabolise sugar in such a way that substantially less ethanol is produced while maintaining high wine quality. we are applying both, non - genetically modified ( non - gm ) and genetically modified ( gm ) approaches ; the latter approach is being used for research purposes to inform us better about what might be possible. although the australian wine industry does not use genetically modified organisms ( gmos ), we use this technology since it will ( i ) enable the identification of targets for non - gm approaches to wine yeast strain development, ( ii ) show how far we can push the low - ethanol phenotype in wine yeast without compromising quality, and ( iii ) deliver the best \u2018 low - ethanol \u2019 strains in readiness for adoption by winemakers if / when the industry and consumers are accepting of gmos. we are also researching other strategies to lower alcohol concentration in wine described in an awri fact sheet we have developed. indeed, we have established a multi - disciplinary approach to assess the impact of harvesting time and grape maturity on tannin development, alcohol content, wine flavour, sensory profile and consumer preference. we have generated a genetically modified ( gm ) wine yeast, awri2532, which was able to decrease ethanol concentration by 3. 5 % ( v / v ), i. e. from 15. 7 % v / v to 12. 2 % v / v, when fermenting chardonnay and cabern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47867363065859747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:140d7b3b-db4f-46c8-85f7-39e21cc6e6d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.854139"}
{"text": ", which was able to decrease ethanol concentration by 3. 5 % ( v / v ), i. e. from 15. 7 % v / v to 12. 2 % v / v, when fermenting chardonnay and cabernet sauvignon musts. we developed an awri fact sheet with recommendations and opportunities for grapegrowers and winemakers on a range of approaches that may be used to adjust alcohol concentration. what this means for grapegrowers and winemakers the gm prototype leads the way for us to develop non - gm wine yeasts with similar performance. winemakers will know the effects on wine flavour and aroma from lowering alcohol in wine by using low - alcohol yeast. growers and winemakers can evaluate the recommendations described in the awri fact sheet in order to produce wines with lower concentrations of alcohol. project leader : dr paul chambers project team members : varela, c., kutyna, d., stanley, g. a., henschke, p., chambers, p. 2010. yeast provides a lower alcohol pathway. aust. n. z. grapegrower winemaker 561 : 80 - 83 ( click here to order ). varela, c., chambers, p. j., coulter, a., dry, p. r., francis, i. l., gawel, r., muhlack, r., henschke, p. a., stockley, c. s., herderich m. j. & pretorius, i. s. 2010. controlling the highs and the lows of alcohol in wine. aust. n. z. wine ind. j. ( 2010 ) 25 ( 4 ) : 14 - 19 ( click here to order ). coulter, a., stockley, c., varela, c., francis, i. l., chambers, p. j., henschke, p. a., dry, p., gawel, r., muhlack, r. reducing alcohol levels in wine. 2010. awri technical review 186 : 11 - 15. chambers, p., borneman, a., schmidt, s., hack, j., varela, c., mercurio, m., curtin, c., cozzolino, d., ugliano, m., herderich m. & pretorius, i.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46546293621231344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:140d7b3b-db4f-46c8-85f7-39e21cc6e6d7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.854847"}
{"text": "hack, j., varela, c., mercurio, m., curtin, c., cozzolino, d., ugliano, m., herderich m. & pretorius, i. s. 2009. the dawn of a new paradigm for wine yeast strain development. aust. n. z. wine ind. j. 24 ( 3 ) : 16 - 18 ( click here to order ). varela, c., kutyna, d., henschke, p., chambers, p., herderich, m., pretorius, i. s. 2008. taking control of alcohol. aust. n. z. wine ind. j. 23 ( 6 ) : 41 - 43 ( click here to order ). chambers, p., bellon, j., schmidt, s., varela, c., pretorius, i. s. 2007. non - gm approaches to isolating and generating novel yeasts for industrial applications. in diversity and potential biotechnological applications of yeasts. eds : g. kunze and t. satyanarayana. ( click here to order ). bartowsky, e., bellon, j., borneman, a., chambers, p., cordente, a., costello, p., curtin, c., forgan, a., henschke, p., kutyna, d., macarthy, j., macintyre, o., schmidt, s., tran, t., swiegers, h., ugliano, m., varela, c., willmott, r., pretorius, i. s. 2007. not all wine yeasts are equal. microbiology australia 28 : 55 - 58 ( click here to order ). chambers, p., varela, c., henschke, p. 2006. persuading wine yeast to make less alcohol. awri technical review 161 : 8 - 10. 864 eglinton, j. m., heinrich, a. j., pollnitz, a. p., langridge, p., henschke, p. a., de barros lopes, m. a. 2002. decreasing acetic acid accumulation by a glycerol overproducing strain of saccharomyces cerevisiae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5095359889193909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:140d7b3b-db4f-46c8-85f7-39e21cc6e6d7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.855911"}
{"text": "bse ( ' mad cow disease ' ) and vcjd \u201c mad cow disease \u201d actually refers to bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( bse ), a disease first described in 1996 in cattle, which is related to a disease in humans called variant creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( vcjd ). both disorders are universally fatal brain diseases caused by a prion - - a protein particle that lacks nucleic acid ( dna ) and is believed to be the cause of various infectious diseases of the nervous system. the link between the agent that causes human deaths from vcjd and outbreaks of bse in cattle appears to be dietary consumption of infected cattle products, including beef. nonvariant forms of creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( cjd ), which was described before 1996, still exist and may have one of three causes : unknown ( sporadic form ) ; genetic mutation ; or contaminants introduced during a medical procedure ( conventional sterilization methods may not remove the prion that transmits the infection ). according to the world health organization, less than 5 percent of nonvariant cjd cases are introduced through medical procedures. nonvariant cjd is also universally fatal. what is bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( mad cow disease )? bse is a progressive, fatal neurological disorder of cattle resulting from infection by a prion. a total of 217 patients with vcjd have been identified since 1996. the majority are from the united kingdom ( 170 ) and other countries in europe ( 41 ). three have been reported in the u. s., but all three are thought to have acquired the disease overseas. in addition to the cases of bse reported in the united kingdom ( 78 percent of all cases were reported there ) and the u. s., cases have also been reported in other countries, including france, spain, netherlands, portugal, ireland, italy, japan, saudi arabia, and canada. public health control measures have been implemented in many of the countries to prevent potentially bse - infected tissues from entering the human food chain. these preventative measures appear to have been effective. for instance, canada believes its prevention measures will eradicate the disease from its cattle population by 2017. what is variant creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( vcjd )? creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( cjd ) is a rare, fatal brain disorder that causes a rapid, progressive dementia (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5186908489827591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c895c2f-c6b7-4cbf-86df-9670aa5d489f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.860570"}
{"text": "cattle population by 2017. what is variant creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( vcjd )? creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( cjd ) is a rare, fatal brain disorder that causes a rapid, progressive dementia ( deterioration of mental functions ), as well as associated neuromuscular disturbances. the disease, which in some ways resembles bse, traditionally has affected men and women between the ages of 50 and 75. the variant form, however, affects younger people ( the median age of onset is 28 ) and has atypical clinical features as compared with cjd. what is the current risk of acquiring vcjd from eating beef and beef products produced from cattle in europe? currently this risk appears to be very small, perhaps fewer than one case per 10 billion servings - - if the risk exists at all. travelers to europe who are concerned about reducing any risk of exposure can avoid beef and beef products altogether, or can select beef or beef products, such as solid pieces of muscle meat, as opposed to ground beef and sausages. the solid pieces of beef have a reduced opportunity for contamination with tissues that may harbor the bse agent. milk and milk products are not believed to transmit the bse agent. you cannot acquire vcjd or cjd by direct contact with a person who has the disease. three cases acquired during transfusion of blood from an infected donor have been reported in the united kingdom. consult your doctor for more information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5262690841781725, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c895c2f-c6b7-4cbf-86df-9670aa5d489f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.861384"}
{"text": "cirrhosis is a serious condition that replaces normal liver tissue by scar tissue ( fibrosis ). it tends to progress slowly and often causes no symptoms in its early stages. however, as liver function gradually becomes worse, serious problems can develop. in the uk, the two most common causes of cirrhosis are alcohol abuse and hepatitis c infection treatments may vary, depending on the cause. if cirrhosis becomes severe, a liver transplant may be the only option. on this page - what does the liver? - what is cirrhosis? - what causes cirrhosis? - how common is cirrhosis? - what are the symptoms of cirrhosis? - how is cirrhosis diagnosed? - what is the treatment for cirrhosis? - cirrhosis can be prevented? - what is the outlook ( prognosis )? - more help and information what does the liver? the liver in the right upper abdomen. it has many features including : - glycogen storage ( fuel for the body ) made from sugars. when required, the glycogen is broken down into glucose that is released into the bloodstream. - helping to process fats and proteins from digested food. - the production of proteins that are essential for blood clotting ( coagulation factors ). - processing many medicines you can take. - helping to remove or process alcohol, poisons and toxins from the body. - making bile which passes from the liver to the intestine to help digest fats. what is cirrhosis? cirrhosis is a condition in which normal liver tissue replaced by scar tissue ( fibrosis ). scarring is usually a gradual process. the scar tissue affects the normal structure and regeneration of liver cells. liver cells are damaged and die as scar tissue develops gradually. therefore, the liver gradually loses its ability to function well. scar tissue may also affect the flow of blood through the liver that can cause back pressure in the blood vessels that carry blood towards the liver. this counter is called portal hypertension. what causes cirrhosis? there are many causes of cirrhosis. in the uk the most common causes are excessive alcohol consumption and infection with hepatitis c. liver cells metabolize alcohol, but excess alcohol can damage the liver cells. as a general rule, the heavier your drinking, the more their risk of developing cirrhosis. however, alcoholic cirrhosis is not only a condition of alcoholics. people who are social drinkers also may develop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4675240950525689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d79d796-0ab6-40e2-8732-26cc9d4eae11>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.872221"}
{"text": "can damage the liver cells. as a general rule, the heavier your drinking, the more their risk of developing cirrhosis. however, alcoholic cirrhosis is not only a condition of alcoholics. people who are social drinkers also may develop cirrhosis. around 1 in 10 heavy drinkers will eventually develop cirrhosis. it tends to occur after 10 or more years of heavy drinking. it is unclear why some people are more prone to liver cells damaged by alcohol and the development of cirrhosis. there may be a genetic tendency. women who drink excessively seem more prone to cirrhosis than men. hepatitis c and cirrhosis chronic ( persistent ) infection with the hepatitis c virus causes a prolonged inflammation in the liver. this eventually can lead to scarring of the liver and cirrhosis. up to 1 in 5 people with chronic hepatitis c develop cirrhosis, but this usually takes about 20 years or longer since the initial infection. other causes of cirrhosis less common causes include : - chronic infection with hepatitis b. worldwide, this is the most common cause of cirrhosis ( but alcohol and hepatitis c are the most common in the uk ). - autoimmune hepatitis. the immune system normally makes antibodies to attack bacteria, viruses and other germs. in people with autoimmune diseases, the immune system produces antibodies against the part ( s ) of the body. something triggers the immune system to trigger these autoantibodies but not known. in autoimmune hepatitis, immune system produces antibodies against liver cells, which can lead to damage and cirrhosis. - the diseases that cause blockage of the bile ducts can cause back pressure and damage to the liver cells. for example, primary biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, and congenital bile duct. - nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ( nash ). this is a condition that causes the accumulation of fat in the liver. this can lead to scarring and cirrhosis. overweight / obesity increases the risk of developing nash. - severe reactions to certain drugs. - some poisons and environmental toxins. - certain infections caused by bacteria and parasites that are normally found only in tropical countries. - severe heart failure can cause the pressure of the blood and liver congestion. - some rare inherited diseases that can cause damage to the liver cells. for example : - hemochromatosis. this is a condition that causes an abnormal accumulation of iron in the liver and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41376888584939725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d79d796-0ab6-40e2-8732-26cc9d4eae11>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.873185"}
{"text": "can cause the pressure of the blood and liver congestion. - some rare inherited diseases that can cause damage to the liver cells. for example : - hemochromatosis. this is a condition that causes an abnormal accumulation of iron in the liver and other body parts. - wilson ' s disease. this is a condition that causes an abnormal accumulation of copper in the liver and other body parts. - other rare disorders. how common is cirrhosis? an estimated 30, 000 people living with cirrhosis in the uk and at least 7, 000 new cases diagnosed each year. the number of people living with both alcoholic cirrhosis and cirrhosis related to alcohol seem to be increasing. what are the symptoms of cirrhosis? in the initial stages of the disease, often there are no symptoms. you can get by with a small number of liver cells work. however, as more and more liver cells die and scar tissue accumulates increasingly, liver : - not obtain enough protein such as albumin that help regulate the composition of the fluid in the bloodstream and body. - fails to make enough chemicals necessary for blood clotting. - is able to process less waste chemicals in the body, such as bilirubin. thus, they can accumulate in the body. - is less able to process drugs, toxins and other chemicals, which may then accumulate in the body. therefore, symptoms may develop include : - tiredness and weakness. - fluid leaking from the bloodstream and accumulates in the legs ( edema ) and abdomen ( ascites ). - loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting. - weight loss ( although it can gain weight if you retain much liquid ). - the tendency to bleed and bruise easily. - jaundice ( yellowing leaves ) due to a buildup of bilirubin. - itching due to an accumulation of toxins. - mental health changes may develop in severe cases as toxins accumulate in the bloodstream and affect the brain. this can cause changes in personality and behavior, confusion, forgetfulness and difficulty concentrating. over time it can lead to unconsciousness and hepatic coma. these changes are known as hepatic encephalopathy. moreover, scar tissue restricts the flow of blood through the liver. as cirrhosis worse, this causes the pressure in the portal vein ( known as portal hypertension ). the portal vein is the vein that carries blood from the intestine to the liver \u2013 it contains digested food. increased", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4304176713277791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d79d796-0ab6-40e2-8732-26cc9d4eae11>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.874165"}
{"text": "the liver. as cirrhosis worse, this causes the pressure in the portal vein ( known as portal hypertension ). the portal vein is the vein that carries blood from the intestine to the liver \u2013 it contains digested food. increased pressure in this vein can cause inflammation ( varices ) to develop the branches of the vein in the lining of the esophagus ( gullet ) and stomach. these veins have a tendency to bleed easily in the gut. if bleeding occurs, may vomit blood or pass blood in the stool ( feces ). how is cirrhosis diagnosed? a doctor may suspect your symptoms and a physical examination, you have cirrhosis. ( for example, a doctor may find that your liver is enlarged, or that you are retaining fluid. ) a doctor might consider cirrhosis as the cause of your symptoms if you have a history of alcohol abuse or have had an episode prior hepatitis. blood tests may show abnormal liver function. ( see separate leaflet called ' blood \u2013 liver function tests. for details ) ultrasound ( or ct scan or mri ) can show that you have a damaged liver. to confirm the diagnosis, a biopsy ( small sample ) of the liver can be taken for examination under a microscope. ( see separate leaflet called ' biopsy \u2013 liver. for details ) the liver scarring and damage to the liver cells can be seen in a biopsy. if the underlying cause of cirrhosis is not clear, then other tests may be done to clarify the cause. for example, to test for antibodies against hepatitis virus, to test for antibodies that can be targeted to liver cells, to search a blood sample to excess iron or copper, etc. what is the treatment for cirrhosis? cirrhosis tends to progressively worsen if the underlying cause persists and untreated. in general, once the damage is done healing can not invest. therefore, the objective of treatment is, if possible, to prevent subsequent scarring liver, or slow the progression of the healing process. the treatments may be advised include the following. stop drinking alcohol whatever the cause of cirrhosis, stop drinking alcohol completely. alcohol consumption increases the rate of progression of cirrhosis from any cause. be careful when taking medications always tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have cirrhosis you take prescription drugs or over the counter. some medications that are processed in the liver may be necessary to adjust the dose if you have liver problems, or even not be used at all.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43532393905384403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d79d796-0ab6-40e2-8732-26cc9d4eae11>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.875103"}
{"text": "doctor or pharmacist if you have cirrhosis you take prescription drugs or over the counter. some medications that are processed in the liver may be necessary to adjust the dose if you have liver problems, or even not be used at all. the treatment of the underlying causes some of the underlying causes of cirrhosis can be treated. this can slow or stop the progression of cirrhosis. for example : - do not drink alcohol if alcohol is the cause. - interferon and other medicines may be used to treat viral hepatitis. - steroid medicines or other immunosuppressive drugs can be used to treat autoimmune diseases that cause liver damage. - regular elimination half - liter or less of the blood can remove excess iron that occurs in hemochromatosis. treatment to relieve symptoms and prevent complications several treatments may be advised, depending on the severity of cirrhosis and symptoms that develop. for example : - adequate food intake ( including calories and protein ) and regular exercise are important to avoid excessive weight loss and muscle wasting. - a low - sodium diet or diuretics ( tablets ) to reduce the accumulation of fluid in the body. - medications to reduce itching. - zinc deficiency is common in cirrhosis and zinc supplements can be used. - vaccination to protect against hepatitis a, influenza and pneumococcal infections. - osteoporosis may occur and thus the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is important. - medications can help reduce portal hypertension. - the drainage of liquid which accumulates on the abdomen ( ascites ). treatment of bleeding varices variceal hemorrhage ( described above ) is a medical emergency. seek medical help immediately if you have cirrhosis and vomit blood or pass blood in the stool, or if your stools become black. various surgical techniques can be used to stop bleeding and to help reduce the risk of further bleeding. in severe cases, where the scar is wide and liver can function only after a liver transplant may be the only option. until recently the healing process was thought cirrhosis irreversible. however, recent research has led to a greater understanding of the healing process. some research suggests that the drugs may be able to develop that can reverse the process of healing. stem cells or liver cells aimed at restoring liver function is also being investigated. this investigation continues. cirrhosis can be prevented? the most common cause of cirrhosis in the united kingdom is the excessive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4174386519817455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d79d796-0ab6-40e2-8732-26cc9d4eae11>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.877238"}
{"text": "develop that can reverse the process of healing. stem cells or liver cells aimed at restoring liver function is also being investigated. this investigation continues. cirrhosis can be prevented? the most common cause of cirrhosis in the united kingdom is the excessive consumption of alcohol. the most important way to prevent the development of cirrhosis is drinking within recommended safe limits. that is : - men should not drink more than 21 units of alcohol per week, no more than four units in a single day, and have at least two alcohol - free days a week. - women should not drink more than 14 units of alcohol per week, no more than three units in a single day, and have at least two alcohol - free days a week. - pregnant women. advice from the department of health states that \u2026 \" pregnant women or women trying to conceive should not drink alcohol at all. if they do choose to drink, to minimize the risk to the baby should not drink more than 1 - 2 units of alcohol once or twice a week and should not get drunk. \" where are these recommendations? - the department of health recommends that men should not regularly drink more than 3 - 4 units of alcohol a day and women should not regularly drink more than 2 - 3 units a day. \" regularly \" means drinking every day or most days of the week. and if you do drink more than that on any day, within 48 hours without alcohol after to let your body recover. - the royal college of physicians ( rcp ) recommends no more than 21 units per week for men and 14 units per week for women. but also, have 2 - 3 days off alcohol a week to allow time for the liver to recover after drinking anything but the smallest amount of alcohol. a quote from the rcp \u2026 \" in addition to quantity, safe limits alcohol also should consider the frequency. there is an increased risk of liver disease for those who drink daily or near - daily compared with those who drink periodically or intermittently. \" - the house of commons science and technology committee advised that people should have at least two alcohol - free days a week. - some might argue that the upper limits of the recommendations are too high. for example, one study found that more than two units a day for men and more than one unit per day for women significantly increases the risk of developing certain cancers. in general, the more you drink above these limits, alcohol is more harmful it can be. one unit of alcohol is approximately equal to : - a pint of normal beer strength,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43909108436042643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d79d796-0ab6-40e2-8732-26cc9d4eae11>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.878209"}
{"text": "per day for women significantly increases the risk of developing certain cancers. in general, the more you drink above these limits, alcohol is more harmful it can be. one unit of alcohol is approximately equal to : - a pint of normal beer strength, cider or beer. - as pub liquor ( 25 ml ), or fortified wine, sherry as ( 50 ml ). - a small glass ( 125 ml ) of wine containing 8 % alcohol by volume. note : using the above guide is easy to underestimate the amount of alcohol in a drink. this is because many are now strong beers, and wines are often served in 175 ml glasses. many wines are also stronger than the standard ( some contain 12 - 14 % alcohol by volume ). however, you should not drink alcohol at all if you have already developed cirrhosis early or have chronic hepatitis and other liver problems. some causes of cirrhosis are due to infectious diseases that can be prevented. for example, people who inject illegal drugs are at risk for hepatitis b and c if they use dirty needles or injection equipment. these infections can also be transmitted through unprotected sex. hepatitis b is preventable through immunization offered to those at risk, such as health workers, drug users and people with multiple sexual partners. what is the outlook ( prognosis )? the prognosis depends on factors such as the underlying cause, how early the condition is diagnosed, and how early treatment is given. many people with cirrhosis that is not too long to live a normal life for a number of years. in some cases, the progression of cirrhosis can be stopped or slowed by treatment. the outlook is not so good if there are a lot of liver damage, especially if you have alcoholic cirrhosis and non stop drinking. cirrhosis can cause death from variceal bleeding, or entering a coma from liver failure. people with cirrhosis are also at increased risk of developing serious infections. if you have cirrhosis, you have a higher risk of developing liver cancer ( hepatocellular carcinoma ). the risk varies according to the cause of cirrhosis. the greatest risk is cirrhosis caused by hepatitis c, followed by cirrhosis caused by hereditary hemochromatosis. the risk of developing liver cancer is lower in those with alcoholic cirrhosis. if you have cirrhosis, should have regular checkups to make sure there are no signs of developing liver cancer. more help and information british liver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.464281347528812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d79d796-0ab6-40e2-8732-26cc9d4eae11>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.879150"}
{"text": "plants flower faster than climate change models predict scientific models are failing to accurately predict the impact of global warming on plants, says a new report. researchers found in long - term studies that some are flowering up to eight times faster than models anticipate. the authors say that poor study design and a lack of investment in experiments partly account for the difference. they suggest that spring flowering and leafing will continue to advance at the rate of 5 to 6 days per year for every degree celsius of warming. the results are published in the journal nature. for more than 20 years, scientists have been carrying out experiments to mimic the impacts of rising temperatures on the first leafing and flowering of plant species around the world. end quote this rutishauser oeschger centre for climate change research the bottom line is that the impacts might be bigger than we have believed until now \u201d researchers had assumed that plants would respond in essentially the same way to experimental warming with lamps and open top chambers as they would to changes in temperatures in the real world. very little has been done to test the assumption until this study lead by dr elizabeth wolkovich, who is now at the university of british columbia in vancouver. with her colleagues she studied the timing of the flowering and leafing of plants in observational studies and warming experiments spanning four continents and 1, 634 plant species. according to dr wolkovich, the results were a surprise. \" what we found is that the experiments don ' t line up with the long term data, and in fact they greatly underestimate how much plants change their leafing and flowering with warming, \" she said. \" so for models based on experimental data, then we would expect that plants are leafing four times faster and flowering eight times faster in the long term historical record than what we ' re using in some of the models. \" ' consistent message ' observational data have been gathered by scientific bodies for many years. in the uk, the systematic recording of flowering times dates back to 1875, when the royal meteorological society established a national network of observers. since then, data has also been recorded by full - time biologists and part - time enthusiasts, and in recent years there have been mass - participation projects such as bbc springwatch. this new research suggests that these observations of flowering and leafing carried out in many different parts of the world over the past thirty years are remarkably similar according to dr wolkovich. \" in terms of long term observations, the records are very coherent and very consistent and they suggest for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4171124869110966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b0a717c-2162-468d-9a68-767e517dc557>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.884010"}
{"text": "observations of flowering and leafing carried out in many different parts of the world over the past thirty years are remarkably similar according to dr wolkovich. \" in terms of long term observations, the records are very coherent and very consistent and they suggest for every degree celsius of warming we get we are going to get a five - to six - day change in how plants leaf and flower. \" she argues that the difficulties in mimicking the impacts of nature in an artificial setting are much greater than many scientists estimate. the team found that in some cases the use of warming chambers to artificially raise temperatures can sometimes have the opposite effect. \" in the real world, we don ' t just see changes in temperature - we see changes in precipitation and cloud patterns and other factors - so certainly when you think about replicating changes in clouds, we are very, very far away from being able to do that. \" i guess we will never get to perfectly match nature, but i am hopeful as scientists we can do much, much better, given funding resources. \" the team found that the greater investment in the design and monitoring of experiments, the more accurate the result. \" we have a very consistent message from the long - term historical records about how plants are changing, but we need to think more critically about how we fund and invest in and really design experiments, \" said dr wolkovich. \" we do need them in the future, they are the best way going forward to project how species are changing but right now what we ' re doing isn ' t working as well as i think it could. \" other researchers were equally surprised by the results. dr this rutishauser is at the oeschger centre for climate change research at the university of bern in switzerland. he says that in light of this work scientists will have to rethink the impacts of global warming. \" the bottom line is that the impacts might be bigger than we have believed until now. that ' s going to provoke a lot of work to probably revise modelling results for estimations of what ' s going to happen in the future for food production especially. \" dr wolkovich agrees that if the models are so significantly underestimating the real world observations, there could be also be impacts on water the world over. \" if a whole plant community starts growing a week earlier than we expect according to these experiments, it ' s going to take up a lot more water over the growing season and if you add to that many years of the model projections, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5088255908349546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b0a717c-2162-468d-9a68-767e517dc557>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.885285"}
{"text": "if you are sorting content into an order, one of the most simple techniques that exists is the bubble sort technique. in essence you start at one end of the list, move one by one to the other end of the list, and if you ever reach a situation where two items are out of order, you swap them. this is one of the most simple sort techniques that exists, that is taught in any basic programming course. let ' s say you have an array of grades ( 5 ). you want to sort them so that the highest grade is at the beginning of the list, and that the lowest grade is at the end of the list. note that this is not real code. this is an example of the concept, that you can apply to any language. so you would fill grades ( 5 ) with the values. then you would say - for ctr = 1 to 4. for ctr2 = ctr + 1 to 5.. if grades ( ctr ) < grades ( ctr2 ) then... temp = grades ( ctr )... grades ( ctr ) = grades ( ctr2 )... grades ( ctr2 ) = temp so in essence you have the outer loop stepping through each item but the very last one. the inner loop steps through every untried item from whereever you are in the outer loop, going forward. the two are compared and if the higher number is not \" on top \", the are swapped. let ' s say your array is 90 70 80 100 60 on the first time through the loop, you begin with 90 ( value 1 ) and compare it with the others, in order. is 90 < 70? no. nothing happens. is 90 < 80? no. is 90 < 100? yes. the 100 takes spot 1, and the 90 takes spot 4. is 100 < 60? no. now we have guarantee that spot # 1 is definitely the largest number in the entire array. now we work on the second largest number. we move on to stop 2. is 70 < 80? yes, they swap spots. is 80 < 90? yes, they swap spots. is 90 < 60? no, so the 90 stays in spot 2. and so it goes, until the entire array is settled in proper order. you can of course arrange the array in ascending or descending order just by switching the < to a >!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5036957627612277, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffb6eddd-2fab-4cea-bf6e-98e16bbc8999>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.889106"}
{"text": "guest author - debra kelly the normal body temperature of a dog is 101. 5 fahrenheit, and a dog will regulate this by panting. the action of panting cools the air that touches the surfaces of their mouth and tongue, and the evaporation of the moisture there acts in a way similar to the evaporation of humans ' sweat. this process can be terribly inefficient when a dog is left in a situation such as a hot car or taken on a long, grueling walk in the sun. some dogs - - especially brachycephalic dogs with short noses and flat faces - - have an even harder time regulating their body temperature in this way and are even more adversely impacted by high temperatures. dogs like these - - and others - - can easily overheat when left in cars or even when left outside with no shade. there are a number of things you can do to make sure your pup stays cool - - and safe - - during the summer. always make sure there is plenty of fresh, clean water available. this might mean leaving several water dishes around, preferably in shady areas. change the water often, as water left standing can be a haven for mosquitoes and other bug larvae. dogs with light - colored or short coats can easily become burned when exposed to long periods of sun. be sure there is always a shady spot for them to retreat to, and apply sunblock as an added precaution. many lotions made for people will protect dogs just as well. for those dogs that rely on their daily walks for exercise, take these in the cooler parts of the day and never at midday - - not only is the temperature higher, but the hot pavement can burn delicate paws. consider an alternative to walking for exercise. set up a sprinkler in the yard, or fill a plastic kids ' pool with water. while it might be tempting to introduce your dog to the full - size family pool, remember that prolonged exposure to chlorine and other chemicals can irritate their skin and dry their coat ; be sure to bathe them after swimming in this kind of environment. an offering of some frozen treats will never go amiss, either. freeze yogurt in an ice cube tray, or offer just some plain ice cubes as a combination of toys to chase across the back patio and a cool snack. for fashionistas who don protective clothing or bandanas, wetting these items before putting them on your dog can help keep them cool when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47221305861231894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eba6def1-0593-45a1-bbde-cf7e1c3b2cd4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.891797"}
{"text": "early church fathers 10 iliad, xx. 66 ( from lord derby ' s translation ). 11 i. e., these teachers. 12 literally, \" those who knew. \" 13 mona / da kai \\ th \\ n a! riston dua / da. one, or unity, was considered by pythagoras as the essence of number, and also as god. two, or the indefinite binary, was the equivalent of evil. so plutarch, de placit. philosoph., c 7 ; from which treatise the above opinions of the various sects are quoted, generally verbatim. 14 ametoxa kenou : the void being that in which these bodies move, while they themselves are of a different nature from it. 15 or, accord and discord, attraction and repulsion. 16 or, \" is of a fiery nature. \" 17 see the republic, x. 2. by the platonic doctrine, the ideas of things in the mind of god were the realities ; the things themselves, as seen by us, were the images of these realities ; and poetry, therefore, describing the images of realities, was only at the third remove from nature. as plato puts it briefly in this same passage, \" the painter, the bed - maker, god - these three are the masters of three species of beds. \" 18 iliad, xv. 192. 19 i. e., from homer ; using homer ' s words as suggestive and confirmatory of his doctrine. 20 iliad, xiv. 246. 21 to logikon, to qumikon, to epiqumhtikon, - corresponding to what we roughly speak of as reason, the heart, and the appetites. 22 entelexeia, - the completion or actuality to which each thing, by virtue of its peculiar nature ( or potentiality, dunamij ), can arrive. 23 literally, \" unbegotten. \" 24 or, \" liable to destruction. \" 25 literally, \" the art of words. \" 26 literally, \" clean, \" free from other influences. 27 [ the diversities of christian theology are to be regretted ; but justin here shows the harmony and order of truths, such as are everywhere received by christians, to be an inestimable advantage. ] 28 the incongruity in this sentence is justin ' s. 29 [ authochthones ]. that is, sprung from the soil ; and hence the oldest inhabitants,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5473620092431206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:547dcf79-83fc-4425-98e3-0804275ae42f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.897235"}
{"text": "description of test you will lie down on a table. a technician will place electrodes on your chest. your resting blood pressure and ecg readings will be taken. an iv ( hollow needle and thin tube ) will be placed in your arm. you will be hooked up to a heart monitor that will record your heart \u2019 s activity. your blood pressure and heart rate will be checked often. a small amount of chemical will be injected through the iv and into your body. depending on which chemical is used, your heart will beat faster and / or the blood vessels near your heart will open wider. an ecg may also be done at this time. if you have chest pain, trouble breathing, dizziness, or any other symptoms, tell your doctor or technician right away. the test may need to be stopped. changes in the ecg may also be a reason to stop the test. if you are getting nuclear imaging, the technician will inject a mildly radioactive chemical through your iv. thirty to sixty minutes after the chemical injection, a special camera or an mri will be used to track the flow of the chemical through and around your heart. images will be taken to find areas of the heart that may not be getting enough blood or are blocked. if you are getting a stress echocardiogram, an ultrasound will be taken at specific time points. the doctor will compare the pictures of your heart under stress with pictures of your heart at rest. your blood pressure, heart rate, and ecg will be monitored until levels return to normal. you will be able to leave after the test is done. your doctor may discuss some of the results on the same day as the test. it may take 2 - 3 days for the full results to be ready. one or more of the following are considered a positive stress test : - ecg changes that show low oxygen supply to the heart - significant blood pressure drops or rhythm changes - you have chest pain or trouble breathing, especially if linked with ecg changes - stress test pictures that show areas of your heart having low blood flow or abnormal movements a positive test may mean that you have cad. not everyone tests positive for it. based on your results, your doctor may recommend more tests or care.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49144725062156486, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7ae64ef-140d-4769-97e5-6becd869410e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.901014"}
{"text": "what is oregon grape used for today? | what is the scientific evidence for oregon grape? | safety issues the roots and bark of the shrub ( also called oregon grape ) have traditionally been used both orally and topically to treat skin problems. they were also used for other conditions such as gastritis, fever, hemorrhage, jaundice, gall bladder disease, and cancer. in addition, was used as a bitter tonic to improve appetite. according to some experts, is identical to the plant named, but others point to small distinctions., commonly called, is a close relative of these herbs, but is not identical. what is oregon grape used for today? oregon grape is primarily used today as a topical treatment for. growing evidence suggests that it may help reduce symptoms, although it does not seem to be as effective for this purpose as standard medications. oregon grape has been proposed as a treatment for other skin diseases, such as fungal infections ( such as however, the evidence is either extremely preliminary or inconclusive. for example, a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 88 people with eczema tested a cream containing extracts of the results failed to show benefit overall. many studies have been performed on purified berberine, a major chemical constituent of oregon grape and other herbs such as goldenseal, but it is not clear whether their results apply to the whole herb. in addition, impossibly high dosages of the herb would be required to duplicate the amount of berberine used in many of these studies. ( for more information, see the article on what is the scientific evidence for oregon grape? evidence from two studies and one comparative trial suggest that cream made from the herb oregon grape may help reduce symptoms of psoriasis, although it does not seem to be as effective as standard medications. in a double - blind study published in 2006, two hundred people were given either a cream containing 10 % oregon grape extract or placebo twice a day for 3 months. the results indicate that the people using oregon grape experienced greater benefits than those in the placebo group, and the difference was statistically significant. the treatment was well tolerated, though in a few people it caused rash or burning sensation. benefits were also seen in a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 82 people with psoriasis. however, the study design had a significant flaw : the treatment salve was darker in color than the placebo, possibly allowing participants to guess which was which. another study found that dithranol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4370052012736124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7891c16b-c192-459b-99c6-dffab5a346a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.906182"}
{"text": "controlled study of 82 people with psoriasis. however, the study design had a significant flaw : the treatment salve was darker in color than the placebo, possibly allowing participants to guess which was which. another study found that dithranol, a conventional drug used to treat psoriasis symptoms, was more effective than oregon grape. regrettably, the authors fail to state whether this study was double - blind. forty - nine participants applied one treatment to their left side and the other to their right for 4 weeks. skin biopsies were then analyzed and compared with samples taken at the beginning of the study. the physicians evaluating changes in skin tissue were unaware which treatments had been used on the samples. greater improvements were seen in the dithranol group. in which 443 participants with psoriasis used oregon grape topically for 12 weeks found the herb to be helpful for 73. 7 % of the group. group, it \u2019 s not possible to know whether oregon grape was truly responsible for the improvement seen, but the trial does help to establish the herb ' s safety and tolerability. ( see safety issues below. ) laboratory research suggests oregon grape has some effects at the cellular level that might be helpful in psoriasis, such as slowing the rate of abnormal cell growth and reducing inflammation. topical ointments or creams containing 10 % oregon grape extract are generally applied 3 times daily to the affected areas. oregon grape appears to be safe when used as directed. in the large open study described above, only 5 of the 443 participants reported side effects of burning, redness, and itching. however, because oregon grape contains berberine, which has been reported to cause uterine contractions and to increase levels of bilirubin, oral consumption of oregon grape should be avoided by pregnant women. safety in young children, nursing women, or people with severe liver or kidney disease has not been established. there is an additional concern regarding the berberine content of oregon grape. one study found that berberine impairs metabolism of the drug cyclosporine, thereby raising its levels. this could potentially cause toxicity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.464474254386045, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7891c16b-c192-459b-99c6-dffab5a346a3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.907271"}
{"text": "anti - clotting drug plavix may help treat lupusjune 7th, 2012 by admin french scientists have discovered that lupus patients have excess blood cells called platelets - small cell fragments that circulate in the blood, clumping together to form clots. these excess and overly - active platelets trigger production of inflammation - promoting proteins called interferons. tests on mice given anti - platelet medication showed reduced lupus symptoms and increased life expectancy. the results suggest that anticoagulant drugs like clopidogrel ( plavix ) could prevent lupus flare ups in people, and the scientists hope to start clinical trials on humans soon. lupus is a chronic, incurable auto - immune disease where the body ' s immune system turns on itself, attacking its own tissue. the resulting inflammation causes pain and damages organs, particularly the kidneys. the most common symptoms include rashes, fever, hair loss, fatigue, aches and pains, and inflammation of the arteries and veins, tendons, brain, kidney and the membrane surrounding the lungs. serious cases can be life threatening, with patients suffering kidney failure and out of control infections. about one - and - a - half million americans have lupus, which can be diagnosed with blood tests. it effects nine times more women than men, and usually strikes between the ages of 15 and 50. its cause has not yet known, although researchers have identified genetic, hormonal and environmental factors. some lupus patients have only mild and / or transitory flare ups which may go undiagnosed, while others are debilitated by a more aggressive form of the disease. nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs and antimalarial medications are used to treat milder cases, while more serious attacks are treated with immune system suppressing medications and corticosteroids. there has not been a new medication for the treatment of lupus in 50 years. current treatments are not 100 percent effective, and can have side effects. the anti - clotting medication plavix is the second highest - selling drug in the world ( behind the cholesterol - lowering drug lipitor ). it makes platelets less \" sticky \" and likely to clump together to form clots, which can lodge in the heart, lungs or brain and cause a heart attack or stroke. anti - clotting drugs, also called blood thinners, are widely prescribed as a preventative measure for persons who have experienced a heart attack or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4255668012352004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eece36e9-ecea-4ee7-bf74-c72f451158a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.912876"}
{"text": "jean - vincent d \u2019 abbadie de saint - castin on fort william henry at pemaquid in new england. damours commanded his own vessel in this expedition, and after the capture of pemaquid he took the garrison to boston. in october of that same year a new england force led by hathorne made a raid along the saint john. although damours was absent in france at the time, his buildings, crops, and livestock \u2013 constituting probably the largest farm of that time in the area \u2013 were spared thanks to a note from gyles to the commander requesting that he do so. gyles was later freed by damours for this act of loyalty. owing to damage caused to his property by a high freshet in 1701 and the decision of governor de brouillan [ monbeton ] to abandon defences on the saint john, damours determined to move to port - royal. brouillan appealed to the court for aid for damours, as the latter was in serious financial straits. it was also about this time that his wife died. with france and england at war in acadia once more, damours joined the french forces and was taken prisoner in 1703. he spent slightly more than two years as a captive in boston, returning to port - royal in 1706, where he died two years later. he was aptly termed by brouillan \u201c the mainstay of the inhabitants and the savages \u201d during his years as a seigneur on the saint john river. an, col., b, 16, ff. 41 \u2013 42 ; 19, f. 37 ; c11d, 2, ff. 244, 244v, 246, 277, 278 ; 3, ff. 18, 157v ; 4, ff. 62, 144v, 214v, 323v ; 5, ff. 112, 282v ; section outre - mer, depot des fortifications des colonies, carton 2, no. 56. coll. de manuscrits relatifs a la n. - f., i, 386 ; ii, 96, 183, 190, 215, 302, 389, 390, 408, 455, 463. [ john gyles ], memoirs of odd adventures... ( boston, 736 ; repr., cincinnati, 1869 ). jug. et delib., iii, 399, 547, 555, 562, 783. a. roy, inv. gref", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3567298062880866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77011b44-3c29-4d68-a422-18597d0dd6f9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.919994"}
{"text": "... ( boston, 736 ; repr., cincinnati, 1869 ). jug. et delib., iii, 399, 547, 555, 562, 783. a. roy, inv. greffes not., vii, 37. p. - g. roy, inv. concessions, iv, 2 \u2013 3, 57 ; inv. contrats de mariage, ii, 120. webster, acadia. tanguay, dictionnaire, i, iii. azarie couillard despres, histoire des seigneurs de la riviere - du - sud et leurs allies canadiens et acadiens ( saint - hyacinthe, que., 1912 ), 108 \u2013 11. w. o. raymond, the river st john, its physical features, legends and history from 1604 to 1784, ed. j. c. webster ( sackville, n. b., 1943 ). ganong, \u201c historic sites in new brunswick. \u201d p. - g. roy, \u201c mathieu damours de chauffours, \u201d brh xxxii ( 1926 ), 385 \u2013 92. north america, north america - - canada, north america - - canada - - new brunswick, north america - - canada - - nova scotia, north america - - canada - - nova scotia - - mainland, north america - - united states of america", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4298184792839494, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77011b44-3c29-4d68-a422-18597d0dd6f9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.920435"}
{"text": "an ombudsman is a government official charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints reported by individual citizens. the term arose from its use in sweden, with the parliamentary ombudsman instituted in 1809 to safeguard the rights of citizens by establishing a supervisory agency independent of the executive branch. the word ombudsman and its specific meaning has since been adopted in to english as well as other languages, and ombudsmen has been instituted by other governments and organizations such as the european union. the origin of the word is found in old norse and the word umbuds man, meaning representative. the first preserved use in swedish is from 1552. it is also used in the other scandinavian languages such as the icelandic \" umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur \", the norwegian \" ombudsmann \" and the danish \" ombudsmand \". an ombudsman doesn ' t necessarily have to be appointed by government, but an ombudsman of an non - governmental organization, whether working only for the own members or for the general public, does obviously not carry any special powers or sanction abilities. in 1713 king charles xii of sweden, preoccupied with fighting the great northern war, was residing in bendery and had not set foot in sweden in over a decade. in order to reestablish the domestic administration, which had fallen into disarray, he instituted the office of his majesty ' s supreme ombudsman. the role of the king ' s ombudsman was to ensure that judges and public officials acted in accordance with the laws, proficiently discharged their tasks, and if not he could initiate legal proceedings for dereliction of duty. the autocratic rule of gustav iii of sweden, that ended half a century of parliamentary supremacy in 1772, prompted the riksdag of the estates to institute an ombudsman who was independent of the executive power when his son gustav iv adolf of sweden was deposed in 1809. the king ' s ombudsman, who in 1719 had been given a new title ; chancellor of justice, was to be accompanied by a parliamentary ombudsman. the office of the parliamentary ombudsman was established by the instrument of government of 1809 and its role preserved in the new instrument of government in 1974. apart from this there are also a number of more specialized ombudsmen that operate under the authority of the government of sweden : - swedish ombudsman for equal opportunities, or jamstalldhetsombu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47659784449125914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e737e063-bd47-470d-be08-1cfc65945d2b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.927130"}
{"text": "instrument of government in 1974. apart from this there are also a number of more specialized ombudsmen that operate under the authority of the government of sweden : - swedish ombudsman for equal opportunities, or jamstalldhetsombudsmannen ( jamo ) - swedish ombudsman for children, or barnombudsmannen. observes matters affecting the rights and interests of children and young people. - swedish disability ombudsman, or handikappombudsmannen. monitors issues relating to the rights and interests of persons with disabilities. - swedish ombudsman against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, or ombudsmannen mot diskriminering pa grund av sexuell laggning ( homo ) - swedish ombudsman against ethnic discrimination, or ombudsmannen mot etnisk diskriminering the director - general of the swedish consumer agency is also designated as a consumer ombudsman. the european ombudsman was established by the maastricht treaty, the treaty establishing the european union. the office of ombudsman was set up under the terms of the ombudsman act, 1980. the ombudsman, who is appointed by the president of ireland upon the nomination of both houses of the oireachtas, deals with complaints against government departments, local authorities, health boards and an post. the spanish laws translate \" ombudsman \" as defensor del pueblo ( \" people ' s defender \" ). there is a general defensor del pueblo for issues with the spanish administration, and regional ones for the autonomous communities of spain : the spanish defensor can start processes at the constitutional court. in the united kingdom a post of ombudsman is attached to the westminster parliament with additional posts at the scottish parliament, the welsh assembly and other government institutions. list of all ombudsman in the united kingdom - estate agents ombudsman, financial ombudsman service, financial services ombudsman scheme for the isle of man, health service ombudsman - england,, health service ombudsman - wales, housing ombudsman service ( hos ), independent police complaints commission, legal services ombudsman, local government ombudsman - england, local government ombudsman - wales, northern ireland ombudsman, northern ireland police ombudsman, parliamentary ombudsman, welsh administration ombu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4791162950236792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e737e063-bd47-470d-be08-1cfc65945d2b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.929213"}
{"text": "u. s. department of the interior bureau of land management news release upper missouri river breaks national monument | release date : 08 / 16 / 10 | pallid sturgeon : our living missouri river dinosaur \u2013 a struggle for survival imagine if all people born in 1968 grew to adulthood and never had children ; ever. what would happen to our population? this is the same situation faced by the remaining pallid sturgeon in the upper missouri river today. it \u2019 s a perplexing scenario and on thursday, august 26, at 7 : 00 p. m. the bureau of land management \u2019 s missouri breaks interpretive center ( 701 7th street in fort benton, mt ) will host an entertaining program about the pallid sturgeon \u2019 s status in the upper missouri river. mr. bill gardner, a fisheries biologist with the montana fish, wildlife and parks ( mfwp ), will present an informative 30 - 40 minute program about pallid sturgeon and will answer questions following the presentation. admission for the program is free. biologists think there are about 125 wild pallid sturgeon remaining in montana. today the pallid sturgeon is a montana species of concern and it was federally listed as an endangered species in 1990. biologists say no wild juvenile fish have joined the existing population in the past 30 to 50 years largely due to changes in the yellowstone and missouri rivers that have altered pallid sturgeon habitat and obstructed their reproductive processes. the pallid sturgeon has plied the waters of the upper missouri river for 70 million years and can live to be 50 - 60 years old, grow to six feet in length and weigh up to 80 pounds. biologists have been studying and learning about this little - known fish, searching for ways to keep it from going the way of the dinosaurs \u2013 total extinction. bill gardner has studied the pallid sturgeon for 20 years with mfwp and has been on the pallid sturgeon recovery team for more than 10 years, working with other scientists to learn more about our unique population of this ancient fish. once again, all interested are encouraged to attend a free program about the pallid sturgeon, featuring bill gardner, on thursday, august 26, at 7 : 00 p. m. at the missouri breaks interpretive center in fort benton. the blm manages more than 245 million acres of public land, the most of any federal agency. this land, known as the national system of public lands, is primarily located in 12 western states, including alaska. the blm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4337180594700276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1313f0b8-5734-4b2f-91ef-66ea38ef2898>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.933246"}
{"text": "in fort benton. the blm manages more than 245 million acres of public land, the most of any federal agency. this land, known as the national system of public lands, is primarily located in 12 western states, including alaska. the blm also administers 700 million acres of sub - surface mineral estate throughout the nation. in fiscal year ( fy ) 2011, recreational and other activities on blm - managed land contributed more than $ 130 billion to the u. s. economy and supported more than 600, 000 american jobs. the bureau is also one of a handful of agencies that collects more revenue than it spends. in fy 2012, nearly $ 5. 7 billion will be generated on lands managed by the blm, which operates on a $ 1. 1 billion budget. the blm ' s multiple - use mission is to sustain the health and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. the bureau accomplishes this by managing such activities as outdoor recreation, livestock grazing, mineral development, and energy production, and by conserving natural, historical, cultural, and other resources on public lands. upper missouri river breaks national monument 920 ne main lewistown, mt 59457 | last updated : 06 - 28 - 2012 | | usa. gov | no fear act | doi | disclaimer | about blm | notices | social media policy |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4005298050859114, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1313f0b8-5734-4b2f-91ef-66ea38ef2898>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.933783"}
{"text": "- tools & workshop > - basic grinding 101 basic grinding 101 follow the three steps necessary to sharpen a chisel or similar tool with a grinding wheel. - photo : donaldson. com i ' ve never seen the guy so angry : his wife used a favorite chisel to open a paint can and my friend dominick took it personally. the big nick in the edge of that chisel was, well, just about criminal in his eyes. ordinarily, a chisel or plane iron needs little more than an occasional honing on a water - or oilstone - unless, of course, it ' s been abused. a nick or other significant imperfection in its edge as the result of an encounter with a nail ( or a paint can ) or another tool will mean a more difficult sharpening job. the bench grinder is the tool of choice for such tasks. one advantage the grinding wheel has is speed : it ' s quicker than using a coarse whetstone. another is its shape : the tiny arc the wheel grinds into the tool is a hollow - grind, which means that the tool is likely to retain its sharpness for many honings. to return a tool to usability, three steps are required to sharpen a chisel or a plane iron. 1. square the cutting edge. set the tool rest so that its top surface points directly along the radius of the wheel. the front edge of the rest should be approximately an eighth of an inch from the wheel. put on your eye protection, start the machine, and, when it ' s up to speed, gently but firmly slide the chisel back and forth across the wheel. 2. grind the bevel. matching the original angle ground onto the edge is essential ( note that the angle varies from tool to tool ). one way to transfer the angle from the tool to the grinder is by using a bevel gauge to set the tool rest to the right angle. another option is to use a grinding attachment that is set at the proper angle. now, with goggles on and your machine at full speed, move the blade back and forth across the wheel. do it gently. and don \u2019 t forget to bathe the tip of the tool in a water or oil bath. a blade that has been allowed to get blue hot loses its \u201c temper, \u201d namely, the hardness or resiliency of its manufacture. in practice, the loss of temper means the tools will not hold a sharp edge, dulling quickly with minimal use. so dip the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3935101310903836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f5ec107-42ee-433f-9789-4ea41ce78f79>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.937542"}
{"text": "allowed to get blue hot loses its \u201c temper, \u201d namely, the hardness or resiliency of its manufacture. in practice, the loss of temper means the tools will not hold a sharp edge, dulling quickly with minimal use. so dip the blade frequently in a water or machine oil bath while grinding. 3. hone the tool. now that the shape of the tool has been restored, hone it on a oil - or waterstone. squaring a driver edge. a chipped or rough - edged screwdriver is easily sharpened on a bench grinder. the steps are the reverse of those for a chisel. start by grinding the broad, flat edges of the driver tip, holding the shaft of the driver so that it is tangential to the blade. this grinds a slight convex curve into the tool ( again, a \" hollow grind \" ). after hollow grinding, reset the tool rest so that the shaft of the tool points at the center of the wheel. grind the tip square, gently by firmly sliding the tip back and forth across the flat edge of the wheel. in talking grinding, there are three key words that will help you get what you want. grit. wheels consist of bonded abrasives, particles called \" grit. \" grain size. the \" grain size \" of that grit identifies whether the wheel is coarse, medium, fine, or some gradation in between. the larger the grain, the coarser the wheel. grade. the hardness of the bond between the grains of grit determines the hardness of the wheel. hard wheels are used for grinding soft materials, and soft wheels for harder materials. - 10 popular driveway options to welcome you home - 12 hobbit houses to make you consider moving underground - 12 wow - worthy woods for kitchen countertops - 15 ways to make a small bathroom big - 20 clever ideas for repurposed storage - 10 new ways to store kitchen necessities - 12 \" expert picks \" for fail - safe colors - 10 \" neat \" garage storage solutions - 10 reasons to love architectural salvage - 10 design inspirations for mudrooms and entryways - painted cabinets : 10 reasons to transform yours now - kitchen flooring : 8 popular choices - 10 \" dream - worthy \" swimming pools - paint guide : 10 essentials for successful house painting - murphy beds : 9 hide - away sleepers - 10 low - cost ways to improve your home security - 12 ways to put your home on an energy diet - 13 easy ways to repurpose antique armoires -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4664375441954309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f5ec107-42ee-433f-9789-4ea41ce78f79>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.938644"}
{"text": "the authoritative source of information about all types of bottled waters, ibwa members include u. s. and international bottlers, distributors and suppliers. ibwa represents our industry \u2019 s uncompromising commitment to the safety and availability of bottled water worldwide. bottled water companies work hard to protect the environment, and play an important role in promoting recycling of plastic containers and groundwater management. the bottled water industry is one of thousands of food, beverage and commercial water users. bottled water companies actively support comprehensive ground water management practices that are science - based, treat all users equitably, multi - jurisdictional, and provide for future needs of this important resource. learn more. bottled water is a safe, healthy, and convenient packaged food product, which is comprehensively regulated at both the federal and state level. strictly regulated as a packaged food product by the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ), bottled water is a safe, refreshing, convenient, and consistently reliable beverage choice. did you know that by mandate of federal law, the fda regulations governing the safety and quality of bottled water must be as stringent as the epa regulations which govern tap water? learn more. myth : bottled water isn ' t as regulated as tap water. fact : by federal law, the fda regulations governing the safety and quality of bottled water must be as stringent as the epa regulations which govern tap water. to suggest in any way that bottled water is less stringently regulated than tap water is simply not true...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45372383929008836, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd9be442-e49c-4b45-9c04-cf71efc77bf6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.941497"}
{"text": "sale of children & child labor the international labour organization ( ilo ) in 1996 estimated a global figure of 250 million child workers worldwide, of which 140 million were boy workers and 110 million girl workers. the statistics and monitoring program in child labour, the statistical unit of the international programme on the elimination of child labour ( ilo / ipec ) in its 2002 report estimates that globally there were 211 million children aged 5 \u2013 14 at work in economic activity in the year 2000. the total economically active child population between 5 \u2013 17 is estimated at 352 million children. the largest number of child workers live in the asia - pacific region, though sub - saharan africa has the largest incidence rate : almost 30 % of all children in africa between the ages to 5 \u2013 14 are economically active. the convention on the rights of the child and the optional protocol to the convention on the rights of the child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography recognize the right of the child to be protected from \u201c economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child ' s education, or to be harmful to the child ' s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. \u201d the demand for child labor is immense not only because it is cheap but also because children are naturally more docile, easier to discipline than adults, and too frightened to complain. their small build and nimble fingers are considered particularly well suited to certain kinds of work. with a view to achieving the total abolition of child labor, the ilo convention 138 : minimum age convention was adopted in 1973. this convention remains the fundamental international standard on child labor and has had a profound influence on national law and practice. however, growing international consensus recognized that eliminating child labor would take time and that there were certain kinds of child labor that required immediate action. the new standard, the ilo convention 182, was adopted in 1999 ; it focuses on children in slavery, prostitution, pornography, illicit activities, and hazardous work. children in all countries, no matter the level of development, are now to be legally protected from such extreme forms of child labor. - ilo convention 138 : minimum age convention adopted in 1973 - the un convention on the rights of the child ( 1989 ), which stipulates that under international law, anyone under 18 is a child. - ilo convention 182 : worst forms of child labor convention ( 1999 ) - most countries also have domestic legislation. - global march against child labor - ipec : international programme on the elimination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4046400807082216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9dd1fd92-0026-4688-bf02-2072d4882617>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.949176"}
{"text": "continental congressarticle free pass continental congress, in the period of the american revolution, the body of delegates who spoke and acted collectively for the people of the colony - states that later became the united states of america. the term most specifically refers to the bodies that met in 1774 and 1775 \u2013 81 and respectively designated as the first continental congress and the second continental congress. in the spring of 1774 the british parliament \u2019 s passage of the intolerable ( coercive ) acts, including the closing of the port of boston, provoked keen resentment in the colonies. the first continental congress, convened in response to the acts by the colonial committees of correspondence, met in philadelphia on september 5, 1774. fifty - six deputies represented all the colonies except georgia. peyton randolph of virginia was unanimously elected president, thus establishing usage of that term as well as \u201c congress. \u201d charles thomson of pennsylvania was elected secretary and served in that office during the 15 - year life of the congress. to provide unity, delegates gave one vote to each state regardless of its size. the first continental congress included patrick henry, george washington, john and samuel adams, john jay, and john dickinson. meeting in secret session, the body rejected a plan for reconciling british authority with colonial freedom. instead, it adopted a declaration of personal rights, including life, liberty, property, assembly, and trial by jury. the declaration also denounced taxation without representation and the maintenance of the british army in the colonies without their consent. parliamentary regulation of american commerce, however, was willingly accepted. in october 1774 the congress petitioned the crown for a redress of grievances accumulated since 1763. in an effort to force compliance, it called for a general boycott of british goods and eventual nonexportation of american products, except rice, to britain or the british west indies. its last act was to set a date for another congress to meet on may 10, 1775, to consider further steps. before that second continental congress assembled in the pennsylvania state house, hostilities had already broken out between americans and british troops at lexington and concord, massachusetts. new members of the second congress included benjamin franklin and thomas jefferson. john hancock and john jay were among those who served as president. the congress \u201c adopted \u201d the new england military forces that had converged upon boston and appointed washington commander in chief of the american army on june 15, 1775. it also acted as the provisional government of the 13 colony - states, issuing and borrowing money, establishing a postal service, and creating a navy. although the congress for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5124828715728014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a956338-e7f7-4e3b-9c6e-b3a742460ce6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.952647"}
{"text": "heavenarticle free pass in some traditions, heaven seems to recede into the background. native american cultures, for example, are oriented toward the totality of earth, sky, and the four directions rather than toward heaven alone. although heaven is not typically the abode of the blessed dead in native american mythology, the stars, sun, moon, clouds, mountaintops, and sky - dwelling creators figure significantly. the christian - influenced prophetic visions characteristic of revitalization movements such as the 19th - century ghost dance and the religion of handsome lake are fervently millenarian, proclaiming the advent of an eschatological paradise to be accompanied by the return of the dead and the restoration of tribal life. new models of heaven in the modern west have been influenced by ideals of progress, evolution, social equality, and domestic tranquility. the 19th - century spiritualist movement, adapting the doctrines of the swedish scientist and theologian emanuel swedenborg and of the german physician franz anton mesmer, mixed clairvoyance with science to describe heavenly spheres, radiant with luminiferous ether, where the spirits worked for causes such as abolition, temperance, feminism, and socialism and pursued opportunities for self - improvement. utopian communities sought to bring this progressive heaven to practical realization on earth. consolation literature, epitomized in the united states by elizabeth stuart phelps \u2019 s novel the gates ajar ( 1868 ), portrayed heaven as an intimate realm of family reunions. belief in heaven persists despite age - old criticisms : that it is an irrational, wish - fulfilling fantasy, a symptom of alienation, and an evasion of responsibility for bettering the real world. defenders of the doctrine insist, on the contrary, that belief in heaven has a morally invigorating effect, endowing life with meaning and direction and inspiring deeds of heroic self - sacrifice. whatever be the case, familiarity with the iconography of heaven is indispensable to understanding western literature and art, including the poetry of dante, edmund spenser, william shakespeare, john milton, john donne, george herbert, henry vaughan, thomas traherne, john bunyan, and william blake, as well as the paintings of fra angelico, luca signorelli, sandro botticelli, correggio, jan van eyck, and stefan lochner. much the same can be said for other cultures : in every historical period, depictions of heaven provide a revealing index of what a society regards as the highest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5250099245158066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0a48046-956c-4157-be09-b31a2714c754>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.955407"}
{"text": "killdeerarticle free pass killdeer, ( charadrius, sometimes oxyechus, vociferus ), american bird that frequents grassy mud flats, pastures, and fields. it belongs to the plover family of shorebirds ( charadriidae, order charadriiformes ). the killdeer \u2019 s name is suggestive of its loud insistent whistle. the bird is about 25 centimetres ( 10 inches ) long, with a brown back and a white belly, and it has two black breast bands ( instead of one, as in other ringed plovers ). in flight it shows a black and white wing pattern and a brown tail. killdeers breed throughout north america and in northwestern south america ( and a few regularly visit iceland and western europe ). they migrate only to escape snow, returning in spring before most songbirds. killdeers are the ecologic equivalent of the lapwings of europe. they eat beetles, grasshoppers, dragonflies, and other insects. the nest is a scrape in the ground lined with pebbles. the male makes several such nests, and the female selects one of them. the eggs are four in number, grayish in colour, with black marks. the parents take turns incubating. hatching takes place in 24 days. both parents tend the chicks, which walk and feed themselves soon after hatching. intruders are lured away from the nesting area by a \u201c broken wing \u201d distraction behaviour, in which a parent bird limps or flutters along the ground, appearing to be injured. what made you want to look up \" killdeer \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4447855638614657, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c90daaa0-3f5a-46fa-bb0d-ba7b73febbd4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.957079"}
{"text": "the jewel tower, or \u2018 king \u2019 s privy wardrobe \u2019, was built c. 1365 to house edward iii \u2019 s treasures. one of only two buildings of the original palace of westminster to survive the fire of 1834, the tower features a 14th - century ribbed vault. it displays parliament past and present, a fascinating exhibition about the history of parliament. the second floor now includes illustrated panels, telling the story of this small but important building. it also contains a case holding a few of the old imperial weights and measures as the jewel tower was home to the weights and measures office between 1869 and 1938. the centrepiece of the display is eleven bronze measures from 1 / 4 gill to one bushel all dated between 1883 and 1895. there are also three george iv ( 1824 ) measures for one pint, a quart and a gallon. other items in the case include a case of apothecary \u2019 s measures pipettes and standards for one cubic inch, a troy pound, a 2lb weight and the very tiny grain weights in their original wooden box. more items of interest on this floor include various items that have been retrieved from our moat over the years, including wine bottles, a bowl and some jars. the palace of westminster sword can also been seen, which dates back to the early 9th century and was discovered during renovations just after the second world war. the remains of a moat and medieval quay are still visible outside. abingdon street, westminster, london, sw1p 3jx tel : 020 7222 2219 times : april \u2013 october, daily, 10. 00 \u2013 17. 00 november \u2013 march, saturday & sunday, 10. 00 \u2013 16. 00", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.446963633332097, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89b67ae0-7262-48b8-a06e-b1d0a796dffc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.958991"}
{"text": "published on brock university ( http : / / www. brocku. ca ) a brock university professor, a physician and a bracing specialist are teaming up on research to expand our knowledge of bone strength as well as re - think how we design back braces for people with scoliosis. and they \u2019 re inviting women across the niagara peninsula to take part in the project. the researchers are seeking young women, aged 18 - 30 years, who have or have had scoliosis, and who used a scoliosis brace during their adolescence. scoliosis is a medical condition characterized by curvature and rotation of the spine. bareket falk, a researcher in brock \u2019 s department of kineseology, is undertaking the project with partners alan rigby of the private - sector business niagara prosthetics and orthotics, and dr. matt greenway of the michael degroote school of medicine. falk said the researchers want to study how bracing may affect bone during the growing years, and whether flexible scoliosis braces are more effective than the rigid braces traditionally used by patients with scoliosis. importantly, the researchers are interested in examining how nutrition and exercise can be used to alleviate some of the potential effects of bracing. read the full story on the brock news for more information about bareket falk ' s research visit her faculty profile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5046213107191706, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:975ae7be-b7c4-4a0b-9141-b20c10af8a5b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.961503"}
{"text": "housepost, one of pair figurative posts often support the verandas of distinguished places such as important shrines or the dwellings of kings, titled elders, and priests. just as a post supports the house, the carved figures represent the individuals who support and uphold the leader in his office. this text refers to these objects : ' 82. 154. 2 ; 82. 154. 1 - culture : yoruba - medium : wood, pigment - place made : nigeria - dates : late 19th or early 20th century - dimensions : 64 x 9 1 / 4 x 6 in. ( 162. 6 x 23. 5 x 15. 2 cm ) ( show scale ) - collections : arts of africa - museum location : this item is on view in south gallery, 1st floor - accession number : 82. 154. 1 - credit line : gift of allen a. davis - rights statement : creative commons - by - caption : yoruba. housepost, one of pair, late 19th or early 20th century. wood, pigment, 64 x 9 1 / 4 x 6 in. ( 162. 6 x 23. 5 x 15. 2 cm ). brooklyn museum, gift of allen a. davis, 82. 154. 1. creative commons - by - catalogue description : carved wood figurative housepost painted red - brown, and composed of a seated female figure holding a child at the top. she wears a necklace, ear plugs, and a skirt, and is seated on a circular platform. beneath her is a figure of an equestrian figure, wearing a baldric, armrings and holds the handle of a flywhisk in his left hand. his cap painted blue. the whisk hangs over his left shoulder. he is seated on a saddle. the horse wears a bridle and stirrups. condition : there is an old break through the neck of the female figure that has been repaired, but area is still weak and must be handled with care. there are eroded portions throughout post and checking from age and wear. right arm of rider is missing. - record completeness : best ( 87 % )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47619560568829566, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79eaab36-a86f-4700-a41f-0414c49c3730>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.963426"}
{"text": "if we had a functional government, america would address three \u201c cliffs \u201d posing far larger dangers to us than the fiscal one : the child poverty cliff. between 2007 and 2011, the percentage of american school - age children living in poor households grew from 17 to 21 percent. last year, according to the agriculture department, nearly 1 in 4 young children lived in a family that had difficulty affording sufficient food at some point in the year. yet federal programs to help children and lower - income families \u2014 food stamps, aid for poor school districts, pell grants, child health care, child nutrition, pre - and post - natal care, and medicaid \u2014 are being targeted by the republican right. over 60 percent of the cuts in the gop \u2019 s most recent budget came out of these programs. even if these programs are preserved, they don \u2019 t go nearly far enough. but the obama administration doesn \u2019 t talk about reducing poverty in america. it talks only about preserving the middle class. yet unless we focus on better schools, better health, and improved conditions for these poor kids and their families, in a few years america will have a significant population of under - educated and desperate adults. the baby - boomer health care cliff. health care costs are already 18 percent of gdp. between now and 2030, when 76 million boomers join the ranks of the elderly, those costs will soar. this is the principal reason why the federal budget deficit is projected to grow. the affordable care act offers a start but it isn \u2019 t nearly adequate to limit these rising costs. the president and the democrats have to lead the way in using medicare and medicaid \u2019 s bargaining power over providers to get lower costs and to move from a fee - for - service system to a fee - for - healthy outcomes system of health care. but we can \u2019 t avoid the fact we have the most expensive and least effective system of health care in the world that \u2019 s spending 30 percent more on paperwork and administration than on keeping people healthy. the real health care cliff can only be avoided if we adopt a single - payer health care system. the environmental cliff. global emissions of carbon dioxide jumped 3 percent in 2011 and are expected to jump another 2. 6 percent this year according to scientists, putting the human race perilously close to the tipping point when ice caps irretrievably melt, sea - levels rise, and the amount of available cropland in the world becomes dangerously small. yet republicans ( and their patrons, such as charles and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4252521454110193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf6f3245-8712-4ec0-88ad-a30feb996815>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.966052"}
{"text": "if the print dialog box does not automatically appear, open the file menu and choose print. article published march 2, 2013 heed nature warnings theodore l. kneupper, ph. d. slippery rock township a recent scientific study found that the current rise of global temperatures of 1. 5 degrees could release from the siberian permafrost an additional trillion tons of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere as early as 2030. that addition would further accelerate climate change, particularly if we continue on the current level of using fossil fuels for energy, like petroleum, coal, fracked gas ( which has been found to release large amounts of escaped methane ), and tar sands oil that corporate leaders are so bent on extracting and profiting from. we already have been given the serious warnings by nature in terms of extensive droughts, storms and fires that have devastated many parts of the united states and other parts of the planet. i wonder whether the correct name for our species should be homo sapiens ( man being wise ) or, simply, \u201c homo sap \u201d ( man fool ). science has made possible the current condition of the planet through the technology it led to. that same science is telling us that our current way is moving toward conditions that very likely will be catastrophic, even possibly leading to our own extinction. the irony is that such a scenario is not necessary. while some are preaching that we are heading to the \u201c end times, \u201d science is warning only that this need not be if we reflect on the consequences of our behavior as individuals, as a nation, and as a species, and act with intelligence that understands how to avoid widespread suffering and possibly even our collective death. by our choices and actions, we will merit either the name \u201c homo sapiens \u201d or \u201c homo sap. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5223407248414147, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:651f7346-a4fe-46a2-9e25-9e5962d57204>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.967785"}
{"text": "according to the u. s. lightning detection network ( usldn ), the vast majority of states experience enough lightning activity each year to warrant consideration in your school ' s safety procedures. once the data is mapped, it ' s clear that the midwest and southeast are at greatest risk. however, truly any campus in many areas of states like colorado, nevada, utah, wyoming, montana, the dakotas, new york, pennsylvania, new jersey - - and even states in new england - - should prepare. lightning strikes kill 42 people per year at this point, the professionals in hazard analysis are probably asking themselves, \" yes, lightning occurs in my locale, but what are the consequences? \" consider this : according to the national weather service ( nws ), lightning has killed an average of 42 people per year over the last 10 years ( see chart ). run the numbers over the past 30 years, and that average is higher at 58. that number essentially ties the 30 - year average for annual fatalities due to tornadoes ; and solidly trumps the annual average of 48 hurricane deaths. so, from a life - safety perspective, is the amount of preparedness you invest into tornadoes and / or hurricanes commensurate to the risk of fatalities? as we dive into history, it is also important to note that the average annual fatality count from lightning has dropped significantly in recent decades. in the 1940s, an average in excess of 300 people died due to lightning strikes. that number dropped to 150 in the 1960s ; and 75 in the 1980s. that begs the question : why have the numbers decreased so significantly? is there less lightning? certainly not. is there new technology to protect against lightning? perhaps. are people better educated? we certainly hope so. let ' s take another look at the lightning fatality rate for 2000 to 2009. when you weight the number of fatalities by state population, a new and interesting trend arises. it ' s no surprise that among the top 10 deadliest states per capita are florida, alabama, mississippi and south carolina ( see cloud - to - ground lightning incidents in the continental united states chart ). however, there is another cluster of states : colorado, utah, montana, and south dakota. most notably, however, is the highlight on vermont and maine ( see lightning fatality rate chart ). based upon the cloud - to - ground lightning incidents chart, we could have almost eliminated new england completely from this discussion. however, throw in rhode island, and you have three of the highest fatality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.430573188120765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1dee5a75-320f-4279-a182-392da2880841>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.971670"}
{"text": "maine ( see lightning fatality rate chart ). based upon the cloud - to - ground lightning incidents chart, we could have almost eliminated new england completely from this discussion. however, throw in rhode island, and you have three of the highest fatality rates in the united states per state population. \" when thunder roars, head indoors \" a common misconception is that lightning is a highly localized phenomenon. there have been numerous cases of \" blue sky \" lightning strikes, where the individual thought he or she was far enough away or had enough time ahead of a thunderstorm to perhaps take in one more hole on the course. lightning can strike as far away as 10 miles. in some extreme cases, distances of up to 20 miles have been reported. coincidentally, this is also the approximate distance from which you can hear thunder. this is why the nws preaches, \" when thunder roars, head indoors. \" if you can hear thunder, you are close enough to be struck by lightning. the threat can also last well after it has stopped raining. this is the second half of what the nws calls the \" 30 - 30 rule. \" wait 30 minutes or more after hearing the last clap of thunder before leaving safe shelter. \" half an hour since thunder roars, now okay to go outdoors \" is a good saying for kids to remember. ncaa takes lightning safety seriously lightning also does not discriminate. who gets struck the most? of those killed by lightning in florida from 2000 - 2009 : - 98 percent were outdoors - 89 percent were male - 30 percent were 10 - 19 years old - 20 percent were 20 - 29 years old - 25 percent were standing under a tree - 25 percent occurred on or near a water body in line with these statistics, it is no surprise that the national collegiate athletic association ( ncaa ) takes lightning safety seriously. most lightning - related fatalities occur in children, teenagers and athletes who are outdoors. the ncaa has developed \" guideline 1d : lightning safety \" ( july 1997, revised june 2007 ). however, just like most guidelines, they are considered more recommendations than hard and fast rules. it is incumbent upon each institution to develop its own lightning safety program, policies, and procedures. it is also a self - monitored program, with the exception of post - season tournaments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4569556993126788, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1dee5a75-320f-4279-a182-392da2880841>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.972533"}
{"text": "i am sure that most of you have seen the epic movie zulu and the subsequent movie zulu dawn that depicts the events preceding \u201c zulu \u201d the defense of rorkes drift. if you haven \u2019 t seen these movies i highly recommend them. the battle of isandlwana took place on22 jan 1879 between the british and king cetshwayo \u2019 s zulu impis. in the space of a few hours over 1200 british troops ( includes loyal natives ) were wiped out. lt melvill was the 1 / 24th \u2019 s adjutant, he was tasked with saving the battalion \u2019 s queens colour. lt melvill broke out and as the trail to rorkes drift was blocked by zulu he was forced to make for an alternative ford ( drift ) across the buffalo river, this is now know as fugitive \u2019 s drift. counter to popular belief, it was only here at the buffalo river that lt coghill joined his brother officer. coghill had already reached the further bank, but he turned back to assist the dismounted melvill, coghill \u2019 s horse was shot from under him. the two exhausted officers found themselves stranded on \u201c coffin rock \u201d in the buffalo river, with the zulus taking pot shots at them. they swam the river ( which was in flood ) and made a last stand on the further bank. the history books tell us they made 200 yds up the further bank. in the movie zulu dawn they are slain on the bank. every one agrees they made their last stand with their backs to a huge rock and that is where thekir tomb stands. the tomb of lt melvill vc and lt coghill vc. this was taken july 2009 with my back to the buffalo river, over the skyline and they would have probably been safe. standing at the tomb looking to their crossing point of the buffalo river my lecia gives the distance to the river as 650 meters! a tough walk under any conditions. a view of fugitives drift, from the cliffs to the shallows in the foreground is where the majority are believed to have crossed. i think \u201c coffin rock \u201d is on the sand in the bend of the river, very close to the bank the zulu \u2019 s held. the trail from the battle field at isandlwana to the drift is dotted with white washed stone cairns marking the grave sites of fallen soldiers. one day i must return to walk that route, truly it is a beautiful place, a fitting place for brave men to be buried.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4308619688007521, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9c9baec-11a6-4a47-a48d-5a4cb8de515b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.974771"}
{"text": "( from a hebrew meaning \" the consoler \" ; septuagint, manaem ; aquila, manaen. ) manahem was king over israel, according to the chronology of kautsch ( hist. of o. t. literature, 185 ), from 743 b. c. ; according to schrader, from 745 - 736 b. c. the short reign of manahem is told in 2 kings 15 : 13 - 22. he was \" the son of gadi \", maybe a scion of the tribe of gad. josephus ( antiq. jud., ix, xi, 1 ) tells us he was a general of the army of israel. the sacred writer of 2 kings is apparently synopsizing the \" book of the words ( hebrew, ' deeds ' ) of the days of the kings of israel \", and gives scant details of the ten years that manahem reigned. when sellum conspired against and murdered zacharias in samaria, and set himself upon the throne of the northern kingdom, manahem refused to recognize the usurper ; he marched from thersa to samaria, about six miles westwards, laid siege to samaria, took it, murdered sellum, and set himself upon the throne. he next destroyed thapsa, which has not been located, put all its inhabitants to death, and treated even pregnant women in the revolting fashion of the time. the prophet osee ( vii, 1 - xiii, 15 ) describes the drunkenness and debauchery implied in the words \" he departed not from the sins of jeroboam. \" the reign of this military adventurer is important from the fact that therein the assyrian first entered the land of israel. \" and phul, king of the assyrians, came into the land, and manahem gave phul a thousand talents of silver \" ( 2 kings 15 : 19 ). it is now generally admitted that phul is tiglath - pileser iii of the cuneiform inscriptions. phul was probably his personal name and the one that first reached israel. his reign ( 745 - 728 b. c. ) had begun at most two years before manahem ' s. the assyrians may have been invited into israel by the assyrian party. osee speaks of the two anti - israelitic parties, the egyptian and assyrian ( vii, 11 ). the result of the expedition of tiglath - pileser was an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40836160781083364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:086afa4f-1504-4c19-b0a9-3df75801e923>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.980010"}
{"text": "the assyrians may have been invited into israel by the assyrian party. osee speaks of the two anti - israelitic parties, the egyptian and assyrian ( vii, 11 ). the result of the expedition of tiglath - pileser was an exorbitant tribute imposed upon rezin of damascus and manahem of samaria ( mi - ni - hi - im - mi sa - mi - ri - na - ai ). this tribute, 1000 talents of silver ( about $ 1, 700, 000 ) was exacted by manahem from all the mighty men of wealth. each paid fifty shekels of silver - - about twenty - eight dollars. there were, at the time, then, some 60, 000 \" that were mighty and rich \" in israel. in view of this tribute, tiglath - pileser returned to assyria. manahem seems to have died a natural death. his son phaceia reigned in his stead. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. in the past century the church has grown both extensively and intensively among english - speaking peoples. their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. browse the catholic encyclopedia by topic copyright \u00a9 catholic encyclopedia. robert appleton company new york, ny. volume 1 : 1907 ; volume 2 : 1907 ; volume 3 : 1908 ; volume 4 : 1908 ; volume 5 : 1909 ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46813232679708766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:086afa4f-1504-4c19-b0a9-3df75801e923>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.981008"}
{"text": "what issues affect children and young people today? on our blog, our volunteers, staff, leaders and the young people we work with share their experiences and tackle the issues. let us know what you think \u2013 leave a comment or send us a message about what you find on our blog. the state of support for families seeking protection in the uk each year around 20, 000 people, including unaccompanied children, seek asylum in the uk. having fled war and persecution, most of these children and families arrive destitute, having left most of their possessions behind. as a result, they can ' t afford basic essentials, such as accommodation, food, nappies and clothing for their children. while the home office processes a family ' s asylum application the parents are usually not allowed to work or claim standard benefits like income support, child benefit or disability living allowance. instead they receive help from the home office for accommodation and / or subsistence, known as section 95 or section 4 asylum support. asylum support has dropped significantly the level of ' mainstream ' out - of - work benefits available for families with children is insufficient and leaves families living below the poverty line. over the past two decades the level of asylum support provided to children and families has dropped significantly compared to these benefits. before 1996, asylum seekers received 90 % of income support, a comparable \u2018 mainstream \u2019 out - of - work benefit. however, in 2000 this was reduced to 70 % and in 2008 the link with income support was broken completely. as our chart shows, levels of cash support vary for different families. this means that in some cases families on home office support today receive as little as 50 % of the support received by families on income support. asylum - seeking families can fall far below the poverty line these levels of support leave families living far below the poverty line. an asylum - seeking couple with a young child lives on cash support of \u00a35 - 6 a day for each family member, compared to the poverty line, which is around \u00a311 a day for each family member. the government argues that levels of asylum support should be lower because families that receive it have their accommodation and utilities paid for. however, families on income support who have nowhere to live may be able to access additional payments under housing benefit to help cover costs of accommodation. as our chart demonstrates, even when support with utility bills are taken into account, a family on asylum support may receive nearly \u00a340 a week less than a similar family on income support, leaving them further below the poverty line. families with disabled children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4215367909007043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77652e13-d64f-4bc3-8f56-651168a6f1bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.985733"}
{"text": ". as our chart demonstrates, even when support with utility bills are taken into account, a family on asylum support may receive nearly \u00a340 a week less than a similar family on income support, leaving them further below the poverty line. families with disabled children receive no additional support adult and child asylum seekers are more likely to suffer from physical or mental health problems than the general uk public. the british medical association estimates that two - thirds of refugees have experienced significant mental distress, and one in six arrives in the uk with a physical health problem severe enough to affect their lives. in comparison, around one in every 20 children living in the uk has a disability. although asylum seekers are three times more likely to suffer from a disability than a uk citizen, they do not receive any additional financial support for their disability. ( the ' mainstream ' benefits system provides for the substantial additional costs of living with a disability. this amounts to around an extra \u00a350 for a disabled child, \u00a330 extra for a single disabled adult and \u00a340 extra for a couple with a disabled adult. ) inquiry into levels of asylum support for children and young people on 30 october a panel of mps, peers and other experts, supported by us, launched an inquiry into the levels of asylum support for children and young people. over the next few weeks the panel will hear evidence from affected families, experts and academics. the panel will address whether the amount of support is sufficient, and if gaps are identified, how the system should be improved. the call for written evidence ends on 7 december. for more information please contact nadine ibbetson by email or call 0207 841 4400 ( ext 3016 ). by david hounsell, economic advisor read more and get involved - learn more about the inquiry - read the inquiry launch press release - read about our work with young refugees and migrants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4280923274340239, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77652e13-d64f-4bc3-8f56-651168a6f1bd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.986471"}
{"text": "the signature report of the federal interagency forum on child and family statistics, america ' s children : key national indicators of well - being features statistics on children and families in the united states across a range of domains, including family and social environment, economic circumstances, health care, physical environment and safety, behavior, education and health. a working group of 22 federal agencies, the forum fosters coordination, collaboration, and integration of federal efforts to collect, analyze and report data on conditions and trends in issues related to child and family well - being. the forum also has partners in private research organizations. forum members, federal statistical agency representatives, and child development researchers will share current measurement strategies and discuss opportunities for collecting and reporting information about young children ' s social emotional development in the federal statistical system. event agenda 351 kb the progress in international reading literacy study ( pirls ) 2011 is the third administration of this international comparison. pirls is used to compare over time the reading skills of 4th - grade students and is designed to align broadly with reading curricula in the participating countries. more info the trends in international mathematics and science study ( timss ) 2011 is the fifth administration of this international comparative study. timss is used to compare over time the mathematics and science knowledge and skills of fourth - and eighth - graders. more info america ' s children in brief, 2012 was featured on cspan, friday, july 13th. hear the taped video program, featuring forum member dr. ed sondik, director of the national center for health statistics, at http : / / www. c - spanvideo. org / program / wjed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46348480594191815, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd0262ca-1116-4fee-b6f9-5a54e255c1bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:20.989505"}
{"text": "development of a stem cell - based transplantation strategy for treating age - related macular degeneration early translational i stem cell use : adult stem cell age related macular degeneration ( amd ) is a blinding disease of the elderly affecting nearly one in three individuals over the age of 75. central vision is lost in amd, severely impairing the ability to read, watch television, or drive. the epicenter of amd is the retinal pigment epithelium ( rpe ), a single layer of cells in the retina adjacent to the photoreceptor cells. a recent breakthrough in amd research showed that this disease is caused in about 50 % of cases by the innate immune system ( complement system ) inappropriately attacking rpe cells. specifically, amd results when regulators of the complement system, which normally protect the rpe, are weakened by mutations. this sickens and later kills the rpe, causing secondary degeneration of photoreceptors in the central retina ( macula ). the goal of this proposal is to develop a strategy for transplanting stem - cell derived rpe cells into the eyes of patients with amd. in the past, transplantation of rpe cells from postmortem donors yielded encouraging initial therapeutic effects that subsequently failed due to immune rejection. current stem - cell technology offers the opportunity to avoid this complication. we plan to generate functional rpe cells from stem cells of the ciliary margin zone ( cmz ) in the eye, or pluripotent stem cells induced from skin fibroblasts ( ips cells ) taken from the same amd patient who will later receive the induced rpe cells as a transplant. the study of inherited blindness has benefited greatly from mouse genetic models, where new potential therapies can be tested and developed. one aim of this proposal is to produce rpe cells from mouse and human cmz - and ips - cell precursors. to establish that these cells are functional, we will test for two hallmarks of a fully differentiated rpe : ( i ) the ability to convert vitamin a into visual chromophore for photoreceptor - opsin pigments, and ( ii ) the ability to phagocytose photoreceptor outer - segments. in a later aim we will transplant these induced rpe cells into the eyes of two genetic \u201c knockout \u201d mice that lack the ability to synthesize visual chromophore. we will test for rescue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5139513098895141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a292bac5-5f54-4704-b2c9-866df56c616d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.021938"}
{"text": "photoreceptor outer - segments. in a later aim we will transplant these induced rpe cells into the eyes of two genetic \u201c knockout \u201d mice that lack the ability to synthesize visual chromophore. we will test for rescue of the biochemical defects, and correction of the blindness in these mutant mice. in another experiment, we will add to the induced rpe cells a gene that protects from inappropriate complement activation. these cells will be transplanted into the eyes of two other knockout mouse - models of amd that exhibit abnormal activation of the complement system. we will study these mice to establish correction of the immune defect. finally, we will test the safety of cmz - and ips - derived rpe cells by transplanting them into immune - deficient mice to confirm no tumor formation. at the end of the grant period, we expect to have a new and well - tested stem - cell based transplantation strategy that will be ready for phase - one clinical trials in amd patients. statement of benefit to california : this proposal is to develop a stem - cell based transplantation approach for treating age - related macular degeneration ( amd ). amd is a severe and common disease of the elderly that causes central blindness. the prevalence of amd increases with advancing age. by 75 years, approximately one in three individuals have some degree of visual loss due to amd. thus amd is significantly more prevalent than alzheimer disease. patients with amd lose the ability to drive, read, watch tv, and recognize faces. with advancing visual impairment, amd patients lose the ability to care for themselves and others. thus, amd imposes a large social and economic burden on our society. as the population in california ages, this burden is expected to increase. the stem - cell based transplantation strategy in this proposal offers the real potential of slowing or arresting the progression of blindness in amd patients. this alone would represent an important benefit to the people of california. further, the project would advance innovative technology in stem cell therapy. this technology has application to other neurodegenerative diseases. the project will train new stem - cell researchers in california. as the project enters the clinical phase, it will engage new scientists and physicians and attract funding by the federal government. further, the opportunity to treat a hugely prevalent disease like amd will undoubtedly attract biotechnology investment in california. this stem - cell based transplantation approach to treat a major disease like amd is well - aligned with the broad mission of cirm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5343977925419845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a292bac5-5f54-4704-b2c9-866df56c616d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.023290"}
{"text": "on december 10, 1948 the general assembly of the united nations adopted and proclaimed the universal declaration of human rights. it has been translated into more than 350 languages worldwide, and more than 100 african languages. the full text of its 30 articles in english can be found by clicking the subsequent links. whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations, whereas the peoples of the united nations have in the charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, whereas member states have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation with the united nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, the general assembly, proclaims this universal declaration of human rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of member states themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5010934167295171, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20a3e08f-70d0-4b02-8fe4-e62107e00ad4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.027775"}
{"text": "a 25 - year - old prediction of water scarcity in the southwest holds true, study finds in 1986, environmental journalist marc reisner published cadillac desert : the american west and its disappearing water, a landmark book surveying water use in the american southwest. having interviewed hundreds of people about the southwest and learned the history of the region \u2019 s water infrastructure, reisner concluded that more water was being pulled out of the west \u2019 s waterways than could be naturally replenished. he said the southwest was due to run short on water, soon. nearly 25 years later, a group of researchers has put reisner \u2019 s assertion to the test, checking to see if there is any scientific truth behind it. armed with modern data from across the southwest, the group, led by ecologist john sabo from arizona state university, found that many of reisner \u2019 s claims were legitimate, and still hold true today. \u201c we asked, is it really as bad as [ reisner ] said it is in the book, and are we still where we were in 1986? \u201d explains sabo, who assembled a group of experts to assess water, dams, fish, soil and crops across the southwest using modern techniques. \u201c now we know the answer to both those questions : yes. \u201d the findings from the new study have been published online in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( pnas ). revisiting the cadillac desert water levels in lake mead, pictured here in november 2008, reached a record low in october 2010. credit : flickr / wenzday01. in his book, reisner claimed that humans were consuming most of the water from southwestern streams and rivers. the new review of watersheds shows that water users in the southwest are already drawing on 76 percent of the available surface water to support more than 50 million people living in the region. moreover, says sabo, water usage could climb to as high as 86 percent if the population doubles in the southwest. like all cities, those in the west and southwest import water for people to use in their homes and businesses, as well as for industrial purposes. but this only accounts for a small portion of the total. farming in arid states like california, arizona, colorado, and new mexico requires a remarkably large amount of water compared to farms in eastern states. according to the study \u2019 s findings, it is this water - intensive agriculture that makes los angeles, las vegas and phoenix the three largest water - consuming cities in the country. after surveying the great western water reservoirs, such as lake", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.412241711397767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3472d914-155b-4aac-8f19-4e3f7d61fd8f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.036372"}
{"text": "in eastern states. according to the study \u2019 s findings, it is this water - intensive agriculture that makes los angeles, las vegas and phoenix the three largest water - consuming cities in the country. after surveying the great western water reservoirs, such as lake mead and lake powell, reisner also claimed that the build - up of sediments would eventually ruin the lakes for water storage and perhaps even electricity generation. the new study, however, found that sediment isn \u2019 t accumulating fast enough in these reservoirs to fill them completely in the next 100 years, although sediment has already reduced the ability of these lakes to deliver water to cities and farms. sabo and his collaborators also found that, true to reisner \u2019 s original conclusions, the buildup of salt in the soil is particularly damaging to crops in the southwest. though salt accumulation is a potential threat to agriculture in many parts of the world, the study found that the southwest is more vulnerable than other parts of the u. s. looking at a broader scale, the study estimates that farming revenue losses are ten times higher in the american west compared to the east \u2014 on the order of about $ 2. 5 billion each year. the already limited water resources in the southwest have been further stressed over the past decade, during which a persistent drought has affected the region. in october 2010, lake mead in nevada reached a record low level and is currently only about eight feet higher than the designated level of a critical water shortage. with the region so prone to drought, and potentially even more dry weather in the coming decades as the climate continues to change, sabo says it \u2019 s important to find a way to cut back on the amount of water the southwest is using. many computer models project further drying in the southwest as a consequence of global climate change. \u201c the message is that this is a regional problem, \u201d says sabo, \u201c and that leaders from six u. s. states need to work together to make sure we keep more water running in the rivers. \u201d reclaiming sustainable water in the southwest the original lesson from cadillac desert is familiar to southwesterners, who have heard warnings about water scarcity for years. these new findings lend further credibility to the idea that the region \u2019 s population is living beyond its water limits. but according to peter gleick, president of the pacific institute and a long time researcher of global water resources, identifying the problems in the southwest hasn \u2019 t lead to the implementation of enough solutions over the past two decades. in a companion paper published in the same issue of p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44771149688661205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3472d914-155b-4aac-8f19-4e3f7d61fd8f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.037518"}
{"text": "the canadian military history gateway is an online service providing access to websites and digitized resources about canada ' s military history. the gateway was developed by the directorate of history and heritage at department of national defence ( dnd ) as an initiative supported by the national defence on - line ( ndol ) programme and the department of canadian heritage ' s canadian culture online program. the goal of the gateway is to \" provide the public with free access to the collective military history resources of canadian museums, libraries, archives and other heritage organizations through a single, dynamic and intuitive gateway \". in drawing the sources of canada ' s military heritage together, the gateway provides an opportunity for all canadians to learn about a history that has shaped their country. to realize this goal, the leading institutions responsible for the collection and digitization of cultural resources related to canada ' s military heritage have formed a partnership to work together in building and maintaining this story of canada. these institutions are : the gateway is designed to be the authoritative source for quality - controlled information on canada ' s military history. it provides several ways to discover, access and exploit online military history resources, including a graphical interactive timeline, enhanced search and guided navigation. it also provides a concise military history of canada from 1000 - 2000 a. d. through the online presentation of the three volume canadian military heritage series ( by bernier and chartrand ). site visitors can access : more partners will be engaged over time to enrich and expand the story further. we gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance provided by :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4523773940125253, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0271ecd-41b1-44a0-808c-8ac9ddcd9aec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.040997"}
{"text": "this archived web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. this page will not be altered or updated. web pages that are archived on the internet are not subject to the government of canada web standards. as per the communications policy of the government of canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the contact us page. department of english, university of victoria \" symbols are what unite and divide people. symbols give us our identity, our self - image, our way of explaining ourselves to others. symbols in turn determine the kinds of stories we tell ; and the stories we tell determine the kind of history we make and remake. \" - - mary robinson, inauguration speech as president of ireland, december 3, 1990 in recent years museums, archives, and libraries have become known increasingly as \" memory institutions, \" a phrase reflecting our growing awareness of what is called cultural or collective memory. originally coined by maurice halbwachs, \" collective memory \" distinguishes group memory from individual memory, and refers to both the collection of memories shared in a common culture, as well as the mechanisms by which a community or group remembers key events as part of larger narratives of identity and belonging. the questions associated with collective memory have come to preoccupy researchers across a broad range of disciplines including cultural theorists, cognitive scientists, philosophers, linguists, geographers, sociologists and economists. historiographers and political scientists also recognize, through their different disciplinary lenses, how significant collective memory has been in shaping the ways by which people come to know and identify themselves. this knowledge of who we are - - individually and collectively - - seems so inextricably bound up with memory, that questions about how collective memory is constructed, shared, narrated, performed and transmitted across groups and generations resonate far beyond the academic realm. politically, issues of collective memory and identity face policy makers who confront national, ethnic and religious divides. in the world of business, heritage tourism commercializes and creates collective memory, as do advertisers, media conglomerates and marketers. at its most philosophical, the inquiry into collective memory is founded on two perennial riddles : the ontological question, \" who am i? \" and the epistemological puzzle, \" how do i know what i know? \" this ever - growing field of inquiry acknowledges that far from being fixed and stable, the symbols and narratives shaping collective memory and cultural identity originate in an ever - shifting assortment of heritage objects and events. in shared spaces - - virtual as well as geographic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5522418291818438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61005bed-c390-4609-adcc-426acf90e536>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.055951"}
{"text": "\" this ever - growing field of inquiry acknowledges that far from being fixed and stable, the symbols and narratives shaping collective memory and cultural identity originate in an ever - shifting assortment of heritage objects and events. in shared spaces - - virtual as well as geographic - - events, landmarks and monuments, communal rituals, public celebrations, visual images, sounds, music, texts, and more recently, key films as well as radio and tv broadcasts, are invested with shared symbolic significance. they are becoming, in pierre nora ' s resonant phrase, \" lieux de memoire \" or \" sites of memory, \" around which shared memories and associated identities are woven, consolidated and communicated. contemporary irish experience exemplifies the dynamic and contingent nature of collective memory. ireland ' s recent cultural, social and economic dislocations have resulted in widespread public debate challenging received wisdom about the country ' s collection of memories, its heritages and its national narratives. new \" sites of memory \" are under construction and these sites underpin new narratives of collective identity celebrating ethnic and sectarian diversity, urban as well as rural cultures, class - based and gendered heritages, and collective memories of emigration and of the irish diaspora. few institutions in western culture have been as affected by this turn to collective memory as our \" memory institutions, \" those archives, museums and libraries that are the official repositories of memory, entrusted with the task of collecting and preserving cultural heritage. in the past, national memory institutions have been closely identified with the preservation and production of national memory and with questions of what to include and even more importantly ( in the words of french historian ernest renan ) what to forget. today ' s digitized collections may increase the range and quantity of symbolic objects that memory institutions store and represent, but the old questions of organization, of taxonomy and of the constructed narratives inherent in these digital objects are more problematic than ever. what is to be included and what is to be excluded? how do we navigate these collections? what organizational principles are at play? whose collective narratives, histories, identities are being constructed, by whom and for whom? for generations of immigrant - emigrant communities, including canadians of irish origin, these questions are neither new nor academic, but critical in adapting to a new canadian homeland. however clumsy, sentimental or self - serving it may appear in its various iterations, collective memory in diasporic communities provides a necessary bridge between old and adopted cultures, constructing, in mary robinson ' s words, the symbols that create identity, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.540445412917356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61005bed-c390-4609-adcc-426acf90e536>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.057485"}
{"text": "is the standard method used by scientists to determine the age of certain fossilized remains. as scientists will often claim something to be millions or billions of years old ( ages that do not conform to the biblical account of the age of the earth ), christians are often left wondering about the accuracy of the carbon - 14 method. the truth is, carbon - 14 dating ( or radiocarbon dating, as it \u2019 s also called ) is not a precise dating method in many cases, due to faulty assumptions and other limitations on this method. has a weight of twelve atomic mass units ( amu \u2019 s ), and is the building block of all organic matter ( plants and animals ). a small percentage of carbon atoms have an atomic weight of 14 amu \u2019 s. this is carbon - 14. carbon - 14 is an unstable, radioactive isotope of carbon 12. as with any radioactive isotope, carbon - 14 decays over time. the half - life of carbon 14 is approximate 5, 730 years. that means if you took one pound of 100 percent carbon - 14, in 5, 730 years, you would only have half a pound left. created in the upper atmosphere as nitrogen atoms are bombarded by cosmic radiation. for every one trillion carbon - 12 atoms, you will find one carbon - 14 atoms. the carbon - 14 that results from the reaction caused by cosmic radiation quickly changes to carbon dioxide, just like normal carbon - 12 would. plants utilize, or \u201c breath in \u201d carbon dioxide, then ultimately release oxygen for animals to inhale. the carbon - 14 dioxide is utilized by plants in the same way normal carbon dioxide is. this carbon - 14 dioxide then ends up in humans and other animals as it moves up the food chain. there is then a ratio of carbon - 14 to carbon - 12 in the bodies of plants, humans, and other animals that can fluctuate, but will be fixed at the time of death. after death, the carbon - 14 would begin to decay at the rate stated above. in 1948, dr. w. f. libby introduced the carbon - 14 dating method at the university of chicago. the premise behind the method is to determine the ratio of carbon - 14 left in organic matter, and by doing so, estimate how long ago death occurred by running the ratio backwards. the accuracy of this method, however, relies on several faulty assumptions. carbon - 14 dating to be accurate, one must assume the rate of decay of carbon - 14 has remained constant over the years. however, evidence indicates that the opposite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4906223021039798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4420ef-da3e-4c61-885f-478078194d0d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.069337"}
{"text": "ratio backwards. the accuracy of this method, however, relies on several faulty assumptions. carbon - 14 dating to be accurate, one must assume the rate of decay of carbon - 14 has remained constant over the years. however, evidence indicates that the opposite is true. experiments have been performed using the radioactive isotopes of uranium - 238 and iron - 57, and have shown that rates can and do vary. in fact, changing the environments surrounding the samples can alter decay rates. the second faulty assumption is that the rate of carbon - 14 formation has remained constant over the years. there are a few reasons to believe this assumption is erroneous. the industrial revolution greatly increased the amount of carbon - 12 released into the atmosphere through the burning of coal. also, the atomic bomb testing around 1950 caused a rise in neutrons, which increased carbon - 14 concentrations. the great flood which noah and family survived would have uprooted and / or buried entire forests. this would decrease the release of carbon - 12 to the atmosphere through the decay carbon - 14 dating to be accurate, the concentrations of carbon - 14 and carbon - 12 must have remained constant in the atmosphere. in addition to the reasons mentioned in the previous paragraph, the flood provides another evidence that this is a faulty assumption. during the flood, subterranean water chambers that were under great pressure would have been breached. this would have resulted in an enormous amount of carbon - 12 being released into the oceans and atmosphere. the effect would be not unlike opening a can of soda and having the carbon dioxide fizzing out. the water in these subterranean chambers would not have contained carbon - 14, as the water was shielded from cosmic radiation. this would have upset the ratio of carbon - 14 to carbon - 12. to make carbon - 14 dating work, dr. libby also assumed that the amount of carbon - 14 being presently produced had equaled the amount of carbon - 12 \u2013 he assumed that they had reached a balance. the formation of carbon - 14 increases with time, and at the time of creation was probably at or near zero. since carbon - 14 is radioactive, it begins to decay immediately as it \u2019 s formed. if you start with no carbon - 14 in the atmosphere, it would take over 50, 000 years for the amount being produced to reach equilibrium with the amount decaying. one of the reasons we know that the earth is less than 50, 000 years old is because of the biblical record. another reason we can know this is because the amount of carbon - 14 in the atmosphere is only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4574864581123127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4420ef-da3e-4c61-885f-478078194d0d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.070610"}
{"text": "equilibrium with the amount decaying. one of the reasons we know that the earth is less than 50, 000 years old is because of the biblical record. another reason we can know this is because the amount of carbon - 14 in the atmosphere is only 78 % what it would be if the earth were libby and the evolutionist crowd have assumed that all plant and animal life utilize carbon - 14 equally as they do carbon - 12. to be grammatically crass, this ain \u2019 t necessarily so. live mollusks off the hawaiian coast have had their shells dated with the carbon - 14 method. these test showed that the shells died 2000 years ago! this news came as quite a shock to the mollusks that had been using those shells until just recently. we \u2019 ve listed five faulty assumptions here that have caused overestimates of age using the carbon - 14 method. the list of non - compliant dates from this method is endless. most evolutionists today would conclude that carbon - 14 dating is \u2013 at best \u2013 reliable for only the last 3000 to 3500 years. there is another reason that carbon - 14 dating has yielded questionable results \u2013 human bias. if you \u2019 ve ever been part of a medical study, you \u2019 re probably familiar with the terms \u201c blind study \u201d and \u201c double - blind study \u201d. in a blind study, using carbon - 14 dating for example, a person would send in a few quality control samples along with the actual sample to the laboratory. the laboratory analyst should not know which sample is the one of interest. in this way, the analyst could not introduce bias into the dating of the actual sample. in a double - blind study ( using an experimental drug study as an example ), some patients will be given the experimental drug, while others will be given a placebo ( a harmless sugar pill ). neither the patients nor the doctors while know who gets what. this provides an added layer of protection against bias. that do not fit a desired theory are often excluded by alleging cross - contamination of the sample. in this manner, an evolutionist can present a sample for analysis, and tell the laboratory that he assumes the sample to be somewhere between 50, 000 years old and 100, 000 years old. dates that do not conform to this estimate are thrown out. repeated testing of the sample may show nine tests that indicate an age of 5000 to 10, 000 years old, and one test that shows an age of 65, 000 years old. the nine results showing ages that do not conform to the pre - supposed theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5101591250972737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4420ef-da3e-4c61-885f-478078194d0d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.071599"}
{"text": "testing of the sample may show nine tests that indicate an age of 5000 to 10, 000 years old, and one test that shows an age of 65, 000 years old. the nine results showing ages that do not conform to the pre - supposed theory are excluded. this is bad science, and it is practiced all the time to fit with the evolutionary model. the shroud of turin, claimed to be the burial cloth of christ, was supposedly dated by a blind test. actually, the control specimens were so dissimilar that the technicians at the three laboratories making the measurements could easily tell which specimen was from the shroud. this would be like taking a piece of wood and two marbles and submitting them to the lab with the instructions that \u201c one of these is from an ancient ponderosa pine, guess which. \u201d the test would have been blind if the specimens had been reduced to carbon powder before they were given to the testing laboratories. humans are naturally biased. we tend to see what we want to see, and explain away unwanted data. perhaps the best description of the problem in attempting to use the carbon - 14 dating method is to be found in the words of dr. robert lee. in 1981, he wrote an article for the anthropological journal of canada, in which stated : troubles of the radiocarbon dating method are undeniably deep and serious. despite 35 years of technological refinement and better understanding, the underlying assumptions have been strongly challenged, and warnings are out that radiocarbon may soon find itself in a crisis situation. continuing use of the method depends on a fix - it - as - we - go approach, allowing for contamination here, fractionation there, and calibration whenever possible. it should be no surprise then, that fully half of the dates are rejected. the wonder is, surely, that the remaining half has come to be accepted \u2026. no matter how useful it is, though, the radiocarbon method is still not capable of yielding accurate and reliable results. there are gross discrepancies, the chronology is uneven and relative, and the accepted dates are actually the selected dates. \u201d accuracy of carbon - 14 dating relies on faulty assumptions, and is subject to human bias. at best, radiocarbon dating is only accurate for the past few thousand years. as we \u2019 ve seen though, even relatively youthful samples are often dated incorrectly. the biblical record gives us an indication of an earth that is relatively young. the most reliable use of radiocarbon dating supports that position. this method of dating, overall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.480597516626158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4420ef-da3e-4c61-885f-478078194d0d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.072565"}
{"text": "thinkfirst : injury prevention for kids cottage rehabilitation hospital, the home of the santa barbara county chapter of thinkfirst for kids and teens, has presented the thinkfirst for kids and teens injury prevention program to approximately 10, 000 students since 1993. crh offers the program as community outreach at no cost. healthcare professionals who treat patients with traumatic injuries have developed and implemented \u201c thinkfirst \u201d over the last 20 years in an attempt to prevent young people from sustaining brain and spinal cord injuries. young people take risks and, consequently, disproportionately sustain brain and spinal cord injuries. four common causes of brain and spinal cord injuries are : - motor vehicle crashes think first for kids and teens educates elementary and secondary school students to think first, to use good judgment to minimize risk of injury, as they play, explore, and choose activities. during one - hour presentations, healthcare professionals explain the anatomy and the vulnerability of the brain and spinal cord, the risks and consequences of brain and spinal cord injury, and simple injury prevention strategies. accompanying the healthcare professionals are \u201c vips \u201d ( voice for injury prevention ), individuals who have sustained brain or spinal cord injuries themselves, who share their experiences and discuss the physical, social, and emotional effects of their injuries. the simple message they urge their young listeners to take home is that it is possible to have a fun - filled, exciting life, without hurting yourself if you think first and use your mind to protect your body. last year, the orfalea fund, through a generous grant, made it possible for team members from cottage rehabilitation hospital and rehabilitation hospital foundation to meet with brian sarvis ed. d., superintendent of santa barbara school district, and his staff to propose implementation of the \u201c thinkfirst \u201d program in the district. as a result, the program will offer 30 \u201c think first \u201d assemblies and classroom presentations in the elementary and junior high schools in the santa barbara school district during calendar year 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.503008777544153, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ef9c156-9f21-4bc1-a458-233cbc8d5c49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.075150"}
{"text": "webmd medical news laura j. martin, md oct. 21, 2011 - - frequent hand washing will keep those nasty bugs at bay, right? not if you \u2019 re using a public bathroom. paper dispensers, hand dryers, door handles - - all the things you touch after scrubbing - - are contaminated with all sorts of menacing microbes, sometimes too many to count. \" we documented extensive bacterial contamination of high \u2010 touch environmental sites in 22 public restrooms and aircraft, \" says researcher lennox archibald, md, phd, of the college of medicine, university of florida, in gainesville. translation : bathrooms in restaurants, resorts, hospitals, and even libraries are crawling with bugs that can cause everything from diarrhea to wound infections. \" you can go paranoid thinking about it, \" archibald tells webmd. there ' s been virtually no research into how many bacteria, and how many different types of bacteria, lie in wait in public restrooms, he says. so from december 2010 through february 2011, his team descended on restrooms inside four commercial aircraft and 18 public places, including a mall, a hospital, offices, a lecture hall, a conference center, department stores, restaurants, an airport, and a resort. they swabbed and cultured what archibald calls \" high - touch \" areas - - faucets, paper dispenser levers, and doorknobs and handles. the researchers hit the microorganism jackpot. they recovered staph, which can cause everything from boils to antibiotic - resistant infections. they found e. coli. they cultured enterococcus, a fecal bug that can cause urinary tract infections and wound infections. and more. cultures of high \u2010 touch sites in three hospital restrooms yielded seven bugs that are responsible for two \u2010 thirds of hospital \u2010 associated infections. the findings were presented at the annual meeting of the infectious diseases society of america ( idsa ) in boston. for archibald, one solution is to hold it in. \" i only use bathrooms on very long - distance flights, \" he says. for those times when you have to go, carry paper towels or tissues to protect your hands after washing, he says. william schaffner, md, chair of idsa ' s immunization work group and head of preventive medicine at vanderbilt university medical center in nashville, has a more bug - friendly viewpoint. some bacteria boost our immune system, he tells webmd. \" we don ' t live in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44588064115826803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eba6963e-e324-4b52-b7f0-f47f2fa71a87>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.082643"}
{"text": "idsa ' s immunization work group and head of preventive medicine at vanderbilt university medical center in nashville, has a more bug - friendly viewpoint. some bacteria boost our immune system, he tells webmd. \" we don ' t live in a sterile world, \" schaffner says. \" you don ' t want to obsess. on the other hand, you want to be hygienic, \" he says. his tip : carry a little vial of hand sanitizer where ever you go. these findings were presented at a medical conference. they should be considered preliminary as they have not yet undergone the \" peer review \" process, in which outside experts scrutinize the data prior to publication in a medical journal. sources : 49th annual meeting of the infectious diseases society of america, boston, oct. 20 - 23, 2011. lennox archibald, md, phd, hospital epidemiologist, college of medicine, university of florida, gainesville. william schaffner, md, chair, preventive medicine, vanderbilt university medical center, nashville. here are the most recent story comments. view all the views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of cw arkansas the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.481796990989779, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eba6963e-e324-4b52-b7f0-f47f2fa71a87>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.085035"}
{"text": "learning german is worth the effort! why? because... - german is an important language in international communication. over 101 million people in the world speak german, around 20 million people throughout the world are learning german. in europe alone, 100 million people speak german as their mother tongue, not only in germany, but also in austria, switzerland, luxembourg and liechtenstein. this puts german amongst the twelve most commonly spoken languages in the world : 2. 1 % of the world population. within europe, german is the most widely spoken mother tongue. - german is an important language for trade. germany is a nation of global export significance. it has a strong economy and is the most important industrial and trading partner of indonesia within the european union. in the last 10 years, german has become a regional lingua - franca in the countries of central and eastern europe. as internationality and intercultural competence are key qualifications for successful business today, german language proficiency helps you to open up new markets and to be successful in global business and in the international labour market. - german occupies a firm place in science and the humanities. german, as the language of science and technology, plays an important role in research and education. in the 19th century, german, as the language of science and the humanities, occupied an important position in the world, more important than french, and even, in certain respects, english. nowadays, english is the dominant international language for science and the humanities. but in the global network of interdisciplinary and international co - operation german is still in high demand as a language in these spheres. modern german society is based on science : science and research occupy a firm place in public life in germany. - german, as a cultural language, opens up intellectual horizons. german culture manifests itself in different forms : from literature and music, through the theatre and films, and right on to architecture, painting, philosophy and art. knowledge of german enables you to get to know one of the great european cultures in the original. whether in the world of literature - goethe, schiller, kafka, grass -, the world of music - bach, mozart, beethoven, wagner -, that of philosophy - luther, kant, schopenhauer, nietzsche -, or of psychology - freud, adler, jung - or also the world of research and science - kepler, einstein, rontgen, planck \u2013 german is the language for great minds! - german opens the door to german university courses. although international courses at german universities enable you to study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4527687539368416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5439149-f6dd-4cab-a176-d1fe6c462b1c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.088639"}
{"text": "rare indeed is the person who has never had a skin rash, by far the most common complaint in any creature with a skin - covered body. although skin rashes have hundreds of causes, their common feature is an area of irritated or swollen skin, which may be characterized by redness, bumps, scaly patches, crusty patches, or blisters. skin rashes can develop instantaneously, over the course of several days, or over several months. if your rash has developed in less than one or two weeks, it may be easier for you \u2014 or your doctor or dermatologist \u2014 to determine its cause. the site of your rash may also offer some clues : for example, if you have a rash on your face, it could be acne or rosacea. if it occurs on your feet, it could be athlete ' s foot. if you see a rash around your waist, it could be shingles, a reactivation of the chicken pox infection you had as a child. perhaps most significantly \u2014 because it might affect your ability to work \u2014 would be a rash on your hands, wrists, or arms, which could be a sign of either irritant contact dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis. if your skin rash isn ' t limited to a specific area but affects large portions of your body, it could be the result of a drug reaction ; an immune system reaction, such as hives ; or an infection from various bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, such as scabies. home treatment for skin rashes if you notice a rash, it ' s important to determine its cause. in some cases, the cause may be easily identified. if you ' ve recently worked in a weedy area and you develop a red, itchy rash or leathery patches of skin, for example, you may have allergic contact dermatitis caused by poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac. if you ' ve just started taking a new medication and you develop a widespread rash, it could be an allergic drug reaction. in other cases, however, the cause of a rash may not be so obvious. if your skin is irritated or swollen from a rash, first try these self - care strategies : - avoidance. if you ' ve identified the offending substance, take steps to avoid coming in contact with it. - a zero - scratch policy. scratching makes any rash worse. cover a rash with bandages \u2014 especially cool, wet compresses \u2014 they ' ll soothe the itching", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4755361972848234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f5a1899-45c7-470d-a319-c21c0d62631d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.093226"}
{"text": "identified the offending substance, take steps to avoid coming in contact with it. - a zero - scratch policy. scratching makes any rash worse. cover a rash with bandages \u2014 especially cool, wet compresses \u2014 they ' ll soothe the itching so you won ' t want to scratch as much. other strategies include trimming your nails and wearing gloves while you sleep. - soothing baths. the irritation and itching of a rash often respond to soaks in bathwater containing baking soda, uncooked oatmeal, or oatmeal - based products such as aveeno. - comfortable clothing. choose smooth - textured fabrics such as cotton and silk, and launder clothes with mild, unscented detergents and fabric softeners. - anti - itch medications. topical over - the - counter products such as calamine lotion and 1 percent hydrocortisone, or oral over - the - counter antihistamines such as benadryl, may provide temporary relief. medical treatment for skin rashes if self - care strategies fail to clear up your rash, consult your doctor or dermatologist. also seek medical care if your rash is painful or infected, if it causes you to lose sleep, or if you suspect it ' s job - related. the treatment of a skin rash depends on its cause. based on your diagnosis, your doctor may recommend additional self - care measures or prescribe topical medications to combat bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitical infections. if your rash is severe, oral antibiotics and corticosteroids may be prescribed. although some skin rashes are inevitable \u2014 given that we ' re covered in skin \u2014 these nuisances can usually be countered with home remedies. persistent skin rashes can be effectively evaluated and treated by medical professionals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4208192556746366, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f5a1899-45c7-470d-a319-c21c0d62631d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.095635"}
{"text": "by mark st. john erickson, firstname. lastname @ example. org | 757 - 247 - 4783 february 10, 2013 no one could mistake the intent of the british warships that appeared at the mouth of the chesapeake bay early on the frosty morning of feb. 4, 1813. just one of the immense 74 - gun ships in this advance squadron boasted more firepower than all the cannons defending the elizabeth river in norfolk \u2014 and within weeks the number of tall masts and union jacks commanding the waters between lynnhaven bay and old point comfort would multiply many times over. not for several days, however, did the nature of the threat become clear to mariners, shopkeepers, farmers and militiamen sizing up his majesty ' s might from afar. about noon on feb. 8, a lookout aboard the hms maidstone spotted a sail approaching from the northwest. an hour later, after eluding several smaller british ships, the six - gun schooner lottery out of baltimore found itself becalmed off old point and beset by a swarm of enemy vessels. that ' s when the first cannon shots rang out, signaling the start of the war of 1812 in hampton roads. heard as far away as norfolk, the ferocious two - hour battle sparked a panic as residents loaded carts with furniture and raced to escape a feared invasion. but the thundering sound was merely the first salvo in a campaign of fire, plunder and fear that would terrorize tidewater and the bay for two years. bent on punishing the united states for declaring war the previous june, the royal navy would seize or burn hundreds of vessels, launch scores of hit - and - run raids and pillage untold numbers of farms and towns in an iron - fisted answer to the times of london ' s demand that \" america must be beaten into submission! \" \" the war of 1812 is a forgotten war \u2014 but it shouldn ' t be, \" says newport news historian j. michael moore, a contributor to the forthcoming book \" tread of the tyrant ' s heel : virginia ' s war of 1812 experience. \" \" for two years, the british raided up the james river as far as lawnes creek and jamestown. they raided warwick county. they attacked norfolk. they burned and plundered hampton. they marauded up the bay, attacking maryland and baltimore and burning washington. \" in the chesapeake bay, the british showed they could do just about anything they wanted. and if it wasn ' t for the civil war, this is the war we '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.436168198939572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b20fc63-032b-4199-886b-96af345a76a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.103303"}
{"text": "they marauded up the bay, attacking maryland and baltimore and burning washington. \" in the chesapeake bay, the british showed they could do just about anything they wanted. and if it wasn ' t for the civil war, this is the war we ' d be talking about today. \" a narrow escape designed to blunt the american invasion of canada by attacking the chesapeake, the advance elements of the british expeditionary force appeared without warning. among those who saw it first was capt. charles stewart of the frigate uss constellation, which had arrived from annapolis the night before and anchored off hampton roads. early the following morning, stewart woke to hear that british warships had entered the bay. but not long after weighing anchor and setting course to investigate, he came about and raced back for the channel at old point, straining to escape a lopsided clash with two ships of the line, three frigates, a brig and a schooner. when the tide and wind turned against him, the constellation seemed lost. but stewart doggedly dragged his becalmed frigate out of reach by kedging across hampton roads : hauling in the anchor, carrying it forward by rowboat and then dropping and hauling it in again and again. his crew labored for hours, struggling to pull themselves out of harm ' s way. even after grounding in the mudflats at the mouth of the james river, they toiled on, lightening the constellation until it refloated on the evening tide and found refuge under the guns of fort norfolk. \" it was a pretty close call, \" says williamsburg historian stuart l. butler, retired assistant branch chief of the national archives ' military archives division and author of the new book \" defending the old dominion : virginia and its militia in the war of 1812. \" \" he almost didn ' t escape \u2014 and he knew he could never take on a force like that in battle. \" a call to arms that was the same conclusion lt. col. henry howard of york county reached after debriefing a cavalryman who had seen the british fleet come in and assemble some 8 miles from his post at buckroe. sizing up his volunteers from elizabeth city, york and james city counties in the face of this dire threat, howard warned gov. james barbour on feb. 5 that the \" situation is truly alarming. \" the militia of the 115th regiment ( are ) not half of them armed and without a cartridge to defend themselves \u2026 \" he reported. \" i do not know of a single barrel of powder that can be procured on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3899338238292609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b20fc63-032b-4199-886b-96af345a76a6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.104348"}
{"text": "is truly alarming. \" the militia of the 115th regiment ( are ) not half of them armed and without a cartridge to defend themselves \u2026 \" he reported. \" i do not know of a single barrel of powder that can be procured on any terms. \" despite such widespread unpreparedness, barbour called out some 2, 000 militiamen on feb. 6, ordering them to muster at williamsburg and smithfield before deploying to defend hampton and norfolk. in addition to riflemen from elizabeth city, york and james city counties, the force included gloucester artillery and williamsburg cavalry as well as units from isle of wight, nansemond, norfolk, princess anne and as far as orange, patrick, pendleton and culpeper counties. though poorly trained, equipped and provisioned, these farmers, tradesmen and shopkeepers would defend hampton roads largely without regular army troops, who president james madison decreed couldn ' t be spared from the invasion of canada. \" it can ' t be expected that i can defend every man ' s turnip patch, \" madison insisted. still, under brig. gen. robert barraud taylor, a prominent norfolk attorney born in smithfield and educated at the college of william and mary, the american defenses at norfolk became more organized and formidable than expected. working closely with stewart and his crew, taylor reinforced the artillery batteries overlooking the elizabeth river at forts norfolk and nelson with a third series of guns at craney island commanding the river ' s mouth. then stewart bolstered this new position by transforming the constellation and 19 gunboats into a floating wall that blocked both the channel and the flats. guns and gunners from the frigate made craney island still stronger, as did army corps of engineers capt. walter k. armistead, who improved the earthworks at taylor ' s invitation. \" it would have been a disaster if the british had taken norfolk, \" butler says. \" but taylor was quite an organizer, and he had great oratorical skills. the governor thought he was the perfect man for the job \u2014 and it seemed that he was. \" blockade, raid and burn looking on from as close as newport news point, the british fleet continued to grow, adding four more massive ships of the line as well as numerous frigates and sloops of war to a force that all but shut down american shipping. so effective was their blockade that virginia ' s exports collapsed, dropping from an annual figure of $ 3 million to $ 17, 000. \" not a vessel can pass from hampton roads, either", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4196905305015999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b20fc63-032b-4199-886b-96af345a76a6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.105325"}
{"text": "war to a force that all but shut down american shipping. so effective was their blockade that virginia ' s exports collapsed, dropping from an annual figure of $ 3 million to $ 17, 000. \" not a vessel can pass from hampton roads, either up or down the bay without being intercepted, \" the richmond enquirer reported. \" not a vessel bound for sea can escape capture. \" still, as the british commanders learned from their frustrating failure to capture the constellation, their largest, most heavily armed ships faced strict handicaps in the shoal waters of the chesapeake, making it impossible to exploit their firepower near the shores. they also discovered right away that the bay ' s shifting sands made it tricky as well as shallow. \" the utmost possible endeavors and perseverance were exerted night after night by all the boats of the squadron to find and buoy off \u2026 the channel into elizabeth river, \" reported rear adm. george cockburn, whose charts were all outdated or mistaken. \" but so intricate and difficult is it that all our efforts proved vain. \" cockburn soon invented the weapon he needed, however, to begin carrying out the raids that led to the burning of havre de grace, md., and washington, d. c., as well as the \" rape of hampton. \" loading as many as 2, 500 royal marines and infantrymen into scores of shoal - draft boats \u2014 each one bristling with oars \u2014 he soon found himself commanding a dangerous amphibious attack force that could strike virtually anywhere it wanted. \" this was an unusual concept back then, \" says historian gordon b. calhoun of the hampton roads naval museum, describing the fear that gripped the countryside as the assaults began. \" but the british were here to raid and burn \u2014 and cockburn was the perfect person to prosecute that kind of offensive. coming in june \u2014 a bloody battle on the york online : go to dailypress. com / warof1812 to a gallery of images from the war. copyright \u00a9 2013, newport news, va., daily press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41596312328625135, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b20fc63-032b-4199-886b-96af345a76a6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.106126"}
{"text": "- about us two people see a thing that an individual does not see. note : this can be taken on a superficial, physical level such as when people elicit the help of others to find a lost object or person. on another level, this seanfhocal refers to the deeper understanding which can be obtained when multiple people examine ( consider ) a problem or situation. \" two heads are better than one \" as they say. the sharing of ideas and perspectives among a group of people can often develop insights which would otherwise have been missed by an individual. note also : in normal \" running \" speech, neutral vowel sounds tend to get \" swallowed up \". for instance, although the speaker here is pronouncing the words here deliberately and distinctly for your benefit, conversational speech would sound somewhat different. for example, the vowel sound at the end of the word \" duine \" and the vowel sound at the begining of the word \" amhain \" would overlap and be pronounced as a single sound. as a result the two words would sound almost like one word, \" duin - a - mhain. \" this change is proper in irish, and is not in any way equivalent to slurring in english. in general, neutral vowels tend to fall off the end of words that are followed by words beginning with another vowel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.543955802770127, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62d06f16-a4c5-4fde-b155-f18dac87f5e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.107433"}
{"text": "definitions for byzantine\u02c8b\u026az, -, \u02c8ba\u026a z\u0259n -, b\u026a\u02c8z\u00e6n t\u026an random house webster ' s college dictionary byz \u2022 an \u2022 tine\u02c8b\u026az, -, \u02c8ba\u026a z\u0259n -, b\u026a\u02c8z\u00e6n t\u026an ( adj. ) of or pertaining to byzantium or the byzantine empire. category : western history of or in the style of architecture developed in the byzantine empire, characterized by masonry construction, round arches, low domes on pendentives, and the extensive use of mosaics. ( sometimes l. c. ) extremely complex or intricate. characterized by elaborate scheming and intrigue, esp. to obtain political advantage. category : common vocabulary ( n. ) a native or inhabitant of byzantium. category : ancient history origin of byzantine : 1590 \u2013 1600 ; < ll byzantinus of byzantium ; see - ine1 a native or inhabitant of byzantium or of the byzantine empire of or relating to the eastern orthodox church or the rites performed in it \" byzantine monks \" ; \" byzantine rites \" of or relating to or characteristic of the byzantine empire or the ancient city of byzantium byzantine, convoluted, involved, knotty, tangled, tortuous ( adj ) highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious \" the byzantine tax structure \" ; \" byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship \" ; \" convoluted legal language \" ; \" convoluted reasoning \" ; \" the plot was too involved \" ; \" a knotty problem \" ; \" got his way by labyrinthine maneuvering \" ; \" oh, what a tangled web we weave \" - sir walter scott ; \" tortuous legal procedures \" ; \" tortuous negotiations lasting for months \" a native of byzantium ( modern - day istanbul ) belonging to the civilization of the eastern - roman empire, between 331 a. d. when the capital was moved to constantinople ( now istanbul ) and up 1453 when it was conquered by the turks. overly complex or intricate. of or pertaining to byzantium. of a devious, usually stealthy manner, of practice. origin : from late byzantinus itself from byzantium a gold coin, so called from being coined at byzantium. see bezant of or pertaining to byzantium a native or inhabitant of byzantium, now constantinople ; sometimes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5278870212443827, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b374fd1-6095-439d-aebb-38bf768e8db1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.113394"}
{"text": "definitions for ultra - gaseous matter the standard electrical dictionary gas so rarefied that its molecules do not collide or very rarely do so. experiments of very striking nature have been devised by crookes and others to illustrate the peculiar phenomena that this matter presents. the general lines of this work are similar to the methods used in geissler tube experiments, except that the vacua used are very much higher. when the vacuum is increased so that but one - millionth of the original gas is left the radiant state is reached. the molecules in their kinetic movements beat back and forth in straight lines without colliding, or with very rare collisions. their motions can be guided and rendered visible by electrification. a tube or small glass bulb with platinum electrodes sealed in it, is exhausted to the requisite degree and is hermetically sealed by melting the glass. the electrodes are connected to the terminals of an induction coil or other source of high tension electrification. the molecules which come in contact with a negatively electrified pole are repelled from it in directions normal to its surface. they produce different phosphorescent or luminous effects in their mutual collisions. thus if they are made to impinge upon glass, diamond or ruby, intense phosphorescence is produced. a piece of platinum subjected to molecular bombardment is brought to white heat. a movable body can be made to move under their effects. two streams proceeding from one negative pole repel each other. the stream of molecules can be drawn out of their course by a magnet. the experiments are all done on a small scale in tubes and bulbs, resembling to a certain extent geissler tubes. [ transcriber ' s note : these effects are caused by plasma - - ionized gas and electrons. ] use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography : \" ultra - gaseous matter. \" definitions. net. stands4 llc, 2013. web. 19 may 2013. < http : / / www. definitions. net / definition / ultra - gaseous matter >.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6572053647441993, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b1b6976-2352-4b69-8132-9755a8ffd135>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.118100"}
{"text": "the american chemistry council and 57 other plastics associations around the world recently reported on the progress they ' ve made on the global declaration of the plastics associations for solutions on marine litter. the declaration was originally announced in march 2011 at the 5th international marine debris conference. the progress report lists more than 140 education, research, policy, best - practices, recycling / recovery, and pellet containment projects to prevent marine litter, and their current status. the projects include efforts in education, global research, eco - efficient waste management, and litter prevention. by far the majority consists of education, so many of these are still ongoing. several policy and research projects have been completed, such as an australian study on the environmental impact of various degradable plastics, and a canadian study on agricultural plastics recovery. although it might not be immediately obvious what agricultural plastics research has to do with plastic pollution in the oceans, as much as 80 percent of marine litter comes from land - based sources. about 70 percent of overall litter ends up on the ocean floor, and about 30 percent remains in suspension or floats. the report also provides details on the global declaration itself, and the six commitments made under it by the plastics associations. the six commitments are areas of engagement that target sustainable solutions. they are focused on public - private partnerships to prevent marine litter, research, public policy, sharing best - practices, plastics recycling / recovery, and plastic pellet containment. after coming up with this list, declaration signatories identified specific actions to fulfill the declaration, and agreed to track and report their progress on those actions. according to the report, the declaration was \" a public commitment by a global industry to work with partners to tackle a global problem : plastics in the marine environment. \" it provides case studies of specific projects, and ideas about using the results of those projects to prevent marine litter in other regions of the world. the report can be accessed from a link in the press release on this page. we ' ve reported on the clean oceans project ( tcop ), which has as its primary goal the cleaning up of plastic from the pacific gyre, also known as the great pacific garbage patch. the non - profit organization aims to locate, remove, and recycle plastic marine debris, in part by helping to develop new technologies. for example, tcop is working with japan - based plastic - to - fuel system maker blest and e - n - ergy, a blest distributor, to develop a shipboard plastic - to - fuel conversion system that can transform plastic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48469985125467163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d513f55a-ec95-4ada-ae04-9b35099ec49b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.120941"}
{"text": "i have seen several forums on which engineers listed their favorite engineering movies. of course they place \" apollo 13, \" \" the flight of the phoenix, \" and others at the top of the lists. if you missed the two - part public broadcasting service show, \" azorian : the raising of the k - 129, \" you ' re in for awe - inspiring engineering experience. in my opinion, this film would receive the number - one position on a list of engineering films. on 8 march 1968, the russian submarine k - 129 sank in the north - central pacific, likely as a result of an accident, although the cause remains unknown. the russians could not locate the sunken sub, but us acoustic sensors detected its implosion, and triangulation placed the sunken sub within a 5 - mile - square area. given the known location of a possible treasure trove of raw information, us intelligence experts mounted project azorian, which would attempt to raise a portion of the sunken submarine. the cia hoped to obtain codebooks, and secure communication equipment, undamaged ballistic missiles ( the sub carried three ), and torpedoes. the pbs film \" azorian \" documents the construction of the equipment needed to raise a sunken russian submarine. the pbs film documents the construction of the equipment needed for the effort, and explains how the various components would work. interviews with historians and people involved with the project provide insight into operations that published stories lack. the russian sub was about 3 miles underwater, so the government turned to companies with experience in deep - water drilling. even for them, the project was a gigantic and risky operation. i was astounded by the types and size of the equipment used, and how engineers came up with so many ingenious devices for the salvage work. eventually, the salvage ship glomar explorer, ostensibly built for reclusive and eccentric billionaire howard hughes and his business empire, sailed to the salvage site in 1974. i won ' t spoil the conclusion for you, but it almost seemed anticlimactic. the engineering work stole the show. the scale of this project is difficult to comprehend, and although details have leaked over the years - - and various theories abound about the sub, it ' s demise, and the salvage - - the pbs film provides the only comprehensive examination of the project. it includes photographs and film taken contemporaneously to document the project, and includes animations that illustrate the salvage operations and how the giant equipment worked. it ' s such a fascinating engineering story.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5196813246308074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7cff19b-4e5f-4fe0-ad42-28b0aa3aa48e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.123900"}
{"text": "emptiness of person is the emptiness of a subjective self, agent ( perceiver / controller / doer / thinker ), soul, being, within or apart from the five aggregates. one sees that the framework that \" a seer is seeing the seen \" is delusional, i. e. in seeing always just the experience of the seen, colours, shapes and forms without a seer. one realizes that a subjective self is illusory. emptiness of phenomena means each of the five aggregates does not have objective existence. there is no formness in form, no substance of thought, etc. so they are appearing but empty, illusory like a magician ' s trick, like a mirage, a dream. here is an excerpt from a buddhist glossary site on the definition of twofold emptiness : two emptinesses ( \u4e8c \u7a7a ) include ( 1 ) emptiness of self, the atman, the soul, in a person composed of the five aggregates, constantly changing with causes and conditions ; and ( 2 ) emptiness of selves in all dharmas \u2014 each of the five aggregates, each of the twelve fields, and each of the eighteen spheres, as well as everything else with no independent existence. no - self in any dharma implies no - self in a person, but the latter is separated out in the first category. realization of the emptiness of self in a person will lead to attainment of arhatship or pratyekabuddhahood. bodhisattvas who have realized both emptinesses ascend to the first ground on their way to buddhahood.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5927989760514443, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9aeb764-1f73-4e29-8f28-2b488ca43479>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.125650"}
{"text": "upper gi series on this page : - what is an upper gastrointestinal ( gi ) series? - what problems can an upper gi series detect? - when is an upper gi series used? - how to prepare for an upper gi series - how is an upper gi series performed? - what is a double contrast study? - recovery from an upper gi series - what are the risks associated with an upper gi series? - points to remember - hope through research - for more information what is an upper gastrointestinal ( gi ) series? an upper gi series uses x rays to help diagnose problems of the upper gi tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. the duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. what problems can an upper gi series detect? an upper gi series can help detect - abnormal growths - scars or strictures \u2014 narrowings of the gi tract - hiatal hernia - diverticula \u2014 bulges in the wall of the esophagus or intestine - esophageal varices \u2014 enlarged veins in the esophagus when is an upper gi series used? an upper gi series can be used to help determine the cause of - abdominal pain - swallowing difficulties - gastroesophageal reflux \u2014 a condition in which food and digestive juices rise from the stomach into the esophagus - unexplained weight loss how to prepare for an upper gi series the upper gi tract must be empty prior to an upper gi series. generally, no eating or drinking is allowed for 8 hours before the procedure. smoking and chewing gum are also prohibited during this time. patients should tell their doctor about all health conditions they have \u2014 especially allergies to medications or foods \u2014 and about all medications they are taking. women should let their doctor know if they are pregnant. developing fetuses are particularly sensitive to x rays. special precautions can be taken to minimize exposure, or the doctor may suggest an alternate procedure such as upper gi endoscopy. how is an upper gi series performed? an upper gi series is conducted by a radiology technologist or a radiologist \u2014 a doctor who specializes in x \u2013 ray imaging \u2014 at a hospital or outpatient center. while sitting or standing in front of an x \u2013 ray machine, the patient drinks barium liquid, which is often white and has a chalky consistency and taste. the barium liquid coats the lining of the upper gi tract", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4790623015526143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bda79ce-04a0-4b06-90f2-05a05894d4ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.134918"}
{"text": "or outpatient center. while sitting or standing in front of an x \u2013 ray machine, the patient drinks barium liquid, which is often white and has a chalky consistency and taste. the barium liquid coats the lining of the upper gi tract and makes signs of disease show up more clearly on x rays. x - ray video, called fluoroscopy, is used to view the barium liquid moving through the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. additional x rays and fluoroscopy are performed while the patient lies on an x - ray table. to fully coat the upper gi tract with barium liquid, the technologist or radiologist may press on the abdomen or ask the patient to change position. patients hold still in various positions, allowing the technologist or radiologist to take x rays of the upper gi tract at different angles. if a technologist conducts the upper gi series, a radiologist will later examine the images to look for problems. what is a double contrast study? the double contrast study gets its name from the combination of air and liquid barium working together to create a more detailed view of the stomach lining. the patient swallows gas - forming crystals, which are activated when they mix with the barium liquid. the gas expands the barium - coated stomach, exposing finer details of the stomach lining, and additional x rays are taken. recovery from an upper gi series patients may experience bloating and nausea for a short time after an upper gi series. not eating before the test and the test itself may cause one to feel tired. for several days afterward, barium liquid in the gi tract causes stools to be white or light colored. unless otherwise directed, patients may immediately resume their normal diet once they leave the hospital or outpatient center. what are the risks associated with an upper gi series? mild constipation from the barium liquid is the most common complication of an upper gi series. rarely, barium liquid causes bowel obstruction, a life - threatening condition that blocks the intestines. drinking plenty of liquids after an upper gi series flushes out the barium and helps reduce the risks of constipation and bowel obstruction. although infrequent, barium can cause an allergic reaction, which is treated with antihistamines. some barium liquids contain flavorings, which may also cause an allergic reaction. the risk of radiation - related damage to cells or tissues from an upper gi series is low. people who have recently undergone other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5140065635898939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bda79ce-04a0-4b06-90f2-05a05894d4ea>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.135867"}
{"text": "which is treated with antihistamines. some barium liquids contain flavorings, which may also cause an allergic reaction. the risk of radiation - related damage to cells or tissues from an upper gi series is low. people who have recently undergone other x - ray tests should talk with their doctor about potential risks. patients who experience any of the following rare symptoms should contact their doctor immediately : - severe abdominal pain - failure to have a bowel movement within 2 days after the procedure - inability to pass gas points to remember - an upper gi series uses x rays to help diagnose problems of the upper gi tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. - the upper gi tract must be empty prior to an upper gi series. generally, no eating or drinking is allowed for 8 hours before the procedure. smoking and chewing gum are also prohibited during this time. - an upper gi series is conducted by a radiology technologist or a radiologist at a hospital or outpatient center. - during the procedure, the patient drinks barium liquid and x - ray pictures and x - ray video, called fluoroscopy, are taken. - after the procedure, patients may experience bloating and nausea and feel tired. - possible risks of an upper gi series include mild constipation, bowel obstruction, an allergic reaction to barium, and cell and tissue damage from radiation exposure. hope through research the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ) conducts and supports basic and clinical research into many digestive disorders. participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. for information about current studies, visit www. clinicaltrials. gov. for more information fact sheets about other diagnostic tests are available from the national digestive diseases information clearinghouse at www. digestive. niddk. nih. gov, including - ercp ( endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ) - flexible sigmoidoscopy - liver biopsy - lower gi series - upper gi endoscopy - virtual colonoscopy publications produced by the clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both niddk scientists and outside experts. this publication was reviewed by m. brian fennerty, m. d., oregon health and science university. national digestive diseases information clearinghouse the national digestive diseases information clearinghouse (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4712659696580906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bda79ce-04a0-4b06-90f2-05a05894d4ea>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.136807"}
{"text": "researchers at the german aerospace center ( deutsches zentrum fur luft - und raumfahrt ; dlr ) have been instrumental in the preparation of a report by the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) regarding the development of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. based on estimates, by about the mid 21st century, the ozone layer will have the same thickness as it had in the early eighties. the latest evaluations of space - based measurements acquired by the dlr remote sensing technology institute, combined with model computations from the dlr institute of atmospheric physics support the statement that \u2018 the regeneration of the ozone layer continues \u2019. \u201c measurements show that the ozone hole above antarctica in 2012 is one of the smallest in recent years, \u201d reports martin dameris from the institute of atmospheric physics. both the area of expansion and the reduction in ozone concentrations are small this year in comparison to the values observed in past years. \u201c this is a clear indication that the ozone layer is staging a good recovery, \u201d states dameris. based on climate chemistry models so far, climate chemistry model computations performed by the institute of atmospheric physics have been in line with observations. the models demonstrate that, if this trend continues, the ozone hole will close up and that the ozone layer will regenerate itself. these forecasts are based upon computational models that simulate the physical, dynamic and chemical processes in the atmosphere. the institute of atmospheric physics collaborated on the production of these climate chemistry models. to investigate the ozone layer, long - term simulations, starting, for example, in 1960 and extending beyond the simulation date, were conducted at the dlr institute. computational results for the past are compared against observational data, in part to assess the quality of the results from the model. it is only on the basis of well - evaluated models that it is possible to produce reliable estimates of future developments, such as that of the ozone layer. to understand atmospheric processes, atmospheric researchers use data from the dlr remote sensing data center. the scientists at this institute are primarily involved in the provision of data products derived from satellite measurements. these satellite data products are compared against other independent data to achieve the highest possible level of precision. the reduction in chlorofluorocarbon consumption is having a considerable and positive effect since the early eighties, the ozone hole has been observed at the start of the antarctic spring \u2013 from mid - september to mid - october. it is the consequence of high chlorine levels in the stratosphere, and is caused by the emission of chlor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5291213083727454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d78cd322-7c30-456f-bfa4-9cfb0cc4ab5b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.142362"}
{"text": "bay grasses in classes kicks off tenth season with teacher trainings in january 2007 - the bay grasses in classes ( bgic ) project is a joint partnership with the maryland department of natural resources ( dnr ) and the chesapeake bay foundation ( cbf ). since 1998, over 1, 404 classes and 36, 050 students have been involved with bay grasses in classes. during this time students have planted over 2. 75 acres of bottom surface in the bay with the 475, 000 plants grown in their classrooms. in 2004, for the first time, annual aerial surveys taken by the virginia institute of marine science ( vims ) have mapped healthy grass beds planted by students in the program. seventy - one returning teachers as well as 33 new teachers from 83 schools across the state of maryland participated in training sessions in january. during training, teachers were provided with the curriculum materials and introduced to online resources necessary to educate their classes on the importance of bay grasses. in addition, materials necessary to construct bay grass growth chambers in their classrooms including : aquarium equipment, sediment, and seeds or adult plants were distributed. over the course of the next few months, teachers will actively engage students in each phase of growing bay grasses : mixing the soil, setting up the aquaria, and planting seeds or vegetative material from adult plants. each week, teachers will lead students through monitoring growth of plants, collecting water quality data, and entering data into an on - line data entry system housed on the newly redesigned bay grasses in classes website ( http : / / www. dnr. state. md. us / bay / sav / bgic / ). later this spring, students will transport the grasses to one of four restoration sites throughout the state to plant the grasses, as well as take part in other educational activities including : seining and water quality activities designed to reinforce their knowledge of bay grasses. by studying the ecological importance of bay grasses and actively participating in restoration, students also gained a sense of stewardship of the bay. grasses ( also known as submerged aquatic vegetation, or sav ) are critical to a healthy chesapeake bay. they provide important habitats for young fish and crabs, serve as food for waterfowl, help protect shorelines from erosion, keep water clear, consume excess nutrients, and add oxygen to the water. current bay grass populations are less than 25 percent of historic levels, mainly due to excessive nutrient pollution ( mainly nitrogen and phosphorus ) and sediment resulting from human activities clouding the water and preventing sufficient sunlight from reaching the plants. bgic receives funding from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45830354977480303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a966d46-2050-479b-98bc-9af3cec2cfe4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.148836"}
{"text": "introduction to farsightedness : when parents take their child for an eye exam for any reason, they are likely to hear that their child has hyperopia. what does this mean? what should be done about it? what is farsightedness? rays of light that enter the eye are supposed to be focused by the cornea and the lens to land on the retina so that we can see clearly. in some children, the focal point is somewhere behind the retina. this situation is called farsightedness, or hyperopia. a child may be farsighted because the eye is shorter than average, because the lens or cornea bends light less than average, or because the lens is farther backward in the eye than average. farsightedness, like nearsightedness and astigmatism, is a type of refractive error. usually, farsighted children can see distant objects clearly, but closer objects may appear blurred. children are often able to accommodate for this with extra work of the eyes. then, near vision is still clear ; it just takes more work. who gets farsightedness? most babies are born farsighted. as the eyeball lengthens with growth, the farsightedness decreases until normal vision is achieved. that is why young children often leave the eye doctor with a diagnosis of developmental hyperopia, or hyperopia appropriate for age. hyperopia beyond that which is appropriate for age often runs in families. what are the symptoms of farsightedness? with mild hyperopia, there may be no symptoms. the child is able to accommodate for the farsightedness without much effort, and is comfortable with both near and far vision. the greater the degree of farsightedness, the more work that is required to accommodate for it. this may result in discomfort or mild headaches with prolonged reading or close work. eye rubbing and inflamed eyelids are common. sometimes lack of interest in reading is the only symptom. when hyperopia is even worse, near vision is blurry even with effort. is farsightedness contagious? how long does farsightedness last? how is farsightedness diagnosed? the degree of farsightedness can be measured accurately at any age, without cooperation from the child. the eyes often need to be dilated for the examination. in older children, farsightedness is sometimes measured by placing different strength lenses in front of the eye, and asking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5375751299981948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d198b0eb-aae4-4dd5-a9b2-2f6beddb5445>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.154253"}
{"text": "| guinea pigs share a unique quality with human beings : the inability to synthesize ( create ) vitamin c for their bodies. because this is true, vitamin c must be supplied to guinea pigs through food or supplement intake. guinea pigs failing to receive adequate levels of vitamin c will develop the disease, that in people, is known as scurvy. what causes scurvy? in human history, scurvy was common among sailors who traveled long distances without access to fruits and vegetables containing vitamin c. in 1747, james lind, a scotsman, discovered that sailors suffering from scurvy were cured by eating oranges and limes. science has since shown that it was the vitamin c in the fruit that made the difference. symptoms of scurvy in your guinea pig indicators of a vitamin c deficiency in guinea pigs include loss of appetite, bleeding from the gums, joint stiffness, general lethargy, weight loss, poor tooth development and nasal discharge. avoiding vitamin c deficiency to help guinea pigs avoid a deficiency, vitamin c is often added to food pellets at the time of manufacture. under normal conditions the vitamin c in food pellets remains active for up to three months. under adverse conditions - too much heat or humidity for example - vitamin c may lose its effectiveness in much less time. buying food pellets one month at a time and properly rotating fresh food into the guinea pig ' s diet will help ensure that the vitamin c in the diet is at adequate levels. foods high in vitamin c feeding a guinea pig a diet with vitamin c rich fresh fruits and vegetables is also important. the following fruits and vegetables contain high levels of vitamin c : additional ways to provide your guinea pig with vitamin c - leafy greens such as kale, parsley, spinach and chicory - red and green peppers - dandelion greens ( no pesticides, fertilizer, or herbicides ) some suggest adding vitamin c to a guinea pig ' s drinking water. this can be helpful, but vitamin c in water breaks down in less than a day. new vitamin c and fresh water must be supplied daily with this method.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41709955801641907, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01007bcf-a328-477d-9ab9-e1b3b67ad12a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.157391"}
{"text": "windows vista & xp glossary : d d3d score : the score that the windows experience index gives to your computer ' s ability to replicate 3d images. dat : digital audiotape ; a type of computer backup drive that copies data to a tape. ddr : double data rate ; a computer dimm memory module that \u2019 s still in general use. ddr2 : memory modules that double the data transfer rate between your ram and your motherboard. default programs option : a windows option that allows you to determine which program you want to run a certain task or open a certain file type. defrag ; defragment : the process that your computer uses to rearrange the pieces of files and applications on your hard drive so that they are positioned next to each other on the drive, improving performance speed. desktop : a type of computer made up of a pc console, monitor, mouse, keyboard, and any additional attachments. a desktop pc isn \u2019 t easily portable. desktop theme : a collection of settings that control the appearance and behavior of the various appearance settings in windows. details view : one of the viewing options in windows explorer that you can use to obtain detailed information about each file. device manager : a windows tool that shows you the status of all the hardware elements on your pc. dialup : a kind of computer internet connection that uses existing phone lines. digital : a means of storing, transmitting, manipulating, or reproducing data, images and sounds by using groups of electronic bits represented by 1 and 0. digital id : electronic certificates that you can use to verify the identity of the person with whom you \u2019 re communicating. dimm : dual inline memory module ; a standard type of computer memory module. directx : a driver used by games, graphics, and audio programs in windows. disk drive : a component of a computer that reads information from and writes information to a certain kind of disk. display : the information that appears on your computer screen. dns server : a computer that translates addresses you can understand, such as www. dummies. com, into addresses that the internet can understand, such as 184. 108. 40. 206. drive cage : a contraption used to hold a pc \u2019 s internal disk drives, an optical ( dvd ) drive, and a hard drive. driver : a special type of program that allows specific computer hardware to work. dsl : digital subscriber line ; a type of internet connection that takes advantage of unused frequencies in existing phone lines. dual - core", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5964080803963671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99a46f87-5dce-41b1-8db6-2893053fcc42>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.163814"}
{"text": "a lot of us in the san juan basin know what it is like to live next to gas and oil development. we have done it for years. or so we think. a drilling rig shows up, works all day and night for a week or so, the fracking equipment shows up for another week, then we have a pump jack as a neighbor and go on with our lives. we live with a huge, loud jet - like noise, and all the associated smells for a bit, but then just a pump jack after that. yet that is not the full story. with the advent of shale gas and oil, the drill rig may be drilling many well bores from the same pad, and the bores may be up to one - half - mile long, in the producing formation, rather than just a vertical hole. the drilling and fracking may last for months, even up to 18 months. the jet - like noise and smells may be a much more permanent neighbor. not what we are used to. the colorado oil and gas conservation commission, or cogcc, is currently in the process of an update to its regulations on setbacks from homes, schools and other occupied places. the debate is : how close is too close? the current rules are for 150 feet in rural areas ( to prevent harm if the drill rig falls ), and 350 feet in high - density urban areas. the cogcc proposal is for 350 feet everywhere. in the past, the argument against greater distances was based on a technological barrier to reaching the gas or oil if the well wasnit right over the target area. that is no longer a barrier ; horizontal drilling is now the norm. the new technology, which brings the longer times of noise and smells, also brings the means to move them farther from the people who live on the land being drilled. this technological advance must be used not only for the benefit of the industry, but for the people who have to live with the development as well. it is not just a matter of convenience. having a jet running next to your home, with all the exhaust and noise, is in itself enough to cause real harm. but gas and oil drilling does have accidents, and some of the exhaust can be harmful. the cogcc should adopt a setback of 1, 000 feet from homes and 1, 500 feet from high - occupancy buildings, recognize that all landowners within 1, 000 feet of the well pad are directly impacted and give them the right to fully participate in the permitting process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46187718884307394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34130057-a2a4-42e6-b538-91dc530917ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.167010"}
{"text": "a variant of last year ' s pandemic influenza linked to fatal cases carried a mutation that enabled it to infect a different subset of cells lining the airway, according to new research. the study, due to be published next week in the journal of virology, suggests that the mutant virus could have impaired the lungs ' ability to clear out germs. the researchers behind the study, from imperial college london, the medical research council national institute for medical research and the university of marburg said the findings highlight the potential for deadlier strains of flu to emerge and spread. the 2009 pandemic of h1n1 influenza caused thousands of deaths worldwide, but the majority of cases were relatively mild. a variant of the virus carried a mutation termed d222g in a protein on the surface of the virus, and people infected with this variant were more likely to have severe and fatal illness. according to a world health organisation report, the d222g mutation was found in less than two in every hundred cases of 2009 pandemic flu, but was responsible for around seven in every hundred deaths. viruses infect cells by attaching to receptor molecules on the cell surface. different receptors are present on different cell types, and a virus can only infect cells that have the right receptors for the protein on its own surface. the new research shows that flu virus with the d222g mutation can bind to a broader range of receptors in the airway, including receptors that are present on cells called ciliated cells. these cells, found in the lining of the airway, have hair - like projections called cilia. the cilia sway back and forth to move mucus with trapped particles upward toward the mouth, and this is normally swallowed or coughed up. when ciliated cells become infected, the cilia stop moving and this vital clearance function is impaired. inhaled viruses and bacteria can then reach the lung more easily, where they can potentially cause pneumonia. the mutant virus has an increased capacity to infect ciliated cells, as shown by the collaborating group at the university of marburg. infection of the ciliated cells would sabotage the lungs ' clearing mechanism and could be one factor that made the d222g mutation more virulent, the researchers suggest. \" this simple mutation, which swapped one building block of a virus protein for another, apparently resulted in a more virulent version of the h1n1 virus, \" said professor ten feizi from the department of medicine at imperial college london", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4998101464257142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f452ca56-0af2-4977-9b57-88d2ba2ce1c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.171485"}
{"text": ". \" this simple mutation, which swapped one building block of a virus protein for another, apparently resulted in a more virulent version of the h1n1 virus, \" said professor ten feizi from the department of medicine at imperial college london, who led the study. \" we think this is at least partly due to the virus being able to bind to different receptors, which allowed it to infect ciliated cells and stop them from clearing out germs. \" if the mutant virus were to acquire the ability to spread more widely, the consequences could be very serious. the study goes to show how important it is that the who global influenza surveillance network continues to monitor closely the emergence of new variants of the flu virus. even though the 2009 pandemic was relatively mild, it ' s vital that we handle outbreaks cautiously and stay vigilant. the virus is constantly evolving, and it ' s possible that a new form as dangerous as the 1918 pandemic could emerge. \" professor feizi and her team study the receptor specificity of different flu viruses by attaching onto a glass surface a range of different carbohydrates, resembling the receptors present on the surface of airway lining cells. the virus is then incubated on top of the glass surface, and using a fluorescent dye, the researchers can see the receptors on the plate to which the virus binds. the study builds on earlier work by professor feizi and her colleagues which showed that compared with seasonal influenza, the 2009 pandemic virus could bind to a broader range of receptor types. the previous study showed that pandemic flu had some affinity for so - called alpha2 - 3 receptors, as well as the alpha2 - 6 receptors favoured by seasonal flu. now they have shown that this affinity for alpha2 - 3 receptors is substantially enhanced in cases of pandemic flu with the d222g mutation. whereas alpha2 - 6 receptors are found in the nose, throat and upper airway, alpha2 - 3 receptors are prevalent in the lung but also on ciliated cells throughout the respiratory system. the study was funded by the wellcome trust, the medical research council, biotechnology and biological sciences research council, the uk research councils ' basic technology initiative, epsrc ' s follow - on translational grant, and german grants from the von behring - roentgen foundation and loewe program ugmlc of the state of hesse. sources : imperial college london, alphagalileo foundation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49901474370437693, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f452ca56-0af2-4977-9b57-88d2ba2ce1c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.172505"}
{"text": "organic semiconductor devices for bioelectronics april 2, 2009 daniel bernards, postdoctoral scholar university of california, san francisco since the discovery of highly conductive polymers, a wide range of polymeric and small molecule semiconductors have been developed for devices including transistors, photovoltaics and light emitting diodes. organic semiconductors have many attractive properties, such as low cost, ease of processing, synthetically tunable properties, compatibility with a variety of substrates, and covalent integration of chemical and biological functionalities. sensors have recently emerged as a promising application of organic electronics since they benefit from the advantages of organics ( e. g. processing and cost ) and are not significantly impacted by the usual drawbacks ( e. g. performance and lifetime ). furthermore, increased development of biocompatible organic semiconductors and devices functional in aqueous environments make interfacing organic electronics with biology an attractive application. distinct from the majority of contemporary electronics, organic semiconductors have the unique ability to sustain mixed conduction of ionic and electronic charge at room temperature. in addition to conventional devices, a subset of organic electronic devices exhibit novel properties due to mixed conduction, such as electrically switchable surface properties, pumping of ions, and release of therapeutic molecules. a prime example of a mixed conductor device is the organic electrochemical transistor, which is analogous to a field - effect transistor with the dielectric replaced by an ionically conducting electrolyte. while its current - voltage characteristics are similar to a depletion mode transistor, these devices are electrochemical in nature unlike the electrostatic behavior of field - effect transistors. given mixed conduction in these devices, it is natural to incorporate electrochemical or ionic elements for sensing : two examples are enzyme - based sensing and ion channel - based sensing. for enzymatic sensors, sensing is mediated by enzymatic degradation of an analyte ( e. g. glucose oxidase for sensing glucose ). with appropriate enzyme selection, this class of devices is capable of sensing a variety of analytes over a wide range of concentrations. combining analytical models from electrochemistry and device physics, it is possible to model these enzymatic sensors and consequently optimize device design. a second sensor type utilizes lipid bilayers and ion channels, where device response is dictated by the behavior of the incorporated ion channels. this sensing mechanism has tremendous potential and is limited only by the stability of the lipid bilayer and the type of ion channels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5285471270951929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60e45c72-77bd-437b-9108-24eccd2dd9be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.179115"}
{"text": "history wars in north - east asia a revived spat between japan and south korea unsettles the united states it is that time of year again : the anniversary of the end of the second world war in north - east asia, when wound - opening patriots take the sticking - plaster laid over historical grievances and give it a hard tug. this year the top prize goes to the president of south korea, lee myung - bak. on august 10th mr lee visited dokdo, a group of islets in the sea of japan. here the welfare of fragile marine and bird life comes second to nationalist sensitivities in the face of a rival claim to the rocks by japan, which relinquished control of korea after its defeat in 1945. the islets \u2019 two permanent residents, an octopus fisherman and his wife, are joined by a supporting cast of coastguards, installers of mobile - phone masts, south korean tourists and planters of exotic trees \u2014 which for the purposes of territorial claims help distinguish an island from a mere rock. back on the mainland, mr lee berated japan for not redressing the grievances of korean women forced into military prostitution during the war. he also declared that the japanese emperor, akihito, \u201c did not need to come \u201d to south korea unless he apologised deeply for colonial rule ( this after extending the emperor an invitation in 2008 ). so much for the \u201c forward - looking \u201d diplomacy mr lee once said would help the region to end its historical rows. since then, the president \u2019 s popularity has slumped, and his party faces a tricky presidential election in december. tub - thumping over dokdo cuts across party lines. japan has often displayed a tin ear to south korean sensitivities over the island, which it calls takeshima, having acquired it in the process of annexing korea. yet since the democratic party of japan ( dpj ) came to power in 2009 japanese policy had been conciliatory. one dpj prime minister, naoto kan, offered a fulsome apology on the centenary of the korean annexation. the emperor has long been in the admirable habit of apologising for japanese aggression. more substantively, japan \u2019 s new defence white paper talks up the importance of regional security and co - operation. it identifies south korea as the country \u201c that shares the closest relationship with japan historically and in areas such as economy and culture \u201d. yet few senior south koreans have the courage to acknowledge this in public.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37451042307426863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6f0ab50-0697-4dff-a954-d3a2ac675699>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.192360"}
{"text": "the importance of regional security and co - operation. it identifies south korea as the country \u201c that shares the closest relationship with japan historically and in areas such as economy and culture \u201d. yet few senior south koreans have the courage to acknowledge this in public. mr lee \u2019 s unprecedented stunt \u2014 no south korean president had ever visited the rocks \u2014 means that much of the dpj \u2019 s good work risks unravelling. on august 15th, the anniversary of japan \u2019 s surrender, two japanese cabinet ministers visited tokyo \u2019 s yasukuni shrine, where war dead, including condemned war criminals, are revered. these were the first visits by high - ranking officials in three years. in protest at the dokdo visit, japan recalled its ambassador to seoul. its foreign minister, koichiro gemba, said mr lee \u2019 s provocation gave japan little choice but to take the case to the international court of justice. the threat is hollow. the court will not adjudicate unless two sides agree that a dispute exists. south korea does not, just as japan says its claim over some other rocks, the senkakus, claimed by china ( which calls them the diaoyu islands ) is not in dispute. this week 14 hyperventilating patriots from china, hong kong and macau steamed to the senkakus, where japan \u2019 s coastguard promptly arrested them. through all this, america watches on. even as it wants a revamped presence in asia, it despairs that its chief regional allies cannot get on. it says the dokdo dispute is for the two countries to sort out. but that is to wash its hands of its own part in the saga. the 1951 san francisco peace treaty with japan deliberately overlooked the matter of dokdo \u2019 s sovereignty, for fear the islands might fall into the hands of the communist north in the korean war. acknowledging its role in the history wars, alexis dudden of the university of connecticut argues, might persuade all the protagonists that america really wants to foster a greater sense of asian regionalism.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43145322457329516, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6f0ab50-0697-4dff-a954-d3a2ac675699>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.197771"}
{"text": "simple tester checks christmas - tree lights william dias, brown & sharpe, north kingstown, ri - december 23, 1999 why is it that you always test 48 bulbs before you find the bad one in a 50 - light string? the simple circuit in figure 1 allows you to divide and conquer, greatly reducing the time it takes to find the bad bulb. the circuit uses a pair of ne2 neon bulbs with current - limiting resistors. you can use a pair of radio shack 272 - 1100 bulb - resistor sets. it ' s convenient to house the tester in a clear piece of plastic tubing, with the probe tip emerging from one end and a light - duty power cord emerging from the other end. you place the bulbs in the tube such that one is close to the probe tip and the other is near the power cord, so it ' s easy to remember which bulb lit last. the probe tip connects to common point between the neon bulbs. it consists of thin spring wire with all but the last \u00bc in. insulated. you use the bare tip to make contact with the crimp connectors in the base of the bulbs. series - string christmas - tree lights come in two types. the first type is the continuous - series string ( figure 2a ). in this configuration, one wire from the plug goes from bulb to bulb until it reaches the last bulb. a return wire bypasses all the bulbs and returns to the plug. the second type is the alternating - series string ( figure 2b ). in this connection, one wire from the plug goes to the first bulb, and the other wire from the plug goes to the second bulb. the connections then alternate through the string. to troubleshoot a defective continuous series string : plug in both the tester and the bulb set. insert the tip of the tester ' s probe into the wire hole in the base of the first bulb. one of the neon bulbs should light ; remember which one. move halfway down the set and insert the probe again. if the same neon bulb lights, then the problem is in the second half of the set. if the other neon bulb lights, then the problem is in the first half of the set. either way, you are testing 25 of the 50 bulbs without breaking into a sweat. if the original neon bulb lights, move halfway down the remaining part of the set and try again. if the other neon bulb lights, you must move back halfway to the last bulb you tested and try again. this process should allow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48818100501719874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c01e4bd-a20d-4c08-9927-64a3cf692b58>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.220824"}
{"text": "into a sweat. if the original neon bulb lights, move halfway down the remaining part of the set and try again. if the other neon bulb lights, you must move back halfway to the last bulb you tested and try again. this process should allow you to find a bad bulb in a set of 50 in only seven steps. you know you have the bad bulb when inserting the probe tip into one side of the bulb lights one neon bulb and placing the tip in the other side lights the other neon bulb. to troubleshoot a defective set with many bad bulbs, use the same process as above. at some point, you will reach the dead spot between two or more bad bulbs. when you reach this point, neither neon lamp will light. back up, just as if the other neon bulb had lit. you know you have a bad bulb if the probe lights when you plug it into one side and nothing lights when you plug it into the other side. replace this bulb and start over. to troubleshoot an alternating - series string, you must work in pairs. test the first bulb, and one neon bulb lights. test the second bulb, and the other neon bulb lights. now move down the set an even number of lights and test the next pair of lights. when you pass the bad bulb, the same neon lamp lights for both series - string bulbs. ( di # 2457 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4815880629947522, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c01e4bd-a20d-4c08-9927-64a3cf692b58>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.223993"}
{"text": "climate change resources alaska perspectives on earth and climate this collection of lesson plans and student activities from teacher ' s domain compares and contrasts the traditional knowledge of native people and ongoing scientific research and shows how the two can complement each other in looking for solutions to climate change. alliance for climate education the alliance for climate education ( ace ) is a national leader in high school climate education, providing a free, award - winning assembly on climate science and solutions. after the assembly, students are invited to start an action team to launch carbon - reducing projects at school. ace supports teams through free, in - person trainings for students and teachers to help build project management and leadership skills. \" antarctica melting \" is a centers for ocean sciences education excellence ( cosee ) networked ocean world four act story. each act is accompanied by a slide show and a classroom activity. the four acts include \" a changing continent \" narrated by dr. oscar schofield, \" a small world after all \" narrated by dr. debbie steinberg, \" an adelie exit \" narrated by dr. bill fraser and \" a robotic armada \" narrated by dr. oscar schofield. bering sea ecosystem collection the bering sea ecosystem collection from polartrec is a body of educational resources focused on understanding the impacts of climate change and dynamic sea ice over the eastern bering sea ecosystem. the collection includes individual activities, lesson plans, videos and presentations that will help to educate the next generation about this complex ecosystem. beyond penguins and polar bears \" beyond penguins and polar bears \" is an online magazine for k - 5 teachers, integrating science, literacy and the polar regions. lesson plans provided align with national science education standards while exploring the arctic and antarctica. beyond the lesson plans, this online magazine broadcasts free webinars, podcasts and provides electronic books for grades k - 5. climate change : the threat to life and a new energy future a companion piece to the exhibit at the american museum of natural history in new york, this website contains accurate information on the history and science behind climate change, as well as solutions to help combat its effects. the website also includes a climate change blog and resources for both educators and kids. climate change and water : perspectives from the forest service climate change and water : perspectives from the forest service is a summary of a forthcoming report by the forest service and u. s. department of agriculture which will detail the likely impacts of climate change on the nation ' s forested watersheds and highlight the importance of managing forests to provide clean, abundant water. climate change wildlife", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46903815241167857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c788638b-5089-4f4d-be49-7751741a8d9e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.257499"}
{"text": "of a forthcoming report by the forest service and u. s. department of agriculture which will detail the likely impacts of climate change on the nation ' s forested watersheds and highlight the importance of managing forests to provide clean, abundant water. climate change wildlife and wildlands : a toolkit for formal and informal educators the u. s. environmental protection agency, in partnership with six other federal agencies, developed this kit to aid educators in teaching how climate change is affecting our nation ' s wildlife and public lands, and how everyone can become \" climate stewards. \" the kit features case studies of 11 eco - regions in the united states, highlighting regional impacts to habitats and wildlife, and information on what kids can do to help. it also contains classroom activities, video, links and other materials. the eco - regions can be explored online and all of the kit materials are available for download from the website. climate kids, a nasa website aimed at students in grades 4 - 6, is a multimedia - rich companion to nasa ' s acclaimed global climate change site. this kid - friendly guide de - mystifies one of the most important science topics of our time using an interactive climate time machine, a section on green careers, educational games and more. the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ' s ocean service education program offers this page of climate change resources, including fact sheets, lesson plans, case studies and links. the site also provides information on the climate change educator conferences with archived videos. the site was developed in partnership with the national science teachers association. cool school challenge designed for grades 7 - 12, the cool school challenge is an online toolkit that engages students and teachers in practical strategies to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions schoolwide. through improved energy efficiency, reduced consumption, increased recycling and changes in transportation behaviors, participants learn how simple actions, taken together, can create a climate of change. cool the earth cool the earth is a program that educates k - 8 students and their families about climate change and inspires them to take simple actions to reduce carbon emissions. the five components of the program include a kick - off assembly ; action coupons that reward students for energy - saving actions ; action of the month, a school - wide energy - saving activity ; assembling an action team of parents and / or teachers ; and measuring success by tallying all of the action coupons that students turn in. earth gauge\u00ae is a free environmental information service for broadcast meteorologists based on the 3 - 5 day forecast. the service is designed to make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4989455646767136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c788638b-5089-4f4d-be49-7751741a8d9e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.258944"}
{"text": "and / or teachers ; and measuring success by tallying all of the action coupons that students turn in. earth gauge\u00ae is a free environmental information service for broadcast meteorologists based on the 3 - 5 day forecast. the service is designed to make it easy to talk about the links between weather and the environment with simple facts and viewer action tips. the climate resource library includes tips, fact sheets and news stories regarding climate change that are science - based and appropriate for use in the classroom. earth : the operators ' manual earth : the operators ' manual ( etom ) is a new pbs climate change program hosted by richard alley. the program presents an objective assessment of climate change as it takes viewers around the globe to investigate sustainable energy projects. the etom website for educators streams clips from each episode for use in the classroom. etom provides teacher tips, hand - on activities, an annotated script and a glossary to accompany each clip. the website also lists external resources in multiple formats including dvds, books and useful links. ecological impacts of climate change this booklet is based on ecological impacts of climate change ( 2009 ), a report by an independent panel of experts convened by the national research council. it explains general themes about the ecological consequences of climate change and identifies examples of ecological changes across the u. s. the booklet can be downloaded as a pdf and printed. encyclopeida of earth : climate change the climate, adaptation, mitigation, e - learning ( camel ) project from the national council for science and the environment assists the climate change section of the encyclopedia of earth website. camel encourages educators to submit resources that are then featured on the encyclopedia of earth climate change website for public use. resources include images, articles, videos, data sets, presentations, classroom projects and lectures. the featured resource on the website is the climate literacy & energy awareness network which is a digital library of reviewed and annotated online resources relating to key climate and energy concepts. focus : forests, oceans, climate and us focus is a nationwide campaign in partnership with the forest service, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) and the wyland foundation, which uses art and science to make kids aware of the shared relationship between the health of each ecosystem and the health of the planet. the focus program features mural painting events in communities across the nation. forest service resources on climate change the forest service has created a webpage of climate change resources as part of their conservation education efforts. the resources include information the forest service has compiled on the effects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5141729041556122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c788638b-5089-4f4d-be49-7751741a8d9e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.261262"}
{"text": "focus program features mural painting events in communities across the nation. forest service resources on climate change the forest service has created a webpage of climate change resources as part of their conservation education efforts. the resources include information the forest service has compiled on the effects climate changing is having and will have on wildlife, wildlands, forests and other natural resources. global climate change education nasa ' s global climate change education initiative seeks to improve climate literacy by improving teaching and learning about climate change, increasing the use of nasa earth observation data system models to investigate and analyze climate change topics and increasing the number of students prepared for employment in fields relevant to climate change. visit the website for more information on grants and educator resources. greenhouse gases, climate change, and energy this brochure, created by the energy information administration breaks down the science behind greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on climate change. the brochure can be downloaded as a pdf and printed. journey north enables students in thousands of schools to track the seasons on a real - time basis. students monitor migration patterns, plant budding, seasonal changes in sunlight, temperature patterns and other natural events. they share their local observations with classmates across north america and analyze current and long - term data from other classrooms and professional scientists. as they do so, participants are better prepared to recognize indicators of climate change and consider its implications. kid ' s crossing : living in the greenhouse operated by the university corporation for atmospheric research, living in the greenhouse provides a wealth of information about the global climate. students can explore how earth ' s cycles affect climate, the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases, ancient climate changes and climate events and news. ncse - nasa interdisciplinary climate change education the ncse - nasa interdisciplinary climate change education team is developing a curricular package on climate change based on a university of california davis course taught by professor arnold bloom. the curriculum includes modules that cover a wide range of topics relevant to climate change. data produced by nasa is used to create data - driven modules focusing on ice core and recent climate change observations. other modules include exercises examining climate change impacts on the colorado river water supply, exploring seasonality from the perspective of satellite maps and introducing remote sensing metrics. noaa climate services : education noaa climate services provides information and data desigend to help citizens understand climate science. the education section of the website provides teaching resources, professional development and multimedia that assist classroom teachers in understanding and teaching about climate. nova online : warnings from the ice explore how antarctica ' s ice has preserved the past - from chernobyl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5200962541555126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c788638b-5089-4f4d-be49-7751741a8d9e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.263297"}
{"text": "climate science. the education section of the website provides teaching resources, professional development and multimedia that assist classroom teachers in understanding and teaching about climate. nova online : warnings from the ice explore how antarctica ' s ice has preserved the past - from chernobyl to the little ice age - going back hundreds of thousands of years, and then see how the world ' s coastlines would recede if some or all of this ice were to melt. this site for kids also includes a guide and resources for educators. oceans effect on climate and weather : global circulation patterns this brief lesson plan explores ocean circulation patterns and the effect oceans have on climate. learning outcomes include explaining how the oceans might influence and affect local weather and climate ; describing the cause of hurricanes and frequency of hurricanes ; explaining how changes in ocean temperatures influence weather patterns ; and listing the major variables that affect the transfer of energy throughout the ocean. available for free via the national science teachers association online bookstore. correlates with three earth science national learning standards. plant for the planet : billion tree campaign created by the united nations environment programme, plant for the planet encourages people, communities, organizations, business and industry, civil society and governments to plant trees and enter their tree planting pledges on this web site. the objective is to plant at least one billion trees worldwide each year. science education resource center : climate change and global warming this science education resource center ( serc ) site guide offers a general collection of climate change resources for educators while highlighting relevant resources from projects within websites hosted by serc. resources are arranged by categories, including websites and data sets, teaching activities, visualizations, courses, workshops and upcoming opportunities for educators. take aim at climate change this environmentally - minded music video, featuring the artists rhythm, rhyme, results, tommy boots and jene, imparts climate change information with a beat, making sure to empower its viewers at the end with simple ways they can make a difference. the video was developed with the support of nasa, the national science foundation and passport to knowledge. young voices on climate change young voices on climate change is a film series featuring young people who are making a difference by shrinking the carbon footprint of their homes, schools and communities. watch the inspiring videos online.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5008614991861893, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c788638b-5089-4f4d-be49-7751741a8d9e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.264383"}
{"text": "- news brief - research & policy - culture and review - media centre reach tens of thousands of people instantly by advertising with ekklesia. find out more today, ( 20 february 2013 ) is the un world day of social justice. its origins, purpose and remit is described as follows : \" social justice generally means that people should have equal rights and opportunities ; everyone deserves equal justice in all aspects of society. there has been a need to promote efforts to tackle issues such as poverty, exclusion and unemployment all over the world. \" therefore the united nations general assembly decided to observe a day to address this issue in the form of world day of social justice. it is one of the most recent observed days which started in february 2009. the united nations ' ( un ) world day of social justice is annually observed on february 20 to encourage people to look at how social justice affects poverty eradication. it also focuses on the goal of achieving full employment and support for social integration. \" history : the world summit for social development was held in copenhagen, denmark, in 1995 and resulted in the copenhagen declaration and programmed of action. at this summit, more than 100 political leaders pledged to make the conquest of poverty and full employment, as well as stable, safe and just societies, their overriding objectives. they also agreed on the need to put people at the centre of development plans. \" nearly 10 years later, the un ' s member states reviewed the copenhagen declaration and programme of action when they gathered at a session of the commission for social development in new york in february 2005. they also agreed to commit to advance social development. on 26 november 2007, the un general assembly named 20 february as the annual world day of social justice. the day was scheduled to be first observed in 2009. \" * world day of social justic3 2013 : http : / / www. un. org / en / events / socialjusticeday / * un declares 20 february as world day of social justice : http : / / www. un. org / apps / news / story. asp? newsid = 24801tweet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49058451229652306, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11fa1bc7-f051-4020-9d09-9c76f620026f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.271743"}
{"text": "print this page. home / browse / category / government and politics / political issues and controversies / arkansas plan the 1976 proposal known as the \u201c arkansas plan \u201d represented an important innovation in the relationship between the state and its localities, and its defeat became one of the greatest policy failures for governor david pryor. at its core, the plan would have greatly expanded local control over important public policies as well as taxing authority, shifting such decision making from the state level. when the plan was introduced in october 1976, pryor was in the midst of an easy reelection campaign. the energy that pryor invested over the months following in a failed effort to get the plan passed became a major distraction from other aspects of his political agenda. pryor \u2019 s arkansas plan was a follow - up to a 1974 amendment to the state constitution \u2014 amendment 55 \u2014 that had transformed and modernized county governments in arkansas. amendment 55 had reduced the size of the county quorum courts so that they could serve as legitimate legislative bodies and had reduced the power of county judges so that they were modern chief executives sharing power with the quorum courts. amendment 55 also gave counties \u201c home rule \u201d so that they could enact regulations and create new programs as long as they were not specifically proscribed by the constitution or state statute. the arkansas plan would have expanded the power of counties even more and would have extended this new potency to municipalities. specifically, they would be given dramatically enhanced power to raise their own revenues through the imposition of a variety of taxes. pryor contended that the plan would reconnect arkansas \u2019 s citizens with their government because those citizens would gain so much direct power over the actions of these empowered local governments. as pryor said in the december address : \u201c we can no longer say that we have all the answers to local problems \u2026. [ t ] he people know their own problems better than we know them in little rock. this is why state government should become a partner, and not a parent. \u201d however, these counties and municipalities would lose all \u201c turnbacks, \u201d the funds traditionally given to the local governments to be spent freely on projects. since these expenditures would no longer exist in the state budget, and since most local governments would now be asking local voters to raise taxes, the arkansas plan called for a permanent one - quarter decrease in the state income tax and a bar to expanding the state sales tax during the pryor era. traveling and holding town hall meetings throughout the state following the roll - out of the multifaceted plan, pry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3804914362577484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45f4b33c-7942-441b-83e3-21c7c947e60e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.287811"}
{"text": "called for a permanent one - quarter decrease in the state income tax and a bar to expanding the state sales tax during the pryor era. traveling and holding town hall meetings throughout the state following the roll - out of the multifaceted plan, pryor invested significant political capital in the program \u2019 s passage. emphasizing the empowerment of local citizens inherent in the proposal, pryor said at a meeting that the citizens of the state would decide whether the extra money that they received as a result of the income tax cut could be spent on raising local taxes or on \u201c a new shotgun or coon dog. \u201d the plan was thus nicknamed the \u201c coon dog plan. \u201d the fear that local voters would make a choice against taxes ( and, therefore, against services ) created expansive opposition to the plan by local government officials, education advocates, and editorialists at the arkansas gazette. as pryor later said, \u201c i don \u2019 t think i had one group who were really in my corner, but it was a heck of a great fight \u2026. i didn \u2019 t feel bitter about it one bit. \u201d recognizing the power of the opposition, pryor announced in late december major revisions to the plan that gutted its core principles. thus, this grand experiment in devolution of power to the local level in arkansas effectively died only two months after its announcement. all that survived after the legislature acted on the proposal was some enhancement in the power of quorum courts and more freedom for localities to raise a limited number of taxes for their own use. while some observers deemed the defeat of the effort a political death knell for pryor, less than two years later, he went to washington as arkansas \u2019 s junior u. s. senator. for additional information : kincaid, diane. \u201c the arkansas plan : coon dogs or community service? \u201d publius 8 ( winter 1978 ) : 117 \u2013 134. jay barthhendrix college last updated 10 / 24 / 2007 about this entry : contact the encyclopedia / submit a comment / submit a narrative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4455938825346242, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45f4b33c-7942-441b-83e3-21c7c947e60e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.291259"}
{"text": "1. quote - listen to the quote and guess what the slang means. \u201c what are the chances there is a god, really? he is a blank slate, and we saw him as black. \u201d - actress and comedian sarah silverman on representing god as a black person on the sarah silverman program. ( men dot style dot com ) 1. definition - study the definition. undeveloped, free of information or associations ; the idea that all knowledge is learned, that you \u2019 re born knowing nothing 2. use - learn how the slang is used. this one goes back to latin. the phrase tabula rasa is used by philosophers to discuss the idea that people aren \u2019 t with any built - in knowledge. tabula rasa translates to english as blank slate and it has many simple uses in addition to the philosophical meaning. anything that can be manipulated freely is a blank slate. if you \u2019 re at a party and everyone has just arrived, you could say it is a blank slate. everyone could dance, or sing, or play a game or sit and talk. it will be what you make it. a slate is a flat piece of rock that ancient people used to carve messages into. it \u2019 s sort of like a blank piece of paper. when you think about it, god is sort of like a blank piece of paper too. if you asked a group of people to draw god, they would all draw different things because there is no shared idea of what god looks like. when an interviewer asked sarah silverman about how god is portrayed by a black man on her television show, she replies that god is a blank slate. he could be any race. heck, he could be a giant alligator. silverman is unsure if god exists, so she certainly has no idea about how he would look. so she filled in the blank slate however she liked. 1. examples - hear some example sentences. \u201c my little brother is new to the world of rock music. he \u2019 s a total blank slate, so i intend to show him all the coolest bands and make sure he has good taste. \u201c \u201c when you first start your blog, it \u2019 s a blank slate. it can be whatever you want it to be. but as you gain readers, they \u2019 ll develop expectations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5988480322710853, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34cfef2b-5d33-4622-9df0-9cb7767f22e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.297840"}
{"text": "what is braille? braille is an arrangement of clusters of six points, some of which are raised, representing letters, sounds and words. the fingertips are passed over the embossed dots enabling the reader to feel the points. this process means that a visually impaired or blind person who understands the significance of the patterns at his / her fingertips can read. who was louis braille? louis braille was a frenchman. born in 1809, he was a normally - sighted baby. unfortunately he lost his sight three years later when his eyes became infected after an accident. seven years later he won a scholarship to the national institute for the blind in paris where he learned to play musical instruments. he was an intelligent student and soon went on to play the organ in churches all round the country. the school was a leader in the field of teaching the blind and its founder had invented a system of raised letters on paper in order to teach blind children to read. there were drawbacks to this method, however. the books were large and unwieldy, and although the children learned to read they did not learn to write. fortunately this situation was soon to change. in 1821 a former officer of the french army paid a visit to the school. his name was charles barbier and he had been commanded by napoleon to invent a system for writing at night, silently and without light, for use in the french army. barbier had come up with a system of twelve dots and dashes, raised on paper. the code had not taken off very well, however, as it was too difficult to learn. nevertheless he told the institute about it and the idea sparked louis braille \u2019 s creative abilities. he quickly spotted the flaw in barbier \u2019 s system and set about simplifying the code to six dots which made it much easier to learn to use. the beauty of braille \u2019 s system lay in the fact that the fingertip did not need to move around in order to trace out each letter or cover a 12 - dot cluster \u2013 the pattern of just six raised dots could be read with one touch. also, blind people could write as well as read with this method. louis braille worked tirelessly on his system until he completed it in the mid 1820s, while still in his teens. in later years he widened the scope of the code so that both music and mathematics could be read and produced with it. by 1830 the first book in braille had been published. in adulthood louis braille stayed on at the institute as a teacher though", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5419538694019204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d72c28b4-84d3-4e23-9149-b7ae6cfe5ead>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.304744"}
{"text": "in later years he widened the scope of the code so that both music and mathematics could be read and produced with it. by 1830 the first book in braille had been published. in adulthood louis braille stayed on at the institute as a teacher though he didn \u2019 t teach his system for reading and writing to the children there \u2013 \u2018 braille \u2019 had yet to catch on officially. in 1852 he succumbed to tuberculosis and died. just two years later his code of raised dots was given official recognition as the system to be used when teaching literacy to the blind. exactly one hundred years after his death louis braille \u2019 s remains were transferred to the pantheon in paris, re - interred and accorded the honours the inventor of a reading and writing system for the blind deserved. in spite of the fact that the use of braille is declining nowadays due to advances in technology, louis braille \u2019 s place in history is assured. see also : more important problems to deal with than blindness? quick quiz : read the clues below and write the solutions on a piece of paper. then take the first letter of each answer and rearrange them to find the hidden word connected with this talking point. 1. he lost his sight three years later when his eyes became infected after an _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. 2. the school was a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the field of teaching the blind. 3. there were _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to this method, however. 4. a former officer of the french army paid a visit to the school whose name was charles _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. 5. he had been commanded by napoleon to invent a system for writing at _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, silently and without light. 6. barbier had come up with a system of twelve dots and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, raised on paper. 7. the beauty of braille \u2019 s system lay _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the fact that the fingertip did not need to move around in order to trace out each letter or cover a 12 - dot cluster. 8. louis braille worked tirelessly on his system until he completed it in the mid 1820s, while still in his _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. 9. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ one hundred years after his death louis braille \u2019 s remains were transferred to the pantheon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4783075781804974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d72c28b4-84d3-4e23-9149-b7ae6cfe5ead>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.305883"}
{"text": "rain and snow spell relief for great lakes by jonathan spicer toronto ( reuters ) - twice as much autumn rain and early winter ice helped lake superior, the biggest of north america ' s great lakes, bounce back from record low water levels reached last year. the deep, cold lake on the canada - u. s. border - - the largest freshwater body of water in the world by surface area - - rose about 31 cm ( 1 foot ) in seven months, with half of that in april alone as the spring thaw melted heavy winter snowfall that arrived late in the season. the turnaround in the uppermost of the great lakes could literally trickle down to its four lower cousins, spelling relief for shippers who use the major waterway and residents concerned over shallow channels and receding shorelines. \" the spring runoff was much anticipated, and conditions have appeared to return to normal, \" said melissa kropfreiter, a hydraulic engineer with the u. s. army corps of engineers, which studies the water levels. in the last 30 years, precipitation has decreased while evaporation has increased. that led to higher water temperatures and, in recent years, lower water levels in the three upper great lakes - - superior, huron and michigan. with the inland waterway a key route for shipping bulk commodities like grain, steel or coal, the low water forced ships to lighten their loads. last summer, some of the shallows and riverbeds used by fish for spawning dried up. but that pattern, seen by many as a mark of global climate change, appears to have reversed at least over the last half year. huron, michigan also rising lake huron and lake michigan, which share the same water level, also rose through the winter and spring as 50 percent more snow fell in a region that includes the u. s. states of wisconsin and michigan, and parts of the canadian province of ontario. ice on the water curbs winter evaporation, helping to maintain levels. but much of the snowpack evaporates before the spring thaw and never reaches the lakes, which may explain why huron and michigan are still slightly lower than last year, experts say. \" if there are a lot of cool, sunny days, the snow goes straight into water vapor, \" said ralph moulton, a senior engineer at environment canada who studies canada - u. s. boundary waters. the new data on water levels comes as the international joint commission, an independent body formed by the u. s. and canadian governments, studies whether dredging on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39552873638155683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ace9f1b-d246-4320-9825-9dd912e01441>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.309263"}
{"text": "a better plastic researchers at the university of leeds and durham university have solved a long - standing problem that could revolutionize the way new plastics are developed. the breakthrough will allow experts to create the perfect plastic with specific uses and properties by using a high - tech ' recipe book '. it will also increase our ability to recycle plastics. the research is published in the journal science. a plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi - synthetic organic solids used in the manufacture of industrial products. plastics are typically polymers of high molecular mass, and may contain other substances to improve performance and / or reduce production costs. monomers of plastic are either natural or synthetic organic compounds. the paper ' s authors form part of the microscale polymer processing project, a collaboration between academics and industry experts which has spent 10 years exploring how to better build giant macromolecules. these long tangled molecules are the basic components of plastics and dictate their properties during the melting, flowing and forming processes in plastics production. low - density polyethylenes ( ldpes ) are used in trays and containers, lightweight car parts, recyclable packaging and electrical goods. up until now, industry developed a plastic then found a use for it, or tried hundreds of different recipes to see which worked. this method could save the manufacturing industry time, energy and money. the mathematical models used put together two pieces of computer code. the first predicts how polymers will flow based on the connections between the string - like molecules they are made from. a second piece of code predicts the shapes that these molecules will take when they are created at a chemical level. these models were enhanced by experiments on carefully synthesized perfect polymers created in labs of the microscale polymer processing project. dr daniel read, from the school of mathematics, university of leeds, who led the research, said : \" plastics are used by everybody, every day, but until now their production has been effectively guesswork. this breakthrough means that new plastics can be created more efficiently and with a specific use in mind, with benefits to industry and the environment. \" professor mcleish added that as plastics production moves from oil - based materials to sustainable and renewable materials, the trial and error phase in developing new plastics could now be by - passed. he said : \" by changing two or three numbers in the computer code, we can adapt all the predictions for new bio - polymer sources. \" dr. ian robinson of lucite international, one of the industrial participants in the wider project", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5452568809411847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89f0facd-3ab9-4a6a-98ff-80b782b200c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.313671"}
{"text": "insight into causes, prevention & when to see an ent swimmer ' s ear is an infection of the outer ear structures. it typically occurs in swimmers, but since the cause of the infection is water trapped in the ear canal, water from bathing or showering may also cause this common infection. when water is trapped in the ear canal, bacteria that normally inhabit the skin and ear canal multiply, causing infection and irritation of the ear canal. if the infection progresses it may involve the outer ear. treatment for the early stages of swimmer ' s ear includes careful cleaning of the ear canal and eardrops that inhibit bacterial growth. mild acid solutions such as boric or acetic acid are effective for early infections. for more severe infections, if you do not have a perforated eardrum, ear cleaning may be helped by antibiotics. if the ear canal is swollen shut, a sponge or wick may be placed in the ear canal so that the antibiotic drops will be effective. pain medication may also be prescribed. follow - up appointments are very important to monitor progress of the infection, to repeat ear cleaning, and to replace the ear wick as needed. your otolaryngologist has specialized equipment and expertise to effectively clean the ear canal and treat swimmer ' s ear. signs and symptoms the most common symptoms of swimmer ' s ear are mild to moderate pain that is aggravated by tugging on the outer ear and an itchy ear. other symptoms may include any of the following : - sensation that the ear is blocked or full - decreased hearing - swollen lymph nodes - intense pain that may radiate to the neck, face, or side of the head - the outer ear may appear to be pushed forward or away from the skull - why do ears itch? an itchy ear is a maddening symptom. sometimes it is caused by a fungus or allergy, but more often it is a chronic dermatitis ( skin inflammation ) of the ear canal. one type is seborrheia dermatitis, a condition similar to dandruff in the scalp ; the wax is dry, flaky, and abundant. some patients with this problem will do well to decrease their intake of foods that aggravate it, such as greasy foods, carbohydrates ( sugar and starches ), and chocolate. doctors often prescribe a cortisone eardrop at bedtime when the ears itch. there is no long - term cure, but it can be kept controlled. a dry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4655586311116314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7f92f6b-8544-485d-9f2b-51b145d54deb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.317389"}
{"text": "##hydrates ( sugar and starches ), and chocolate. doctors often prescribe a cortisone eardrop at bedtime when the ears itch. there is no long - term cure, but it can be kept controlled. a dry ear is unlikely to become infected, so it is important to keep the ears free of moisture after swimming or bathing. q - tips should not be used for this purpose, because they may pack material deeper into the ear canal, remove protective earwax, and irritate the thin skin of the ear canal creating the perfect environment for an infection. the safest way to dry your ears is with a hair blow - dryer. if you do not have a perforated eardrum, rubbing alcohol or a 50 : 50 mixture alcohol and vinegar used as eardrops will evaporate excess water and keep your ears dry. before using any drops in the ear, it is important to verify that you do not have a perforated eardrum. check with your otolaryngologist if you have ever had a perforated, punctured, or injured eardrum, or if you have had ear surgery. people with itchy ears, flaky or scaly ears, or extensive earwax are more likely to develop swimmer ' s ear. if so, it may be helpful to have your ears cleaned periodically by an otolaryngologist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4160822691275624, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7f92f6b-8544-485d-9f2b-51b145d54deb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.317942"}
{"text": "on the road what you can do on the road - federal fuel economy guide - federal bicycle and pedestrian program - public transportation website - green vehicle guide - alternative fueling station locator - climate change and transportation printable version : what you can do on the road ( pdf ) ( 1 pg., 202 kb, about pdf ) did you know? driving your vehicle releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and contributes to climate change \u2014 but you can take simple, easy steps to cut your emissions, reduce our nation ' s dependence on oil, and save money. 1. buy smart : purchase a fuel - efficient, low - greenhouse gas vehicle when shopping for a new or used vehicle ( or even renting a vehicle ), choose the cleanest, most fuel - efficient vehicle that meets your needs. with a wide range of clean, fuel - efficient vehicles available today, it \u2019 s easier than ever to go green \u2014 for the environment, and for your wallet. check out www. fueleconomy. gov, to find the best, most comprehensive information on vehicle emissions and fuel economy. you can also learn more about the fuel economy and environment label that you \u2019 ll see on all new vehicles. the label has been redesigned and updated for even easier comparison shopping. these new window stickers provide fuel economy and environmental ratings for all new vehicles, including advanced technology vehicles like electric cars and plug - in hybrids. and while at the showroom, you can scan the qr code\u00ae on each vehicle \u2019 s label to be connected to additional information online, including personalized cost and energy - use estimates. 2. drive smart to improve your fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, go easy on the brakes and gas pedal, avoid hard accelerations, reduce your time spent idling ( no more than 30 seconds ), and unload unnecessary items in your trunk to reduce weight. if you have a removable roof rack and you are not using it, take it off to improve your fuel economy. use cruise control if you have it, and for vehicles with selectable four - wheel drive, consider operating in two - wheel drive mode when road conditions make it safe to do so. for more information, take a look at these tips for driving more efficiently. 3. remember maintenance... get regular tune - ups, follow the manufacturer \u2019 s maintenance schedule ( which can be found in your owner \u2019 s manual ), and use the recommended grade of motor oil. a well - maintained car is more fuel - efficient, produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5014296582399194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1489b6c-9185-4ea0-9ae2-c91cf54c3b08>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.321717"}
{"text": "tune - ups, follow the manufacturer \u2019 s maintenance schedule ( which can be found in your owner \u2019 s manual ), and use the recommended grade of motor oil. a well - maintained car is more fuel - efficient, produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions, is more reliable, and is safer! for more details, including potential fuel savings, check out these tips for keeping your car in shape. 4.... and don \u2019 t forget your tires! check your tire pressure regularly. under - inflation increases tire wear, reduces your fuel economy, and leads to higher greenhouse gas and other air pollutant emissions. if you don \u2019 t know the correct tire pressure for your vehicle, you can find it listed on the door to your vehicle \u2019 s glove compartment, or on the driver ' s - side door pillar. and when it \u2019 s time for new tires, consider purchasing tires with \u201c low rolling resistance, \u201d an energy - saving feature. 5. give your car a break use public transportation, carpool, or walk or bike whenever possible to avoid using your car. leaving your car at home just two days a week can reduce your greenhouse gas emissions by an average of two tons per year. also consider telecommuting ( working from home via phone or the internet ), which can reduce the stress of commuting, reduce harmful emissions, and save you money. and when driving, try combining your errands and activities into one trip. 6. use renewable fuels give e85 and biodiesel a try. both are renewable fuels ( made from renewable sources such as corn ) that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from your vehicle. e85 is a fuel blend containing 85 % ethanol and 15 % gasoline that can be used in certain vehicles called flex fuel vehicles ( ffvs ). ffvs are designed to be fueled with either e85 or traditional gasoline. there are millions of ffvs on the road today \u2014 to find out if you own one, check the inside of your car ' s fuel door for an identification sticker, or consult your owner \u2019 s manual. if you own a diesel vehicle, consider filling up with a biodiesel blend such as b5, which is a diesel fuel blend containing 5 % biodiesel. the department of energy \u2019 s alternative fueling station locator can help you locate both e85 and biodiesel fuel stations in your area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46717913065978445, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1489b6c-9185-4ea0-9ae2-c91cf54c3b08>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.322696"}
{"text": "jump to main content or bold kids site navigation the osv bold supports a variety of monitoring and educational tasks. the ship carries high - tech instruments to collect data from the water column, sediments, and even marine life. the bold also carries onboard equipment that can take underwater video, side - scan sonar, and sampling instruments such as corers, dredges, and trawls. onboard laboratories allow scientists to process, analyze, and store samples while they are out at sea. the sturdy a - frame on the back deck of the bold, helps the scientists deploy the equipment for sampling and monitoring. a bottom grab, does exactly what it sounds like! this piece of equipment catches muddy sediment, and it can collect down to about two feet into the bottom. the grab is lowered to the bottom by a cable and water is able to flow through it as it is lowered down. when it hits the bottom, it releases a catch that allows the two doors to close, capturing the mud. scientists use this grabbing technique to measure the concentrations of pollutants in the mud or to look at the small marine invertebrates, such as worms ( polychaetes ), crustaceans ( such as amphipods ), or mollusks ( such as small clams ) that may live in the surface of the sediments. this type of sample is incredibly important. scientists can tell if the study area is a healthy environment or polluted depending on the types of species of organisms they find in the mud grabs. next to the onboard dry lab, there is a computer room. in here, scientists can use remote control equipment to steer the side scan tow fish, tell the ctd how deep to go and watch underwater video of the area they are studying! a ctd is the primary tool for understanding the physical properties of sea water that are essential for supporting marine life. c stands for \" conductivity, \" t stands for \" temperature, \" and d stands for \" depth \". a ctd gives scientists an accurate and comprehensive charting of the distribution and change in water temperature, salinity, and density for the water column they are studying. all of these are important for understanding how healthy an area of water is for supporting marine life. how does a ctd work? the ctd is made up of a set of small high tech probes, attached to the large metal rosette water sampler. the rosette is lowered on a cable down to the depths that the scientists want to evaluate, sometimes all the way to the seafloor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5438751933032228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d0d0052-c712-4ad6-89ec-a82e943091b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.331314"}
{"text": "of a set of small high tech probes, attached to the large metal rosette water sampler. the rosette is lowered on a cable down to the depths that the scientists want to evaluate, sometimes all the way to the seafloor. while the ctd is still underwater it reports electronic messages through a cable back to the onboard computer lab. while the ctd is gathering data underwater, computers on the ship are constantly reading that data and creating charts and line graphs. this helps the scientists understand right away the changes in the water column as the ctd goes deeper and deeper. a typical ctd drop, or hydro - cast as the scientists like to call it, can take 5 to 15 minutes depending on how deep the scientists want to go. for the work that epa does, generally within depths of 300 feet, gathering a complete set of ctd data can take less than 20 minutes. true or false? salinity and conductivity both refer to the amount of dissolved salt in a body of water. up in the dry lab, on board the ship, scientists can look at organisms under microscopes. these organisms can be collected in the mud, or water and by looking at the species, the scientists can tell if the environment is healthy or polluted, or even being taken over by invasive species that don ' t naturally belong there. believe it or not! some oceanic organisms like pollution, and there presence in a mud sample can tell a scientist a lot about that underwater environment. the otter trawl is a specialized net for catching fish on the bottom of the ocean in sandy, silty seabeds. contrary to the name, it is not used for collecting otters! when scientists are trying to determine the health of ocean bottom environment, it is sometimes helpful to collect real fish for the study. if the ocean bottom is too muddy, or has too many rocks or boulders, the otter trawl doesn ' t work very well. when it is slowly dragged on the bottom, ( at about 2 knots, or 2 mph ) the scientists do not want it to get snagged on a boulder that could tear it! in 2007, this type of trawl helped scientists on the osv bold check on some close - to - shore habitats for winter flounder in rhode island sound. the population of winter flounder has decreased dramatically off the coast of rhode island in the past 25 years. to try to better understand why this has happened, the scientists wanted to identify the most important nursery zones for fl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5236670256545122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d0d0052-c712-4ad6-89ec-a82e943091b9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.332350"}
{"text": ". bathymetry is the study of underwater depth. check out this map! purple areas are the deepest, yellow shows areas of land above the surface of the water. side scan sonar can be used to conduct surveys for maritime archaeology ; along with seafloor samples, the sonar can help scientists understand the different materials and textures of the seabed. the pictures that the sonar tow fish sends back to the ship oftentimes find debris items left from human activities. check out our gallery of side scan images! what else can side scan sonar help with? on the bold, the side - scan sonar is called the \" tow fish \" because it is pulled behind the ship underwater. slowly, and carefully, the ship \u2019 s crew guides the ship in a set path to gather an image of the ocean floor beneath. to make the image, the sonar \" tow fish \" sends out a fan shaped series of pulses ( sound frequencies ) down toward the seafloor. the intensity of the acoustic reflections from the seafloor of this fan - shaped beam is recorded in a series of cross - track slices. when stitched together by a computer, these slices can form an image of the sea bottom within the swath ( coverage width ) of the beam. one of the inventors of side - scan sonar was german scientist, dr. julius hagemann, who worked for the us navy mine defense laboratory in florida after ww ii. his work is documented in us patent 4, 197, 591, which remained classified by the us navy until it was issued in 1980. in 1963 dr. harold edgerton, edward curley, and john yules used side - scan sonar to find the sunken vineyard lightship in buzzards bay, massachusetts. a team led by martin klein developed the first successful towed, commercial, ( non - military ) side - scan sonar system from 1963 to 1966. in 1967, klein ' s sonar helped find king henry viii ' s flagship mary rose. that same year the side scan sonar also aided in the archaeologist george bass, find a 2000 year old ship off the coast of turkey. in 1968 klein founded klein associates, inc, the company that designed the side scan sonar that is used on the bold. why do you think this area is called the wet lab? this room is right on the deck where scientists on the bold deploy the sampling equipment. this way, a mud grab can be put directly into the wet lab to be studied. sometimes the scientists hose down the sediment to see what organisms are in it and it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5349772084729806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d0d0052-c712-4ad6-89ec-a82e943091b9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.335163"}
{"text": "you ' re just like me!! this is not a personal idea of mine but i thought it was great! depending on the number and type of students in the class, make up some categories and write them on the board. examples of categories teacher can write on the board \u2022 sports fanatics = love to play or watch sports \u2022 bookworms = love to read \u2022 gamblers = like to take chances \u2022 clotheshorses = are very fashion - conscious and often have a lot of clothes or spend a lot of time and money on their wardrobes \u2022 food freaks = really love food and eating \u2022 homebodies = prefer staying home to going out \u2022 workaholics = are very hard workers and often work overtime \u2022 couch potatoes = prefer watching tv or reading to going out or getting exercise \u2022 teacher explains each category. \u2022 ask students to choose one category that they think best describes their personality. ( note : tell students that this is just for fun so they shouldn ' t take their choice too seriously. ) \u2022 students who chose the same category form a group. \u2022 groups discuss why they chose the category they did, why they think it is a good description of themselves, and why it is fun. \u2022 each student writes down on worksheet a few ideas of what he has heard and each group puts their ideas together. \u2022 a chosen secretary within the group synthesizes the ideas. \u2022 a chosen spokesperson within each group presents the ideas to the class. language targeted by activity : use of the present verb tense. the formulation of opinion sentences using because. use of argument to prove category is the most fun. language needed for interaction : i choose _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ because, i like, enjoy, i think _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the best, greatest because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. proper sentence structure when using because. proper intonation use in persuasion sentences. choice of effective ideas in argument proper choice and use of adjectives. world ' s best jobs! dave ' s esl cafe copyright \u00a9 2008 dave sperling. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5475497206088555, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7357484c-89ba-4685-9534-ee4a5bc0c5d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.337342"}
{"text": "what is bpa? bisphenol a, or bpa, is an industrial chemical used to make two common synthetics : - polycarbonate, a clear, rigid, shatter - resistant plastic found in a wide variety of consumer products, including food and drink containers. - epoxy resins, used in industrial adhesives and high - performance coatings. epoxy coating lines most of the 131 billion food and beverage cans made in the u. s. annually. what are its health risks? bpa is a synthetic estrogen that can disrupt the endocrine system, even in small amounts. it has been linked to a wide variety of ills, including infertility, breast and reproductive system cancer, obesity, diabetes, early puberty, behavioral changes in children and resistance to chemotherapy treatments. bpa reaches children beginning in the womb surveys by the federal centers for disease control and prevention have found bpa in the bodies of nearly every person over the age of 6. in 2009, the environmental working group detected bpa in 9 of 10 cord blood samples. most of this contamination is believed to come from food packaging. bpa molecules leach into foods and beverage from plastic food containers and the epoxy linings of metal cans. in 2009, under pressure from consumers, major manufacturers of hard, clear baby bottles, sippy cups and sports water bottles voluntarily switched to other plastics. the federal food and drug administration barred bpa in baby bottles and children ' s cups in june 2012. the fda still allows bpa in food cans. ewg advises consumers to limit their consumption of canned products not made by those few companies that use non - bpa can linings. in 2007, ewg found bpa in 53 of 97 canned foods tested. in 2011, fda tests of 78 popular canned foods found the chemical in 71, or 90 percent. bpa concentrations in different cans of the same food vary dramatically, so it ' s impossible to draw definitive conclusions. a few canned foods sometimes measure high in bpa \u2013 beans, green beans, green peas and chili. others, mainly fruits and beverages, tend to have low concentrations of bpa. in 2011, researchers at the harvard school of public health determined that volunteers who ate a single serving of canned soup a day for five days had ten times the amount of bpa in their bodies as when they ate fresh soup daily. campbell ' s and other major canned food makers are seeking alternatives but have not yet switched to bpa - free cans. how to limit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5179699092659122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20c81b21-6c83-4f5f-b678-e4178e2c894b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.343211"}
{"text": "day for five days had ten times the amount of bpa in their bodies as when they ate fresh soup daily. campbell ' s and other major canned food makers are seeking alternatives but have not yet switched to bpa - free cans. how to limit your family ' s exposure to bpa completely eliminating contact with bpa is virtually impossible, but you can reduce your family ' s exposure to this chemical. - buy baby formula in plastic, glass or other non - metal containers. when possible, choose powdered formula because the packaging contains less bpa and because the powder is diluted with fresh water. if your baby needs liquid formula, look for brands sold in plastic or glass containers. - limit your consumption of canned food, particularly if you are pregnant. - look for canned food labeled as bpa - free or buy food packed in glass jars or waxed cardboard cartons. a few small companies sell cans lined with non - bpa alternatives hard plastic containers repurpose old baby bottles, cups, dishes and food containers marked with the letters \" pc, \" for polycarbonate, or recycling label # 7. not all # 7 products are polycarbonate, but they may be. do not microwave food in plastic containers. bpa in store receipts ewg ' s tests of major retailers ' store receipts, conducted in 2010, found that 40 percent were coated with bpa. the chemical can rub off on hands or food items. some may be absorbed through the skin. how to limit exposure to bpa in receipts - say no to receipts when possible - keep receipts in an envelope. - never give a child a receipt to hold or play with. - wash your hands before preparing and eating food after handling receipts. - do not recycle receipts and other thermal paper. bpa residues will contaminate recycled paper.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43912312874026727, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20c81b21-6c83-4f5f-b678-e4178e2c894b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.345653"}
{"text": "what is it about human nature that causes people to never be satisfied with the quality of the things that they see, hear, smell, taste, or experience? invariably, there is always someone who will point out something wrong or complain even when everything seems perfect. as soon as this individual says something, soon everyone is dissatisfied and looking for other imperfections. often, complaining is the easy thing to do, however, complaining is a much more serious matter than one might realize. contained within exodus 16 : 1 - 15 is a story of complaining. here, the people of god ( who were released from slavery because of the plagues that god brought, saw the red sea parted and walked through the middle of it, and who witnessed the bad water being made drinkable ) are complaining that they do not have any food ; they even suggest that going back into slavery would be better than their life now. apparently, they do not understand that god is providing for them. moses understands that the people are not complaining against him, but against god. god provides bread and meat for them, but the point of this passage is that when people complain about something, they are complaining against god. people complain because of fear, unbelief, or not being satisfied with what they have. these things are wrong, and only lead to wrong complaining. god tells his people to ask and they will receive. asking is not wrong, but complaining is. one should be careful to ask and not to complain. often complaining brings more of what one does not want.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4790304133554945, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7351184c-7dea-44d0-b1aa-6a59dcbda052>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.347952"}
{"text": "whether you ' re a beginner or a veteran, you won ' t get far in tracing your family tree if you don ' t understand the lingo. build your genealogical vocabulary with this glossary. skip ahead to a particular letter by clicking on it below : a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z can ' t find a term here? suggest additions to the editorial staff. an abbreviated transcription of a document that includes the date of the record and every name it contains ; it may also provide relationships or descriptions ( witness, executor, bondsman, son, widow ) of the people mentioned. a german word meaning \u201c ancestor table. \u201d this system of numbering gives each ancestor a number and makes organization and reference easier. fathers are even numbers, mothers odd. to find a father \u2019 s number, double the child \u2019 s number ( if you are # 1, then, your father is # 2 ). add one to the father \u2019 s number to get the mother \u2019 s number ( your mother would be # 3 ). in the rectangular survey system, a description for an exact subdivision of a section of land. aliquot parts use directions and fractions to indicate the land \u2019 s location \u2014 for example, \u201c w 1 / 2 se 1 / 4 \u201d represents the west half of the southeast quarter of a township. the relatives you descend from directly, including parents, grandparents, great - grandparents and so on. your number of ancestors doubles each generation you move backward ; for example, you have four grandparents, eight great - grandparents and 16 great - great - grandparents. genetic material inherited equally from mother and father. it \u2019 s less useful genealogically than y - dna and mtdna because it mutates more often. genetic tests to determine ethnic origins \u2014 african, native american, viking \u2014 typically analyze autosomal dna. banns ( or marriage banns ) church - generated documents publicly stating couples \u2019 intent to marry. the custom dates back to colonial america ; banns were posted or read on three consecutive sundays. a one -, two -, or three - digit number that describes a block ( or piece ) of land within a township. a written, signed and witnessed agreement requiring someone to pay a specified amount of money by a given date. land granted by the colonial and federal governments as a reward for military service. bounty - land warrants \u2014 documents granting the right to the land \u2014 were assigned to soldiers, their heirs and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5417871354359061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8de52b95-8a9a-455c-a145-1716ebbcd2ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.387254"}
{"text": "someone to pay a specified amount of money by a given date. land granted by the colonial and federal governments as a reward for military service. bounty - land warrants \u2014 documents granting the right to the land \u2014 were assigned to soldiers, their heirs and other individuals. bureau of land management general land office ( glo ) the us government office historically in charge of disposing of public land. usually, several branch land offices existed for each state. its web site contains a searchable database with millions of digitized federal land patents. records of the names and death dates of those buried, as well as maps of grave sites. these records are usually kept by cemetery caretakers. more - detailed records, including the names of the deceased ' s relatives, may also be included. in addition to these paper records, tombstones also can provide information such as birth and death dates and the names of other family members. a census is an official count of the population in a particular area. in addition to counting the inhabitants of an area, the census generally collects other details, such as names, ages, citizenship status and ethnic background. the us government began collecting census data in 1790, and has done so every 10 years since then. selected states have conducted their own censuses over the years. a copy made and attested to by officers having charge of the original and who are authorized to give copies. a threadlike strand of dna that carries genes and transmits hereditary information. studying your ancestor as part of a group, or \u201c cluster, \u201d of relatives, friends and neighbors and associates. the cluster approach can help you find ( or confirm ) details you might miss by looking only at an individual ancestor. any kin who aren \u2019 t in your direct line, such as siblings, aunts, uncles and cousins. a document transferring land to be paid for in installments over a four - year period. a delinquent payment or nonpayment of the full balance resulted in forfeiture. in 1820, congress required full payment for land at the time of purchase. declaration of intention an alien \u2019 s sworn statement that he or she wants to become a us citizen, also called \u201c first papers. \u201d these records, which were filed in federal court, list personal details such as name, age, occupation, birthplace, last foreign residence and more. a document transferring ownership and title of property. unlike a patent, a deed records the sale of property from one private individual to another. similar to an outline descendant chart, the descendant report in generations also includes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5303899436271078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8de52b95-8a9a-455c-a145-1716ebbcd2ed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.388365"}
{"text": ", birthplace, last foreign residence and more. a document transferring ownership and title of property. unlike a patent, a deed records the sale of property from one private individual to another. similar to an outline descendant chart, the descendant report in generations also includes dates and places of birth, death and burial. it \u2019 s useful as a compact format for displaying detailed information on a person \u2019 s descendants. an ancestor \u2019 s offspring \u2014 children, grandchildren and every new generation in the direct line. the molecule that contains each cell \u2019 s genetic code, organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes. genetic genealogy tests analyze your y - dna, mtdna or autosomal dna. the process of citing your sources of family history information. thorough documentation makes it easier for you to keep track of the details and sources you \u2019 ve already researched ; it also allows other researchers to verify your findings. divisions of each county and some large cities used to make census taking more efficient and accurate. for large cities, the boundaries of enumeration districts often match those of wards or precincts. family group record ( or sheet ) succinctly summarizes your information on a couple and their children. includes names ; dates and places of birth, baptism, marriage, death and burial ; and source citations. arrange these sheets by husband \u2019 s last name in a three - ring binder for easy reference at home and on research outings. family history library ( fhl ) the world \u2019 s largest genealogical information collection, founded in 1894 by the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints. the main branch is in salt lake city, utah, but many of the library \u2019 s microfilmed records can be loaned for use at one of its 3, 700 worldwide family history centers. the fhl \u2019 s familysearch web site contains the social security death index, the military index, the ancestral file and the international genealogical index, plus searchable census data from the united states, canada and the united kingdom. basically, your family tree. the five - generation chart has five columns reading from left to right. column one ( a single box ) contains your vital information. column two ( two lines ) contains the names of your parents and their vital information. the third, fourth and fifth columns have four, eight and sixteen lines, respectively, for you to list the names and vital information of everyone through your great - great - grandparents. a male released from slavery ; an emancipated person. a geographical dictionary ; a book giving names and descriptions of places, usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5264183989283258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8de52b95-8a9a-455c-a145-1716ebbcd2ed>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.389368"}
{"text": ", respectively, for you to list the names and vital information of everyone through your great - great - grandparents. a male released from slavery ; an emancipated person. a geographical dictionary ; a book giving names and descriptions of places, usually in alphabetical order. genealogy data communications, or, the universal file format for genealogy databases that allows users of different software programs to share their data with others. a hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of dna that occupies a specific location on a chromosome, and determines a particular characteristic in an organism. the study of your family \u2019 s history ; the process of tracing your ancestors back through time. represents a specific location on a chromosome where the basic genetic units exist in a variable number of repeated copies the compilation of multiple genetic markers ; serves as the unique genetic identifier for any given individual. an identification of the genetic group your ancient ancestors ( 10, 000 to 60, 000 years ago ) belonged to ; sometimes referred to as your branch of the world ' s family tree collectively, the marker values on your y - dna test results usually, a home on land obtained from the us government. part of the agreement between the homesteader and the government was that the individual had to live on the land and make improvements to it, such as adding buildings and clearing fields. homestead act of 1862 a law allowing people to settle up to 160 acres of public land if they lived on it for five years and grew crops or made improvements. the land didn \u2019 t cost anything, but the settler paid a filing fee. in genealogical terms, an alphabetical list of names taken from a particular set of records. for example, a census index lists the names of people named in a particular set of census records, such as the 1870 or 1900 census. indexes come in book form and on cd - rom, microfilm and microfiche. international genealogical index ( igi ) the international genealogical index ( igi ) is one of the resources of the family history library of the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints. containing approximately 250 million names, it is an index of people ' s names that were either submitted to the church, or were extracted from records that the church has microfilmed over the years. description of a person who died without leaving a will. the calendar used from 46 bc to 1582, named for julius caesar. it \u2019 s often referred to as the \" old style \" calendar and was replaced by the gregorian calendar. land - entry case file a file created when a person claimed land", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5806031932023503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8de52b95-8a9a-455c-a145-1716ebbcd2ed>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.390378"}
{"text": ". the calendar used from 46 bc to 1582, named for julius caesar. it \u2019 s often referred to as the \" old style \" calendar and was replaced by the gregorian calendar. land - entry case file a file created when a person claimed land under an act of congress, such as the homestead act of 1862. the person first filled out an application at the local general land office, and sometimes provided other information ( such as marriage or immigration documents ). the file also might contain receipts ; affidavits of occupation, immigration, marriage and homestead application ; or other materials. you can obtain land - entry file information for eastern states from the national archives and records administration a settler \u2019 s application to receive public land. public land given to an individual by the government, usually as a reward for military service. a document transferring land ownership from the federal government to an individual. legal land description in a land patent, an exact identification of the land being transferred using survey terms. property or money bequeathed to someone in a will. a claim placed on property by a person who is owed money. usually, a book about a particular town or county. local histories were quite popular in the late 19th century. while they often give the history of the development of the area, they usually also include some information about the important families that lived there. handwritten documents and records such as diaries, letters, or family bible entries that can contain items relating to family, business or organization papers. you can find manuscript collections by consulting the national union catalog of manuscript collections ( nucmc ), which shows libraries \u2019 holdings. paperwork associated with medical treatments. medical records, because they are considered private documents, may not be accessible to the public, but hospital records, doctors \u2019 or midwives \u2019 journals, veterans \u2019 files and asylum records can be found with some hunting. an imaginary north - south line. a principal meridian is the starting point for a rectangular land survey. metes and bounds a land survey method employing compass directions, natural landmarks and distances between points. beginning with the american revolution, records of military service have been kept in one form or another by the federal government. military records fall into two basic categories \u2014 compiled service records and veterans \u2019 benefits \u2014 and can include volunteer records, pension and bounty land warrant applications, draft registration cards and military discharge papers. an indexing system similar to soundex that was used to organize the results of the 1910 census. miracode index cards are computer generated rather than handwritten, and are organized first by soundex code, then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5019083575010486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8de52b95-8a9a-455c-a145-1716ebbcd2ed>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.391430"}
{"text": "draft registration cards and military discharge papers. an indexing system similar to soundex that was used to organize the results of the 1910 census. miracode index cards are computer generated rather than handwritten, and are organized first by soundex code, then alphabetically by county, then alphabetically by given name. genetic material both males and females inherit from their mothers. because it \u2019 s passed down mostly unchanged from mothers to daughters, mtdna can tell you about your maternal line \u2014 but the results reveal only \u201c deep ancestry, \u201d not definitive links to recent generations. a section of the federal census listing information about persons who died during the census year. national archives and records administration ( nara ) the united states \u2019 archive of all federal records, including census records, military service rolls and pension applications, passenger lists and bounty - land warrants. in addition to the primary archives in washington, dc, nara has a branch in college park, md., and 13 regional facilities across the nation. documents of the process by which an immigrant becomes a citizen. an individual has to live in the united states for a specific period of time and file a series of forms with a court before he or she can become naturalized. naturalization records provide the birth place and date, date of arrival into the united states, place of residence at the time of naturalization, a personal description and sometimes the ship names and the individual ' s occupation. ngs quarterly ( ngsq ) system a narrative report showing an individual \u2019 s descendants arranged by generation, this uses an alternative numbering system to the register report. every child in a family gets both a roman numeral and an arabic numeral. a plus sign indicates that a child appears as a parent in the next generation. both the ngs quarterly report and register report make good books. named for the journal of the national genealogical society new england historical and genealogical register system a genealogical numbering system showing an individual \u2019 s descendants arranged by generation. all children in a family get roman numerals ( i, ii, iii \u2026 ) and every child later listed as a parent also gets an arabic numeral ( 2, 3, 4 \u2026 ) so you can easily trace a family line from generation to generation. named for the journal of the new england historic genealogical society a collection of family stories told by a member of the family or by a close family friend. you can transcribe an oral history onto paper, or video or tape - record it. oral histories often yield stories and information you won ' t find written in records.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49113940405970097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8de52b95-8a9a-455c-a145-1716ebbcd2ed>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.393273"}
{"text": "stories told by a member of the family or by a close family friend. you can transcribe an oral history onto paper, or video or tape - record it. oral histories often yield stories and information you won ' t find written in records. an orphanage, or home for children whose parents have died. list of the names and information about passengers that arrived on ships into the united states. these lists were submitted to customs collectors at every port by the ship ' s master. passenger lists were not officially required by the united states government until 1820. before that date, the information about each passenger varied widely, from names to number of bags. list of a person \u2019 s ancestors. a benefit paid regularly to a veteran ( or his widow ) for military service or a military service - related disability. periodical source index ( persi ) a print and online index to more than 2000 genealogy and local history periodicals published in the u. s. and canada between 1847 and 1985. persi is a project of the allen county library in fort wayne, ind., and available through heritagequest online ( access through a subscribing library ). a drawing that shows the boundaries and features of a piece of property. in genealogy, platting refers to creating such a drawing from a metes - and - bounds or legal land description as a surveyor would have done. the right of a settler to acquire property that he had occupied before the government officially sold or surveyed it. a record or other source created at the time of a particular event. a primary source is always the original record \u2014 for example, birth and death certificates are primary sources for those events. but an original record is not always a primary source : for example, a death certificate isn ' t a primary source of birth information. records disposing of a deceased individual ' s property. they may include an individual ' s last will and testament, if one was made. the information you can get from probate records varies, but usually includes the name of the deceased, either the deceased ' s age at the time of death or birth date, property, members of the family, and the last place of residence. land originally owned by the federal government and sold to individuals. a member of the religious group called the society of friends. quakers kept detailed records of their congregations, including vital statistics. in the rectangular survey system, one - fourth of a section of land, equal to 160 acres. a row or column of townships lying east or west of the principal meridian and numbered successively to the east", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4790974071807064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8de52b95-8a9a-455c-a145-1716ebbcd2ed>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.394636"}
{"text": "detailed records of their congregations, including vital statistics. in the rectangular survey system, one - fourth of a section of land, equal to 160 acres. a row or column of townships lying east or west of the principal meridian and numbered successively to the east and to the west from the principal meridian. land and anything attached to it, such as houses, building, barns, growing timber and growing crops. rectangular survey system the land survey method that the general land office used most often. it employs base lines, one east - west and one north - south, that cross at a known geographic position. two large rectangles, called townships \u2014 each generally 24 miles square \u2014 are described in relation to the base lines. townships are subdivided into sections. self - addressed, stamped envelope ( sase ) when you request records or other information from people and institutions, you should include a self - addressed, stamped envelope ( sase ) in your letter. a record created after an event occurred, such as a biography, local history, index, oral history interview or computer database. original records also can be secondary sources for information about earlier events \u2014 for example, a marriage certificate would be a secondary source for a birth date because the birth took place several years before the time of the marriage. use the details you find in secondary sources as clues until you can verify them in original records. a division of land within a township that measures one square mile ( 640 acres ) \u2014 about 1 / 36 of a township. sections were further subdivided into half sections, quarter sections and sixteenth sections, or into lots. social security death index an index of social security death records. generally this includes names of deceased social security recipients whose relatives applied for social security death benefits after their passing. also included in the millions of records are approximately 400, 000 railroad retirement records from the early 1900s to 1950s. a system of coding surnames based on how they sound, which was used to index the 1880 and later censuses the soundex system is useful in locating records containing alternate surname spellings. soundex cards are arranged first by soundex code, then alphabetically by given name, then ( if necessary ) alphabetically by place of birth. land originally owned by a state or another entity, rather than the federal government. in a government survey, it \u2019 s a square tract six miles on each side ( 36 square miles ) ; a name given to the civil and political subdivisions of a county. a parcel of land that isn \u2019 t fully contained within a single section. tracts within a township are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5235190463072007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8de52b95-8a9a-455c-a145-1716ebbcd2ed>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.395752"}
{"text": "it \u2019 s a square tract six miles on each side ( 36 square miles ) ; a name given to the civil and political subdivisions of a county. a parcel of land that isn \u2019 t fully contained within a single section. tracts within a township are numbered beginning with 37 to avoid confusion with section numbers. union list or catalog a bibiliography or catalog of materials held by multiple libraries or repositories, such as the national union catalog of manuscript collections, a library of congress - generated finding aid for personal papers in institutions nationwide. this term used to refer to all interest paid, not just illegally high interest as it does today. on a 1910 miracode index card, the house number of the indexed individual. the most basic information available for a person ; these statistics \u2014 found in vital records \u2014 include birth ( abbreviated b ), marriage date and place ( abbreviated m ), divorce date and place if applicable ( abbreviated div ) and death date and burial place ( abbreviated d and bur ). a woman who followed a military regiment as a sutler or canteen keeper. though exact numbers are unknown, many women served in this capacity during the american civil war. on a soundex or miracode index card, the number of the census volume in which the indexed name appears. a list of registered voters for each state. voter registration lists are sometimes the first public records of former slaves. many states have microfilmed their lists or make them available on interlibrary loan. a document in which a person outlines what should be done with his or her estate after death. the legal process to see that those instructions are carried out is called probate. a person who sees an event and signs a document attesting to its content being accurate. although family members often served as witnesses, don \u2019 t assume that witnesses on a record are relatives \u2014 friends, neighbors and business associates also commonly witnessed documents. what the signer of a document would often write if he couldn \u2019 t write his name. a witness would typically label this \u201c his mark. \u201d genetic material passed down from father to son. because surnames also pass from father to son, y - dna tests can confirm ( or disprove ) genealogical links through a paternal line. y - dna surname studies are the most popular application of genetic genealogy. a name adopted by some civil war union volunteer regiments, who wore brightly colored uniforms, similar to the french light infantry units of the same name.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5362841662603415, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8de52b95-8a9a-455c-a145-1716ebbcd2ed>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.396770"}
{"text": "animal & veterinary farad \u2013 resource for residue problem avoidance fda veterinarian newsletter july / august 2003 volume xviii, no 4 the food animal residue avoidance databank ( farad ) is a computer - based decision support system originally designed to provide livestock producers, extension specialists, and veterinarians with practical information on how to avoid drug, pesticide and environmental contaminant residue problems. however, farad also offers emergency response assistance for accidental or deliberate chemical exposures to food animals. since 1982 the farad has provided emergency hotline assistance to state and federal agencies dealing with chemical contamination in food animals. farad is a collaboration between usda, fda, and three universities ( north carolina state university, university of florida, and university of california, davis ). farad was authorized by congress in 1998 ( public law 105 - 185 ). dr. jim riviere, professor, north carolina state university, college of veterinary medicine says one of farad \u2019 s functions is \u201c to provide withdrawal time guidance in support of extra - label drug use under amduca. \u201d dr. riviere adds, \u201c they also provide such information to the fda - supported veterinary antimicrobial decision support system ( vadss ) program on prudent antimicrobial use and internationally to the commonwealth agricultural bureau, international ( cabi ), which is a global storehouse and disseminator of agricultural databases. \u201d farad personnel at the university of california, davis and the university of florida comb through numerous sources of residue avoidance information and extract information that will be of greatest use. these data are reviewed by residue experts to ensure accuracy and consistency, and further analysis is done by farad personnel at north carolina state university to explore novel ways in which the data may be used to prevent residue problems. farad maintains an up - to - date computerized compilation of : - current label information including withdrawal times on all drugs approved for use in food animals in the united states and on hundreds of products used in canada, europe and australia. - official tolerances for drugs and pesticides in tissues, eggs and milk. - descriptions and sensitivities of rapid screening tests for detecting residues in tissues, eggs and milk. - data on the fate of chemicals in food animals. farad maintains the largest database of animal pharmacokinetic data in the world. these data describe the time - course of chemical ( drugs, pesticides, environmental contaminants and toxins ) depletion in the tissues and products of animals. far", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4639779240304643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65ac5eaa-4bce-4f24-a758-93d2dcfe2a6f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.399865"}
{"text": "creeper is a type of plant, which cannot stand by itself, it trails or climbs. most creepers are flowering plants. climbers can be annual, bi - annual or perennial. climbers are commonly used on walls, arches, pergolas, trellises, porches, arbours, and pillars. bare walls can effectively be decorated by growing colorful climbers on them. fences & trellises also provide scope for these plants to grow and be decorative. it is often felt that among the various types of ornamental plants, the least interest is taken on creepers and only a few species or varieties are found growing in a locality. even a good amateur gardener seldom knows more than a dozen climbers and practical information on many of these plants are not readily available. annual & perennial creepers annual climbers grow flower & complete their lifecycle within a year. lathyrus odoratus ( sweet pea ) & ipomoea rubro - caerulea ( blue morning glory ) are important and widely grown annual climbers. many climbers which grow & flower for several years are perennials and they are valued because once established & trained on support, they continue to flower with little care. quisqualis indica ( madhabilata or rangoon creeper ), gloriosa rothschildiana ( agnisikha ), clitoria ternatea ( aparajita ) are examples of perennial creeper. in a shady place where the flowering climbers fail to grow or flower, those with attractive foliage and luxuriant growth can be selected both for indoor & outdoor creeper. ficus pumila, scindapsus aureus ( pothos or money plant ), several varieties of philodendron, monstera deliciosa are some of the foliage creepers. creepers for screening purpose climbers which grow quickly & show a thick and neat growth are mostly used for screening. vernonia elaeagnifolia has been found to cover high wall or fences very effectively in a warm humid climate like kolkata or india in a broader aspect. creepers for low walls & trellis for low walls & trellis, normally light type of climbers are selected, i. e. gloriosa ( agnisikha ), climatis flammula, clerodendrum thomsoniae ( bleeding heart ). climbers for pergola for long pergolas in a garden or roof - top usually heavy climbers are grown which include allamanda cathart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4752392468992746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4e26844-50ac-4449-a85f-86b733b2dc16>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.402393"}
{"text": "the american crocodile in florida what a croc! it surprises a lot of people to learn there are american crocodiles in florida. not regular old alligators... we have lots of those. i ' m talking honest - to - goodness, genuine pointy - snouted crocodiles. what we have here in the sunshine state is known by scientists as crocodylus acutus. that ' s a combination of greek and latin meaning \" sharp - pointed pebble worm. \" go figure. the current croc situation in florida today, about 2, 000 of these leftover dinosaurs prowl the state ' s southernmost reaches, mostly from biscayne bay and the upper keys to cape sable and around the west coast up to sanibel island. their numbers are up from less than 400 in the mid 1970s when they were listed and protected as an endangered species. as the florida croc population increases, their range expands. recently, according to a st. pete times article by jeff klinkenberg they ' ve been seen as far north as palm beach on the east coast and up to tampa bay on the west coast. crocodile habitat and nesting unlike alligators which prefer fresh water, crocodiles inhabit primarily brackish or saltwater estuaries. they like south florida ' s mangrove swamps, especially those coves and creeks where the waters are deeper, well protected, and not too salty. cape sable in everglades national park - - a good place for crocodiles while alligators are found throughout florida, crocodiles are limited in florida to the state ' s southernmost regions because they are more susceptible to cold than are alligators. crocodiles can ' t tolerate temperatures less than 60 degrees fahrenheit. crocodile nests are often just holes in the side of a marl bank or on a beach. they lay about from 8 to 60 eggs, which hatch in about 90 days, in late july to early august. once on a kayak trip to east cape on cape sable, my friend and i decided to explore the saltwater marshes near lake ingraham. we ventured up the east cape canal, making a turn to the west up one of the little waterways emptying into the canal. in the mud flats at low tide, we saw crocodile slides - - those belly imprints in the mud revealing where crocodiles had entered the water. we were also fortunate to see some crocs. one really big one - - maybe nine or 10 feet from nose to tail - - slid hurriedly into the narrow and three - foot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39864662572734433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca07b9a9-e05d-4fe5-a072-bcc676c97308>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.410700"}
{"text": "biologist with the u. s. fish and wildlife service \"... the american crocodile is a real sweetheart when compared to the alligator, whose presence is often taken for granted. \" does this mean we can be cavalier about crocs? i don ' t think so. my guess is it means we ' d be wise to view crocodiles with no more or less fear than we view our much more familiar alligators. treat them with the same respect, and you ' ll probably be fine. also, although american crocodile attacks on humans in florida are rare to non - existent, attacks have been reported elsewhere in their range. a personal observation once, while in everglades national park at the flamingo marina, i watched hector, a 10 - foot crocodile skulk lazily around the marina basin. that ' s him in the sidebar photo. the marina basin is walled by concrete, much like a swimming pool, but the drop to the water is several feet. as i stood near but a safe distance from edge watching hector a few feet below, i shuddered somewhat while every instinct in my head said \" you do not want to fall in this water right now. it won ' t be pretty. \" hector had that blank predator stare of a huge and hungry, pea - brained eating machine. had i fallen in, i have little doubt that he would ' ve been on me before the water had time to soak my clothes. the whole scenario just had that dangerous feel about it. american crocodile video about florida this national geographic video discusses in just under two minutes - some distinctions between alligators and crocodiles - a bit about their temperament - the importance of maintaining crocodile habitat - the presently increasing crocodile population living with crocodiles please don ' t mess with the crocodiles a florida fish and wildlife conservation commission phamplet - - a guide to living with crocodiles - - offers a few safety tips, which i ' ve summarized in bold below. the sub - bullets are my own thoughts. - don ' t allow small children to play near the water unsupervised. - small mammals are part of a crocodile ' s natural diet. a small child is a small mammal. - swim only during daylight hours. - crocodiles feed mostly at night. they can see you and you probably can ' t see them. - don ' t allow pets to enter the water in crocodile areas. - small mammals are part of a crocodile ' s natural diet. fido and rover are small mammals. - leave crocodiles alone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.395011987999916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca07b9a9-e05d-4fe5-a072-bcc676c97308>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.412812"}
{"text": "you and you probably can ' t see them. - don ' t allow pets to enter the water in crocodile areas. - small mammals are part of a crocodile ' s natural diet. fido and rover are small mammals. - leave crocodiles alone - - no feeding, killing, or harassing them. - feeding a croc makes it associate humans with food. they ' re protected by law. they have big teeth and don ' t like being harassed. - keep a safe distance from crocodiles. - if you ' re not sure it ' s safe, you ' re too close. no \" hold - my - beer - and - watch - this \" tricks. : - ) what is it... a croc or a gator? florida is the only place in the world where crocodiles and alligators coexist. the untrained observer might not know how to distinguish one from the other. here a few simple clues that might help : | american crocodile | | alligator | | snout is relatively long, narrow, and pointed. | | snout is much more rounded. | | coloration is normally a light brownish gray. | | coloration is black ( not green as are cartoon alligators ). | | fourth tooth on the lower jaw remains exposed when the mouth is shut. | | fourth tooth on the lower jaw is hidden when the mouth is shut. | | usually found in saltwater and brackish waters. | | usually found in fresh - water locations. | what do american crocodiles eat? feeding mostly at night, american crocodiles eat fish, birds, crabs, turtles, and small mammals. crocodiles are opportunistic feeders and may chomp down on whatever wanders too close to their powerful jaws. important crocodile locales in florida florida power and light ' s turkey point nuclear plant - - located east of homestead on biscayne bay, this plant built in 1972 has become a major breeding ground for crocodiles. as it turns out, the extensive system of canalsand banks built on site as part of a plant cooling system functions also as a baby crocodile nursery. about five hundredof florida ' s 2, 000 adult crocodiles live here at the plant. florida power and light is active in helping the crocodile population to flourish. crocodile lake national wildlife refuge - - the crocodile lake national wildlife refuge located in north key largo is a 6, 700 - acre reserve established in 1980 \" to protect critical breeding and nesting habitat \" of what few crocs remained at that time -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39759650452413076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca07b9a9-e05d-4fe5-a072-bcc676c97308>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.413733"}
{"text": "developer syd kitson wanted to create the greenest city on earth on a southwest florida cattle ranch. six years later, his survival shows the importance of another kind of green. from under the crossed - horns arch over the front gate, a long road runs by waterlogged pastures deep into babcock ranch. down a turnoff is a lakeside lodge. outside, sunning itself on a peninsula, rests an alligator as black as the water around it. inside the lodge sits syd kitson, a forward - thinking guy who has found the way ahead longer and bumpier than he had envisioned. in 2006, kitson made national news with his bold purchase of babcock, a 142 - square - mile, 91, 000 - acre cattle ranch in charlotte and lee counties in southwest florida. the ranch was an environmental showpiece, maintained with care by babcocks since its acquisition in 1914 by lumber industrialist and pittsburgh mayor edward vose babcock. kitson instantly fulfilled the dreams of environmentalists by selling the state 73, 000 acres. the sale was the state \u2019 s largest land preservation deal. for the remaining 17, 800 acres, kitson had a grand plan. he would keep nearly half the acreage as green space and parks. that meant that of the original 91, 000 acres, only 10 % or so would be developed. on that tenth, he envisioned a green city of 50, 000 residents living in 19, 500 homes built to energy - conservation standards and 20, 000 workers in 6 million square feet of energy - efficient buildings. people could walk out of their doors and onto 30 to 40 miles of walking trails. they would get around on autonomous electric vehicles. \u201c how many people get to build a new city? \u201d kitson told the new york times in 2006. \u201c this is how i \u2019 m going to change the world. \u201d six years later, the new city remains pasture. \u201c i discovered why so few people have created cities, \u201d he says. kitson \u2019 s road to developer of the \u201c world \u2019 s smartest city \u201d \u2014 as company materials put it \u2014 started in his native new jersey, wound through wake forest and five seasons in the nfl, from 1980 to 1984 with the packers and briefly with the cowboys, before leading to real estate back in jersey. he developed communities in the northeast until 1996, when a predecessor company to his kitson & partners bought a partially finished country club development in west palm beach, and he began shifting his base to palm beach gardens. he acquired a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42842090967651536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14fb6d39-d6b3-466b-89df-26df7ebca74a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.419038"}
{"text": "estate back in jersey. he developed communities in the northeast until 1996, when a predecessor company to his kitson & partners bought a partially finished country club development in west palm beach, and he began shifting his base to palm beach gardens. he acquired a 1. 6 - million - sq. - ft. portfolio of florida retail centers. in keeping with his agreement with the babcocks, kitson never has disclosed what he and his co - investor, morgan stanley, paid for the ranch. the commonly reported figure is $ 750 million, but kitson says the true price was \u201c clearly not in that world. \u201d the state paid him $ 350 million for its 73, 000 acres, the environmentally important part of the ranch. it was money well spent, environmentalists say. babcock and its varied ecosystems are important as a water source and as a habitat and corridor for panthers, bears, endangered species and other wildlife. \u201c it was significant in a number of ways, \u201d says eric draper, audubon of florida \u2019 s executive director. less well noticed than kitson \u2019 s purchase of the babcock ranch in 2006 was an agreement that same year with private equity fund evergreen real estate partners. evergreen committed up to $ 750 million to kitson & partners for other residential developments and shopping centers. evergreen and kitson merged as kitson evergreen, doing business as kitson & partners. the deal allowed kitson to acquire talis park, a high - end residential development in naples, and bay pines in pinellas county \u2019 s seminole, approved for 1, 119 residences. kitson is negotiating for more properties and is confident that kitson evergreen ranks among florida \u2019 s larger developers. meanwhile, kitson had begun the design and permitting process for his city of babcock \u2014 expected to take 20 years and $ 2 billion to build out. \u201c enormously complex, \u201d kitson says of the prep work, and \u201c very, very, very expensive. \u201d the start of construction kept receding. once projected for 2010, the project was pushed back to 2011, then 2012. the design and permitting work delayed major investment in construction. it turned out to be \u201c very fortuitous, \u201d kitson says, because it kept the project from being deep in debt as the bubble burst and the market evaporated. even so, kitson laid off about half of the babcock - devoted staff \u2014 eight people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37324732919370457, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14fb6d39-d6b3-466b-89df-26df7ebca74a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.420091"}
{"text": "the us - based agricultural research services has devised a method of detecting fecal bacteria in fresh produce, which it claimed could reduce the chances of contamination to zero. yud - ren chen, an agricultural engineer with the agricultural research service ' s instrumentation and sensing laboratory in beltsville, maryland, is leading a group to develop \" machine - vision \" systems to detect contaminationthe human eye cannot see. the system is aimed at preventing escherichia coli o157 : h7 from tainting apple cider and juices made from apples and other fruits. this particular strain of e. coli infects people who drink contaminated, unpasteurised cider or juices. chen is starting with apples, but he expects the system to work with all fruits and fresh produce. his on - line system will eventually direct a camera to take three spectral images of each apple through different colour filters. a computer would then analyse the spectral images to detect the telltale signatures of fecal contamination or fly specks, as well as of fungi, rot or other diseases. one of chen ' s team members, biophysicist moon kim, brought his expertise in remote sensing of vegetation to ars from the national aeronautics and space administration. to detect fecal contamination, he is sensing photosynthetic pigments from plants, a turnaround from sensors aboard airplanes or satellites. apple packinghouses currently have automated ways of sorting for sizes and colours. when chen ' s system is commercialised, it would likely be merged withthose sorting systems, as well as with others in the pipeline. ars is the us department of agriculture ' s chief scientific research agency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5343869129028846, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10800523-2dba-4e7b-8ffa-7526e25d08d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.422002"}
{"text": "remember : always consult your owner ' s manual. all about tune ups we often have people request a tune up when their vehicle ' s engine is running rough. most vehicles made since the early 1980s require a \" tune up \" only once every 30, 000 miles. some of today ' s new cars and trucks don ' t need a tune up for 60, 000 miles! actually, there is no such thing as a \" tune - up \" anymore. it ' s really preventive maintenance and involves changing the spark plugs, inspecting or replacing the air filter, fuel filter, pcv valve and inspecting engine performance. webster ' s dictionary defines a tune up as \" an adjustment to assure efficient functioning \". in the early 1970s when many cars still had point ignition systems, inspecting and adjusting the points and ignition timing every 12, 000 - 15, 000 miles was usually necessary to compensate for wear. making adjustments with the carburetor idle speed and idle mixture was also part of the \" tune up \". also every engine back then ran on leaded gasoline, which meant the spark plugs rarely lasted 12, 000 - 15, 000 miles before they became fouled with carbon deposits. because of this, annual \" tune ups \" were established. with the arrival of electronic ignition systems, the need for the periodic adjustment was eliminated. once set, the ignition timing will remain unchanged unless something is failing. at this point the engine would usually cease running. the switch to unleaded gasoline stretched the spark plug life to 30, 000 miles, so the annual \" tune up \" is a thing of the past. today, virtually everything from the idle speed to the ignition timing is computer controlled. since there is nothing left to \" tune \" in the traditional sense, what is normally required for proper maintenance is to change the spark plugs, air & fuel filters, and inspect other wear items periodically. back then, having a \" tune up \" performed usually restored engine performance and was often credited for being a \" cure - all \" for what ailed your engine. this is not the case today. if your engine is running rough, proper diagnostics by a skilled and certified technician is required to find what is causing the rough running condition. what is a tune up? the term \" tune - up \" was coined back when henry ford was working on his first prototype for the automobile. the first ignition system was very simple ; one ignition coil for one spark plug, so if there were four spark plugs, there would be four ignition coils. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4461009000864869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa9eec44-d4ff-4cad-b8a9-1a5c770c3881>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.425862"}
{"text": "was coined back when henry ford was working on his first prototype for the automobile. the first ignition system was very simple ; one ignition coil for one spark plug, so if there were four spark plugs, there would be four ignition coils. these ignition coils needed to be adjusted to provide the same spark intensity for better idle and acceleration. as these coils worked, they made a buzzing sound. so when the ignition coils were adjusted properly, they all buzzed the same tune... thus, they were in tune and that is how the term \" tune up \" was coined. this term stuck and was associated with the replacement of the spark plugs and any performance or rough idle problem that could be associated to engine operation. once the distributor was developed, the term had no meaning as to how an engine performed. the consumer, however, still automatically associates poor running quality with the need to be in tune. today ' s automobiles do not require tune ups. automobile manufacturers have set forth, in there recommended maintenance schedules, intervals for replacing spark plugs, pcv valves, fuel filters etc., while recommending that other items related to engine operation be inspected for proper operation and / or adjustment, such as ignition timing, idle speed and other emission control related devices. when and only when the maintenance has been performed would a performance problem be addressed to correct any given set of problems. if an operating or performance problem is still present after the maintenance has been performed, an engine analysis would be required. therefore, the term \" tune up \" indicates the need for routine maintenance and should not be associated with poor performance. if your vehicle experiences any operation or performance problems between maintenance intervals, that specific problem should be addressed by performing an engine analysis to isolate that particular problem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5184218562089982, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa9eec44-d4ff-4cad-b8a9-1a5c770c3881>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.427834"}
{"text": "when a child hasn ' t developed as fast as their peers, either socially or academically, it may be suggested that they wait another year, before starting kindergarten. | full day vs. half day when choosing a kindergarten, you ' ll need to consider whether they offer a full day or half - day program. if you feel a full six - hour school day is more than your child is prepared to handle, and you have a flexible schedule, a half - day kindergarten may be an option. | is my child ready for kindergarten? typically, children can start kindergarten at age four or five, though the cutoff dates will vary by state. as to whether it ' s appropriate for your child start, that depends on their maturity, and to a lesser degree, their academic skills. the montessori approach to learning is based on the work of dr. maria montessori, who began her research in children ' s education in the late 1890 ' s. the central focus of montessori education is to help children develop their full potential for creativity, initiative, independence, inner discipline, and self - confidence. | social and emotional development social and emotional development are an important part of kindergarten. in many ways, they ' re even more important than academic skills. you can promote socialization by letting your child interact with adults and peers, beginning at a very early age. | starting kindergarten early when your child ' s birthdate barely meets the cutoff for starting kindergarten, you may wonder whether it ' s better to enroll them, or wait a year. unfortunately, there ' s no easy answer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3826371252614794, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fdd42c0-3c18-47a0-af75-69d5bca22c5c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.429555"}
{"text": "science & technology - posted by eric gershon - yale on thursday, october 11, 2012 12 : 50 - 0 comments diamond planet is twice the size of earth yale ( us ) \u2014 a rocky planet twice the size of earth that is orbiting a nearby star appears to be made largely out of diamond, new research suggests. the planet \u2014 called 55 cancri e \u2014 has a radius twice earth \u2019 s, and a mass eight times greater, making it a \u201c super - earth. \u201d it is one of five planets orbiting a sun - like star, 55 cancri, that is located 40 light years from earth yet still visible to the naked eye in the constellation of cancer. it orbits at hyper speed \u2014 its year lasts just 18 hours, in contrast to earth \u2019 s 365 days. it is also blazingly hot, with a temperature of about 3, 900 degrees fahrenheit, a far cry from a habitable world, researchers say. the star map shows the planet - hosting star 55 cancri in the constellation of cancer. the star is visible to the naked eye, though better through binoculars. view larger. ( credit : nikku madhusudhan ; created using sky map online ) \u201c this is our first glimpse of a rocky world with a fundamentally different chemistry from earth, \u201d says lead researcher nikku madhusudhan, a postdoctoral researcher in physics and astronomy at yale university. \u201c the surface of this planet is likely covered in graphite and diamond rather than water and granite. \u201d the paper reporting the findings have been accepted for publication in the journal astrophysical journal letters. the planet was first observed transiting its star last year, allowing astronomers to measure its radius for the first time. the new information, combined with the most recent estimate of its mass, allowed madhusudhan and colleagues to infer its chemical composition using models of its interior and by computing all possible combinations of elements and compounds that would yield those specific characteristics. astronomers had previously reported that the host star has more carbon than oxygen, and the new study confirms that substantial amounts of carbon and silicon carbide, and a negligible amount of water ice, were available during the planet \u2019 s formation. astronomers also thought 55 cancri e contained a substantial amount of super - heated water, based on the assumption that its chemical makeup was similar to earth \u2019 s, madhusudhan says. but the new research suggests the planet has no water at all, and appears to be composed primarily of carbon ( as graphite and diamond )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5059694247749835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:364889c1-8060-4b2c-a483-f29f441c533d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.434338"}
{"text": ", based on the assumption that its chemical makeup was similar to earth \u2019 s, madhusudhan says. but the new research suggests the planet has no water at all, and appears to be composed primarily of carbon ( as graphite and diamond ), iron, silicon carbide, and, possibly, some silicates. the study estimates that at least a third of the planet \u2019 s mass \u2014 the equivalent of about three earth masses \u2014 could be diamond. \u201c by contrast, earth \u2019 s interior is rich in oxygen, but extremely poor in carbon \u2014 less than a part in thousand by mass, \u201d says co - author and yale geophysicist kanani lee. the identification of a carbon - rich super - earth means that distant rocky planets can no longer be assumed to have chemical constituents, interiors, atmospheres, or biologies similar to those of earth, madhusudhan says. the discovery also opens new avenues for the study of geochemistry and geophysical processes in earth - sized alien planets. a carbon - rich composition could influence the planet \u2019 s thermal evolution and plate tectonics, for example, with implications for volcanism, seismic activity, and mountain formation. \u201c stars are simple \u2014 given a star \u2019 s mass and age, you know its basic structure and history, \u201d says david spergel, professor of astronomy and chair of astrophysical sciences at princeton university, who is not a co - author of the study. \u201c planets are much more complex. this \u2018 diamond - rich super - earth \u2019 is likely just one example of the rich sets of discoveries that await us as we begin to explore planets around nearby stars. \u201d in 2011, madhusudhan led the first discovery of a carbon - rich atmosphere in a distant gas giant planet, opening the possibility of long - theorized carbon - rich rocky planets ( or \u201c diamond planets \u201d ). the new research represents the first time that astronomers have identified a likely diamond planet around a sun - like star and specified its chemical make - up. follow - up observations of the planet \u2019 s atmosphere and additional estimates of the stellar composition would strengthen the findings about the planet \u2019 s chemical composition. the authors of the paper are madhusudhan, lee, and olivier mousis, a planetary scientist at the institut de recherche en astrophysique et planetologie in toulose, france. the research was supported by the yale center for astronomy and astrophysics ( ycaa ) in the yale department of physics. source : yale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4692271106971876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:364889c1-8060-4b2c-a483-f29f441c533d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.435368"}
{"text": "- aka : describe, descriptive expression, describing. - it can be an informal definition. - a news story describing an event. - see : definition, explicit referencer, referring expression, definite description, indefinite description. - ( wordnet, 2009 ) \u21d2 http : / / wordnetweb. princeton. edu / perl / webwn? s = description - s : ( n ) description, verbal description ( a statement that represents something in words ) - s : ( n ) description ( the act of describing something ) - s : ( n ) description ( sort or variety ) \" every description of book was there \" - 1. a sketch or account of anything in words ; a portraiture or representation in language ; an enumeration of the essential qualities of a thing or species. - 2. the act of describing ; a delineation by marks or signs. - 3. a set of characteristics by which someone or something can be recognized. - \" based on her description of x, we... \" - \" although much of his description of x is accurate... \" - \" a theoretical description of the new phases of liquid 3 he.. \" - ( bach, 2008 ) \u21d2 kent bach. ( 2008 ). \" on referring and not referring. \" in : reference : interdisciplinary perspectives. \" jeanette k. gundel and nancy hedberg, editors. oxford university press. - quote : referring is not as easy as is commonly supposed. much of what speaker do that passes for referring really isn ' t but is merely alluding or describing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5907519288497369, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c8ff8ec-e24f-4e17-bd30-b40c7ca5d88d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.437988"}
{"text": "the keglacian culture thrived in the mountainous regions of jorvyll north of the evesque valley. their skill in stone working and stonemasonry was most likely put to use in the building of the baleman. the majority of the keglacians fled south to the valley in the wake of the earthquake of fluyr in - 75 ec. with them they brought their songs, epic poetry, and sports including hoopkah. while much of the poems and old songs of the keglacians have melted into the collective culture, hoopkah has made a distinctive mark and is becoming more popular with every passing year. variations of this keglacian sport are also known as choopkah ( team play ) or hoopspootch ( a simplified version for children ). professional hoopkah teams wherein a hive - coach and his four or five player team compete in a series of matches against local rival teams are popular events often drawing huge crowds of common folk who treat such matches as huge social gatherings complete with food and drinks. while the stonemason origins of the keglacians are now mostly destroyed, it would seem that this simple pastime will remain their gift to world culture. - - dr. h. l. ackroyd 18 : 57, 27 nov 2004 ( est )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4708808974570701, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23a64e5e-0a6c-427a-9305-ead9a8763ad0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.439288"}
{"text": "in the garden : western mountains and high plains the sweet fragrance of this angel ' s trumpet is a highlight of the evening garden. the evening garden this is a time when gardens are setting the stage to put on a final display before the onset of autumn. despite the heat of summer, the roses in my garden are setting buds for another glorious display of color and fragrance. night temperatures are cooling down a bit and it ' s the cool breeze that makes it a pleasure to enjoy the sights and sounds of the evening garden. hopefully you ' ve planned your garden to include plants that take over during the night shift. with the setting of the sun, it ' s the nocturnal garden that awakens the senses. there are many plants that put on their show exclusively in the evening or the coolest part of the day. many more will wait to release a distinctive scent only in the evening to attract nectar - feeding hawkmoths and other creatures to pollinate the flowers. white blossoms and variegated foliage seem to make the garden glow as the plants and flowers reflect the moonlight. for those of us who work all day, a well - planted landscape provides a peaceful retreat in the evening. the following are some suggestions that will make your garden come alive in the evening hours. one of my favorites that returns without fail from seed every spring is the annual angel ' s trumpet ( datura innoxia ). it blooms reliably until a hard frost, growing 2 to 3 feet tall and wide with handsome bluish green foliage. the huge white blossoms are around 6 inches long. they emit a sweet fragrance only at dusk and early morning. ( warning : this plant is toxic and should be kept away from small children. ) four - o ' clocks ( mirabilis jalapa ) are also easy to grow from seed. their colorful trumpet flowers produce a sweet jasmine - like fragrance. bushy plants can reach 2 feet or more in height. they will self - sow to produce a mix of unique colors. the lance - shaped leaves of evening stock ( matthiola incana ) may not be the showiest in the garden, but the flowers will be noticed. small pink - to - lavender - toned blooms emit an intoxicating fragrance at night. evening primroses ( oenothera spp. ) have sweetly scented blooms in bright yellow, white, and pink. they make wonderful ground covers that spread relatively fast. the plants are hardy and drought - enduring. don ' t forget to include evening - fragrant vines for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4394354683939662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c9f3fdd-e93e-4403-826e-893df9065569>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.441827"}
{"text": "as a developer, it is sometimes necessary to have multiple jdks installed on the same development machine in order to test the latest jdk 8, or to use a proprietary jdk like the ibm one. but even if there are several installed, when you type java, the first one \u201c java \u201d on the path will be used. with linux, a tool exists : alternative. this one creates a symbolic link that points to the java _ home you specified. when you want to change of jdk, alternative will change this link. if alternative is very usefull for managing jdk on a server, it does not answer the need for a development station. to fit these needs, one way is to manage manually the java _ home and path environment variables. to simplify the switching, there is some scripts that may help, like this one alternative. however, these scripts help the switch but does not automate it. you always have to type \u201c setjdk \u201d when you change of project. when you look at the ruby worl, there is a very handy tool : rbenv. this allows facilities to manage different versions of ruby and choose per project which is the version that you want to use. and once you setup it, you only have to type ruby, and rbenv will use the selected version automatically and transparently. after some research, i have found no equivalent tool for java and i took the initiative to create it : jenv for now, the installation is manual. you simple clone the github project into $ home /. jenv directory. next, you have to activate it by inserting this commands into the shell init script (. bash _ profile,. zshrc ) one installed, you have to setup one or more jdk by using jenv add command. this one take one parameter : the path to a valid java _ home directory jenv versions command, you can list the recognized jdks. 1 2 3 4 the asterisk * denotes the jdk currently used. with no specific configuration it \u2019 s the \u201c system \u201d jdk to be used, that means the first found on the path. it is possible to change the default version with jenv global < alias name >. you can hit \u201c tab \u201d after jenv global to have autocompletion for the alias name. jenv versions now show that the oracle64 - 18. 104. 22. 168 will be used. to configure a jdk per directory / project, you can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4384413275478456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c3840ae-49e7-4529-941a-bfcdf36c1995>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.447198"}
{"text": "jenv global to have autocompletion for the alias name. jenv versions now show that the oracle64 - 18. 104. 22. 168 will be used. to configure a jdk per directory / project, you can use jenv local < alias name > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 to work, jenv store the java version to be used into the. java - version file in the directory. if no. java - version file found, jenv will look into the parent directory, and so on. if none is found, then jenv will switch to the default jdk ( setup by jenv global ) jenv also has plugins to use the correct version of java with other tools : * maven * ant * gradle * groovy * scala * sbt * play in addition to jdk management, jenv can also configure jvm paremeters per project : and they are also exported via the right environment variables to be used by maven ( maven _ opts ) gradle ( gradle _ opts ) or ant ( ant _ opts ). jenv is young, and will be improved jenv is very recent, and provides only simple functionalities that i needed for the moment. it is not yet complete, and has to be improved. the project is on github, so feel free to fork and contribute ideas ( by pull requests or issues ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41513055636610724, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c3840ae-49e7-4529-941a-bfcdf36c1995>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.447771"}
{"text": "the long - standing debate over patenting genes is back in the limelight. the american civil liberties union ( aclu ) has filed a case charging that patents on brca1 and brca2, genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer, are unconstitutional and invalid. myriad genetics currently holds the patents to these genes and provides a diagnostic test that reportedly costs over $ 3, 000. the controversy began when researchers and companies first started isolating genes. patents have traditionally not been granted for products or laws of nature. companies successfully argued, however, that the fact that they had isolated and purified the dna made the gene patentable. besides calling into question the legality of patenting genes, the plaintiffs state that such a practice impedes everything from basic research to final utility in the clinic. myriad genetics \u2019 stance will likely be that the patent promotes innovation by giving firms like them a temporary monopoly to make a return on their r & d investment. william warren partner at the law firm sutherland agrees with this idea. he also notes that genetic patents certainly do not delay or limit research because there are safe - harbor protections against infringement cases being filed on products under research that require fda approval. aclu and the others claim that these gene patents interfere with diagnostic testing, limit women ' s healthcare options, stifle research, and restrict training of the next generation of genetics laboratory professionals. the monopoly that myriad genetics now enjoys due to these patents reduces consumer choice and removes the competitive incentives regarding price, quality assurance, or improvement of the tests, states the american college of medical genetics ( acmg ), one of the plaintiffs. they go on to note that it is a major hurdle to harvesting the vast potential of the sequencing of the human genome, which increasingly is making it possible to simultaneously study large collections of genes instead of individual genes one at a time. \u201c gene patenting creates an obstacle course that will make true genomic analysis not only cost - prohibitive but impossible, given that no single laboratory will ever own the rights to offer comprehensive testing, \u201d remarks bruce r. korf, m. d., ph. d., president of acmg. the lawsuit, association for molecular pathology, et al. v. united states patent and trademark office, et al., was filed in the united states district court for the southern district of new york in manhattan against the pto, myriad genetics, and the university of utah research foundation, which hold the patents on the brca genes. the plaintiffs include breast cancer action, the american college of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5004538281880347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9f81cb2-451d-478b-adab-6460b8fc6e8c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.450711"}
{"text": "| integrative therapy quick links : | - abortive, anticonvulsant, antiviral, arrhythmia, arteriovenous malformations, artery, aura, basilar, artery, beta - blocker, caffeine, calcium channel blocker, carotid, carotidynia, cerebrovascular, cluster headache, computer tomography, constriction, cranial, ct, dilation, eeg, electroencephalography, epidural hematoma, ergot, estrogen, headache, heredity, herpes simplex encephalitis, hormone, intracerebral, magnetic resonance imaging, menopause, mri, neuropeptides, nociceptors, norepinephrine, ophthalmoplegic migraine, opiate, pallor, parasthesia, photophobia, pms, postdrone, premenstrual syndrome, preventative, primary headache, prodrome, progesterone, prophylactic, ptosis, rebound headache, scintillating scotomas, secondary headache, serotonin, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhages, subdural hematoma, tension headache, tia, transient ischemic attack, trauma, tricyclic antidepressant, triptan, vertigo. - a migraine is not just headache pain. migraine is thought to be a genetic neurological disease characterized by flare - ups often called \" migraine attacks \" or \" migraine episodes. \" a headache can be one symptom of a migraine attack. some individuals with migraine disease often have migraine attacks without having a headache. - migraine attacks, or episodes, occur in phases or parts. a typical migraine attack consists of four phases. not every individual experiencing a migraine has all four phases. the four phases of a migraine attack are prodrome, aura, headache, and postdrome ( see signs and symptoms ). - individuals suffering from migraines tend to have recurring attacks triggered by a lack of food or sleep, certain food allergies, exposure to light, or hormonal changes in women, including puberty, menopause, and premenstrual syndrome ( pms ). anxiety, stress, or relaxation after stress can also be triggers. exposure to a trigger does not always lead to a headache. conversely, avoidance of triggers cannot completely prevent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5088023996131124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.508049"}
{"text": "relaxation, allowing vessel dilation and increased blood flow. other neuropeptides increase the permeability of cranial ( skull ) blood vessels, allowing fluid containing inflammatory chemicals to leak and promote inflammation and tissue swelling. the pain of migraine is though to result from this combination of increased pain sensitivity, tissue, and vessel swelling, and inflammation. - heredity : susceptibility to migraine may be inherited. a child of a migraine sufferer has as much as a 50 % chance of developing a migraine attack in their lifetime. if both parents are affected, the chance rises to 70 %. however, the gene or genes responsible have not been identified. genetics also increase the chances of having migraine attacks that are chronic ( or long - term ). - neurotransmitters : neurotransmitters are chemical messengers in the brain. two important ones, serotonin and dopamine, appear to be critical in the processes leading to a migraine attack. serotonin ( also called 5 - hydroxytryptamine or 5 - ht ) is involved in regulation of pain perception and mood, among other important functions. a number of studies have suggested that serotonin can stop the migraine process. to support this observation, higher - than - normal levels of a serotonin compound are excreted in urine and levels of serotonin in the blood drop during a migraine attack. also, drugs that target receptors in the brain for serotonin are generally effective in stopping a migraine. the receptors for serotonin implicated in a migraine attack are found on the trigeminal nerve endings. serotonin appears to block the peptides ( including substance p ) involved in over - stimulating nerves and producing inflammation. - dopamine, another important neurotransmitter, may act as a stimulant or accelerator of the migraine process. some evidence suggests that certain genetic factors make people over - sensitive to the effects of dopamine, which include nerve cell excitation. such nerve - cell over - activity could trigger the events in the brain leading to migraine. the prodromal symptoms ( including mood changes, yawning, or drowsiness ), for example, have been associated with increased dopamine activity. dopamine receptors are also involved in regulation of blood flow in the brain, which may be of importance when dealing with vasoconstriction and vasodilation. - calcium -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4821165856349937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.511535"}
{"text": ", have been associated with increased dopamine activity. dopamine receptors are also involved in regulation of blood flow in the brain, which may be of importance when dealing with vasoconstriction and vasodilation. - calcium - channels : some migraines may be due to abnormalities in the channels within cells that transport the electrical ions calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. calcium - channels regulate the release of serotonin, an important neurotransmitter in the migraine process. magnesium interacts with calcium - channels and magnesium deficiencies have been detected in the brains of migraine patients. calcium - channels also play a major role in cortical spreading depression ( csd ), a brain event that includes a \" wave \" of nerve impulses ( firing ) that spreads across the surface of the brain, moving from the back ( occipital region ) of the cerebral cortex toward the front at about one - eighth to three - sixteenth inches ( three to five millimeters ) per minute. after the nerve excitation, a depression in nerve cell function occurs that can last for minutes. csd is thought to be one of the causes of a migraine attack. some individuals with migraine may inherit one or more factors that impair calcium - channels, making them susceptible to headaches. for example, mutations in a gene that encodes calcium channels appears to be responsible for familial hemiplegic migraine. - gender and age : a migraine attack is three times more common in women than in men. although the exact relationship between hormones and headaches is not clear, fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone seem to trigger headaches in many women with migraine headaches, including those with premenstrual syndrome ( pms ) and menopause. it seems to be hormonal fluctuations, or changes, that trigger migraine attacks, not the presence of the hormone. prepubescent females, or females prior to reproductive maturity, can also suffer from migraines. women with a history of migraines often have reported headaches immediately before or during their periods. others report more migraines during pregnancy or menopause. hormonal medications, such as oral contraceptives ( birth control pills ) and hormone replacement therapy ( hrt, including estrogen and progesterone therapy ), may also worsen migraines. in children younger than 10 years, boys appear to have migraines more often than girls.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5117611564525875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.512540"}
{"text": "birth control pills ) and hormone replacement therapy ( hrt, including estrogen and progesterone therapy ), may also worsen migraines. in children younger than 10 years, boys appear to have migraines more often than girls. after puberty starts, migraine headaches are much more common in females ( female - to - male ratio, 3 : 1 ), most likely due to hormonal changes. - in general, the rate of migraine occurrence in males drops to a low by age 28 - 29 years, with one case per 1, 000 people in this age group. - migraine occurrence among females increases sharply up to age 40 years and then declines gradually. - the age when migraine headache with aura begins appears to peak at or before age 4 - 5 years ( 6. 6 cases per 1000 people in that age group ), while the highest rate for migraine without aura occurs at age 10 - 11 years ( 10. 1 cases per 1000 people in that age group ). - the severity and frequency of attacks tend to lessen with age. data suggests that migraine attacks are a chronic ( long - term ) condition, although long remissions ( illness - free periods ) are common. one study showed that 62 % of young adults were free of migraine headaches for more than two years, but only 40 % continued to be free of them after 30 years. - diet : certain foods and beverages appear to trigger headaches in sensitive individuals. common dietary triggers include alcohol ( especially beer and red wine ), aged cheeses, chocolate, fermented, pickled, or marinated foods ( tofu, kim chee, miso ), aspartame ( an artificial sweetener ), caffeine, monosodium glutamate ( msg, a key flavor enhancer in some asian foods ), and many canned and processed foods. skipping meals or fasting also can trigger migraines. eating proper food is very important in migraine prevention because a continuous supply of proper nutrients is essential to keeping chemical balance in the brain. brain chemistry can be changed significantly by a single meal and, in turn, some changes in food composition can rapidly affect brain function. while all foods eaten modify brain function, some specifically alter mood or energy, such as caffeine or refined sugars. eating unhealthy foods that do not supply adequate nutrients for proper brain function, or foods that alter brain function can cause migraine attacks in susceptible individuals - magnesium deficiency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4644812634084581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.513568"}
{"text": "specifically alter mood or energy, such as caffeine or refined sugars. eating unhealthy foods that do not supply adequate nutrients for proper brain function, or foods that alter brain function can cause migraine attacks in susceptible individuals - magnesium deficiency : because levels of magnesium ( a mineral involved in nerve cell function ) also drop right before or during a migraine headache, it is possible that low amounts of magnesium may cause nerve cells in the brain to misfire. about 20 % of the population consumes less than two - thirds of the rda ( recommended dietary allowance ) for magnesium. - stress : a period of hard work followed by relaxation may lead to a \" weekend migraine \" headache. acute ( immediate ) or chronic ( long - term ) stress at work or home also can set off a migraine. - sensory stimulus : bright lights, sun glare, and unusual smells, including pleasant scents ( such as perfume or flowers ), and unpleasant odors ( such as paint thinner and secondhand smoke ) can trigger a migraine attack. - physical factors : intense physical exertion, including sexual activity, may provoke migraines. changes in sleep patterns, including too much or too little sleep, also can initiate a migraine headache. sleep changes are usually seen in both adults and children with migraines. healthcare professionals recommend eight hours of uninterrupted sleep nightly for adults. sleep helps regulate certain neurochemicals ( brain chemicals ), including serotonin. decreases in serotonin may cause a migraine attack. - environmental changes : a change of weather, season, altitude level, barometric pressure, or time zone can prompt a migraine headache. environmental changes such as moving to a new area where the plants and pollens are different may also trigger a migraine attack. - medications : taking certain medications can aggravate migraines, including oral contraceptives ( birth control pills ), estrogen replacement therapy, nitrates ( nitroglycerin ), theophylline ( slobid\u00ae ), reserpine ( serpasil\u00ae ), nifedipine ( procardia\u00ae or adalat\u00ae ), indomethicin ( indocin\u00ae ), cimetidine ( tagamet\u00ae ), decongestant overuse ( such as pseudoephedrine or sudafed\u00ae ), and anti - anxiety drug withdrawal, including alprazolam ( xanax\u00ae ) and diazepam ( valium\u00ae ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4553063162867609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.514534"}
{"text": ", decongestant overuse ( such as pseudoephedrine or sudafed\u00ae ), and anti - anxiety drug withdrawal, including alprazolam ( xanax\u00ae ) and diazepam ( valium\u00ae ). caffeine withdrawal and the discontinuation of pain medications can trigger a migraine. signs and symptoms - the prodrome : the prodrome ( sometimes called pre - headache ) may be experienced hours or even days before a migraine attack. the prodrome is considered a warning sign for individuals suffering migraine attacks that an episode is imminent. for the 30 - 40 % of individuals with migraines that experience prodrome, the warning signs can give the individuals opportunity to abort the migraine attack using conventional and integrative therapies. symptoms typical of the prodrome include food cravings, constipation or diarrhea, mood changes ( such as depression or irritability ), muscle stiffness ( especially in the neck ), fatigue ( excessive tiredness ), and increased frequency of urination. - the aura : the aura is the most familiar of the phases. auras are sensory phenomena that can follow the prodrome and usually last less than an hour. the symptoms and effects of the aura vary widely, and include visual hallucinations ( such as flashing lights, wavy lines, spots, partial loss of sight, blurry vision ), olfactory hallucinations ( smelling odors that are not there ), tingling or numbness of the face or extremities on the side where the headache develops, difficult finding words and / or speaking, confusion, vertigo ( dizziness ), partial paralysis ( loss of muscle coordination ), auditory hallucinations ( hearing noises that are not there ), decrease in or loss of hearing, and reduced sensation or hypersensitivity to feel and touch. - approximately 20 % of individuals with migraines experience aura. as with the prodrome, migraine aura can serve as a warning, and sometimes allows the use of conventional or integrative therapies to abort the episode before the headache begins. some individuals can experience aura without a headache, termed \" silent \" migraine. - the headache : the headache phase is generally the most unbearable part of a migraine episode. the effects of a headache are not limited to the head only, but affect the entire body. migraine headaches usually are described as an intense, throbbing or pounding pain in the temple area, although the pain can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5161439749876728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.515549"}
{"text": "of a migraine episode. the effects of a headache are not limited to the head only, but affect the entire body. migraine headaches usually are described as an intense, throbbing or pounding pain in the temple area, although the pain can be located in the forehead, around the eye, or the back of the head. the pain usually is on one side of the head ( unilateral ), although about a third of the time the pain is bilateral ( both sides ). unilateral headaches typically change sides from one attack to the next. although migraine headache pain can occur at any time of day, statistics have reported the most common time to be 6 a. m. it is not uncommon for individuals with a migraine headache to be awakened by the pain. the headache phase usually lasts from one to 72 hours. in less common cases where it lasts longer than 72 hours, it is termed status migrainosus, and medical attention should be sought. symptoms of the headache phase of a migraine include pain worsened by physical activity, phonophobia ( sensitivity to sound ), photophobia ( sensitivity to light ), nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, nasal congestion and / or runny nose, depression or severe anxiety, hot flashes and chills, dizziness, confusion, and either dehydration or fluid retention, depending on the individual. the combination of disabling pain and symptoms such as nausea or vomiting often prevents sufferers from performing daily activities. - the postdrome : once the headache is over, the migraine episode is still not over. the postdrome, or post - headache, follows immediately afterward. the majority of individuals with a migraine take hours to fully recover, while others take days. most individuals in a postdrome phase are fatigued ( excessively tired ) and have a \" hangover \" feeling. these feelings may often be attributed to medications taken to treat the migraine, but may well be caused by the migraine itself. postdromal symptoms have been shown to be accompanied and possibly caused by abnormal cerebral ( brain ) blood flow and altered electroencephalogram ( a measure of brain electrical impulses ) readings have been reported for up to 24 hours after the end of the headache stage. in cases where prodrome and / or aura are experienced without the headache phase, the postdrome may still occur. the symptoms of prodrome include decreased mood levels ( especially depression ) or feelings of well - being and euphoria, fatigue,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5497545598161622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.516450"}
{"text": ". in cases where prodrome and / or aura are experienced without the headache phase, the postdrome may still occur. the symptoms of prodrome include decreased mood levels ( especially depression ) or feelings of well - being and euphoria, fatigue, poor concentration, and comprehension, and lowered intellect levels. - migraine headache symptoms in children : migraines typically begin in childhood, adolescence or early adulthood and, in general, may become less frequent and intense as the individual grows older. about half of all school - aged children in the united states have experienced some type of headache. during childhood, boys and girls suffer from migraine at about the same rate. however, during their adolescent years, more girls are affected most likely due to hormonal changes. also, both aging men and women may suffer from secondary headaches, such as tension or cluster headaches, more often than children under 18 years of age. - children ' s migraines tend to last for a shorter time, but the pain can be disabling and can be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, and increased sensitivity to light. a migraine headache tends to occur on both sides of the head in children ( bilateral ) and visual auras are rare. children often have premonition signs and symptoms, such as yawning, sleepiness or listlessness, and a craving for foods such as sugary foods and chocolate. children may have all of the signs and symptoms of a migraine headache ( nausea, vomiting, increased sensitivity to light and sound, aura ), but no head pain. these migraines can be especially difficult to diagnose. - diagnosis of a migraine headache is based on the history of symptoms, physical examination, and neurological ( nerve ) tests. the tests are performed to rule out other neurological and cerebrovascular ( blood vessels in the brain ) conditions, including bleeding within the skull ( intracranial hemorrhage ), blood clot within the membrane that covers the brain ( cerebral venous sinus thrombosis ), cerebral stroke or lack of oxygen to the brain ( called an infarct ), dilated blood vessel in the brain ( cerebral aneurysm ), excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ( hydrocephalus ), inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord ( meningitis ), low level of cerebral spinal fluid ( csf ), nasal sinus blockage, postictal headache ( occurs after a stroke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49113749211475527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.517331"}
{"text": "brain ( hydrocephalus ), inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord ( meningitis ), low level of cerebral spinal fluid ( csf ), nasal sinus blockage, postictal headache ( occurs after a stroke or seizure ), and brain tumor. - computed tomography ( ct scan ) : a computerized axial tomography scan, or ct scan, is an x - ray procedure which combines many x - ray images with the aid of a computer to generate cross - sectional views and, if needed, three - dimensional images of the internal organs and structures of the body. an intravenous ( into the veins ) dye is injected into the individual. then the patient is placed under a large donut - shaped x - ray machine, which takes x - ray images at many different angles around the body. these images are processed by a computer to produce cross - sectional pictures of the body. - a cat scan is a very low - risk procedure. the most common problem is an adverse reaction to intravenous contrast material. intravenous contrast is usually an iodine - based liquid given in the vein, which makes many organs and structures, such as the brain and blood vessels, much more visible on the cat scan. there may be resulting itching, a rash, hives, or a feeling of warmth throughout the body. these are usually self - limiting reactions and go away rather quickly. if needed, antihistamines ( such as diphenhydramine or benadryl\u00ae ) can be given by injection or orally to help relieve the symptoms. a more serious reaction to intravenous contrast is called an anaphylactic reaction. when this occurs, the patient may experience severe hives and / or extreme difficulty in breathing. this reaction is quite rare, but is potentially life - threatening if not treated. medications taken to reverse this adverse reaction may include corticosteroids ( steroids, such as prednisone or deltasone\u00ae ), antihistamines, and epinephrine. - in migraine patients, a ct scan is performed to rule out an underlying brain abnormality, such as a tumor, when migraines are new or when there is a change in their character or frequency. ct scans may not be as reliable as newer diagnostic techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ), but are less expensive. - electroencephalogram ( eeg ) : an electroencephalogram ( eeg ) records electrical signals originating in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5198994748945889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.522691"}
{"text": "ct scans may not be as reliable as newer diagnostic techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ), but are less expensive. - electroencephalogram ( eeg ) : an electroencephalogram ( eeg ) records electrical signals originating in the brain ( called brain activity ). this test is used to detect malfunctions in brain activity, such as seizures or migraines. - eegs are generally performed in a hospital or specialized laboratory. sometimes the individual having the test will be told to stay up late the night before and to avoid caffeine drinks on the morning of the test. some eeg tests are made with the patient sitting in a chair. others are performed with the patient lying down on a couch. the eeg technologist applies small metal disks to several places on the scalp. the hair should be washed on the morning of the test with no additional chemicals, hair sprays, cleansers, cosmetics, or setting gels applied. a special glue, which is washed out afterwards, is used to attach the electrode disks to the scalp. a cap with the wires already attached may be used instead of the glue. - during the test, the technologist may ask the person to breathe deeply through the mouth for a short time. this may make the person feel slightly dizzy or produce a numb feeling in the hands or feet, but this goes away when normal breathing is started again. the technologist may shine a blinking light into the person ' s eyes, or ask him or her to open and close them rapidly a few times. the average eeg test may last 35 - 40 minutes. - children should be told what to expect during an eeg test, and can be encouraged to \" practice \" on a doll or stuffed animal beforehand. - lumbar puncture : lumbar puncture, or spinal tap, is performed to detect infection and determine levels of white blood cells ( immune system cells ), glucose, and protein in the cerebrospinal fluid. this test involves withdrawing a small amount of fluid from the spinal cord area and examining it under a microscope. the individual lies down on their side on an examination table. there are steps to make sure that the individual does not feel pain during the spinal tap. a topical anesthesia cream ( such as emlon\u00ae ) on the skin of the back where the spinal tap will be performed ( about 30 minutes to one hour before ). after the skin is numbed, some doctors also inject liquid anesthesia such as lidocaine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5414893530888019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.524489"}
{"text": "( such as emlon\u00ae ) on the skin of the back where the spinal tap will be performed ( about 30 minutes to one hour before ). after the skin is numbed, some doctors also inject liquid anesthesia such as lidocaine into the tissues right under the skin to prevent any further pain. next, the doctor places a small needle through the skin and then forward through the space between the vertebrae ( spine ) in the lower back until it enters the space that contains the spinal fluid. when the needle goes into the skin, the individual will not feel sharp pain, only perhaps some pressure. the spinal fluid drips out through the needle into tubes, is collected, and sent to a lab for analysis. this procedure can be uncomfortable for the patient. side effects can be headaches, pain, infection, or bleeding. each of these complications are uncommon with the exception of headache, which can appear from hours to up to a day after lp. headaches occur less frequently when the patient remains lying flat for one to three hours after the procedure. patients may be given pain medications ( such as morphine ) or sedatives ( such as alprazolam or xanax\u00ae ) before and after the procedure. these drugs can cause drowsiness, sedation, and can lead to physical dependence. - magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) : an mri ( magnetic resonance imaging ) scan is a radiology technique that uses magnetism, radio waves, and a computer to produce images of body structures. the mri scanner is a tube surrounded by a giant circular magnet. the patient is placed on a moveable bed that is inserted into the magnet. the patient may be given a sedative, such as alprazolam ( xanax\u00ae ), to decrease anxiety and stress associated with the procedure. the image and resolution produced by mri is quite detailed and can detect tiny changes of structures within the body. - an mri in patient ' s with migraines may be performed for a more complete evaluation of the brain, and can visualize blood vessels in the brain to detect aneurysms ( tears in blood vessels ) and other vascular abnormalities that can be causative agents in migraines. - many factors may contribute to the occurrence of migraine attacks, including diet, sleep, hormonal changes, changes in brain chemistry, and heredity. they are known as trigger factors. when identified, avoidance of trigger factors reduces the number of headaches a patient may experience. trigger factors may be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5011716332310407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.525622"}
{"text": "attacks, including diet, sleep, hormonal changes, changes in brain chemistry, and heredity. they are known as trigger factors. when identified, avoidance of trigger factors reduces the number of headaches a patient may experience. trigger factors may be targets of drug therapy also. - treatment for migraine attacks is divided into two categories, including acute ( immediate ) or prophylactic ( preventative ). acute treatment is used during a migraine to stop or slow the progress of the attack, and preventative ( or prophylactic ) treatment tries to prevent migraine attacks from occurring. - preventive ( prophylactic ) : - preventative medication may be prescribed for patients who have frequent migraine attacks ( three or more a month ), those who do not respond consistently to acute treatment, and when specific medicines are contraindicated because of other medical conditions ( such as stroke or bleeding in the brain ). studies have reported that as many as 40 % of these patients may benefit from preventative treatment. the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) has approved four prescription drugs for migraine prevention. these include the beta - blockers propranolol ( inderal\u00ae ) and timolol ( blocadren\u00ae ), and the anticonvulsants topiramate ( topamax\u00ae ) and divalproex sodium ( depakote\u00ae ). - anticonvulsants : anticonvulsant medicines, normally used for seizures, have been used to prevent migraine headaches. examples of anticonvulsants that have been used are valproic acid ( depakote\u00ae, depakote er\u00ae, depakene\u00ae ), phenobarbital, gabapentin ( neurontin\u00ae ), and topiramate ( topamax\u00ae ). control of the cortical spreading depression ( csd ), is thought to be the reason for anticonvulsant effectiveness in preventing migraine attacks. side effects include fatigue ( tiredness ), nausea, vomiting, and trembling. - beta - blockers : beta - blockers are a class of drugs that safely slow the heart beat and decrease blood pressure. beta - blockers have been used for many years to prevent migraine headaches. in migraine prevention, beta - blockers help dilate ( open ) blood vessels in the brain, which may prevent the vascular ( blood vessel ) symptoms associated with a migraine attack, including vasoconstric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4757518202103288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.528272"}
{"text": "prevent migraine headaches. in migraine prevention, beta - blockers help dilate ( open ) blood vessels in the brain, which may prevent the vascular ( blood vessel ) symptoms associated with a migraine attack, including vasoconstriction ( blood vessel narrowing ) and vasodilation ( blood vessel widening ). beta - blockers can also help reduce physical symptoms associated with migraine attacks, such as anxiety, heart palpitations, and shaking, - beta - blockers used in migraine prevention include propranolol ( inderal\u00ae ), atenolol ( tenormin\u00ae ), metoprolol ( lopressor\u00ae, toprol xl\u00ae ), and nadolol ( corgard\u00ae ). beta - blockers generally are well tolerated in most individuals. they can aggravate breathing difficulties in patients with asthma, chronic bronchitis ( inflammation of the bronchial tubes ), or emphysema ( loss of lung function ). in patients who already have slow heart rates ( bradycardia ) and heart block ( defects in electrical conduction within the heart ), beta - blockers can cause dangerously slow heartbeats. beta - blockers can aggravate symptoms of heart failure. other side effects include drowsiness, diarrhea, constipation, fatigue ( tiredness ), insomnia, nausea, depression, dreaming, memory loss, and impotence ( loss of sexual performance ). - calcium channel blockers ( ccbs ) : ccbs are a class of drugs normally used for high blood pressure, angina ( chest pain ), and arrhythmias ( abnormal heart rhythms ). ccbs also appear to alter serotonin ( a brain chemical ). serotonin imbalances are a causative factor in developing a migraine. ccbs used in preventing migraine headaches are diltiazem ( cardizem\u00ae, dilacor\u00ae, tiazac\u00ae ), and verapamil ( calan\u00ae, verelan\u00ae, isoptin\u00ae ). the most common side effects of ccbs are constipation, nausea, headache, rash, edema ( swelling of the legs with fluid ), low blood pressure, drowsiness, and dizziness. drinking grapefruit juice or eating grapefruit may cause levels of ccbs to rise, potentially leading to life threatening arrhythmias ( irregular heart beats ). healthcare professionals recommend that individuals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4494678611027261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.529840"}
{"text": "pressure, drowsiness, and dizziness. drinking grapefruit juice or eating grapefruit may cause levels of ccbs to rise, potentially leading to life threatening arrhythmias ( irregular heart beats ). healthcare professionals recommend that individuals taking ccbs not consume grapefruit juice. - hormone replacement therapy ( hrt ) : for women with hormonal imbalances that may be causing the migraines, hormone replacement therapy ( hrt ) may be used, including estrogen and progesterone. hrt, however, may cause side effects such as blood clots, an increased risk of developing some types of cancers, and heart disease. menstruating women at risk for migraines may be placed on oral contraceptives for hrt. pre - pubescent girls that are at risk for migraine attacks will not be treated with hrt, but with other methods such as beta - blockers and anticonvulsants. - lifestyle : lifestyle changes, including decreasing stress levels, increasing exercise levels, and controlling the diet, have a major impact on migraine prevention and development. lifestyle factors that are important in the prevention of migraines include regular sleep patterns, regular exercise ( level depends upon the individual ), limiting stress, limiting caffeine consumption to less than two caffeine - containing beverages a day, avoiding bright or flashing lights, and wearing sunglasses if sunlight is a trigger. identifying and avoiding foods that trigger headaches is important. healthcare professionals recommend keeping a food journal, where the individual writes down everything they have for each meal of the day. then review the diary with a healthcare professional. it is impractical to adopt a diet that avoids all known migraine triggers ; however, it is reasonable to avoid foods that consistently trigger migraine headaches. triggers vary from one individual to another. - tricyclic antidepressants ( tcas ) : tcas are thought to prevent migraine headaches by altering the balance of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. low levels of serotonin are thought to be a causative agent in migraine attacks. chronic stress and depression can cause elevated levels of the stress hormone cortisol, which is produced in the adrenal glands. cortisol can in turn cause imbalances in serotonin, leading to a migraine attack. the tricyclic antidepressants that have been used in preventing migraine headaches include amitriptyline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4649650082343733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.530904"}
{"text": ", but ergots tend to cause more constriction of vessels in the heart and other parts of the body than the triptans, and the produce more negative effects on the heart than the triptans. therefore, the ergots are not as safe as the triptans. ergots are used to help stop the vasodilation ( blood vessel widening ) associated with a migraine attack. the ergots also are more prone to cause nausea and vomiting than the triptans. the ergots can cause prolonged contraction of the uterus and miscarriages in pregnant women. midrin is used to abort migraine and tension headaches. it is a combination of isometheptene ( a blood vessel constrictor ), acetaminophen ( a pain reliever ), and dichloralphenazone ( a mild sedative ). the combination medication can help take care of three potential factors associated with a migraine attack, including vasodilation, pain, and anxiety. midrin\u00ae is most effective if used early during a headache. however, because of its potent blood vessel constricting effect, it should not be used in patients with high blood pressure, kidney disease, glaucoma ( increased pressure in the eyes ), atherosclerosis ( hardening of the arteries ), liver disease, or in patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( maois ) including phenelzine ( nardil\u00ae ), isocarboxazid ( marplan\u00ae ), and tranylcypromine sulfate ( parnate\u00ae ). - other prescription medications : some attacks may not be eliminated by acute therapy, and the individual requires pain - relieving measures. due to the severity of the headaches, some patients may require a narcotic analgesic, including oxycodone ( percocet\u00ae ), codeine, or meperidine ( demerol\u00ae ). if the individual is experiencing frequent migraine attacks, the habitual use of opiate analgesics should be avoided. opiates can cause addiction ( both physical and mental ) and may also cause rebound headaches, which are headaches that occur when the pain medicine no longer provides relief. - butorphanol ( stadol ns\u00ae ) is an opiate - like drug available for injection and intranasal ( in the nose ) administration. the normal dosage of stado", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4266589808405062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.533978"}
{"text": "when the pain medicine no longer provides relief. - butorphanol ( stadol ns\u00ae ) is an opiate - like drug available for injection and intranasal ( in the nose ) administration. the normal dosage of stadol ns\u00ae is one spray into the nostril, which usually relieves migraine symptoms in 15 - 30 minutes. this drug can be used every hour for relief. the use of stadol ns\u00ae may result in dependency if used regularly for pain relief. side effects include nausea and vomiting, nasal irritation, and sedation. - butalbital, a barbiturate medication, is also used for the immediate relief of migraine headache pain. it is used in various prescription combinations with aspirin, acetaminophen, caffeine, or codeine ( an opiate pain medication ). these medications are potentially addicting and are not used as initial treatment. they are sometimes used for patients whose headaches fail to respond to over - the - counter ( otc ) medications but who are not candidates for triptans either due to pregnancy or the risk of heart attack and stroke. products include butalbital and acetaminophen ( axocet\u00ae, bupap\u00ae, cephadyn\u00ae, phrenilin\u00ae, or sedapap\u00ae ) ; butalbital, acetaminophen, and caffeine ( fioricet\u00ae, esgic\u00ae ) ; butalbital and aspirin ( axotal\u00ae ) ; butalbital, aspirin, and caffeine ( fiorinal\u00ae ) ; butalbital, acetaminophen, caffeine, and codeine ( fioricet # 3 with codeine\u00ae or fioricet w / codeine\u00ae ) ; and butalbital, aspirin, caffeine, and codeine ( fiorinal # 3 with codeine\u00ae or fiorinal w / codeine\u00ae ). - strong scientific evidence : - feverfew : feverfew is often taken by mouth for migraine headache prevention. laboratory studies show that feverfew may reduce inflammation and prevent blood vessel constriction ( squeezing ) that may lead to headaches. most of the available human studies are not high quality and report mixed results. however, overall they do suggest that feverfew may reduce the number of headaches that occur in people with frequent migraines. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4217929613061536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.534974"}
{"text": "that may lead to headaches. most of the available human studies are not high quality and report mixed results. however, overall they do suggest that feverfew may reduce the number of headaches that occur in people with frequent migraines. - avoid if allergic to feverfew and other plants of the compositaefamily ( chrysanthemums, daisies, marigolds, ragweed ). stop use prior to surgery and dental or diagnostic procedures. avoid with drugs that increase bleeding risk. avoid stopping feverfew use all at once. instead, slowly take less and less over several days. avoid with history of heart disease, anxiety or bleeding disorders. caution is advised with history of mental illness, depression and headaches. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - good scientific evidence : - 5 - hydroxytryptophan ( 5 - htp ) : supplemental use of 5 - htp may help balance serotonin in the body. serotonin is the brain chemical associated with sleep, mood, movement, eating and nervousness. there is evidence from several studies in both children and adults that 5 - htp may be effective in reducing headache severity and frequency, including tension headaches and migraines. fewer pain - relieving medications may be needed when taken with 5 - htp ; however, many of the available studies show that more proven pharmaceutical drugs may work better than 5 - htp for headaches. further research is needed. - 5 - htp is generally safe when used in recommended dosages. use with caution if taking antidepressant medications. 5 - htp is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding, unless otherwise advised by a doctor. l - arginine, or arginine, is a semi - essential amino acid needed by the body. arginine is a precursor of nitric oxide, which causes blood vessel relaxation ( vasodilation ). preliminary studies suggest that adding arginine to ibuprofen ( advil\u00ae, motrin\u00ae ) therapy may decrease migraine headache pain. - arginine is generally regarded as safe in recommended dosages. avoid if allergic to arginine, or with history of stroke, or liver or kidney disease. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. use caution if taking blood - thinning drugs ( like warfarin or coumadin\u00ae ) and blood pressure drugs or herbs or supplements with similar effects. blood potassium levels should be monitored. l - arginine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4697650626124019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.535857"}
{"text": "pregnant or breastfeeding. use caution if taking blood - thinning drugs ( like warfarin or coumadin\u00ae ) and blood pressure drugs or herbs or supplements with similar effects. blood potassium levels should be monitored. l - arginine may worsen symptoms of sickle cell disease. caution is advised in patients taking prescription drugs to control sugar levels. - butterbur : butterbur ( petasites hybridus ) is a perennial shrub, found throughout europe as well as parts of asia and north america. pain relief and headache prevention are traditional uses of butterbur. recent pre - clinical studies suggest anti - inflammatory and vasodilitary ( blood vessel opening ) properties of butterbur, thereby supporting a possible mechanism of action. a small number of human trials report efficacy of butterbur for migraine prevention when taken regularly for up to four months. this evidence is compelling enough to suggest benefits of butterbur for migraine prophylaxis, although additional evidence from larger, well - designed studies is necessary. - the use of butterbur during pregnancy and lactation should be avoided due to a lack of safety studies. butterbur should not be used if there is an allergy to plants in the aster family, including ragweed, marigolds, daisies, and chrysanthemums. - chiropractic : chiropractic is a healthcare discipline that focuses on the relationship between musculoskeletal structure ( primarily the spine ) and body function ( as coordinated by the nervous system ), and how this relationship affects the preservation and restoration of health. manipulation is the skilled, gentle, passive movement of a joint ( or spinal segment ) either within or beyond its active range of motion. despite methodologic problems of available research, overall the evidence suggests some benefits in the prevention of episodic tension headache. better quality research is necessary in this area before a firm conclusion can be drawn. - use extra caution during cervical adjustments. use cautiously with acute arthritis, conditions that cause decreased bone mineralization, brittle bone disease, bone softening conditions, bleeding disorders or migraines. use cautiously with the risk of tumors or cancers. avoid with symptoms of vertebrobasilar vascular insufficiency, aneurysms, unstable spondylolisthesis or arthritis. avoid with agents that increase the risk of bleeding. avoid in areas of para - spinal tissue after surgery. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding due to a lack of scientific data. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45245005910249353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.537059"}
{"text": "- allergic adults when taken in small doses. use cautiously with g6pd deficiency or gallbladder disease. menthol, which makes up part of peppermint oil, is generally considered safe in non - allergic adults. however, doses of menthol greater than 1 gram per kilogram of body weight may be deadly in humans. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - unclear or conflicting scientific evidence : - acupressure, shiatsu : acupressure, or shiatsu, has been used in china and japan for thousands of years for health and healing. in early studies, self - administered acupressure ( in the temple region or other areas ) is reported to offer relief of tension or migraine headache symptoms. - with proper training, acupressure appears to be safe if self - administered or administered by an experienced therapist. serious long - term complications have not been reported, according to scientific data. hand nerve injury and herpes zoster ( \" shingles \" ) cases have been reported after shiatsu massage. forceful acupressure may cause bruising. - acupuncture : acupuncture, or the use of needles to manipulate the \" chi \" or body energy, originated in china over 5, 000 years ago. although traditionally used to help patients with migraine headaches, there is inconclusive evidence in support of acupuncture for chronic migraine or tension headache. although the majority of available studies have shown a trend in favor of acupuncture over placebo, most have been small and methodologically flawed. blinding and follow - up have not been adequate in most studies, and approaches to placebo - control are variable. larger trials with clear blinding and controls are necessary before a recommendation can be made for or against the use of acupuncture for various types of headache. - needles must be sterile in order to avoid disease transmission. avoid with valvular heart disease, infections, bleeding disorders, medical conditions of unknown origin, or neurological disorders. avoid if taking drugs that increase the risk of bleeding ( e. g. anticoagulants ). avoid on areas that have received radiation therapy and during pregnancy. use cautiously with pulmonary disease ( e. g. asthma or emphysema ). use cautiously in elderly or medically compromised patients, diabetics, or with history of seizures. avoid electroacupuncture with arrhythmia ( irregular heartbeat ) or in patients with pacemakers because therapy may interfere with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4866658786881926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.541014"}
{"text": "of breast cancer ) should be under the supervision of a licensed healthcare professional. use cautiously if allergic to members of the ranunculaceaefamily such as buttercup or crowfoot. avoid if allergic to aspirin products, non - steriodal anti - inflammatories ( nsaids, motrin\u00ae, ibuprofen, etc. ), blood - thinners ( like warfarin ) or with a history of blood clots, stroke, seizures, or liver disease. stop use before surgery / dental / diagnostic procedures with bleeding risk and avoid immediately after these procedures. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - chiropractic : there is currently not enough reliable scientific evidence to conclude the effects of chiropractic techniques in the management of migraine headache. additional research is needed in this area. - use extra caution during cervical adjustments. use cautiously with acute arthritis, conditions that cause decreased bone mineralization, brittle bone disease, bone softening conditions, bleeding disorders or migraines. use cautiously with a risk of tumors or cancers. avoid with symptoms of vertebrobasilar vascular insufficiency, aneurysms, unstable spondylolisthesis or arthritis. avoid with agents that increase the risk of bleeding. avoid in areas of para - spinal tissue after surgery. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding due to a lack of scientific data. - coenzyme q10 ( coq10 ) : coenzyme q10 ( coq10 ) is produced by the human body and is necessary for the basic functioning of cells. there is promising evidence to support the use of coq10 for migraine prevention or treatment. properly designed, larger trials of longer treatment duration are needed to confirm these findings. - coq10 is generally regarded as safe in recommended dosages. allergy associated with coenzyme q10 supplements has not been reported in the available literature, although rash and itching have been reported rarely. stop use two weeks before surgery / dental / diagnostic procedures with bleeding risk and do not use immediately after these procedures. use caution with history of blood clots, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart attack, or stroke, or with anticoagulants ( blood thinners ) or antiplatelet drugs ( like aspirin, warfarin, clopidogrel ( like plavix\u00ae ), or blood pressure, blood sugar, cholesterol or thyroid drugs. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - dong quai :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47958962212070355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.543397"}
{"text": "( like aspirin, warfarin, clopidogrel ( like plavix\u00ae ), or blood pressure, blood sugar, cholesterol or thyroid drugs. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - dong quai : dong quai ( angelica sinensis ), also known as chinese angelica, has been used for thousands of years in traditional chinese, korean, and japanese medicine. it remains one of the most popular plants in chinese medicine, and is used primarily for health conditions in women. the effects of dong quai alone for menstrual migraine headache are not clear, and further research is necessary before a clear conclusion can be reached. - dong quai supplements may increase the risk of bleeding in sensitive individuals, such as those taking medications to reduce blood clotting, including aspirin and warfarin ( coumadin\u00ae ). although dong quai is accepted as being safe as a food additive in the united states and europe, its safety in medicinal doses is not known. long - term studies of side effects are lacking. avoid if allergic / hypersensitive to dong quai or members of the apiaceae / umbelliferae family ( like anise, caraway, carrot, celery, dill, parsley ). avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light. use cautiously with diabetes, glucose intolerance or hormone sensitive conditions ( like breast cancer, uterine cancer or ovarian cancer ). do not use before dental or surgical procedures. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - eucalyptus oil : eucalyptus ( eucalyptus globulus ) oil contains 70 - 85 % 1, 8 - cineole ( eucalyptol ), which is also present in other plant oils. effectiveness of topical eucalyptus oil for relief of headache has not been supported with reliable human research. - case reports describe allergic rash after exposure to eucalyptus oil, either alone or as an ingredient in creams. avoid if allergic to eucalyptus oil or with a history of seizure, diabetes, asthma, heart disease, abnormal heart rhythms, intestinal disorders, liver disease, kidney disease, or lung disease. use caution if driving or operating machinery. avoid with a history of acute intermittent porphyria. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. a strain of bacteria found on eucalyptus may cause infection. toxicity has been reported with oral and inhaled use. - gamma linolenic acid ( gla ) : gla is a dietary omega - 6 fatty acid found in many plant oil extracts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45719891793874806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.547443"}
{"text": ". a strain of bacteria found on eucalyptus may cause infection. toxicity has been reported with oral and inhaled use. - gamma linolenic acid ( gla ) : gla is a dietary omega - 6 fatty acid found in many plant oil extracts. limited available study has examined the effect of fatty acids, including gla, on severity, frequency and duration of migraine attacks. better - designed clinical trials are required before recommendations can be made. eighty - six percent of patients experienced a reduction in the severity, frequency, and duration of migraine attacks, while 90 % of patients had reduced nausea and vomiting. - gla may increase the risk of bleeding. use cautiously with drugs that increase the risk of bleeding like anticoagulants and anti - platelet drugs. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - ginger : there is currently not enough available scientific evidence to support the use of ginger for migraine treatment. additional research is needed. - avoid if allergic to ginger or other members of the zingiberaceaefamily ( like red ginger, alpinia purpurata, shell ginger, alpinia zeru, green cardamom, and balsam of peru ). avoid with anticoagulation therapy. avoid large quantities of fresh cut ginger with inflammatory bowel disease or a history of intestinal obstruction. use cautiously prior to surgery and with gastric or duodenal ulcers, gallstones, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. use cautiously long - term and in underweight patients. use cautiously if taking heart medications or sedatives and if driving or operating heavy machinery. use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding. - massage : there is currently not enough scientific evidence available on whether massage is an effective therapy for migraine. - avoid with bleeding disorders, low platelet counts, or if on blood - thinning medications ( such as heparin or warfarin / coumadin\u00ae ). areas should not be massaged where there are fractures, weakened bones from osteoporosis or cancer, open / healing skin wounds, skin infections, recent surgery, or blood clots. use cautiously with history of physical abuse or if pregnant or breastfeeding. massage should not be used as a substitute for more proven therapies for medical conditions. massage should not cause pain to the client. - melatonin : melatonin is a natural hormone that is used for the improvement of sleep patterns. several small studies have examined the possible role of melatonin for headache prevention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46501650211152235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.548547"}
{"text": "for medical conditions. massage should not cause pain to the client. - melatonin : melatonin is a natural hormone that is used for the improvement of sleep patterns. several small studies have examined the possible role of melatonin for headache prevention, for migraine, cluster, and tension - type headache. limited initial research suggests possible benefits, although well - designed controlled studies are needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn. - melatonin should not be used for extended periods of time. caution is advised when taking melatonin supplements as numerous adverse effects including drug interactions are possible. melatonin is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - niacin : well designed clinical trials on the use of niacin for headaches are currently lacking. additional research is needed to make a conclusion. - avoid if allergic to niacin or niacinamide. avoid with a history of liver disease, liver dysfunction, irregular heartbeats ( arrhythmia ), heart disease, blood clotting, bleeding disorders, asthma, anxiety, panic attacks, thyroid disorders, stomach ulcers, gout, or diabetes. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - physical therapy : the goal of physical therapy, or physiotherapy, is to improve mobility, restore function, reduce pain, and prevent further injury. physical therapy has been used to treat chronic headache, migraines, tension - type headaches, and cervicogenic headaches. available studies have used combination treatments of standard physical therapy in addition to psychotherapy, medications, or adjusting dental occlusion. better - designed trials of pt alone are needed before it can be recommended for these indications. - not all physical therapy programs are suited for everyone, and patients should discuss their medical history with their qualified healthcare professionals before beginning any treatments. based on the available literature, physical therapy appears generally safe when practiced by a qualified physical therapist ; however, complications are possible. persistent pain and fractures of unknown origin have been reported. physical therapy may increase the duration of pain or cause limitation of motion. pain and anxiety may occur during the rehabilitation of patients with burns. both morning stiffness and bone erosion have been reported in the physical therapy literature, although causality is unclear. erectile dysfunction has also been reported. all therapies during pregnancy and breastfeeding should be discussed with a licensed obstetrician / gynecologist before initiation. - reflexology : reflexology involves the application of manual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49676824188457525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.549575"}
{"text": "is unclear. erectile dysfunction has also been reported. all therapies during pregnancy and breastfeeding should be discussed with a licensed obstetrician / gynecologist before initiation. - reflexology : reflexology involves the application of manual pressure to specific points or areas of the feet that are believed to correspond to other parts of the body. early research suggests that reflexology may relieve pain from migraine or tension headache, and that pain medication requirements may be reduced. however, study in this area has not been well designed or reported, and further evidence is necessary before a firm conclusion can be reached. - avoid with recent or healing foot fractures, unhealed wounds, or active gout flares affecting the foot. use cautiously and seek prior medical consultation with osteoarthritis affecting the foot or ankle, or severe vascular disease of the legs or feet. use cautiously with diabetes, heart disease or the presence of a pacemaker, unstable blood pressure, cancer, active infections, past episodes of fainting ( syncope ), mental illness, gallstones, or kidney stones. use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding. reflexology should not delay diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques or therapies. - relaxation therapy : relaxation techniques include behavioral therapeutic approaches that differ widely in philosophy, methodology, and practice. the primary goal is usually non - directed relaxation. most techniques share the components of repetitive focus ( on a word, sound, prayer phrase, body sensation, or muscular activity ), adoption of a passive attitude towards intruding thoughts, and return to the focus. preliminary evidence suggests that relaxation techniques may be helpful for the reduction of migraine headache symptoms in adults. study of relaxation in children with headaches has yielded unclear results. additional research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn. - avoid with psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia / psychosis. jacobson relaxation ( flexing specific muscles, holding that position, then relaxing the muscles ) should be used cautiously with illnesses like heart disease, high blood pressure, or musculoskeletal injury. relaxation therapy is not recommended as the sole treatment approach for potentially serious medical conditions, and should not delay the time to diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques. - riboflavin ( vitamin b2 ) : several studies suggest benefits of high - dose riboflavin in migraine headache prevention. further research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to riboflavin. since the amount of riboflav", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5013447063614208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.550584"}
{"text": "suggest benefits of high - dose riboflavin in migraine headache prevention. further research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to riboflavin. since the amount of riboflavin a human can absorb is limited, riboflavin is generally considered safe. riboflavin is generally regarded as safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding. the u. s. recommended daily allowance ( rda ) for riboflavin in pregnant women is higher than for non - pregnant women, and is 1. 4 milligrams daily ( 1. 6 milligrams for breastfeeding women ). - soy : soy ( glycine max ) is a plant in the pea family ( fabaceae ), and is native to southeastern asia. soy has been a dietary staple in asian countries for at least 5, 000 years. soy supplements have been reported to help with symptoms associated with menopause, including headache. limited available study of a phytoestrogen ( plant estrogen ) combination showed a reduced number of migraine attacks suffered. further research is needed regarding the use of soy for menstrual migraine. - use of soy supplements may cause drug interactions. soy should not be used if the patient is pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. until better research is available, it remains unclear if dietary soy or soy isoflavone supplements increase or decrease the risk of developing breast cancer. - tai chi : tai chi is a system of movements and positions believed to have developed in 12th century china. tai chi techniques aim to address the body and mind as an interconnected system and are traditionally believed to have mental and physical health benefits to improve posture, balance, flexibility, and strength. early study suggests that tai chi practice may be effective in reducing the impact of tension headaches and may also be effective in improving perceptions of some aspects of physical and mental health. - avoid with severe osteoporosis or joint problems, acute back pain, sprains, or fractures. avoid during active infections, right after a meal, or when very tired. some believe that visualization of energy flow below the waist during menstruation may increase menstrual bleeding. straining downwards or holding low postures should be avoided during pregnancy, and by people with inguinal hernias. some tai chi practitioners believe that practicing for too long or using too much intention may direct the flow of chi ( qi ) inappropriate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48399880993968686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.551726"}
{"text": ". straining downwards or holding low postures should be avoided during pregnancy, and by people with inguinal hernias. some tai chi practitioners believe that practicing for too long or using too much intention may direct the flow of chi ( qi ) inappropriately, possibly resulting in physical or emotional illness. tai chi should not be used as a substitute for more proven therapies for potentially serious conditions. advancing too quickly while studying tai chi may increase the risk of injury. - transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( tens ) : tens is a non - invasive technique in which a low - voltage electrical current is delivered through wires from a small power unit to electrodes located on the skin. acupuncturists can use tens by sticking japanese acupuncture needles into two sites and taping the needles down with surgical tape to prevent them from moving. practitioners then hook the needles up to a tens device and an electrical current is applied. the current now travels into the needles, which stimulates points on the body to get the \" chi \" or energy to flow in a healthy manner. preliminary controlled trials suggest that tens may have some benefits in patients with migraine or chronic headache. additional well - designed research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be reached in this area. - avoid with implantable devices, like defibrillators, pacemakers, intravenous infusion pumps, or hepatic artery infusion pumps. use cautiously with decreased sensation, like neuropathy, and with seizure disorders. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - therapeutic touch ( tt ) : therapeutic touch practitioners hold their hands a short distance from the patient without actually making physical contact. the purpose of this technique is to detect the patient ' s energy field, allowing the tt practitioner to correct any perceived imbalances. therapeutic touch may reduce pain in patients with tension headache, based on preliminary research. - therapeutic touch is believed to be safe for most people. therapeutic touch should not be used for potentially serious conditions in place of more proven therapies. avoid with fever or inflammation, and on body areas with cancer. - trigger point therapy : the goal of trigger point therapy for headache is to eliminate the trigger points, and thus extinguish the headache. there have been few studies that address the therapeutic potential of this therapy. overall, the evidence is positive and demonstrates that this therapy may be effective for headache treatment. - use cautiously with local or systemic infection, anticoagulation or bleeding disorders, or acute muscle trauma. avoid aspirin ing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5047236545507592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.552686"}
{"text": "potential of this therapy. overall, the evidence is positive and demonstrates that this therapy may be effective for headache treatment. - use cautiously with local or systemic infection, anticoagulation or bleeding disorders, or acute muscle trauma. avoid aspirin ingestion within three days of injection. avoid with extreme fear of needles, large bruises, phlebitis, varicose veins, undiagnosed lumps, or open wounds. avoid if allergic to anesthetic agents ( mainly caused by aminoester agents ). use cautiously during pregnancy. - willow bark : willow bark ( salix alba ) contains salicin and has been used to treat many different kinds of pain and various inflammatory conditions, including headache. limited available study investigated a salicin topical cream for the treatment and / or prevention of migraine and tension - type headache. although early study is promising, additional study is needed to make a conclusion. - avoid if allergic / hypersensitive to aspirin, willow bark ( salix spp. ), or any of its constituents, including salicylates. use cautiously with gastrointestinal problems ( e. g. ulcers ), hepatic disorders, diabetes, gout, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. use cautiously with a history of allergy, asthma, or leukemia. use cautiously if taking antihyperlipidemia agents, alcohol, leukemia medications, beta - blockers, diuretics, phenytoin ( dilantin\u00ae ), probenecid, spironolactone, sulfonylureas, valproic acid, or methotrexate. use cautiously with other tannin - containing herbs or supplements. avoid operating heavy machinery. avoid in children with chickenpox and any other viral infections. avoid with blood disorders and renal disorders. avoid if taking other nsaids, acetazolamide, or other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. avoid with elevated serum cadmium levels. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - yoga : yoga is an ancient system of relaxation, exercise, and healing with origins in indian philosophy. preliminary evidence suggests that yoga may effectively reduce the intensity and frequency of tension or migraine headaches, and lessen the need for pain - relief medications. - yoga is generally considered to be safe in healthy individuals when practiced appropriately. avoid some inverted poses with disc disease of the spine, fragile or atherosclerotic neck arteries, extremely high or low blood pressure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43232658246384337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.553764"}
{"text": "need for pain - relief medications. - yoga is generally considered to be safe in healthy individuals when practiced appropriately. avoid some inverted poses with disc disease of the spine, fragile or atherosclerotic neck arteries, extremely high or low blood pressure, glaucoma, detachment of the retina, ear problems, severe osteoporosis, cervical spondylitis, or if at risk for blood clots. certain yoga breathing techniques should be avoided in people with heart or lung disease. use cautiously with a history of psychotic disorders. yoga techniques are believed to be safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding when practiced under the guidance of expert instruction. however, poses that put pressure on the uterus, such as abdominal twists, should be avoided in pregnancy. - traditional or theoretical uses which lack sufficient evidence : - progressive muscle relaxation : progressive muscle relaxation involves isolating one muscle group, creating tension for eight to ten seconds, and then letting the muscle relax and the tension go. individuals can sit ( in a comfortable chair ), lie on a bed, or lie on the floor ( on a comfortable rug or carpet ). muscle groups ( including the head, shoulders, arms, hands, stomach, legs, and feet ), one at a time, are tensed, then relaxed. this technique has been reported effective in headache prevention, but more studies are needed. - avoid with bleeding disorders, low platelet counts, or if on blood - thinning medications ( such as heparin or warfarin / coumadin\u00ae ). avoid with fractures, weakened bones from osteoporosis or cancer, open / healing skin wounds, skin infections, recent surgery, or blood clots. use cautiously with a history of physical abuse or if pregnant or breastfeeding. - keeping a diary : a diary can help an individual determine what triggers the migraine attack. writing down when a migraine attack begins, how long each phase lasts, responses to medications, foods eaten in the 24 hours preceding an attack, any unusual stresses before the attack, and how the individual feels and what they were doing when a migraine attack begins is important. - dietary factors : identifying and avoiding foods that consistently trigger headaches may be important in helping to reduce the occurrence of migraine headaches. eat meals at regular times daily and do not skip meals. - stress reduction : integrative therapies that reduce stress, such as yoga, therapeutic touch, and relaxation techniques, are important in reducing migraine attacks. - regular sleep patterns :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46955731809143897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.554911"}
{"text": "eat meals at regular times daily and do not skip meals. - stress reduction : integrative therapies that reduce stress, such as yoga, therapeutic touch, and relaxation techniques, are important in reducing migraine attacks. - regular sleep patterns : it is important for migraine sufferers to get adequate consistent sleep every night. healthcare professionals generally recommend eight hours of uninterrupted sleep nightly. - regular exercise : regular aerobic exercise reduces tension and can help prevent migraines. if a doctor agrees, choosing an aerobic exercise, such as walking, swimming, or cycling, may help decrease migraine attacks. warm up slowly, however, because sudden, intense exercise can cause headaches. - caffeine intake reduction : limiting caffeine consumption to less than two caffeine - containing beverages a day may be of benefit for reduction of migraine attacks. - light modification : avoiding bright or flashing lights, and wearing sunglasses, if sunlight is a trigger, may help reduce migraine attacks. - smoking cessation : smoking cessation is important in decreasing migraine attacks, as smoke can be a potential allergen that triggers a migraine. also, nicotine, one of the components of tobacco, stimulates vascular activity in the brain that may trigger a migraine attack. - this information has been edited and peer - reviewed by contributors to the natural standard research collaboration ( www. naturalstandard. com ). - american academy of family physicians.. - blanchard eb, appelbaum ka, radnitz cl, et al. placebo - controlled evaluation of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation and of relaxation combined with cognitive therapy in the treatment of tension headache. j consult clin psychol. 1990 ; 58 ( 2 ) : 210 - 5.. - estevez m, gardner kl. update on the genetics of migraine. hum genet. 2004 ; 114 ( 3 ) : 225 - 35.. - hershey ad, tang y, powers sw, et al. genomic abnormalities in patients with migraine and chronic migraine : preliminary blood gene expression suggests platelet abnormalities. headache. 2004 ; 44 ( 10 ) : 994 - 1004.. - lang e, kastner s, neundorfer b, et al. effects of recommendations and patient seminars on effectivity of outpatient treatment for headache. schmerz. 2001 ; 15 ( 4 ) : 229 - 40.. - miller va, palermo tm, powers sw, et al. mig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4271925042687475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.555850"}
{"text": "al. effects of recommendations and patient seminars on effectivity of outpatient treatment for headache. schmerz. 2001 ; 15 ( 4 ) : 229 - 40.. - miller va, palermo tm, powers sw, et al. migraine headaches and sleep disturbances in children. headache. 2003 ; 43 ( 4 ) : 362 - 8.. - national institutes of health.. - national institute of neurological disorders and stroke.. - the national headache foundation.. - the national migraine association.. - natural standard : the authority on integrative medicine.. copyright \u00a9 2010. - national women ' s health information center.. types of headaches - a headache is pain in occurring in the head. there are two types of headaches : primary headaches and secondary headaches. primary headaches are not associated with ( caused by ) other diseases. examples of primary headaches are migraine headaches, tension headaches, and cluster headaches. secondary headaches are caused by associated disease, such as brain tumors. the associated disease may be minor or serious and life threatening. seven in ten people have at least one type of headache a year. - migraine headaches : - migraine with aura : migraine with aura is a migraine headache characterized by a neurological ( nervous system ) experience originating in the brain called an aura. most auras appear as bright shimmering lights around objects ( halos ) or at the edges of the field of vision ( called scintillating scotomas ), zigzag lines, wavy images, or other visual hallucinations. other individuals may experience temporary vision loss. an aura is usually experienced 10 - 30 minutes before the headache. - non - visual auras include muscle weakness, speech or language abnormalities, dizziness, and paresthesia ( tingling or numbness ) of the face, tongue, or extremities. - migraine without aura : migraine without aura, or \" silent \" migraine, is the most prevalent type of migraine headache and may occur on one or both sides of the head. tiredness or mood changes may be experienced the day before the headache. nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light ( also called photophobia ) often accompany migraine without aura. - basilar migraine : basilar migraine or basilar artery migraine, involves a disturbance of the basilar artery ( blood vessel ) in the brainstem. symptoms include severe headache, vertigo ( dizziness ), double vision, slurred speech", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5724950562614489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.556728"}
{"text": "are seldom associated with nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound. tension headaches usually occur sporadically ( infrequently and without a pattern ) but can occur frequently and even daily in some people. most people are able to function despite their tension headaches. tension headaches do not have a clear cause. many healthcare professionals attribute tension headaches to excess stress during daily activities and anxiety. - cluster headaches : cluster headaches are headaches that come in groups lasting weeks or months, separated by pain - free periods of months or years. during the period in which the cluster headaches occur, pain typically occurs once or twice daily, but some patients may experience pain more than twice daily. each episode of pain lasts from 30 minutes to one and one - half hours. attacks tend to occur at about the same time every day and often awaken the patient at night from a sound sleep. the pain typically is excruciating and located unilaterally around or behind one eye. some patients describe the pain as feeling like a hot poker in the eye. the affected eye may become red, inflamed, and watery. the nose on the affected side may become congested and runny. unlike patients with migraine headaches, patients with cluster headaches tend to be restless. they often pace the floor, bang their heads against a wall, and can be driven to desperate measures. cluster headaches are much more common in males than females. cluster headaches do not have a clear cause, although alcohol and cigarettes can precipitate attacks. many healthcare professionals believe that cluster and migraine headaches share a common cause that begins in the nerve that carries sensation from the head to the brain ( trigeminal nerve ) and ends with the blood vessels that surround the brain dilating ( widening ) and contracting ( narrowing ), which causes pain. others believe that the pain arises in the deep vascular channels in the head and does not involve the trigeminal nerve. cluster headaches are a rare type primary headache, affecting 0. 1 % of the population. an estimated 85 % of cluster headache sufferers are men. the average age of cluster headache sufferers is 28 - 30 years, although headaches may begin in childhood. - secondary headaches : - secondary headaches are headaches caused by conditions other than those related to primary headaches, such as migraine. secondary headaches have diverse causes, ranging from serious and life threatening conditions such as intracranial hemorrhage ( bleeding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5233208741388216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.558689"}
{"text": ": - secondary headaches are headaches caused by conditions other than those related to primary headaches, such as migraine. secondary headaches have diverse causes, ranging from serious and life threatening conditions such as intracranial hemorrhage ( bleeding within the skull ), cerebral venous sinus thrombosis ( blood clot within the membrane that covers the brain ), cerebral stroke or infarct ( lack of oxygen to the brain causing neurological damage ), cerebral aneurysm ( bulging blood vessel in the brain ), lyme disease ( a bacteria from ticks ), excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ( hydrocephalus ), meningitis ( inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord ), low level of cerebral spinal fluid ( csf ), nasal sinus blockage, postictal headache ( occurs after a stroke or seizure ), temporomandibular joint dysfunction ( tmj ), and brain tumor. secondary headache pain can vary in severity. - less serious but common conditions may also cause headaches, such as withdrawal from caffeine and the discontinuation of pain medications. overuse of pain relievers causes the pain relievers to become less effective. as the effect of the pain reliever wears off, headaches recur ( rebound headache ). these drugs include over - the - counter ( otc ) or prescription pain relievers, such as acetaminophen ( tylenol\u00ae ), ibuprofen ( advil\u00ae, motrin\u00ae ), or opiates such as oxycodone ( percocet\u00ae, oxycontin\u00ae ) and hydrocodone ( lortab\u00ae, vicodin\u00ae ). medications such as estrogen, progestins, calcium channel blockers ( commonly used for treating high blood pressure ), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris, commonly used to treat depression ) can cause secondary headaches. - individuals with a subarachnoid hemorrhage typically report having a sudden onset of severe headache. the pain of recurrent migraine headaches tends to build up gradually. sometimes the headache of subarachnoid hemorrhage is triggered by exertion, such as exercise or sex. - musculoskeletal problems, such as injuries or poor posture, can cause or contribute to headaches such as tension and migraine headaches. - headaches soon after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4458810369005237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.560309"}
{"text": "is triggered by exertion, such as exercise or sex. - musculoskeletal problems, such as injuries or poor posture, can cause or contribute to headaches such as tension and migraine headaches. - headaches soon after trauma ( injury ) to the head may be caused by subdural ( inner layer of the brain ) or epidural ( outer layer of the brain ) hematomas ( blood clots ). - headaches that persistently occur on the same side are often secondary headaches associated with conditions such as brain tumors or arteriovenous malformations ( abnormal clusters of blood vessels in the brain ). - bacterial meningitis is a rapidly progressive and life - threatening disease with fever, headaches, stiff neck, and deterioration in mental function. herpes simplex encephalitis ( brain swelling caused by a herpes virus ) is an infection of the brain that causes death of brain tissue. symptoms include fever, headache, and deterioration in mental function. early treatment with antibiotics and anti - viral agents can decrease the extent of brain damage and improve survival. - associated temporary weakness of the extremities or facial muscles can be symptoms of transient ischemic attacks ( tias, or temporary lack of oxygen to the brain ). tias are warning signals for future strokes that can cause permanent brain damage. headache also can accompany strokes and intracerebral bleeding ( bleeding into the brain ). copyright \u00a9 2011 natural standard ( www. naturalstandard. com ) the information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. this information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and / or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4835925691786974, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1627dcf-0355-4887-bb48-014a34f13a34>", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.562248"}
{"text": "guidebooks and reference material | dictionaries & encyclopedias | databases | statistical sources | tests | certification | directories | curriculum center | web sites school of education at gonzaga university guidebooks to information sources determine if the library has a handbook for the broad subject area or discipline which would encompass the topic you are researching. handbooks will identify and discuss the reference sources, periodical indexes, bibliographies and major publications pertinent to research in that area. - concepts in composition : theory and practice in the the teaching of english pe 1404. c528 2003 enriching esl pedagogy : readings and activities for reading, engagement and inquiry pe 1128. a2 e58 2002 esl : a handbook for teachers and administrators netlibrary resource implementing the esl standards for prek - 12 students through teacher education pe 1128. a2 i55 2000 managing the assessment process : a framework for measuring student attainment of the esl standards pe 1128. a2 m36 1998 multicultural issues in literacy research and practice lc 151. m85 2003 the practice of english language teaching pe 1128. a2 h34 2001 program standards for adult esol programs pe 1128. a2 p76 2000 research methods for english language teachers pe 1128. a2 m384 1997 scenarios for esl standards based assessment pe 1128. a2 s316 2000 successful dissertations and theses : a guide to graduate student research from proposal to completion ref lb 2369. m32 1992 - teaching language : from grammar to grammaring pe 1128. a2 l348 2003 training others to use the esl standards : a professional development manual pe 1128. a2 t73 2000 dictionaries and encyclopedias use these sources to define terms, obtain background information, identify issues and get names or dates, and identify further sources in a topic area. encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education. ref lc3707. e53 1998 encyclopedia of education ref lb 15. e47 2003 international encyclopedia of curriculum. ref lb570. i5676 1991 international encyclopedia of education. ref lb15. i569 1994 international encyclopedia of the sociology of education. ref lc191. i49 1997 international encyclopedia of educational technology, 2nd edition. ref lb1028. 3. i567 1996 critical dictionary of educational concepts. ref lb15. b29 1986 language of learning : a guide to education terms. ref lb15. m32 1997 periodical indexes and abstracts indexes and abstracts help you locate articles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46321370844438153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92148afa-c8eb-4980-9bd8-59f7342630e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.579745"}
{"text": ". 3. i567 1996 critical dictionary of educational concepts. ref lb15. b29 1986 language of learning : a guide to education terms. ref lb15. m32 1997 periodical indexes and abstracts indexes and abstracts help you locate articles on specific topics in journals and magazines. indexes to journal articles are often discipline - oriented in their coverage, and both eric and the education index primarily focus on the field of education and related fields of study. because education has many multi - disciplinary aspects, other disciplinary indexes may also be useful, depending upon the research topic. many periodical indexes are available on the foley library homepage under \" indexes and databases. \" - academic search premier - provides full text for nearly 4, 600 scholarly publications, including full text for more than 3, 500 peer - reviewed journals in virtually every area of academic study. - eric ( educational resources information center ) - contains over 2, 200 digests, references for additional information, citations and abstracts from over 980 educational and education - related journals. articles with accession numbers beginning with ed are also available downstairs at the foley center library in microfiche. - tesol quarterly - click here for instant access to online holdings from 2001 - 2005. if you want to access earlier tesol articles ( 1967 - 1998 ) please go to foley ' s reserves / circulation desk, and ask for the tesol cd - rom ( pe 1128. a2 t454 ). - access to 12 excellent education journals including the tesol quarterly. - professional development collection. - designed for professional educators, this database provides a highly specialized collection of more than 750 full text journals, including more than 350 peer - reviewed titles. professional development collection is the most comprehensive collection of full text education journals in the world. - proquest direct. - includes summaries of articles from over 5, 000 publications, with many articles in full - text, full - image format covering a wide range of subject areas. proquest also covers major national newspapers as well as selected articles from newspapers in spokane, seattle and other cities in washington state. - psychology & behavioral sciences collection. - this database provides coverage of nearly 550 full text journals, including more than 500 peer - reviewed titles, covering topics such as emotional and behavioral characteristics, psychiatry & psychology, mental processes, anthropology, and observational and experimental methods. nearly every full text title included in this database is indexed in psycinfo. updated daily via ebsco host - american psychological association ' s online index of journal articles, chapters,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4853457360534881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92148afa-c8eb-4980-9bd8-59f7342630e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.582300"}
{"text": "mental processes, anthropology, and observational and experimental methods. nearly every full text title included in this database is indexed in psycinfo. updated daily via ebsco host - american psychological association ' s online index of journal articles, chapters, books, dissertations and reports on psychology and related fields. coverage from 1887 - present. - socindex with full text - test locator & test review. - from the buros institute, this online database has information on over 10, 000 tests and research instruments. in addition, it provides citations to reviews of educational and psychological tests and measures. located under ' reference ' on foley library ' s indexes & databases page. use these sources or similar ones to gather relevant statistics on your topic condition of education. docs ref ( annual ) us ed1. 109 dictionary of statistics and methodology. ref ha 7. v64 1999 education in states and nations. docs us ed 1. 102 : n21 ( 1993 - ) education statistics of the u. s. ref lb 2844. e38 2000 educational rankings. ref 2331. 63. e34 2000 - present fact book on higher education. ref ( annual ) la227. 3. a44a 1974 - 77 historical statistics of the u. s., colonial times to 1970. ref ha202. b87 1975 nces statistical standards. docs us ed 1. 302 : st 2 statistical abstract of the united states. docs ref ( latest at ref. desk ) us c 3. 134 : washington state assessment program : grades 4, 8, and 11 : a five - year summary of achievement test trends in washington school districts for the years 1993 - 1997. docs wa 370 ed8fiv y 1993 - 97 use these sources to identify published tests and assessments on a topic, including reviews. note : foley center does not maintain a collection of tests. mental measurements yearbook. ref bf176. m46 1941 - present. psychological assessment in the schools. stacks bf 722. p 793 1994 test critiques. ref bf176. t419 v. 1 1984 - present. tests : a comprehensive reference for assessments in psychology, education and business. ref bf176. t43 1997 ref bf176. t43 1983 - present. tests and measurements in child development. ref bf 722. j64 1971 tests in print. ref bf176. t47 v. 1 - present. use the following reference books to determine the certification requirements for teachers and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5109290901127421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92148afa-c8eb-4980-9bd8-59f7342630e3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.583681"}
{"text": ") - with resources in children ' s literature for teachers, librarians, scholars, parents and even children, the site ' s goal is to \" use electronic resources to further the reading of books \" by listing teaching ideas, award lists, discussion boards, commentary and reference sources. - developing educational standards. ( http : / / circle. adventist. org / browse / resource. phtml? leaf = 303 ) - a comprehensive directory with links to national, state and local educational standards with standards listed by state and by subject area. also links to education centers, clearinghouses and labs, as well as state - focused groups and other organizations including councils, federations and associations. - educator ' s reference desk - the educator ' s reference desk is a project of the information institute of syracuse and provides access to the following resources : - resource collection - links to resources on a variety of educational issues. - lesson plans - over 2, 000 unique lesson plans written and submitted by teachers from all over the united states. - question archive - a collection of over 200 responses to popular questions on the practice, theory, and research of education. - eric database - this is a web - based version of the eric database, updated monthly. - eurybase. ( www. eurydice. org ) - an excellent source of information for european educational regulations, higher education options, teacher requirements and statistics for the 15 countries of the european union as well as iceland, liechtenstein and norway. - national center for education statistics. ( http : / / nces. ed. gov / edstats ) - includes data from nces sources including the condition of education, the digest of education statistics, and projections of education statistics. - office of superintendent of public instruction. ( www. k12. wa. us ) - provides data, demographics, certification requirements, policies, legislation, publications, programs, strategies, standards and ealrs from the k - 12 education office for the state of washington. - u. s. department of education. ( www. ed. gov ) - a comprehensive site for resources with a focus on education issues for prek - 12, higher education, and career and lifelong learning, as well as resources for grants and contracts, research and statistics, policies and financial aid. - u. s. department of education ' s office of educational research and improvement. ( http : / / www. ed. gov / offices / oeri ) - link to major education research and development centers, including a search engine whereby all or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4326255915249712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92148afa-c8eb-4980-9bd8-59f7342630e3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.586843"}
{"text": "us 6594503 b1 a communication device ( 200 ), such as a cellular mobile phone or a cordless phone, has a dial unit ( 208 ) for communication with a base station. an input device for dialing a phone number which forwards a coded dial signal ( 215 ) to the dial unit ( 208 ) is implemented as an optical character recognition ( ocr ) scanner ( 210 ) that reads phone numbers ( 202 ) from a printed or hand - written original ( 201 ). optionally, especially for recognizing hand - writing, the scanner ( 210 ) sends graphical representations of input data to the base station that obtains the code dial signals by an external processor. 1. communication device having a dial unit to establish communication via a communication channel, said communication device characterized by a built - in optical character recognition reader to receive a dial identification from an original, wherein said reader collects image data of said dial identification by being in a predetermined distance from said original during a predetermined data collecting time. 2. the communication device of 3. communication device having a dial unit to establish communication via a communication channel, said communication device characterized by a built - in optical character recognition reader to receive a dial identification from an original, wherein said reader comprises a contact camera that receives said dial identification when touching said original during a predetermined data collecting time. 4. the communication device of 5. the communication device of 6. the communication device of 7. the communication device of 8. the communication device of 9. the communication device of 10. the communication device of the present invention generally relates to a communication device, and, more particularly, to a portable phone. a communication device is often used in a network having a plurality of nodes. when a user wants to establish a communication between the device and a node, then the user usually manually inputs a node identifier through a keyboard of the device. for example, the device is a portable phone operating in a public or private telephone network where the nodes are further phones ( e. g., cellular phones or fixed network phones ). the user establishes a communication by dialing a phone number. however, typing a number into a keyboard by a human might cause misled phone calls. a physically challenged person might not be able to use the keyboard. phones having a dial function that is supported by voice recognition became recently available on the market. apart from technical problems occurring in a noisy environment, some users hesitate from speaking a phone number into the phone, for example, because they fear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5873522054302335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d99c66-8911-4978-a733-87d3cda15818>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.604593"}
{"text": "use the keyboard. phones having a dial function that is supported by voice recognition became recently available on the market. apart from technical problems occurring in a noisy environment, some users hesitate from speaking a phone number into the phone, for example, because they fear to disclose the number in public. jp 9307617 teaches a portable phone where the number is dialed by a bar - code scanner ; requiring that numbers have to be available in a bar - code format. u. s. pat. no. 5, 966, 669 teaches a portable phone that can be connected to an external bar - code / ocr reader. further references for ocr readers are u. s. pat. no. 4, 408, 344, u. s. pat. no. 4, 075, 605, u. s. pat. no. 5, 574, 804, european patent specification ep 0063243b1, and european patent application ep 0062777a2. the present invention seeks to provide a communication device which mitigate or avoid these and other disadvantages and limitations of the prior art. fig. 1 illustrates a communication device with a built - in ocr reader according to the present invention ; fig. 2 illustrates the communication device of fig. 1 with more detail as well as illustrates a phone network base station ; fig. 3 illustrates the communication device of fig. 1 having the reader implemented by a line scanner ; fig. 4 illustrates the communication device of fig. 1 having the reader implemented by an autofocus objective ; fig. 5 illustrates the communication device of fig. 1 having the reader implemented by a contact camera ; fig. 6 illustrates the communication device of fig. 5 with a transparent camera ; fig. 7 illustrate the communication device of fig. 1 having the reader implemented as a visiting card reader ; fig. 8 illustrates the communication device of fig. 1 with a confirmation interface ; fig. 9 illustrates the communication device of fig. 1 with a sensor that activates the reader ; fig. 10 illustrates a simplified method flow chart diagram of a method according to the present invention ; and fig. 11 illustrates a portable phone in an embodiment of the communication device. fig. 1 illustrates a simplified diagram of communication device 100 ( hereinafter \u201c device 100 \u201d ) with built - in ocr reader 110 according to the present invention. illustrated are device 100, original 101, dial identification 102, dial unit 108, communication channel 109, and ocr reader 110. preferably, device", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5326203096870286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d99c66-8911-4978-a733-87d3cda15818>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.605565"}
{"text": "the well known ocr procedures, and uses a coded representation ( e. g., ascii - code, see fig. 2 ) of identification 102 to dial. fig. 2 illustrates device 100 with more detail as well as illustrates phone network base station 141. illustrated are device 100 ( dashed frame ), original 101 ( below ), reader 110, optical scanner 120, character recognition processor 130, external character recognition processor 140, code representation 145 ( \u201c ascii \u201d ), base station 141, transmitter 151, receiver 152, and graphical representation 155 ( e. g., \u201c 0611 \u201d as pixels ). reader 110 of device 100 preferably comprises optical scanner 120 and character recognition processor 130. examples for ocr - readers are given, for example, in u. s. pat. no. 5, 574, 804 ; 4, 408, 344 ; and 4, 075, 605. optionally, processor 130 can be coupled to or can comprise memory 135 for storing phone numbers ( or other identification 102 ) that have been recognized. preferably, character recognition processor 130 has a reduced recognition algorithm that recognizes numbers and control characters ( such as hyphens and a few symbols ) only, but not letters. in a convenient embodiment, processor 130 recognizes the presence of phone number indicators 102 ( and / or fax number indicators, see above ) on original 101. such indicators can be keywords ( e. g., in english \u201c phone \u201d, \u201c phone \u201d, \u201c call \u201d, \u201c telephone \u201d ), phrases ( e. g., \u201c call 1 - 800 \u201d, \u201c call me under \u201d ), or pictograms ( e. g., for \u201c phone \u201d as illustrated ; language or country code identifiers with flags, etc. ). recognition is not limited to the latin alphabet, languages that use non - latin characters ( e. g., russian, korean, chinese, japanese ) can also be considered. pictograms are also useful. for example, scanning the symbol \u201c information \u201d ( cf. illustrated in original 101 on the right ) would connect the user to directory enquiries or any other operator assisted information service. further modifications are also useful. for example, device 100 can be coupled to an information network that allows the user to scan in keywords and to get connected to an assistant. for example, of the user would read in the words \u201c hotel \u201d and \u201c wiesbaden \u201d then a call to the tourist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5386499482881195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d99c66-8911-4978-a733-87d3cda15818>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.607731"}
{"text": "be coupled to an information network that allows the user to scan in keywords and to get connected to an assistant. for example, of the user would read in the words \u201c hotel \u201d and \u201c wiesbaden \u201d then a call to the tourist information service center in wiesbaden could be established. it is convenient to have processor 130 being part of device 100, but not essential for the present invention. additionally to scanner 120, reader 110 can optionally comprise transmitter 151 to send graphical representation 155 ( of dial identification 102 ) to external character recognition processor 140 and receiver 152 ( of code representation 145 ) of dial identification from external processor 140. preferably, transmitter 151 and receiver 152 operate through channel 109. this optional external recognition can be activated, for example, when dial identification 102 is written by hand and built - in processor 130 does not recognize the hand - writing. preferably, external processor 140 is located in base station 141 ( e. g., of a cellular phone network ). in such an implementation, the network provider can charge the user for recognition ( \u201c pay per scan \u201d ). reader 110 of device 100 can also scan further information ( e. g., a picture ) from original 101 to be transmitted to a further device ( e. g., a fax machine, printer ) without ocr. when ocr is used, then device 100 can transmit further information as a short message in a cellular phone network ( so called sms ). this optional feature is useful, for example, to transmit addresses from a visiting card ( \u201c calling card \u201d, \u201c business card \u201d, details fig. 7 ). fig. 3 illustrates device 100 having reader 110 implemented by line scanner 121. illustrated are device 100, original 101, dial identification 102, reader 110 and line scanner 121 with wheel 107 ( optional ). reader 110 receives dial identification 102 by line scanner 121 when device 100 is moved over original 101 in a first direction during a predetermined reading time ( e. g., a few milliseconds ). for example, the user can sweep device 100 over a text showing a phone number. optionally, reader 110 touches original 101 by wheel 107 to obtain synchronization information. fig. 4 illustrates device 100 having reader 110 implemented by an autofocus objective 122 projecting the picture to a ccd - matrix or other type of image sensor. illustrated are device 100, original 101, dial identification 102, and reader 110 with autofocus objective 122. reader 110 collects image data of dial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5549225024801583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d99c66-8911-4978-a733-87d3cda15818>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.609755"}
{"text": "autofocus objective 122 projecting the picture to a ccd - matrix or other type of image sensor. illustrated are device 100, original 101, dial identification 102, and reader 110 with autofocus objective 122. reader 110 collects image data of dial identification 102 by being in a predetermined distance d ( e. g., 2... 300 milli meters ) from original 101 during a predetermined data collecting time. in other words, the user holds device 100 near original 101 that is snap - shooting. fig. 5 illustrates device 100 having reader 110 implemented by contact camera 123 where distance d is substantially zero. illustrated are device 100 having outer surface 105, original 101, dial identification 102, reader 110, contact camera 123 with active background light 125 or florescent background light 126, as well as display 162. reader 110 comprises contact camera 123 that receives dial identification 102 when touching original 101 during a predetermined data collecting time tc ( short as in fig. 4 ). preferably, camera 123 has equal or larger dimensions than original 101. for example, for a printed 12 - digit phone number ( 14 point letters ) that is about 30 milli meters long and 3 milli meters high, camera 123 could have that dimensions. contact camera 123 can be provided, for example, by a ccd - matrix that has the same dimensions as identification 102. camera 123 can also be implemented by a scanning array with row and columns of photo sensitive diodes as explained in above mentioned u. s. pat. no. 4, 408, 344. device 100 preferably incorporates camera 123 on an outer surface 105, preferably on its backside, opposite to display 162 ( cf. figs. 6 and 8 ). the user simply puts device 100 on the original. it is an advantage of the embodiment in fig. 5 that it is not required to move device 100. fig. 5 also illustrates how the light to operate camera 123 is obtained. contact camera 123 can have active background light 125 ( e. g., located inside device 100, light emitting diodes leds ) ; or contact camera 123 has florescent background light 126 ( e. g., layer above camera 123 ) that is activated before receiving dial identification 102 by exposing device 100 to environment light. a further way to obtain the light is mentioned in connection with fig. 6. fig. 6 illustrates the device of fig. 5 with a transparent camera. illustrated are device 100, original 101, dial identification 102, contact camera", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5338817959279549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d99c66-8911-4978-a733-87d3cda15818>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.614699"}
{"text": "100 to environment light. a further way to obtain the light is mentioned in connection with fig. 6. fig. 6 illustrates the device of fig. 5 with a transparent camera. illustrated are device 100, original 101, dial identification 102, contact camera 123, and lcd display 162. contact camera 123 is based on a translucent material ( e. g., glass, or polymer ) to let environment light reaching original 102. if the material is also transparent, then the user has the advantage to see original 102 while operating reader 110. further, the material that carries camera 123 can have a liquid crystal display lcd for a confirmation function ( details fig. 8 ). fig. 7 illustrate device 100 having reader 110 implemented as a visiting card reader. illustrated are device 100, original 101 ( e. g., card ), recess 106, and reader 110 ( dashed ). the user temporarily inserts original 101 into recess 106 ( or pushes it through ). fig. 8 illustrates device 100 with confirmation interface 160. illustrated are device 100, dial identification 102, reader 110, interface 160, voice generator 161, loudspeaker 162, and display 163. device 100 receives a confirmation from the user via interface 160, for example, when the user presses key 169 ( \u201c dial \u201d ). preferably, the user can also input a rejection ( by a key or otherwise ). confirmation interface 160 returns the recognized dial identification 102 to the user, for example through voice generator 161 and loudspeaker 162 or through display 163. preferably, display 163 is arranged such that display 163 is visible to the user when reader 110 is operating. in the above mentioned example, where original 101 shows identification \u201c 0611 \u201d, loudspeaker 162 would speak \u201c zero - six - one - one \u201d and / or display 163 would indicate \u201c 0611 \u201d. optionally, interface 160 returns the recognized dial identification 102 to the user together with a redundant check information derived from dial identification. to use the example again, loudspeaker 162 would output \u201c zero - six - one - one wiesbaden \u201d and / or display 163 would indicate \u201c 0611 wiesbaden \u201d. when in case of an recognition error, device 100 outputs \u201c 0911 nuernberg \u201d so that the user can easily recognize the error. further modifications can be implemented without departing from the scope of the present invention. for example, device 100 could memorize ( cf. memory 135 in fig. 2 ) frequently used area codes. in case of an infr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.574121409575694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d99c66-8911-4978-a733-87d3cda15818>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.617198"}
{"text": "can easily recognize the error. further modifications can be implemented without departing from the scope of the present invention. for example, device 100 could memorize ( cf. memory 135 in fig. 2 ) frequently used area codes. in case of an infrequent recognized number, device 100 could ask the user to verify ( \u201c you really want to call to nuernberg? \u201d ). fig. 9 illustrates device 100 with sensor 170 that activates reader 110. illustrated are device 100, original 101, sensor 170 as mechanical switch 175. reader 110 is activated by sensor 170 that senses the presence of original 101. sensor 170 can be implemented, for example, by a proximity sensor. in the example of fig. 9, sensor 170 is implemented by mechanical switch 175. further modifications, to device 100 can be accomplished. for example, dial unit 108 ( cf. fig. 1 ) can be implemented by a loudspeaker ( e. g., loudspeaker 162 in fig. 8 ) to output a representation of dial identification 102 by a dual tone multi frequency ( dtmf ) signal. without the need to type in a single digit into a conventional phone keyboard or to read a phone number from paper by his or her eyes, the user can set up a phone call by simply scanning a phone number and holding device 100 to the microphone of a conventional phone ( channel 109 ). such a \u201c dial assistant \u201d is convenient for users that are physically challenged. various further possibilities can be obtained when reader 110 is a color reader. to mention only a few advantages, the above mentioned recognition of national flags would be enhanced. for example, tricolors used in many european countries can be distinguished with higher accuracy. fig. 10 illustrates a simplified method flow chart diagram of method 300 according to the present invention. method 300 for communicating node identifier 102 through portable communication device 100 to a network ( represented by base station 141 in fig. 2 ) having a plurality of nodes ( wherein identifier / phone number 102 is available on original 101 ) comprises the steps of scanning 310, converting 320, and dialing 330. in scanning step 310, original 101 is at least partially scanned into a memory ( like memory 135 ) of device 100 to obtain graphical representation 155 ( e. g., pixel image ) of identifier 102. in converting step 320, graphical representation 155 is converted into a code representation, wherein ocr techniques are used. in dialing step 330, the code representation is send to the network. optionally, converting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5992567918315737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d99c66-8911-4978-a733-87d3cda15818>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.618360"}
{"text": "pixel image ) of identifier 102. in converting step 320, graphical representation 155 is converted into a code representation, wherein ocr techniques are used. in dialing step 330, the code representation is send to the network. optionally, converting step 320 can comprise the steps transmitting 321 the graphical representation to an external processor ( cf. processor 141 in fig. 2 ) and processing 322 the graphical representation by the external processor to the code representation. fig. 11 illustrates portable phone 200 in a preferred embodiment of communication device 100 according to the present invention. preferably, portable phone 200 is a cellular mobile phone or a cord less phone ( mentioned above ). as illustrated, portable phone 200 has loudspeaker 291, microphone 292, display 262 ( optional ) and dial unit 208 for communication with a base station ( e. g., station 141 in fig. 2 ). for simplicity, unit 208 is symbolized only by an antenna. as in most phones, phone 200 has an input device for dialing a phone number which forwards a coded dial signal 215 to dial unit 208. according to the present invention, the input device is implemented as scanner 210 ( details in figs. 1 - 10 ) with a character recognition function to convert a written dial identifier 202 ( cf. 102, phone number ) on paper 201 ( cf. original 101 ) to coded dial signal 215. fig. 11 indicates that the user sweeps phone 200 over paper 201 by the hand in arrow direction ( reverse direction also possible ). preferably, scanner 210 is limited to recognize numbers. optionally, scanner 210 converts alphanumeric representations ( e. g., names, internet addresses ) of dial identifier 202 to phone numbers by using a look - up table ( not illustrated ). when required, for example, to recognize hand - writing, scanner 210 sends graphical representations of input data to the base station that obtains the code dial signals ( cf. external processor 140 in fig. 2 ). while the invention has been described in terms of particular structures, devices and methods, those of skill in the art will understand based on the description herein that it is not limited merely to such examples and that the full scope of the invention is properly determined by the claims that follow. citas de patentes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5920228610809521, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d99c66-8911-4978-a733-87d3cda15818>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.619469"}
{"text": "eleven - year old christopher adam scott rode his bicycle across the pedestrian overpass of the clearview expressway in bayside. as he reached the corner of 46th avenue and the expressway service road, a car struck him, killing him almost instantly. six years before, 12 - year - old john shim was riding a bicycle in the same spot. he too was struck by a car and died of his injuries nine months later. local residents believe a stop sign could have helped save the lives of both boys. about 200 pedestrians are killed by cars in new york city every year. traffic engineers suggest that stop signs can help remedy the problem by regulating the flow of traffic in a busy neighborhood. the new york city department of transportation says that stop signs should be used to alert drivers and pedestrians as to who has the right of way. but stop signs cannot solve all traffic safety problems, transportation experts say. for example, the u. s. department of transportation, which sets standards for stop signs and traffic lights, cautions, \" stop signs should never be installed as a routine, cure - all approach to curtail speeding, prevent collisions at intersections, or discourage traffic from entering a neighborhood. \" and when they are misplaced, stop signs can make a situation worse. \" studies have found when stop sign are placed at intersections where they are not really needed, motorists become careless about stopping, \" says an information sheet issued by the center for transportation research and education in ames, iowa. given all this, there is no guarantee that a request for a new stop sign will be granted. the department of transportation suggests that residents who believe their intersection meets the requirements write a letter to transportation commissioner iris weinshall at the department of transportation, 40 worth street, new york, ny 10013. the department provides an online form for this purpose. the department refers the request to the traffic engineering unit in your borough. that office makes a preliminary study of the street corner in question, including traffic and pedestrian volumes, vehicular speeds, accident history and sign spacing. eventually the unit will conduct a field investigation to observe traffic on the street corner at various times and on different days of the week, over a period of several weeks. the inspectors want to determine whether conditions at the intersection meet federal standards for traffic lights and signals set out in the manual on uniform traffic control devices published by the u. s. department of transportation. the investigation takes about six weeks. then, if the department approves the request, an installation will be scheduled. the sign is usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4265364716002301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87d47856-4a92-4ede-aad0-cba33aaa8903>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.627995"}
{"text": "and signals set out in the manual on uniform traffic control devices published by the u. s. department of transportation. the investigation takes about six weeks. then, if the department approves the request, an installation will be scheduled. the sign is usually put in within three or four months. this sounds efficient and thorough, but is it really? daraio estimates that 95 percent of her requests for stop signs have been fulfilled. \" you just have to be a little creative, \" she says. simply following transportation department ' s instructions is not enough. comet keeps a close watch on corners and records problems, listening to accident reports on a police scanner. \" you should always be able to say what dates and times the accidents occur, \" says daraio. \" the more clearly you express ( the problem ) to the agency, the more likely they are to respond. \" typically, she writes to the head of the queens borough transportation office, joseph cannisi, rather than to commissioner weinshall, as the city guidelines suggest. since weinshall ' s office receives thousands of requests each year and forwards them to the boroughs, daraio says, writing directly to the borough office eliminates one step. daraio also advises that the letter provide as many details as possible about the street corner, such as how many children live nearby or if there is a school. she strongly suggests enlisting local community organizations in the quest, because they probably have a working relationship with key officials, as comet does with commissioner cannisi. the borough transportation office works closely with the local police precinct to assess the need for the sign. to get the police on your side, daraio advises reminding the police of the frequency of accidents on your specific corner. sometimes, dot decides to install a stop sign \u2014 even if community residents would prefer another remedy such as a traffic light. that is fine with daraio. \" i find that when drivers see yellow lights ahead of them, they floor it, ' she said. \" we know night drivers don ' t come to a full stop at a stop sign, but at least they slow down a little. \" in deciding between a stop sign and a traffic light, transportation officials consider the number of vehicles that go through an intersection as well as how fast they are traveling. visibility and the presence of other traffic lights nearby can also affect the decision. but evidence of need does not guarantee that the city will install a sign \u2014 or a signal. the intersection in bayside where the fatal accident occurred still", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4203533316586885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87d47856-4a92-4ede-aad0-cba33aaa8903>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.630300"}
{"text": "fast they are traveling. visibility and the presence of other traffic lights nearby can also affect the decision. but evidence of need does not guarantee that the city will install a sign \u2014 or a signal. the intersection in bayside where the fatal accident occurred still has no stop sign and does not seem likely to get one. transportation commissioner weinshall told the western queens gazette that, while \" it ' s very tragic what happened with this little boy... federal standards were not met \" for the installation of a stop sign or a traffic signal no one has told community residents what precise conditions the intersection fails to meet. since the denial of the stop sign, the city transportation department has taken several steps to try to make the intersection safer. it has, for example, installed cone shaped objects to guide oncoming traffic away from the pedestrian bridge and posted a sign on the bridge advising bikers to get off their bikes and walk across the overpass. community residents would prefer a stop sign. and at least some of them think they know why their request was rejected. \" this is how politics works \u2014 red tape, \" local democratic party activist john bisbano told the western queens gazette. \" all they know is numbers. \" ( do you need a stop sign in your neighborhood? tell us about it by going to the community gazette for your area. ) - - nicole zaray", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4017974728489242, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87d47856-4a92-4ede-aad0-cba33aaa8903>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.631030"}
{"text": "children ' s encyclopedia selection. related subjects : musical genres, styles, eras and events rapping ( also known as emceeing, mcing, spitting, or just rhyming ) is the rhythmic spoken delivery of rhymes, wordplay, and poetry, one of the elements of hip hop music and culture. the use of the word to describe quick speech or repartee long predates the musical form, meaning originally \" to hit \". the word had been used in british english since the 16th century, and specifically meaning \" to say \" since the 18th. it was part of the african american dialect of english in the 1960s meaning \" to converse \", and very soon after that in its present usage as a term denoting the musical style. rapping can be delivered over a beat or without accompaniment. stylistically, rap occupies a gray area among speech, prose, poetry, and song. rap is derived from the griots ( folk poets ) of west africa, and jamaican - style toasting. it also has precedents in traditional celtic music. modern rap battles, for instance, bear a striking resemblance to the limerick game, a traditional gaelic drinking game in which people compete for notoriety by making up insulting limericks about each other, the loser having to buy the next round of drinks. likewise, puirt a beul, a form of scottish mouth music was incorporated into appalachian music and is an early ancestor of modern mouth percussion, or beatboxing. the influence of scottish and irish music on hip hop is not direct, since virtually all of the originators of hip hop culture were african american, but were transferred indirectly by way of american roots music. roots music was created out of the fusion of african and celtic music in the american south and is typified by the combination of african rhythms, gaelic melodies, and ( occasionally ) vocal improvisation. it forms the basis of virtually all american musical styles from bluegrass to the blues, jazz, rock, funk, and country. hip hop grew out of this same tradition ; stripping down the melody, emphasizing the rhythm, and incorporating mouth music, battling, and vocal improvisation. rapping developed both inside and outside of hip hop culture, and began with the street parties thrown in the bronx neighbourhood of new york in the 70s by jamaican expatriate kool herc and others. the parties introduced dancehall and the practice of having a \" master of ceremonies, \" or mc, get up on stage with the dj and shout encouragements to the crowd in a practice known as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5178989350181229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.657826"}
{"text": "expatriate kool herc and others. the parties introduced dancehall and the practice of having a \" master of ceremonies, \" or mc, get up on stage with the dj and shout encouragements to the crowd in a practice known as ' toasting '. over time, those shouts of encouragement became more longer and more complex and cross - pollinated with the spoken - word poetry scene to evolve into rap. it ' s believed that the first rapper to actually call himself an mc was melle mel from grandmaster flash and the furious five. he is also credited as being the first hip hop mc to rap in a traditional verse / chorus format. from the beginning hip hop culture has been syncretic, incorporating sounds and elements from radically divergent sources. while funk breaks formed the backbone of early hip hop, kraftwerk and other early techno artists were widely sampled as well. rapping hip hop music can be traced back in many ways to its african roots. centuries before the united states existed, the griots of west africa were delivering stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation. because of the time that has passed since the griots of old, the connections between rap and the african griots are widely established, but not clear - cut. however, such connections have been acknowledged by rappers, modern day \" griots \", spoken word artists, mainstream news sources, and academics. blues music, rooted in the work songs and spirituals of slavery and influenced greatly by west african musical traditions, was first played by blacks ( and some whites ) in the mississippi delta region of the united states around the time of the emancipation proclamation. grammy - winning blues musician / historian elijah wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s. wald went so far as to call hip hop \" the living blues. \" jazz, developed from the blues and other african - american musical traditions, originated around the beginning of the 20th century. according to john sobol, the jazz musician and poet who wrote digitopia blues, rap \" bears a striking resemblance to the evolution of jazz both stylistically and formally. \" during the mid - 20th century, the musical culture of the caribbean was constantly influenced by the concurrent changes in american music. from the 1950s through the 1970s, the descendants of caribbean slaves in jamaica were mixing their traditional folk music styles of mento music with the jazz, soul, rock and blues of america. in jamaica, this influenced the creation of reggae music ( and later dancehall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43636764260661187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.658987"}
{"text": "1950s through the 1970s, the descendants of caribbean slaves in jamaica were mixing their traditional folk music styles of mento music with the jazz, soul, rock and blues of america. in jamaica, this influenced the creation of reggae music ( and later dancehall ). as early as 1956, deejays were toasting ( an african tradition of \" rapped out \" tales of heroism ) over dubbed jamaican beats. it was called \" rap \", expanding the word ' s earlier meaning in the african - american community \u2014 \" to discuss or debate informally. \" the dubbed dancehall toasts of jamaica, as well as the disco - rapping and jazz - based spoken word beat poetry of the united states was a predecessor for the rapping in hip hop music. gil scott - heron, a jazz poet / musician who wrote and released such seminal songs as the revolution will not be televised, h2ogate blues part 2 : we beg your pardon america and johannesberg, has been cited as an influence on many rappers. he released his first album in 1970. similar in style, the last poets who formed in 1969 recited political poetry over drum beats and other instrumentation were another predecessor for rap music. they released their debut album in 1970 reaching the top ten on the billboard charts. one of the first rappers in the beginning of the hip hop period, in the end of ' 70s, was also hip hop ' s first dj ; kool herc. herc, a jamaican immigrant, started delivering simple raps at his parties. as herc would explain in a 1989 interview, | \u201c | | the whole chemistry came from jamaica. i was listening to american music in jamaica, and my favorite artist was james brown. when i came over here i just had to put it in the american style. | | \u201d | although rapping in hip hop began with the djs, most rappers today don ' t dj or produce on a regular basis ; coke la rock is cited by kool herc as the first example of such a rapper. by the end of the 1979, hip hop had spread throughout new york, and was getting some radio play. rappers were increasingly writing songs that fit pop music structures and featured continuous rhymes. melle mel ( of the furious five ) stands out as one of the earliest rap innovators. two raps songs recorded in 1979 by separate artists were perhaps the first raps recorded at the beginning of the period where the hip hop movement began. the first, \" king tim iii, \" was recoded by the funk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4314519300355075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.661031"}
{"text": "innovators. two raps songs recorded in 1979 by separate artists were perhaps the first raps recorded at the beginning of the period where the hip hop movement began. the first, \" king tim iii, \" was recoded by the funk group fatback band ( later simply \" fatback \" ). a week later hip hop / funk group the sugarhill gang released rapper ' s delight which charted # 36 on the u. s. pop chart. some music during this period also contained fragmented spoken - word sections on top of standard group instrumentation. gil scott heron and the last poets were part of a poetry - influenced genre, however r & b singers like oscar brown simply weaved rap - style speaking into their studio albums and live routines. from the 1970s to the early 1980s, melle mel set the way for future rappers through his sociopolitical content and creative wordplay. hip hop lyricism saw its biggest change with the popularity of run - d. m. c. ' s raising hell in the mid - 1980s, known especially for the rap / rock collaboration with rock band aerosmith in the song \" walk this way \". this album helped set the tone of toughness and lyrical prowess in hip hop ; run - d. m. c. were almost yelling their aggressive lyrics. the 1980s saw a huge wave of commercialized rap music, that with it brought success and international popularity. rap music transcended its original demographic and passed on to the suburbs. the first rap hit of the 80s was blondie ' s \" rapture \", following on from \" rapper ' s delight \" in 1979 from the sugarhill gang. rap music in this time kept its original fan base in the \" ghetto \" while attracting interest from mainstream consumers. this decade also saw the emergence of what we now know as old school hip hop, artists such as run - d. m. c., ll cool j, public enemy, and the beastie boys. this decade is also referred to as the golden age of hip hop by modern music historians. rap in the early 1980s centered mostly around self promotion e. g., the amount of gold one wears or one ' s prowess with females. however, in 1987 public enemy introduced a more sociopolitical edge, with their debut album yo! bum rush the show. other artists such as the jungle brothers looked to africa for inspiration. in 1987 the rap group n. w. a released their first album entitled n. w. a and the posse, and included rap stars dr. dr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41609615217980456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.662019"}
{"text": "! bum rush the show. other artists such as the jungle brothers looked to africa for inspiration. in 1987 the rap group n. w. a released their first album entitled n. w. a and the posse, and included rap stars dr. dre, ice cube, eazy - e, and mc ren. this release marked the first shift from the golden age to the ensuing ages of gangsta rap and g - funk. rap in the 1990s saw a substantial change in direction of the style of rapping. while the 1980s were characterized by verses mostly constrained to straightforward structures and rhyme schemes, rappers in the 1990s explored deviations from those basic forms, freeing up the lyrical flow and switching up the patterns to create a much more fluid and complex style. the style on the east coast became more aggressive, pioneered by artists like the wu - tang clan and notorious b. i. g., while west coast hip hop became more laid - back and smooth, as made popular by dr. dre and 2pac. in terms of subject matter, the 1990s saw a shift from personal promotion and glorification to narratives of street experience and darker social observation, although this shift was more pronounced on the east coast than the west. the 1990s were also marked by a tense rivalry between mcs of the east and west coast, including a feud between sean \" puffy \" combs ' ( bad boy records ) in the east, including the notorious b. i. g., and dr. dre and suge knight ' s death row records ( including 2pac and snoop dogg ). freestyling became a skill that demonstrates an mc ' s versatility and creativity, but also as a verbal duel or spar. the mid 1990s were marked by the violent deaths of tupac shakur, notorious b. i. g., freaky tah, and big l, among others. by the end of the 1990s, hip hop became widely accepted in mainstream music. the stereotypical image of male rappers in the 1990s often depicted someone wearing the rastafari colors ( red, yellow, and green ), oversize jeans worn below the waist that commonly exposed the underwear, and oversize shirts and jackets. these fashions were then imitated by youngsters and created a separation beyond the rappers ' circle by dividing economic classes in the public eye, meaning that lower - class youth dressing in this manner stuck out among the middle to upper - class youth. this image, idealized by urban youth, was further supported by the lyrics of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4452981040393762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.662957"}
{"text": "the rappers ' circle by dividing economic classes in the public eye, meaning that lower - class youth dressing in this manner stuck out among the middle to upper - class youth. this image, idealized by urban youth, was further supported by the lyrics of rap underground. the lyrics often reflect the culture and lifestyles of urban and gang violence, drugs, corruption, and sexuality. the expansion of rap across cultures and borders allowed for expansion and transformation of the music and the image of what rap was. hip hop in its modern iteration has been increasingly influenced by other musical forms. notably, remixes of existing hits with current notable rappers has become an increasing trend. the influence of rap has increased internationally with independent styles, such as grime, trip hop, and hyphy. southern, northern, and midwestern, and even native american rap have also gained increasing popularity, and penetrated the coastal markets on a large scale for the first time alongside the increasing commercialization of rap and hip hop culture, some artists such as nas have claimed that \" hip hop is dead \". vocal techniques and lyrics aside from \" flow \" ( the voice and tone of a particular mc ), and rhythmic delivery, the only other central element of rapping is rhyme. in classical poetry, rhymes that span many syllables are often considered whimsical, but in hip hop the ability to construct raps with large sets of rhyming syllables is valued. rap can contain any and all forms of rhyme found in classical poetry such as consonance, assonance, half rhyme, or internal rhyme. rappers are known for their style of rhyming. juelz santana often avoids full rhymes in favour of assonance, consonance, half rhymes, and internal rhymes. eminem, on the other hand, often focuses on complex and lengthy multisyllabic rhyme schemes, while \" flowas \" like rakim use metaphorical, emotional, rhyming, and story telling to communicate a message. a well - known example of the use of internal rhyme is found in big pun ' s 1998 song \" twinz \", in which he raps : - dead in the middle of little italy, little did we know - that we riddled two middlemen who didn ' t do diddly diction and dialect many hip hop listeners believe that a rapper ' s lyrics are enhanced by a complex vocabulary. kool moe dee claims that he appealed to older audiences by using a complex vocabulary in his raps. rap is famous, however, for having its own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45504838931598535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.663895"}
{"text": "dialect many hip hop listeners believe that a rapper ' s lyrics are enhanced by a complex vocabulary. kool moe dee claims that he appealed to older audiences by using a complex vocabulary in his raps. rap is famous, however, for having its own vocabulary \u2014 from international hip hop slang to regional slang. some artists, like the wu - tang clan, develop an entire lexicon among their clique. african american vernacular english has always had a significant effect on hip hop slang and vice versa. certain regions have introduced their unique regional slang to hip hop culture, such as the bay area ( mac dre, e - 40 ), houston ( chamillionaire, paul wall ), atlanta ( ludacris, lil jon, t. i. ), and kentucky ( nappy roots ). the nation of gods and earths, a religious / spiritual group spun off from the nation of islam, has influenced mainstream hip hop slang with the introduction of phrases such as \" word is bond \" that have since lost much of their original spiritual meaning. preference toward one or the other has much to do with the individual ; gza, for example, prides himself on being very visual and metaphorical but also succinct, whereas underground rapper mf doom is known for heaping similes upon similes. in still another variation, 2pac was known for saying exactly what he meant, literally and clearly. \" party rhymes \", meant to pump up the crowd at a party, were nearly the exclusive focus of old school hip hop, and they remain a staple of hip hop music to this day. in addition to party raps, rappers also tend to make references to love and sex. love raps were first popularized by spoonie gee of the treacherous three, and later, in the golden age of hip hop, big daddy kane, heavy d, and ll cool j would continue this tradition. 2 live crew, a miami bass group, were among the first hip hop acts to be have overtly sexual and profane content in their lyrics. the roots of raps are in the beat poetry of the last poets and gil scott - heron. \" the message \", written by melle mel and performed by grandmaster flash and the furious five, pioneered the inclusion of political content in hip hop rhymes, expanding beyond basic personal issues and party raps. in the golden age of hip hop, public enemy emerged, with a focus on political and social issues. modern east coast hip hop artists such as mos def, talib kw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48943218493719287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.664805"}
{"text": "hip hop rhymes, expanding beyond basic personal issues and party raps. in the golden age of hip hop, public enemy emerged, with a focus on political and social issues. modern east coast hip hop artists such as mos def, talib kweli, jay - z, nas, and dead prez are known for their sociopolitical subject matter. their west coast counterparts include emcee lynx, the coup, paris, and michael franti. other rappers take a less critical approach to urbanity, sometimes even embracing such aspects as crime. schoolly d was the first notable mc to rap about crime. early on krs - one was accused of celebrating crime and a hedonistic lifestyle, but after the death of his dj, scott la rock, krs - one went on to speak out against violence in hip hop and has spent the majority of his career condemning violence and writing on issues of race and class. several years later, he would go on to influence ice t, who had more overtly \" gangsta \" lyrics. gangsta rap, made popular largely because of n. w. a, brought rapping about crime and the gangster lifestyle into the musical mainstream. various politicians, journalists, and religious leaders have accused rappers of fostering a culture of violence and hedonism among hip hop listeners through their lyrics. however, there are also rappers whose messages may not be in conflict with these views, for example christian hip hop. in contrast to the more hedonistic approach of gangsta rappers, some rappers have a spiritual or religious focus. christian rap is currently the most commercially successful form of religious rap. aside from christianity, the five percent nation, a gnostic religious / spiritual group, has been represented more than any religious group in popular hip hop. artists such as rakim, the members of the wu - tang clan, brand nubian, x - clan, busta rhymes, and nas, have had success in spreading the theology of the five percenters. rap delivery, or \" flow \", is defined by prosody, cadence, and speed. cadence deals with the dynamics and patterns of the rhythm. in addition to rubato ( changes in tempo for the purpose of expression ), cadence can also serve to reinforce song structure through ritardando ( the gradual slowing down of tempo ). old school rappers generally maintained a simple cadence, without much deviation, while golden age rappers such as rakim experimented extensively with cadence. present day popular rappers like method man, snoop dogg, bone thugs - n -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47600575568333087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.665797"}
{"text": "the gradual slowing down of tempo ). old school rappers generally maintained a simple cadence, without much deviation, while golden age rappers such as rakim experimented extensively with cadence. present day popular rappers like method man, snoop dogg, bone thugs - n - harmony, busta rhymes, big pun, and andre 3000 are considered to have a versatile cadence because of their ability to rap over disparate beats equally well. a common way mcs judge how to flow in a verse is by writing a rhyme such that the most stressed words coincide with the beat in a way that makes the rhyming sound more musical ( as opposed to spoken word ) and that better combines the mc ' s voice with the musical backdrop. rakim \u2014 whom many credit with changing the way most rappers flow on a song \u2014 experimented not only with following the beat, but also with complementing the song ' s melody with his own voice, making his flow sound like that of an instrument ( a saxophone in particular ). the ability to rap quickly and clearly is sometimes regarded as an important sign of skill. in certain hip hop subgenres such as chopped and screwed, slow - paced rapping is often considered optimal. the current record for fastest rapper is held by chicago native rebel xd, who rapped 852 syllables in 42 seconds ( 20. 3 syllables per second ) on july 27, 2007. kenyan rapper mc delicate is also one of the african rappers capitalizing on speed rap, due to his ability to roll over several syllables in a couple of seconds. to successfully deliver a nicely flowing rap, a rapper must also develop vocal presence, enunciation, and breath control. vocal presence is the distinctiveness of a rapper ' s voice on record. enunciation is essential to a flowing rap ; some rappers choose also to exaggerate it for comic and artistic effect. breath control, taking in air without interrupting one ' s delivery, is an important skill for a rapper to master, and a must for any mc. an mc with poor breath control cannot deliver difficult verses without making unintentional pauses. raps are sometimes delivered with melody. west coast rapper egyptian lover was the first notable mc to deliver \" sing - raps. \" popular rappers such as 50 cent and ja rule add a slight melody to their otherwise purely percussive raps whereas some rappers such as cee - lo are able to harmonize their raps with the beat. the midwestern group bone thugs - n - harmony was one of the first groups to achieve nationwide recognition for using the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4584156016085382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.666732"}
{"text": "purely percussive raps whereas some rappers such as cee - lo are able to harmonize their raps with the beat. the midwestern group bone thugs - n - harmony was one of the first groups to achieve nationwide recognition for using the fast - paced, melodic and harmonic raps that are also practiced by do or die, another midwestern group. another rapper to harmonize his rhymes is nate dogg, a rapper part of the group 213. there are two kinds of freestyle rapping : one is scripted ( recitation ), but having no particular overriding subject matter, the second typically referred to as \" freestyling \" or \" spitting \", is the improvisation of rapped lyrics. when freestyling, some rappers inadvertently reuse old lines, or even \" cheat \" by preparing segments or entire verses in advance. therefore, freestyles with proven spontaneity are valued above generic, always usable lines. rappers will often reference places or objects in their immediate setting, or specific ( usually demeaning ) characteristics of opponents, to prove their authenticity and originality. battle rapping, which can be freestyled, is the competition between two or more rappers in front of an audience. the tradition of insulting one ' s friends or acquaintances in rhyme goes back to the dozens, and was portrayed famously by muhammad ali in his boxing matches. the winner of a battle is decided by the crowd and / or preselected judges. according to kool moe dee, a successful battle rap focuses on an opponent ' s weaknesses, rather than one ' s own strengths. television shows such as bet ' s 106 and park and mtv ' s dfx host weekly freestyle battles live on the air. battle rapping gained widespread public recognition outside of the african - american community with rapper eminem ' s movie, 8 mile. the strongest battle rappers will generally perform their rap fully freestyled. this is the most effective form in a battle as the rapper can comment on the other person, whether it be what they look like, or how they talk, or what they wear. it also allows the rapper to reverse a line used to \" diss \" him or her if they are the second rapper to battle. race and class by the united states 2000 census, three quarters of the united states ' population is white, while one eighth is black. however, most mainstream rappers in the united states are black. some believe this discrepancy is a good thing ; popular rapper kanye west has said : \" i hate music where white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45896602625392374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.667748"}
{"text": "united states ' population is white, while one eighth is black. however, most mainstream rappers in the united states are black. some believe this discrepancy is a good thing ; popular rapper kanye west has said : \" i hate music where white people are trying to sound black. the white music i like is white \". other artists reject such distinctions and argue that it ' s absurd to racially segregate music four decades after the civil rights movement. some prominent caucasian mcs include eminem, aesop rock, paul wall, r. a. the rugged man, and the uk ' s the streets. very few white hip hop artists claim anglo - saxon or caucasian ancestry ; virtually all of them are members of other ethnic groups that have faced varying degrees of discrimination only to be later assimilated. for artists like house of pain, the beastie boys, and beltaine ' s fire ; hip hop culture provides a way to reject that assimilation and differentiate themselves from the dominant anglo - american culture by asserting a separate ethnic identity. while they have been successful, artists such as the beastie boys and vanilla ice are labeled as sub - categories of rap, alternative and gimmick respectively. white hip hop artists have advanced the genre of rap by bringing in a larger and more diverse audience and recognition for rap as a musical genre, however they have had much less of an effect on the overall musical trajectory of the rap scene than their counterparts. wealth and class have always been significant issues in hip hop, a culture which was developed mainly among the lower and lower - middle class blacks of inner - city new york. any view of money that can be seen in real life can also be seen in the lyrics of rap \u2014 just as there are rappers who often brag about their extravagant wealth or more specifically their \" rags to riches \" stories, there are political militants who decry materialism. although most of hip hop ' s famous and influential rappers have come from inner - city ghettos, hip hop has always represented a variety of economic backgrounds. for example, run - d. m. c., beastie boys, soulja boy, rakim, black sheep, and kanye west were middle - class when they began rapping. race issues often intersect with class issues. vanilla ice, a white pop rapper, went so far as to lie about his place of origin, claiming that he came from the inner - city of miami, florida, when he was actually from suburban texas. according to vanilla ice, he was encouraged to lie by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4604982388201096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.668704"}
{"text": "a white pop rapper, went so far as to lie about his place of origin, claiming that he came from the inner - city of miami, florida, when he was actually from suburban texas. according to vanilla ice, he was encouraged to lie by his record company to increase their profits. in juxtaposition to vanilla ice stand the beastie boys, a rap group composed of white jewish teenagers. the beastie boys didn ' t lie about their middle - class and suburban upbringing, and managed to sell millions of records while maintaining the respect of the hip hop community. house of pain, an irish - american crew with members from los angeles and new york, were downright assertive about their ethnicity, including footage of a st. patrick ' s day parade in the music video for their first hit single jump around and name - checking prominent irish americans in their lyrics. they also incorporated time signatures associated with traditional irish folk music such as jigs and reels into their songs \u2014 a major deviation from mainstream hip hop where virtually every song is done in 4 / 4 time. the most recent mainstream exception to the skin colour trend in mainstream rap is eminem, who is of mainly scottish descent, and who grew up in the primarily black city of detroit. in his song \" white america \", eminem attributes his selling success to his being more easily digestible by a white audience, because he \" looks like them. \" other prominent american rappers of primarily european decent include sage francis, paul wall ( who is 1 / 4 mexican ), emcee lynx, mike shinoda ( who is half japanese ), el - producto, aesop rock, and many others. race, class, and ethnicity remain prominent themes in hip hop music in general, regardless of race. emcee lynx in particular is notable for addressing these issues from an explicitly anti - racist and anti - imperialist perspective in his music, while referencing his scottish and irish heritage as a point of pride. despite the fact that the majority of american rap artists in the mainstream are black, some statistics indicate that most hip hop record purchasers are white, reflecting demographics and economics. according to musicologist arthur kempton, \" today 70 percent of hip - hop is bought by white kids \". boots riley has criticized these figures, pointing out that they only count soundscan sales, which exclude the mom - and - pop record stores located in majority black and latino neighborhoods that major music chains tend to avoid, and thus dramatically underrepresents the number of sales made in such communities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43665424638631345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.669696"}
{"text": "pointing out that they only count soundscan sales, which exclude the mom - and - pop record stores located in majority black and latino neighborhoods that major music chains tend to avoid, and thus dramatically underrepresents the number of sales made in such communities. according to political rapper zion of zion i, socially conscious hip hop in particular has a majority white audience : \"... so many black people don ' t want to hear it. they want that thug shit. \" in addition to zion, several other underground rappers such as boots riley of the coup, report nearly all white audiences. chicano rap is a subgenre of hip hop music, latin rap, and gangsta rap that embodies aspects of west coast and southwest mexican american ( chicano ) culture and is typically performed by american rap singers and musicians of mexican descent. the first widely recognized chicano rap artist was kid frost, whose 1990 debut album \" hispanic causing panic \" driven by the hit single \" la raza \" brought new attention to chicano rappers in hip hop. cuban - american artist mellow man ace was the first latino artist to have a major bilingual single, which was attached to his 1989 debut. although mellow man often used chicano slang as a result of his east los angeles upbringing, kid frost receives the credit as the first major chicano rapper, given that mellow man was not of mexican descent. mellow man, referred to as the \" godfather of latin rap \", brought mainstream attention to spanglish rhyming with his platinum single \" mentirosa \". cypress hill, of which mellow man ace was a member before going solo, is sometimes considered to produce chicano rap due to their use of spanish and popular chicano slang, as well as the lead rapper ' s background of being part mexican. they were the first latino rap group to reach platinum status, with big pun credited as the first latino solo artist to reach platinum sales for an lp. one of the most widely recognized chicano rappers today is lil rob of san diego, whose single \" summer nights \" was considered a major crossover and received heavy rotation on radio station and video programs not directly related to chicano rap music. many chicano rappers have been heavily influenced by mexican history, including many themes relevant to the mexican and chicano people living in the united states and mexico. chicano rap is mainly enjoyed by hip hop listeners in the united states and has also established a cult fan base following in japan, although its main audience consists of hispanics or latino", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43148903382927917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.670613"}
{"text": "the mexican and chicano people living in the united states and mexico. chicano rap is mainly enjoyed by hip hop listeners in the united states and has also established a cult fan base following in japan, although its main audience consists of hispanics or latinos living on the west coast, the southwest, and the midwest. its ability to reach large audiences without mainstream airplay or media promotion is due in part to nationwide lowrider car tours and their accompanying concerts headlined by chicano rappers. this environment allows chicanorrap artists to earn significant incomes through independent label releases while promoting directly to a target audience. rapcore or rap - rock it is a form of music featuring rap lyrics over rock, hardcore punk and funk beats. well known rapcore artists include the beastie boys, run - d. m. c., limp bizkit, linkin park and papa roach. derivatives and influence throughout hip hop ' s history, new musical styles and genres have developed that contain rapping. entire genres, such as rapcore ( rock / metal / punk with rapped vocals ) and hip house have resulted from the fusion of rap and other styles. many popular music genres with a focus on percussion have contained rapping at some point ; be it disco ( dj hollywood ), jazz ( gang starr ), new wave ( blondie ), funk ( fatback band ), contemporary r & b ( mary j. blige ), reggaeton ( daddy yankee ), or even japanese dance music, such as ( soul ' d out ). uk garage music has begun to focus increasingly on rappers in a new subgenre called grime, pioneered and popularized by the mc dizzee rascal. increased popularity with the music has shown more uk rappers going to america as well as tour there, such as sway dasafo possibly signing with akon ' s label konvict. hyphy is the latest of these spin - offs. the style originated in oakland california and gained national attention in 2006, beginning with e - 40 ' s album my ghetto report card. it is typified by slowed - down atonal vocals with instrumentals that borrow heavily from the rave scene and lyrics centered on illegal street racing and car culture. another oakland, california group, beltaine ' s fire, has recently gained attention for their celtic fusion sound which blends hip hop beats with celtic melodies. unlike the majority of hip hop artists, all their music is performed live without samples, synths, or drum machines, drawing comparisons to the roots", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47519584103046325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.671672"}
{"text": "fire, has recently gained attention for their celtic fusion sound which blends hip hop beats with celtic melodies. unlike the majority of hip hop artists, all their music is performed live without samples, synths, or drum machines, drawing comparisons to the roots and rage against the machine. bhangra, a widely popular style of music from punjab ( india ) has been mixed numerous times with reggae and hip hop music. the most popular song in this genre in the united states was \" mundian to bach ke \" or \" beware the boys \" by panjabi mc and jay - z. although \" mundian to bach ke \" had been released previously, the mixing with jay - z popularized the genre further. in the 21st century, rap and hip hop are transcending cultural lines like never before. the youtube phenomenon has made it relatively simple for any computer user around the world to find professionally produced rap in nearly any major spoken language, including chinese, mongolian, hungarian, haitian, tamil, amharic, malagasy, maori, and persian rap, which has recently been targeted for censure by the iranian government. nederhop is hip hop with dutch rapping. the first successful nederhop record was \" rap around the clock \" ( 7 \", 1986 ) by extince, which was followed by rap duo mc miker g & dj sven with the 12 \" \" holiday rap \", a benelux # 1 hit that was distributed in 34 countries. the rap group osdorp posse from amsterdam stood in the late 80s at the base of dutch rap. when rapper def p, the frontman of osdorp posse, began translating idiomatic english lyrics with \" ghetto \" themes literally into dutch, the term nederhop was coined. famous nederhop rappers and groups include opgezwolle, the opposites, cilvaringz, osdorp posse, abn, appa, fata morgana, raymzter, extince, kempi, postmen, duvel, and brainpower. outside of the united states the largest hip hop scene is in france, and artists such as mc solaar and les nubians have even crossed over into the american market. as with early american hip hop, social and political issues figure strongly in much of french hip hop and the majority of performers come from the country ' s ethnic minorities, notably the arab population. greek hip hop refers to hip hop music originating in greece, either in greek or english. the earliest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46751871103750364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.672538"}
{"text": "and political issues figure strongly in much of french hip hop and the majority of performers come from the country ' s ethnic minorities, notably the arab population. greek hip hop refers to hip hop music originating in greece, either in greek or english. the earliest greek hip hop groups date back to 1987, though native language albums did not appear until the mid - 1990s. some of the most important early hip - hop groups in greece were imiskoumbria, terror x crew ( members : artemis, efthimis, dj alx ), ff. c ( members : ruthmodamastis, dj everlast, skinothetis, plus many guests ) and active member. this differentiation caused a lot of tension among the greek hip hop fans. between 1995 and 2000, there was a lot of conflict, relatively speaking. things escalated from there when the battle rap era in greece begun with the group zn ( living dead ) started dissing active member and other hip hop groups. as american hip hop lyrics became more widely violent, so did international hip hop lyrics, and greece was no exception. rapping about guns, drugs, violence and sex became the norm. hardcore greek rap had swept the genre, and commercial hip hop followed suit. commercial hip hop in greece has become hugely successful, with acts like imiskoumbria, terror x crew and goin ' through blazing the trails. imiskoumbria and terror x crew both were the first to have their records going gold. portuguese hip hop ( hip hop portugues ), mostly known as hip hop tuga, is the portuguese variety of hip hop music, although different because it is mixed with african music from lusophone africa and reggae. popular portuguese rappers include cla da matarroa, valete, da weasel, boss ac, sam the kid ( rapper and producer ), dealema, mind da gap, bonus, adamastor and dj bomberjack. canadian hip hop started with a slow momentum in toronto at the end of the 1980s with mcs like maestro dominating the scene mostly rapping about parties and girls. by the mid - 1990s, rappers such as kardinal offishall, choclair, and saukrates as well as rap groups like rascalz created a buzz in canada as hip hop ' s popularity suddenly rose. the beginning of the movement was marked by the lyrics of the song northern touch performed by a consortium of canadian mcs, all lauching their careers ; which really put canadian hip hop on the map. content in songs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4221729133388191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.673428"}
{"text": "hop ' s popularity suddenly rose. the beginning of the movement was marked by the lyrics of the song northern touch performed by a consortium of canadian mcs, all lauching their careers ; which really put canadian hip hop on the map. content in songs are often related to life in the streets of canadian urban centers like toronto and vancouver. montreal also saw its version of francophone hip hop arise. rappers like yvon kreve and sanspression, as well as groups like muzion and dubmatique made it to the top of the charts in quebec. montreal also has an english rappers like malicious and bless of platinumberg. the beats used are diverse but sometimes resemble east coast hip hop. canadian hip hop combines canadian english with a caribbean vibe due to the strong jamaican and haitian heritage of most canadian rappers. most canadian rappers frequently use metaphors and similes to get their message across and have versatile flows. unfortunately, hip hop artists from canada are often unknown outside the country. only a few rappers have made it to us markets. the uk scene has also gained international prominence, especially since their performance language, english, makes them more marketable to american audiences than their french counterparts. the uk is fairly unique in having created its own genres of rapping in a highly original style. in the early 1990s groups from bristol such as massive attack pioneered trip - hop, a genre with slower beats and flows, creating a more ' chilled ', soulful sound. at the same time jungle music was popular, and mcs would often rap fast over a fast drum beat. this evolved into drum ' n ' bass, and dnb mcs like skibadee are known as among the fastest in the world. fusing jungle and hip hop, uk garage ( see so solid crew ) evolved quickly into grime. grime is a genre with a deep, heavy bass line and highly electronic beats. mcs rap quickly over it and often add a set phrase to the end of a line : shy crew leave on deep remix roll deep lyrics wen i ' m ' ere get sticked with wits with the glits wen i ' m ' ere grime was pioneered by wiley and his crew roll deep are still one of the prominent groups. other big names in grime are dizzee rascal, lady sovereign, skepta, jme, kano, ghetto and shystie. grime has been brought more attention thanks to channel u tv. outside of grime, there is a prominent uk hiphop scene which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4593754392983648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9030a3cd-83db-4170-b485-019b76afb740>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.674337"}
{"text": "lessons from the tragedy how to prevent these deaths dr abdul majid siraj in the panorama of media hype, many promises were made following the tragic events in g. b panth hospital. this episode must be looked at holistically on the health services of j & k that in itself is a huge undertaking. nevertheless having worked in children \u2019 s hospitals of world repute, i will try to make a few facts known. no doctor will contribute to a death of a patient unless he is a psychopath. the g. b panth saga is a culmination of vagaries of systemic failure. and deaths will not stop, no matter how many incubators and doctors are recruited to service. doctors have to be made aware of legal obligations in duty of care towards fetus. there is no liability until damnum and injuria concur. during delivery of a foetus a duty of care arises for the doctor to avoid injury to the emerging baby. as soon as the baby is born and ceases to be a foetus and becomes a person, there is a concurrence between damnum and injuria and the baby has a right to sue for negligence. a new born becomes a plaintiff for \u2018 wrongful life \u2019 being born with disability. the law did not make the doctor liable for not helping the child not to be born. the new born babies always pose a challenge for the doctors after the mother completes her period of gestation. the baby is examined at birth for any congenital abnormalities for signs of respiratory distress syndrome ( rds ) or fibrocystic disease or congenital displacement of hips ( cdh ) and heart problems like septal defects ( asd or vsd ) or combined defects like fallot \u2019 s tetrology or patent ductus arteriosus ( pda ) or spina bifida. some babies may go home with disability and some do not make it. a recent study ( see, brazier & cave medicine, patients and the law 4rth edn. 2007 penguin ) has shown that just 16 % of babies born at 23 weeks and only 44 % born at 24 weeks survive. babies born at 23 weeks who survived to 6th birthday 25 % had severe disability. these figures make a useful reading to explain panth saga of deaths. premature babies referred from other hospitals and nursing homes have a lesser chance to live in kashmir because the routine neonatal screening is not done. in this study only two babies born at 22 weeks survived. severe disability like hydro - ce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41815483039242474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b747ba23-11d2-4cd3-a40f-8062bd045ea1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.681717"}
{"text": "to live for 3 days is a difficult question to confront. a baby born without intestine can be kept living with iv feeds, but for how long? the incubators remain a scarce commodity all over the developing world. amniocentesis offers a chance to diagnose cystic fibrosis or down \u2019 s syndrome and laws in uk allow termination to the end of pregnancy. philosophers contend in variance saying that you kill a foetus at 38 weeks but save a premature baby of 24 weeks. what moral difference does the journey through the birth canal make? in most cases of ill children it is the fault of mothers. the child \u2019 s rights are derivative only. for instance a blood transfusion in one case had rendered the couple rhesus incompatible creating a danger to the baby. it is common for doctors to be prescribing drugs to the women of child bearing age and not watch for or warn about the risks to the baby. the drug thalidomide, tetracycline benzodiazapines etc are examples. the mother could be affected by drugs, smoking, radiation or infections. hospitals are held negligent for want of facilities. in premnath hospital v poonam mangla 11 ( 1998 ) cpj ( haryana ) case the hospital the district forum ( consumer protection act 1986 ) held the hospital negligent in not providing incubator for the treatment of the premature baby. it is essential to give all supportive facilities for a modern children \u2019 s hospital to save the fragile babies who are at the thin edge of their lives. that may be a dream for our state but possible contingency measures are listed. 1. all private nursing homes where babies are born must have a basic intensive care facility with an incubator and monitoring system and graduated oxygen supply. they must have expertise for venupuncture to draw blood and setup an iv lines. transporting critical babies is dangerous. 2. the maternity hospitals must be equipped to diagnose and administer first line of treatment for the neonates. 3 a children \u2019 s surgical hospital must be started with immediate effect. the kashmir nursing home is the most appropriate building and can be used with minimal effort. that will not only save many thousands of lives but also take the burden of the existing beds for children. 4. the infrastructure of the panth children \u2019 s hospital has to be redone with a fresh look at the drawings that created it. a project report can be drafted and work started forthwith. lastupdate on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4346561767276149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b747ba23-11d2-4cd3-a40f-8062bd045ea1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.683726"}
{"text": "the existing beds for children. 4. the infrastructure of the panth children \u2019 s hospital has to be redone with a fresh look at the drawings that created it. a project report can be drafted and work started forthwith. lastupdate on : tue, 22 may 2012 21 : 30 : 00 makkah time lastupdate on : tue, 22 may 2012 18 : 30 : 00 gmt lastupdate on : wed, 23 may 2012 00 : 00 : 00 ist - more from opinion \u2018 it can help restore peace, normalcy \u2019 srinagar, may 22 : governor n n vohra tuesday said that peace and normalcy cannot be achieved through the efforts of governments and ministers alone but rather through the true understanding of philosophical more - srinagar city no such proposal as stretch falls in cantonment domain : beacon shabir ibn yusuf srinagar, may 22 : contrary to government claims that efforts were on to widen the congested pantha chowk, a vital link to south kashmir, the beacon which looks after the highway works has distanced itself more pins hope on indo - pak secretary level talks gool ( ramban ), may 22 : reiterating demand of providing requisite facilities to further facilitate the cross loc trade, patron of the peoples democratic party, mufti muhammad sayeed, today hoped that some more - south asia nisar ahmed thokar islamabad, may 22 : the chief of jamat - e - islami pakistan syed munawar hassan on tuesday said that the party will continue its support to kashmir issue unless the people of kashmir achieve their globally more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43487125453813985, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b747ba23-11d2-4cd3-a40f-8062bd045ea1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.684358"}
{"text": "demand for air travel is growing rapidly. shortfalls in capacity and other constraints on the efficiency of airport and aircraft operations have negative effects on airline costs, passenger convenience, and the environment. making efficient use of finite airspace and airport resources while ensuring high levels of safety is the primary mission of atm which involves considerable coordination of planning and operations among regulators, service providers, and users at the global, regional, and national levels. this section discusses the conventional atm system in the context of operational phases of flight, highlighting constraints and limitations and the negative effects they have on airport and aircraft operations - including unnecessary fuel burn and, consequently, excessive emissions. the section then describes changes anticipated for the future based on new technologies and improved procedures that are expected to lead to the creation of a more efficient and integrated global atm system. improved atm as envisaged will encompass traditional elements of air traffic services ( ats ) - air traffic control ( atc ), air traffic flow management ( atfm ), and airspace management ( asm ) - but will also functionally integrate these elements with atm - related aspects of flight operations into a total system. today, atc accounts for the greatest percentage of ats on a global basis ; atc serves primarily to prevent collisions between aircraft and between aircraft and obstructions in the airport maneuvering area and to expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic. for current ( i. e., 1998 - 99 ), worldwide aircraft fleet operations, improvements to the atm system alone could reduce fuel burn per trip by 6 - 12 % ( eurocontrol, 1997b ; faa, 1998a ; icao, 1998b ). improving atm requires that advanced technological and management systems and procedures be adopted more rapidly and on a broader scale than is presently the case. specific improvements related to atm and the operation of aircraft that could reduce fuel burn are covered in this chapter ; institutional, regulatory, and economic policy measures that could also have an important influence on future traffic growth and associated fuel burn are covered in chapter 10. in 1983, the icao council established a committee to identify and assess new technologies and make recommendations for the future development of air navigation. after close analysis, the special committee on the future air navigation system ( fans ) recognized that the existing air navigation system and its subsystems suffered from technical, operational, procedural, economic, and implementation shortcomings. in addition to infrastructure constraints, conventional airspace organization of flight information regions and their supporting infrastructure of routes and ground - based facilities and services are based largely on national rather than international", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5180954869296395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7c32ae9-cd5a-48f6-a804-d5de91f81b3b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.691331"}
{"text": "suffered from technical, operational, procedural, economic, and implementation shortcomings. in addition to infrastructure constraints, conventional airspace organization of flight information regions and their supporting infrastructure of routes and ground - based facilities and services are based largely on national rather than international requirements. for these reasons, aircraft must plan their flights along strictly defined routes and be channelled, to a certain degree, so that air traffic controllers can keep aircraft safely separated from each other. in some regions, limited airport capacity is one of the main constraints on continued growth in air transport ; this limited capacity results in congestion and delays. there is also a lack of adequate awareness and shared decisionmaking among atc, ramp, and taxi areas. in low - visibility conditions, movements are severely restricted, and there is increased risk of runway incursion. insufficiently developed taxiways and aprons also limit runway and airport capacity. operational limitations for noise control may also have a negative effect on access to and from key airports. automated ground - based systems to manage departures and arrivals efficiently are not available in most cases, and onboard automation is therefore underutilized. published arrival and departure procedures - created to ease controller workload and ensure separation between departures and arrivals - are often inflexible, indirect, and less than optimum. the existing worldwide route structure often imposes mileage penalties compared to the most economic routes ( generally great - circle routes ) ; it also takes into account wind, temperature, and other factors such as aircraft weight, charges, and safety. use of a fixed - route network often results in concentration of traffic flows at major intersections, which can lead to a reduction in the number of routes and flight levels that are available. studies on penalties to air traffic associated with the european ats route network alone suggest that atm - related problems add an average of about 9 - 10 % to the flight track distance of all european flights en route and in terminal maneuvering areas ( tma ) ( eurocontrol, 1992 ). lack of international coordination in the development of ground atc systems exacerbates these problems. examples include inconsistent separation standards in radar and non - radar airspace and operation at less than optimum flight levels in oceanic airspace as a result of communication deficiencies. currently, three main areas can be distinguished in which improvements need to be made in the way meteorological information is provided to international civil aviation : timeliness, presentation, and accuracy. timeliness problems are largely related to the inability of telecommunications channels in some regions to cope with increasing message traffic. as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.505137465608392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7c32ae9-cd5a-48f6-a804-d5de91f81b3b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.694099"}
{"text": "in which improvements need to be made in the way meteorological information is provided to international civil aviation : timeliness, presentation, and accuracy. timeliness problems are largely related to the inability of telecommunications channels in some regions to cope with increasing message traffic. as a result, tight restrictions have been established concerning the exchange of operational meteorological information, which now does not fully meet flight planning requirements for increasingly long - range aircraft operations. the presentation of meteorological information has also been largely dictated by the telecommunications channels used, which have imposed a predominance of alphanumeric messages over graphical information, especially in the cockpit. finally, the accuracy of meteorological information needs improvement. for the en route phase of flight, the information provided is not always based on output from the most advanced numerical weather prediction models. in the terminal area, up - to - date and accurate meteorological information may not be available to the pilot because of congestion of voice channels and / or lack of modern observing systems. the fundamental premise that every state has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory can be traced to the convention on international civil aviation ( icao, 1997 ). states implement restrictions on the use of airspace for a variety of reasons, including technological limitations, political considerations, security, and environmental concerns. however, by far the most important reason for restricted airspace is to accommodate the needs of states ' military forces. restricted airspace does not allow aircraft to minimize their emissions by direct routing between two points. significant regions of airspace are permanently reserved or restricted, thereby forcing civil air transport to circumnavigate these areas. the extent of the problem varies by region. in the european region, for example, 24 states are applying the flexible use of airspace ( fua ) concept ( eurocontrol, 1998a ). the basis for fua is that airspace should no longer be considered as either military or civil airspace but should be considered as a continuum, shared in accordance with user needs and used flexibly on a day - to - day basis. although national security requirements must be key factors in revising a nation ' s restricted airspace allocation, problems related to restricted and military airspace could partly be solved by modernization of the atm system. negotiation of overflying rights to shorten routes would also contribute to solving the problems. other reports in this collection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5026237942879748, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7c32ae9-cd5a-48f6-a804-d5de91f81b3b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.695610"}
{"text": "this chapter evaluates the suitability of models ( in particular coupled atmosphere - ocean general circulation models ) for use in climate change projection and in detection and attribution studies. we concentrate on the variables and time - scales that are important for this task. models are evaluated against observations and differences between models are explored using information from a number of systematic model intercomparisons. even if a model is assessed as performing credibly when simulating the present climate, this does not necessarily guarantee that the response to a perturbation remains credible. therefore, we also assess the performance of the models in simulating the climate over the 20th century and for selected palaeoclimates. incremental improvements in the performance of coupled models have occurred since the ipcc wgi second assessment report ( ipcc, 1996 ) ( hereafter sar ) resulting from advances in the modelling of the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and land surface as well as improvements in the coupling of these components. - coupled models can provide credible simulations of both the present annual mean climate and the climatological seasonal cycle over broad continental scales for most variables of interest for climate change. clouds and humidity remain sources of significant uncertainty but there have been incremental improvements in simulations of these quantities. - confidence in model projections is increased by the improved performance of several models that do not use flux adjustment. these models now maintain stable, multi - century simulations of surface climate that are considered to be of sufficient quality to allow their use for climate change projections. - there is no systematic difference between flux adjusted and non - flux adjusted models in the simulation of internal climate variability. this supports the use of both types of model in detection and attribution of climate change. - confidence in the ability of models to project future climates is increased by the ability of several models to reproduce the warming trend in 20th century surface air temperature when driven by radiative forcing due to increasing greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols. however, only idealised scenarios of only sulphate aerosols have been used. - some modelling studies suggest that inclusion of additional forcings such as solar variability and volcanic aerosols may improve some aspects of the simulated climate variability of the 20th century. - confidence in simulating future climates has been enhanced following a systematic evaluation of models under a limited number of past climates. - the performance of coupled models in simulating the el nino - southern oscillation ( enso ) has improved ; however, the region of maximum sea surface temperature variability associated with el nino events", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4858776090998381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:600e2a09-f828-428b-a2ad-dc20d2342adf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.699152"}
{"text": "evaluation of models under a limited number of past climates. - the performance of coupled models in simulating the el nino - southern oscillation ( enso ) has improved ; however, the region of maximum sea surface temperature variability associated with el nino events is displaced westward and its strength is generally underestimated. when suitably initialised with an ocean data assimilation system, some coupled models have had a degree of success in predicting el nino events. - other phenomena previously not well simulated in coupled models are now handled reasonably well, including monsoons and the north atlantic oscillation. - some palaeoclimate modelling studies, and some land - surface experiments ( including deforestation, desertification and land cover change ), have revealed the importance of vegetation feedbacks at sub - continental scales. whether or not vegetation changes are important for future climate projections should - analysis of, and confidence in, extreme events simulated within climate models is emerging, particularly for storm tracks and storm frequency. \" tropical cyclone - like \" vortices are being simulated in climate models, although enough uncertainty remains over their interpretation to warrant caution in projections of tropical cyclone changes. coupled models have evolved and improved significantly since the sar. in general, they provide credible simulations of climate, at least down to sub - continental scales and over temporal scales from seasonal to decadal. the varying sets of strengths and weaknesses that models display lead us to conclude that no single model can be considered \" best \" and it is important to utilise results from a range of coupled models. we consider coupled models, as a class, to be suitable tools to provide useful projections of future climates.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49955912015831083, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:600e2a09-f828-428b-a2ad-dc20d2342adf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.699911"}
{"text": "the traditional argument for lowering the voting age to 16 is that it ' s an anomaly : you can have sex legally, pay tax and go to war, but you can ' t partake in a little democracy. but, fundamentally, the debate hinges on whether or not the vote at 16 would improve political participation. the figures show conclusively that the younger you are, the less likely you are to vote. at the last election, for instance, national turnout was 59 %, but among 18 - 24 year olds it was just 39 %. professor charles pattie of sheffield university, an expert in voting patterns, says that lowering the voting age would increase the proportion of people who don ' t vote. turnout could dip below 50 %, threatening the legitimacy of any government. this could have the perverse effect of decreasing representation, he argues. \" if a substantial cohort never votes, the risk is that the parties stop trying to attract them. in america, where turnout is lower, the republicans and democrats don ' t focus on social policies to help the poorest, they focus on low tax to help the richest. that ' s where the votes are. it could raise the real risk of a substantial part of the electorate never having a say because they ' ve opted out. \" but perhaps if they were better represented, young people could become more engaged. research by matt henn and mark weinstein of nottingham trent university shows that 71 % of people who were 18 at the last election feel there aren ' t enough opportunities for young people to influence government. furthermore, young people are nervous of the vote because they don ' t feel they know enough : henn and weinstein ' s research reveals that 60 % of young people lacked confidence about their knowledge and understanding of british politics. this is where citizenship education could make a difference. glyn mathias, the electoral commissioner who chaired the report group, says that this was the most \" powerful \" argument - that school leavers should cap off compulsory citizenship education at 16 by addressing their new right to vote, rather than waiting another two years. the report concluded that citizenship teaching isn ' t good enough yet to live up to this promise, but it is one of the areas where the commission will look for improvement when they revisit the debate in five years ' time. it ' s a chicken and egg situation. young people don ' t want the vote because they feel they are not listened to. but voting is an essential part of the process of being listened to. what if the vote at 16", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4012302385429423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:418d241d-de65-418c-ab59-78cb8c7ce6f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.704190"}
{"text": "years ' time. it ' s a chicken and egg situation. young people don ' t want the vote because they feel they are not listened to. but voting is an essential part of the process of being listened to. what if the vote at 16 were the panacea for falling participation? beth breeze, former deputy director of the social market foundation, last year carried out research to \" explore how people develop the habit of voting \". she interviewed people who were only just too young to vote in an election, meaning they were at least 23 before they got their first chance. those who voted while still at school were more likely to vote again. a later poll by yougov for the new statesman backed this up : it showed that turnout among 27 - year - olds was only 49 %, compared with 65 % among 28 - year - olds who were old enough to vote in the 1992 election. breeze says : \" at 23 you ' ve gone through the list of ' things to do '. why would you try something new? when you ' re 18 and at sixth form and doing new things, you can form the habit. \" but if 16 - and 17 - year - olds were to become fully signed - up members of the democracy, how would they use their votes? a recent poll of 5, 000 12 - 18 year olds for the teenagers ' magazine bliss painted a picture of young people as \" strait laced \" and conservative ; more saffy from absolutely fabulous than the young ones. according to the results, a large majority of young people support the introduction of id cards, tougher sentences for criminals and sending so - called \" bogus \" asylum seekers back where they came from. but they felt as strongly that britain should not have gone into the iraq war, they don ' t believe the government will improve schools, and they don ' t trust tony blair. asked about a range of political and social issues, they had very strong views. this feeds into the idea that young people are \" engaged sceptics \" - interested in the issues but mistrustful of politicians. henn and weinstein ' s research shows a british youth keen to play a more active role in the process, but turned off by politicians and political parties. an earlier 2002 electoral commission report on young people and politics con cluded that political parties are trying to engage young voters, but failing. \" partly these plans may have been poorly conceived, but partly they suffer from a strategic weakness - being tarred with the same brush as the ' party politics '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4645223661783431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:418d241d-de65-418c-ab59-78cb8c7ce6f2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.705235"}
{"text": "started conversation may 4, 2004 it ' s incorrect to say that \" gyratory system \" is just the name for a roundabout that has got too big for its boots. in fact it ' s the original term which was soon displaced when they became common. i ' m not sure if the term \" gyratory circus \" was ever really used. there are a number of junctions in london known as circuses after the circular range of buildings around them. this was a particularly 18th century fashion, so of course the most famously beautiful one is in bath. the oed says of \" gyratory \" : applied to a system of directing road traffic round a roundabout or through a system of one - way streets to avoid the need for one line of traffic to intersect another. 1909 westm. gaz. 7 aug. 4 / 2 the gyratory principle, by which vehicles are directed into circular lines ingeniously devised to avoid intersection. 1926 rep. comm. police metropolis, 1925 16 in parl. papers ( cmd. 2660 ) xv. 239 gyratory systems for the circulation of traffic, after years of discussion, reached the point of practical demonstration this year. 1928 observer 5 feb. 13 / 7 now that every week dedicates a new bunch of streets to the gyratory system. 1966 guardian 8 sept. 5 / 4 a new gyratory road system to ease traffic congestion.. is to be built.. at stretford. and of \" roundabout \" : a junction at which traffic moves one way round a central island. cf. rondpoint b, rotary n. 3. 1927 glasgow herald 3 jan. 7 / 2 there is only one draw ~ back to the roundabout, and that is the inconvenience caused to pedestrians. 1937 times 13 apr. ( british motor no. ) p. viii / 1 roundabouts.. have the advantage of keeping vehicles on the move. 1947 daily mail 22 may 3 / 4 removal of the mansion house to make room for a big round - about. 1955 times 2 aug. 9 / 7 makeshift tactics are particularly evident in the proposed treatment at hyde park corner which includes an extremely complicated roundabout. 1967 listener 28 sept. 398 / 1 people make only occasional use of their speedometer.. on such critical occasions as the approach to roundabouts. 1977 belfast tel. 14 feb. 5 / 9, 12 shots were fired at an armoured police vehicle near the roundabout at narrow ~ water castle. and of \" circus \" : a circular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4970248619487636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecec54f2-86e4-4767-b811-568614e9a17a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.711817"}
{"text": ".. on such critical occasions as the approach to roundabouts. 1977 belfast tel. 14 feb. 5 / 9, 12 shots were fired at an armoured police vehicle near the roundabout at narrow ~ water castle. and of \" circus \" : a circular range of houses. also, a traffic roundabout. often in proper names as oxford circus, regent circus. 1714 pope rape lock iv. 117 sooner shall grass in hide - park circus grow. 1766 anstey bath guide ii. ix. 57 to breathe a purer air in the circus or the square. 1771 smollett humph. cl. 23 apr., the same artist who planned the circus has likewise projected a crescent [ at bath ]. ibid. the circus is a pretty bauble.. and looks like vespasian ' s amphitheatre turned outside in. 1794 looker - on no. 89 the squares and circuses are no longer the only scenes of dignified dissipation. 1898 tit - bits 15 jan. 300 / 3 bridges, of light and tasty design, across all the main thoroughfares, and at the various \u2018 circuses \u2019 and cross roads. posted sep 2, 2004 i ' m a little confused. the definitions you gave seem to support the idea that there * is * a difference between a roundabout and a gyratory. those definitions say that a roundabout is a junction, while a gyratory is a particular kind of one way system. of course a roundabout could be viewed as a very small one way system, so you could argue that all roundabouts are gyratories. but not all gyratories are really roundabouts according to the definitions you produced. ( specifically, a gyratory consisting of more than one junction is, by definition, not a roundabout. ) but in practice, isn ' t the common usage pretty much as i suggested? i ' m only actually aware of two road systems commonly referred to as gyratories - one is the subject of this article, and the other is in reading. and both of them are distinctly on the large side. in particular, they both have multiple junctions. so the common usage of the word seems to be to describe overgrown roundabouts ( and more specifically, multi - junction ones ) in practice. can you point to any counterexamples in real use? i ' m just going on the gyratories i know - i ' ve not done any exhaustive research on gryatories across the nation. posted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5154553803336088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecec54f2-86e4-4767-b811-568614e9a17a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.713501"}
{"text": "habitat for humanity colombia habitat ' s work in colombia housing need in colombia inadequate housing, overcrowding and insufficient utilities such as water and sanitation are all contributors to the housing problem in colombia. more than 11. 5 million homes in colombia do not satisfactorily meet the basic necessities of the families that live in them. more than 40 percent of that figure represents inadequate housing and overcrowding, while another 20 percent demonstrates problems with public utilities. likewise, 9. 8 percent of the families suffering from poverty find themselves in this situation due to inadequate housing, and 10. 6 percent due to inadequate utilities. the rural housing deficit has increased in recent years, due to a lack of new programs. colombia \u2019 s qualitative housing deficit ( that is, houses that exist but are inadequate in their conditions ) is currently in the vicinity of 900, 000 units, out of which 200, 000 are located in rural zones. that deficit has increased in the last five years, since the financing of possible solutions has become so difficult through typical lending institutions. the housing shortage in colombia prevents adequate sanitary conditions for many low - income families, so they erectcambuches or tin huts, without public services. this promotes disease, such as dengue, which arises from stagnant water due to a lack of sewers. inadequate housing also affects children \u2019 s education ; many cannot go to school because they lack a home that provides them with the stability required to enter an educational center. in addition, many school - age children are forced to work, in order to contribute something to the family \u2019 s income. habitat for humanity in colombia habitat for humanity was established in colombia in 1991, when a teacher from a rural school in quimbaya, quindio, became aware of the organization through a magazine article. three years later, the construction of the first 28 houses began in the los cerezos de quimbaya neighborhood. habitat colombia is governed by a national board of directors, and has five branches : eje cafetero, valle del cauca, antioquia, and the north of cauca and cundinamarca. habitat for humanity colombia strives to become an alternative for low income families, helping families to build and improve their own homes. habitat colombia seeks support and partnership from government, the private sector and civil society \u2014 especially young people. habitat for humanity colombia supports several initiatives, in addition to traditional home construction. healthy housing in san andres : in november 2008, phase ii of this healthy housing in san", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4540620617982321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eaf4c4cd-b15e-4ce1-8031-7874fb6a20f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.717217"}
{"text": "support and partnership from government, the private sector and civil society \u2014 especially young people. habitat for humanity colombia supports several initiatives, in addition to traditional home construction. healthy housing in san andres : in november 2008, phase ii of this healthy housing in san andres was approved. in addition to housing improvements for 305 families, the project also aims to decrease the risk of illness by improving access and management of potable water, adequately managing sewage waste, and implementing a \u201c healthy home \u201d educational program. government subsidies for housing : a significant cause for growth in housing numbers between 2007 and 2008 can be attributed to the effective utilization of government subsidies \u2013 for both new house constructions as well as repairs and improvements. habitat programs are seeking to make good use of these subsidies by ensuring high - quality constructions for families, as well as efficient operations, so as to make best use of the limited resources. habitat for humanity colombia is one of the four national organizations that have received consultants to help assess their subsidy - funded programs, and three of these are financing growth with loans from habitat international. financial education : this project is aimed at educating and accompanying partner families in the planning and administration of their home economy. the manuals and methodology used are the result of a project designed by habitat for humanity international and financed by citi foundation. through a series of workshops, families learn to administer their income and expenses, and learn to design a budget, analyze and control their expenses, and follow a savings plan. families are also informed about the risks and advantages of taking out loans with habitat for humanity or other organizations. complete houses : in addition to the projects above, habitat for humanity colombia continues to build complete homes. homeowners invest hundreds of hours of their own labor, helping to build their houses and the houses of others, together with volunteers. their monthly payments go into a local rotating fund, which allows the construction of new homes. learn more about habitat for humanity in latin america and the caribbean.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45144383225283313, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eaf4c4cd-b15e-4ce1-8031-7874fb6a20f4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.718176"}
{"text": "a string is a list of characters. string constants in haskell are values of type string. this library provides support for strict state threads, as described in the pldi ' 94 paper by john launchbury and simon peyton jones lazy functional state threads. mutable references in the ( strict ) st monad. mutable references in the ( strict ) st monad ( re - export of data. stref ) the string type and associated operations. utilities for primitive marshalling of c strings. the marshalling converts each haskell character, representing a unicode code point, to one or more bytes in a manner that, by default, is determined by the current locale. as a consequence, no guarantees can be made about the relative length of a haskell string and its corresponding c string, and therefore all the marshalling routines include memory allocation. the translation between unicode and the encoding of the current locale may be lossy. this module is part of the foreign function interface ( ffi ) and will usually be imported via the module foreign. the module foreign. storable provides most elementary support for marshalling and is part of the language - independent portion of the foreign function interface ( ffi ), and will normally be imported via the foreign module. the lazy state - transformer monad. a computation of type st s a transforms an internal state indexed by s, and returns a value of type a. the s parameter is either * an unstantiated type variable ( inside invocations of runst ), or * realworld ( inside invocations of sttoio ). it serves to keep the internal states of different invocations of runst separate from each other and from invocations of sttoio. the > > = and > > operations are not strict in the state. for example, > runst ( writestref _ | _ v > > = readstref _ | _ > > return 2 ) = 2 the strict state - transformer monad. a computation of type st s a transforms an internal state indexed by s, and returns a value of type a. the s parameter is either * an uninstantiated type variable ( inside invocations of runst ), or * realworld ( inside invocations of control. monad. st. sttoio ). it serves to keep the internal states of different invocations of runst separate from each other and from invocations of control. monad. st. sttoio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5917383986015172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:227da3cf-3cf4-429b-83e3-ae4fcf0a9e26>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.723098"}
{"text": "but the programmer should take remedial action immediately. a handle managing output to the haskell program ' s standard error channel. a handle managing input from the haskell program ' s standard input channel. a handle managing output to the haskell program ' s standard output channel. increases the precedence context by one. the member functions of this class facilitate writing values of primitive types to raw memory ( which may have been allocated with the above mentioned routines ) and reading values from blocks of raw memory. the class, furthermore, includes support for computing the storage requirements and alignment restrictions of storable types. memory addresses are represented as values of type ptr a, for some a which is an instance of class storable. the type argument to ptr helps provide some valuable type safety in ffi code ( you can ' t mix pointers of different types without an explicit cast ), while helping the haskell type system figure out which marshalling method is needed for a given pointer. all marshalling between haskell and a foreign language ultimately boils down to translating haskell data structures into the binary representation of a corresponding data structure of the foreign language and vice versa. to code this marshalling in haskell, it is necessary to manipulate primitive data types stored in unstructured memory blocks. the class storable facilitates this manipulation on all types for which it is instantiated, which are the standard basic types of haskell, the fixed size int types ( int8, int16, int32, int64 ), the fixed size word types ( word8, word16, word32, word64 ), stableptr, all types from foreign. c. types, as well as ptr. minimal complete definition : sizeof, alignment, one of peek, peekelemoff and peekbyteoff, and one of poke, pokeelemoff and pokebyteoff. show more results", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5530903470113049, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:227da3cf-3cf4-429b-83e3-ae4fcf0a9e26>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.724772"}
{"text": "courses : problems in postcolonial literature : violence, terror, and identity ( comlh377a01 ) cross - listed in english enrollment limited to 15 students. the colonized man finds his freedom in and through violencefrantz fanon, wretched of the earth. the decisive role that fanon attributes to violence in the colonial context has had an inexorable afterlife in the postcolonial world. fanon argues that violence functions like a language in the colonial system, such that the militant who seeks to overthrow the colonizer is only writing back in the colonizers own language. the texts we will be reading for the course explore this dialectic of violation and violence but, contrary to fanon, they present it as a mutating, complex phenomenon that draws its energies from multiple histories and traditions that are not always centered on the colonial experience. among other matters, these texts expose : the brutalities of despotic states and rulers ; the entanglement of family dynamics in resistance to an oppressive state ; the effects of the unthinking intrusion of metropolitan values into poverty - stricken societies on the brink of chaos ; the dangers and beauty of bearing witness to violation ; the collision of sexual excitement, feminine rebellion, political repression, and armed resistance ; and the tensions and conflicts existing between different communities that co - exist precariously in the world. however, though these texts have in common a concern with political violence they locate it in relation to culturally specific values such as shame, honor, purity, and sacrifice. in addition, they draw their peculiar charge from the ways the corporeality or the embodied politics of the militant or the victim is made to stand in for the body politic. in representing the material violence of political repression and insurgency these texts lead us to ask with jacques derrida whether representation itself is originally violent, and whether violence is congenital to phenomenality, that is to say whether it is the enabling condition and essential feature of speech and visibility. the specific aesthetic challenges and narrative pressures generated by these explosive topics will be the continuing focus of our analyses. we will explore the strategies of historical referencing these texts adopt, and ask whether their sometimes overwrought symbolism undercuts their political urgency. we will consider how the extremity of the subject matter of these texts demands their reaching beyond the conventions of realism into the realms of the magical, the surreal, and the grotesque. of related interest will be the ways these texts experiment with temporal sequence and continuity, and often stage apocalyptic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5123282554596482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40ac7c0e-4623-4f5f-8d53-28681f139398>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.728905"}
{"text": "we had a longer than usual spell of strong trade winds this december, so it might be helpful for those that don \u2019 t live here year - round to find out about our wind patterns. trade winds account for 70 % of all winds in hawaii and are the most common winds over hawaiian waters. these winds, which blow from a ne to ene direction, became known as trade winds hundreds of years ago when trade ships carrying cargo depended on these easterly winds around the earth in the subtropics for speedy passage. during the summer, trades prevail more than 90 % of the time, sometimes persisting throughout an entire month. however, in the winter ( january through march ), trade winds may occur only 40 % to 60 % of the time. though pleasantly brisk and refreshingly cool on land, strong, gusty trade winds can cause problems for mariners. blowing from the ne through east direction, these strong trades funnel through the major channels between the islands at speeds 5 - 20 knots faster than the speeds over the open ocean. north pacific high - pressure systems are responsible for the majority of gusty trade winds over hawaiian waters, which commonly persist for several days before tapering off. trade winds are usually at their lowest frequency in september and october. kona winds is a hawaiian term for the stormy, rain - bearing winds that blow over the islands from the sw or ssw in the opposite direction of trade winds. the western, or leeward sides of the islands, then become windward in this case, as the predominant wind pattern is reversed. kona winds occur when a low - pressure center is within 500 miles northwest of the islands. although strong kona winds usually don \u2019 t last for more than a day or so. * * information from the pacific disaster center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4569380041762475, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fba57b3-3cc8-49e0-8585-9129f02a7a44>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.731899"}
{"text": "black smoke, cause, impact, and prevention we have all seen clouds of black smoke emanating from the exhaust stacks of heavy duty diesel trucks especially when the truck is under high load or hard acceleration. the black smoke is composed primarily of elemental carbon from incomplete combustion of diesel fuel and traces of engine lubricant. the exhaust of a typical diesel engine contains elemental carbon ( soot ), semi - volatile organic hydrocarbons, sulfates ( primarily sulfuric acid ), and water vapor. elemental carbon which is black is formed for a wide range of reasons when the diesel fuel charge in the combustion cylinder is incompletely combusted. incomplete combustion occurs and soot is formed when there is an over abundance of fuel ( both diesel fuel and lube oil ), insufficient residence time in the combustion zone, and / or non - availability of sufficient oxidants. over - fueling is the primary cause of black smoke from the exhaust of a heavy duty diesel engine. over - fueling can be caused by diesel fuel injector wear that enlarges the nozzle hole or erodes the injector needle and allows excess fuel to flow into the combustion chamber. in many cases the nozzle and needle wear is due to corrosion from contaminated or high sulfur diesel fuel. diesel engines are not designed to efficiently burn excess fuel so much of the fuel is wasted and exits the engine only partially combusted. nozzle and needle wear can increase particulate emissions ( pm ) by as much as 85 % *. dirty air - filters that do not allow sufficient air ( oxidant ) into the combustion chamber for complete combustion of the fuel charge contribute to black smoke. it is estimated that dirty air cleaners can increase pm emissions by as much as 40 to 50 %. excessive oil consumption due to worn valves and valve stem seals, worn or stuck / sluggish rings from deposits, and worn cylinder liners contribute to black smoke. engine wear and deposit can result from using the wrong oil for the application, excessive oil drain intervals, contaminated oil, and failing to maintain the proper oil levels in the engine. performing regular maintenance with the recommended engine lubricant can minimize wear and deposits. excessive oil consumption can increase pm by up to 85 %. regular maintenance and the use of the right oil for the application can prevent premature engine wear and deposits that contribute to black smoke. fuel injector nozzles may need to be cleaned or replaced. air cleaners may need to be checked and cleaned or replaced as necessary. regular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4709437468701766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2cda042-1806-4187-9681-3f2d899d7369>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.735310"}
{"text": "you \u2019 ll probably notice a sharp drop in your toddler \u2019 s appetite after his first birthday. suddenly he \u2019 s picky about what he eats, turns his head away after just a few bites, or resists coming to the table at mealtimes. it may seem as if he should be eating more now that he \u2019 s so active, but there \u2019 s a good reason for the change. his growth rate has slowed, and he really doesn \u2019 t require as much food now. your toddler needs about 1, 000 calories a day to meet his needs for growth, energy, and good nutrition. if you \u2019 ve ever been on a 1, 000 - calorie diet, you know it \u2019 s not a lot of food. but your child will do just fine with it, divided among three small meals and two snacks a day. don \u2019 t count on his always eating it that way, however, because the eating habits of toddlers are erratic and unpredictable from one day to the next. he may eat everything in sight at breakfast but almost nothing else for the rest of the day. or he may eat only his favorite food for three days in a row, and then reject it entirely. or he may eat 1, 000 calories one day, but then eat noticeably more or less on the subsequent day or two. your child \u2019 s needs will vary, depending on his activity level, his growth rate, and his metabolism. as a general rule, it \u2019 s a real mistake to turn mealtimes into sparring matches to get him to eat a balanced diet. he \u2019 s not rejecting you when he turns down the food you prepared, so don \u2019 t take it personally. besides, the harder you push him to eat, the less likely he is to comply. instead, offer him a selection of nutritious foods at each sitting, and let him choose what he wants. vary the tastes and consistencies as much as you can. if he rejects everything, you might try saving the plate for later when he \u2019 s hungry. however, don \u2019 t allow him to fill up on cookies or sweets after refusing his meal, since that will just fuel his interest in empty - calorie foods ( those that are high in calories but relatively low in important nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals ) and diminish his appetite for nutritious ones. hard as it may be to believe, your child \u2019 s diet will balance out over several days if you make a range of wholesome", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40427538094351595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2f0a48c-e466-4185-a1ac-6053d340b395>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.740472"}
{"text": "in important nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals ) and diminish his appetite for nutritious ones. hard as it may be to believe, your child \u2019 s diet will balance out over several days if you make a range of wholesome foods available and don \u2019 t pressure him to eat a particular one at any given time. your toddler needs foods from the same four basic nutrition groups that you do : meat, fish, poultry, eggs fruits and vegetables cereal grains, potatoes, rice, breads, pasta when planning your child \u2019 s menu, remember that cholesterol and other fats are very important for his normal growth and development, so they should not be restricted during this period. babies and young toddlers should get about half of their calories from fat. you can gradually decrease the fat consumption once your child has reached the age of two ( lowering it to about one - third of daily calories by ages four to five ). while you should not lose sight of the fact that childhood obesity is a growing problem, youngsters in the second year of life need dietary fat. if you keep your child \u2019 s caloric intake at about 1, 000 calories a day, you shouldn \u2019 t have to worry about overfeeding him and putting him at risk of gaining too much weight. by his first birthday, your child should be able to handle most of the foods you serve the rest of the family \u2014 but with a few precautions. first, be sure the food is cool enough so that it won \u2019 t burn his mouth. test the temperature yourself, because he \u2019 ll dig in without considering the heat. also, don \u2019 t give him foods that are heavily spiced, salted, buttered, or sweetened. these additions prevent your child from experiencing the natural taste of foods, and they may be harmful to his long - term good health. young children seem to be more sensitive than adults to these flavorings and may reject heavily spiced foods. your little one can still choke on chunks of food that are large enough to plug his airway. keep in mind that children don \u2019 t learn to chew with a grinding motion until they \u2019 re about four years old. in his second year of life, make sure anything you give him is mashed or cut into small, easily chewable pieces. never offer him peanuts, whole grapes, cherry tomatoes ( unless they \u2019 re cut in quarters ), carrots, seeds ( i. e., processed pumpkin or sunflower seeds ), whole or large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3845382005028635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2f0a48c-e466-4185-a1ac-6053d340b395>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.741435"}
{"text": "november 23, 2000 studies of worms that fail to brake for food yield new serotonin receptor researchers studying the roundworm have identified a new type of serotonin receptor. if this type of receptor is found in humans, it may become an additional target for drugs designed to treat a wide range of disorders caused by serotonin imbalance, including mood disorders, migraine headaches and obesity. the identification of the new serotonin receptor began with experiments designed to probe why certain strains of the roundworm, fail to slow down when they encounter food. when well - fed worms are presented with food, their rate of locomotion slows in what scientists call the \" basal slowing response. \" in contrast, worms that have been deprived of food for 30 minutes before encountering food exhibit an \" enhanced slowing response. \" in an article published in the november 23, 2000, issue of the journal, howard hughes medical institute ( hhmi ) investigator h. robert horvitz and colleagues at the massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) report that they have isolated one of the genes responsible for the enhanced slowing response. \u201c if this type of receptor exists in humans, it could become an important target of therapeutic drugs. \u201d h. robert horvitz earlier this year, horvitz and his colleagues, including former mit graduate student elizabeth r. sawin, identified 17 worm strains that showed a defective enhanced slowing response. extending this work, graduate student rajesh ranganathan, an hhmi predoctoral fellow and lead author of the paper, sought to identify one key gene responsible for controlling the enhanced slowing response. ranganathan and his colleagues isolated the gene and showed that it encoded a serotonin receptora cell membrane protein that binds to the neurotransmitter serotonin. \" although we had evidence that serotonin is involved in the enhanced slowing response, \" said ranganathan, \" we did not expect the mod - 1 protein to represent an entirely new kind of serotonin receptor. \" there are two basic types of serotonin receptor, those that trigger fast responses in neurons and those that trigger slow responses. while the \" slow \" receptors can either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons, the \" fast \" receptors discovered to date can only excite neurons. \" with the identification of the mod - 1 protein, we have discovered the first fast serotonin receptor that can lead to inhibition, \" said ranganathan. \" this was quite surprising, since in mammals there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5207008406170072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3b99bc8-1705-4f39-b9e8-64781a6d0878>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.747609"}
{"text": "can only excite neurons. \" with the identification of the mod - 1 protein, we have discovered the first fast serotonin receptor that can lead to inhibition, \" said ranganathan. \" this was quite surprising, since in mammals there are six types of the slow serotonin receptor, but only one subtype of the fast receptor. \" additional understanding of the serotonin receptor ' s properties came in experiments carried out in collaboration with stephen c. cannon of harvard medical school. the investigators inserted rna into frog eggs, which then expressed the mod - 1 protein in the cell membrane. the scientists conducted electrical and chemical studies on these altered frog eggs to determine the function of the receptor. they discovered that the receptor acts as a selective ion channel that opens to allow the influx of chloride ions. negatively charged chloride ions alter the electrical properties of neurons, making them more refractory to excitation that would trigger transmission of a nerve signal. according to horvitz, many questions remain for future studies, not the least of which is determining whether such a receptor exists in mammals. \" the sequence of the mod - 1 receptor protein looks quite different from the fast serotonin receptors known to exist in humans, \" he said. \" however, the discovery that has a fast serotonin receptor that is likely to be inhibitory raises the possibility that a receptor with such properties will likely be found in mammals. \" if this type of receptor exists in humans, it could become an important target of therapeutic drugs, said horvitz. serotonin function is already targeted in the treatment of mood disorders, migraine headaches, obesity and other problems. version en espanol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5442268010138733, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3b99bc8-1705-4f39-b9e8-64781a6d0878>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.748332"}
{"text": "the civil war 150 is an immersive online experience, featuring infographics, historian picks and topical information, that highlights the 150 people, places, events and technology that defined america ' s greatest conflict. the interactive commemorates the civil war ' s 150th anniversary, and utilizes six thematic infographics to create an even more engaging \" who knew? \" experience : five deadliest battles \u2013 nearly a quarter of a million men were killed or wounded during the five bloodiest clashes of the civil war. find out what happened at gettysburg, chickamauga, chancellorsville, spotsylvania court house and the wilderness. who they were \u2013 some wore blue and some wore gray, but the 3 million soldiers who fought in the civil war had more in common than you might expect. west point warriors \u2013 almost 900 west point alums served in the civil war \u2014 in fact, they faced off against each other in 55 of the war ' s 60 major battles. paying for the war \u2013 costing $ 146 billion in today ' s money, the civil war saw rampant inflation \u2014 9000 % in the south by the end of the war \u2014 and the first u. s. income tax. weapons of war \u2013 the napoleon field gun, the minie ball, the spencer repeating rifle, the telegraph and the railroad all helped to turn the tide of battle and changed the face of warfare forever. how they died \u2013 one in four soldiers \u2014 620, 000 people \u2014 died as a result of the civil war. that ' s 2 percent of the population \u2014 6. 14 million people in today ' s terms. civil war 150 civil war 150 civil war 150interactive abraham lincolnvideo clip ( 3 : 48 ) video clip ( 3 : 48 ) today he is known as one of the greatest american presidents, but at the time of his election no one would have predicted lincoln ' s success. the gettysburg address the gettysburg addressvideo clip ( 1 : 36 ) video clip ( 1 : 36 ) abraham lincoln ' s gettysburg address is regarded as one of the most powerful and poignant speeches in american history. america dividedvideo clip ( 3 : 54 ) video clip ( 3 : 54 ) america is at the brink of a civil war as cotton spreads west and threatens to expand slavery into new territories. the original gettysburg address the original gettysburg addressvideo clip ( 2 : 58 ) video clip ( 2 : 58 ) original or facsimile? the original gettysburg address bears creases in it it from when abraham lincoln placed it in his pocket.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40463162317682666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e45108fe-3602-4ddc-a6da-796881d058db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.758230"}
{"text": "original gettysburg address the original gettysburg addressvideo clip ( 2 : 58 ) video clip ( 2 : 58 ) original or facsimile? the original gettysburg address bears creases in it it from when abraham lincoln placed it in his pocket. lincoln ' s most pivotal speech lincoln ' s most pivotal speechvideo clip ( 3 : 02 ) video clip ( 3 : 02 ) which of president lincoln ' s many eloquent speeches was the most important? civil war in one word civil war in one wordvideo clip ( 1 : 13 ) video clip ( 1 : 13 ) if you had just one word to describe the civil war, what would it be? america and the civil war america and the civil warvideo clip ( 4 : 04 ) video clip ( 4 : 04 ) discover how the bloodiest war in american history transformed the face of the nation. the gettysburg address : a new declaration of independence the gettysburg address : a new declaration of independencevideo clip ( 1 : 45 ) video clip ( 1 : 45 ) after the carnage at the battle of gettysburg, lincoln reaffirms his commitment to achieving freedom for all. legacy of the civil war legacy of the civil warvideo clip ( 1 : 22 ) video clip ( 1 : 22 ) one hundred and fifty years after it began, the civil war is still an important component of our national character. civil war turning point civil war turning pointvideo clip ( 3 : 08 ) video clip ( 3 : 08 ) find out what event turned the tide of the civil war. lincoln ' s life masks lincoln ' s life masksvideo clip ( 1 : 43 ) video clip ( 1 : 43 ) life masks of abraham lincoln taken in 1860 and 1865 reveal the physical changes that the president experienced during four years of war. civil war ' s greatest myth civil war ' s greatest mythvideo clip ( 2 : 41 ) video clip ( 2 : 41 ) what you think you know about the civil war may not be the whole truth. chamberlain at gettysburg chamberlain at gettysburgvideo clip ( 1 : 26 ) video clip ( 1 : 26 ) find out how the actions of a former maine professor helped the union win at gettysburg, the deadliest battle of the civil war. the battle of gettysburg the battle of gettysburgvideo clip ( 2 : 38 ) video clip ( 2 : 38 ) for three days in july 1863, union and confederate forces clash at gettysburg in one of the most pivotal battles of the civil war. lincoln : an american icon lincoln : an american iconvid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3960443604933399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e45108fe-3602-4ddc-a6da-796881d058db>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.760451"}
{"text": "clip ( 2 : 38 ) video clip ( 2 : 38 ) for three days in july 1863, union and confederate forces clash at gettysburg in one of the most pivotal battles of the civil war. lincoln : an american icon lincoln : an american iconvideo clip ( 1 : 23 ) video clip ( 1 : 23 ) how did the civil war transform lincoln ' s political philosophy and make his presidency one of the most iconic in history? the lincoln legacy the lincoln legacyvideo clip ( 3 : 49 ) video clip ( 3 : 49 ) president abraham lincoln presents his vision for america during his second inaugural address, but his life is cut short by an assassin before he can bring it to fruition. photo galleries ( 3 ) abraham lincoln ( 19 photos ) see pictures from the life and presidency of abraham lincoln. faces of the civil war faces of the civil war ( 28 photos ) the library of congress recently acquired a rare collection of nearly 700 civil war - era ambrotype and tintype photographs, donated by the liljenquist family. civil war : gettysburg civil war : gettysburg ( 12 photos ) explore the historic civil war battle of gettysburg through photographs of the battlefield, the soldiers, and the memorials. speeches & audio ( 10 ) nixon orders invasion of cambodia nixon orders invasion of cambodiaaudio clip ( 1 : 02 ) audio clip ( 1 : 02 ) on april 30, 1970, president richard nixon asks the american people to support his decision to send troops into cambodia in response to north vietnam \u2019 s invasion of the country. franklin d. roosevelt on american progress in world war ii franklin d. roosevelt on american progress in world war iiaudio clip ( 1 : 00 ) audio clip ( 1 : 00 ) with the united states now entered into world war ii, president franklin d. roosevelt uses the occasion of washington \u2019 s birthday to broadcast to the nation on february 23, 1942, an outline of america \u2019 s progress in the war. franklin d. roosevelt ' s fourth of july address franklin d. roosevelt ' s fourth of july addressaudio clip ( 2 : 07 ) audio clip ( 2 : 07 ) in a broadcast from his home in hyde park, new york, on july 4, 1941, president franklin d. roosevelt warns americans who wish not to get involved in the war that \" the united states will never survive as a happy and fertile oasis of liberty surrounded by a cruel desert of dictatorship. \" franklin d. roosevelt ' s fourth inaugural address franklin d. roosevelt ' s fourth inaugural addressaudio clip ( 6 : 22 ) audio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39387050973696036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e45108fe-3602-4ddc-a6da-796881d058db>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.762283"}
{"text": "the united states will never survive as a happy and fertile oasis of liberty surrounded by a cruel desert of dictatorship. \" franklin d. roosevelt ' s fourth inaugural address franklin d. roosevelt ' s fourth inaugural addressaudio clip ( 6 : 22 ) audio clip ( 6 : 22 ) with the country at war at the start of his unprecedented fourth term as president of the united states, franklin d. roosevelt delivers a short and somber inaugural address at a simple ceremony without a parade or ball on january 20, 1945. franklin d. roosevelt reports on teheran and cairo conferences franklin d. roosevelt reports on teheran and cairo conferencesaudio clip ( 2 : 36 ) audio clip ( 2 : 36 ) following the 1943 big four meetings in teheran and cairo, president franklin d. roosevelt delivers a christmas eve broadcast promising the nation that they can look forward to peace, though at a high cost. franklin d. roosevelt delivers d - day prayer franklin d. roosevelt delivers d - day prayeraudio clip ( 3 : 37 ) audio clip ( 3 : 37 ) in a national radio broadcast on june 6, 1944, as 160, 000 allied troops land in normandy in an attempt to liberate france, president franklin d. roosevelt asks america to join him in a prayer. truman announces japan ' s surrender truman announces japan ' s surrenderaudio clip ( 1 : 57 ) audio clip ( 1 : 57 ) on september 1, 1945, in a radio address to the american people, president harry truman announces the unconditional surrender of japan, formalized aboard the u. s. s. missouri. franklin d. roosevelt ' s 1941 labor day speech franklin d. roosevelt ' s 1941 labor day speechaudio clip ( 1 : 37 ) audio clip ( 1 : 37 ) in his labor day radio broadcast in 1941, president franklin d. roosevelt reminds his fellow citizens of the need to devote america \u2019 s industrial effort to building weaponry in order to \" crush hitler and his nazi forces. \" clinton commits the united states to the kosovo war clinton commits the united states to the kosovo waraudio clip ( 0 : 43 ) audio clip ( 0 : 43 ) on march 24, 1999, after serbian leaders refused to discuss peace and instead launched an attack against kosovo, the united states joined forces with nato in airstrikes against serbian forces. in an address to the nation, president bill clinton explains why the military action is necessary. bush on iraq ' s invasion of kuwait bush on iraq ' s invasion of kuwaitaudio clip ( 1 : 38 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4237789382622911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e45108fe-3602-4ddc-a6da-796881d058db>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.763492"}
{"text": "in scientific terms, alcohol is the term for any one of a group of organic chemical compounds. alcohols, specifically ethanol, are what makes fermented beverages intoxicating. the abbreviation abv ( or abv ) means ' ( percent of ) alcohol by volume '. types of alcohol there are many known alcohols, but only a few that will ever concern the home fermenter : methyl alcohol, or methanol, is similar in chemical composition to ethanol, but very different in effect. while the body breaks down ethyl alcohol into harmless substances, the results of breaking down methyl alcohol are highly toxic formic acid and formaldehyde. drinking methyl alcohol in significant amounts can cause nervous system damage, including blindness, and eventually death. methanol is present in small amounts in most fermented beverages ; it is created primarily by the fermentation of pectin in wine production. however, in these amounts it is not a significant health risk, and there is no way a home fermenter can create dangerous levels of methanol during fermentation through contamination or any other means. methanol is concentrated along with ethanol during distillation. however, even in distillation the health risks are small and easily dealt with by removing the \" distillation head \", which contains most of the methanol. stories about people going blind during prohibition were common not because home distillation was inherently dangerous, but because unscrupulous illegal producers sometimes \" cut \" their product with methanol or methylated spirits to increase their profits. denatured alcohol refers to ethyl alcohol intended for industrial use that has been treated to make it unsuitable as a beverage ; this allows the manufacturer to avoid the tax on alcoholic beverages. alcohol may be denatured either by adding a strong, unpleasant flavorant, usually a bitterant. it may also be denatured by adding a small but dangerous amount of methanol ; the resulting undrinkable alcohol is called methylated spirits. there are many other forms of alcohol, but none of them are likely to appear in fermented beverages. expressing alcohol content there are a number of ways of expressing the alcohol content of a fermented beverage. alcohol by volume and weight the most commonly used measure of alcohol among home fermenters is alcohol by volume ', abbreviated abv. this reflects the percentage of the volume of liquid that consists of alcohol. some commercial brewers measure alcohol by weight instead ; for the same beverage, the measurement of alcohol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5707760107943265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99582ba2-9dd3-47d9-be24-f698f4eda226>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.766286"}
{"text": "world aids day world aids day is celebrated on december 1st each year around the world. it is a key opportunity to raise awareness of hiv and aids, to commemorate those who have died, and celebrate victories such as increased access to treatment and prevention services. world aids day 2012 is about \u201c getting to zero. \u201d zero new hiv infections, zero discrimination and zero aids related deaths. backed by the united nations the \u201c getting to zero \u201d campaign runs until 2015. from december 1st 2011 to 2015 it \u2019 s envisioned that different regions and groups will each year chose one or all of the \u201c zeros \u201d that best addresses their situation. there is positive news in the latest world aids day report by the joint united nations programme on hiv / aids ( unaids ), which shows that a 50 % reduction in the rate of new hiv infections ( hiv incidence ) has been achieved in 25 low - and middle - income countries between 2001 and 2011. in some of the highest prevalence countries in the world, rates of new hiv infections have been cut dramatically since 2001 ; by 73 % in malawi, 71 % in botswana, 68 % in namibia and 58 % in zambia. in the last two years, there has been a 60 % increase in the number of people accessing life - saving treatment \u2013 8 million people are now on antiretroviral therapy. however, the total number of new hiv infections remains high at 2. 5 million in 2011 and the report shows that hiv continues to have a disproportionate impact on sex workers, men who have sex with men ( msm ) and people who inject drugs. in 2011, an estimated : - 34 million [ 31. 4 million \u2013 35. 9 million ] people globally living with hiv - 2. 5 million [ 2. 2 million \u2013 2. 8 million ] became newly infected with hiv - 1. 7 million [ 1. 5 million \u2013 1. 9 million ] people died from aids - related illnesses latest irish hiv data the latest hiv report from the health protection surveillance centre ( hpsc ) describes new hiv diagnoses in ireland in quarter 3 2012. during q3, there were 91 new diagnoses with 50 % among msm, 31 % among heterosexuals and 3 % among idus. seventy four percent were male and the median age was 34 years. of the cases where cd4 count was known ( 70 % of cases in q3 ), 47 % were diagnosed at a late stage of infection ( cd4 count < 350 cells / mm3 ) and 23 % were severely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4159713083510307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92a1d6b1-7b61-495a-96a0-41bad9bef539>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.771304"}
{"text": "age was 34 years. of the cases where cd4 count was known ( 70 % of cases in q3 ), 47 % were diagnosed at a late stage of infection ( cd4 count < 350 cells / mm3 ) and 23 % were severely immunocompromised at the time of diagnosis ( cd4 count < 200 cells / mm3 ). this compares to the 2011 data where 52 % of new cases were diagnosed at a late stage and 27 % were severely immunocompromised at diagnosis ( of the cases where cd4 count was known : 67 % of cases ). in recent years, men who have sex with men ( msm ) are the group in ireland most severely affected by hiv in ireland and accounted for 43 % of new diagnoses in 2011. figure 1 shows the trends in the three main risk groups, msm, heterosexuals and injecting drug users ( idus ) from 2000 to 2011. the full version of the quarter 3 2012 hiv report and other hiv reports can be found on the hpsc website. for information on events happening in ireland to mark world aids day 2012, please see here. if you require further information on hiv or sexual health, please click here for links to hiv support organisations in ireland. the website www. yoursexualhealth. ie provides a list of clinics where you can organize a confidential hiv test. world aids day themes, 1988 \u2013 present 1990 women and aids 1991 sharing the challenge 1992 community commitment 1994 aids and the family 1995 shared rights, shared responsibilities 1996 one world. one hope 1997 children living in a world with aids 1998 force for change : world aids campaign with young people 1999 listen, learn, live : world aids campaign with children & young people 2000 aids : men make a difference 2001 i care. do you? 2002 stigma and discrimination 2003 stigma and discrimination 2004 women, girls, hiv and aids 2005 stop aids. keep the promise 2006 stop aids. keep the promise \u2013 accountability 2007 stop aids. keep the promise \u2013 leadership 2008 stop aids. keep the promise \u2013 lead \u2013 empower \u2013 deliver 2009 universal access and human rights 2010 universal access and human rights 2011 getting to zero. zero new hiv infections 2012 getting to zero. zero new hiv infections, zero discrimination and zero aids related deaths last updated : 28 november 2012 - wild poliovirus in somalia 14 may 2013 - novel coronavirus : update on cases - 13th may 2013 13 may 2013 - hepatitis a in travellers returning from egypt 03 may 2013 - measles outbreak in england and wales - update 25", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4184699105835535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92a1d6b1-7b61-495a-96a0-41bad9bef539>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.772324"}
{"text": "a notch or groove cut into a piece of material to allow two sections to be combined with a flush joint. a woodcutting tool used to cut an l - shaped groove into a piece of material. see also rabbet a strong current in a stream or river. 1. an enclosed metal channel, usually fire - resistant, installed in a building to hold electrical wiring. 2. a chute that directs the flow of a material to a specific location in a device. a channel holding electrical wiring that is designed to look like a piece of decorative trim or molding. a channel holding electrical wiring designed to be installed on a floor. the unit has a low profile and sloping edges to facilitate walking over it. the illegal practice of directing certain races away from some neighborhoods and into others. 1. a storage unit designed to hold various objects. 2. to cause a structure to shift so that it is out of plumb. 1. a force that causes a structure to shift so that it is out of plumb. 2. installation of bricks or other masonry units so that each course is stepped back from the previous one. straight - line outward movement from a circle ' s center. a power saw with a circular blade that is mounted on a moveable arm. the arm is lowered or raised to move the cutting blade to or away from the material to be cut. a drill press with a moveable arm that can be swung to various positions on the work table. an hvac system with ductwork running outward from a central heating and / or cooling unit. the surface of a log cut down the center. heating system where electrical or hot - water heating elements are installed in a concrete slab floor. see radiant heating use of radiation to generate heat such as with baseboard heating where the circulating hot water is radiated through conduction by thin metal fins at the bottom of the wall. the room is warmed by air circulating around the heating unit using convention. heating unit that is exposed and which transfers heat generated by hot eater or steam through conduction. when the air circulates around the radiator using convention, the room is heated. the distance from the center of a circle to the circumference. one - half of the diameter of a circle. a tool used for checking the radii of convex and concave surfaces. radioactive gas that seeps into some homes, from the ground, through sump pumps, cracks in the foundation, etc., it is considered a health hazard. any of the beams that slope from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.584277358281038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:792f0695-cc94-4f2f-a4fe-56cf6b911ddf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.781024"}
{"text": "radii of convex and concave surfaces. radioactive gas that seeps into some homes, from the ground, through sump pumps, cracks in the foundation, etc., it is considered a health hazard. any of the beams that slope from the ridge of a roof to the eaves to serve as support for the roof. a metal fastener attached to the top plate of a wall to hold a rafter. a rafter parallel to the gable end that projects out to form an overhang. the end of a rafter extending beyond the line of a building ' s walls. a guide used when cutting rafters. the top plate of a building ' s walls. the rafters rest on the rafter plate. the vertical cut made into a rafter so it will rest on the wall plate. see also rafter seat cut the horizontal cut made into a rafter so it will rest on the wall plate. see also rafter plumb cut cutting a section off of the end of a rafter equal to one - half of the thickness of the ridge board ( the rafter on the other side of the ridge board receives a similar cut ). tables, often printed on a framing square, containing the data required to calculate angles and lengths of rafters for various roof types. see rafter overhang a horizontal structure used as a handhold or to block off a drop or other unsafe area. 1. continuous metal bars on which wheeled vehicles travel ( i. e. railroads ). 2. the horizontal sections of a panel door. 3. the top and bottom sections of a window sash. waterproof cap, also called weatherheads, mast heads or entrance caps, which is placed at the upper part of an electrical mast at the point where the wires are run to the inside electrical meter. wires hang from the pole to the entrance cap so that the entrance cap is not the low point in the downhill run from the pole because water will run to the low point before dripping to the ground. wires enter the entrance cap at an upward angle through a tight insulator. water is further stopped from getting through the entrance cap because of this entrance angle. wood where the fibers have swelled, usually because of becoming wet. wood is often sanded with the grain raised to achieve an extremely smooth finished surface. 1. a fork - like tool used for gathering materials ( i. e. leaves ) or smoothing an area of soil. 2. a roof overhang on a building ' s gable end. 3. an angle between objects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5454423581943989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:792f0695-cc94-4f2f-a4fe-56cf6b911ddf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.782087"}
{"text": "medical research council world health organization health systems trust 2011 - 2012 education sector hiv and aids : global progress survey - progression, regression or stagnation? unaids the global forum on msm & hiv ( msmgf ) cervical cancer and hiv : the intimate connection since 1997, over 33 000 women have died of cervical cancer in south africa. this translates into roughly 3 000 per year. in addition, approximately 7000 women develop the disease every year. in 2000, a national cervical cancer screening policy was developed and put into place. the system uses a screening method to prevent the precancerous lesions from developing into cervical cancer through early detection and treatment. screening takes place through pap smears with three free pap smears being offered to women in the public service at the ages of 30, 40 and 50. this policy was viewed as the most rational approach to ensure widest coverage to all women in south africa. statistics suggest since its implementation, less than 20 % of women have used this service. at present, there are approximately, 5. 7 million people living with hivaids in south africa, of which 60 % are women. researchers have identified an increase in morbidity and mortality due to the cancer of the cervix which has been associated with the emergence of hiv / aids. cervical cancer is now regarded as an aids defining illness. as the national cervical cancer screening policy was established before the link between cervical cancer and hiv and aids was firmly established, there is currently a gap in the cervical screening policy. while the need for cervical cancer services is addressed in the hiv / aids / sti national strategic plan, it is not clearly articulated or completely integrated within the broad range of services that would constitute an effective response to these twin diseases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43528295776201376, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b8ee2e6-502b-4c9e-8fef-ff5cd6a27f8d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.783977"}
{"text": "kid \u2019 s health \u2013 food additives where once we blamed sugar for the wayward behaviour of our children, we now know that it is far more likely to be a chemical of some sort. there is mounting evidence against the use of the many additives in our foods, particularly in foods for children, and indeed, an increasing number of countries are banning the use of more and more additives. of course, many agencies note that additives are important in our food to ensure they remain safe, palatable and last well. recently, some manufacturers have opted to use natural additives, for example natural colourings ; however, even some of these are deemed to have a questionable effect on humans. those of us who are keen to avoid additives need also to be mindful of marketing, for example, the use of terms such as \u2018 free from colourings \u2019 doesn \u2019 t mean the product is free from additives, just those that are in the colourings category. incidentally, the category of flavourings doesn \u2019 t appear to be as unregulated as other additives. why are food additives used? additives are commonly used to improve the taste, texture and even appearance of many processed foods ; for example, winterized oils may be rather suspicious - looking and bad - tasting without additives. they are, of course, also used to improve the shelf - life of some foods, and also to prevent them from going off. oils and the addition of antioxidants to slow the rate at which the oil goes off, or oxidizes, is a good example. additives can be used in processing ; for example preserving foods such as dried fruit with sulphur dioxide. lastly, additives can assist companies in reducing waste and improving profit. where can you find a full list of additives? food standards australia new zealand oversees the use of additives in products and their safety for consumers. the food standards website holds a complete list of food additives by both alphabetical and numerical order. what does the research say? it seems that current research highlights at least 50 common additives that are dubious, according to research from the royal prince alfred hospital \u2019 s allergy unit in sydney. many additives still used in australia and nz are banned overseas, for example food colouring 120 ( yellow ). whole foods, approved organic foods and home - grown foods are naturally good choices if you are seeking to go additive - free. of course, the argument that you \u2018 shouldn \u2019 t throw the baby out with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4540850285741009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f661cbd-132c-47e6-910f-49ff35e905eb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.794548"}
{"text": "example food colouring 120 ( yellow ). whole foods, approved organic foods and home - grown foods are naturally good choices if you are seeking to go additive - free. of course, the argument that you \u2018 shouldn \u2019 t throw the baby out with the bath water \u2019 is likely to be raised. still, if history is a good predictor of the future, you can see the use of additives wouldn \u2019 t gain more support. but is there more to it than that? well, it seems a number of issues are raising eyebrows. such questions include : - can additives accumulate over time in food sources and the body? - what is the effect of a mix or cocktail of additives? much of the testing is done on single additives. how do they interact with each other and what is the effect on our body? - testing criteria and protocol : would more additives be linked to behavioural and psychological issues if this were included in the testing and research? some living examples so let \u2019 s take a closer look at just a few of the common additives, and in particular those that appear in foods often eaten by children, so you can make up your own mind. in technical documents benzene is referred to as \u2018 a commonly used industrial chemical \u2019, so it doesn \u2019 t take much to convince us that it probably isn \u2019 t ideal in our foods. the addition of sodium benzoate to a product that also has ascorbic acid opens the door to chemical reactions that lead to the production of benzene. benzoic acid and benzoates are thought to be linked to asthma, hyperactivity in children and alter brain functioning. fizzy drinks are common benzene - containing foods as are flavoured mineral waters, cordial, some fruit juices and drinks, energy drinks and flavoured / sports water. however, it can also turn up in oral preparations ( mouth washes etc ), sweets, medicines, and a number of other foods. so next time you stroll down the drinks isle of the supermarket, pick up a couple of these products and scan the ingredients list for sodium benzoate ( 211 ) to see how prevalent it is. sulphur dioxide ( 220 ) a preservative regularly used on dried fruit, but can also turn up in soft drinks, juice, cordial, wine and even vinegar. it is reputed to cause tummy upsets, nausea, diarrhoea and rashes. 220 has also been linked to asthma, and it seems it can also affect some nutrients", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4993050554158865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f661cbd-132c-47e6-910f-49ff35e905eb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.795800"}
{"text": "soft drinks, juice, cordial, wine and even vinegar. it is reputed to cause tummy upsets, nausea, diarrhoea and rashes. 220 has also been linked to asthma, and it seems it can also affect some nutrients in the body. tartrazine ( 102, yellow ) banned or restricted in a number of countries, 102 turns up in sweets, drinks, jams, cereals, pretty much anything that needs a bit of yellow colouring. possible issues range from links to asthma, skin rashes, behavioural changes, even hyper - agitation in children. chocolate brown ( 155 ) banned or restricted in a number of countries including the usa, norway, france and many more. used in chocolate cake mixes, it \u2019 s thought to be linked to asthma, cause skin rashes and cause adverse reactions in children with adhd. monosodium l - glutamate ( msg, 621 ) commonly known to many people, possibly one of the early compounds to alert the community to the dangers additives may pose to our health. found in food, notably in many of the ready made noodle packs, cigarettes and animal food, it was once widely used in some takeaway foods but with increased consumer concern it is far less common. asthma seems a reasonable link, along with skin rashes and altered behaviour. aspartame ( nutrasweet, equal, 951 ) a common artificial sweetener which has been reasonably well researched with a number of dubious findings. aspartame appears to cause migraines, and in line with its apparent effect on the brain, research is ongoing in terms of potential links to brain tumours. artificially sweetened products really don \u2019 t have great support with recent research suggesting they can affect nutrients and may influence weight gain. these are just a few examples ; it seems most additives have some shadow of suspicion over them, depending on whom you talk to. where to start - read ingredients labels ; additives must be labelled if the product is produced in australia or nz ( and most western countries ). - opt for sun - dried or home - prepared dried fruit. - wash all produce thoroughly. - reduce sweets as much as possible to avoid exposure to colourings. - opt for products with natural colourings ( after all, a party sometimes calls for sweets ). - use cold - pressed oils to avoid oils that are so processed they need the addition of antioxidants and other chemicals to stabilise them and make them more pal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46880327007362954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f661cbd-132c-47e6-910f-49ff35e905eb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.796798"}
{"text": "natural colourings ( after all, a party sometimes calls for sweets ). - use cold - pressed oils to avoid oils that are so processed they need the addition of antioxidants and other chemicals to stabilise them and make them more palatable. - avoid overly flavoured foods and those with msg ( 621 ), eg. bbq or chicken - flavoured chips and biscuits, also packet noodles notoriously have msg in their flavour sachets. buy plain varieties or brands that don \u2019 t use additives. - avoid processed meats, they are not only generally the greatest source of trans - fats but also tend to contain a number of nitrite and nitrate - based additives. - avoid \u2018 junk \u2019 drinks such as cordials and fizzy drinks that commonly have benzoates. opt for water or unsweetened, natural, freshly made juices or plain milk ( organic is ideal ). - it \u2019 s good to keep in mind that \u2018 ingredients must be declared in the statement of ingredients in descending order of ingoing weight \u2019 ( food standards code, statement 1. 2. 4 ). - consider going organic, or at least avoid eggs, meat ( it seems nitrates find their way into mince ), canned fish and other foods that have added colour as a visual enhancer. if you prefer to select just some organics, opt for organic produce where you eat the skin ( which in non - organic produce may be covered with pesticides ). going clean can be confusing as you wade through the well - researched and wellmeaning information, it may become obvious that just because a product is additive - free doesn \u2019 t mean it is free from ge ingredients, from excessive fat, sugar or salt. furthermore, some just contain too few nutrients. going additive - free is a great idea, but when selecting healthy food it isn \u2019 t the only consideration. like most things in nutrition, it \u2019 s about the whole picture. food standards australia nz listing * what do food additives do? some food additives have more than one use. food additives are listed according to their functional or class names. examples of the most common functions are : acids acidity regulators alkalis help to maintain a constant acid level in food. this is important for taste, as well as to influence how other substances in the food function. for example, an acidified food can retard the growth of some micro - organisms. anti - caking agents reduce the tendency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4637894380255382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f661cbd-132c-47e6-910f-49ff35e905eb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.797735"}
{"text": "level in food. this is important for taste, as well as to influence how other substances in the food function. for example, an acidified food can retard the growth of some micro - organisms. anti - caking agents reduce the tendency of individual food particles to adhere and improve flow characteristics. for example, seasoning with an added anti - caking agent flows freely and doesn \u2019 t clump together. antioxidants retard or prevent the oxidative deterioration of foods. for example, in fats and oils, rancid flavours can develop when they are exposed to oxygen. antioxidants prevent this from happening. bulking agents contribute to the volume of the food, without contributing significantly to its available energy. for example, sugar often contributes to the volume of lollies, while some low - joule foods need bulking agents added to them to replace the bulk normally provided by sugar. colourings add or restore colour to foods. for example, icing mixture is coloured to make it more attractive on cakes. emulsifiers facilitate or maintain oil and water from separating into layers. for example, emulsifiers may be used in margarine to prevent oil forming a layer on top of the margarine. firming agents stabilisers maintain the uniform dispersion of substances in solid and semi - solid foods. flavour enhancers enhance the existing taste and / or odour of a food. foaming agents maintain the uniform dispersion of gases in aerated foods. gelling agents modify the texture of the food through gel formation. glazing agents impart a coating to the external surface of the food, for example, a wax coating on fruit to improve its appearance. humectants reduce moisture loss in foods. for example, glycerine may be added to icing to prevent it from drying out. preservatives retard or prevent the deterioration of food by micro - organisms, and thus prevent spoilage of foods. raising agents liberate gases, thereby increasing the volume of a food. raising agents are often used in baked goods. sweeteners replace the sweetness normally provided by sugars in foods without contributing significantly to their available energy. thickeners increase the viscosity of a food. for example, a sauce might contain a thickener to give it the desired consistency. * sourced directly from : food standards australia and new zealand helpful websites and organisations this information has been provided by leanne cooper from sneakys baby and child nutrition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5150032226904883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f661cbd-132c-47e6-910f-49ff35e905eb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.798693"}
{"text": "' evolution ' advertisement refutes evolution metaphor by brian thomas, m. s. * on a dallas highway near the institute for creation research offices, a billboard advertising a new computer reads, \" the laptop has just evolved. \" likely, the statement is not meant to be taken in a literal darwinian sense, since laptops are the product of human engineering. why, then, is the word \" evolved \" \u2014 typically used to describe a natural process \u2014 used in the advertisement? technical - minded evolutionary biologists have different definitions of \" evolution, \" but on the street this term can carry the generalized meaning of onward and upward advancement from simple to complex forms or functions. plainly, it is this concept to which the advertisement appeals. the message is, \" if you want the latest pinnacle of technology, then buy this product. it is the most evolved, or advanced, to date. \" so, evolution is equated with advancement. the means, or \" how, \" behind such progress is, however, not explained. but the way this technology became \" advanced \" contrasts with the way that darwinian evolution supposedly transformed the living world from \" simple \" to \" advanced, \" and this falsifies the metaphor. real - life personal design actually went into the advertised product, from its mental conception through its production and marketing. highly refined machines like computers could never assemble themselves or be the result of random forces. complicated, advanced systems in the living world must likewise have shared a similar history of personal design. a different advertisement promoting the engineering department of a nearby university stated \" cool stuff doesn ' t just make itself, \" implying that \" cool stuff \" is purposefully engineered. it never happens naturally. the tablet computer advertised on the billboard is \" cool stuff. \" it is not a product of nature, but was made by technicians. body cells and other living systems are also \" cool stuff, \" but far more complicated than any man - made computer. they must therefore have come from the ultimate technician. the billboard ' s application of the word \" evolved \" to something that is clearly the result of intelligent engineering offers an ironic commentary on evolutionary biology ' s similar misuse of the term to explain clearly engineered life. * mr. thomas is science writer at the institute for creation research. article posted on january 26, 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5740420995503859, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b754ecd4-ea49-42c9-8f6c-3a7301bd61a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.801380"}
{"text": "southeast asia is characterized by very rapid economic growth, increasing land and water degradation, and large pockets of rural poor. ifpri has worked in the region \u2014 particularly in indonesia, the philippines, thailand, and vietnam \u2014 for more than 20 years, assisting governments to devise alternative natural resource management policies, food marketing strategies, and other initiatives to help these countries cope with their significant and ongoing agricultural transformations. during the past 20 years, vietnam has shifted from seeking to achieve rice self - sufficiency to maximizing rice production and exports to promoting crop and income diversification. because diversification into high - value agricultural commodities is viewed as a key strategy to raise rural incomes and reduce rural poverty, ifpri ' s markets, trade, and institutions division ( mtid ) is examining the process in the northern uplands region of vietnam. mtid is also carrying out a study that compares contract and non - contract growers of selected horticultural crops and poultry in thailand, indonesia, china, and india. working with local research institutes and universities, it is carrying out farm surveys and semi - structured interviews with processors and exporters to estimate the impact of contract farming on input use, productivity, and farm income ; to test whether these variables are affected differently by local and foreign buyers ; and to see whether contract farming has a pro - poor impact. in many river floodplain and lowland areas, the rainy season brings floods that last several months and make crop production impossible. however, enclosing parts of the floodwater areas can give rise to an alternative form of agricultural production : fish culture, which has the potential to provide more high - quality, nutrient - dense food production and farm income for all rural stakeholders, especially the poor. therefore, ifpri ' s environment and production technology division ( eptd ) is working with a number of partners in vietnam, cambodia, china, bangladesh, india, and mali to examine the potential of community - based fish culture. indonesia ' s extensive and biologically diverse tropical forests support tens of millions of indonesians who gather forest products for their daily needs or work in wood - processing sectors. however, illegal logging and agriculture - induced deforestation is believed to have destroyed some 10 million hectares of forest. like some of its innovative counterparts in latin america, the indonesian government has initiated a program to encourage farmers to protect the remaining forests by offering them greater tenure security. eptd is helping to examine the challenges confronting this asian - modified payment for environmental services program by developing best practice models. credit constraints and pathways from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4724571352931922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33f4498d-123c-4cfd-b520-5c04c1f0cd81>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.804489"}
{"text": "environment - current issues : increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from the antarctic ozone hole in recent years, reducing marine primary productivity ( phytoplankton ) by as much as 15 % and damaging the dna of some fish ; illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in recent years, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery, which is likely to affect the sustainability of the stock ; large amount of incidental mortality of seabirds resulting from long - line fishing for toothfish note : the now - protected fur seal population is making a strong comeback after severe overexploitation in the 18th and 19th centuries definition : this entry lists the most pressing and important environmental problems. the following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry : acidification - the lowering of soil and water ph due to acid precipitation and deposition usually through precipitation ; this process disrupts ecosystem nutrient flows and may kill freshwater fish and plants dependent on more neutral or alkaline conditions ( see acid rain ). acid rain - characterized as containing harmful levels of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide ; acid rain is damaging and potentially deadly to the earth ' s fragile ecosystems ; acidity is measured using the ph scale where 7 is neutral, values greater than 7 are considered alkaline, and values below 5. 6 are considered acid precipitation ; note - a ph of 2. 4 ( the acidity of vinegar ) has been measured in rainfall in new england. aerosol - a collection of airborne particles dispersed in a gas, smoke, or fog. afforestation - converting a bare or agricultural space by planting trees and plants ; reforestation involves replanting trees on areas that have been cut or destroyed by fire. asbestos - a naturally occurring soft fibrous mineral commonly used in fireproofing materials and considered to be highly carcinogenic in particulate form. biodiversity - also biological diversity ; the relative number of species, diverse in form and function, at the genetic, organism, community, and ecosystem level ; loss of biodiversity reduces an ecosystem ' s ability to recover from natural or man - induced disruption. bio - indicators - a plant or animal species whose presence, abundance, and health reveal the general condition of its habitat. biomass - the total weight or volume of living matter in a given area or volume. carbon cycle - the term used to describe the exchange of carbon ( in various forms, e. g., as carbon dioxide ) between the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere, and geological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.549307241862949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76017011-9346-48e4-a857-c96af9af03c0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.811654"}
{"text": "or volume of living matter in a given area or volume. carbon cycle - the term used to describe the exchange of carbon ( in various forms, e. g., as carbon dioxide ) between the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere, and geological deposits. catchments - assemblages used to capture and retain rainwater and runoff ; an important water management technique in areas with limited freshwater resources, such as gibraltar. ddt ( dichloro - diphenyl - trichloro - ethane ) - a colorless, odorless insecticide that has toxic effects on most animals ; the use of ddt was banned in the us in 1972. defoliants - chemicals which cause plants to lose their leaves artificially ; often used in agricultural practices for weed control, and may have detrimental impacts on human and ecosystem health. deforestation - the destruction of vast areas of forest ( e. g., unsustainable forestry practices, agricultural and range land clearing, and the over exploitation of wood products for use as fuel ) without planting new growth. desertification - the spread of desert - like conditions in arid or semi - arid areas, due to overgrazing, loss of agriculturally productive soils, or climate change. dredging - the practice of deepening an existing waterway ; also, a technique used for collecting bottom - dwelling marine organisms ( e. g., shellfish ) or harvesting coral, often causing significant destruction of reef and ocean - floor ecosystems. drift - net fishing - done with a net, miles in extent, that is generally anchored to a boat and left to float with the tide ; often results in an over harvesting and waste of large populations of non - commercial marine species ( by - catch ) by its effect of \" sweeping the ocean clean. \" ecosystems - ecological units comprised of complex communities of organisms and their specific environments. effluents - waste materials, such as smoke, sewage, or industrial waste which are released into the environment, subsequently polluting it. endangered species - a species that is threatened with extinction either by direct hunting or habitat destruction. freshwater - water with very low soluble mineral content ; sources include lakes, streams, rivers, glaciers, and underground aquifers. greenhouse gas - a gas that \" traps \" infrared radiation in the lower atmosphere causing surface warming ; water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, hydrofluorocarbons, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the earth ' s atmosphere. groundwater - water sources found below the surface of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6236751439781927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76017011-9346-48e4-a857-c96af9af03c0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.812643"}
{"text": "the lower atmosphere causing surface warming ; water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, hydrofluorocarbons, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the earth ' s atmosphere. groundwater - water sources found below the surface of the earth often in naturally occurring reservoirs in permeable rock strata ; the source for wells and natural springs. highlands water project - a series of dams constructed jointly by lesotho and south africa to redirect lesotho ' s abundant water supply into a rapidly growing area in south africa ; while it is the largest infrastructure project in southern africa, it is also the most costly and controversial ; objections to the project include claims that it forces people from their homes, submerges farmlands, and squanders economic resources. inuit circumpolar conference ( icc ) - represents the 145, 000 inuits of russia, alaska, canada, and greenland in international environmental issues ; a general assembly convenes every three years to determine the focus of the icc ; the most current concerns are long - range transport of pollutants, sustainable development, and climate change. metallurgical plants - industries which specialize in the science, technology, and processing of metals ; these plants produce highly concentrated and toxic wastes which can contribute to pollution of ground water and air when not properly disposed. noxious substances - injurious, very harmful to living beings. overgrazing - the grazing of animals on plant material faster than it can naturally regrow leading to the permanent loss of plant cover, a common effect of too many animals grazing limited range land. ozone shield - a layer of the atmosphere composed of ozone gas ( o3 ) that resides approximately 25 miles above the earth ' s surface and absorbs solar ultraviolet radiation that can be harmful to living organisms. poaching - the illegal killing of animals or fish, a great concern with respect to endangered or threatened species. pollution - the contamination of a healthy environment by man - made waste. potable water - water that is drinkable, safe to be consumed. salination - the process through which fresh ( drinkable ) water becomes salt ( undrinkable ) water ; hence, desalination is the reverse process ; also involves the accumulation of salts in topsoil caused by evaporation of excessive irrigation water, a process that can eventually render soil incapable of supporting crops. siltation - occurs when water channels and reservoirs become clotted with silt and mud, a side effect of deforestation and soil erosion. slash -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5472641296962636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76017011-9346-48e4-a857-c96af9af03c0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.813597"}
{"text": "##poration of excessive irrigation water, a process that can eventually render soil incapable of supporting crops. siltation - occurs when water channels and reservoirs become clotted with silt and mud, a side effect of deforestation and soil erosion. slash - and - burn agriculture - a rotating cultivation technique in which trees are cut down and burned in order to clear land for temporary agriculture ; the land is used until its productivity declines at which point a new plot is selected and the process repeats ; this practice is sustainable while population levels are low and time is permitted for regrowth of natural vegetation ; conversely, where these conditions do not exist, the practice can have disastrous consequences for the environment. soil degradation - damage to the land ' s productive capacity because of poor agricultural practices such as the excessive use of pesticides or fertilizers, soil compaction from heavy equipment, or erosion of topsoil, eventually resulting in reduced ability to produce agricultural products. soil erosion - the removal of soil by the action of water or wind, compounded by poor agricultural practices, deforestation, overgrazing, and desertification. ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation - a portion of the electromagnetic energy emitted by the sun and naturally filtered in the upper atmosphere by the ozone layer ; uv radiation can be harmful to living organisms and has been linked to increasing rates of skin cancer in humans. water - born diseases - those in which bacteria survive in, and are transmitted through, water ; always a serious threat in areas with an untreated water supply. source : cia world factbook - unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of february 21, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5356071827877846, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76017011-9346-48e4-a857-c96af9af03c0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.814263"}
{"text": "financial inclusion and mobile payments professor jaideep prabhu professor jaideep prabhu is exploring financial inclusion and mobile payments. large numbers of people in emerging markets are currently unbanked and therefore do not benefit from the many financial services that banks provide. while microfinance institutions have risen up to provide unbanked consumers access to relatively cheap credit, access to safe, reliable and cheap means of sending, saving, and spending money still remain outside their reach. a major innovation that has the potential to bridge this gap are mobile phone based payment systems. these payment systems have already met with considerable success in some markets. in kenya, for instance, over eight million subscribers of safaricom ( a telecommunications firm ) use their cell phones today to send, spend and save money. in the philippines g - cash, a service offered by globe telecom, enables consumers to send money from cell phone to cell phone, buy goods and services, pay for business permits and pay off micro loans. firms, governments and ngos in countries as far afield as india, south africa, ghana, bangladesh, pakistan and sierra leone are now looking seriously at introducing such services to unbanked and underbanked consumers. interestingly, some companies like obopay have also introduced such services in developed economies such as the united states. mobile payment services offer many opportunities as well as pose challenges for firms and governments alike. for firms, the key questions include : - which consumer segments are most likely to adopt such services first? - what business model or models would work best? - specifically, how should these services be priced, distributed and promoted to target consumers? for governments, the questions are : - what impact are these services likely to have on consumer welfare? - what are the potential hazards of such services? - what are the regulatory implications : namely, what role should non - banking institutions such as mobile operators play in offering financial services to economically vulnerable consumers? along with colleagues at the centre and elsewhere, jaideep is engaged in research that aims to find answers to these questions. this research uses multiple methods ( interviews, financial diaries and large surveys ) and looks across time and countries. the key countries where this research is currently being done ( or will be done shortly ) include kenya, india and south africa. while this research is likely to take time and require considerable money and effort, its fruits are bound to have significant implications for countries, companies and consumers alike. use of ' information for action ' based on health management information systems implemented at state and district levels throughout india", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48340432478271134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f872ec2-cb11-4c48-bd36-d6caf535b76d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.818912"}
{"text": "research is likely to take time and require considerable money and effort, its fruits are bound to have significant implications for countries, companies and consumers alike. use of ' information for action ' based on health management information systems implemented at state and district levels throughout india professor geoff walsham professor geoff walsham has just completed a one - month action research project based at the national health systems resource centre ( nhsrc ) in new delhi. the nhsrc is a technical support institution of the national rural health mission ( nrhm ) of the government of india. the nrhm was launched in 2005 to bring about substantial positive change in the way that public health care is delivered in india, especially to the rural poor. the focus of geoff ' s work was to advise the nhsrc on the use of ' information for action ' based on health management information systems implemented at state and district levels throughout india. the work resulted in a series of recommendations on issues such as organisational design and human capacity development, and the development of a new tool called a state readiness matrix. professor walsham will be presenting a seminar on the work in michaelmas term 2009. note to protectionists : globalisation of r & d isn ' t a zero - sum game professor jaideep prabhu professor jaideep prabhu, the nehru professor of indian business, is exploring the globalisation of r & d centres by multinationals, especially in india and china. his preliminary research, based on a survey of 500 largest mncs, show that : - contrary to the received wisdom, a large number of mncs are locating their r & d centers outside the developed nations - china and india are rising in terms of multinational r & d facilities - the us still dominates in terms of inbound r & d facilities - patterns of r & d location vary across industries - the number of a country ' s science and engineering phds is the most important driver of multinationals ' r & d location in that country these findings have several managerial and public policy implications, which are discussed in his upcoming paper, co - authored with gerard j. tellis, andreas b. eisingerich, jaideep c. prabhu, and rajesh k. chandy. download jaideep ' s full paper ( pdf, 126kb ) implications of indian liberalisation : more than meets the eye dr paul kattuman dr paul kattuman analysed the evolution of market competitiveness in indian manufacturing industries over the 17 - year period from 1981, spanning the domestic liberalisation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5273597258507572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f872ec2-cb11-4c48-bd36-d6caf535b76d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.819837"}
{"text": ") implications of indian liberalisation : more than meets the eye dr paul kattuman dr paul kattuman analysed the evolution of market competitiveness in indian manufacturing industries over the 17 - year period from 1981, spanning the domestic liberalisation of 1985 and the more comprehensive reforms of 1991. an observer looking at summary measures of market concentration might conclude that not much happened under either liberalisation episode. in fact, paul ' s research shows that market share grew significantly more turbulent, and the relationship between market share growth and initial share changed considerably. domestic and comprehensive liberalisation saw different types of course corrections in these processes. but in both liberalisation episodes they tended to offset one another in their impact on observed market concentration, which therefore, changed little. download paul ' s full paper ( pdf, 280kb ) call - centre jobs are anything but ' electronic sweatshops ' dr bhaskar vira extensive field research conducted with indian call centre employees by dr bhaskar vira, a lecturer in the university of cambridge ' s geography department, debunks the widely held perception of call centre jobs as ' dead - end ' work ; instead these jobs are perceived by indian workers as opportunities for a newly emergent middle class to enjoy access to relatively high incomes, and high consumption lifestyles, while also providing workers with transferable skills that are potentially of value in the development of the wider ( service ) economy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4774993354421283, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f872ec2-cb11-4c48-bd36-d6caf535b76d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.820490"}
{"text": "( last updated on : 01 / 12 / 2010 ) fasting therapy is one of the most ancient customs. this is nature ` s oldest, most effective and yet least expensive method of treating diseases, recognised as the achievement of natural healing. throughout medical history, it has been regarded as one of the most dependable curative methods. it refers to complete abstinence from food for a particular period pertaining to a specific purpose. the common cause of all diseases is the accumulation of waste and poisonous matter in the body which results from overeating. the majority of people eats too much and follows sedentary occupations which do not permit sufficient and proper exercise for utilisation of this large quantity of food. this surplus overburdens the digestive organs and clogs up the system with impurities or poisons. digestion and elimination become slow and the functional activity of the whole system gets deranged. every disease can be healed by only one remedy - by doing just the opposite of what causes it, that is, by reducing the food intake or fasting. by depriving the body of food for a time, the organs of elimination such as the bowels, kidneys, skin and lungs are given opportunity to expel, unhampered, the overload of accumulated waste from the system. thus, fasting therapy is merely the process of purification and an effective and quick method of cure. duration of fasting the duration of the fast depends on the age of the patient, the nature of the disease and the amount and type of drugs previously used. the duration is important, because long periods of fasting can be dangerous if undertaken without competent professional guidance. it is, therefore, advisable to undertake a series of short fasts of two to three days and gradually increase the duration of each succeeding fast by a day or so. the period, however, should not exceed a week of total fasting at a time. a correct mode of living and a balanced diet after the fast will restore vigour and vitality to the individual. fasting is highly beneficial in practically all kinds of stomach and intestinal disorders and in serious conditions of the kidneys and liver. it is a miracle cure for eczema and other skin diseases and offers the only hope of permanent cure in many cases. the various nervous disorders also respond favourably to this mode of treatment. methods of fasting therapy the best, safest and most effective method of fasting therapy is juice fasting. vitamins, minerals, enzymes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5142843672291688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ad8a728-d9c8-42d7-b81e-38058511e408>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.826852"}
{"text": "of permanent cure in many cases. the various nervous disorders also respond favourably to this mode of treatment. methods of fasting therapy the best, safest and most effective method of fasting therapy is juice fasting. vitamins, minerals, enzymes and trace elements in fresh, raw vegetable and fruit juices are extremely beneficial in normalising all the body processes. they supply essential elements for the body ` s own healing activity and cell regeneration and thus speeding the recovery. all juices should be prepared from fresh fruit immediately before drinking. the patient should get as much fresh air as possible and should drink plain lukewarm water when thirsty. fresh juices may be diluted with pure water. the total liquid intake should be approximately six to eight glasses. only very simple exercises like short walks may be undertaken during the fast. a warm water or neutral bath may be taken during the period. cold baths are not advisable. sun and air baths should be taken daily. fasting sometimes produces a state of sleeplessness which can be overcome by a warm tub bath, keeping hot water bottles at the feet and by drinking one or two glasses of hot water. benefits of fasting therapy there are several benefits of fasting. during a long fast, the body feeds upon its reserves. being deprived of needed nutrients, particularly of protein and fats, it will burn and digest its own tissues by the process of autolysis or self - digestion. but it will not do so indiscriminately. the body will first decompose and burn those cells and tissues which are diseased, damaged, aged or dead. the essential tissues and vital organs, the glands, the nervous system and the brain are not damaged or digested in fasting. here lies the secret of the effectiveness of fasting as a curative and rejuvenating method. during fasting, the building of new and healthy cells is speeded up by the amino acids released from the diseased cells. the capacity of the eliminative organs, that is, lungs, liver, kidneys and the skin is greatly increased as they are relieved of the usual burden of digesting food and eliminating the resultant wastes. they are, therefore, able to quickly expel old accumulated wastes and toxins. fasting affords a physiological rest to the digestive, assimilative and protective organs. as a result, the digestion of food and the utilisation of nutrients are greatly improved after fasting. breaking of fast the success of the fast depends", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.50962524967481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ad8a728-d9c8-42d7-b81e-38058511e408>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.828963"}
{"text": "william henry lytton earle bulwer, baron dalling and bulwer bulwer, william henry lytton earle, baron dalling and bulwer ( bol\u02c8w\u0259r ; lit\u02c8\u0259n ) [ key ], 1801 \u2013 72, english diplomat and author ; brother of the novelist edward bulwer - lytton. he was known most of his life as sir henry bulwer. although he sat in parliament for some years ( 1830 \u2013 37, 1868 \u2013 71 ), he was most prominent as a diplomat. as secretary of the embassy in constantinople ( 1837 \u2013 38 ) he secured a commercial treaty with turkey. he was ambassador to spain ( 1843 \u2013 48 ) during the affair of the spanish marriages ( see isabella ii ) but was ordered to leave by the dictator ramon narvaez, whom he offended. as minister to washington ( 1849 \u2013 52 ), he concluded the important clayton - bulwer treaty of 1850. among his later diplomatic posts were florence, bucharest, and, again, constantinople ( 1858 \u2013 65 ). he was created a baron in 1871. his writings include an autumn in greece ( 1826 ), france : social, literary, and political ( 1834 \u2013 36 ), historical characters ( 1867 ), and biographies of lord byron ( 1835 ) and viscount palmerston ( 1870 \u2013 74, unfinished ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. see more encyclopedia articles on : british and irish history : biographies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37583053985810644, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f4e2e95-0a4b-460e-9dba-f800fdad627b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.832692"}
{"text": "pewter, any of a number of ductile, silver - white alloys consisting principally of tin. the properties vary with the percentage of tin and the nature of the added materials. lead, when added, imparts a bluish tinge and increased malleability and tends to escape from the alloy in poisonous quantities if the percentage used is too large ; antimony adds whiteness and hardness. other metals including copper, bismuth, and zinc can also be added. pewter is shaped by casting, hammering, or lathe spinning on a mold and is usually simply ornamented with rims, moldings, or engraving, although some continental display ware, especially of the renaissance period in france and germany, shows intricate ornamentation. pewter was early used in east asia, and roman pieces are extant. england was a pewter center from the middle ages ; pewter was the chief tableware until it was superseded by china. america imported much english pewter in colonial times and from c. 1700 made large quantities. the craft had virtually disappeared by 1850 but was revived in the 20th cent. in reproductions and in pieces of modern design. the collection and study of pewter are increasingly popular, although relatively little old pewter has been preserved because of its small intrinsic value and of the ease with which it may be melted and reused. pieces made of britannia metal are similar in appearance to pewter ware. see l. l. laughlin, pewter in america ( 1969 ) ; and h. j. kauffman, the american pewterer ( 1970 ) ; c. f. montgomery, a history of american pewter ( 1973 ). more on pewter from infoplease : see more encyclopedia articles on : arts and crafts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5809450971658348, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93305158-79b4-4621-89d0-dff169988898>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.836205"}
{"text": "ask the expert march 05, 2013 many people get ear pain when they travel by airplane. this is from pressure building up behind the eardrum, a membrane between the outer ear ( ear canal ) and the middle ear. during takeoff and landing, there is a rapid change in air pressure inside the plane. the pressure in the outer ear becomes different from that in the middle ear. pain is felt as the eardrum moves away from an area of higher pressure. the eustachian tube, a connection between the middle ear and the back of the nose and throat, normally acts to equalize pressure changes. for most adults, the pain they feel with takeoff or landing is brief. it \u2019 s relieved when the ears \u201c pop \u201d as the eustachian tube opens and eases the pressure. but in many children, the eustachian tube does not function as well as in an adult. plus, the tube can be temporarily blocked by colds, allergies or ear infections. this can result in mild to severe ear pain. there are some simple things you can do during takeoff and landing to help open the eustachian tube and relieve pressure. these include yawning, chewing and swallowing. infants and young children can drink something or suck on a pacifier. older children can chew sugarless gum. if your child has an ear infection or a cold with nasal congestion, some parents have chosen to delay their flight, if possible. if you still want or need to fly, an over - the - counter pediatric nasal decongestant may make a difference. talk with your child \u2019 s doctor about it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44117911257007225, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:297532ad-0c16-4126-b9aa-efa83aa83619>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.839155"}
{"text": "the iowa department of agriculture and land stewardship and iowa state university, along with a wide variety of federal, state and private partners, have been looking at ways to reduce nutrient loading into our state \u2019 s waterways for more than 20 years. as a result of this long - term partnership, a new pilot project has been developed to further test the effectiveness of routing tile drainage water from our farm fields through wetlands that have been shown to reduce the nitrate level in the water by more than 50 percent. you can read a guest op - ed by iowa secretary of agriculture bill northey and iowa state university college of agriculture and life sciences dean wendy wintersteen that has more information about the pilot program here. this pilot program is based on work that has been done here in iowa through the conservation reserve enhancement program ( crep ). through crep 72 of these wetlands have been restored or are under construction or design. water quality testing done by iowa state university show that these wetlands effectively remove more than 50 percent of nitrates from tile drainage water. in addition to reducing nitrate loads to surface waters, the wetlands provide wildlife habitat and increased recreational opportunities. more information about the crep program and the wetlands that have been built can be found here. mailing address : idals, wallace state office building, 502 e. 9th street, des moines, ia 50319 : ph : 515 - 281 - 5321", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49166608097610276, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:243cf821-4684-4d57-9038-c95c96dc281a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.840580"}
{"text": "interview with michael c. toth author of why should people be interested in oliver ellsworth? the u. s. senate, for one. ellsworth was the primary spokesman for the winning side at the constitutional convention. it \u2019 s odd but americans know a lot more about alexander hamilton and james madison. both men deserve a lot of credit. they were responsible for the constitutional convention meeting at all. but this is not to say that hamilton and madison were necessarily the fathers of the constitution that came from the convention. ellsworth took the floor on several occasions to support the equal state vote in the senate. when madison, who opposed the measure, wrote about the equal state vote in the senate in the federalist papers he, in fact, used a phrase from ellsworth to defend the measure. according to ellsworth and the federalist, the construction of the senate was one of the reasons why the u. s. was designed to be \u201c party federal, partly national. \u201d what else did ellsworth accomplish? he wrote articles in favor of the constitution, then argued successfully at connecticut \u2019 s ratification debate in favor of the new plan. he went on to the first senate. there, he was responsible for the judiciary act of 1789, which established the u. s. federal court system. the structure put in place by ellsworth \u2019 s act remains in place today. he was the leading consensus builder in the senate, and a favorite of president washington. aaron burr said that if ellsworth \u201c if had happened to spell the name of the deity with two d \u2019 s, it would have taken the senate three weeks to expunge the superfluous letter. \u201d always looked to for challenging assignments, ellsworth served as u. s. chief justice after several controversial nominees saw their nominations go up in political flames. later, he served a special envoy dispatched by president adams to france. what was his view of the constitution? ellsworth viewed the constitution as a federalist document \u2013 that is, one that was neither nationalist, extinguishing the role of the states, nor anti - federalist, allowing no role for the national government. he sought principled compromise. ellsworth believed that it was possible to identify issues that were truly national. he believed further that national institutions could be set up to operate alongside local institutions. in fact this was nothing new. at connecticut \u2019 s ratification convention, he used a simple example to prove this point. he reminded the citizens of connecticut that the continental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43748422997067204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23ddd908-d362-426f-bb67-3e9103740e48>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.850186"}
{"text": ". he believed further that national institutions could be set up to operate alongside local institutions. in fact this was nothing new. at connecticut \u2019 s ratification convention, he used a simple example to prove this point. he reminded the citizens of connecticut that the continental army, under washington, had operated military courts. in other words, there was a separate legal system working within the united states \u2013 namely, the military courts. such courts did not interfere with the workings of state courts. ellsworth \u2019 s point was that the federal government could operate similarly. it would take jurisdiction over federal issues in the same way that the military had taken jurisdiction over military cases. there was room for another level of government. what were ellsworth \u2019 s reasons for being a federalist? he believed that there was not just room for another level of government, but that such a level was needed. there were issues that the states simply could not control. national defense was an obvious one. reading the public speeches of the founders, one is reminded how concerned they were with the specter of a nation that would be divided, then conquered. another, related reason was economic. along with other residents of connecticut, ellsworth was none too pleased with the import taxes that new yorkers placed on goods that arrived at this state \u2019 s ports. it was a sad fact of nature that connecticut had no such port that rivaled boston or manhattan. so they were stuck buying goods that arrived at other states. before the constitution, the states could \u2013 and did \u2013 tax goods that arrived at their ports. connecticut consumers paid the price, and all the tax revenue went to another state \u2019 s coffers. apart from this reason, ellsworth also believed that a unified nation was more likely to receive better trade treatment from the european powers, most notably the british. what was ellsworth \u2019 s personal life like? ellsworth married abigail wolcott, a niece of the state \u2019 s longtime governor, oliver wolcott. it was a very happy marriage. during his frequent absences for political duties outside connecticut, ellsworth wrote tenderly to abigail. he did not like being away from home, and regularly expressed his desire to be back with abigail and their children. they had eight children. seven survived to adulthood. two of oliver \u2019 s sons followed him into public service. was ellsworth religious? he was. ellsworth \u2019 s first introduction to religion came from his parents, who, like most of their fellow residents of windsor, a old town in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45951795493669845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23ddd908-d362-426f-bb67-3e9103740e48>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.851332"}
{"text": "two of oliver \u2019 s sons followed him into public service. was ellsworth religious? he was. ellsworth \u2019 s first introduction to religion came from his parents, who, like most of their fellow residents of windsor, a old town in connecticut \u2019 s central river valley, worshiped at a congregationalist church. ellsworth \u2019 s own religious commitments were deepened during his early schooling, which began exactly as the first great awakening was active in connecticut. ellsworth would associate with a school of calvinism that is known by scholars as \u201c new divinity \u201d calvinism. the influences of \u201c new divinity \u201d theology is discussed at length in the book. most importantly, it drove ellsworth to believe that god sought political order. thus, righteous leaders were destined to make the difficult political compromises that were necessary to please god. when ellsworth left his studies for the ministry to become a lawyer, he was making it clear that he wanted to be a righteous leader. ellsworth \u2019 s theological reasons for seeking political stability likely contributed as well to his becoming a key compromise builder at the constitutional convention and in the u. s. senate during the tumultuous 1790s. what kind of supreme court justice was ellsworth? once again, ellsworth sought to build consensus around what he believed to be the constitution \u2019 s central principles. and to build consensus, ellsworth relied upon argumentation \u2013 that is, the force of reason, not the force of sheer power. it \u2019 s important to remember that the 1790s were a very tumultuous time politically. this was particularly the case with the federal courts \u2013 a new institution for americans. ellsworth became chief justice only when the nomination of john rutledge of south carolina failed, and two other potential nominees waved off on washington \u2019 s offer to serve on the high court. one of the reasons why serving on the supreme court was so difficult was it meant traveling around the country to hear cases. in this role, the supreme court justices gave instructions to the citizen jurors. one of ellsworth \u2019 s jury instructions shows best the type of judge that he was. at the time, americans were debated whether the federal government had the power to prohibit treasonous speech. many said no because such a power did not appear in the constitution. but ellsworth disagreed. and he explained to a south carolina jury exactly why. ellsworth believed that the u. s. constitution was built around anglo - american common law, \u201c the maxim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44817152293639717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23ddd908-d362-426f-bb67-3e9103740e48>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.852423"}
{"text": "such a power did not appear in the constitution. but ellsworth disagreed. and he explained to a south carolina jury exactly why. ellsworth believed that the u. s. constitution was built around anglo - american common law, \u201c the maxims and principles, \u201d in his words, that were \u201c brought from the country of our ancestors. \u201d under common law, the government had the power to prohibit language that was intended to disturb the peace. but ellsworth \u2019 s invocation of common law was not a selective process. as he also made clear, the common law assigned considerable responsibility to citizen jurors. unlike federalists who viewed citizen jurors as standing in the way of necessary treason prosecutions, ellsworth saw the civilian jurors as absolutely required, under the same legal principles that allowed the federal government to protect the nation from treasonous speech. ellsworth \u2019 s solution was then to opt to educate and encourage the civilian jurors to choose for themselves to apply the longstanding common law rules in accordance with the facts of the case. what does ellsworth have to teach us today? that things did not have to turn out the way that they did at the american founding. our government could have looked a lot differently. had madison and hamilton not pushed for a constitutional convention, who knows when or whether the states would have adopted an effective federal government? had practical politicians such as ellsworth not been present at the constitutional convention, the more nationalistic plans of hamilton and madison might have gone forward. but would they have been ratified? and by all the states? and if so, would they have worked? the founding period leaves a lot of questions. but it does also provide some answers for us today. one important lesson that ellsworth \u2019 s career teaches is that politics also provides a range of what one historian called \u201c theoretical combinations. \u201d ellsworth proves this point. at the constitutional convention, he refused to budge on one issue : the state \u2019 s needed to be represented equally in the senate. but once the national government was formed with the state \u2019 s having an equal voice in the senate, ellsworth was willing to give the national government a range of powers that were opposed by those who became known as anti - federalists. so ellsworth showed that it was possible to be a de - centralist with respect to how the national government was composed, but a federalist with respect to its powers. this ability to combine visions without merely splitting the difference is, to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49227938928171505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23ddd908-d362-426f-bb67-3e9103740e48>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.853523"}
{"text": "kandy, may 15 o sri lankais plans to better the lot of over five million poor battered by the tsunami and the ethnic conflict are the highlight of a ground - breaking study to be released this week at the first - ever aid forum to be hosted persistent problems dogging the plantation sector, the embattled regions of the north and east and other rural areas are set against a backdrop of steady progress in lowering infant and maternal mortality and achieving significant education goals for children. \" there are about five million people living in poverty in sri lanka, perhaps more, \" says the report, noting that if statistics from districts affected by the decades - long separatist war had been available, poverty figures would be much the millennium development goals report spotlights the disparity in development and the growing poverty in inland rural areas and the coastal belt affected by the 26 december 2004 sea surges. despite the slow pace of development on some fronts, the island boasts of high literacy rates with some 85 percent of youngsters between 6 and 10 years enrolled in school and high numbers of both girls and boys having access to free primary and secondary education. the analysis, the first of its kind to be drafted by the government under the co - ordination of the national council for economic development, assesses the united nationsi target of halving poverty in sri lanka by the year 2015 and will be the yardstick by which the country can measure the success of long and short - term strategies. the wide - ranging survey, supported by the united nations development programme ( undp ), covers eight broad areas of development goals and is a ready reference point for data on the state of the economy, aid flows, health and education indicators, water, sanitation and the environment and \" sri lanka has long been at the forefront of human development among developing countries. access to health and education is widespread and the results have been impressive, \" said miguel bermeo, the undpis resident representative in sri lanka. \" but the tsunami disaster and the two - decade internal conflict have raised tremendous challenges. \" fast - track projects funded by foreign aid are expected to alleviate the impact of the tsunami on the thousands of people who were affected. the governmentis focus is trained on developing housing, roads, railways and other infrastructure and on generating job opportunities for them. among the issues raised in the report are the fight against hiv / aids and malaria, the environment, the participation of women in government and public life and regional and international trade. the report is to be presented at the two - day sri lanka development forum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3905735438262342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f431a3d6-471b-4d49-b683-8c040fa821d2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.856208"}
{"text": "what are rss and atom feeds? rss and atom news feeds are computer - readable files that summarise new content as it appears on a website. ( rss and atom are just two different formats that do basically the same thing. ) each feed includes a heading, a brief description of the new content and a link through to the website. stay in touch with new publishing news feeds are a very convenient way of keeping up - to - date with a large number of websites. rss and atom feeds from cambridge journals online will alert you to new journal issues and articles as soon as they are published online. \u2018 syndicating \u2019 content news feeds are also an easy way for other websites to get and display content. if you have a website and would like to display cambridge journals feeds on it, please do so as long as you always credit cambridge journals online as your source, do not modify the text and do not post the full text of any of the articles on your website. how can i get cambridge journals online feeds? you need to install a newsreader on your computer. you will find a list of readers at syndication resources. some are free and some you have to pay for, some support rss only but many support both rss and atom. ( please note : cambridge university press cannot recommend a particular newsreader, nor can we provide technical support for its installation and use. ) copy and paste this url into your newsreader to start receiving rss / atom feeds. journal feeds are provided free of charge for use common. browsejournals individuals for personal, non - commercial uses only.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4877857999860798, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b074fca2-b71b-4e5e-9298-345acc4d95a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.857773"}
{"text": "new / special way of the cross st. patrick ' s day new year ' s day steps to peace with god year of st. paul dr. wilson ' s books christian articles archive malchus, the slave whose ear was cut offby dr. ralph f. wilson when jesus was betrayed by judas and arrested in the garden of gethsemane, st. peter cut off the ear of malchus, a servant of the high priest, who was then healed by jesus this is the story of malchus... detail of fra angelico, \" arrest of christ \" ( c. 1450 ). fresco, 182 x 181. museo di san marco, cell 33, florence, italy. larger image of entire fresco. note judas with black halo at left. peter cuts off ear of malchus on right. \" you are my ear, boy, \" says caiaphas the high priest to his servant malchus. \" now go! tell me what ' s happening. \" his words are sharp. malchus hasn ' t been a boy for years, but he is in no position to protest. in fact, malchus takes pride in being servant to the most powerful jew in israel. when he ventures out of the temple into jerusalem proper, people who know of him treat him with respect. \" we ' re so glad you ' re here, malchus, \" they say. \" how may we help you, malchus? \" his special talent is listening, hearing. as reigning high priest in an intensely political environment, caiaphas has many enemies. malchus is indeed his ear in the city. lately, he has been dispatched to learn about jesus, prophet of nazareth, who is visiting for passover. malchus listens as jesus teaches in the temple colonnade called solomon ' s porch. \" i am the way, the truth, and the life, \" jesus is saying. \" no one comes to the father, but by me. \" what arrogance! thinks the servant. he moves among the crowd incognito, ear open for a seditious comment he can report back to his master. \" come to me, all you who are weak and heavy laden, \" jesus continues, \" and i will give you rest. take my yoke upon you and learn from me. for i am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. \" strange, thinks malchus. how does arrogance fit with gentleness and humility. malchus sees arrogance and pride up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44995193083155727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fced66a5-54c5-40df-9661-1e7cf37b68f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.866108"}
{"text": "upon you and learn from me. for i am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. \" strange, thinks malchus. how does arrogance fit with gentleness and humility. malchus sees arrogance and pride up close every day. what is this? \" you know that those who are regarded as rulers of the gentiles lord it over them, and their high officials exercise authority over them, \" jesus is saying now. not only gentile rulers are like that! reflects malchus. all rulers want to flex their muscles and make others jump \u2014 at least the rulers he ' s familiar with. \" not so with you, \" jesus continues. \" instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your slave, and whoever wants to be first must be slave of all. for even the son of man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many. \" strange words! amazing words to this slave. so jesus sees himself as a servant, not a would - be dictator. so different from caiaphas! \" for the son of man came to seek and to save what was lost, \" jesus concludes. who ' s lost? wonders malchus. gradually, he begins to recognize the teacher ' s followers. an astute observer of body language, malchus focuses in on one man, judas. ambivalence is written all over him. so malchus befriends him and arranges for a discreet meeting with caiaphas. now it is night, passover night, and malchus goes on a hush - hush mission with temple soldiers \u2014 and judas. they move into the garden of gethsemane. suddenly, they encounter someone and soldiers converge, their torches casting eerie dancing shadows among the gnarled olive trees. malchus, breathing hard, catches up. jesus is standing, somehow calm amidst the confusion. \" who are you looking for? \" he asks. \" jesus of nazareth, \" is the retort. \" i am he, \" says jesus. now, with supreme hypocrisy, judas kisses him to confirm the identification and the soldiers move in. one disciple flashes a sword and begins to brandish it wildly. malchus is struck, blood gushing from his head. the blade has sliced his ear clean off. he clutches at his head to stop the bleeding and drops to one knee. blood is pouring down his neck, drenching his cloak. he begins to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4376007175071114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fced66a5-54c5-40df-9661-1e7cf37b68f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.867021"}
{"text": "is struck, blood gushing from his head. the blade has sliced his ear clean off. he clutches at his head to stop the bleeding and drops to one knee. blood is pouring down his neck, drenching his cloak. he begins to wobble, blackness is engulfing him. then a sudden warmth. pain ceases, and the flickering light of the torches reappears. jesus is kneeling before him, right hand covering his wound. all malchus can see is the man ' s eyes filled with a gentleness and love that melt all enmity. \" you ' ll be all right, now, \" jesus assures him. a soldier jerks jesus to his feet and the spell of the moment is broken. malchus reaches up to feel his head. the ear is there - - all of it. his ear is whole, the bleeding stopped, only his blood - soaked cloak to indicate that there ever was a wound. but the crowd has moved on now, torchlight diminishing, voices receding. malchus is alone. \" you are my ear, boy. \" oh, yes! he must run to report what had happened. he must get up and run. somehow he cannot. the drive to please his master is gone. he cannot forget those gentle eyes boring into his soul. he cannot forget the hand on his face. he hears jesus ' words again, \" you ' ll be all right now. \" words of concern \u2014 for him, an enemy, deeply involved in the plot to silence the teacher. he is an agent of jesus ' arch enemy, yet jesus heals him. it doesn ' t make sense. finally, malchus gets to his feet and returns to the palace. the courtyard is astir with news of jesus ' capture. \" the nazarene is inside being interrogated right now, \" says one. \" the elders have gathered to try him. \" malchus returns to his room and removes his stiffening cloak and tunic. he washes the caked blood from his shoulder, arm, and face, and soaks his hair and beard to dissolve the remaining blood. all the time he stares at his ear in the mirror. it is whole, undamaged, without pain. what have i done to this kind, gentle man? malchus asks himself. the rest of the day is a blur. he follows the multitude to pilate ' s quarters, hears the roman ' s pathetic attempt at washing his hands of the matter, and goes behind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43399676959311284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fced66a5-54c5-40df-9661-1e7cf37b68f8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.867897"}
{"text": "to this kind, gentle man? malchus asks himself. the rest of the day is a blur. he follows the multitude to pilate ' s quarters, hears the roman ' s pathetic attempt at washing his hands of the matter, and goes behind as the crowd surges up the narrow streets to golgotha, just outside the city. by the time malchus arrives on the hilltop, jesus is hanging from a cross, his body and face mutilated almost beyond recognition. malchus is aghast at what he has done, at his part in this ugly business. jesus ' words flood back, \" \u2026 to seek and save the lost. \" surely, i am lost, says malchus. i have shed innocent blood. now caiaphas arrives, puffing, strutting, taunting. so vengeful, so petty, so filled with hatred. malchus burns with shame. he kneels, but no one is watching as he pours out his agony and begs forgiveness. thunder cracks. wind blows. as malchus strains his ear \u2014 his whole ear \u2014 he can hear jesus ' unbelievably gracious answer to his cry : \" father, forgive them, for they know not what they do. \" malchus rises. the man they call \" the ear of caiaphas \" is different, for this slave ' s ear now listens for a new master. this fictional story is based on luke 22 : 49 - 51. copyright \u00a9 1985 - 2013, ralph f. wilson. < pastorjoyfulheart. com > all rights reserved. a single copy of this article is free. do not put this on a website. see legal, copyright, and reprint information. in - depth bible study books you can purchase one of dr. wilson ' s complete bible studies in pdf, kindle, or paperback format. other bible study books - 1, 2, and 3 john - 1 peter - 2 peter & jude - 1 & 2 thessalonians - 1 & 2 timothy - 2 corinthians - abraham, faith of - christ powered life ( romans 5 - 8 ) - christmas incarnation - colossians and philemon - great prayers of the bible - jacob, life of - jesus and the kingdom of god - jesuswalk : beginning the journey - lamb of god - lord ' s supper - luke ' s gospel - moses the reluctant leader - names and titles of god - resurrection and easter faith - sermon on the mount - seven last words of christ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39628112533371257, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fced66a5-54c5-40df-9661-1e7cf37b68f8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.868783"}
{"text": "november 27, 2012 mars status report pasadena, calif. - - a regional dust storm on mars, tracked from orbit since nov. 10, appears to be abating rather than going global. \" during the past week, the regional storm weakened and contracted significantly, \" said bruce cantor of malin space science systems, san diego. cantor uses the mars color imager camera on nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter to monitor storms on the red planet. effects of the storm on global air - pressure patterns have been detected at ground level by the rover environmental monitoring station ( rems ) on nasa ' s mars rover curiosity. \" we are getting lots of good data about this storm, \" said mark richardson of ashima research, pasadena, calif. he is a co - investigator both on rems and on the mars reconnaissance orbiter ' s mars climate sounder instrument, which has been detecting widespread effects of the current storm on atmospheric temperatures. researchers anticipate that the unprecedented combination of a near - equatorial weather station at ground level, and daily orbital observations during mars ' dust - storm season, may provide information about why some dust storms grow larger than others. nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology, pasadena, manages the mars reconnaissance orbiter project and the mars science laboratory project for nasa ' s science mission directorate, washington. spain provided the rems weather station for the mars science laboratory mission ' s rover, curiosity. for more information about the missions of nasa ' s mars exploration program, visit http : / / marsprogram. jpl. nasa. gov /. guy webster / d. c. agle 818 - 354 - 5011 jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif. guy. webster @ jpl. nasa. gov / email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4820062900995586, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1925edd6-98b2-4f90-8f7f-605f11350c2c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.870504"}
{"text": "posted : mar 1, 2013 9 : 22 am by ap today is friday, march 1, the 60th day of 2013. there are 305 days left in the year. today ' s highlight in history : on march 1, 1790, president george washington signed a measure authorizing the first u. s. census. on this date : in 1565, the city of rio de janeiro was founded by portuguese knight estacio de sa. in 1867, nebraska became the 37th state. in 1872, president ulysses s. grant signed an act creating yellowstone national park. in 1890, j. p. lippincott published the first u. s. edition of the sherlock holmes mystery \" a study in scarlet \" by arthur conan doyle. in 1913, american author ralph ellison ( \" invisible man \" ) was born in oklahoma city. ( some sources list 1914. ) in 1932, charles a. lindbergh jr., the 20 - month - old son of charles and anne lindbergh, was kidnapped from the family home near hopewell, n. j. ( remains identified as those of the child were found the following may. ) in 1940, \" native son \" by richard wright was first published by harper & brothers. in 1943, wartime rationing of processed foods under a point system began in the u. s. in 1954, puerto rican nationalists opened fire from the gallery of the u. s. house of representatives, wounding five congressmen. in 1961, president john f. kennedy signed an executive order establishing the peace corps. in 1971, a bomb went off inside a men ' s room at the u. s. capitol ; the radical group weather underground claimed responsibility for the pre - dawn blast. in 1981, irish republican army member bobby sands began a hunger strike at the maze prison in northern ireland ; he died 65 days later. ten years ago : suspected 9 / 11 mastermind khalid shaikh mohammed ( hah ' - leed shayk moh - hah ' - med ) was captured by cia and pakistani agents. iraq began complying with orders from u. n. weapons inspectors to destroy its al samoud ii missiles. the united arab emirates called for saddam hussein to step down, the first arab country to do so publicly. turkey ' s parliament dealt a stunning blow to u. s. war planning by failing to approve a bill allowing in american combat troops to open a northern front against iraq. five years ago : president george w. bush, speaking at his texas ranch, declined to promise more u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4492442506152082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6a092af-16b4-4db7-a74c-3c4507973a4b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.878441"}
{"text": "to u. s. war planning by failing to approve a bill allowing in american combat troops to open a northern front against iraq. five years ago : president george w. bush, speaking at his texas ranch, declined to promise more u. s. troop withdrawals from iraq before leaving, underscoring the need for a strong military presence during iraqi provincial elections. the uss new york, an amphibious assault ship built with scrap steel from the ruins of the world trade center, was christened at avondale, la. raul reyes, the no. 2 commander of the colombian rebel group farc, was slain during a cross - border raid into ecuador by colombian security forces. new york ' s famed plaza hotel reopened after a three - year, $ 400 million renovation. one year ago : senate democrats narrowly blocked, 51 - 48, an effort by republicans to overturn president barack obama ' s order that most employers or their insurers cover the cost of contraceptives. maryland gov. martin o ' malley signed a measure legalizing same - sex marriage, effective jan. 2013. online publisher and conservative blogger andrew breitbart died in los angeles at age 43. today ' s birthdays : actor robert clary is 87. singer harry belafonte is 86. actor robert conrad is 78. rock singer mike d ' abo ( manfred mann ) is 69. former sen. john breaux, d - la., is 69. rock singer roger daltrey is 69. actor dirk benedict is 68. actor alan thicke is 66. actor - director ron howard is 59. actress catherine bach is 59. country singer janis gill ( aka janis oliver cummins ) ( sweethearts of the rodeo ) is 59. actor tim daly is 57. singer - musician jon carroll is 56. rock musician bill leen is 51. actor maurice bernard is 50. actor russell wong is 50. actor john david cullum is 47. actor george eads is 46. actor javier bardem ( hah ' - vee - ayr bahr - dehm ' ) is 44. actor jack davenport is 40. rock musician ryan peake ( nickelback ) is 40. actor mark - paul gosselaar is 39. actor jensen ackles is 35. tv host donovan patton is 35. rock musician sean woolstenhulme ( wool ' - sten - hyoolm ) is 32. rhythm - and - blues singer sammie is 26. pop singer justin bieber is 19. thought for today : \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3637976947939062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6a092af-16b4-4db7-a74c-3c4507973a4b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.879504"}
{"text": "kansas clandestine drug lab information meth is produced in illegal clandestine drug laboratories that are found throughout kansas ; rural areas away from the general public ; and residential areas, including houses, apartments, motels, garages and abandoned buildings. mobile labs have also been found in vehicles and discarded along roadsides or parking lots. methamphetamine labs commonly have an unusually sweet or strong odor such as ether, ammonia, or auto parts cleaner. building windows are often covered, blacked out, or frosted to prevent any one seeing inside the structure containing the lab. other indicators of meth labs include sporadic traffic throughout the day and night, and unusual trash containing large amounts of ether starting fluid cans, camping fuel cans, battery parts, stained coffee filters, drain cleaners, and glassware. meth and the environment meth labs are highly explosive and exposure to the chemicals used to create meth can cause health problems, including respiratory illness, skin and eye irritation, headaches, nausea, and dizziness. these chemicals can potentially contaminate drinking water supplies, soil, and air, causing a great danger to nearby residences. kdhe ' s cleaning up former methamphetamine labs provides guidance which will ensure the safety of the citizens of kansas and our natural resources. history and current status of the kansas clandestine drug lab information the chemical control act was passed on july 1, 1999, initiating both a meth lab education and notification program, and a chemical cleanup program. the kansas department of health and environment ( kdhe ) and the kansas bureau of investigation ( kbi ) worked together to educate kansans about the dangers of methamphetamines. the kansas meth watch program was created to provide community awareness and to help retailers control the availability of precursor chemicals needed to produce meth. kdhe and kbi also provided specialized training for law enforcement officers to certify them to respond to meth labs. until funding concluded in 2009, the chemical cleanup program paid for removing chemicals from seized meth labs and overseeing property cleanup. kdhe currently only provides technical advice and clean up guidance through the spill response unit and through information posted on this website. if local law enforcement needs chemicals removed from a seized meth lab they should consult with kbi.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4985970153826955, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6baf099e-f035-4844-870d-f6196ff6a433>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.882023"}
{"text": "kidsdata. org offers the percent and number of infants born at low birthweight, by age and race / ethnicity of mother. low birthweight is defined as babies who are born at less than 2, 500 grams ( or about 5 lbs, 5 oz ). also available is the percent and number of infants born at very low birthweight, which is less than 1, 500 grams ( about 3 lbs, 3 oz ). the percent and number of infants born preterm is available, as well. preterm births refer to babies born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. more than two - thirds of low birthweight babies are born preterm ( 1 ). 1. march of dimes. ( 2008 ). low birthweight. retrieved from : http : / / www. marchofdimes. com / professionals / medicalresources _ lowbirthweight. html in addition to being at higher risk of death during the first year of life, low birthweight babies are at increased risk of long - term disabilities, including developmental delays and learning disabilities, chronic respiratory problems, cerebral palsy, hearing and vision impairments, and autism ( 1, 2 ). women who are more likely to give birth to low birthweight babies include those with low incomes, inadequate prenatal care, smoking habits, and those under age 16 or over age 45 ( 1 ). babies born prematurely also are at increased risk for similar adverse outcomes as low birthweight infants ( 3 ). preterm birth is one of the leading causes of infant death in the u. s. ( 4 ). most preterm babies require specialized care in a newborn intensive care unit ( 3 ). women who are most likely to give birth preterm include those who have had a previous premature birth, those pregnant with twins, triplets, or more, and those with certain uterine abnormalities. in addition, demographic and behavioral factors can increase the risk of delivering preterm, including low socioeconomic status, being under age 17 or over age 35, inadequate prenatal care, and smoking during pregnancy ( 3 ). about 12 % of all pregnancies in the u. s. result in preterm birth ( 4 ). sources for this narrative : - march of dimes. ( 2008 ). low birthweight. retrieved from : http : / / www. marchofdimes. com / professionals / medicalresources _ lowbirthweight. html - pinto - martin, j. a., et", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43582675412022004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb69cf0f-8c56-4ebd-925e-25499dec4138>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.896293"}
{"text": ", 7 ) - promoting expanded research, education and demonstration projects aimed at reducing the rates of preterm labor and delivery ( 8 ) - supporting a comprehensive approach to women \u2019 s health, including integration of reproductive planning into women \u2019 s routine health care, as good health before conception can improve pregnancy outcomes ; included in this approach should be a focus on increasing interpregnancy intervals ( at least 12 months ), recognizing that short intervals are associated with increased risk for preterm birth ( 9, 10 ) for more policy ideas and research on this topic, see kidsdata. org \u2019 s research & links section, or visit the march of dimes. also see policy implications on kidsdata. org under the prenatal care, infant mortality, teen births and teen sexual health topics. sources for this narrative : march of dimes. ( 2008 ). low birthweight. retrieved from : http : / / www. marchofdimes. com / professionals / medicalresources _ lowbirthweight. html - centers for disease control and prevention. ( 2011 ). tobacco use and pregnancy. retrieved from : http : / / www. cdc. gov / reproductivehealth / tobaccousepregnancy / u. s. department of health and human services. ( 2008 ). systems change : treating tobacco use and dependence, based on the public health service ( phs ) clinical practice guideline \u2014 2008 update. retrieved from : http : / / www. ahrq. gov / clinic / tobacco / systems. htm chasnoff, i. j., mcgourty, r. f., wells, a. m., & mccurties, s. ( 2008 ). perinatal substance use screening in california. nti upstream. retrieved from : http : / / www. adp. cahwnet. gov / alcohol / pdf / perinatalsubstanceusesr. pdf brady, t. m., & ashley, o. s. ( 2005 ). women in substance abuse treatment : results from the alcohol and drug services study ( adss ). us department of health and human services. retrieved from : http : / / oas. samhsa. gov / womentx / womentx. htm # 2. 4 march of dimes. ( 2010 ). elimination of non - medically indicated ( elective ) deliveries before 39 weeks gestational age. california maternal quality care collaborative, california department of public health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4504780756793911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb69cf0f-8c56-4ebd-925e-25499dec4138>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.899869"}
{"text": "womentx. htm # 2. 4 march of dimes. ( 2010 ). elimination of non - medically indicated ( elective ) deliveries before 39 weeks gestational age. california maternal quality care collaborative, california department of public health. retrieved from : http : / / www. cdph. ca. gov / programs / mcah / documents / mcah - eliminationofnon - medicallyindicateddeliveries. pdf - fleischman, a. r. ( 2010 ). what happens when babies are born too early? march of dimes foundation, testimony before the us house of representatives : prematurity and infant mortality. retrieved from : http : / / www. modimes. org / advocacy / prevention _ indepth. html u. s. department of health and human services, office of adolescent health. ( 2010 ). programs for replication. retrieved from : http : / / www. hhs. gov / ash / oah / oah - initiatives / tpp / programs. html - defranco et al. ( 2007 ). a short interprenancy interval is a risk factor for preterm birth and its recurrence. american journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 197 ( 3 ), 264. e1 - 264. e6. retrieved from : - wise, p. ( 2008 ). transforming preconceptional, prenatal, and interconceptional care into a comprehensive commitment to women ' s health. women \u2019 s health issues, 18 ( 6 ), supplement, s13 - s18. retrieved from : the percentage of california babies born at low birthweight increased from 6. 1 % in ' 99 to 6. 9 % in ' 05, and has remained fairly steady since then. county - level figures vary widely, from 4. 9 % to 7. 8 % in ' 10. that year, the state and all counties with available data met the national healthy people 2020 objective of no more than 7. 8 % of infants with low birthweight. in ' 10, as in recent years, african american / black mothers in california had a higher percentage of infants at low birthweight than mothers from other racial / ethnic groups. differences by age of mother also are apparent ; mothers age 45 and older, compared to younger mothers, had the highest percentage of low birthweight babies in california in ' 10, as in previous years. california babies born at a very low birthweight has remained steady since ' 95, hovering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42614992173271893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb69cf0f-8c56-4ebd-925e-25499dec4138>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.901278"}
{"text": "... a safe internet gateway for kids you are here : 4 - h virtual farm american farm bureau animal coloring pages cyber space farm death of a dream by pbs farm animals around the world farm safety 4 kids high ash farm kid ' s ag page 1. farming is an important occupation, because everyone needs food and clothing to survive. 2. farms produce all kinds of plants, animals, wool and cotton that people eat and utilize throughout the world. 3. before the twentieth century, the typical american family lived on a small farm. they raised almost everything they ate and sold their remaining crops and / or animals. 4. farmers work long, hard hours. 5. there are less farms in the united states today than there were in the early 1900 \u2019 s, but the ones that are working produce more. 6. scientific methods and labor - saving machinery have made farming increasingly productive. 7. the development of improved plant varieties and fertilizers has helped significantly increase the yields of some major crops such as corn, soybeans 8. scientific studies on livestock care and breeding have helped increase the amount of meat and products that animals produce. 9. the use of tractors and other modern farm equipment has sharply reduced the need for farm workers. 10. today \u2019 s farmer is not just an expert in agriculture and livestock, but they also need to be successful businessmen. fast facts resources terms and conditions back to top copyright \u00a9 2013 kids konnect. all rights reserved. site hosted by jikometrix. net", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45685468847005467, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13991720-22ec-4146-8a3d-5c532bc27342>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.903056"}
{"text": "download our kidsbook mobile app free! create videos. parenting tips. recipes. almost all children and adults have the occasional nightmare. a nightmare may cause your child to wake in the night upset and require you to give him comfort and reassurance before he can slip back into sleep. what is a nightmare? a nightmare is a bad dream and occurs in 25 - 50 % of children aged 3 - 6 years. nightmares happen during the second half of the night while we are in the active rem sleep cycle, which is when we dream. unlike night terrors, a nightmare will wake a child and she will then be aware of having had a bad dream. though she may be unable to articulate what happened in the dream that was so upsetting, she will probably need calming before she ' ll be able to go to sleep again. causes of nightmares - reading a story before bedtime - classic fairytales can be quite creepy for young children - watching a scary tv program before bed - and remember what a young child considers frightening can be very different to what we consider frightening - being overtired - being stressed during the day - starting a new school, getting lost, being bullied are all stressful - an over - active imagination - anxiety over family tensions - young children often worry about their parents ' relationship, particularly if they witness conflict how can i help my child with nightmares? the occasional nightmare is not a sign of emotional disturbance ; it is merely your child ' s brain processing the stimuli and information he received during the day. - if your child is having a recurring nightmare, then she may be under some kind of stress that you ' re unaware of. do a little gentle digging and you may discover the source of her worries and then take measures to fix it. - if your child has experienced some type of trauma, she may have nightmares about it, so offer comfort while the nightmares last and they should gradually ease over time. - if your child wakes up due to a nightmare, reassure her that it was a bad dream and that she ' s safe. a kiss and a cuddle might help her settle again. - if your child wants to tell you about her nightmare, let her talk about it as this will help calm her. - if your child is having nightmares because she doesn ' t feel safe, ask her what would make her feel safer and try to make some changes that will reassure her. don ' t make fun of her nightmares. they may sound silly in the light of day but they are very real and frightening", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4774413950660065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0881e691-2201-43f8-b105-dd63a0dac172>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.911918"}
{"text": "kiwi project - pest monitoring protocol purpose 1 : to determine the animal pests which are present. purpose 2 : to present data about our pest management activities. purpose 3 : to support the proposed translocation of ni robin to russell in march 2007. method : combination of tracking tunnels, traps and wax tag monitoring. pest monitoring lines : 500 metres long, unbiased compass line, n / s where possible. note that other species present can include ant, weta, dog, gecko, and others. table 1 : structure and targeting of pest monitoring lines | rat | | ink card in tracking tunnel | | 24 hours | | peanut butter | | 10 | | 50m | | stoat / weasel | | ink card in tracking tunnel | | 3 days | | fresh rabbit | | 5 | | 100m | | cat | | sa cat trap | | 7 days | | fresh meat / fish | | 3 | | 150m | | possum / rat / mice | | wax tab | | 7 days | | glow bug | | 20 | | 10m | timing - activation of pest monitoring lines pest monitoring occupies an eight day cycle, typically beginning and ending on a monday as shown in table 2 below. timing - frequency of activation of pest monitoring lines - pest monitoring lines are activated on the above schedules ( tables 1 & 2 ) once per month for three months. - the first two cycles are to develop a good picture of the pests present, the scale of the pest levels, and to determine pest management action to lower their presence. - the third cycle is to determine if the adjustment in pest management techniques has worked or otherwise. - further monitoring may be required at this point to fine - tune the pest management system. - once a stable situation is demonstrated to exist, test monitoring lines are then activated on a seasonal basis, i. e. three monthly throughout the year. table 2 : eight day cycle for pest monitoring | monday | | activate the line | | 10 ink cards for rats | | 20 numbered wax tags for possums | | set 3 sa traps for cats | | tuesday | | | | collect 10 rat cards, install 5 stoat cards | | check / re - set sas | | wednesday | | | | | | | | check / re - set sas | | thursday | | | | | | | | check / re - set sas | | friday | | | | collect stoat cards | | | | check / re - set sas | | saturday | | | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4900085623146784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00e9f20c-2197-4561-aa3d-2d237bf862a4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.937197"}
{"text": "/ re - set sas | | thursday | | | | | | | | check / re - set sas | | friday | | | | collect stoat cards | | | | check / re - set sas | | saturday | | | | | | | | check / re - set sas | | sunday | | | | | | | | check / re - set sas | | monday | | de - activate the line | | leave tunnels in position | | collect 20 wax tabs | | check, then remove or de - activate sas | analysis of the pest monitoring please inspect the monitoring cards that we use ( purchased from connovation ltd ). other indicators of pest levels negatives : - dead wildlife ( birds, skinks, etc ) - scratchings on trees ( totara are favoured by possum for example ) - lack of flowering and fruiting by native and exotic plants - foliage eaten, and plants / trees dead for no obvious reason - wandering dogs and cats indicators of good pest control : - presence of birds - absence of predator sightings - ability of orchards to produce fruit - able to grow roses - new plants survive - dope growing is possible without netting or poisons a short guide it ' s quite easy to learn to identify animal prints. read our notes then study your prints. rats have 4 toes on the front feet and five on the back. they have lumps on the underside of their feet that leave clear marks. mice show as very small dots. their prints are very similar in layout to those of rats. lizards tracks are quite distinctive. attrcat them through the trakka using 50 : 50 banana and honey. mustelids if you draw a line between toes 1 and 4 the foot pad will be outside this line. hedgehogs both feet are similiar to the human hand with 5 digits only with a centre pad on both feet. the central pad is closer to the toes than that of a rat.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44577986522048907, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00e9f20c-2197-4561-aa3d-2d237bf862a4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.939300"}
{"text": "aas, technology construction emphasis the associate of applied science, technology degree program is designed to provide entry - level skills, continuing education, and advanced technical skills in several specialized fields including welding, construction, and occupational safety. hover over a question above to learn more - understand, describe, and analyze the physical components found in technical systems. - understand and apply safety practices. - demonstrate and apply knowledge of science, math, and computers in technical fields. - demonstrate knowledge and skills using industrual terminology, technology and documentation procedures that adhere to industry codes and standards. - define basic building systems, equipment, materials, techniques and assemblies used in construction. - define basic electrical, mechanical, structural and civil theories that affect the construction process, in addition to safety, health, and environmental issues related to construction activities. - define the roles, relationships, and responsibilities of the participants in the construction process. oral communications ger ( 3cr ) select one of the following : - comm a111 methods of oral communication - comm a235 small group communication - comm a237 interpersonal communication - comm a241 public speaking written communications ger ( 6cr ) - engl a111 methods of written communication - engl a212 technical writing mathematics ger ( 3cr ) - math a105 intermediate algebra natural sciences ger ( 4cr ) select one of the following : - chem a103 / l survey of chemistry with lab - chem a105 / l general chemistry with lab - geol a111 physical geology - phys a123 / l basic physics i with lab technology core requirements - aet a101 fundamentals to cadd for building construction - cis a105 introduction to personal computers and software applications - et a151 basic electricity for the trades - hums a153 human relations or hums a155 human relations in the workplace - osh a101 introduction to occupational safety and health - osh a250 hazardous material operations - tech a101 introduction to technological principles construction emphasis requirements - cm a102 methods of building construction - cm a123 codes and standards - cm a142 mechanical and electrical technology - cm a201 construction project management - cm a205 construction safety - cm a213 civil technology - cm a231 structural technology - tech a295 technical internship - knowledge of phases of a construction project from start to finish - principles of carpentry, masonry, electrical work, hvac and plumbing - interpretation of construction drawings - frame walls, ceilings and floors - installation of proper wiring - installation of plumbing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46908954125624325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c9aad6c-4d94-4653-83aa-71634cb3245a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:21.954914"}
{"text": "japan is one of the world ' s most rapidly ageing countries. according to statistics, 23 percent of its population of about 120 million people was aged above 65 in 2010. by 2055, this percentage is expected to double. the country ' s woes do not stop there. japan ' s population is also shrinking at a negative compounded annual growth rate of a half - percent each year. its total fertility rate is 1. 3, far below the replacement rate. likewise, singapore suffers from similar problems. while japan has the world ' s most aged population, singapore ' s population is among those ageing fastest in asia. in singapore, the percentage of people aged over 65 will double to 20 percent of the population by 2030. the nation \u2019 s fertility rate last year is a meagre 1. 2. both countries \u2014 two of the most developed in asia \u2014 share interesting parallels when it comes to demographic trends. japan started grappling with the burden of a greying population in the 1970s, 30 years before this issue emerged proper in singapore. given that singapore seems to be following in japan ' s footsteps in terms of demographic challenges, it would be particularly pertinent for singapore to observe what japan has done with its healthcare system and the challenges that lie ahead for the country. an overview of japan ' s healthcare system in 1961, japan became one of the earliest countries worldwide and the first in asia to successfully implement universal medical insurance coverage. japan \u2019 s universal health and social care system offers each japanese citizen free choice and access to healthcare. following a uniform fee schedule, citizens pay between 10 and 30 percent of the cost as co - payment. this is lower for young children and the elderly. beyond universal medical insurance, japan has also put in place long term care insurance ( ltci ) for the elderly. many of the policy makers and academics i have spoken to during my travels overseas as a member of kpmg ' s global healthcare practice have repeatedly touted japan \u2019 s ltci for aged citizens as probably the greatest innovation the country can share with the world. indeed, there are good reasons for japan to be proud of its ltci system. since 2000, the mandatory scheme entails payment of premiums starting at age 40 for all citizens, topped up by subsidies from the government \u2014 central, prefecture and municipal. ltci then reimburses 90 percent of healthcare expenses to providers which range from semi - public welfare corporations and hospitals ( which are all non - profit ) to for - profit companies providing home and respit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47382795327693417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6830ad88-db80-4d19-b2e2-21d9184dfead>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.013555"}
{"text": "government \u2014 central, prefecture and municipal. ltci then reimburses 90 percent of healthcare expenses to providers which range from semi - public welfare corporations and hospitals ( which are all non - profit ) to for - profit companies providing home and respite care. all providers are licensed and supervised by the local governments. fees for each service are set by the national government and revised every three years. there is also a comprehensive list of services available to elderly citizens, from day rehabilitation centres to 24 - hour home visits, and this list is updated as new needs are identified. as countries including singapore consider universal coverage and equitable access for both healthcare and elderly care, japan ' s fairly successful model which differentiates and covers both is well worth studying. challenges japan still faces japan ' s hospital sector still struggles with inefficiency issues and low profitability. according to japan hospital federation ' s 2010 report, 85 percent of government sector hospitals and 37 percent of private sector hospitals are suffering losses. where do these inefficiencies lie? for one, the japanese show a heavy reliance on hospital care. the average hospital stay in japan lasts 20 days \u2014 more than three times the organisation for economic co - operation and development ( oecd ) average of seven days. while japan has a large number of acute hospital beds relative to the size of its population at an estimated 14 beds per 1, 000 people in 2010, many of these beds are currently being inappropriately used for the long - term care of the elderly. this has led the japanese government to drive the conversion of a - third of the one million acute hospital beds to community beds for long - term elderly care or assisted living beds over the next few years. while a revision of the national fee schedule for medical and social care occurs every two years, there is increasing pressure to cap reimbursements to healthcare providers as cost and government budgetary pressures mount. japan ' s national medical and long - term care expenditures are also expected to increase significantly as the population ages and shrinks, with fewer adults of working age supporting the elderly. japan is therefore under an increasingly unbearable financial burden. to fund such relentlessly increasing expenditure, japan ' s diet has recently passed legislation to double consumption tax from five to 10 percent over the next three years. this is, however, understandably a difficult political decision to make. as healthcare costs rise, it would seem that no amount of savings or pooled premiums collected will ever be enough for japan. lessons for singapore japan ' s steady - handed approach to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46542773673925575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6830ad88-db80-4d19-b2e2-21d9184dfead>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.020360"}
{"text": "is, however, understandably a difficult political decision to make. as healthcare costs rise, it would seem that no amount of savings or pooled premiums collected will ever be enough for japan. lessons for singapore japan ' s steady - handed approach to healthcare contains lessons for countries with ageing populations such as singapore. the various obstacles it now has to overcome also provide singapore with a better idea of what to expect in terms of healthcare for a graying population. singapore ' s national healthcare system is marked by the 3ms - medisave, a compulsory savings plan for hospitalisation expenses ; medishield, a low - cost insurance scheme for catastrophic illnesses and medifund, an endowment fund set up by the singapore government to help those who cannot afford their medical bills even after the first 2ms have kicked in. in addition, eldershield, singapore ' s limited and voluntary version of long term care insurance for severe disabilities was also launched in 2002. the key questions now are whether enough singaporeans are taking up these schemes and whether payouts are sufficient for the high medical costs. following japan ' s example, singapore policymakers may need to consider whether more schemes should be compulsory. how can mindsets of singaporeans be changed, so that they are more open to the idea of paying higher premiums at a younger age? how can the insurance dollar be stretched, and coverage be extended equitably beyond hospitals into long - term and social care? the eldershield scheme is due for review in 2013, and it may be timely for all these to be considered then. another key lesson singapore may learn from japan is that the right model for healthcare is vital to ensure the efficient and effective use of resources. singapore is already on the correct path - a major part of singapore ' s healthcare 2020 vision entails increasing capacity to achieve a 30 percent increase in acute hospital beds, tripling of community hospital beds, and adding another 6600 nursing home beds. moving ahead, hospitals can think about how they can be horizontally integrated to achieve sustainable economies of scale. more can also be done in assisting healthcare providers in implementing shorter term cost - cutting or process improvement initiatives. the route ahead for healthcare and elderly care in singapore is no easy one as the challenges an ageing population poses are severe and urgently require attention. learning from the successes and pitfalls of others who have embarked on similar journeys will provide us with ideas on how to move forward. this article is contributed by dr loke wai chiong, director, global healthcare practice, kpmg in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48087344867217646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6830ad88-db80-4d19-b2e2-21d9184dfead>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.022982"}
{"text": "carrollton leader > news santa fe days brings native american history to carrollton : ninth year promises to bring culture to the forefront photos courtesy of santa fe days organizers chester nez is the last surviving navajo code talker who assisted the united states during world war ii. santa fe days, carrollton ' s largest gathering of native americans, is just around the corner. the free native american cultural event features more than 40 native american artists and craftsman, championship plains native american dancers, evelio flores ' aztec dancers - mitotiliztli yaoyollohtli, and southern drum - bear claw singers. the event will be held oct. 13 from 10 a. m. to 6 p. m. and oct. 14 from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. at the square in historic downtown carrollton. the idea came in 2003, when carrollton businessman david oldfield was visiting new mexico. during his trip, he met the santa domingo veteran craftsmen, who are predominantly jewelers. oldfield thought the jewelry was so beautiful that he wanted to somehow bring the crafts to the city. enter annette anderson, who has been assisting in the event for the past four years. she, along with native american community members, has been pushing for a more cultural experience, and this year is no different. \" for the past four years we have been trying to develop a cultural aspect of it so it ' s not just jewelry and pottery and all of the crafts, \" anderson said. \" now we have pueblos and nations from all over the united states that are represented through their crafts. \" the last surviving navajo code talker, chester nez, will be on hand to sign his book about the role the navajo language played in world war ii. \" most of the code talkers were sent to boarding school when they were little, where they were told not to use their language and were punished for doing so, \" anderson said. \" then, the united states government said they needed them to use their language to use the code, because it was the only one that had never been broken. \" anderson said the u. s. tried several other native languages during world war ii, including languages native to the choctaw, comanche and cherokee tribes. santa fe days has incorporated a new cultural path where children and families can learn how native americans influenced the food so commonly found on their tables. \" for instance, our main thing is a seed protector bag that every child is going to get, \" anderson said. \" we made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39080344409615936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a9c1fb4-fe14-485c-974e-e78f2552ef2c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.049314"}
{"text": "a new cultural path where children and families can learn how native americans influenced the food so commonly found on their tables. \" for instance, our main thing is a seed protector bag that every child is going to get, \" anderson said. \" we made 1, 000 handmade seed bags. when they come to the children ' s cultural path, they will get a sample of the three sister sees - corn, beans and squash, which is an ancient agricultural method used for centuries. then they learn about protecting our seeds and gmo seeds versus heirloom seeds. \" at least 60 percent of the world ' s food supply is reliant on foods that were originally grown by the indigenous people of america, who cultivated more than 300 foods including irish potatoes, which were actually first grown by native americans. \" we have an indigenous grocery store with all of the items grown by indigenous people and children will see them in the grocery store but won ' t connect with here they where the food came from, \" anderson said. \" we ' re showing them how all of this fits together. i take a mobile store with me to powwows and children will come up to me asking about a pinto been and say they have never had one. but when i tell them that those are the beans used in bean burritos from taco bell, they immediately connect. \" in addition to the indigenous grocery store, santa fe days will feature a new exhibit called \" food is medicine. \" \" we show them how everyday foods that you get in the grocery store were actually used as medicine for indigenous people, \" anderson said. \" for example, you can take avocado pit and cut it into fourths that can be made into tea that helps with stomach troubles. we are trying to get a typical herbal cough drop and have as many of the ingredients in its plant form so kids can see how this all fits together. \" a quiz will be given to adults and teenagers to see if they can identify which herb aids which ailment. but it ' s not all food and herbs, anderson said, there are many other attractions this year that she hopes will bring in more people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41426865542905056, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a9c1fb4-fe14-485c-974e-e78f2552ef2c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.050829"}
{"text": "federal government information articles, databases, and directories - education at a glance : oecd indicators - this annual report provides comparable indicators on education systems throughout the world. - educationatlas. com - a \" map to the world of education \". categories include, early childhood, k - 12, higher education, teachers, distance learning, and special education. - educationnews. org - a compilation of education articles published in various media sources. includes both united states and international news. - education next - this quarterly journal reports on issues related to k - 12 education reform in the united states. - education policy analysis archives ( epaa ) - provides access to the full text of all articles that have appeared in education policy analysis. - education week - access current and archived issues. - elementaryschools. org - a directory of all public and private elementary schools in the united states. statistics such as enrollment and ratio of students to teachers are included ; contact information for all schools is also available. - eric database - \" an online digital library of education research and information \". - search for schools, colleges, and libraries - this national center for education statistics database is searchable by institution name, city, or zip code. selected education issues the sites listed on this page are not created, maintained, or endorsed by the minnesota legislature.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4644584757349362, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3c7845-c5d3-49e7-a711-20b2868c44b7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.053517"}
{"text": "bills create, amend, or repeal law. to become law, a bill must pass the house of representatives and the senate by a majority vote of the members - elect in each house. bills may be introduced by members of the legislative assembly, standing committees, or the legislative management. a state executive agency or the north dakota supreme court can have bills automatically introduced in the name of the standing committee to which the bill will be referred. house bills begin with the number 1001, and senate bills begin with the number 2001. the constitution of north dakota ( article iv, section 13 ) provides that bills adopted by the legislative assembly generally take effect august 1 after filing with the secretary of state. however, certain appropriations and tax measures become effective july 1. the effective date may be later if specifically written into a bill. the effective date may be earlier if the legislative assembly declares an \u201c emergency \u201d and the measure receives a two - thirds vote of the members - elect in each house. resolutions propose constitutional amendments, express opinions, request actions, congratulate, or console. resolutions do not have the effect of law. resolutions are the vehicles used to propose constitutional amendments for voter consideration. resolutions are used to request an interim study by the legislative management on a specific subject. resolutions frequently express legislative opinion to congress or other federal offices with regard to federal programs or policies. house concurrent resolutions begin with the number 3001, and senate concurrent resolutions begin with the number 4001. concurrent means that a particular resolution must be approved by both the house and senate. the house or senate may use resolutions for their own separate business such as memorial resolutions for deceased members, e. g., house memorial resolution 7001 and senate memorial resolution 8001. session laws ( the popular name for laws of north dakota ) session laws contain the text of all measures enacted ( bills ) or adopted ( resolutions ) by a particular legislative assembly. session laws also include : - constitutional amendments proposed by the legislative assembly. vote totals are provided for those \u201c approved \u201d or \u201c disapproved \u201d since publication of the preceding session laws. - initiated laws or constitutional amendments and referred bills submitted to voters since publication of the preceding session laws ( includes vote totals ). - governor \u2019 s veto messages. - lists of house and senate members. - a statewide legislative district map. recent session laws are online at : http : / / www. legis. nd. gov. statutes provide written organized law. since becoming a state in 1889, north dakota law has been codified as the : - revised codes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47281874498791815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4917ea78-0aa5-4cf9-bc7d-6b8e1dcac592>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.069074"}
{"text": "district map. recent session laws are online at : http : / / www. legis. nd. gov. statutes provide written organized law. since becoming a state in 1889, north dakota law has been codified as the : - revised codes of 1895. - revised codes of 1899. - revised codes of 1905. - compiled laws of north dakota 1913, with 1925 supplement. - north dakota revised code of 1943 with 1947, 1949, 1953, and 1957 supplements. - north dakota century code. the north dakota century code is the codification of general and permanent law. the century code was published between 1959 and 1960 and was named to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the establishment of dakota territory in 1861. the century code is arranged systematically under broad titles such as title 23 \u2013 health and safety, title 39 \u2013 motor vehicles, title 54 \u2013 state government, and title 65 \u2013 workers compensation. laws with specific expiration dates usually are not codified in the century code. following each legislative assembly, the century code is updated to reflect changes. volumes are either reprinted or supplemented with a pocket part. volume 13 of the century code contains the united states and the north dakota constitutions as well as other historic documents, including the magna carta, articles of confederation, and declaration of independence. the century code is available online at www. legis. nd. gov. how to testify before a north dakota legislative committee you have the right... you have the right, as do all citizens, to testify before the north dakota legislative assembly on any bill or resolution. north dakota has one of the most open legislatures in the nation. every bill must have a public hearing before a legislative committee, must be publicly voted upon by the committee, and then must come before the full house or senate for still another public vote. your opportunity to testify on a bill comes at the committee hearing. legislative committees meet in rooms on the ground floor or in the legislative wing of the state capitol. you can come into a committee meeting at any time, even if the door is closed or a hearing is in progress. lists of the legislative committees, committee members, and the days and places committees meet are available on this website and at the legislative information kiosk in the hall between the senate and house chambers. committee hearing schedules are available on this website and can be viewed on the monitors by the information kiosk and in the hall of the ground floor at the capitol. most current versions of bills and amendments are available on this website. you can also get copies of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43919783037169635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4917ea78-0aa5-4cf9-bc7d-6b8e1dcac592>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.071007"}
{"text": "schedules are available on this website and can be viewed on the monitors by the information kiosk and in the hall of the ground floor at the capitol. most current versions of bills and amendments are available on this website. you can also get copies of bills from the bill and journal room. however, if the bill has been amended, the printed bill may not include the amendments. hearings before north dakota legislative committees are generally informal and few rules need be observed! before the hearing you should... - find out when and where your bill will be heard. be on time for the hearing. usually, once a hearing is closed on a particular bill, no further testimony is heard. - plan your testimony. it is not necessary, but it is helpful, to have written copies of your comments available. - see if other persons will be testifying on your bill. if so, try to coordinate your testimony before the hearing to avoid duplication. - contact the secretary of state ' s office if you are going to testify on behalf of anyone but yourself to see if you must register as a lobbyist. at the hearing you should... - be present at the start of the hearing. all persons present usually get a chance to speak, but sometimes because of large turnouts it is not possible to give everyone a chance to speak. if you do not get a chance to testify, your presence may be acknowledged and you might be asked if you favor or oppose the bill. also, you can always submit written testimony. - sign the witness sheet at the lectern. give the bill number, whether you favor or oppose the bill, your name, your lobbyist registration number if you have one, and who you represent if other than yourself. - wait your turn. the chairman announces the beginning of the hearing on a particular bill. the clerk will read the bill. the first speaker is usually the bill ' s sponsor. the chairman then asks for testimony first from proponents and then opponents. - plan on following the custom ( although it is not absolutely necessary ) of beginning your remarks by addressing the chairman and committee members, giving your name and address, and why you are there. for example : \" mr. or madam chairman and members of the committee, my name is john q. public from edwinton. i ' m in favor of this bill because, etc. \" - be brief. do not repeat what others have said. the hearings are informal so be conversational. avoid being too technical. avoid using acronyms or technical references unless", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3940585389360009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4917ea78-0aa5-4cf9-bc7d-6b8e1dcac592>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.072508"}
{"text": "edwinton. i ' m in favor of this bill because, etc. \" - be brief. do not repeat what others have said. the hearings are informal so be conversational. avoid being too technical. avoid using acronyms or technical references unless you first explain what they mean. - do not be nervous or worried about doing something wrong. there are no \" rights and wrongs \" about testifying. legislators are just your friends and neighbors who want to hear what you have to say. - expect some questions and comments from committee members. these questions are not designed to embarrass you but merely to provide additional information. - avoid any clapping, cheering, booing, or other demonstrations. after the hearing... - some committees vote right after a hearing. others wait until the end of the meeting. some postpone voting until another meeting. - all committee action is public so you can stay to listen to committee debate and its vote even though the public comment portion of the hearing is over. - one or two days later you can check with the committee clerk, your legislator, or the legislative information kiosk to find out how the committee voted on your bill. you have a right to testify on any bill before a legislative committee. legislators want to hear what you have to say. state law ( north dakota century code chapter 54 - 05. 1 ) requires most persons to register as lobbyists if they ( 1 ) attempt to secure the passage, amendment, or defeat of any legislation by the legislative assembly or the approval or veto of any legislation by the governor ; or ( 2 ) attempt to influence decisions made by the legislative management or by an interim committee of the legislative management. the north dakota secretary of state administers the lobbyist registration law. information on lobbyist registration is available from the secretary of state.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4267797647473998, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4917ea78-0aa5-4cf9-bc7d-6b8e1dcac592>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.074352"}
{"text": "what is neurosurgery? neurosurgery, also called neurological surgery, is any surgical treatment dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of nervous system disorders. on which parts of the nervous system do neurosurgeons operate? neurosurgeons operate on a wide range of nervous system disorders \u2013 typically on any disorder located in ( or near ) the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, spinal column, central and peripheral nerves and extra - cranial cerebrovascular system. the field is continually evolving due to a constant development of new technologies that assist these complex, highly - specialized surgeries. neurosurgeons utilize computed tomography ( ct ) scans, magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) exams and other imaging technology to help perform complex surgeries on nervous system disorders, such as those that treat aneurysms and tumors or repair nerve damage. neurosurgeons use many newly - developed techniques, such as laser or robotic surgery, in their procedures. operations can serve a wide range of purposes, from healing victims of car accidents suffering from spinal cord or head injuries, to addressing congenital abnormalities such as spina bifida. some operations are performed to correct illnesses, such as brain or spine tumors. what special training do neurosurgeons have? neurosurgeons complete four years of medical school then train for up to nine years in a neurosurgical residency. some neurosurgeons go on to further specialize in one part of the body, such as the spine. what is the brain surgery experience typically like? neurological surgery experiences are varied, but generally speaking, after you \u2019 ve been admitted to the hospital, you will be taken to a pre - operation room to meet with the physicians and nurses who will administer your care. they will discuss your medical history and answer any questions about the surgery and your hospital stay that you may have. an anesthesiologist will visit you prior to surgery to discuss any medical questions you may have. a nurse will insert an intravenous ( iv ) fluid drip into your arm to keep you hydrated and full of the nutrients your body will need throughout surgery, as well as provide a means to administer medications. once these preparations are finished, you \u2019 ll be moved to the operating room and onto the operating table where your anesthesiologist will administer anesthesia. after the anesthesia takes effect, the anesthesiologist will place a breathing tube ( intubation )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5221874683631378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33d9c06a-d5a2-4434-89ed-cdb37a427de2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.081558"}
{"text": "tiger tracker : tales from a conservation biologist conservation biologist firoz ahmed. credit : anjan talukder elephants really, really hate camera flashes. when conservation biologist firoz ahmed installs camera traps in kaziranga national park, in northeastern india ' s assam state, he and his colleagues must return every day to check on the reinforced metal boxes. often, the cameras have been torn down and trampled. because the traps are installed in pairs to capture each side of a passing tiger, ahmed has photographic evidence. \" we ' ve got kung - fu elephants. they just come and kick our camera traps, \" ahmed said. \" that ' s why we go every day, to put the camera in position again. some camera traps are not touched, and some are every day, \" ahmed told ouramazingplanet. even a heavy steel box weighing 30 pounds ( 12 kilograms ) isn ' t elephant - proof, because tusks can poke inside a camera lens opening, ahmed said. \" we have to have equipment that can sustain an elephant trampling for an hour, \" he said. [ see images of ahmed ' s work. ] ahmed is a full - time tiger tracker and staff biologist for aaranyak, a nonprofit organization dedicated to wildlife conservation. he also studies turtles and other reptiles. one of his primary work sites is kaziranga national park. the area ' s rich biodiversity has earned it recognition as a unesco world heritage site, but northeast india is also home to 40 million people, representing 220 ethnic communities and tribes. this q & a was adapted from a talk and subsequent interview with ahmed at the u. s. geological survey ' s western ecological research center in sacramento on jan. 22. ouramazingplanet : how have camera traps improved our knowledge of tiger populations? firoz ahmed : the stripes of a tiger can never lie. the pugmarks [ footprints ] can lie. the same individual [ tiger ] can have different pugmarks. in some places where there were no tigers, [ people ] made pugmarks out of their own plaster casts. ( personnel were expected to locate tiger tracks and obtain plaster casts or tracings of the pugmarks. ) now they cannot do that, because they have to show tigers from their own camera traps. [ iconic cats : all 9 subspecies of tiger ] oap : do tigers try to avoid the cameras? fa : they recognize the cameras. when we resampled an area, we had less [ population ] density and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4386081289574954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55450ec0-553b-4f95-8302-052f7e82977a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.088782"}
{"text": "from their own camera traps. [ iconic cats : all 9 subspecies of tiger ] oap : do tigers try to avoid the cameras? fa : they recognize the cameras. when we resampled an area, we had less [ population ] density and we believe it is because they recognized the camera traps. initially, what we used had a very bad focusing flash, and they figured it out. we ' re not using those anymore. they are very cunning, and they know their habitat very well. when we put up a camera, they come and look at it, and they remember that place. they think, \" i know there is a camera here and i don ' t like it. \" when we go out and monitor our cameras, we see signs of a tiger moving around, then we see them go around the camera, behind the camera, and come out on the road again. so we shift the camera to prevent that. after a week, we shift it 50 meters [ 165 feet ] on one side and 100 meters [ 325 feet ] on the other side. we have two cameras because both flanks have different patterns. oap : you snapped a well - known tiger photograph in kaziranga in 2010. how did you get the shot? fa : i was lucky to take this, actually, because in kaziranga, you don ' t see a tiger. the tiger can see you, but you don ' t see a tiger. this tiger, we saw it from a distance, and we went close to him and took this photograph. then he realized that there was somebody around and he sped off. oap : how do you navigate through the forest? fa : we put cameras mostly on the roads and paths, because the tigers don ' t like to go through the grass. in the grassland, they can ' t go [ through the grass ] on their own. the holes that the elephants and the rhinos and the buffalos make, that becomes the highway, and then the other animals follow. we also carry a laptop into the forest, and i use google earth quite a lot because nobody goes there. we know the gps location to go, but as for how to go there, we use google earth, so we don ' t get lost in the forest. oap : what are some of the challenges of working inside kaziranga, which is a protected preserve? fa : there is tall grassland, and sometimes we need to walk through because we know there are nice wetlands with herbivores on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4241832053179779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55450ec0-553b-4f95-8302-052f7e82977a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.089684"}
{"text": ". oap : what are some of the challenges of working inside kaziranga, which is a protected preserve? fa : there is tall grassland, and sometimes we need to walk through because we know there are nice wetlands with herbivores on the other side. we know that if we put a camera trap there, we will get tigers. we always put a camera trap in a place where there is a maximum likelihood of getting a tiger. so, this place has rhinos, more than 2, 000 of them, and we always pray in the morning, \" i don ' t want to see a rhino. \" oap : what are some of the threats faced by tigers in india? fa : this is a human - dominated place. in some places, the population is from 13 to 300 people per square kilometer [ 0. 4 square mile ], and there is pressure on the resources because of that. these forests have been opened in a number of places. we are losing these forests at very fast rates. oap : what should people in the united states know about tigers in india? fa : they should know that the tigers are very important. they should know they are disappearing from large tracts of forest in india and other range countries and try to help as much s they can. they can come and contribute on their own and they can come and volunteer, and help local villagers understand the importance of tigers in the area. they can do home - stay instead of staying in big lodge, so money goes to local people directly. and americans can use less resources. oap : what about poachers? fa : we have a severe problem with poachers. in the last two weeks, we lost four rhinos to poachers, and in the last six months, we lost about 20 rhinos to poachers. we killed only two poachers. the area is not remote, it is in the middle of the state, but it is a fortress. only poachers go inside. they get killed or they get their animals. the [ assam ] forest department is allowed to kill them. [ kaziranga has about 2, 200 asiatic one - horned rhinos, india ' s biggest conservation success story. ] we also got poachers. they killed a rhino on jan. 14, 2011, and we thought maybe we got them on camera, and we did. so we made this poster, because we had a very good profile picture, and spread it around the park. they confessed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4157378499525236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55450ec0-553b-4f95-8302-052f7e82977a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.090723"}
{"text": "caesar marcus aurelius antoninus augustus ( april 26, 121 e march 17, 180 ) was roman emperor from 161 to his death in 180. while on campaign between 170 and 180, aurelius wrote his meditations as a source for his own guidance and self - improvement. he had a logical mind though his notes were representative of stoic philosophy and spirituality. still revered as a literary monument to a government of service like many of the emperors of rome he was loved by the people. yet, with all his benevolence, justice and reforms he often mistrusted the christians subjected to systematic persecution. should anyone be afraid of change? what can take place without it? what can be more pleasing or more suitable to universal nature? can you take your bath without the firewood undergoing a change? can you eat, without the food undergoing a change? and can useful be done without change? don ' t you see that for you to is just the same, and is equally necessary for universal nature? then at the material objects of life, and consider how trivial and short - lived they are and how often they are owned by scoundrels and thieves. your heart should burst, the world will carry on just as before. not fear death, but welcome it, since it too comes from nature. for just as we are young and grow old, and flourish and reach maturity, have teeth a beard and grey hairs, conceive, become pregnant, and bring forth new and all the other natural processes that follow the seasons of our so also do we have death. a thoughtful person will never take death lightly, impatiently, or scornfully, but will wait for it as one of life ' s natural processes. everything except these few truths : we can live only in the present moment, in this brief now ; all the rest of our life is dead and buried or shrouded in uncertainty. short is the life we lead, and small our patch of earth. should anyone be afraid of change? what can take place without it? what can be more pleasing or more suitable to universal nature? can you take your bath without the firewood undergoing a change? can you eat without the food undergoing a change? and can anything useful be done don ' t you see that for you to change is just the same, and is equally necessary for universal nature? all things are linked with one another, and this oneness is sacred ; there is nothing that is not interconnected with everything else. for interdependent, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.503258374664888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8530ef87-1832-4f0e-8145-b6f4369403c7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.100584"}
{"text": "you to change is just the same, and is equally necessary for universal nature? all things are linked with one another, and this oneness is sacred ; there is nothing that is not interconnected with everything else. for interdependent, and they combine to form this universal order. only one universe made up of all things, and one creator who pervades them ; there is one substance and one law, namely, common reason in all thinking creatures, and all truth is one - - if, as we believe, there is one path of perfection for all beings who share the same mind. me up and send me where you please. \" for there i will retain my spirit, tranquil and content, as long as it can feel and in harmony with its own nature. is a change of place enough for my soul to become unhappy and worn, for me to become depressed, humbled, cowering, and afraid? can you discover any reasons for this? don ' t seek to gain anything for yourself that forces you to break your word or lose self - respect ; to hate, suspect, or curse another ; or to be insincere or to desire something that needs to remain secret. look to the people whose main desire is to nurture their minds and their inner spirits. they do not fuss, complain, or crave either solitude or a and, most important of all, they will live without either striving or avoiding, and will not care whether their lives are long or short. if death comes for them at this very instant, they will go as easily as if they were doing any other act needing self - respect and calm, being careful of only this through their lives : that their thoughts do not into paths incompatible with an intelligent and social you are an integral part of a social system, let every act of yours contribute to the harmonization of social life. any action that is not related directly or remotely to this social aim disturbs your life, and destroys your unity. follow these two rules : first, act only on what your reasoning mind proposes for the good of humanity, and second, change your opinion if someone you itis wrong. this change of mind must proceed only from the conviction that both correct and for the common good, but not because it will give you pleasure and make you popular. think of the whole being, of which you have a pittance ; and the totality of time, of which a small measure has been set for you ; and of everything that is arranged by destiny,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5450632640323493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8530ef87-1832-4f0e-8145-b6f4369403c7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.101606"}
{"text": "will give you pleasure and make you popular. think of the whole being, of which you have a pittance ; and the totality of time, of which a small measure has been set for you ; and of everything that is arranged by destiny, and how tiny your role in has seen the present day has seen it all, both everything that has taken place since time began and everything that will be for all eternity ; for all things are of one kind and one form. people itching for immortal fame do not see that everyone who remembers them will themselves soon die, and the next generation in its turn, until these memories, transmitted by people who foolishly admire and then die, will perish. but even if these people were immortal and your memory stayed alive forever, what does it matter to you? what good is praise to the buried, or even the living, except for some practical use? you reject nature ' s gift today if you cling to what people may say of you tomorrow. consider, my friend, whether a pure spirit and virtue are anything other than saving your life and being saved. perhaps we need to discard of longevity and cease loving this life, instead committing these things to god and, believing that no one ever escapes destiny, to consider, with that in how we may live the best possible life in the time that remains. | when you are upset by a person ' s despicable conduct, immediately ask yourself, \" is it possible for despicable people not to exist? \" \" no, it ' s not possible. \" then don ' t expect the impossible. for this person is just one of many depraved people who must exist in the world. think the same way about the villain, the cynic, and every fool you meet. for when you remind yourself that unfortunately such people do exist, you will become more kindly disposed toward them. reflect also on what qualities nature has given us to counter every vile act. for she has given us compassion as an antidote to brutality, and for another affliction some other quality. and in each case it ' s possible for you to correct the person who ' s gone astray ; for everyone who errs misses the mark and goes down the wrong path. besides, how have you suffered? you ' ll find that none of these people have done anything to harm your mind, for everything that is harmful and evil to you has its existence only in the mind. why do you find it strange that an uncultivated person acts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5072131523233597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8530ef87-1832-4f0e-8145-b6f4369403c7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.102535"}
{"text": "suffered? you ' ll find that none of these people have done anything to harm your mind, for everything that is harmful and evil to you has its existence only in the mind. why do you find it strange that an uncultivated person acts like an idiot? perhaps you should blame yourself since you didn ' t expect this person to err in such a way. your inner voice should have told you it was likely that he or she would commit this error, and yet you didn ' t pay attention and are now amazed that this person has erred. but most of all, when you blame someone for being faithless and ungrateful, turn to yourself. the fault is clearly your own, if you trusted that someone would keep a promise, or offered your own kindness only because you expected to gain by for what more do you want when you have done someone a service? shouldn ' t you be content that you have done the right thing, and not feel you have to be paid for it? it ' s as if your eyes demanded a fee for seeing, or your feet for walking. these parts of your body are formed for a specific purpose, and by working according to their inherent makeup come into their own. so too we are created by nature to act benevolently, and when we have done something helpful or in some way conducive to the common interest, we have acted in harmony with out own inherent makeup, and also come into our own. | whatever anyone else says or does, i must be true to myself, just as if gold or emerald or the color purple would say, \" whatever anyone may do or say, i must be an emerald and keep my color. \" - contents - daily meditations - abundance - acceptance - aging - ambition apathy - appreciation - - art - attitude - awakening - awareness awe - balance - beauty - busyness - celebration - challenges - change - character - commitment - common - comparison - compassion - compliments - compromise - confidence - conformity contentment - control discouragement - diversity - doubt - dreams earth - education - - enlightenment - enthusiasm - envy - exercise - experience - failure - family - fathers - flowers - forgiveness - fun - gardening - generosity - gentleness - goals - god - grace - - grief - growing up - guilt - happiness - healing - health - heart - home - honesty hospitality - humility ideals - idleness - idolatry - imagination - impatience - individuality - inspiration - introspection - intuition jealousy - joy - judgment - kindness - knowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48034294904749714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8530ef87-1832-4f0e-8145-b6f4369403c7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.103458"}
{"text": "- guilt - happiness - healing - health - heart - home - honesty hospitality - humility ideals - idleness - idolatry - imagination - impatience - individuality - inspiration - introspection - intuition jealousy - joy - judgment - kindness - knowledge - laughter - laziness - leadership learning - letting go - life - listening - loneliness magic - marriage - materialism mistakes - mistrust - money - mystery attitude - now - - pain - perfectionism - perseverance - perspective - pessimism - potential - - pride - principle - problems - prosperity - reading - reflection resentment - responsibility - rest - revenge risk - role models - self - self - love - serving others - shame - simplicity - smiles - solitude - sorrow - spirit - stress - success - suffering - talent - teachers - thoughts - today - tolerance - truth - unfulfilled - values - vanity - walking - war issues - wisdom - women - wonder - work worry - worship - youth spring - summer - fall - winter christmas - thanksgiving new year - america - zen sayings - articles & excerpts - the law of attraction - obstacles to - e - zine archives - our most recent e - zine - book and movie reviews heart - the inner child - the past - parenting - poetry - fame down - great thinkers - the people behind the words great kindle books from our site! the daily meditations from the first year are gathered together in a single volume at just $ 2. 99 for the entire year, and second, almost 4, 000 of our most motivating and inspiring quotations are gathered in one volume for just 99 cents - - you can have thousands of quotations that took over a decade to pull together, all on your own pc, mac, or kindle, to take with you wherever you go, to read whenever you feel the need for inspiring thoughts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4935264975685473, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8530ef87-1832-4f0e-8145-b6f4369403c7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.104146"}
{"text": "food allergies are part of the modern day school room. ask just about any teacher, principal and of course school nurse ( for schools that still have one ) and they ' ll tell you that food allergies are among their many daily concerns when it comes to the well - being of students. nationwide children ' s hospital estimates that one in 20 children have a food allergy, so it ' s no wonder that school personnel must address this very serious health concern. it ' s serious because a food allergy reaction can result in anaphylaxis, a critical and potentially life - threatening condition. unrecognized and untreated, such a condition closes the airway and shuts down vital organs. in january a seven - year - old girl in virginia died from an anaphylactic reaction to her peanut allergy while at school. by the time emergency crews arrived, the first grader was in cardiac arrest. in april, the governor of virginia signed a bill requiring public schools to adopt and implement policies to possess and administer epinephrine. epinephrine can halt anaphylaxis, which can be caused by a variety of foods, medications, exercise or insect stings. the governor of maryland recently signed similar legislation. states around the country are reviewing school policy on offering treatment for actual or potential reactions to allergens. this is important because some children may have an undiagnosed allergy to certain foods or to bee stings. many children with food allergies carry their own epinephrine auto - injectors, prescribed for their use in case of an adverse reaction. ohio law allows these children to bring the devices to school and school personnel are trained in their use. at schools in ohio, auto - injectors can only be used on the children for whom they are prescribed. the challenge is that there is risk for children who do not yet know they may have allergies to certain foods, or to bee stings. if undiagnosed children end up in anaphylaxis, by law, the school cannot administer an epinephrine treatment. food allergy advocates and health professionals such as the ohio association of school nurses are asking lawmakers to consider school policies in ohio that pertain to epinephrine treatments in schools. they are advocating that ohio follow other states to allow schools to have an epinephrine treatment available for anyone who needs it. there are 12 million americans - including 3 million children - suffering from food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4630240235705728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc61b27d-4387-413e-a6f4-7347d68a55de>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.107753"}
{"text": "hand - foot - and - mouth disease may cause some or all of the following signs and symptoms : - sore throat - feeling of being unwell ( malaise ) - painful, red, blister - like lesions on the tongue, gums and inside of the cheeks - a red rash, without itching but sometimes with blistering, on the palms, soles and sometimes the buttocks - irritability in infants and toddlers - loss of appetite the usual period from initial infection to the onset of signs and symptoms ( incubation period ) is three to seven days. a fever is often the first sign of hand - foot - and - mouth disease, followed by a sore throat and sometimes a poor appetite and malaise. one or two days after the fever begins, painful sores may develop in the mouth or throat. a rash on the hands and feet and possibly on the buttocks can follow within one or two days. when to see a doctor hand - foot - and - mouth disease is usually a minor illness causing only a few days of fever and relatively mild signs and symptoms. contact your doctor, however, if mouth sores or a sore throat keep your child from drinking fluids. contact your doctor also if after a few days, your child ' s signs and symptoms worsen. - hand, foot, & mouth disease ( hfmd ) : fast facts. centers for disease control and prevention. http : / / www. cdc. gov / ncidod / dvrd / revb / enterovirus / hfhf. htm. accessed july 12, 2011. - ng jj, et al. hand - foot - mouth disease. in : ferri ff. ferri ' s clinical advisor 2012. philadelphia, pa. : mosby elsevier ; 2011. http : / / www. mdconsult. com / books / linkto? type = bookhome & isbn = 978 - 0 - 323 - 05611 - 3 & eid = 4 - u1. 0 - b978 - 0 - 323 - 05611 - 3.. c2009 - 0 - 38601 - 8 - - top & uniq = 266352183 - 2. accessed july 12, 2011. - modlin jf. clinical manifestations and diagnosis of enterovirus infections. http : / / www. uptodate. com / home / index. html. accessed july 12, 2011. - non - polio enterovirus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4018855745592429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9981dc6-7061-43ac-af3a-905c2f58dbdd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.114630"}
{"text": "risk factorsby mayo clinic staff while anyone can catch infectious diseases, you may be more likely to get sick if your immune system isn ' t working properly. this may occur if : - you ' re taking steroids or other medications that suppress your immune system, such as anti - rejection drugs for a transplanted organ - you have hiv or aids - you have certain types of cancer or other disorders that affect your immune system in addition, certain other medical conditions may predispose you to infection, including implanted medical devices, malnutrition and extremes of age, among others. - understanding microbes in sickness and in health. national institute of allergy and infectious diseases. http : / / www. niaid. nih. gov / topics / microbes / documents / microbesbook. pdf. accessed oct. 8, 2012. - long ss, et al. long : principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 4th ed. philadelphia, pa. : saunders elsevier ; 2012. http : / / www. mdconsult. com / books / about. do? about = true & eid = 4 - u1. 0 - b978 - 1 - 4377 - 2702 - 9.. c2009 - 0 - 41480 - 6 - - top & isbn = 978 - 1 - 4377 - 2702 - 9 & uniqid = 372964036 - 9. accessed oct. 8, 2012. - facts about infectious diseases. infectious diseases society of america. http : / / www. idsociety. org / facts _ about _ id / #. accessed oct. 8, 2012. - escherichia coli infections. world health organization. http : / / www. emro. who. int / health - topics / escherichia - coli - infections /. accessed oct. 10, 2012. - de martel c, et al. global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008 : a review and synthetic analysis. the lancet oncology. 2012 ; 13 : 607. - personal prevention of mrsa skin infections. centers for disease control and prevention. http : / / www. cdc. gov / mrsa / prevent / personal. html. accessed oct. 10, 2012. - sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ). centers for disease control and prevention. http : / / www. cdc. gov / std / treatment / 2006 / clinical. htm. accessed oct. 10,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40146387473773365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec4c7368-d31d-47e9-b5c8-79285ad04dc3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.117204"}
{"text": "monday, september 24, 2012 healthteacher recently released the first - ever interactive, pro - social mobile game to address one of the nation \u2019 s leading issues affecting youth : bullying. this game titled \u201c awesome upstander! \u201d encourages young kids to race through a school cafeteria and bathroom to help rescue a target from a bully. along the way, players must collect enough friends to stand up to the bully together. \u201c awesome upstander! offers a highly entertaining play experience for kids while teaching them they have the power to diminish bullying by banning together as upstanders, \" said john herbold, vp product of healthteacher. \" kids tell us awesome upstander! is fun to play, and parents say it gives them peace of mind knowing their children are learning how to deal with an issue affecting the emotional and physical safety of their kids. \" filled with challenges, levels, hidden objects and fun sound effects, awesome upstander! is designed to engage kids just like other popular interactive games while promoting social good. at the awesome upstander! website www. awesomeupstander. com, teachers can download supporting material for their classroom, and parents can download resources for teaching their kids about upstanding at home. baptist health systems in jackson, miss. partnered with healthteacher last year, providing high quality health education resources for teachers, school nurses, and school counselors in 18 counties in central ms. healthteacher is an online resource of lessons and interactive tools that help kids live well. lessons cover relevant youth health issues and are designed to engage students and fold seamlessly into the classroom setting. baptist is the only hospital in mississippi offering this program. \u201c as the 2012 / 2013 school year kicked - off, we continue to work with the funded school districts providing healthteacher access and training, \u201d added shay lewis, health education coordinator for mississippi. \u201c the new interactive anti - bullying game is a powerful tool for engaging kids and teaching them how to make a stand against bullying. the video game can be played at home or in the classroom setting and works hand in hand with healthteacher \u2019 s lesson plans centered on the topic of bullying. \u201d according to a study by the national institute of child health and human development ( nichd ), 1. 6 million children in grades 6 through 10 in the united states are bullied at least once a week and 1. 7 million children bully others as frequently. bullying most often occurs where adult supervision is low or absent : schoolyards, cafeterias, bathrooms, hallways, and stairwell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43666301546593433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65477d32-5f82-40cc-9c26-c2a7f0d4ebcb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.122990"}
{"text": "through 10 in the united states are bullied at least once a week and 1. 7 million children bully others as frequently. bullying most often occurs where adult supervision is low or absent : schoolyards, cafeterias, bathrooms, hallways, and stairwells. according to the u. s. department of justice \u2019 s \u201c bullying in schools \u201d report, only 10 to 20 percent of non - involved students provide any real help when another student is victimized. bullying has been a hot topic in mississippi during the last few years. in 2010, the mississippi legislature passed senate bill 2015, requiring public schools to adopt an anti - bullying policy, prohibiting bullying or harassing behavior in schools. mary ann simpkins, director of community education for healthteacher stated that \u201c awesome upstander! is a great teaching tool for supporting ms anti - bullying policies and addressing the real - life issues of bullying in our schools. we all want our children to thrive and succeed in a safe environment, free of danger or barriers to learning. it is important to educate all kids about the importance of standing up for someone being bullied and to encourage them to be an upstander, not a bystander. \u201d dr. susan lipkins, child psychologist and leading expert in the development of awesome upstander!, believes playing this game can set the standards for teaching elementary - aged kids how to be an upstander, a person who knows how to intervene in a bully situation in a safe and positive manner. according to dr. lipkins, \" bystanders are the answer... we ' re all bystanders. and when bystanders are empowered and they learn how to prevent and intervene in bullying, i think we ' re going to see a change. \" awesome upstander! is brought to you by healthteacher, the interactive leader in youth health. awesomeupstander! can be played online for free at www. awesomeupstander. com, or purchased in the apple app store or google play for $. 99. about awesome upstander! awesome upstander!, the first - ever anti - bullying game for young kids, is the most fun way to learn how to deal with bullies. awesome upstander! is a side - scrolling adventure where players must race through school cafeterias and bathrooms to rescue a target from a bully. to successfully rescue the target, players must collect enough friends to become upstanders and stand up to the bully together. about baptist health systems \u2019 healthteacher partnership baptist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4449621860001236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65477d32-5f82-40cc-9c26-c2a7f0d4ebcb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.123996"}
{"text": "players must race through school cafeterias and bathrooms to rescue a target from a bully. to successfully rescue the target, players must collect enough friends to become upstanders and stand up to the bully together. about baptist health systems \u2019 healthteacher partnership baptist joined forces with teachers throughout 34 school districts in central mississippi to make it easy for them to teach good health habits to children. funded by baptist health foundation, the project includes health education materials and professional development for k - 12 schools, preschools, after school programs, and community organizations. the 2007 healthy students act requires that all schools implement 45 minutes of health education per week, and 150 minute of physical education / physical activity per week in grades k - 8. it also requires half carnegie unit of health education and physical education in high school for graduation. baptist health systems is the parent company of baptist medical center, the mississippi hospital for restorative care and a number of related healthcare services and programs. for over 100 years, baptist medical center has served mississippi and the surrounding states as a christian - based, non - profit comprehensive medical center. healthteacher is the interactive leader in youth health, creating games, apps, and educational resources to make health awesome for kids. healthteacher ' s research based products are designed to get kids moving and to develop healthy behaviors that last a lifetime. reaching over 6 million kids through its fast - growing network of 11, 000 + schools, healthteacher \u2019 s interactive products are used by teachers, parents, and kids to address important youth health issues, including physical activity, nutrition, and social and emotional well - being. to learn more, visit www. healthteacher. com. what can we help you find? close \u00d7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48047780772360726, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65477d32-5f82-40cc-9c26-c2a7f0d4ebcb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.125007"}
{"text": "what is wheel hop? wheel hop is a nasty action whereby the driven wheels of a car voilently shake, vibrate, hop, grab, and / or thump upon acceleration. it ' s usually quite obvious when your car suffers from this condition, for it sounds and feels like your car fell off a garage lift three times every second. wheel hop doesn ' t just feel bad - it ' s bad for your car, too. for reasons that will be explained below, wheel hop can lead to broken drivetrain parts, including axles and rear differentials on a rear - wheel - drive car, and axles and transmissions on a front - wheel - drive car. if your car wheel hops - get it fixed! what causes wheel hop? a lot of people don ' t know why wheel hop occurs, which often leads to them throwing the incorrect parts at the car in an effort to eliminate the issue. fortunately understanding ( and correcting ) wheel hop is not difficult. here is what happens. when a car accelerates, you can picture the forces involved as something ( the ground ) pushing the driven wheels of the car forward. obviously if you push the wheels forward, the car is going to move forward also. however, the wheels are not rigidly fixed to the chassis, so when the ground pushes on the wheels, they move forward a bit in the wheel well. normally a car ' s acceleration is so small that this motion is negligible, but when a car accelerates quickly, especially during a launch, the wheels can move forward quite a bit in the wheel wells. as the wheels move forward, significant toe changes occur. now, everybody knows that a tire can provide the most grip when it is perpendicular to the ground, parallel with the acceleration, and pressurized to provide the optimal contact patch. that being said, if the toe of the driven wheels changes during acceleration, the grip of the tire must be changing. wheel hop is a result of this change in grip. here is the sequence of events : 1. ) acceleration begins with good grip. 2. ) the wheels move forward, toe changes, and available grip is reduced. wheelspin occurs. 3. ) during wheelspin, acceleration is very small. the wheels move back again, toe changes back, and the tire regains grip. 4. ) acceleration begins again, and the process repeats itself. this rapid switching between grippy acceleration and wheelspin is wheel hop. my above description of the wheel hop process sounds tame, but the frequency of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4783445426205572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f974fc3c-4907-4e76-971c-dfcca1d7bb32>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.134013"}
{"text": "and the tire regains grip. 4. ) acceleration begins again, and the process repeats itself. this rapid switching between grippy acceleration and wheelspin is wheel hop. my above description of the wheel hop process sounds tame, but the frequency of the grip changes and the magnitude of the forces involved is what makes wheel hop so violent. race tires can prevent wheel hop since they have more grip ( i. e., they don ' t lose grip even with the toe change ), but cars that wheel hop with race tires will do so in a much more violent fashion. how do i get rid of wheel hop? getting rid of wheel hop really isn ' t difficult. if you can limit the motion of the wheel with respect to the chassis, then the toe changes during acceleration will be small and the tire will not suddenly lose grip. if the tire does lose grip ( common on a high - hp car of course ), then it won ' t suddenly regain grip due to the wheel moving back to it ' s static position. how do you keep the wheel from moving with respect to the chassis? well, assuming your car has reasonably rigid suspension arms, then all you need to look at are the suspension bushings! the wheel can move with respect to the chassis because the bushings flex... especially old, stock rubber bushings. sometimes simply replacing old rubber bushings with new rubber bushings is all that is required. however, on a modified car that posesses more horsepower than the designer ' s intended, upgrading to stiffer materials like nylon or polyurethane may be required. the ultimate solution is to use rod ends or spherical bearings at every suspension joint, but that is unreasonable unless your car will never again see public roadways. anyway, by simply upgrading your bushings, the suspension bushings will not flex as much under strong acceleration, the wheel will not move far forward in the wheel well, the toe of the car will not appreciably change, and your tires will not lose grip. wheel hop will have been eliminated. in some cases weak shocks can allow a perturbed wheel to continue hopping up and down since the motion is not damped. this is a less likely scenario, but shocks should not be ruled out as a potential what doesn ' t get rid of wheel hop? as mentioned earlier, a lot of people throw the wrong parts at the car in an effort to eliminate wheel hop. first, springs and sway bars will generally not do anything to promote or prevent wheel hop. additionally, suspension", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4147126077696058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f974fc3c-4907-4e76-971c-dfcca1d7bb32>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.135260"}
{"text": "get rid of wheel hop? as mentioned earlier, a lot of people throw the wrong parts at the car in an effort to eliminate wheel hop. first, springs and sway bars will generally not do anything to promote or prevent wheel hop. additionally, suspension settings, such as camber and toe, will generally not help the issue. it is the change in toe that leads to wheel hop, not the static setting. tires do not cause wheel hop, though they do determine the grip level at which wheel hop occurs. for example, race tires, with their increased grip over street tires, will not break traction until you reach a higher level of acceleration. some people might think that race tires solved their wheel hop problems, but in truth they merely changed their \" wheel hop acceleration threshold \" from a level below their launch acceleration to a level above their launch acceleration. once they increase their horsepower to the point where they can accelerate enough to once again reach that threshold, their wheel hop will return. limited - slip differentials will also not prevent wheel hop. they may increase the acceleration threshold at which wheel hop occurs ( much like installing race tires ), but once again an increase in horsepower will eventually reintroduce the problem. check your shocks. if they are not malfunctioning, then you need to increase your bushing stiffness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39616552254079695, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f974fc3c-4907-4e76-971c-dfcca1d7bb32>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.135896"}
{"text": "posttraumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) is a pathological anxiety disorder resulting after exposure to a traumatic event. current literature estimates that 8 % of the u. s. population meets the criteria for ptsd and while ptsd cases commonly involve combat or assault experiences, there is a wide range of events capable of triggering ptsd symptoms. these events include car accidents, kidnappings, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and any other traumatic experience where an individual experienced or witnessed an event that involved death or the threat of physical harm. for example, should a car accident occur, ptsd could result in the drivers, the passengers, or a witness ; yet, the development of ptsd in one individual does not imply the development of ptsd in others involved in the incident. how one responds to an event is dependent on a variety of factors that lie outside the traumatic experience itself. ptsd is characterized by 4 primary symptoms : - intrusion : recurrent recollections of the event - dreams, intrusive memories, and exaggerated emotional and physical reactions to events that remind person of trauma - numbing : emotional distancing from surrounding people and events - depression, loss of interest in activities, reduced ability to feel emotions ( particularly emotions of intimacy, tenderness, or sexuality ), irritability, hopelessness - avoidance : fear and avoidance behavior - fear and avoidance of people, places, thoughts, or activities associated with the trauma, development of anxiety disorders ( gad, panic, specific and social phobias ) - arousal : agitated state of constant wakefulness and alertness - hypervigilance, sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating take, for example, somebody who witnesses a major car accident on a highway by their home. over the following week, the individual begins to avoid driving on that highway and over the next month, avoids driving all together - either as a driver or a passenger. he / she may become irritable or angry while watching high - speed car chase scenes or avoid conversations about driving ; yet, despite the apparent discomfort, the individual may refuse to discuss his / her fear. moreover, although the witness is unwilling to discuss the fear or the traumatic event itself, he / she may still be haunted by the memory of the accident with segments of the event on \u201c constant replay \u201d in his / her mind. young children do not experience the same reliving of the experience as adults. the progression of ptsd in young children may initially involve dreams about the traumatic event, however, these dreams frequently transform into more generalized nightmares about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5050266584522631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:877b0b17-f284-43c5-a93c-a170db7cefa7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.145137"}
{"text": "in his / her mind. young children do not experience the same reliving of the experience as adults. the progression of ptsd in young children may initially involve dreams about the traumatic event, however, these dreams frequently transform into more generalized nightmares about monsters or different threatening situations where they or another person is in danger. it is more difficult for children to express their sentiments verbally. therefore, it is necessary for parents or teachers or other adult observers to recognize behavioral changes such as a decreased interest in activity or an altered sense of the future ( i. e. the child now believing that he / she will no longer live to become an adult ). other signs of childhood ptsd may occur in the form of repetitive play if the child begins to recreate the incident with toys or may occur through the emergence of physical symptoms such as headaches or stomach aches. less common symptoms an individual \u2019 s ptsd might include additional symptoms, such as feelings of shame, or less commonly, compulsive or aggressive behaviors, or self - destructive behavior. these cases often interfere with an individual \u2019 s personal life and thus, they are also associated with certain social patterns. these patterns may include sexual dysfunction, marital conflicts, and job loss. there are also strong feelings of guilt and despair that lead to social withdrawal and substance abuse. rare cases of ptsd may involve auditory hallucinations and paranoid ideation. individuals who experience auditory hallucinations may experience tinnitus, a constant ringing in one \u2019 s ears, or they may hear a voice or set of voices that are not physically present. individuals who are experiencing paranoid ideation are highly guarded and constantly suspicious of being harmed and harassed by those around them. recently, researchers have begun to distinguish ptsd from a more severe form of the disorder, complex ptsd ( c - ptsd ). the new diagnosis is considered necessary in describing cases that result from prolonged, repeated trauma. c - ptsd is recognized by the following indications : - severe behavioral difficulties ( substance abuse, aggression, eating disorders ) - difficulty controlling intense emotions ( extreme anger outbursts, panic, depression ) - significant mental difficulties ( amnesia, dissociative symptoms ) the development of ptsd is somewhat unpredictable and can occur at any age. the severity and timing of ptsd symptoms differ with each individual. cases are thus categorized according to the following classifications : - acute : symptoms present less than three months - chronic : symptoms present three months or longer - with delayed onset : symptoms develop at least six months after the event pts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49100180763527973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:877b0b17-f284-43c5-a93c-a170db7cefa7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.146255"}
{"text": "- natural disasters such as tornados, floods, earthquakes, or fires - life - threatening accidents, such as automobile accidents, airplane crashes, or boating accidents both experienced or witnessed - violent crimes, both experienced or witnessed the prevalence of ptsd differs according to both gender and ethnicity. an estimated 8 % of the u. s. adult population matches the criteria for ptsd with women more likely to develop symptoms than men. within the u. s., there is evidence that african - americans, hawaiin - americans, native americans and latino - americans develop more severe forms of ptsd than european - americans. research also suggests that asian - americans have the lowest rates of ptsd within the country. these differences are attributed to a variety of cultural and socioeconomic phenomena. globally, iceland and australia are credited with the lowest prevalence of ptsd. iceland has a rate of 0. 6 % and australia, a slightly higher rate of 1. 5 %. this follows the general finding that developed countries have significantly lower rates of ptsd than the developing world. the prevalence of ptsd in the developing world is, however, reasonable given the harsher political and economic climates. national institute of mental health ( nimh ) - an organization with the national institute of health dedicated to mental health research : army behavioral health - a ptsd informational website provided by the u. s. army medical department for the support of soldiers and their families : national center for ptsd ( ncptsd ) - a center established by the u. s. department of veteran affairs to improve the well - being of u. s. veterans through ptsd research and education :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43183891020234527, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:877b0b17-f284-43c5-a93c-a170db7cefa7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.148157"}
{"text": "sex can trigger \" remarkable \" responses in women, including altered fertility, immunity, libido as well as changes in eating and sleep patterns, according to a new study on fruit flies. scientists say the findings could, in principle, be similar to responses in many animals, including humans, when sperm and semen is released inside the female ' s body during copulation. the study, published in the journal proceedings of the royal society b, looked at how female drosophila melanogaster, or fruit flies, respond to mating. investigators from the university of east anglia discovered that a single protein found in semen elicits a wide range of responses in many genes in females, and that these changes become apparent at different times and in different parts of the female ' s body after mating. \" it ' s already known that seminal fluid proteins transferred from males during mating cause remarkable effects in females - - including altered egg laying, feeding, immunity, sleep patterns, water balance and sexual receptivity, \" lead researcher professor tracey chapman, of uea ' s school of biological sciences, said in a statement. however, researchers from the current study focused on the effects of only one enigmatic seminal fluid protein called the \" sex peptide \" and found that it changed the expression of a \" remarkable array of many genes in females - both across time and in different parts of the body, \" chapman said. \" there were significant alterations to genes linked to egg development, early embryogenesis, immunity, nutrient sensing, behavior and, unexpectedly, photo - transduction - or the pathways by which they see, \" he added. he said that the latest findings showed that the semen protein is a \" master regulator, \" meaning that male fruit flies have a direct and global influence on the behavior and reproductive system of the female fruit flies, and that this effect may also occur across many species. \" an additional and intriguing twist is that the effects of semen proteins can favor the interests of males whilst generating costs in females, resulting in sexual conflict, \" he said. \" for example, there can be a tug - of - war, where males employ semen proteins to ensure that females make a large investment in the current brood - even if that doesn ' t suit the longer term interests of females. \" published by medicaldaily. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48313692971134065, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bb9a24b-711a-4458-a568-eaa5aaa65ea7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.151412"}
{"text": "high blood pressure ( cont. ) john p. cunha, do, facoep john p. cunha, do, facoep john p. cunha, do, is a u. s. board - certified emergency medicine physician. dr. cunha ' s educational background includes a bs in biology from rutgers, the state university of new jersey, and a do from the kansas city university of medicine and biosciences in kansas city, mo. he completed residency training in emergency medicine at newark beth israel medical center in newark, new jersey. in this article renal ( kidney ) hypertension diseases of the kidneys can cause secondary hypertension. this type of secondary hypertension is called renal hypertension because it is caused by a problem in the kidneys. one important cause of renal hypertension is narrowing ( stenosis ) of the artery that supplies blood to the kidneys ( renal artery ). in younger individuals, usually women, the narrowing is caused by a thickening of the muscular wall of the arteries going to the kidney ( fibromuscular hyperplasia ). in older individuals, the narrowing generally is due to hard, fat - containing ( atherosclerotic ) plaques that are blocking the renal artery. how does narrowing of the renal artery cause hypertension? first, the narrowed renal artery impairs the circulation of blood to the affected kidney. this deprivation of blood then stimulates the kidney to produce the hormones, renin and angiotensin. these hormones, along with aldosterone from the adrenal gland, cause a constriction and increased stiffness ( resistance ) in the peripheral arteries throughout the body, which results in high blood pressure. renal hypertension is usually first suspected when high blood pressure is found in a young individual or a new onset of high blood pressure is discovered in an older person. screening for renal artery narrowing then may include renal isotope ( radioactive ) imaging, ultrasonographic ( sound wave ) imaging, or magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) of the renal arteries. the purpose of these tests is to determine whether there is a restricted blood flow to the kidney and whether angioplasty ( removal of the restriction in the renal arteries ) is likely to be beneficial. however, if the ultrasonic assessment indicates a high resistive index within the kidney ( high resistance to blood flow ), angioplasty may not improve the blood pressure because chronic damage in the kidney from long - standing hypertension already exists. if any of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.451856480025367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1123a72b-4803-4efc-8747-a3c3f8a25b68>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.156335"}
{"text": "the ultrasonic assessment indicates a high resistive index within the kidney ( high resistance to blood flow ), angioplasty may not improve the blood pressure because chronic damage in the kidney from long - standing hypertension already exists. if any of these tests are abnormal or the doctor ' s suspicion of renal artery narrowing is high enough, renal angiography ( an x - ray study in which dye is injected into the renal artery ) is done. angiography is the ultimate test to actually visualize the narrowed renal artery. a narrowing of the renal artery may be treated by balloon angioplasty. in this procedure, the physician threads a long narrow tube ( catheter ) into the renal artery. once the catheter is there, the renal artery is widened by inflating a balloon at the end of the catheter and placing a permanent stent ( a device that stretches the narrowing ) in the artery at the site of the narrowing. this procedure usually results in an improved blood flow to the kidneys and lower blood pressure. moreover, the procedure also preserves the function of the kidney that was partially deprived of its normal blood supply. only rarely is surgery needed these days to open up the narrowing of the renal artery. any of the other types of chronic kidney disease that reduce the function of the kidneys can also cause hypertension due to hormonal disturbances and / or retention of salt. it is important to remember that not only can kidney disease cause hypertension, but hypertension can also cause kidney disease. therefore, all patients with high blood pressure should be evaluated for the presence of kidney disease so they can be treated appropriately. reviewed by jay w. marks, md on 4 / 11 / 2012 viewers share their comments high blood pressure - effective treatments question : what kinds of treatments have been effective for your high blood pressure? high blood pressure - numbers question : was your top number or bottom number the bigger problem with your blood pressure? high blood pressure - causes question : did you ever figure out the causes of your high blood pressure? get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46922769062915626, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1123a72b-4803-4efc-8747-a3c3f8a25b68>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.157294"}
{"text": "san antonio - - foreign - born children who did not have allergies when they came to the u. s. became more likely to develop them after 10 years of residence, researchers found. compared with foreign - born children who had lived in the u. s. for 2 or fewer years, children who lived in the u. s. for over a decade were at three times the risk for developing any allergic disorder ( adjusted odds ratio [ aor ] 3. 04, 95 % ci 1. 08 to 8. 60, p = 0. 03 ), particularly eczema ( aor 4. 93, 95 % ci 1. 18 to 20. 62, p = 0. 03 ) and hay fever ( aor 6. 25, 95 % ci 1. 70 to 22. 96, p = 0. 006 ), according to jonathan silverberg, md, phd, of st. luke ' s - roosevelt hospital center in new york, n. y., and colleagues. although their risk of developing allergies does increase the longer they stay in the u. s., foreign - born children start out with an advantage when it comes to allergies. so, overall, birthplace outside of the u. s. and having one or more parents born outside of the u. s. offered a protective benefit against most allergic conditions ( p < 0. 0003 ), they reported at a poster session during the meeting of the american academy of allergy, asthma, and immunology. silverberg noted that allergic disease is much less common in other countries - - such as mexico and china - - than it is in the u. s., which may be in part due to conditions including socioeconomic status, ethnicity, urban living, nutrition, adiposity, and pollutants. however, even after adjusting for ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and urban residence, the investigators found that u. s. residence of foreign - born children over long periods of time was \" a previously unrecognized factor in the epidemiology of atopic disease. \" to study this association, the researchers gathered data from 78, 853 participants in the 2007 - 2008 national survey of children ' s health on prevalence of allergic disorders. the sample included 1, 989 children born outside of the u. s. and 76, 864 u. s. - born children. researchers asked participants ' parents questions on whether their child had been diagnosed with ever or current asthma, eczema or other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4727637565332208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a53e30ee-ef51-4120-89f0-6f111eb9d631>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.162574"}
{"text": "1, 989 children born outside of the u. s. and 76, 864 u. s. - born children. researchers asked participants ' parents questions on whether their child had been diagnosed with ever or current asthma, eczema or other skin allergies, hay fever, and food allergies. they also assessed place of birth for the mother, father, and child, as well as length of u. s. residency for the child. other characteristics included the child ' s age, sex, and ethnicity, as well as household income, residency in a metropolitan area, and history of moving to a new address. among foreign - born participants, children were a mean 11. 5 years old and most were hispanic ( 53. 4 % ), white ( 17. 2 % ), or black ( 12. 5 % ) and lived in a metropolitan area ( 94. 7 % ). children whose parents were born outside of the u. s. were significantly less likely to have an atopic disorder than those whose parents were born in the u. s. overall. children born to foreign mothers were significantly less likely to have any allergy overall, asthma, eczema, hay fever ( p < 0. 001 for all ), or food allergies ( p = 0. 001 ). those born to foreign fathers had protective effects against any allergy overall, ever asthma, eczema, food allergy ( p < 0. 001 for all ), current asthma ( p = 0. 009 ), and hay fever ( p = 0. 01 ). birthplace outside of the u. s. also offered a protective benefit against allergic disease, including against any allergy overall, ever or current asthma, hay fever ( p < 0. 001 for all ), or eczema ( p = 0. 003 ), but there was no significant difference in rates of food allergy ( p = 0. 46 ). the longer foreign - born children lived in the u. s., the more likely they were to develop allergies. \" the odds of developing allergic disease significantly increased after residing in the u. s. for a decade or more, \" silverberg presented, noting the difference between those who had lived in the u. s. for more than 10 years with those who lived there 2 years or less ( p = 0. 03 ). \" this suggested that foreign - born u. s. residents might be at increased risk for later onset of allergic disease, \" the authors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49241503675196113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a53e30ee-ef51-4120-89f0-6f111eb9d631>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.163464"}
{"text": "there is risk when publishing your images online. whether you are a professional or just writing a personal blog, there is a chance of theft or, more properly, copyright infringement when someone \u201c borrows \u201d your photographs. it feels horrible. worse, you might have received some money if your images were used with your permission. however, there are ways to prevent copyright infringement and to encourage people to get your permission to use your photographs. a watermark is a mark, text or image digitally added to another image. it could be your name, your company logo or company name, a copyright symbol or nearly anything. it should be something that uniquely brands your images. some watermarks are obvious while others are hidden ( much to the chagrin of a thief ). watermarks are used on nearly every banknote and passport. watermarking is an ancient practice, dating back to at least 13th century italy. as soon as papermaking started, watermarking became necessary. cartiere miliani in fabriano is credited with the earliest watermark dating 1282 c. e. people are still protecting their paper and electronic works using watermarks. watermarking your photographs can be done a number of ways. the most popular route is to create and add a watermark through a software such as adobe photoshop or lightroom. there are plenty of tutorials online to teach how to create and apply watermarks to a single image or batch of images. there are also online services to let you watermark your images ( e. g. watermark - images ). in either case, you customize the watermark. one tricky part of watermarking is choosing the position of the watermark on the images. copyrighting is a more legalistic way to protect electronic works than watermarking. according to the united states copyright office, it is the \u201c protection provided by the laws of the united states \u201d for \u201c original works of authorship. \u201d this protection is available to both published and unpublished works. the 1976 copyright act generally gives the owner of copyright the exclusive right to do and to authorize others to do at least the following : - reproduce the work ( make copies ) - prepare derivative works based upon the work - distribute copies of the work to the public by sale or other means - display the work publicly copyright gives you control of what happens with any image as long as you own the copyright. why would someone use a watermark or copyright their images? you should ask yourself some questions. - is your work available to the public? - can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47314244790725174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:888db53c-c502-4577-bbb5-37e7bdf5a0db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.167693"}
{"text": "work publicly copyright gives you control of what happens with any image as long as you own the copyright. why would someone use a watermark or copyright their images? you should ask yourself some questions. - is your work available to the public? - can someone see your pictures? - are your images uploaded to a photo hosting website? - do you have a blog that you post photos to? - do you share your work digitally? - do you get paid for your work? - do you not get paid for your work? - are you using your photographs in this year \u2019 s christmas card? if you answered yes to any of these questions, you need to use a watermark. a watermark can help you prove authorship of your picture which can help you to enforce the copyright in your work. how do i copyright my work? to copyright your images, you can go about it two ways : the easy, free way or the u. s. way. according to the berne convention ( which you should read to better understand what it covers and how it legally protects you ), as soon as you press down the shutter on your camera you own the captured image. the copyright is automatic and instantly yours. you own the copyright of that photograph for a minimum of 25 years ( duration of copyright depends on the medium ). the berne convention states that people can use your work as long as they credit you with it. the berne convention does not ensure you will get paid every time someone else uses your photo. it does not clarify how you are to prove that the photo, if it were to come into question, would be proven as yours. registering your work with the u. s. copyright office is required to enforce your copyright in your work. you can register your work either online or on paper ( the website offers a pdf file for you to download, fill out and mail in ). registering online is much less cumbersome, quicker and provides you with a status tracker. it is also cheaper to file online : only $ 35 versus $ 50 for the paper route. you can register a single image or an entire body of published work ( form gr / pph / con is needed for a group of published works ). registering your work with the copyright office is especially useful for those who sell their work to distributed publications. if in fact someone were to steal or abuse an image, you have the copyright office and the power of the united states courts, government and fbi on your side. the berne convention is like your angry big", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4644432824609848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:888db53c-c502-4577-bbb5-37e7bdf5a0db>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.168674"}
{"text": "clinical trials : should you participate? being involved in a clinical trial has risks and benefits. being informed and asking lots of questions can help you make a decision. a clinical trial is a research study that uses human volunteers to try to answer a specific question. whenever a new arthritis drug or breast cancer treatment hits the market, clinical trials are an important step in the approval process. clinical trials are conducted for different reasons, according to the national institutes of health ( nih ) : treatment trials test experimental treatments, new combinations of drugs or new types of surgery or radiation therapy. prevention trials test new ways to prevent certain diseases or prevent a disease from recurring. diagnostic trials look at new tests or procedures that diagnose disease. screening trials test new methods for finding disease. quality of life trials look at new ways to improve quality of life for people with chronic illness. clinical trials are done in phases, designated as i through iv. each phase has a different purpose, the nih says : phase i trials use a small group of people, usually 20 to 80, to check the safety, dosage and side effects of a treatment. phase ii trials expand to 100 to 300 people and look at the effectiveness and safety of a treatment. phase iii trials include 1, 000 to 3, 000 people and try to confirm the results of the earlier trials and compare the new treatment with other commonly used treatments. more data are collected to help determine safe usage. phase iv trials are done after the treatment is approved for the general public. these trials collect additional information on risks and benefits of the new treatment. the good news is that most clinical trials test treatments that already have shown some promise of being more effective than existing therapies. in addition, all u. s. clinical trials must be overseen by an institutional review board ( irb ) at each site participating in the research. the irb helps ensure low risks and proper trial procedures. all clinical trials have guidelines that describe the criteria for participants. to ensure that a trial ' s results are reliable, people are included or excluded from the trial according to these criteria. in most trials, one group of patients is given a standard treatment, while another group receives the therapy being tested. neither the patient nor the clinical doctor knows which treatment each individual person receives. before you sign up as a clinical trial participant, you must sign an informed consent document that gives many details about the study and what you can expect. the document doesn ' t require you to complete the entire study. you have the right to leave at any time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4472794399934239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ee62458-794a-4eb0-8144-615a6ae6777b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.172221"}
{"text": "sign up as a clinical trial participant, you must sign an informed consent document that gives many details about the study and what you can expect. the document doesn ' t require you to complete the entire study. you have the right to leave at any time and will be immediately withdrawn if you have negative health effects. should you sign up? here are the pros to consider : you may be among the first to benefit from a new treatment. you ' ll be helping others by contributing to medical research. you ' ll be closely monitored and receive high - quality medical care. weigh those against the cons : experimental treatments may bring unpleasant or serious side effects. the treatment may not work for you, or it may end up being less effective than the available treatment. participating may require more of your time and energy than a normal treatment regimen. there may be more tests and doctor visits, complex dosage requirements, or hospital stays. your health plan may not cover all your costs. you may have to change doctors. before you sign up, talk with your family and your doctor to decide if this is a good option for you. in addition, the nih advises that you get answers to these questions before participating : what ' s the purpose of the study? who will be in the study? why do researchers believe the experimental treatment being tested may be effective? what kinds of tests and experimental treatments are involved? how do the possible risks, side effects, and benefits of the study compare with my current treatment? how might this trial affect my daily life? how long will the trial last? who will pay for the experimental treatment? what type of long - term follow - up care is part of this study? how will i know the experimental treatment is working? will i receive the results of the trial?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4459224709843923, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ee62458-794a-4eb0-8144-615a6ae6777b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.172963"}
{"text": "abstract expressionism, the style of painting that achieved prominence in the 1950s, encompasses two very different sensibilities. one, exemplified by the work of jackson pollock and willem de kooning, is characterized by energetic brushwork and rhythmic, dynamic compositions ; the other, contemplative in tone and made up of subtle color harmonies, relatively static compositions, and simple forms, is embodied by the paintings of mark rothko. by 1950 rothko developed the compositional format that he was to use, with refinements and variations, for the rest of his life. in these completely abstract works, color and shape replace traditional narrative content and figurative imagery. two or three horizontal bars of varying size and color dominate the large, primarily vertical canvases, and they appear to hover on the picture surface. this effect is produced in part by the \" halo \" created around the horizontal bands as they overlap the background color. it is also enhanced by the translucency of the paint, which was so diluted that it actually saturated and stained the fibers of the canvas. although rothko minimized the tactile nature of the medium, these paintings still retain a painterly quality in their subtle brushwork and in the ragged edges of the forms. in rothko ' s oeuvre color varies greatly, and it evokes a full range of emotions. the primary hues of red and yellow that make up \" no. 13 ( white, red on yellow ) \" are bright and joyous, while other works are composed of dark, brooding maroons, blues, and greens. in the two years before his suicide in 1970, the artist produced a large series of dark paintings, the majority of which were executed on paper with acrylics. made up of opaque, monochromatic grays, browns, and blacks, these works are generally simpler in structure and eliminated the floating effect that previously enlivened paintings like \" no. 13 ( white, red on yellow ). \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5257196155174222, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d757359-f918-46a3-bacc-f59628a36e62>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.174882"}
{"text": "mission field - mexico city - if mexico city had 330 missionaries they would each need to reach 100, 000 people to evangelize the city - the growth rate nearly 2, 000 people daily. - there are 800, 000 college students in mexico city without one separated gospel witness, ( 300, 000 alone in the world ' s largest university - unam ). - one half of the population is under the age of 20. children under 15 make up 63 % of population. - there are millions of children, with 200, 000 being born yearly in mexico city. - over one million children are orphans. - there are areas of 2 - 3 million people without one gospel preaching missionary. - 10 % of latin america ' s population - more people than all the countries in central america - only 3 countries, brazil, argentina, and columbia have more people than mexico city in latin america. - air pollution is very bad, so the city bans one fifth of its cars each day of the workweek, which is determined by its license plate number. - the largest taxi fleet in the world is found in mexico city. the city boasts a fleet of over 60, 000 taxis. - mexico city covers 571 square miles. the metro area covers 900 sq miles. - compared to north america - 7. 5 % of north america ' s population - more people than canada - over twice the size of new york city - more people than each of the following areas of the united states : - florida, georgia, south carolina, and north carolina. - west virginia, maryland, delaware, pennsylvania, and new jersey - connecticut, rhode island, massachusetts, vermont, new hampshire, and maine. almost 700 years ago, on an island in the water of lake texcoco, the aztecas founded tenochtitlan. tenochtitlan was built in 1325 by the aztecs. it was destroyed by the spanish when they conquered mexico. hernando cortez first entered the valley of mexico in 1519. with fewer than 200 soldiers and a few horses, he conquered the aztecs. in 1521 the spanish destroyed the city of tenochtitlan. this ancient wonder later became the largest capital city the world has ever known. the city ' s secular past melds three distinct cultures ; the prehispanic, the colonial and the modern. these unique personalities have came together in the anthology we know today as mexico city. prehispanic influences can still be found in the faces of its people and the buildings and monuments built", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3995528563602987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bcabad47-aee8-4e95-8fee-8bee0723bdca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.178761"}
{"text": "those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it. - - george santayana at the hni shareholders meeting, president and ceo, stan askren, made a point to tell shareholders that the past does not predict the future. there are always unforeseen events that are random or exogenous that lie outside the realm of normal that alter the future. for example, who could foresee the credit crisis and the mortgage mess. what \u2019 s wrong with looking at history and making an inference about the future? bestselling author, nicholas taleb, points out that history suffers from a problem of induction that he calls the black swan. when one moves from specific examples to general conclusions, there \u2019 s always a problem that a random event can alter the expected outcome. looking at history provides comfort because it rules out randomness. it \u2019 s like a brain suave for those who are afraid of risk. in fact, economists say that one should not let sunk costs determine future decisions. what happened in the past should be irrelevant to future decisions. there \u2019 s another problem when using history as a guide in teaching economics. the problem lies in the brain \u2019 s tendency to find patterns in past events and think that one should have predicted the events that followed given these past events. this is what taleb calls the post hoc narrative fallacy. in other words, hindsight is 20 / 20. so when economics is taught in the history department, there \u2019 s tendency to teach it with a post hoc narrative and tendency to use induction. for these two reasons alone, economics should be taught in the business department.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5230810714007577, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88f62a18-739a-4ef7-b4dc-e5ca1c073d19>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.181502"}
{"text": "are you a professional, all the time? you know that it ' s essential to be professional if you want to be a success. but what does \" being professional \" actually mean? for some, being professional might mean dressing smartly at work, or doing a good job. for others, being professional means having advanced degrees or other certifications, framed and hung on the office wall. professionalism encompasses all of these definitions. but, it also covers much more. so, what is professionalism, and why does it matter? and how can you be completely professional in your day - to - day role? in this article we ' ll explore all of these questions, so that you can present a really professional image in the workplace the merriam - webster dictionary defines professionalism as \" the conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or mark a profession or a professional person \" ; and it defines a profession as \" a calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation. \" these definitions imply that professionalism encompasses a number of different attributes, and, together, these attributes identify and define a professional. so, what are these attributes? first and foremost, professionals are known for their specialized knowledge. they ' ve made a deep personal commitment to develop and improve their skills, and, where appropriate, they have the degrees and certifications that serve as the foundation of this knowledge. not all business areas have a stable core of knowledge ( and the academic qualifications that go with this ) ; not all areas demand extensive knowledge to practice successfully ; and not all professionals have top degrees in their field. what matters, though, is that these professionals have worked in a serious, thoughtful and sustained way to master the specialized knowledge needed to succeed in their fields ; and that they keep this knowledge up - to - date, so that they can continue to deliver the best work possible. professionals get the job done. they ' re reliable, and they keep their promises. if circumstances arise that prevent them from delivering on their promises, they manage expectations up front, and they do their best to make the situation right. professionals don ' t make excuses, but focus on finding solutions. professionals exhibit qualities such as honesty and integrity. they keep their word, and they can be trusted implicitly because of this. they never compromise their values, and will do the right thing, even when it means taking a harder road. more than this, true professionals are humble \u2013 if a project or job falls outside their scope of expertise, they ' re not afraid to admit this.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4977897357352816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b26785f1-2dac-4195-9e36-45097f1f447d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.188028"}
{"text": "compromise their values, and will do the right thing, even when it means taking a harder road. more than this, true professionals are humble \u2013 if a project or job falls outside their scope of expertise, they ' re not afraid to admit this. they immediately ask for help when they need it, and they ' re willing to learn from others. professionals hold themselves accountable for their thoughts, words, and actions, especially when they ' ve made a mistake. this personal accountability is closely tied to honesty and integrity, and it ' s a vital element in professionalism. they also stay professional under pressure. for instance, imagine a customer service employee who ' s faced with an irate customer. instead of getting upset or angry in return, the employee exhibits true professionalism by maintaining a calm, business - like demeanor, and by doing everything that she can to make the situation right. genuine professionals show respect for the people around them, no matter what their role or situation. they exhibit a high degree of emotional intelligence ( ei ) by considering the emotions and needs of others, and they don ' t let a bad day impact how they interact with colleagues or clients. professionals look the part \u2013 they don ' t show up to work sloppily dressed, with unkempt hair. they ' re polished, and they dress appropriately for the situation. because if this, they exude an air of confidence, and they gain respect for this. as you can see from these characteristics, professionals are the kind of people that others respect and value. they are a genuine credit to their organizations! this is why it ' s so important that we work to earn a professional reputation in the workplace. true professionals are the first to be considered for promotions, they are awarded valuable projects or clients, and they are routinely successful in their careers. now that you have a clear view of what constitutes professionalism, are you demonstrating these characteristics to the people around you? it ' s likely you ' re already showing some characteristics, but you may find yourself lacking in others : to build your own professionalism, focus on improving each of these characteristics. ( focus on one at a time, so you don ' t get overwhelmed. ) additionally, here are some further strategies that will help you be more professional in the workplace : take our bite - sized training session on building expert power to find out how to build and maintain your own expert power. professionals can sense the emotional needs of others. they ' re able to give clients and coworkers what they need, because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48501416759636357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b26785f1-2dac-4195-9e36-45097f1f447d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.189965"}
{"text": ": take our bite - sized training session on building expert power to find out how to build and maintain your own expert power. professionals can sense the emotional needs of others. they ' re able to give clients and coworkers what they need, because they know how to listen actively and observe what ' s happening. so, if you want to improve your professionalism, focus on developing emotional intelligence. whenever you make a promise to your boss, colleagues, or clients, keep it. if it looks as if you won ' t be able to meet a deadline, let your boss, team or client know as soon as sensibly possible. however, do what you can to avoid ending up in this situation! don ' t make excuses \u2013 instead, focus on meeting expectations as best you can, and on making the situation right. be kind and polite and use good manners to everyone you come into contact with, no matter what their role is, and no matter how you ' re feeling. this might sound unimportant, but it makes a significant impact. do you show up to a client meeting lacking important samples? or arrive at work, only to realize that you left a vital file at home? or do you find yourself operating in situations where you don ' t have the skills needed to do a good job? although professionalism means keeping commitments, doing high quality work, and having expert status, occasionally the pursuit of these attributes might tempt you not to volunteer for projects that fall outside your \" comfort zone. \" however, this doesn ' t necessarily mean that you shouldn ' t try! analyze risks beforehand to minimize the consequences of getting things wrong, be honest about any skills gaps that you have, and work to fill them. then do the best you possibly can! professionalism is a trait that ' s highly valued in the workforce. it has many attributes, including : to improve your own professionalism, focus on improving in each of these areas. you can also exude professionalism by being kind and polite to everyone, presenting a professional image in your attitude and dress, and showing up for work or meetings fully prepared. with the mind tools club, you get much, much more than you do here for free. learn on the move with the free mind tools iphone, ipad and android apps. short bursts of business training ideal for busy people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4402374311953471, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b26785f1-2dac-4195-9e36-45097f1f447d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.191297"}
{"text": "' superpowered ' bacteria may lurk behind sinus infections wednesday, sept. 12 ( healthday news ) - - a small new study offers insight into the germ warfare that goes on inside the heads of people with chronic sinus infections. harmless bacteria become superpowered and create trouble in the sinuses of affected people, the findings suggest. the research doesn ' t seem likely to immediately help relieve long - lasting sinus infections, which can be extremely difficult to treat and cause intense misery in sufferers. but the study could open the door to greater understanding of the disease, said study co - author susan lynch, an associate professor of medicine at the university of california, san francisco. \" this may be why some patients never recover, \" she said. \" there ' s promise of maybe having an alternative approach to treatment. \" sinus infections are defined as chronic when they last for more than three months. bacteria can cause them, often after a cold, and they lead to swelling and lots of mucus production. viruses and allergies can also cause sinus infections. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention estimates that at least 30 million adults in the united states suffer from diagnosed sinus infections. the new study examines what happens in the sinuses of infected people, which - - like other parts of the body - - are home to bacteria that aren ' t normally harmful. researchers looked into the sinuses of 10 people with chronic sinus infections and 10 healthy people. they found evidence that normally benign bacteria become superpowered and turn bad, possibly because other bacteria aren ' t around to keep them in check. why does this happen? possibly because antibiotic treatment for sinus infections focuses on getting rid of bad bacteria, which creates an opening for good bacteria to multiply and become a problem, lynch said. the next step, she said, is to test new treatments in humans that keep this in mind. dr. jordan josephson, a sinus and allergy specialist at lenox hill hospital in new york city, cautioned that the picture is even more complicated because of the presence of other things in the sinuses, such as fungus. another sinus specialist, dr. reginald baugh, chair of otolaryngology at the university of toledo in ohio, agreed that other factors are part of sinus infections. \" additional studies are indicated to replicate and further substantiate their findings, \" he said. baugh added that the findings of the study sound reasonable. it ' s possible, he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49961427872979725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa74cbce-9bd2-4964-a261-19e7a5fa1107>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.197560"}
{"text": "\" the succession to doctor franklin at the court of france was an excellent school of humility. \u201d so thomas jefferson reflected as he prepared notes for a eulogy that would be read in memory of benjamin franklin ( january 17 ( january 6 o. s. ), 1706 - april 17, 1790 ) at the american philosophical society on march 1, 1791. yet this \u201c school of humility \u201d was never one that jefferson seemed to begrudge. he lauded franklin as scientist, statesman, and a \u201c great and dear friend, whom time will be making greater while it is sponging us from its records. \u201d as neither man has been expunged from history, it is interesting to consider the nine months they spent together in paris, a time when they renewed the relationship begun in the continental congress of 1775 - 76 and when the younger jefferson again had the opportunity to work closely with franklin, seasoned veteran of international diplomacy, science, and letters. when jefferson arrived in august 1784 to assist in the negotiation of commercial treaties, franklin had been in france for more than seven years. he had arrived late in 1776, primarily to secure french support for the american colonies in their fight for independence from great britain. by 1783, he was concluding the peace treaty that formally ended the conflict. jefferson \u2019 s arrival was little noticed amid the fanfare and notoriety that surrounded franklin. \u201c no one was more fashionable, more sought after in paris than doctor franklin. the crowd chased after him in parks and public places ; hats, canes, and snuffboxes were designed in the franklin style, and people thought themselves very lucky if they were invited to the same dinner party as this famous man, \u201d one parisian observed. franklin \u2019 s reputation as a man of science and as a statesman had preceded him. his experiments and observations on electricity had been translated into french in 1752 and endorsed by king louis xv, who requested that his compliments be conveyed to the author. other of franklin \u2019 s essays and writings were available in french as well. his testimony before the house of commons in 1766 in rebuttal of the stamp act had been reprinted in france with the advice to readers that \u201c they will see what constitutes the superiority of intelligence, the presence of mind and the nobility of character of this illustrious philosopher, appearing before an assembly of legislators. \u201d franklin was described as \u201c one of the greatest and the most enlightened and the noblest men the new world had seen born and the old world has ever admired. \u201d and the french had watched carefully his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4801769043513816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3abadcde-fa9e-447a-a9a1-b390242a7db1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.204590"}
{"text": "appearing before an assembly of legislators. \u201d franklin was described as \u201c one of the greatest and the most enlightened and the noblest men the new world had seen born and the old world has ever admired. \u201d and the french had watched carefully his negotiations on america \u2019 s behalf with their traditional enemy, england. jefferson had given similar voice to franklin \u2019 s abilities in his own notes on the state of virginia, in which he rebuffed european charges that america, among other things, was devoid of genius. \u201c in physics we have produced a franklin, than whom no one of the present age has made more important discoveries, nor has enriched philosophy with more, or more ingenious solutions of the phenomena of nature, \u201d jefferson wrote. but despite his avid defense of american genius, jefferson upon settling in paris was drawn to the stimulating, intellectual atmosphere of the french salons and scientific circles. he hoped introductions initiated by franklin would open \u201c a door of admission for me to the circle of literati. \u201d it was at the salon of madame helvetius, a very close and particular friend of franklin \u2019 s, where jefferson met and established lasting relationships with members of the french literati such as the comte de volney, destutt de tracy, and pierre - georges cabanis, among others. jefferson \u2019 s only observation of a deficiency in franklin \u2019 s diplomatic skills was his elder friend \u2019 s lack of training in the law. jefferson cited a consular agreement made between franklin and france \u2019 s foreign minister, the comte de vergennes, that allowed privileges and exemptions to french consuls assigned to the united states contrary to the laws of many of the states. jefferson, trained in the law, would later renegotiate these points. however, jefferson recognized this same deficiency as one of franklin \u2019 s strengths. unlike lawyers, \u201c whose trade it is to question everything, yield nothing, and talk by the hour, \u201d jefferson noted that when he had served in the continental congress, franklin never spoke as much as 10 minutes at a time and then only addressed the main point to be decided. along with this ability to listen carefully, jefferson listed among franklin \u2019 s diplomatic skills his amiable temperament and reasonable disposition, \u201c sensible that advantages are not all to be on one side. \u201d during jefferson \u2019 s first nine months in paris, there were few accomplishments in negotiating commercial treaties. he fretted that europe did not respect the u. s. government and looked upon it as lacking \u201c tone and energy, \u201d and recognized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4987818969230484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3abadcde-fa9e-447a-a9a1-b390242a7db1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.205693"}
{"text": ". \u201d during jefferson \u2019 s first nine months in paris, there were few accomplishments in negotiating commercial treaties. he fretted that europe did not respect the u. s. government and looked upon it as lacking \u201c tone and energy, \u201d and recognized that franklin \u2019 s cachet had been a major factor in the previous interest afforded the cause of the united states. as preparations were made for franklin \u2019 s departure and his own step into the position of minister plenipotentiary, jefferson cautioned in letters to the united states that \u201c europe fixes an attentive eye on your reception of doctor franklin. \u201d despite some old political opponents who questioned franklin \u2019 s loyalty to the united states because of the number of years he had been away, franklin was welcomed back for the most part with accolades, and his appointment to the constitutional convention to assist in the drafting of the new constitution indicated a continued confidence in his abilities. soon after jefferson \u2019 s own return to the united states four years later, he visited the \u201c beloved and venerable franklin \u201d at his home in philadelphia and tried to soothe his anxieties about his acquaintances who he feared were caught up in the political upheavals that erupted into the french revolution. upon hearing the news from france, franklin \u2019 s \u201c animation [ was ] almost too much for his strength, \u201d jefferson noted. nonetheless, jefferson still encouraged franklin to complete his autobiography. this would be their last visit, as franklin died a month later, on april 17, 1790. jefferson maintained his lasting respect and admiration for franklin, and concluded his notes for his eulogy with a confession : \u201c on being presented to any one as the minister of america, the commonplace question, used in such cases, was, \u2018 c \u2019 est vous, monsieur, qui remplace le docteur franklin? \u2019 \u2018 it is you, sir, who replace doctor franklin? \u2019 i generally answered, \u2018 no one can replace him, sir ; i am only his successor. ' \" - gaye wilson, 2005. originally published as gaye wilson, \" benjamin franklin, jefferson ' s ' beloved and venerable ' friend, \" monticello newsletter, 16 ( winter 2005 ). - benjamin franklin home in london - library of congress. benjamin franklin resource guide. a selected list of sources for research on franklin provided by the staff of the library of congress. - papers of benjamin franklin. full text of benjamin franklin ' s letters, published by yale university. - look for sources on benjamin franklin in the thomas jefferson portal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42031619660771913, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3abadcde-fa9e-447a-a9a1-b390242a7db1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.206816"}
{"text": "ms explainedthe cause of symptoms in ms, only nerves in the brain or spinal cord are damaged. however, as these nerves control the functions of the whole body, symptoms can affect many different areas, although an individual with ms will only experience some of these. as well as the variety of symptoms, the severity and duration will also vary from person to person. how ms affects an individual depends on where damage occurs and which nerve messages are interrupted or blocked. some people can have mri scans that show a number of areas of scarring but in areas that have not caused them to experience noticeable symptoms. conversely, a single scar that damages an area controlling bladder function, for instance, can have a serious impact on someone ' s life. similarly, the actual level of disease activity can remain constant with a consistent number of areas of scarring. however, if a new scar interrupts an important function, such as walking, it can seem to the individual as though the ms has accelerated. whilst the complexity of the brain and how it handles information are still far from fully understood, certain areas are associated with specific functions. this section gives a very broad overview of how damage caused by ms to these areas can lead to certain symptoms being experienced. the following pages cover a range of symptoms that ms can cause, but it is important to stress that most people only experience a small number of these. although there are no drugs to cure ms, there are treatments for many of the symptoms. information on treatments can be found in other ms trust publications or by contacting the ms trust information service. | site of damage | | symptom | | 1 spinal cord | | | 2 brainstem | | visual problems | | 3 optic nerve | | optic neuritis | balance and dizziness tremor and ataxia | 5 areas involved with thought and emotion | | | symptoms not associated with a single area | | fatigue speech and swallowing next page - the spinal cord", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5147513064228142, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:348e998a-3f6f-4596-a1e6-dcb4ec66c4ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.209677"}
{"text": "yet modern, fabulously rich yet achingly poor. city of bombay originally consisted of seven islands, namely colaba, mazagaon, old woman ' s island, wadala, mahim, parel, and matunga - sion. this group of islands, which have since been joined together by a series of reclamations, formed part of the kingdom of ashoka, the famous emperor of his death, these islands passed into the hands of various hindu rulers until 1343. in that year, the mohammedans of gujerat took possession and the kings of that province of india ruled for the next two centuries. the only vestige ( mark ) of their dominion over these islands that remains today is the mosque at mahim. 1534 the portuguese, who already possessed many important trading centers on the western coast, such as panjim, daman, and diu, took bombay by force of arms from the mohammedans. this led to the establishment of numerous churches which were constructed in areas where the majority of people were roman catholics. there used to be two areas in bombay called \" portuguese church \". however, only one church with portuguese - style facade still remains ; it is the st. andrew ' s church at bandra. the portuguese also fortified their possession by building forts at sion, mahim, bandra, and bassien which, although in disrepair, can still be seen. they named their new possession as \" bom baia \" which in portuguese means \" good bay \". hundred and twenty - eight years later the islands were given to the english king charles ii in dowry on his marriage to portuguese princess catherine of braganza in 1662. in the year 1668 the islands were acquired by the english east india company on lease from the crown for an annual sum of 10 pounds in gold ; so little did the british value these islands at that time. the company, which was operating from surat, was in search for another deeper water port so that larger vessels could dock, and found the islands of bombay suitable for development. the shifting of the east india company ' s headquarters to bombay in 1687 led to the eclipse of surat as a principal trading center. the british corrupted the portuguese name \" bom baia \" to \" bombay \". the kolis used to call the islands \" mumba \" after mumbadevi, the hindu deity to whom a temple is dedicated at babulnath near chowpatty ' s sandy beaches. first parsi to arrive in bombay was dora", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4178960837069642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a53e454-9b49-4dfc-a4af-dc177464db01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.271267"}
{"text": ". the kolis used to call the islands \" mumba \" after mumbadevi, the hindu deity to whom a temple is dedicated at babulnath near chowpatty ' s sandy beaches. first parsi to arrive in bombay was dorabji nanabhoy patel in 1640. the parsis, originally from iran, migrated to india about 900 years ago. this they did to save their religion, zoroastrianism, from invading arabs who proselytized islam. however, in 1689 - 90, when a severe plague had struck down most of the europeans, the siddi chief of janjira made several attempts to re - possess the islands by force, but the son of the former, a trader named rustomji dorabji patel ( 1667 - 1763 ), successfully warded off the attacks on behalf of the british with the help of the ' kolis ', the original fisher - folk inhabitants of these islands. the remnants of the koli settlements can still be seen at backbay reclamation, mahim, bandra, khar, bassien and madh island. george oxenden became the first british governor of the islands, and was succeeded later by mr. gerald aungier who made bombay more populous by attracting gujerati traders, parsi ship - builders, and muslim and hindu manufacturers from the mainland. he fortified defenses by constructing the bombay castle ( the fort, since then vanished except for a small portion of the wall ) and provided stability by constituting courts of law. 1822 and 1838, cattle from the congested fort area used to graze freely at the camp maidan ( now called azad maidan ), an open ground opposite the victoria terminus. in 1838, the british rulers introduced a ' grazing fee ' which several cattle - owners could not afford. therefore, sir jamshedji jeejeebhoy spent rs. 20, 000 from his own purse for purchasing some grasslands near the seafront at thakurdwar and saw that the starving cattle grazed without a fee in that area. in time the area became to be known as \" charni \" meaning grazing. when a railway station on the bb & ci railway was constructed there it was called charni road. zoroastrian towers of silence on malabar hill were built by seth modi hirji vachha in 1672. the zoroastrians believe in venerating the earth, fire, and water and hence they prefer to expose their dead to the elements and flesh - eating birds within the confines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.402804503277973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a53e454-9b49-4dfc-a4af-dc177464db01>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.273593"}
{"text": "built by seth modi hirji vachha in 1672. the zoroastrians believe in venerating the earth, fire, and water and hence they prefer to expose their dead to the elements and flesh - eating birds within the confines of the towers of silence. the first fire - temple was also built in the same year by seth vachha opposite his residence at modikhana within the british fort. both of the these structures can still be seen today although they have been expanded and inroads of the sea at worli, mahim, and mahalaxmi turned the ground between the islands into swamps making bombay an extremely unhealthy place at that time. many commuters going to the fort by boat between islands lost their lives when there was a storm during the monsoons ( july to september ). during the next 40 years much was done to improve matters. reclamation work to stop the breeches at mahalaxmi and worli were undertaken. the hornby vellard was completed in 1784, during the governorship of mr. hornby. in 1803 bombay was connected with salsette by a causeway at sion. the island of colaba was joined to bombay in 1838 by a causeway now called colaba causeway and the causeway connecting mahim and bandra was completed in 1845 at the total cost of rs. 1, 57, 000 donated entirely by lady avabai jamsetjee jeejeebhoy, wife of the first baronet sir jamsetjee jeejeebhoy with a stipulation that no toll would be charged to citizens for its use by the government. initially the cost was estimated at rs. 100, 000 but as the work commenced in 1842 the cost escalated. when the initial sum was exhausted and work about to stop lady jeejeebhoy once again dipped in to her personal purse with a second donation to the treasury of rs. 57, 000. robert grant ( 1779 - 1838 ) governed bombay from 1835 to 1838 and was responsible for the construction of a number of roads between bombay and the hinterland. the thana and colaba causeways were built during his tenure as well as the grant medical college attached to the sir jamshedji jeejeebhoy ( j. j. ) group of hospitals. saturday 16th of april, 1853 a 21 - mile long railway line, the first in india, between bombay ' s victoria terminus and thana was opened. the great indian peninsular ( gip ) and the bombay baroda and central india ( bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3983328071605113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a53e454-9b49-4dfc-a4af-dc177464db01>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.287833"}
{"text": ". saturday 16th of april, 1853 a 21 - mile long railway line, the first in india, between bombay ' s victoria terminus and thana was opened. the great indian peninsular ( gip ) and the bombay baroda and central india ( bb & ci ) railway were started in 1860 and a regular service of steamers on the west coast was commenced in 1869. also during this period bombay enjoyed great economic wealth. raw cotton from gujerat was shipped to lancashire in england through bombay port, and after being spun and woven into cloth, returned to be sold in the indian market. the outbreak of the american civil war in 1861 increased the demand for cotton in the west and several personal fortunes were made during this period from the resulting trade. the opening of the suez canal in 1869 brought the west closer to bombay, and as the city became more prosperous, many schemes were launched for reclaiming additional land and building more roads and wharves. bombay began to attract fortune hunters by the hundreds and the population had swelled from 13, 726 in 1780 to 644, 405 in 1872, in a little less than a hundred years. by 1906 the population of bombay was to become 977, 822. 1858, following the first war of independence ( the british called it the \" sepoy mutiny \" ) of 1857 in which the rani of jhansi and her infant son strapped on her back were killed, the east india company was accused of mismanagement and the islands reverted to the british crown. in 1862 sir baartle frere was appointed governor, an office which he held until 1867. by 1862 the town had spread over the lands reclaimed through constructions of causeways and it is from this date we have the rise of the modern city of bombay. in 1864 a fountain was to be erected in his honour at the victoria gardens by the agri - horticultural society of western india. somehow, the plans were changed at the last moment and the fountain, named after the greek goddess flora, was placed in the centre of the city on what used be known as hornby road. unfortunately, no plaque was placed on the fountain to commemorate the name of governor in whose memory it was supposed to have been erected. 1860 the piped water supply from tulsi and vehar lakes ( and later tansa ) was inaugurated. one reform which met with much superstitious opposition, before it was implemented, was the sealing and banning the use of water from open wells and tanks that bred mosquitoes. a good drainage system was also constructed at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38779687871339075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a53e454-9b49-4dfc-a4af-dc177464db01>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.290673"}
{"text": "later tansa ) was inaugurated. one reform which met with much superstitious opposition, before it was implemented, was the sealing and banning the use of water from open wells and tanks that bred mosquitoes. a good drainage system was also constructed at the same time. however, several decades later, the same wells were to serve bombay by providing non - potable water to supplement the same from the lakes. this was true especially during those years when the monsoons failed to provide sufficient water in the catchment areas of the lakes. however, well water is now used all over the city to supplement the water received from the lakes. later half of the 19th century was also to see a feverish construction of buildings in bombay, many of which such as, the victoria terminus, the general post office, municipal corporation, the prince of wales museum, rajabai tower and bombay university, elphinstone college and the cawasji jehangir hall, the crawford market, the old secretariat ( old customs house ) and the public works department ( pwd ) building, still stand today as major landmarks. the gateway of india was built to commemorate the visit of king george v and queen mary for the darbar at delhi in 1911. docks at bombay are a monument of the industry, enterprise and integrity of the wadia family which moved in from surat at the instigation of the british. in 1870 the bombay port trust was formed. in 1872, jamshedji wadia, a master ship - builder constructed the \" cornwalis \", a frigate of 50 guns, for the east india company, a success which led to several orders from the british navy. in all the wadias, between 1735 - 1863 built 170 war vessels for the company, 34 man - of - war for the british navy, 87 merchant vessels for private firms, and three vessels for the queen of muscat at bombay docks. princess dock was built in the year 1885 and the victoria dock and the mereweather dry docks in 1891. alexandra dock was completed in 1914. the closing years of the 19th century were tragic for bombay as the bubonic plague caused great destruction of human life once more. one significant result of the plague was the creation of the city improvement trust which in later years encouraged the development of the suburbs for residential purposes to remove the congestion in the city. bombay ' s superintendent of police in 1885, charles forjett was a favourite of the indian people. many wept openly when he returned to england. he sacked british constables who undul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4142658109347656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a53e454-9b49-4dfc-a4af-dc177464db01>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.295019"}
{"text": "suburbs for residential purposes to remove the congestion in the city. bombay ' s superintendent of police in 1885, charles forjett was a favourite of the indian people. many wept openly when he returned to england. he sacked british constables who unduly harassed the locals and cracked down on the parsi mafia which was involved in the liquor business in the falkland road area, which included the famous \" play house \" which the locals corrupted to \" pillhouse \". the \" pillhouse \" area would acquire notoriety in later years as the infamous \" cages \" area housing bombay ' s infamous red - light district. sandhurst governed bombay between 1895 and 1900 and it was during his tenure that the act was passed which constituted the city improvement trust which, among other things, built the sandhurst road in 1910 and handed it over to the municipality. the sandhurst road railway station ( upper level ) was built in 1921. result of a mysterious fire which started in one of its holds, on a very hot summer ' s day on friday april 14, 1944, the ship \" fort stikine \" ( 7420 tons ) blew up in the bombay docks. at the time the ship was about to unload a lethal combination of cargo of dried fish and cotton bales ( loaded from karachi ), timber, gun powder, ammunition, and gold bars from london ( the latter to stabilize the indian rupee, which was sagging due to the second world war and fear of invasion from japan ). the gold bullion was valued at approx. two million pounds sterling at that time. nobody is certain as to how the fire started but the two explosions which followed were so loud that windows rattled and / or shattered as far away as dadar, a distance of 8 miles. the destruction in the docks and surrounding area was immense and several hundred dock workers were killed instantly. a majority of brave men of the bombay fire brigade, who answered the call to duty immediately after the first blast, lost their lives in the second explosion ( a monument has been erected in the docks in their honour ). the population of the city was panic stricken as rumours spread rapidly that the explosions signaled the commencement of hostilities by the japanese on the same style as the surprise attack on pearl harbour in the hawaiian islands in december 1941. the japanese were in fact nowhere near bombay since they were engaged in fighting a losing battle with the british army in burma at that time. nevertheless, the bombay central ( bb & ci ) and victoria terminus ( gip ) stations were packed to capacity with terrorized people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4259717118344507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a53e454-9b49-4dfc-a4af-dc177464db01>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.298943"}
{"text": "in fact nowhere near bombay since they were engaged in fighting a losing battle with the british army in burma at that time. nevertheless, the bombay central ( bb & ci ) and victoria terminus ( gip ) stations were packed to capacity with terrorized people fleeing the city in whichever train they could board for their villages with all belongings they could carry. at the time of the explosion, one of the gold bars crashed through the roof of the third floor apartment of a parsi named d. c. motivala more than a mile from the docks. he promptly returned the gold bar to the authorities. almost all of the other gold bars were subsequently recovered from different parts of the city ; the last ones to be found were hauled up from the bottom of the sea in the docks. however, during normal dredging operations carried out periodically to maintain the depth of the docking bays one or two gold bars were found intact sporadically as late as the 1970s and returned to the british government. the government took full responsibility for the disaster and monetary compensation was paid to citizens who made a claim for loss or damage to property. port trust railway from ballard pier to wadala was opened in 1915. along this railway were built grain and fuel oil depots. the kerosene oil installations were developed at sewri and for petrol at wadala. in the same year the first overhead transmission lines of the tata power company were erected, and in 1927 the first electric locomotives manufactured by metropolitan vickers of england were put into service for passenger trains up to poona and igatpuri on the gip railway and later electric multiple unit ( emus ) commuter trains ran up to virar on the bb & ci railway and up to karjat and kasara of the gip railway. during the second world war these emus were joined together to form long trains which carried troops and small arms and ammunition to and from bombay to the hinterland. fort ( downtown ) area in bombay derives its name from the fact that the area fell within the former walled city, of which only a small fragment survives as part of the eastern boundary wall of the st. george ' s hospital. in 1813 there were 10, 801 persons living in the fort, 5, 464, or nearly 50 %, of them parsis. with the growth of the city more people came from the fort to such suburbs as byculla, parel, malabar hill, and mazagaon. european sports clubs for cricket and other games came in to existence early in the 19th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4446896571208526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a53e454-9b49-4dfc-a4af-dc177464db01>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.302314"}
{"text": "parsis. with the growth of the city more people came from the fort to such suburbs as byculla, parel, malabar hill, and mazagaon. european sports clubs for cricket and other games came in to existence early in the 19th century. the bombay gymkhana was formed in 1875 exclusively for europeans. other communities followed this example, and various parsi, muslim, and hindu gymkhanas were started nearby with fierce sports competitions among them being organized on a communal basis. this was opposed by several secular minded persons, such as the late a. f. s. talyarkhan, and sports teams based on community, especially cricket teams, came to an end gradually after independence from british rule in 1947. historic session of the all india congress committee began on the 7th of august 1942. its venue was the gowalia tank maidan, where the congress was born in 1885. it was at this session that the \" quit india \" call was given by mahatma gandhi and other indian national congress leaders. the indian leaders were arrested by the british soon afterwards but the momentum of the quit india movement could not be stopped and led to the final withdrawal of the british on 15 august 1947. the last british troops on indian soil left for england through the archway of the gateway of india on that day. they bade farewell from where they had entered 282 years before. the people of bombay, in a gesture of generosity wished them bon voyage, forgetting the bitter memories of the fight for independence. today the maidan from where the call to \" quit india \" was given is called the \" august kranti maidan \". independence the congress party led by jawaharlal nehru at the center was swept to power in most of the indian states, which were constituted on the basis of language spoken by the majority of its people. the bombay state included the city as its seat of government. in 1960 the state of bombay was split into maharashtra and gujarat states again on linguistic basis, the former retaining bombay city as its capital. the congress party continued to administer maharashtra until 1994 when it was replaced by the shiv sena - bharatiya janata party ( bjp ) coalition. the success of the back - bay reclamation scheme in the late 1960s and early 1970s nariman point became the hub of the business activity. several offices shifted from the ballard estate to nariman point which ultimately became one of the most expensive real estate in the world as high demand pushed prices to astronomical limits. nariman point is named after k. f. narim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41817742111445955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a53e454-9b49-4dfc-a4af-dc177464db01>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.305241"}
{"text": "business activity. several offices shifted from the ballard estate to nariman point which ultimately became one of the most expensive real estate in the world as high demand pushed prices to astronomical limits. nariman point is named after k. f. nariman, president of the bombay provincial congress committee and former mayor of bombay. churchgate street was also renamed as veer nariman road stock exchange at bombay was established in 1875 as \" the native share and stockbrokers association \" which has evolved over the decades in to its present status as the premier stock exchange in india. it is one of the oldest in asia having preceded even the tokyo stock exchange which was founded in 1878. in the early days the business was conducted under the shade of a banyan tree in front of the town hall. the tree can still be seen in the horniman circle park. in 1850 the companies act was passed and that heralded the commencement of the joint stock companies in india. the american civil war of 1860 helped indians to establish brokerage houses in bombay. the leading broker at the time, premchand roychand, assisted in framing conventions, ground rules and procedures for trading which are respected even now. he was the first indian broker who could speak and write in fluent english. the exchange was established with 318 members with a fee of re. 1 / -. this fee has gradually increased over the years and today it is a over a crore. january 1899, the brokers ' hall was inaugurated by james m. maclean, m. p. after the first world war the bombay stock exchange ( bse ) was housed in an old building near the town hall. in 1928, the present plot of land was acquired surrounded by dalal street, bombay samachar marg, and hammam street. a building was constructed in 1930 and occupied in december of 1995 the operations and dealings of the bse were fully computerized and thus the famous out - cry system of share trading was replaced by screen based trading as in other modern stock exchanges around the world. today bombay is the financial and business capital of india. the bse is housed in the 28 - storied phiroze jeejeebhoy towers in the same place where the old building once stood. sir phiroze jamshedji jeejeebhoy was the chairman of the exchange from 1966 till his death in 1980. the building has been named after him since its construction commenced during his chairmanship and was completed just as he passed away. and abridged from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42693412957806776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a53e454-9b49-4dfc-a4af-dc177464db01>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.308457"}
{"text": "ohio valley \u2014 despite excessive advertising for vaccinations, the number of flu cases and flu related symptoms have recently increased compared to previous flu seasons. as reported by the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), the number of reported influenza - like illnesses ( ili ) have increased and the flu is considered to be widespread in ohio and west virginia, as well as many other states. although the exact number of flu cases were not available, diana riddle, nursing administrator at the mason county health department, stated the number of ili in mason county have increased compared to previous flu seasons and since the last week of dec. 2012, has doubled. riddle said the health department does call local hospitals once a week for these numbers to see where the flu is circulating throughout the county and to what extent it is present. according to tonya mcguire, public health epidemiologist with the gallia county health department, there have been reports of six individuals, ranging from four years to 94 years old, who have been hospitalized for the flu, the first being in nov. 2012, and the most recent in the beginning of january. when compared to previous flu seasons, it was reported that only one child was hospitalized during the entire 2011 - 12 flu season and a total of six were hospitalized in the 2010 - 11 season, the first not being until january of that season. it was also reported that the cdc follows flu activity on a weekly basis not only during flu season, but year round. as a result of this research, the cdc stated that the number of people seeing their health care provider for ili in the u. s. has increased in the last four weeks, going from 2. 8 percent to 5. 6 percent. during last year \u2019 s flu season, this number peaked at 2. 2 percent. riddle also stated the mason county health department still has vaccinations available for both adults and children. as previously reported, riddle and other health department staff have administered over 2000 doses of the vaccination throughout various clinics and at the health department and previously had run out of the adult vaccine. vaccinations are available from 8 a. m. to 3 : 30 p. m. on a weekday basis at the health department. the gallia county health department as well still has vaccinations available to gallia county residents free of charge. for more information, visit www. galliacohealth. org or call 740 - 441 - 2018. for more on the 2012 - 13 flu season and other related information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4232163860783061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e9d13e5-b62a-4ef7-9805-1dc687a110f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.317871"}
{"text": "opportunity ' s first neighborhood on rim of endeavour this image taken from orbit shows the path of the path driven by nasa ' s mars exploration rover opportunity in the weeks around the rover ' s arrival at the rim of endeavour crater. the sol number ( number of martian days since the rover landed on mars ) are indicated along the route. sol 2674 corresponds to aug. 2, 2011 ; sol 2688 corresponds to aug. 16, 2011. the route leads to a rock informally named \" tisdale 2, \" which is a block of material ejected by the excavation of a small crater called \" odyssey \" on the endeavour rim fragment called \" cape york. \" the next endeavour rim fragment to the south is called \" sutherland point, \" and a gap between cape york and sutherland point is called \" botany bay. \" the base image of the map is a portion of an image taken by the high resolution imaging science experiment ( hirise ) instrument on nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter, on july 23, 2010. other image products from this observation are available at http : / / hirise. lpl. arizona. edu / esp _ 018701 _ 1775. nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology, pasadena, manages the mars exploration rover project and the mars reconnaissance orbiter project for the nasa science mission directorate, washington. the university of arizona, tucson, operates the hirise camera, which was built by ball aerospace & technologies corp., boulder, colo. lockheed martin space systems, denver, is the spacecraft development and integration contractor for the project and built the spacecraft. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / university of arizona", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4363957337003964, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a047354-0b91-44a2-b59d-c1991241301d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.324363"}
{"text": "malawi - infrastructure, power, and communications malawi ' s infrastructure is in urgent need of attention. its road and rail networks are inadequate both in their quality and extent, a problem made more serious by the country ' s reliance on land transport to compensate for its lack of sea access. while the road system has been expanded by 44 percent since independence in 1964, malawi ' s population in the same period has doubled ; of its 28, 394 kilometers ( 17, 647 miles ) of road, only 5, 833 kilometers ( 3, 265 miles ) are paved ( 18. 5 percent ). the poor condition of the roads has contributed to malawi having one of the worst road accident rates in the world \u2014 despite its very low car - to - person ratio of 2 per 1, 000. rail, too, is in considerable disrepair, having been very badly affected by mozambique ' s long civil war in the 1980s and 1990s, which closed off malawi ' s access to the indian ocean ports of nacala and beira, once the distribution hubs of 95 percent of all malawian trade. starved of this traffic, on which it relied heavily, malawi ' s national railroad was forced into bankruptcy in 1993. however, the company ' s sale in 1999 to a u. s. - african consortium is aimed at bringing new investment and reviving services. malawi has 788 kilometers ( 490 miles ) of track, all of which is narrow gauge. malawi has 2 international airports \u2014 at lilongwe and blantyre \u2014 and is served by a variety of international carriers. malawi has 44 total airports, only 5 of which | country | | newspapers | | radios | | tv sets a | | cable subscribers a | | mobile phones a | | fax machines a | | personal computers a | | internet hosts b | | internet users b | | dem. rep. of congo | | 3 | | 375 | | 135 | | n / a | | 0 | | n / a | | n / a | | 0. 00 | | 1 | | a data are from international telecommunication union, world telecommunication development report 1999 and are per 1, 000 people. | | b data are from the internet software consortium ( http : / / www. isc. org ) and are per 10, 000 people. | | source : world bank. world development indicators 2000. | have paved runways. between 100, 000 and 200, 000 passengers typically pass through each airport annually. the government plans to privatize air malawi and the introduction of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.448166200682787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b6ec151-cc21-4ec0-9ab6-63032739548a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.336829"}
{"text": ", 000 people. | | source : world bank. world development indicators 2000. | have paved runways. between 100, 000 and 200, 000 passengers typically pass through each airport annually. the government plans to privatize air malawi and the introduction of a second airline is also being discussed. malawi ' s principal source of energy \u2014 providing an estimated 90 percent of all its energy needs \u2014 is wood fuel ( firewood and charcoal ), about 44 percent of which comes from non - sustainable sources. demand is growing too, at a rate of some 6 percent per year, placing severe pressure on malawi ' s already depleted forests. electricity generation comes mostly from the 4 hydro - electric power stations on the shire river begun in 1989. but irregular water flow on the river, especially in the dry season, and problems with silting ( build up of sediment ) often make power supplies unreliable, a problem particularly damaging to industry. coal is imported to supplement local production, which because of under - investment is mined below capacity. all petroleum stocks are imported. telecommunications is also an underdeveloped sector, with a mere 45, 000 landlines, or 1 for every 230 malawians. there are hopes, however, to triple the number of lines by 2005 with the proceeds of the sale of the state - owned malawi telecom in 2001. a cellular system was launched in 1996, and the licensing of more networks is planned. malawi had 1 internet service provider as of 1999.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4534192175723559, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b6ec151-cc21-4ec0-9ab6-63032739548a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.339227"}
{"text": "( naturalnews ) we often assume that if you ' re skinny you don ' t need to worry too much about exercise. however according to professor dick telford of the australian national university, findings show that a lack of fitness has an effect on death rates regardless if the person is skinny ( lean ) or fat ( overweight not obese ). in fact one study found that a skinny or lean person who does not exercise was twice as likely to die as a fat active person. the study, published in last year ' s journal of the american medical association, was conducted in dallas, texas and involved 2, 603 men and women aged 60 and over. those in the study had fitness and body fat levels measured and were tracked over 12 years. you were deemed fit if you walked for 30 minutes most days of the week. the conclusion of the study was that being unfit predicted higher death rates, while just being fat did not. therefore whatever body weight you have, you need to exercise to be fit and healthy. telford says that our evolution has endowed us with dna which works best in an active body. our predecessors were very active, and we developed our genes for strength and speed, or for endurance. this means that the relationship between our muscles and our important bodily functions is very strong. blood glucose levels and fat are kept under control by regularly used muscles helping to avoid damage from uncontrolled glucose and fat. if uncontrolled, the blood vessels which supply our vital organs come under attack. other reasons to keep fit : 1 ) to ward off diabetes 2 ) to keep dementia and alzheimer ' s at bay the fact that you can be fat and healthy is an interesting finding and appears to be consistent with our evolution as well. body fat was very useful during times when food was scarce or when disease struck. perhaps the proviso to keep in mind here is that 25 % of the population who are told they are fat or overweight are at the higher level of the normal distribution of body mass index ( bmi ). in relation to this, professor john dixon of the centre for obesity research and education says, \" we think probably the healthiest way to be at the moment is right on the border of normal weight and overweight \" ( smh 20 mar 08 ). he claims that the usefulness of the overweight category is uncertain because it is not known how dangerous being a bit overweight is. in addition, very muscular people like rugby players tend to fall into the overweight category. dick telford", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44877501845563805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f4313a4-62ea-489b-abe8-b7f30f0974f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.358423"}
{"text": "mars has vast glaciers hidden under aprons of rocky debris near mid - latitude mountains, a new study confirms, pointing to a new and large potential reservoir of life - supporting water on the planet. these mounds of ice exist at much lower latitudes than any ice previously found on the red planet. \" altogether, these glaciers almost certainly represent the largest reservoir of water ice on mars that ' s not in the polar caps, \" said john holt of the university of texas at austin and the main author of the study. \" just one of the features we examined is three times larger than the city of los angeles and up to one - half - mile thick, and there are many more. \" the gently sloping mid - latitude debris flows have puzzled scientists since they were revealed by nasa ' s viking orbiters in the 1970s \u2014 they looked very different than the fans and cones of debris found near mountains and cliffs in mars ' equatorial regions. since their discovery, scientists have been debating how the features formed, with some proposing they were debris flows lubricated by ice that had since evaporated away. but more recent observations suggested that the features \" might be more ice than rock, \" holt said. in other words, they could be martian glaciers. holt and his colleagues used radar observations of the features, taken by nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter, to peer into the features. the findings, detailed in the nov. 21 issue of the journal science, suggest that the glacier theory is correct. finding huge deposits of ice at the martian mid - latitudes is a boon to both the study of past potential martian habitability, as well as future human exploration. glaciers are huge reservoirs of water once they melt, key to all life as we know it. the team used mro ' s shallow radar instrument to penetrate the rocky debris flows that lie in the hellas basin region of mars ' southern hemisphere. they examined the radar echoes to see what lay beneath the surface. all signs pointed to ice, and lots of it. the radar echoes received back by mro indicated that radio waves passed through the overlying debris material and reflected off a deeper surface below without losing much strength \u2014 the expected signal for thick ice covered by a thin layer of debris. the radar echoes also showed no signs of significant rock debris within the glaciers, suggesting that they are relatively pure water ice. \" these results are the smoking gun pointing to the presence of large amounts of water ice at these latitudes, \" said ali safaeinili, a shallow rader team member at nasa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4283633299421853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a323ec61-5452-47ac-98b6-0ed51bc51b6f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.455385"}
{"text": "the glaciers, suggesting that they are relatively pure water ice. \" these results are the smoking gun pointing to the presence of large amounts of water ice at these latitudes, \" said ali safaeinili, a shallow rader team member at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, calif. the sheer amount of ice present in the flows studied was surprising ; extrapolating from the hellas basin feature to the many others present in both martian hemispheres, there seems to be a lot of ice hiding under the martian surface. the researchers estimate that the amount of ice in these mid - latitude glaciers is about 1 percent of the ice that ' s in mars ' polar caps \u2014 roughly equivalent to the ratio of earth ' s non - polar glaciers to its polar ice, holt told space. com. the glaciers could hold as much as 10 percent of the ice in the polar caps, similar to comparing greenland ' s ice sheets to antarctica, holt added. but just how the ice got there is still a mystery. \" you shouldn ' t have ice of this quantity at these latitudes, \" holt said. the theory is that the ice formed when mars ' orbital tilt was much different than it is now ( the axis the planet spins on has considerable \" wobble, \" meaning its angle changes over time ) and the planet was much colder, allowing ice to form on the surface. ice on the surface of mars today would immediately sublimate ( or change directly into the gas phase ). the rocky debris covering the ice is likely what keeps it in place today and has allowed it to survive below the surface for millions of years. scientists aren ' t exactly sure during which past ice age the glaciers may have formed, but by counting the number of impact craters in the overlying debris, they estimate them to be about 100 million years old, said study team member jim head of brown university in providence, r. i. these ancient glaciers could hold clues that would shed more light on mars ' past, particularly whether or not it ever harbored life. \" on earth, \" head said, \" such buried glacial ice in antarctica preserves the record of traces of ancient organisms and past climate history. \" ancient ice layers in glaciers on earth preserve the signature of the current atmosphere at the time that they formed. head thinks the same could be true of the martian glaciers. in particular, small bubbles that form as the ice layers are deposited could have \" samples of the atmosphere at that time, \" he said. a lander capable of drilling down several meters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4465198171950039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a323ec61-5452-47ac-98b6-0ed51bc51b6f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.456918"}
{"text": "the following information was excerpted from the new jersey permanent statutes, title 52, section 52 : 9a - 4. title 52 state government, departments and officers 52 : 9a - 4. horse ; designation as state animal the horse ( equus caballus ) is designated as the new jersey state animal. new jersey permanent statutes. new jersey legislature. 2009. 8 april 2009 < http : / / www. njleg. state. nj. us / > shearer, benjamin f. and barbara s. state names, seals, flags and symbols : a historical guide third edition, revised and expanded. westport, conn : greenwood press, 3 sub edition, 2001. the new jersey state animal : official state of new jersey website. the horse : the american museum of natural history. horses : introduction : educational broadcasting corporation nature series. equus caballus ( horse ) information and pictures from the university of michigan museum of zoology ' s animal diversity web. equus caballus linnaeus, 1758 : integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) here you will find authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world. equus caballus ( horse ) : calphoto photographs. the biodiversity sciences technology group ( bscit ), a part of the berkeley natural history museums at the university of california, berkeley. state mammals : complete list of official state mammals. more symbols & emblems : complete list of official new jersey state symbols. hamilton farm : the united states equestrian team foundation headquarters, gladstone, n. j. horse breeds : breeds of livestock project - oklahoma state university, division of agricultural sciences and natural resources, department of animal science. equus caballus : the magazine of the domestic horse - the online journal of equine wellbeing. my first horse and pony book : from breeds and bridles to jophpurs and jumping, by judith draper, matthew roberts. 48 pages. publisher : kingfisher ( july 4, 2005 ) reading level : ages 4 - 8. this stunningly photographed book is just what young equestrian enthusiasts need to fuel their excitement, be they budding riders who already have their own pony or those who dream of horse ownership. the informative and inspiring text, combined with exquisite photographs, covers in detail all aspects of first horse and pony facts, care and riding. this comprehensive guide provides a solid foundation in the first principles of horse and pony management and an exciting introduction to the world of riding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4422650745351947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3520445d-fc66-419f-a520-fde0a3fd20ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.465994"}
{"text": "and inspiring text, combined with exquisite photographs, covers in detail all aspects of first horse and pony facts, care and riding. this comprehensive guide provides a solid foundation in the first principles of horse and pony management and an exciting introduction to the world of riding. the horses of proud spirit, by melanie sue bowles. 208 pages. pineapple press ( fl ) ; 1 edition ( october 2003 ) there are approximately seven million horses in america. each year, over seventy thousand are abused, abandoned, and fated to slaughter by callous and irresponsible owners. with a heart as big as a pasture, author melanie bowles takes some of these horses into her sanctuary called proud spirit. here, horses that arrive listless and broken find a home where they finally know safety. a good horse is never a bad color, by mark rashid. 196 pages. spring creek press ( february 1996 ) rashid uses heart - warming and humorous stories to share his techniques of teaching horses by understanding their view of the world. these tales deal with many facets of buying, owning, and training horses. stories of arabs, appaloosas, and paints - mistrusted and mistreated because of their breed - will give you a new perspective on these breeds and others. rashid ' s accounts of horses bound for slaughter because they couldn ' t be trained will inspire you to give your own problem horse another look. and when wil, the ugliest horse you can imagine, turns out to be the best on the ranch, you ' ll understand why a good horse is never a bad color. the soul of a horse : life lessons from the herd, by joe camp. 256 pages. harmony ; 1 edition ( april 29, 2008 ) a surprise birthday gift plunged joe camp and his wife, kathleen, into the world of horses as complete neophytes without a clue as to what horses needed or wanted. the camps went searching for logic and sense in the rule books of traditional horse care and what they found was not what they had expected. written for everyone who has ever loved a horse or even loved the idea of having a horse in their lives, this memoir leads us on a riveting voyage of discovery as joe and kathleen navigate uncharted, often politically incorrect territory on their way to achieving a true relationship with their horses. seabiscuit : an american legend, by laura hillenbrand. 399 pages. ballantine books ; ballantine readers circle edition ( march 26, 2002 ) seabiscuit was one of the most elect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47294849870612365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3520445d-fc66-419f-a520-fde0a3fd20ad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.468469"}
{"text": "\u201c my parents were horrified to find out that i had bullied other kids in my school and neighborhood, \u201d says john nelson ( name changed to protect his privacy ). \u201c they tried everything to get me to change my behavior, but ultimately they were at a loss, and so was i. i knew i was on a road to disaster, but i didn \u2019 t know how to stop. \u201d nelson and his parents were right to be concerned, experts say. bullying often escalates into more serious behavior, the nea points out, and 40 percent of boys identified as bullies in grades six through nine had three or more arrests by age 30. bullies are at greater risk of suicide than their victims, and often grow up to perpetuate domestic violence in their own homes, the nea says. for help, nelson \u2019 s family turned to a resource that some parents might find surprising : military school. nelson \u2019 s parents enrolled him in robert land academy, a private military - themed school located in canada that accepts students throughout the school year from the u. s. and around the world. with the prevalence of bullying throughout schools in the u. s. and canada, many of the academy \u2019 s students have experienced bullying, witnessed someone else being bullied or committed an act of bullying themselves. many also suffer from behavioral and health problems, including attention deficit disorders. \u201c bullying is damaging all around, \u201d says deputy headmaster colin doig of robert land academy. \u201c it \u2019 s obviously awful for the victims, but it also damages the perpetrator and his or her relationship with family, friends and others in the community. any solution to bullying must address the need for change in the bully as well as protecting the victim. \u201d doig cites rla \u2019 s structured environment and emphasis on self - discipline as key factors in helping students change self - destructive behaviors, from poor eating habits to discipline problems and even bullying. the school \u2019 s stand against bullying led a group of rla cadets to share their anti - bullying commitment with the world. at www. nobystanders. me, visitors can view a video of rla students courageously talking about their experiences, both being bullied and being bullies. guests can sign a pledge promising he or she will not be a bully and will not stand by silently when witnessing someone else being bullied. every student at rla has signed the pledge. \u201c you can fight bullying in your own community, \u201d doig says. \u201c it \u2019 s important to know the signs of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3962295599026939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b701642-647b-4d41-bf1f-4162fab4ae80>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.484518"}
{"text": "bully and will not stand by silently when witnessing someone else being bullied. every student at rla has signed the pledge. \u201c you can fight bullying in your own community, \u201d doig says. \u201c it \u2019 s important to know the signs of when someone is being bullied and when someone might be acting as a bully. \u201d according to www. stopbullying. gov, a website sponsored by the u. s. department of health and human services, signs a child is being bullied include : * unexplained injuries * lost or destroyed possessions, including books, mobile devices and jewelry * frequent illnesses like headaches or stomachaches, or faking illness * changes in eating habits * problems sleeping and / or frequent nightmares * declining grades and loss of interest in school * loss of friends * decreased self esteem * self - destructive behavior like running away from home * talking about suicide signs a child is acting out as a bully include : * engaging in physical or verbal fights * associating with others who bully * increasingly aggressive behavior * frequently in trouble at school * having unexplained extra money or new belongings * blaming their problems on others * shirking responsibility for their actions * overly competitive and worrying about their reputation or popularity \u201c the structure and self - discipline i learned at rla helped set me on a better path, \u201d says nelson.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40063071601786004, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b701642-647b-4d41-bf1f-4162fab4ae80>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.485786"}
{"text": "today, patients with precancerous lesions, or early - stage breast cancer are usually diagnosed after a mammography screening. this method of detection can lead to false - positives and overtreatment, since mammography cannot determine whether pre - cancerous cells will actually turn into breast cancer. this may all change after sidney fu, m. d., professor of medicine at the george washington school of medicine and health sciences ( smhs ), completes his study of early breast cancer detection using novel small rna ( microrna or mirna ) biomarkers. fu, who received a two - year, $ 362, 060 grant from the national cancer institute to do this research, hopes to develop a blood test to determine with greater precision whether a patient carries cells that will eventually turn into breast cancer. this test could save women all around the world from unnecessary trauma and stress from chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. breast cancer generally develops in the cells surrounding the milk - producing breast ducts. somehow, either through internal or environmental factors, those cells gradually change in a patient who may develop breast cancer. initially, cells will just accumulate. at this point, they are normal cells, which are called hyperplasia. if the cells continue to progress, they then become abnormal and enter into the atypical ductal hyperplasia ( adh ) stage. at the adh stage, cells look abnormal under the microscope, but they are not cancer cells. if cells continue to progress into the ductal carcinoma in situ ( dcis ) stage ( the most common type of non - invasive breast cancer ), the cells then become cancer cells. unfortunately, women who are diagnosed with dcis have a higher risk of developing invasive breast cancer and surgery, radiation or a mastectomy to remove dcis has become standard treatment. however, there is no proven way to predict which women diagnosed with dcis will eventually develop invasive breast cancer over the years, or if they never will. with fu ' s research, novel biomarkers may be discovered to help physicians determine whether or not a patient diagnosed with dcis should be treated rigorously or with simple follow - ups.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5158284435341707, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0edca01f-0eb8-40fa-952c-03291ef7b916>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.490571"}
{"text": "vaccines are supposed to prevent disease. but for the first time we have evidence that a lethal virus has developed from vaccines that were meant to protect against it. in 2007, something different happened. chicken farmers in australia were using two live vaccines, both made from australian viral strains, against a poultry disease called infectious laryngotracheitis ( ilt ). then they began using a third live vaccine containing a european strain. the following year, they saw outbreaks of new forms of ilt. glenn browning at the university of melbourne in australia and colleagues sequenced the viruses and found that they arose when the european strain acquired genes from the australian strains. the real surprise was that, unlike the vaccine viruses, the hybrids were as deadly as wild ilt ( science, doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1217134 ). other unexplained disease outbreaks may have a similar cause, browning says. if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4993967475319745, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ef1edaa-f75f-4ff3-9dd7-7676b9aa52b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.498701"}
{"text": "speculation regarding jesus \u2019 marital status has been refreshed by the discovery of a coptic papyrus fragment that scholars believe dates from the fourth century. from this fragment jesus \u201c appears to be in conversation about family and discipleship \u2013 who is worthy? who dwells with, and in, the lord? the account contains a momentous line : \u2018 jesus said to them, \u2018 my wife \u2026 \u201d ( time 10 / 01 / 12 ) through the centuries it has been assumed that jesus was single since a wife is not mentioned in the canonical scriptures. but from other early writings we learn that jesus was comfortable in the company of women and that he might have had a special relationship with mary magdalene. scholars think it unlikely that jesus and mary magdalene had a traditional jewish marriage including a dowry from mary \u2019 s parents. jesus and mary were also free spirited in light of some of the remarks they made about family. but there is documentation as to the special nature of their relationship. from early gospels not included in the bible we learn that mary magdalene is the companion of jesus and that they kissed each other often ( gospel of philip 32 ). from the gospel of mary we read that jesus loved her more than any other woman ( 6 : 1 ) and that jesus knew her completely and loved her devotedly ( 10 : 10 ). there are also texts that support mary magdalene being the beloved disciple rather than john. some scholars offer the possibility that mary magdalene may even be the author of the gospel of john. ( sandra m. schneiders ) as my brother wrote in his last book, \u201c the evidence is clear that mary magdalene and jesus are companions, soul - mates, and partners in ministry. \u201d from his scholarly perspective all their work springs from their own experience with each other in a sacred union. he asks, \u201c is there any greater marriage than that? \u201d ( sacred partnership by john b. butcher ) this new coptic scrap of codex with the words, \u201c jesus said to them, \u2018 my wife \u2026 \u2019 \u201d came to the attention of karen l. king of harvard divinity school by way of an anonymous collector. she says that this fragment is not evidence of jesus \u2019 marital status, but taken together with the contemporaneous gnostic gospels of mary, philip and thomas, if in fact authentic, \u201c does shed light on debates within early christianity about sexuality and marriage. \u201d ( time 10 / 01 / 2012 ) in these debates celibacy was favored as a route to spiritual purity. while clergy were married in the early centuries of the church, it was later discouraged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4178984479572166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7b0518b-a27d-439b-8a97-e4f54b52f40c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.504312"}
{"text": "on debates within early christianity about sexuality and marriage. \u201d ( time 10 / 01 / 2012 ) in these debates celibacy was favored as a route to spiritual purity. while clergy were married in the early centuries of the church, it was later discouraged and then prohibited by the roman catholic church in 1139 at the second lateran council. the assumption was that clergy were following the example of jesus, observing sexual purity. a more practical reason for celibacy was that properties held by the church and clergy did not have to be passed down to their legitimate children through inheritance. it is noted that it would have been unusual for jesus not to have been married. the expectation in the culture was that men would marry. we know, however, that st. paul was not married and it is assumed that john the baptist was single ; but the first pope, st. peter, was married. his mother - in - law is mentioned in the gospels ( mk. 1 : 30 ; luke 4 : 38 ) this contemporary discussion of whether or not jesus had a wife opens up again the discussion of putting sexuality and marriage in a proper perspective. most christians have honored the union of marriage and have not given it a second place status as st. paul did. paul thought that if one \u2019 s sexual urges were too strong, then one should be married ( 1 cor. 7 : 09 - 36 ) ; but he suggested that if a spouse died, one should remain single awaiting the second coming of christ assumed to be soon. a more common understanding as presented in \u201c the celebration and blessing of a marriage \u201d in the book of common prayer, states that \u201c the union of husband and wife in heart, body, and mind is intended by god for their mutual joy ; for the help and comfort given one another in prosperity and adversity ; and, when it is god \u2019 s will, for the procreation of children and their nurture in the knowledge and love of the lord. \u201d ( bcp, p. 423 ) the continuing discussion regarding jesus \u2019 marital status is a titillating inquiry, but the outcome should it be verified one way or the other won \u2019 t change our respect for those who marry and those who remain single. if anything, the possibility that jesus was married only highlights his humanity as being one of us. and it is in his humanity that we have been able to see the divine light of god \u2019 s presence in human form \u2014 a light that is intended to shine in each of us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4425531038094491, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7b0518b-a27d-439b-8a97-e4f54b52f40c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.505287"}
{"text": "source newsroom : university of alabama huntsville newswise \u2014 dr. michael briggs, a member of nasa \u2019 s fermi gamma - ray burst monitor ( gbm ) team at the university of alabama in huntsville today announced that the gbm telescope has detected beams of antimatter produced above thunderstorms on earth by energetic processes similar to those found in particle accelerators. \" these signals are the first direct evidence that thunderstorms make antimatter particle beams, \" said michael briggs, a university researcher whose team, located at uahuntsville, includes scientists from nasa marshall space flight center, the university of alabama in huntsville, max - planck institute in garching, germany, and from around the world. he presented the findings during a news briefing at the american astronomical society meeting in seattle. scientists think the antimatter particles are formed in a terrestrial gamma - ray flash ( tgf ), a brief burst produced inside thunderstorms that has a relationship to lighting that is not fully understood. as many as 500 tgfs may occur daily worldwide, but most go undetected. the spacecraft, known as fermi, is designed to observe gamma - ray sources in space, emitters of the highest energy form of light. fermi \u2019 s gbm constantly monitors the entire celestial sky, with sensors observing in all directions, including some toward the earth, thereby providing valuable insight into this strange phenomenon. when the antimatter produced in a terrestrial thunderstorm collides with normal matter, such as the spacecraft itself, both the matter and antimatter particles immediately are annihilated and transformed into gamma - rays observed by the gbm sensors. the detection of gamma - rays with energies of a particular energy - - 511, 000 electron volts - - is the smoking - gun, indicating that the source of the observed gamma - rays in these events is the annihilation of an electron with its antimatter counterpart, a positron, produced in the tgf. since the spacecraft \u2019 s launch in 2008, the gbm team has identified 130 tgfs, which are usually accompanied by thunderstorms located directly below the spacecraft at the time of detection. however, in four cases, storms were a far distance from fermi. lightning - generated radio signals, detected by a global monitoring network, indicated the only lightning at the time of these events was hundreds or more miles away. during one tgf, which occurred on december 14, 2009, fermi was located over egypt. however, the active", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5626475731063945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:989a7303-e260-45ab-8210-a42bb5fa3437>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.508839"}
{"text": "signals, detected by a global monitoring network, indicated the only lightning at the time of these events was hundreds or more miles away. during one tgf, which occurred on december 14, 2009, fermi was located over egypt. however, the active storm was in zambia, some 2, 800 miles to the south. the distant storm was below fermi \u2019 s horizon, so any gamma - rays it produced could not have been detected directly. although fermi could not see the storm from its position in orbit, it was still connected to it through sharing of a common magnetic field line of the earth, which could be followed by the high - speed electrons and positrons produced by the tgf. these particles travelled up along the earth \u2019 s magnetic field lines and struck the spacecraft. the beam continued past fermi along the magnetic field, to a location known as a mirror point, where its motion was reversed, and then 23 milliseconds later, hit the spacecraft again. each time, positrons in the beam collided with electrons in the spacecraft, annihilating each other, and emitting gamma - rays detected by fermi \u2019 s gbm. nasa ' s fermi gamma - ray space telescope is an astrophysics and particle physics partnership. the spacecraft is managed by nasa ' s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, md. the gbm instrument is a collaboration between scientists at nasa ' s marshall space flight center, the university of alabama in huntsville, and the max - planck institute in garching, germany. the fermi mission was developed in collaboration with the u. s. department of energy, with important contributions from academic institutions and partners in france, germany, italy, japan, sweden and the united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5456851106365402, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:989a7303-e260-45ab-8210-a42bb5fa3437>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.510678"}
{"text": "november 03, 2010 mansoor amiji, distinguished professor of pharmaceutical sciences at northeastern university, believes tumor cells - like people - become more aggressive in pursuit of nourishment when they ' re \" hungry. \" he theorizes that clusters of cancer cells deep within a tumor, where they receive limited oxygen and other nutrients, have higher stress levels and are more aggressive in fighting off chemotherapy. working from this theory, amiji, who chairs the department of pharmaceutical sciences in the school of pharmacy within the bouve college of health sciences, will collaborate with researchers at northeastern and massachusetts general hospital to explore innovative drug delivery and gene - silencing strategies to target these cancers. assistant professor of chemical engineering rebecca carrier and matthews distinguished university professor of chemistry and chemical biology robert hanson are amiji ' s northeastern collaborators. the researchers are working on using nanoparticles, engineered for drug delivery, to reverse the tumor cell clusters ' resistance to anti - cancer therapies. the nanoparticles would permeate the parts of tumors where the aggressive cells live, carrying rna molecules that would block messages from disease - causing genes. cutting off that communication would prevent the tumor cells from developing certain proteins that make them aggressive. amiji predicts suppressing their aggression - or \" hunger \" - could be a major breakthrough in treating highly aggressive ovarian and lung cancers. \" when living in this ( hostile ) environment, the threshold for killing tumor cells is much higher, \" amiji said. \" we want the threshold to be minimal so low doses of chemotherapy will kill those cells and make the treatment safer. \" relapse is common for ovarian and lung cancers, and drugs used in the first round of treatment often become ineffective in future treatments, amiji explained. as a result, a doctor ' s primary recourse is to create cocktails of multiple drugs and increase the dosages. but amiji hopes his new approach can replace this current treatment method. amiji ' s project, which advances northeastern ' s leadership in use - inspired, interdisciplinary health research, is funded by a five - year, $ 2. 32 million cancer nanotechnology platform partnership grant from the national cancer institute ' s ( nci ) alliance for nanotechnology in cancer program. through this grant, amiji and his team will also develop a library of target - specific nanoparticles they can screen and select from on a case - by - case basis when treating various forms of cancer. amiji pointed to northeastern ' s tremendous momentum in nanotech", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5350794249651774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbc3ce18-b822-4bc4-8417-33dfc88dcb0a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.513586"}
{"text": "why is it important to get enough sleep, and is there a recommended amount per night? sleep is really a basic necessity of life and as important to our wellbeing as air, food and water. when we sleep well, we wake up feeling refreshed, alert and ready to meet the day \u2019 s challenges. the national sleep foundation is a good resource for information. this issue has also become more of a concern for health and wellbeing in recent years, to the point that more sleep centers nationwide are focusing on sleep disorders. daily sleep recommendations are by nature generalizations, and people are different and must assess their own individual needs. but recommendations range from 12 \u2013 18 hours for newborns to 8. 5 \u2013 9. 25 hours for teenagers and 7 \u2013 9 hours for adults. i teach a wellness class each semester in which my students choose an individual behavior they want to change to enhance their wellness, and students who have selected sleep have shown good results. one student indicated she noticed an immediate shift in mood when getting 7 \u2013 8 hours of sleep, woke up refreshed and able to accomplish more and motivated to exercise rather than having to force herself. what are the health risks associated with lack of sleep, and how does it affect the body in other ways? first and foremost, a lack of sleep leads to a decreased ability to pay attention, react to signals and remember new information. one specific study by a researcher, jane ferrie, at the university college london medical school supported the idea that sleep regenerates neurons that enable the brain to function optimally. the study also found participants whose sleep decreased over a five - year period experienced an accelerated mental decline during cognitive testing. there \u2019 s also more research going on investigating the effects of too much sleep. other studies have suggested links between lack of sleep other problems : an increased risk of auto accidents, [ weight gain ] due to an increased appetite caused by sleep deprivation, diabetes, heart problems and psychiatric conditions such as depression and substance abuse. can you offer tips for people looking to fall asleep earlier, or easier, at night? it \u2019 s very important that individuals create a regular, relaxing bedtime routine that quiets the mind and spirit \u2014 especially with all the technology available to us. it \u2019 s hard to go from facebook and being on the computer right to sleep. the routine could include soaking in a hot bath, listening to soothing music, meditation or even doing sudoku or a crossword puzzle. other tips include establishing a consistent sleep and wake schedule ; creating a sleep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.451720263355837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f14804c-490f-40ca-bac8-29c33c021463>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.516314"}
{"text": "i. history of the stafford cabin the stafford cabin is a log and frame building located in bonita canyon, a small drainage from the west side of the chiricahua mountains into the dry but productive sulphur spring valley in cochise county, arizona. the cabin is individually listed in the national register of historic places ( march 31, 1975 ) and is also contained in the faraway ranch historic district ( august 27, 1980 ), part of chiricahua national monument. it is managed by the superintendent of the monument. chiricahua national monument, established in 1924 to protect the unique rock formations popularly known as the \" wonderland of rocks \" which adorn the upper reaches of this section of the mountains, is surrounded on three sides by the coronado national forest, and on the fourth, or west side, by sulphur spring valley, most of which is privately owned. 1 the 110 - year - old homestead cabin and surrounding land became part of chiricahua national monument in december, 1968. the structure is a two - room log cabin with a stone fireplace and chimney, a shed - roofed \" kitchenette \" and bathroom addition, an open porch, and an attached garage. the cabin sits on a flat expanse of the canyon once occupied by an orchard, from which a few trees remain. bonita creek is located a short distance north of the cabin. the history of the stafford cabin involves a number of facets, from a homestead claim during the apache resistance to family life in a pioneer environment to its last decades as a guest cottage at a modestly popular dude ranch. perhaps of foremost significance is the pioneer era, or the stafford years, 1880 - 1918, a time when the earliest settlers appeared in the area and developed a ranching and agricultural legacy in the sulphur spring valley. this document will hopefully shed new light on the significance of the stafford cabin in the history of the southwest. last updated : 25 - aug - 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3740499015322636, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90e98200-bb52-4029-a0f9-99786e3c872b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.518247"}
{"text": "- accept the challenge - about nrl - doing business - public affairs & media - field sites - visitor info - contact nrl in 1963, nrl astronomers made the first positive identification of discrete sources of stellar x rays. a new nrl - developed x - ray detector system was flown on an aerobee rocket, and the result was the discovery of two x - ray sources - scorpius x - 1 and the crab nebula. these findings suggested the possibility that the source of the x rays was a neutron star, a densely packed body of neutrons formed from the collapse of a star. nrl scientists wanted to prove this hypothesis, and in 1964 nrl conducted an experiment on an aerobee flight during the occultation of the crab nebula by the moon. nrl ' s data did not confirm the neutron star theory, which in turn spurred more intensive investigations. as a result, between 1964 and 1973, 125 discrete sources were discovered, including supernova remnants, pulsars, radio galaxies, and quasars. specific nrl contributions included : - the first x - ray detection of a pulsar in the crab nebula in 1969 ; - the detection of x - ray galaxies during aerobee flights in 1967 and 1968 ; - the compilation of the first comprehensive galactic x - ray sources map ; - the discovery of a distinctive difference in time behavior between soft and hard x rays in 1971 ; and - the discovery of the variability of cygnus x - 1, a possible black hole in the cygnus constellation. the rapid development of x - ray astronomy, combined with developments in infrared, ultraviolet, and cosmic - ray investigations, led in the 1970s to the utilization of satellites for high - energy astronomy research. in 1972, nasa initiated the high energy astronomy observatory ( heao ) program to study cosmic ray, x - ray, and gamma - ray sources in deep space. nrl was selected to develop one of the four instrument packages to be flown on the heao i, which was launched in august 1977. the nrl package, the large area x - ray survey array, was the largest space instrument ever to be flown on any satellite. consisting of seven modules of large - area proportional counters, the instrument mapped the entire sky for high - energy sources, which included radio pulsars, binary pulsars, black holes, quasars, and extragalactic x - ray sources, resulting in a new map of nearly 1000 discrete x - ray sources.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5383081753079668, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f919188-7fb7-4254-9d04-ac9fb7e7cece>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.520745"}
{"text": "investment in battling malnutrition on a global scale will help save and improve millions of lives, but will also save billions of euros in lost potential gdp for countries where malnutrition is a problem, according to the united nations world food programme. malnutrition is a global problem that leads to stunted growth and the wasting of bodily tissues. yet for a relatively small investment the problem of malnutrition, and all of the issues that accompany it could be resolved, says nils grede of the united nations world food programme. \u201c stunting [ stunted growth due to malnutrition ] imposes an enormous cost on individuals and on economies in terms of mortality, morbidity, loss of productivity, and chronic disease, \u201d said the un expert. speaking at the european federation of food science and technology ( effost ) in montpellier, france, grede explained that people need around 40 different nutrients for a healthy life. \u201c no one or two or three foods can give us a balanced diet that includes all of these nutrients, \u201d he said. \u201c therefore dietary diversity is absolutely critical. \u201d grede said that the world food programme can sometimes struggle to make the simple point that the right food, containing these nutrients, are critical to overcoming malnutrition \u2013 and stunting in particular. the problem of stunting \" stunting is the failure to grow in line with ones genetic potential, \u201d explained grede. he \u201c for adults stunting means being about 13 or 14 centimetres shorter than their genetic potential. \" \u201c the tragedy is that once we reach age two or three, the game is over, \u201d he said. \u201c once, stunted, always stunted. \u201d this stunting of growth, which affects around 165 million children under the age of five, which corresponds to around 25 % of the world ' s children being stunted. \u201c we want to prevent stunting because we cannot treat it, \u201d said grede. \u201c after age two you cannot leave the road that you have embarked on, you \u2019 re travelling on a set growth curve \u2013 which may be much lower than your potential growth curve may have been. \u201d \" we need to target those who are most at risk and make sure that they do not grow up stunted. \u201d a lifetime of trouble in addition to stunting being impossible to reverse after onset, the un expert warned that stunting can have a number of consequences for health and wellness over a lifetime. \u201c firstly, because it kills, \u201d said grede \u2013 revealing that as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4474802305536733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76a85ec1-da68-493d-ab30-77794c0b9d81>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.528461"}
{"text": "of trouble in addition to stunting being impossible to reverse after onset, the un expert warned that stunting can have a number of consequences for health and wellness over a lifetime. \u201c firstly, because it kills, \u201d said grede \u2013 revealing that as many children die because they are stunted as die because they are severely malnourished and start to waste muscle and body mass. on top of this increased risk of death, stunting can also reduce productivity and lifetime earnings because it reduces early brain development and therefore negatively impacts on educational outcomes, he said. an economic problem? according to one study, stunting is associated with a 65 % less income, while another study has estimated that gdp in central american countries is about $ 6. 7 billion per year - or 6 % of total gdp \u2013 lower than it could be as a result of stunting, said grede. \" researchers have estimated that it will cost around 10 billion dollars per year to address all forms of malnutrition, \" he said. \" what a good investment if for 10 billion [ globally ] we can get a payback of nearly 7 billion in just these countries \u201d \u201c one doesn \u2019 t have to be an investment banker to understand this logic. \u201d \u201c not only is a stunted child more likely to get sick and die early, learn less, and earn less, but also they will be affected by a much higher incidence of chronic diseases later in life, \u201d said the un expert. \u201c its too good of an investment for the world to not make. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4341056164482403, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76a85ec1-da68-493d-ab30-77794c0b9d81>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.529122"}
{"text": "noaa releases east pacific hurricane below normal seasonal activity expected in 2005 may 16, 2005 - noaa, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, today released its 2005 east pacific hurricane season outlook. the outlook calls for a high likelihood of below normal activity. noaa scientists are expecting 11 - 15 tropical storms. six to eight of these are expected to become hurricanes, including two to four major hurricanes. \u201c there tends to be a seesaw affect between the east pacific and north atlantic hurricane seasons, \u201d said jim laver, director, noaa \u2019 s climate prediction center in camp springs, md. \u201c when there is above normal seasonal activity in the atlantic there tends to be below normal seasonal activity in the pacific. this has been especially true since 1995. six of the last ten east pacific hurricane seasons have been below normal, and noaa scientists are expecting lower levels of activity again this season. \u201d the seesaw effect between the east pacific and north atlantic hurricane seasons occurs because the two dominant climate factors that control much of the activity in both regions often act to suppress activity in one region while enhancing it in the other. like the atlantic hurricane season, the el nino / la nina cycle is a dominant climate factor influencing the east pacific hurricane season. \u201c however, this hurricane season we are most likely to be in a neutral pattern in regards to el nino / la nina, \u201d said vernon kousky, noaa \u2019 s el nino / la nina expert. while the thought of a hurricane is a sobering image to many people, there are some positive aspects in regards to the east pacific hurricane season. in contrast to its sibling - the north atlantic hurricane season, which can cause deadly storms in the southern and eastern united states - \u201c the east pacific hurricane season can bring much needed precipitation to the usually dry southwestern united states during the summer months, \u201d said muthuvel chelliah, noaa \u2019 s climate prediction center \u2019 s lead coordinator for the east and central pacific hurricane season outlooks. \u201c most east pacific tropical storms trek westward over open waters, sometimes reaching hawaii and beyond. yet, during any given season, one or two tropical storms can either head northward or re - curve toward western mexico, \u201d said chelliah. after two years of successful experimental outlooks issued by noaa in 2003 and 2004, the east pacific hurricane season outlook becomes an operational product this year. unlike the north atlantic, the east pacific hurricane season outlook does not have a scheduled mid - season update at this time. the east pacific hurricane season runs from may 15 through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44045703015780957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:778f7dd8-ed0b-4d7b-a63e-9870edae0f11>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.532579"}
{"text": "and 2004, the east pacific hurricane season outlook becomes an operational product this year. unlike the north atlantic, the east pacific hurricane season outlook does not have a scheduled mid - season update at this time. the east pacific hurricane season runs from may 15 through november 30, with peak activity occurring during july through september. in a normal season, the east pacific would expect 15 or 16 tropical storms. nine of these would become hurricanes, of which four or five would be major hurricanes. the east pacific hurricane season outlook is a product of noaa \u2019 s climate prediction center, hurricane research division and national hurricane center. the national hurricane center has forecasting responsibilities for the east pacific region. noaa, an agency of the u. s. commerce department, is dedicated to enhancing economic security and national safety through the prediction and research of weather and climate - related events and providing environmental stewardship of the nation \u2019 s coastal and marine resources. carmeyia gillis, noaa climate prediction center, ( 301 ) 763 - 8000, ext. 7163 related web sites : background on the eastern pacific hurricane season : http : / / www. cpc. ncep. noaa. gov / products / epac _ hurr / background _ information. html noaa \u2019 s climate prediction center : http : / / www. cpc. ncep. noaa. gov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43264586637110103, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:778f7dd8-ed0b-4d7b-a63e-9870edae0f11>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.533111"}
{"text": "q : i have an avocado tree that is around 10 or 11 years old and has been bearing fruit for the past three or four years. not sure what breed, they ' re not hass, as the skins don ' t go black, or reed, as the skins aren ' t smooth and shiny. fuerte maybe? it was in flower in september / october and i ' m wondering how long the process from fruit - setting to maturity should take? i have found past crops are very thin skinned, the fruit is watery, tasteless, and almost sour, and the seed inside is dried and loose inside the fruit. if i leave them on the tree, either, the birds start pecking at the bottom of them, or the ends go black. also, sometimes the flesh inside is \" thready \" and goes black easily. basically, i need to know when to pick them. - many thanks, sheridan a : i think your avocado may be a fuerte. these have poorer keeping qualities than both the hass and the reed. to improve the fruit, dress the tree with blood and bone as well as a good dose of compost. mulch and keep well - watered. also look at pruning the tree to open the canopy. this will allow more light on to the fruit. i would also suggest removing some of the young fruit to improve the quality of the remaining fruit. q : we have a passionfruit problem we are hoping you can help with. we inherited an established passionfruit vine when we moved to our house in march this year. we harvested lots of fruit and even gave some away to friends. it survived very well in the winter - few leaves fell off and the vine stayed green. we were expecting another good season, however, in mid to late september the leaves started to turn yellow and fall off and the vines withered as well. it looks like it is dying. but there are parts where you see new leaves shooting out. we have put some thrive granular citrus food and sheep pellets around the root in september. does that have something to do with the vine suddenly becoming ill? or is it some disease? - sarah liu a : sound like last year ' s crop was a lot to live up to. there are many things which could be affecting your vine. firstly passionfruit require lots of watering but also good drainage is essential. so make sure the roots have lots of good quality mulch and compost around them and that the soil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3808272646921801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a68033a0-d0c1-4b83-87ac-0529f40a361d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.536676"}
{"text": "up to. there are many things which could be affecting your vine. firstly passionfruit require lots of watering but also good drainage is essential. so make sure the roots have lots of good quality mulch and compost around them and that the soil is not a clay - type soil and holding too much water. because the vine was so prolific last year it may need a jolly good feed, so dress it with blood and bone and water in a cup of magnesium sulphate diluted in a 10 - litre bucket of water. another possibility is your vine could have a virus spread by sucking insects like psyllid or a bad infestation of white fly. try spraying your passionfruit with a baking soda and oil spray ( 1 tbsp each of of baking soda, olive oil and garden - friendly dish soap, mixed in a litre of water ). make sure you spray under the leaves especially and repeat spray every 10 days. if your passionfruit hasn ' t recovered it may have a viral or bacterial infection, in which case i would remove it, asap. q : we live in an apartment with a sizeable planter box on our terrace. last year we successfully grew tomatoes, runner beans, silverbeet, parsley and sweet basil. that is until one morning we awoke to find the beans and basil were completely destroyed and the silverbeet looking sad. a street light shines directly on to our terrace and it seems likely night moth is the culprit. we were destroying at least 20 caterpillars every day for some time. covering the planter box could be a problem because the wind would likely lift it off. the sprays that have been suggested to us are egmont ' s beat - a - bug insect spray and / or yates ' mavrik insect and mite spray. we would welcome your advice please. - shirl a : try covering the pots with a microfibre, which is a fine mesh fabric. this will stop the butterflies landing on your pots. also try moth traps, which are yellow plastic squares and in a confined space like yours will do a good job. i have heard that you can suffocate the caterpillars with flour. i ' d be really interested to see if it works. do try it and report back to us, please. do you have a gardening, diy or landscaping question for justin? email firstname. lastname @ example. org with your question and we will be happy to answer it in our pages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37666331340561754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a68033a0-d0c1-4b83-87ac-0529f40a361d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.537772"}
{"text": "4. method of solution there are three versions of the program in the code package. spacetran - i uses the surface angular fluxes calculated by the discrete ordinates sn code anisn, as input. spacetran - ii assumes that the surface angular flux for all energies can be represented as a function ( cos ( phi ) ) * * n, where phi is the angle between surface outward normal and radiation direction, and n is an integer specified by the user. for both versions the energy group structure and the number and location of detectors is arbitrary. the flux ( or response function ) for a given energy group at some detection point is computed by summing the contributions from each surface area element over the entire surface. the surface area elements are defined by input data. spacetran - iii uses surface angular fluxes from dot - 3. spacetran - i handles contributions either from a cylinder ' end ' or ' side ', so the total contributions must be obtained by adding the results of separate end and side runs. anisn angular fluxes are specified for discrete directions. in general, the direction between the detector and contributing area will not exactly coincide with one of these discrete directions. in this case, the anisn angular flux for the ' closest ' discrete direction is used to approximate the contribution to the detector. spacetran - ii handles contributions from both the side and end of a cylinder in a single run. since the assumed angular distribution is specified by a continuous function, it is not necessary to perform the angle selection described above. for each detector specified, both versions compute the flux and a response proportional to flux in each energy group and also compute the sum of these quantities over all energy groups.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5301254287249348, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bcce463-733c-4793-be7a-3f5715da3f77>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.540475"}
{"text": "5. eugene, oregon eugene, oregon, is in the top five for a number of reasons, but the biggest of these reasons has to do with electricity. the city of eugene gets almost half of its electricity from renewable resources. most of western oregon gets around 34 % of its energy from hydroelectric dams, but eugene takes things a step further by adding on 9 % from wind farms. the city \u2019 s water utility \u2013 eweb \u2013 even buys back excess energy produced by residential solar arrays. 4. oakland, california the city of oakland, in the state of california, has been long - heralded as one of the most forward - thinking cities in the us on the environmental front, and that has helped to drive new technologies in oakland. the most impressive of these technologies are the hydrogen - powered buses that roam the streets. these buses have significantly cut down the pollution in the city, and have helped to develop this technology into a more economical form. 3. boston, massachusetts boston has a highly developed public transit system, as well as an impetus toward innovation and new technologies. this is highly evidenced by the unique system that boston is implementing to help produce methane for generators. they are using bacteria within residential glass clippings to produce the methane. this is a fuel source that is readily available, and which would only be going to waste otherwise. modest projections state that the system has the potential to create enough methane to power 1. 5 megawatts of electricity. at the end of the composting cycle, the grass and leaves will have turned into a source of fertilizer that can be used for residential or farm fertilizer. 2. san francisco, california san francisco, california, is another of the cities with a highly developed transportation sector. public transportation is a large part of how people get around here, and it has a significant impact on the air quality and health of the people living here. also, san francisco has one of the most aggressive large - scale photovoltaic projects in the country, with massive potential for both environmental and financial benefits. 1. portland, oregon portland, oregon, is the most eco - friendly city in the united states. while it lags behind other cities in terms of energy and electricity, it blows past them on things like public transit and green construction. 35 buildings in portland are certified by the u. s. green building council, and a quarter of workers in portland commute by bike or public transit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43450440518510836, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d96e125-a13d-49f8-a1a8-b3c99d827c41>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.548576"}
{"text": "sarah margaret fuller, marchesa ossoli, author, conversationalist, feminist, and transcendentalist, ma rgaret fuller ( 1810 - 1850 ) was america ' s first woman correspondent and reported to americans on the italian revolution of 1848 - 49. her sympathies lay with the republicans, and she used her writing to enlist the sympathy and aid of americans in the cause of italian independence and unification. sarah margaret fuller was born in cambridgeport, massachusetts on may 1810, the oldest of eight children born to timothy and margaret crane fuller. her father, a harvard - educated lawyer and stern new england puritan, believed women were the intellectual equals of men and educated his first - born accordingly. supervised by her father - - even when he was serving in congress - - margaret fuller followed a rigorous regimen of classical studies, learning latin ( in which she was fluent by age six ) and greek as well as german, french, and italian. as an adult, margaret fuller gravitated to the northeastern intellectual establishment dominated by such men as emerson, channing, thoreau, holmes, hawthorne, alcott, and longfellow. with her brothers educated and her sisters married by 1840, margaret, who had supported her family by teaching following her father ' s death in 1835, accepted the editorship of the dial, the journal of the transcendentalists. in 1844, horace greeley invited margaret fuller to write for the herald tribune as the first female reporter in america. a year later, greeley published fuller ' s woman in the nineteenth century, the first women ' s liberation book in the united states and her best - known work. commissioned by greeley to write articles on the political scene in europe, fuller set out for the continent in 1846. during visits to london and paris, she met thomas and jane carlyle, who introduced her to the italian exile giuseppe mazzini ; the polish poet adam mickiewicz ; and george sand. it was in italy, however, that margaret found her european home. she arrived in time to witness the 1848 - 49 upheaval in italian politics, on which she reported extensively for the tribune. as a friend and follower of mazzini, who devoted his life to the ideal of the unification of italy as a republic, margaret fuller ardently supported the republicans and their short - lived roman republic in the papal states. however, the republican experiment in rome ended in july 1849 when french forces restored the pope to power. during the struggle for rome,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40186214552482785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b558dc5-89fc-45e7-b8b8-70c420ee6ec6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.560875"}
{"text": "italy as a republic, margaret fuller ardently supported the republicans and their short - lived roman republic in the papal states. however, the republican experiment in rome ended in july 1849 when french forces restored the pope to power. during the struggle for rome, fuller was put in charge of the hospital of the fate bene fra telli by princess belgiojoso, director of all the hospitals in rome. during this time, garibaldi ' s heroic efforts on behalf of the republic won the admiration of fuller, who had earlier shared the popularly held opinion that he was little more than a brigand. meanwhile, margaret fuller had met the italian nobleman, the marchese giovanni angelo ossoli, whom she later married. unlike his family, who were high ranking functionaries in the papal government, angelo ossoli supported a re publican italy and, as a member of the guardia nazionale, served under garibaldi during the siege of rome ( 1849 ). on september 5, 1848, fuller gave birth to ossoli ' s son, but she and ossoli kept the child ' s birth a secret until their marriage in late 1849 - early 1850. following the fall of the roman republic, fuller and ossoli retreated to florence, but persistent political pressures and poverty constrained fuller to return to the united states with her new family in 1850 to s eek a publisher for her history of the italian revolution of 1848 - 49 which she had written following the fall of rome. on july 19, within sight of the new jersey shore, her ship struck ground on fire island and broke apart. the ossoli family perished in the disaster. no collected works of margaret fuller have been published and, since the majority of her literary efforts appeared in the journals for which she wrote, her major works are not easily accessible even though recent renewed interest in her had resulted in publication of some of her writings. her published works, besides woman, include conversations with goethe ( 1839 ), gunderode ( 1842 ), summer on the lakes ( 1843 ), and papers on literature and art ( 1846 ). fuller ' s history of the italian revolution was lost with her at sea. joan b. huffman since the memoirs of margaret fuller ossoli ( 2 vol, 1852 ), edited by ralph waldo emerson, william h. channing, and james freeman clarke were extensively edited so as not to offend, it is necessary to consult additional sources to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of this \" liberated \" woman and her work. these include", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3938705979429493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b558dc5-89fc-45e7-b8b8-70c420ee6ec6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.563205"}
{"text": "by ralph waldo emerson, william h. channing, and james freeman clarke were extensively edited so as not to offend, it is necessary to consult additional sources to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of this \" liberated \" woman and her work. these include the fuller papers in the boston public library and the houghton library at harvard university ; the writings of margaret fuller, at home and abroad ( 1856 ) and life within and without ( 1859 ), also highly selective, which were edited by her brother, arthur b. fuller ; and the numerous biographies of margaret fuller. the standard biography is mason wade ' s margaret fuller : whetstone of genius ( 1940 ). more recent studies include paula blanchard ' s margaret fuller : from transcendentalism to revolution, ( 1978 and 1987 ) ; madeleine b. stern ' s the life of margaret fuller ( 1942 and 1991 ) ; perry miller ' s margaret fuller : american romantic ( 1963 and 1970 ) ; and joseph jay deiss ' the roman years of margaret fuller ( 1969 ). see also the biographical sketches of fuller in the macmillan dictionary of women ' s biography ( 1982 and 1984 ) ; notable american women, 1706 - 1950, i, 678 - 682 ; biographical dictionary of american journalism ( 1989 ) ; and the dictionary of american biography, iv, 63 - 66. jgc revised this file ( http : / / www. ohiou. edu / ~ chastain / dh / fuller. htm ) on october 18, 2004. please e - mail comments or suggestions to firstname. lastname @ example. org \u00a9 1997, 2004 james chastain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4549022314813988, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b558dc5-89fc-45e7-b8b8-70c420ee6ec6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.564335"}
{"text": "each week, three wellingtonians fall victim to sudden cardiac arrest ( sca ) at home, at work or on the street. sca can happen to anyone at any time, without any known heart disease or other risk factors. the condition occurs when electrical impulses in the heart become rapid or chaotic, which causes the heart to suddenly stop beating. wellington free ambulance ( wfa ) is launching a new community initiative, designed to make wellington the leading sca - survival city in the southern hemisphere. wellington \u2019 s current survival rate for sca is comparable with other major cities, but wfa wants to greatly improve residents \u2019 capabilities - to help us match leading international cities such as seattle, copenhagen & oslo, and double the survival rate of witnessed sca in wellington. wfa wants wellingtonians to \" take the three rs to heart \" with its new operation heartbeat community training programme, to help save the lives of those three people in the region who suffer from sca each week. research shows that can be achieved by providing cpr and defibrillation ( first shock ) as soon as possible after a victim collapses. the public can play a major role in performing both of these life saving actions ; bystander cpr, and if they have access to an aed ( automated external defibrillator ), defibrillation before paramedic arrival. providing cpr to a sca victim can double or even triple their chances of survival.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48256060432170644, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86f7c0b1-1399-48c3-8438-f586eacf4ccf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.568690"}
{"text": "although the hurricane itself dissolved two years ago, the storm is still raging inside the minds of people who lived through it. studies show alarming increases of depression, anxiety, divorce, domestic abuse and drug use among hurricane survivors of every socioeconomic class. according to medical reports, at least 20 percent of the population is suffering from delayed post - traumatic stress disorder. locals have even come up with a term for the poor memory, poor concentration and disrupted sleeping patterns they suffer \u2014 \" katrina brain. \" chris rose, a pulitzer prize - nominated columnist in new orleans, wrote the book 1 dead in attic. although he has no history of mental health problems, chris is one of many gulf - area residents who eventually found himself on the edge. \" i ' ve had a number of friends kill themselves since the storm. i now understood why people did such things. \" chris received psychiatric treatment, but many residents of the city are not so fortunate. according to the journal of the american medical association, the number of psychiatrists in new orleans has dropped from approximately 200 before katrina to just around 20 in august 2007. but while the number of doctors has dramatically decreased, the need for help has not. a recent annuals of emergency medicine study shows that suicide attempts in louisiana and mississippi fema parks are 79 percent above the national average.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41842911280243483, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:166b7d3a-66f2-4e90-88ca-88faaa4f9fef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.571245"}
{"text": "the ' snare hypothesis ' is a model explaining the process of docking and fusion of vesicles to their target membranes. according to this model, membrane proteins from the vesicle ( v - snares ) and proteins from the target membrane ( t - snares ) govern the specificity of vesicle targeting and docking through mutual recognition. once the 2 classes of snares bind to each other, they form a complex that recruits the general elements of the fusion apparatus, namely nsf ( n - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor ) and snaps ( soluble nsf - attachment proteins ), to the site of membrane fusion, thereby forming the 20s fusion complex. alpha - and gamma - snap are found in a wide range of tissues and act synergistically in intra - golgi transport. the sequence of the predicted 295 - amino acid human protein encoded by napa shares 37 %, 60 %, and 67 % identity with the sequences of yeast, drosophila, and squid alpha - snap, respectively. platelets contain some of the same proteins, including nsf, p115 / tap, alpha - snap, gamma - snap, and the t - snares syntaxin - 2 and syntaxin - 4, that are used in many vesicular transport processes in other cell types. platelet exocytosis uses a molecular mechanism similar to that used by other secretory cells, such as neurons, although the proteins used by the platelet and their modes of regulation may be quite different. [ provided by refseq ] * shipping is in business days * origene provides validated application data and protocol, with money back guarantee.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5546937248891566, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4659cb16-1ee0-47c8-b30b-b5a01f77564b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.575434"}
{"text": "researchers have theorised that a peptide found in primates could halt the hiv - 1 virus from infecting blood cells. the discovery could form the crux of an effective drug therapy, which may overcome resistance exhibited by current treatment use. modern combinations of antiretroviral therapies have been used successfully to treat many people with hiv. however, concern is growing that new medications will be required as the virus mutates to render current drugs ineffective. the hiv - 1 virus often mutates quickly to overcome antiviral compounds designed to prevent infections. but the researchers demonstrated that over the course of 100 days the virus developed a weak resistance to retrocyclin, a defence peptide still found in monkeys and lower primates. lead researcher, professor alexander cole of ucf ' s burnett college of biomedical sciences said that if additional laboratory tests could demonstrate only weak resistance, the next step would be to study how retrocyclin could be developed into a drug designed to prevent the hiv virus from entering human cells. there are three classes of defensin peptides, and most research has focused on alpha and beta defensins, the two types that humans still make. however, previous studies have demonstrated that theta - defensins are more active against hiv - 1 than the other two types of defensins and can be developed in laboratories. cole is now working to develop a way to grow retrocyclin through genetically engineered tobacco plants. the retrocyclin gene would be incorporated into the chloroplast genome of tobacco cells before the plants grow. a similar approach has been developed to grow anthrax vaccine in tobacco plants. an inexpensive way to produce the drug with only a small amount of tobacco would help to make it accessible in areas such as southeast asia, africa and the caribbean where the disease spreads most quickly. \" if we could develop retrocyclin in plants and produce enough of the drug cheaply, we could potentially save a lot of lives, \" cole said. at the end of 2005 there were an estimated 40. 3m people living with hiv worldwide. there were 4. 9m new hiv infections in 2005 and 3. 1m aids - related deaths. hiv - 1 is the most common form of the human immunodeficiency virus that causes aids. the disease is often transmitted sexually, and the drugs produced from cole ' s research would be applied to the vagina in the form of a gel or cream. many of the laboratory tests have shown that retrocyclin can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5044647917799644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c0c56cb-a11a-4516-be2d-be496bf1c1e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.581454"}
{"text": "got questions? we ' ve got answers from experts and parents who ' ve been there. what can i do when my child repeats bad words from siblings? first, help your older child learn to watch what he says around his little sister. explain how she wants to be just like him and therefore imitates him, which is why it ' s important for him to show his sister acceptable ways to communicate. then sit down with your children and develop some \" family rules \" about words. let them know they can get angry or frustrated, but that it ' s not okay to use hurtful, inappropriate, or rude words, and brainstorm with them words they can use instead to express themselves. but if, despite all your good efforts, your child continues to call her cousin a butthead or tells people to shut up, try to respond matter - of - factly. children crave our attention - - be it negative or positive, and a big reaction makes them think, this worked great. i ' ll have to try it again! so the less emotional you are, the less rewarding it is for your kids to use that word again. in a serious, calm voice, tell your daughter, \" it ' s not okay to call people names. it hurts your cousin ' s feelings. \" then help her express herself in more acceptable ways. for example, you can say, \" i know you ' re angry with emma for taking your doll. let ' s ask her to return it. \" remember that toddlers are still learning about impulse control, so slipups are expected. but with a calm and consistent response from you, your kids will eventually choose the more appropriate words. originally published in american baby magazine, september 2004. the answers from our experts are for educational purposes only. please always refer to your child ' s pediatrician and mental health expert for more in - depth advice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4221456414696796, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:682804c3-22bd-43c3-80ff-4d68c1d23c0f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.584941"}
{"text": "in a professional kitchen, cleanliness is not only a vital health issue, it directly impacts the efficient operation of the kitchen and everyone who works in it. here are five tricks professional chefs use to maximize cleanliness and efficiency in their kitchens : 1. don \u2019 t touch \u2013 from the culinary student who chops the onions for the french onion soup, to the chef that cooks the food and puts it on the plate, every team member in a professional kitchen knows that touch spreads germs. home chefs can reduce the spread of germs in their own kitchens by minimizing the need to touch key tools, like the faucet. touch - free faucets, like kohler \u2019 s sensate touchless kitchen faucet, allow you to control the flow of water in your kitchen sink without ever having to touch a potentially germy surface. a state - of - the - art sensor allows the faucet to respond in 20 milliseconds, and eliminates the need for bare - skin taps or awkward waving to activate the sensor. to learn more about the latest in kitchen faucet design and technology, visit www. kohler. com. 2. always be prepared \u2013 in professional kitchens, staff use separate cutting boards \u2013 and often utensils \u2013 for preparing meats, vegetables and fruits. storing utensils, pots and pans according to their tasks facilitates quick and easy access when preparing food. mis - en - place ( pronounced meez - ahn - place ), a french adage and popular chef \u2019 s practice, involves gathering all ingredients and implements needed before cooking begins. with everything in its place, you \u2019 ll be able to move smoothly and efficiently through a recipe without halting food prep to dig through the refrigerator or pantry. 3. countertop savvy \u2013 countertop savvy goes beyond just keeping them clean. just as you use separate cutting boards for meats and vegetables, consider the value of task - specific countertop surfaces. avid bakers, for example, can benefit from marble countertops because the material helps keep the dough cool. if such an installation falls outside your budget, consider a marble pastry board instead. place it on the kitchen table to transform your eating area into an impromptu bake station. bonus : rolling dough on a surface slightly shorter than standard 36 - inch countertops provides a more comfortable, ergonomic experience. 4. work the triangle \u2013 you may be familiar with the concept of the work triangle : arranging the refrigerator ( food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4549502923073757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b7c5964-f9a3-4a88-b7ee-38f0d91abc47>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.587785"}
{"text": "first of all, based on a more careful reading of the nativity stories, as found in the new testament, it is very unlikely that the historical jesus was born in december to begin with ( winters in judea tend to be very cold, and shepherds are described as tending their sheep in the fields ; the two definitely don \u2019 t go together ). had you expanded your careful reading a little bit, you \u2019 d be aware that christmas is \u201c the feast of the nativity, \u201d not \u201c jesus \u2019 s birthday. \u201d while modern fundamentalists typically claim it \u2019 s jesus \u2019 s actual birthday because they \u2019 re theologically and historically ignorant, mainline denominations have never so claimed. it is well known that the romans celebrated saturnalia around the 25th, while in later centuries it was the holiday of the unconquered sun ( sol invictus ), the chief holiday of one of the most important cults of the late empire ( one held in special regard by such emperors as constantine and julian \u201c the apostate \u201d and also one extremely popular among the roman soldiers who spread the cult, along with mithraism all over the empire ). this fails to take into account movement of the dates relative to the solar year and relative to the calendar due to adjustments to the julian calendar, the creation of leap - year and 10 - day readjustment in the middle ages, and the switch from julian to gregorian calendars. but it would be a really nice argument if it were true! christmas used to be somewhat different in date - relationship to saturnalia and the solstice. ( also, you \u2019 ve failed to provide any support whatsoever for the assertion that coincidence in time equals shared origins. ) the pagans of northern europe celebrated ( and continue to celebrate ) yule at that time, long before jesus was born and most of present - day christmas customs, including carols, christmas tree etc. have, beyond any doubt, origins in celtic or germanic winter solstice customs. here again we have a \u201c yes, but. \u201d you \u2019 ve failed to provide an important connecting point : did christians have contact with northern europeans at the time of the setting of the date for christmas? in fact, no. christmas was set near the date of yule before christians were evangelizing northern europeans or, according to extant evidence, had any meaningful contact with that culture. ( and again, you \u2019 ve failed to provide support for the assertion that coincidence in time equals shared origins. ) furthermore, the \u201c present - day christmas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43824387545358445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfa932e5-63f3-4bd4-b643-4ed0efee3fcb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.601958"}
{"text": "and some were used as christmas decor, but not exclusively because there \u2019 s other greenery available during that season, so there \u2019 s not the same strong association of christmas with firs. lots of cultures prefer christmas lilies. in northern europe, lilies had to be confined to easter. ) it wasn \u2019 t until 350 ce that the church of rome declared december 25 as the day of \u201c christ \u2019 s \u201d birth, in order to ease the process of converting pagans to this new religion. the same process is clearly visible in easter and other main christian holidays. so rather than being christian holidays with added pagan symbolism, it is more accurate to say that they are christianized pagan holidays. oooooh, brilliant! you \u2019 ve hit all my favorite calendrical myths in one paragraph! point the first : easter is not set according to any pagan date, which should be immediately obvious to even the most casual observer. easter is set according to the date of passover because jesus \u2019 s crucifixion coincided with passover. prior to the 9th century, jews ( who use a luni - solar calendar ; that is, a lunar calendar with solar corrections so it doesn \u2019 t \u201c march backwards \u201d around the year with way the islamic calendar does, because several jewish feasts are agricultural in nature and that \u2019 s silly when it turns up in the wrong season ) set the date of passover and certain other important dates, including beginnings of months, based on actual physical sightings of the moon ( as muslims still do today ). ( the reasons jews went to an astronomical calendar in the 9th and 10th centuries \u2013 it was a process, not an event \u2013 has largely to do with the diaspora and slow communication that made it difficult for one rabbi to tell all the jews when to start the month. ) for christians, this presented a problem after their asses were booted from the temple prior to its destruction in 70ish ce. ( there \u2019 s some debate but it doesn \u2019 t actually matter for our purposes. ) as christianity became more and more gentile, and diverged from judaism even in areas where jewish christians were the norm, they had to find their own way of setting the date of easter, since the jewish authorities were no longer willing to \u201c share \u201d the calendar - setting info with the apostates, and the gentiles were ever - farther away from jerusalem. the debate began almost as soon as christ \u2019 s death, and by 180 ad there were two firm camps : one that wanted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4083977867042404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfa932e5-63f3-4bd4-b643-4ed0efee3fcb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.604029"}
{"text": "\u201d the calendar - setting info with the apostates, and the gentiles were ever - farther away from jerusalem. the debate began almost as soon as christ \u2019 s death, and by 180 ad there were two firm camps : one that wanted the date always to fall on nisan 14, which could be any day of the week, and one that wanted the date to always fall on the sunday closest to nisan 14. there \u2019 s an important theological point to this, which has to do with the saturday sabbath as the seventh day, and sunday as the first. since jesus was arose on a sunday and this made a \u201c new \u201d creation, sunday became both the 8th day ( fruition of god \u2019 s plan in creation ) and the 1st day ( new creation ). weekly sunday celebrations were conceived as \u201c little easters \u201d \u2013 smaller celebrations on every 1st / 8th day of the week to commemorate the resurrection and new creation and fulfillment of god \u2019 s promises. so to put easter on a not - sunday, argued one side of the debate, was to reject this important theological point. but to put it on not - nisan 14, argued the other side, was to reject the actual commemoration of the historical date. by the third century, christian / jewish relations were getting relatively ugly, and sunday won out. different systems developed, but the one that eventually was adopted for setting the date of easter so that it would be near passover and universal across a church that could take a long time to communicate, but didn \u2019 t require jewish assistance in sighting the moon, was to set easter for the first sunday after the first ( astronomical ) full moon after the spring equinox. this is basically how the jewish luni - solar calendar corrects itself, using the equinoxes, so this puts easter within a week of passover. according to their calculations on the julian calendar, early church calendar obsessives thought that jesus was crucified on march 25. ( tertullian, who was notably bad at calendar math and was in fact wrong, was the first to say so, although it \u2019 s clear the date of march 25 was important to christians prior to that because of earlier extant texts and tertullian \u2019 s obsession with fitting the calendar to that date. ) this must mean, they decided round about ad 220, that because jesus was in all way perfect, his life began on the same date. so they set the date for jesus \u2019 s conception on march 25. which means that his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3817567502120104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfa932e5-63f3-4bd4-b643-4ed0efee3fcb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.604948"}
{"text": "that date. ) this must mean, they decided round about ad 220, that because jesus was in all way perfect, his life began on the same date. so they set the date for jesus \u2019 s conception on march 25. which means that his birth, because jesus is an all ways perfect, had to be exactly nine months after the conception. ( these are already celibate monks. nine months is as good an approximation for a \u201c perfect \u201d pregnancy duration as we \u2019 re going to get from them. ) this put the celebration of jesus \u2019 s birth on dec. 25. ( early authorities, incidentally, suggest the actual physical date of jesus \u2019 s birth was around 25 pachon / 20 may in 28 augustus. but jesus was a nobody in a backwater, so who was really keeping track? ) although, in point of fact, the earlier celebration is epiphany, dating back at least to the 2nd century and extant texts suggest even earlier, which celebrates the revelation of christ to the magi. we \u2019 re not entirely clear why epiphany was january 6, but it wasn \u2019 t until your magic date of 350 ce that christmas was broken out from the earlier and holier date of epiphany. the 25th \u2013 12 days before the 6th \u2013 was chosen for a variety of reasons, including that it was 9 months after tertullian \u2019 s magic date march 25 ( now firmly the feast of the annunciation ), and that it beautifully fit with the happy number of 12 ( apostles, etc. ). however, the elements of the christmas liturgies existed in the epiphany liturgies long before the 350 ce breakout. finally, to reiterate, christmas is not \u201c jesus \u2019 s birthday. \u201d it is \u201c the feast of the nativity. \u201d feasts mean we celebrate it on that day, not that we believe it actually happened on that day. ( otherwise \u201c the feast of st. thomas more \u201d would be quite silly, because how could he himself occur entirely on that day? ) so, to sum up : christian calendar dates based on jewish calendar dates, quasi - mystical beliefs about perfection, and sometimes crappy math. easter is the earliest celebration, and the setting of its date has zero relationship to anything but jewish celebrations ( and again, if you have done a \u201c careful reading, \u201d this should be utterly obvious ). most other early christian calendar dates are based off easter, with the exception of the mysterious date - preference of epiphan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43861626541689663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfa932e5-63f3-4bd4-b643-4ed0efee3fcb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.605880"}
{"text": "to anything but jewish celebrations ( and again, if you have done a \u201c careful reading, \u201d this should be utterly obvious ). most other early christian calendar dates are based off easter, with the exception of the mysterious date - preference of epiphany. ( moreover, in terms of importance of the holidays, it goes easter, epiphany, lent, then christmas. christmas is low man on the liturgical totem pole. ) to cut a long story short, neither is it christ \u2019 s actual birthday, nor the customs have anything to do with jesus or christian doctrine. everything about is far more pagan than it could ever be christian, which is, again, why i don \u2019 t have any problems with celebrating it. and to sum up the entire post, your assertions are wrong in almost all particulars. it appears to me that you have a particular bias \u2013 that christianity is pagan - derived \u2013 and that you have set out to only consider evidence that proves your belief. a truly careful examination of extant evidence would have shown you how baseless your assertions are. even a cursory examination of the bible and a glance at the modern calendar might have clued you in to easter \u2019 s dating basis, so your assertion that easter \u2019 s date is pagan - based leads me to conclude that you \u2019 ve looked at evidence with serious blinders on that only allowed you to consider things that proved your biases. finally, your last sentence is unbelievably rude and presumptuous. would you like it if a christian walked into your holy day and said, \u201c well, everything here is obviously christian - derived, even if you \u2019 re too stupid to know it. \u201d? why do you feel comfortable being so dismissive about my holy day, and being so rude about my level of intellect? do you really feel comfortable telling a billion and a half christians that they \u2019 re actually celebrating a pagan holiday and just haven \u2019 t noticed? or do you think it \u2019 s remotely possible that even if any of your assertions had been remotely based in fact and christmas were a pagan - derived holiday, that those billion and a half christians were actually managing to celebrate a holy event of their faith, regardless of date? does it please you when fundamentalists inform you that even if you don \u2019 t know it, you \u2019 re actually worshipping satan? why, then, do you feel it \u2019 s okay to tell me that even if i don \u2019 t know it, i \u2019 m celebrating a pagan holiday?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4368948759338873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfa932e5-63f3-4bd4-b643-4ed0efee3fcb>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.606852"}
{"text": "the federal government \u2019 s fiscal policies are contributing to unsustainable deficits and debt in the long term. high debt loads can lead to rising interest rates, the crowding out of private investment and other government spending, and increased risk of a fiscal crisis that would necessitate quick and dramatic changes in spending and revenue policies. policy makers are considering ways to address the deficit and debt, including spending cuts, tax reform, and the possibility of a new consumption tax, such as a value - added tax ( vat ). the paper, using a vat for deficit reduction, by the tax policy center ( tpc ), is designed to help policy makers better understand the impact of a vat if used for deficit reduction. it compares adoption of a new vat and higher income tax rates as alternative strategies for raising revenue to reduce the deficit. it looks at these two options in isolation from other policies such as spending cuts that also could contribute to deficit reduction and would allow for a lower vat or smaller income - tax increases. in addition, it does not model any behavioral consequences of implementing these revenue policies. this paper is the second in a series, written by tpc and sponsored by the pew fiscal analysis initiative, that analyzes issues related to enactment of a vat. this series will provide analysis and facts as policy makers consider options for a new consumption tax over the next several years. executive summary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4743347055602782, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8895a5f6-7997-487d-953e-6cbbcad44fb1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.609659"}
{"text": "meeting photo challenges creative image processing nature & outdoor creating better photographics night & low light photography light & exposure close - up & macro digital black & white color & design choosing & using lenses digital photography equipment dynamic range defines just how bright that snowy field can be and how dark the shadows in the canyon can be and still get details in each area when you make a careful exposure reading. it is the limitation of the recording material, and is an important aspect of making good exposure decisions. as you gain experience one of the most important matters to concentrate on is developing a sense of this range and understanding what your camera can and cannot do. in short, learn how it handles different light values ( contrast ) within the same scene. the ability of the sensor to capture a range of brightness values will determine when you will be able to capture all the values in the scene ( or at least all the important values ) and when you might have to give up shadow detail in order to control the highlight areas. this shot was made late in the day in new york city with a bright sky and the buildings in shadow. the high contrast is part of the character of the shot, and the limits of dynamic range are exploited for a graphic interpretation of the scene. this bracketed shot shows both high - and low - key effects. while excessive underexposure will render an image useless, due to the amount of noise generated during correction, slight underexposure is no problem. this photo is about 1. 5 stops underexposed, but some easy software work brings back a nice range of values. while still dark overall it has enhanced color and contrast. to order back issues ( volumes 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 ) hone your skills with fast - paced tutorials and easy - to - follow tips from the archives of photographic and edigitalphoto magazines.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5274769675946624, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7810e39c-c59b-4d47-ac9a-0efa5cbae641>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.613189"}
{"text": "the idlgrtessellator class is a helper class that converts a simple concave polygon ( or a simple polygon with holes ) into a number of simple convex polygons ( general triangles ). a polygon is simple if it includes no duplicate vertices, if the edges intersect only at vertices, and exactly two edges meet at any vertex. tessellation is useful because the idlgrpolygon object accepts only convex polygons. using the idlgrtessellator object, you can convert a concave polygon into a group of convex polygons. the idlgrtessellator : : init method takes no arguments. use the following statement to create a tessellator object : mytess = obj _ new ( ' idlgrtessellator ' ) see idlgrtessellator for details on creating tessellator objects. the procedure file obj _ tess. pro, located in the examples / visual subdirectory of the idl distribution, provides an example of the use of the idlgrtessellator object. to run the example, enter obj _ tess at the idl prompt. the procedure creates a concave polygon, attempts to draw it, and then tessellates the polygon and re - draws. finally, the procedure demonstrates adding a hole to a polygon. ( you will be prompted to press return after each step is displayed. ) you can also inspect the source code in the obj _ tess. pro file for hints on using the tessellator object.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5092835477733871, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55ea103e-d05b-4d17-afe3-3d22471f1685>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.614628"}
{"text": "refraction at a boundary need to see it? view the broken pencil animation from the multimedia physics studios. flickr physics visit the physics classroom ' s flickr galleries and enjoy a photo overview of the topic of refraction and lenses. flickr physics visit the physics classroom ' s flickr galleries and enjoy the terrific display of photos showing the refraction of light by dew drops. flickr physics view a collection of incredible photos of reflection and refraction phenomena from tpc ' s flickr pool. looking for a lab that coordinates with this page? try the refraction action lab from the laboratory. flickr physics view a collection of incredible photos of reflection and refraction phenomena from tpc ' s flickr pool. curriculum corner learning requires action. give your students this sense - making activity from the curriculum corner. treasures from tpf need ideas? need help? explore the physics front ' s treasure box of catalogued resources on ray optics, including the topic of refraction. refraction and sight in unit 13 of the physics classroom tutorial, it was emphasized that we are able to see because light from an object can travel to our eyes. every object that can be seen is seen only because light from that object travels to our eyes. as you look at mary in class, you are able to see mary because she is illuminated with light and that light reflects off of her and travels to your eye. in the process of viewing mary, you are directing your sight along a line in the direction of mary. if you wish to view the top of mary ' s head, then you direct your sight along a line towards the top of her head. if you wish to view mary ' s feet, then you direct your sight along a line towards mary ' s feet. and if you wish to view the image of mary in a mirror, then you must direct your sight along a line towards the location of mary ' s image. this directing of our sight in a specific direction is sometimes referred to as the line of sight. as light travels through a given medium, it travels in a straight line. however, when light passes from one medium into a second medium, the light path bends. refraction takes place. the refraction occurs only at the boundary. once the light has crossed the boundary between the two media, it continues to travel in a straight line. only now, the direction of that line is different than it was in the former medium. if when sighting at an object, light from that object changes media on the way to your eye,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6144495382387474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f573244e-5ac3-4fed-b8f9-567bac22c4bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.619733"}
{"text": "two media, it continues to travel in a straight line. only now, the direction of that line is different than it was in the former medium. if when sighting at an object, light from that object changes media on the way to your eye, a visual distortion is likely to occur. this visual distortion is witnessed if you look at a pencil submerged in a glass half - filled with water. as you sight through the side of the glass at the portion of the pencil located above the water ' s surface, light travels directly from the pencil to your eye. since this light does not change medium, it will not refract. ( actually, there is a change of medium from air to glass and back into air. because the glass is so thin and because the light starts and finished in air, the refraction into and out of the glass causes little deviation in the light ' s original direction. ) as you sight at the portion of the pencil that was submerged in the water, light travels from water to air ( or from water to glass to air ). this light ray changes medium and subsequently undergoes refraction. as a result, the image of the pencil appears to be broken. furthermore, the portion of the pencil that is submerged in water appears to be wider than the portion of the pencil that is not submerged. these visual distortions are explained by the refraction of light. in this case, the light rays that undergo a deviation from their original path are those that travel from the submerged portion of the pencil, through the water, across the boundary, into the air, and ultimately to the eye. at the boundary, this ray refracts. the eye - brain interaction cannot account for the refraction of light. as was emphasized in unit 13, the brain judges the image location to be the location where light rays appear to originate from. this image location is the location where either reflected or refracted rays intersect. the eye and brain assume that light travels in a straight line and then extends all incoming rays of light backwards until they intersect. light rays from the submerged portion of the pencil will intersect in a different location than light rays from the portion of the pencil that extends above the surface of the water. for this reason, the submerged portion of the pencil appears to be in a different location than the portion of the pencil that extends above the water. the diagram at the right shows a god ' s - eye view of the light path from the submerged portion of the pencil to each of your two eyes. only the left and right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.622533472667899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f573244e-5ac3-4fed-b8f9-567bac22c4bf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.620673"}
{"text": "different location than the portion of the pencil that extends above the water. the diagram at the right shows a god ' s - eye view of the light path from the submerged portion of the pencil to each of your two eyes. only the left and right extremities ( edges ) of the pencil are considered. the blue lines depict the path of light to your right eye and the red lines depict the path of light to your left eye. observe that the light path has bent at the boundary. dashed lines represent the extensions of the lines of sight backwards into the water. observe that these extension lines intersect at a given point ; the point represents the image of the left and the right edge of the pencil. finally, observe that the image of the pencil is wider than the actual pencil. a ray model of light that considers the refraction of light at boundaries adequately explains the broken pencil observations. flickr physics photo the broken pencil phenomenon occurs during your everyday spearfishing outing. fortunately for the fish, light refracts as it travels from the fish in the water to the eyes of the hunter. the refraction occurs at the water - air boundary. due to this bending of the path of light, a fish appears to be at a location where it isn ' t. a visual distortion occurs. subsequently, the hunter launches the spear at the location where the fish is thought to be and misses the fish. of course, the fish are never concerned about such hunters ; they know that light refracts at the boundary and that the location where the hunter is sighting is not the same location as the actual fish. how did the fish get so smart and learn all this? they live in schools. now any fish that has done his / her physics homework knows that the amount of refraction that occurs is dependent upon the angle at which the light approaches the boundary. we will investigate this aspect of refraction in great detail in lesson 2. for now, it is sufficient to say that as the hunter with the spear sights more perpendicular to the water, the amount of refraction decreases. the most successful hunters are those who sight perpendicular to the water. and the smartest fish are those who head for the deep when they spot hunters who sight in this direction. since refraction of light occurs when it crosses the boundary, visual distortions often occur. these distortions occur when light changes medium as it travels from the object to our eyes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5966539763739521, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f573244e-5ac3-4fed-b8f9-567bac22c4bf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.621673"}
{"text": "shoreview, minn. when it comes to litters, size matters. larger numbers of pigs per litter have a direct correlation with an operation \u2019 s total pigs marketed ; however, for these pigs to meet their full potential, adequate birth weights are necessary. \u201c no matter the genetics, the management or the facilities, birth weight plays a big factor in a pig \u2019 s lifetime productivity, \u201d says dr. gawain willis, director of nutrition services for purina animal nutrition llc. willis explains that measuring birth weights are especially important as current genetics are helping sows move towards larger litters. unfortunately this trend is also resulting in a trend toward lower birth weights. research shows the average birth weight of each pig drops an average of 0. 10 pound for each additional pig in the litter. \u201c as the industry evolves and larger litters become more common, producers must pay close attention to birth weights in their farrowing units, \u201d he says. purina animal nutrition has evaluated birth weights at the purina animal nutrition center in gray summit, mo., for several years. along with brenda de rodas, director of swine research with purina animal nutrition, willis measured birth weights on 2, 456 litters over five years. they found that a 1 - pound difference in birth weight ( 3. 1 pounds versus 2. 1 pounds ) resulted in twice the survival rate from birth to weaning. \u201c birth weights played a significant role in pre - weaning mortality rates, \u201d willis says. \u201c almost all of our pre - weaning mortality occurred in the smaller birth weights. growth rates, feed efficiency and piglet vitality were also noticeably improved with higher birth weights. \u201d heavier - born pigs were able to get off to a proper start and also reached weaning and market weights quicker ; with 2. 8 pounds higher weaning weights. when looking at the timeline to finishing, pigs born between 3. 1 and 3. 5 pounds reached the marketable weight of 270 pounds, 7 days sooner than pigs with birth weights of 1. 6 to 2 pounds. increased nutrients through gestation and lactation are one major factor required to allow sows to produce these heavier litters. willis explains that higher - producing sows require increased nutrients to achieve long - term production or they may fall out of the herd too soon. if the nutritional needs of the sow aren \u2019 t met, the potential remains for low birth weights. \u201c failing to feed sows for increased productivity can also lead to rebreeding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4307380381848626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59a92d63-554b-4cf7-86e1-eedba4961833>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.627252"}
{"text": "garlic is surely among the easiest and most gratifying vegetables to grow. garlic takes up minimal space, grows over the winter when there ' s less competition for garden space, and is extremely easy to grow if its basic requirements are met. from the cook ' s perspective, it ' s a most useful and versatile vegetable, with many different cultivars offering a diversity of flavors, sizes and storage qualities. fresh garlic \" seed \" ( bulbs ) are now available at local nurseries and it ' s time to pick out your favorite varieties and prepare the ground for planting. the best time to plant garlic is from late october through late november. here ' s what you can do now to get started : - buy your garlic. the selection of varieties is at its peak right now, and you can pick out heads of garlic with the fattest, plumpest cloves. large cloves make the largest heads of garlic next year ( set aside small cloves to eat fresh, dry, pickle or plant tightly together for greens in the springtime ). make sure the heads of garlic feel heavy, not dry and light - weight. do not break cloves off until directly before planting. - figure out how much space you need for your garlic. to determine how much space to set aside, note that it ' s best planted about 5 to 6 inches apart. if you eat a lot of garlic over the course of the year, you may want to plant a little more than you think you need! - prepare the soil. as soon as you have cleared space in the garden, dig over the area where you ' ll be planting your garlic and incorporate any soil amendments, fertilizers or minerals you wish to add. garlic grows best in well - draining, loamy, fertile soil with a ph level between 6 and 7. amend with store - bought / kitchen / leaf compost or manure ( give it a few weeks to mellow before planting if manure is still hot ). i scratch in a few handfuls of a mixed micronutrient and slow - release organic fertilizer in my beds every fall, as well. inquire at your favorite local nursery ( naomi ' s organic farm supply or the urban farm store are especially helpful with soil amendments ) for specific instructions. also, it ' s worth mulching your garlic beds after planting. i like to use leaves that have been chopped up in the lawn mower, grass clippings or aged straw. for more garlic planting details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4041577970994713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83a856a9-c699-4def-b5e2-7043a3339bc0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.632821"}
{"text": "- category : technology featured - published on wednesday, 15 august 2012 02 : 08 - written by raja computers especially connected with the internet, the users came to know about a popular word \u2018 ip \u2019. outside the computer world ip refers to intellectual property ; but in our world ip refers to internet protocol. you may come across it most of the time on tcp / ip. the tcp refers to transmission control protocol. tcp / ip is generally refers to two computers exchanging data between them. on the internet, every computer ( email servers, ip hosts ) gets an ip address. let us take an example. some organizations send letters. if undelivered they can be returned to them in the address mentioned by them. in the internet world ip address is doing the same thing apart from other things. ip address consists of four arrays of numbers. for example 184. 108. 40. 206 is an ip address, if you \u2019 re sending a data this address is just like a postal stamp attached to your letter. it will reach its destination. from this you can find, from which country, which internet service provider and from which computer this data or email is sent. some routers and software packages are changing their ip address while sending which should be avoided. if not, using them anybody can access your computer without your permission. it means they can steal the important information, data, your bank account number, credit and debit card numbers, and your passwords easily. these software or packages are called as malwares and the ip hacker use proxies to get your data. they can also use your computer \u2019 s ip as a proxy if you got hacked. there are several anti spyware & malware programs available in the market to prevent them. some hackers can use or take control over your computer \u2019 s ip address and send their data through it. it will facilitate your ip being abused by other undesirable elements. on the internet ; the internet service providers will allocate ip address for standard computer servers and for standard organizations ( that runs computer servers regularly or on daily basis with their clients, consumers, customers, and employees ) will be given standard ip address. otherwise all the computers we are using in our homes, and though our mobiles, tablets, smartphones, and broadband landlines are connected through the internet service provider and get a random ip address. each time when you are connected to the internet, you get a new ip address. please bear in mind that can also be easily hacked by the persons over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.56372541583889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d2461dc-294b-4110-94ff-8e9459463a68>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.636973"}
{"text": "copyright : this document has been placed in the public domain. many thanks to bill baxter, jarrett billingsley, anders f bjorklund, lutger blijdestijn, thomas kuehne, pierre rouleau and max samuha for their input, and to walter bright for making such a great language. one of the great features of d is its \u2019 fantastic support for text. however, many people new to d have trouble understanding why things are the way they are. people coming from a c or c + + background are quickly confused by the fact that char does not appear to work the way they expect it to, whilst people coming from a java, c # or interpreted language background wonder why d has three different character types, and no string class. this article will hopefully address these questions, and help explain the how and why of text in d. but first, some background. back when c was created, the dominant character encoding in use was ascii. ascii was cool because it could encode every letter of the western alphabet, numbers, and a whole bunch of punctuation. if you needed more characters, then by golly you could just stick them in the upper 128 fields as an extension to ascii. this led to the rather unfortunate mess that are character encodings. they arose out of the impossibility of fitting every language \u2019 s symbols into just 128 characters. things became worse with multi byte character sets like shift _ jis where you couldn \u2019 t even count on each 8 - bit code being an actual symbol. you also had to carry around a description of which code page you were using. it only got worse if you wanted to use multiple character encodings in a single text document : you usually can \u2019 t. in the end, this led to the creation of unicode ; a character encoding to replace all other character encodings. unicode significantly differs from most other character encodings in that it encodes every one of its \u2019 symbols using a unique integer identifier called a code point. for example, the n - ary summation symbol \u201c \u201d is identified in unicode as code point 0x2211. by contrast, this symbol is not defined in most character encodings, usually because there simply isn \u2019 t room. however, unicode by itself does not specify how to actually store these code points ; it merely defines what they mean. this is where the unicode transformation formats come in to play. utf - 32 is the easiest to understand. every", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5191547116302129, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c26b6c4-f47b-44dd-adb5-553017cb9d24>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.651889"}
{"text": "\u2019 t room. however, unicode by itself does not specify how to actually store these code points ; it merely defines what they mean. this is where the unicode transformation formats come in to play. utf - 32 is the easiest to understand. every unicode code point is stored literally as a 32 - bit unsigned integer. the obvious disadvantage to this is that it requires a large amount of space to store even the simplest of text. utf - 16 is somewhat more complex. as the name suggests, it is based around 16 - bit unsigned integers. however, since you cannot represent every unicode code point with only 16 - bits, it uses variable length encoding to make sure you can store any code point you please. most normal code points will only use a single 16 - bit value, with more uncommon code points taking up two. each of these 16 - bit values is called a \u201c code unit. \u201d utf - 8 can be thought of as an \u201c extension \u201d of utf - 16 in that it uses a similar variable length encoding scheme based on 8 - bit integers. code points that fall into the traditional ascii range remain exactly the same ( meaning ascii is effectively a subset of utf - 8 ), with other code points taking somewhere between 2 and 4 bytes ( aka : code units ) to store. so, by now, you \u2019 re probably thinking \u201c what a complete and total mess! \u201d to a degree it is, but it \u2019 s important to realise that this is a huge simplification of how things used to be. what \u2019 s important to take from all this is that there are three distinct ways of representing unicode text, and all three are supported directly in d. unlike c which says nothing on, for example, how to store japanese text, d is designed to use unicode internally for all text storage. this means that instead of having to support multiple character encodings in your programs, you only need to support one, possibly using a library to convert to and from unicode as necessary. specifically, here is how the various encodings translate to d types : - char is a utf - 8 code unit, - wchar is a utf - 16 code unit, - dchar is a utf - 32 code point, - char is a utf - 8 string, - wchar is a utf - 16 string and - dchar is a utf - 32 string. the first thing that trips up people new to d is that the following program works : but this one doesn \u2019 t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5063557156355766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c26b6c4-f47b-44dd-adb5-553017cb9d24>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.652807"}
{"text": "\u0454 \u201d. it gives you \" \\ xd1 \" which isn \u2019 t what you really wanted. similarly, gives you \u201c \u0454ll \u201d and not \u201c \u201d as you would expect ( since the \u201c \u0454 \u201d actually takes up two chars. ) the reason for this is that decoding a utf - 8 or utf - 16 stream is all well and good, but trying to decode a slice in the middle is difficult to do efficiently. similarly, the length property of a utf - 8 or utf - 16 string can be misleading ; it is counting the number of code units, not the number of actual code points. the simplest way to deal with this is to stick to utf - 32 strings ( aka : dchar ) if you \u2019 re going to be doing a lot of indexing or slicing. this is because they do not suffer from these variable length encoding problems. another possible way to do this is to use a foreach loop to convert your string into individual code points, and manually extract the slice you want as you go. the std. utf module provides many functions which you might find useful : - std. utf. toutf8 ( s ) \u2013 converts s from any utf encoding to utf - 8, and returns the result. - std. utf. toutf16 ( s ) \u2013 as above, but for utf - 16. - std. utf. toutf32 ( s ) \u2013 as above, but for utf - 32. another trick to keep in mind is that when using foreach, you can also ask it to give you the index of each code point within the string : the above code produces the following output ( assuming your terminal can display utf - 8 ) : note that the index is that of the first code unit for that code point. these indices can be used in slicing operations to ensure you get a valid utf sequence. this is an area of active discussion. many people assert that d needs a string class, whilst others say that it is unnecessary. instead of trying to convince you either way, i \u2019 ll just explain why d doesn \u2019 t have a string class, and show what you can do without one. an important thing to remember is that c + + grew a string class because c \u2019 s string handling was so incredibly painful. java has a string class because java is object - oriented to the extreme, and it makes sense to have one. on the other hand, d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47606928620949396, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c26b6c4-f47b-44dd-adb5-553017cb9d24>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.655245"}
{"text": "remember is that c + + grew a string class because c \u2019 s string handling was so incredibly painful. java has a string class because java is object - oriented to the extreme, and it makes sense to have one. on the other hand, d does many of the things that c + + needed the string class for quite nicely by itself : - since all strings are arrays, all strings have a length property, meaning you don \u2019 t need a function to go looking for the end of a string. - strings can also be trivially concatenated together using the concatenation operator ~. - slicing works as expected for utf - 32 strings, and in utf - 8 and utf - 16 strings as long as you slice on known code point positions. can be rewritten as : which means that although you don \u2019 t have a string class, you can \u201c fake \u201d it, by simply writing functions that take strings as their first argument ; you aren \u2019 t even limited to what comes in the standard library, unlike in c + + and java! for a full list of what string manipulation functions come with d, take a look at http : / / www. digitalmars. com / d / phobos / std _ string. html. if you really, really can \u2019 t live without the warm comforting embrace of a string class, you can find a good one at http : / / www. dprogramming. com / dstring. php. by now you should understand the problems that arise because of d \u2019 s use of utf encodings. however, there is another problem that comes about because of how d represents arrays. back before d had the std. stdio. writefln method, most examples used the old c function printf. this worked fine until you tried to output a string : statements like the above are very likely to print out garbage, which leaves many people scratching their heads. the reason is that c uses nul - terminated strings, whereas d uses true arrays. in other words : - strings in c are a pointer to the first character. a string ends at the first nul character. - strings in d are a pointer to the first code unit, followed by a length. there is no terminator. thankfully, there is an easy solution : the std. string. tostringz function converts any char string to a c - compatible char * string by ensuring that there is a terminating nul. so you \u2019 ve been clever and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47515302235507717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c26b6c4-f47b-44dd-adb5-553017cb9d24>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.656311"}
{"text": ": this doesn ' t work because \u2018 o \u2019 requires two utf - 8 code units to encode. currently, there is no function in the standard library for extracting the nth character from a string, however you can use something like this : once you take care of those two problems, aside from things like the system api or what kind of text you ' re storing, it doesn ' t really matter which encoding you use. it is a bit, actually. here ' s a fast version written by derek parnell and frits van bommel that supports any given string type passed to it ( not just char. ) see the newsgroup thread starting at http : / / www. digitalmars. com / webnews / newsgroups. php? art _ group = digitalmars. d. learn & article _ id = 7444. here ' s the long and short of it : - windows : ascii for old win9x apis, utf - 16 for winnt? apis. you can tell the difference because ascii apis have a trailing ' a ' on their name, whilst utf - 16 apis have a trailing ' w '. for example : getcommandlinea? and getcommandlinew?. - linux : depends on what you ' re calling, how it was compiled, system ( locale ) settings, etc. best to read the documentation. - mac osx : usually utf - 8, some old - old - old functions may expect macroman? ( yuck! ). be careful with filenames though, becase they allow only specific normalized subset of utf - 8 ( you can read them as utf - 8, but you can ' t use any utf - 8 as filename unless you normalize it ). http : / / developer. apple. com / qa / qa2001 / qa1173. html so here \u2019 s the short and sweet on text in d : - char is a utf - 8 code unit, and may not be a complete code point. - wchar is a utf - 16 code unit, and may not be a complete code point. - dchar is a utf - 32 code unit, which is guaranteed to be a complete code point. - char is a utf - 8 string, and uses one to four bytes per code point. - wchar is a utf - 16 string, and uses two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4376378784023597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c26b6c4-f47b-44dd-adb5-553017cb9d24>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.661115"}
{"text": "parma, oh ( prweb ) june 06, 2012 studies have shown that students can lose up to three months of reading skills during summer break. this phenomenon is often referred to as \u201c summer slide. \u201d fortunately, through participation in enriching summer activities students can actually get a running start into the new school year. to prevent loss of reading skills during summer break, experts recommend keeping lots of books around the house, making regular trips to the library and participating in summer library programs. cuyahoga county public library \u2019 s ( ccpl ) popular mission possible : read summer reading program returns saturday, june 9th through saturday, august 11th. the program seeks not only to combat \u201c summer slide \u201d but to provide incentives for county residents of all ages to read during the summer months. to register for the program, visit any of the library \u2019 s 28 branches, its metrohealth service point or register online at http : / / www. cuyahogalibrary. org. how to play : children, teens and adults record the amount of time they spend reading online at http : / / www. cuyahogalibrary. org or on one of the free mission possible : read summer reading game boards available at all ccpl branches. children and teens may earn a prize for every two hours of reading they record. adults earn a prize for every three books they read. the more a participant reads, the better their chances of winning an end - of - summer grand prize, including : an amazon kindle fire, nintendo wii\u2122 gaming system, cleveland cavaliers suite experience, birthday party at great lakes science center for up to 20 guests and an overnight campout at great lakes science center for up to 10 guests. registration prize : county residents of all ages can receive a coupon good for a free scoop of ice cream, courtesy of mitchell \u2019 s homemade ice cream, when they register to play the summer reading game at their local branch ( limit of one coupon per customer ). summer reading promotional offer : library customers will receive a $ 2 discount on admission to see the omnimax film flying monsters, now playing at great lakes science center, when they show their cards at the glsc box office. this offer is good for up to four discounted admissions per library card. offer valid through september 3, 2012. the mission possible : read summer reading program is made possible by mitchell \u2019 s homemade ice cream, the cleveland browns, the cleveland cavaliers, great lakes science center and the plain dealer. about cuyahoga county public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4259617288975146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0ca830a-43ce-4d3c-8c95-e4add54ce38a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.664033"}
{"text": "since the 1960s, more than 80 % of wetlands and about 35 % of grasslands have disappeared in luxembourg. at the same time, the area occupied by orchards has been reduced by 58. 5 %. in the countryside, nearly 28. 5 % of hedges and rows of trees and more than half ( - 55 % ) of solitary trees have been eliminated. taking into account the acceleration of ecosystem destruction and species extinction, the countries present at the world summit of the earth in johannesburg have decided to slow down in a significant manner the reduction of biodiversity. the countries of europe are involved even more : at the 5th ministerial conference \u201c one environment for europe \u201d in kiev in may 2003, the european ministers of the environment formally committed themselves to stop the loss of biodiversity. biodiversity is the foundation of all life. it offers protection, food, pharmaceutical products, and includes : \u2022 genetic diversity of living beings ; \u2022 multiplicity of species ; \u2022 variety of ecosystems. the engagement of luxembourg in this context is confirmed by its official participation in the \u201c countdown 2010 \u201d initiative, an international partnership under the aegis of the international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) and including governments, regional and local authorities as well as non - governmental organisations, with a goal of mobilising forces for the protection of biological diversity and also for raising public awareness. the \u201c countdown 2010 \u201d initiative has a goal of ensuring that governments keep their promises. \u201c countdown 2010 \u201d is a pan - european initiative which involves 53 states. it is a large alliance of primary players from all sectors ( national and local governments and administrations, international organisations, ngos and the private sector ). this is the objective that european leaders and many of the ngos and institutions have set for themselves. the more interested people there are, the more species of flora and fauna that will be saved from extinction. the official partners in luxembourg are the ministry of sustainable development and infrastructure, the 21 communities of \u201c sicona - ouest \u201d ( intercommunal syndicate of the west for the conservation of nature ) and the \u201c fondation hellef fir d \u2019 natur \u201d foundation. since 1982, the \u201c fondation hellef fir d \u2019 natur \u201d foundation has acted definitively to protect biodiversity, the natural heritage of our regions, the natural space for fauna, flora, and man. up to 2010, the foundation has been able to acquire 910 ha of nature reserves thanks to various benefactors. the rehabilitation project for the pearl mussel in the \u201c our \u201d river, and the restoration project of the arnica montana, are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.489485934221753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59ee5977-38e8-4385-a845-4721d8e39971>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.667824"}
{"text": "stephen moylan was born of wealthy parents in cork, ireland, in 1737, and, though he had been in the united states only seven years at the outbreak of the revolutionary war, he became a vigorous advocate of independence and established a reputation for intense loyalty to the american cause. his family was catholic and he had been sent to school in paris, where he received a good education. he engaged in the shipping business, first in lisbon and then in philadelphia, where he moved in 1768. although still in his thirties, he had gained considerable wealth and social prestige before the outbreak of the war. his jovial nature won him many friends, and when the friendly sons of st. patrick, comprised mainly of prosperous merchants. was founded in philadelphia in 1771 he was elected the first president. john dickinson, prominent philadelphia lawyer, recommended him to washington as a zealous patriot. moylan joined the army at cambridge and washington appointed him muster - master general in august 1775. in january 1776 moylan became one of the leaders in the movement for complete independence of the colonies. his ambition was to become ambassador to spain, but failing to get the appointment he remained in the army. in march of that year he was named secretary to washington. three months later, on june 7th, congress appointed him quartermaster general to succeed thomas mifflin. moylan was unfortunate in that his appointment came on the eve of the disastrous new york campaign in the summer of 1776. washington made the tactical error of attempting to hold long island against a much larger british army and strong fleet. moylan was instructed to try to block the progress of the english fleet up the hudson, but his frantic efforts in anchoring obstacles in the river proved fruitless. in the meantime, he had been transporting supplies to the troops by means of the hudson and east rivers. when the british gained control of these waterways, overran the island, and defeated the americans in a battle at brooklyn, the continental army was forced into a hasty retreat across the east river, leaving behind many wagons containing most of its baggage and supplies. not only was the morale of the soldiers shattered by the retreat but their distress was increased by the interruption to the flow of supplies, and in their irritation they blamed moylan for their predicament. congress appointed a committee \" to inspect the state of the army in new york. \" the committee arrived while moylan was making valiant efforts in the face of overwhelming difficulties to get supplies again moving to the troops. after a three - day investigation the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35469704961164805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aba45e9e-3002-4e37-b81a-89df7a0f0516>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.674285"}
{"text": "congress appointed a committee \" to inspect the state of the army in new york. \" the committee arrived while moylan was making valiant efforts in the face of overwhelming difficulties to get supplies again moving to the troops. after a three - day investigation the committee suggested in a \" delicate \" manner to moylan that be resign in favor of mifflin in an effort to restore the morale of the soldiers although he was convinced that he was the victim of circumstances beyond ' ' the power of man \" to control, moylan demonstrated his strength of character and his devotion to \" the glorious cause we are engaged in, \" when he wrote to the president of the continental congress that he was ready to resign if it was deemed \" for the publick good, \" and added that he would remain in the army as a volunteer. this he did, and served with distinction at the battle of princeton. late in 1776, upon orders from washington, moylan organized and took command of a regiment of dragoons, which became a part of the american cavalry commanded by general pulaski. moylan, with a display of irish temper, engaged in a quarrel with pulaski and zielinski, another polish officer, with the result that he was tried by a court martial. he was acquitted, but zielinski later had the satisfaction of \" unhorsing \" him in a tilt. when pulaski resigned his command of the cavalry, moylan succeeded him and retained the post for three and a half years with outstanding success. his military career ended after the surrender of cornwallis at yorktown, when ill health forced him to return to his home in philadelphia. moylan occupied no position of national prominence after the war. he spent the greater portion of his life in philadelphia, but for a while lived on a farm in chester county, pennsylvania. washington appointed him commissioner of loans in philadelphia - - a position he occupied until his death on april 13, 1811, at the age of 74. he was buried on the grounds of st. mary ' s catholic church in philadelphia. as of 3 sep 00", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39262292052574055, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aba45e9e-3002-4e37-b81a-89df7a0f0516>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.675183"}
{"text": "economic valuation of wetlands on the river basin scale - - a discussion paper economic valuation of wetlands : an important component of wetland management strategies at the river basin scale senior advisor on environment and development cooperation, economic valuation can be defined as the attempt to assign quantitative and monetary values to goods and services provided by environmental resources or systems, whether or not market prices are available to assist us. when market prices are not available ( e. g., for flood control services, for disaster mitigation services, for erosion avoidance ), the value is established by the willingness to pay for the good or service, whether or not we actually make any payment. a major problem in assessing the value of ecosystems arises when the services provided, such as climate change regulation or biodiversity conservation, benefit the global community. however, this short introduction will not deal with valuation of ecosystems global services. why estimate ecosystem value? environmentalists sometimes question the need always to put a price tag on nature and assert that nature has an intrinsic value, that it is our long - term life support system and that this is reason enough to protect it. they are of course totally right, but the reality of life on this planet unfortunately shows that many people do not share this view. especially ( but not only ) those who suffer from hunger and understandably try to get the most out of wetlands in the short term. if they are hungry today, they will not care about what happens tomorrow - even less in 20 years from now! but people in developing countries do not have the privilege of this short - term approach. people in developed countries often also have restricted vision and prefer to maximize their immediate benefits rather than to secure them for the long term. this being a realistic view of life on earth, we have to work with it. we therefore think that when one cannot reasonably expect to change a situation in the short term, it is better to try to make the best of it and exert influence to mitigate its negative effects on the environment. there are at least two good reasons for evaluating wetland services and goods : 1. in difficult financial times, it is not easy for government decision makers to spend taxpayers ' money on environmental activities, especially if there is no broad support from the public. wetland valuation is a way to estimate ecosystem benefits to people and allows financial experts to carry out a cost - benefit activity which might be in favour of environmental investment. cost - benefit analysis compares the benefits and costs to society of policies, programmes, or actions to protect or restore an ecosystem. it is therefore an important tool for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5138712161913007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca2c16d3-bdbd-4821-baaf-72e5deca7773>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.696778"}
{"text": "experts to carry out a cost - benefit activity which might be in favour of environmental investment. cost - benefit analysis compares the benefits and costs to society of policies, programmes, or actions to protect or restore an ecosystem. it is therefore an important tool for environmental managers and decision makers to justify public spending on conservation activities and wetland management. [ note 1 ] 2. the other good reason is that people are not always aware of the values of wetlands. many think that they are no more than mosquito breeding areas! by giving objective evidence to skeptical managers and the public of the monetary and non - monetary benefits of wetlands, environmentalists will gain their support. most people only care about what they love or what brings economic benefit to them. by helping people to improve their living conditions by using and selling wetland goods and services, we will gain strong supporters for our cause! economic valuation is but one of many ways to define and measure values. other types of value ( religious, social, cultural, global, intrinsic ) are also important, but the economic value is the most important in most countries when decision makers have to make difficult choices about allocation of scarce government resources. economic valuation is not an easy and non - conflictive exercise. it often depends on human preferences. in other words, it depends on what people perceive as the ( positive or negative ) impact wetlands have on their wellbeing. in theory, the economic value of any good or service is measured in terms of what we are willing to pay for the commodity less what it costs to supply it. but often, because they are perceived as common good ( market failure ), we do not have to pay for wetland products and services. in this case, the value is provided by the estimation of the willingness to pay, whether or not we actually make any payment. the relationship between ecology and economics in all regions of the world, human populations are suffering social, economic and environmental hardship resulting from the destruction and mismanagement of their natural resources, notably including their wetlands and water resources. this destruction, which is continuing at alarming rates in many countries, is contributing to escalating poverty and water supply and food security problems, as well as robbing the planet of the biological diversity with which wetlands are endowed. its causes are multiple - from local actions and national policies to global issues. although wetlands are amongst the richest life - supporting ecosystems on earth, they are amongst the most threatened and destroyed. why do human beings destroy what are essential elements of their ecosystems? the answer is relatively simple : because they do not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4696000357333098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca2c16d3-bdbd-4821-baaf-72e5deca7773>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.697921"}
{"text": "policies to global issues. although wetlands are amongst the richest life - supporting ecosystems on earth, they are amongst the most threatened and destroyed. why do human beings destroy what are essential elements of their ecosystems? the answer is relatively simple : because they do not value wetland goods and services in economic and monetary terms. sacred wetlands are an exception and are often well conserved because their religious value is recognized by local people. the reason why people do not value wetland goods and services is more complex and is probably linked to the fact that most of us are not aware of wetland characteristics ( biological, chemical and physical ) which enable the development and maintenance of their structure, which in turn is key to the provision of wetland goods and services. ecosystem functions are the result of interactions amongst characteristics, structure and processes [ note 2 ]. because of the complexities of the natural interactions, ecological assessment of these ecosystem functions is best served by a river basin approach. these functions, values and attributes can only be maintained if the ecological processes of wetlands are allowed to continue functioning. but the river basin approach is beyond the extent of direct personal interest of many wetland beneficiaries. an ecological characterization is therefore an indispensable step before carrying out an economic valuation. in economic valuation exercises, the scale of work is very important in that the attempt to value ecosystems separately, despite the fact that they are highly interdependent, may result in paradoxical results of unwise substitutions of \" lesser valued wetland ecosystems \" with \" higher valued artificial ( human made ) wetlands \". although the ramsar convention recognizes the value of artificial wetlands, the fragmentation of the whole wetland system ( river basin ) into a series of smaller wetland units may lead to an economic over or under valuation of one separate unit against the whole system. this is the main reason why the convention on wetlands is promoting the river basin scale as the framework for wetland management and is therefore also suggesting using it for wetland economic valuation exercises [ note 3 ]. some questions remain about the problem of the exact size of the management unit and many wonder how much of a river watershed should be considered wetland? [ note 4 ] in this case, a pragmatic approach would perfectly well complement the theoretical river basin approach! in april 2003, during the first steering committee meeting of two french mba research studies aimed at promoting the sustainable trade of wetland products, led by the tour du valat and the poles relais lagunes mediterraneennes, [ note 5 ] lowland producers from the lagoons and coastal wetlands had difficulty accepting that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4797652856735758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca2c16d3-bdbd-4821-baaf-72e5deca7773>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.699088"}
{"text": "research studies aimed at promoting the sustainable trade of wetland products, led by the tour du valat and the poles relais lagunes mediterraneennes, [ note 5 ] lowland producers from the lagoons and coastal wetlands had difficulty accepting that up - river products with no apparent relationship to wetlands ( apples, grapes, ) would be included in the research and should benefit from the research and commercial promotion and marketing work. this rather common attitude introduces another element of complication : because the value of a product is often determined by its rarity, the producers want to give a specific image of uniqueness and rareness to their ecosystem and therefore tend to limit the scale of work to a very limited area. in other words, they try to convince people of the high value of their products by selling the idea that they come from a very small, rare, unique and pure ecosystem. all of which are elements which contribute to high prices marketing theories therefore plead for a division of the basin into several small units. on the other hand, although the production systems on the upper river bank and on the slopes of the watershed very strongly influence the quality of the lowland ecosystems, the upper - land producers are often not perceived as part of the wetland ecosystem and therefore do not benefit from any economic and financial incentives for limiting agriculture inputs or water consumption which, in turn, would benefit the lowland wetland. the risk is therefore that, without incentives to do so, the upper river producers will not use their lands as wisely as expected ( limiting inputs, avoiding erosion ) and will therefore contribute to the deterioration of the lowland ecosystem ( quality image ) and failure of the marketing strategy! what are wetland values? wetlands, as defined by the ramsar convention, cover a wide variety of habitat types, including rivers and lakes, coastal lagoons, mangroves, peatlands, and even coral reefs. in addition, there are human - made wetlands such as fish and shrimp ponds, farm ponds, irrigated agricultural land, salt pans, reservoirs, gravel pits, sewage farms, and canals. wetlands are among the world ' s most productive environments. they are cradles of biological diversity, providing the water and primary productivity upon which countless species of plants and animals depend for survival. they support high concentrations of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrate species. of the 20, 000 species of fish in the world, more than 40 % live in fresh water. wetlands are also important storehouses of plant genetic material. rice, for example,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49132433173926143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca2c16d3-bdbd-4821-baaf-72e5deca7773>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.700093"}
{"text": ", amphibians, fish and invertebrate species. of the 20, 000 species of fish in the world, more than 40 % live in fresh water. wetlands are also important storehouses of plant genetic material. rice, for example, which is a common wetland plant, is the staple diet of more than half of humanity. the interactions of physical, biological and chemical components of a wetland, such as soils, water, plants and animals, enable the wetland to perform many vital functions, for example : water storage ; storm protection and flood mitigation ; shoreline stabilization and erosion control ; groundwater recharge ( the movement of water from the wetland down into the underground aquifer ) ; groundwater discharge ( the movement of water upward to become surface water in a wetland ) ; water purification through retention of nutrients, sediments, and pollutants ; and stabilization of local climate conditions, particularly rainfall and temperature. wetlands provide tremendous economic benefits, for example : water supply ( quantity and quality ) ; fisheries ( over two thirds of the world ' s fish harvest is linked to the health of coastal and inland wetland areas ) ; agriculture, through the maintenance of water tables and nutrient retention in floodplains ; timber production ; energy resources, such as peat and plant matter ; wildlife resources ; transport ; and recreation and tourism opportunities. translating these many values into economic terms is of primary importance if we are to convince of the importance of these ecosystems as life - supporting systems. this is a relatively new science but promising progress is being made. figure 1 below taken from r. k. turner et al., ecological economics 35 - 2000, p. 12, very well summarizes the complex relationship between the different levels of intervention. the total economic value ( tev ) of wetlands is defined as the total amount of resources that individuals would be willing to forego for increased amount of wetland services. the tev is divided into different kinds of components : a. the use values 1. the direct use values ( duv ) are the benefits derived from fish, agriculture, fuel wood, recreation, transport, wildlife harvesting, peat / energy, vegetable oils, dyes, fruits, 2. the indirect use value ( iuv ) are the indirect benefits derived from the wetlands functions like nutrient retention, flood control, storm protection, groundwater recharge, external ecosystem support, micro - climatic stabilization, shoreline stabilization, etc. 3. the option value ( ov ) in which an individual derives benefits from ensuring that a resource will be available for future use.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5309024215614799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca2c16d3-bdbd-4821-baaf-72e5deca7773>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.701083"}
{"text": ", storm protection, groundwater recharge, external ecosystem support, micro - climatic stabilization, shoreline stabilization, etc. 3. the option value ( ov ) in which an individual derives benefits from ensuring that a resource will be available for future use. b. the non - use values 1. the non - use value ( nuv ) is derived from the knowledge that a resource ( biodiversity, cultural heritage, religious site, and bequest ) is maintained. this value is strongly advocated by environmentalists who support the concept of the pure intrinsic value of nature. how to quantify wetland values? the next question is how to adequately put a monetary value on wetland products or services. the idea behind the evaluation of wetland products and services is to show that, in some cases, maintaining the natural functions of the ecosystem as untouched as possible can be economically valuable and generate profit. of course, to adequately do so, one has to compare the price of the wetland product originating from a well preserved wetland with the price of producing similar goods or services in an environmentally less friendly way : building dykes or irrigation schemes, promoting input - intensive agriculture, transforming lands into grazing fields the key to this exercise is to internalize cost externalities [ note 6 ]. most of the products and services produced on earth are subsidized, frequently without the consumer ' s knowledge. the fact that the fruit producer using chemical fertilizers does not have to pay the cost of water treatment needed to take out the excess of nitrates caused by his use of fertilizers to provide clean drinking water does not reflect the real price of the product. the fact that the farmer who intensively irrigates his field does not have to pay for the damage ( erosion, pollution ) caused by the running of the water he is using on watershed slopes and finally increasing river water turbidity does not reflect the real price of the cubic meter of water he is using. in these cases, both chemical fertilizers and water are being heavily subsidized. this kind of subsidy leads to little consideration being given to environmental protection. and of course, someone has to pay for the damage caused. who pays? the whole community, as taxpayers, pays for unwise use of common goods by private individuals. because decision makers and politicians want to see convincing figures before they make decisions that might affect their popularity, a series of methods have been developed to try to quantify the monetary values of wetland services and goods. the easiest way to do this would be to apply", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5146308966003595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca2c16d3-bdbd-4821-baaf-72e5deca7773>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.702028"}
{"text": "decision makers and politicians want to see convincing figures before they make decisions that might affect their popularity, a series of methods have been developed to try to quantify the monetary values of wetland services and goods. the easiest way to do this would be to apply the market price method ( the law of supply and demand ) but this is unfortunately not always possible because for some wetland products there is simply no market or because some wetland values are intrinsically non - marketable. these market failures occur when markets do not reflect the full social cost or benefit of a good. market failures related to ecosystems include the fact that many wetlands ( 1 ) provide services that are public goods, ( 2 ) many wetlands services are affected by externalities and ( 3 ) property rights related to ecosystems and their services are often not clearly defined. another limitation of the market price method is that it does not always and automatically reflect the real value of a good. there are many cases where the actual willingness to pay is much higher than what the customer actually pays. however, several ( non perfect ) methods have been devised to help quantify or give an order of magnitude for specific wetland values. the table below gives an idea of the most common quantitative evaluation methods used, their constraints and limitations. description and importance constraints and limitations market price method direct use values, especially wetland products. the value is estimated from the price in commercial markets ( law of supply and demand ) market imperfections ( subsidies, lack of transparency ) and policy distort the market price. damage cost avoided, replacement cost or substitute cost method indirect use values : coastal protection, avoided erosion, pollution control, water retention \u2026 the value of organic pollutant or any other pollutant \u2019 s removal can be estimated from the cost of building and running a water treatment plant ( substitute cost ). the value of flood control can be estimated from the damage if flooding would occur ( damage cost avoided ). it is assumed that the cost of avoided damage or substitutes match the original benefit. but many external circumstances may change the value of the original expected benefit and the method may therefore lead to under - or over - estimates. insurance companies are very interested in this method. travel cost method recreation and tourism the recreational value of a site is estimated from the amount of money that people spend on reaching the site. this method only gives an estimate. over - estimates are easily made as the site may not be the only reason for traveling to that area. this method also requires a lot of quantitative data. hedonic pricing method some aspects of indirect use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46617108095481746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca2c16d3-bdbd-4821-baaf-72e5deca7773>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.703003"}
{"text": "site. this method only gives an estimate. over - estimates are easily made as the site may not be the only reason for traveling to that area. this method also requires a lot of quantitative data. hedonic pricing method some aspects of indirect use, future use and non - use values this method is used when wetland values influence the price of marketed goods. clean air, large surface of water or aesthetic views will increase the price of houses or land. this method only captures people \u2019 s willingness to pay for perceived benefits. if people are not aware of the link between the environment attribute and the benefits to themselves, the value will not be reflected in the price. this method is very data intensive. contingent valuation method tourism and non - use values this method asks people directly how much they would be willing to pay for specific environmental services. it is often the only way to estimate the non - use values. it is also referred to as a \" stated preference method \". there are various sources of possible bias in the interview techniques. there is also controversy over whether people would actually pay the amounts stated in the interviews. it is the most controversial of the non - market valuation methods but is one of the only ways to assign monetary values to non - use values of ecosystems that do not involve market purchases. description and importance constraints and limitations contingent choice method for all wetland goods and services estimate values based on asking people to make tradeoffs among sets of ecosystem or environmental services does not directly ask for willingness to pay as this is inferred from tradeoffs that include cost attribute. this is a very good method to help decision makers to rank policy options. benefit transfer method for ecosystem services in general and recreational uses in particular estimates economic values by transferring existing benefit estimates from studies already completed for another location or context. often used when it is too expensive to conduct a new full economic valuation for a specific site. can only be as accurate as the initial study. extrapolation can only be done for sites with the same gross characteristics. for specific wetland goods and services : water, soils, humidity in the air \u2026 estimates the economic values for wetland products or services that contribute to the production of commercially marketed goods the methodology is straightforward and data requirements are limited but the method only works for some goods or services. adapted from barbier, e. b., m. acreman and d. knowler ( 1996 ) economic valuation of wetlands : a guide for policy makers and planners. ramsar convention on wetlands ; king d. and mazzota ( 1999 ) ecosystem valuation website", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49347173241318143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca2c16d3-bdbd-4821-baaf-72e5deca7773>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.704047"}
{"text": ", e. b., m. acreman and d. knowler ( 1996 ) economic valuation of wetlands : a guide for policy makers and planners. ramsar convention on wetlands ; king d. and mazzota ( 1999 ) ecosystem valuation website ( www. ecosystemvaluation. org ) ; stuip, m. a. m., baker, c. j. and oosterberg, w. 2002. the socio - economics of wetlands, wetlands international and riza, the netherlands. using these methods might seem complicated or very exhaustive for most economic neophytes. but behind the apparent complication there is ample room for the application of common sense. economic and financial valuation is not a panacea. there are cases where : ( 1 ) it should not be carried out. if the ecosystem we are dealing with is, for example, a ramsar site with a very rare and highly threatened endemic species and with little potential economic benefit to local people, it is evident that the environmental valuation shall take precedence over any economic valuation. the cost of the loss of endemic species is much higher than the benefit derived from the collection of, say, a few bird eggs for a short period of time before the bird eventually becomes extinct. the same logic can be applied to religious values. in some countries, they are above all economic values. ( 2 ) it should not be done in an exhaustive way. in most countries it will be difficult to find qualified economists to carry out an in - depth economic valuation exercise but some of the methods proposed above can be used by non - economists. sometimes, the economic benefits are so important to so many people that a rapid economic assessment would be enough to allow decision makers to take decisions. protecting a rich costal ecosystem in which a large number of fisherman make a living against the destruction of mangroves for the construction of a road might not require an extensive evaluation. a partial or rapid economic valuation might be enough to show trends or give an overview of the situation and be a valuable input to the decision - making process. of course if decision makers do not care about their people, there is nothing an evaluation or the absence of an evaluation can do! cost - benefit analysis : a tool for decision makers the section above explained how to answer the question : what does this product cost or what are the monetary benefits of a particular wetland service or good? once we have the answer to this basic question, we have to compare the value of a product or service coming from a well preserved and managed wetland with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47036346746762114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca2c16d3-bdbd-4821-baaf-72e5deca7773>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.705027"}
{"text": "what does this product cost or what are the monetary benefits of a particular wetland service or good? once we have the answer to this basic question, we have to compare the value of a product or service coming from a well preserved and managed wetland with the value of a product coming from a poorly or unwisely managed wetland. this exercise must be done between comparable products or services and of course only makes sense if all externalities are internalized in all costs. decision makers cannot take decisions based on intuition alone. they need facts and values but they are also confronted with three very different kinds of input to feed the decision - making process : 1. environmentalists, ngos and other interest groups ( farmers, tourism industries ) often voice their views strongly and try to influence decision makers. they are supposed to represent the diversity of public views and opinions but they do not always do so in a coherent way! as the basic constituency of decision makers, they are more or less influential. 2. scientists provide decision makers with supposedly neutral scientific information and facts about the hydrological cycle, the ecosystem functioning etc. their views are key for decision makers to understand the context in which they work and help them avoid making seriously damaging or irreparable decisions regarding ecosystems management. 3. environmental economists combine the feelings of environmentalists about the intrinsic value of nature ( sentimental approach ), the understanding of ecosystem functioning as explained by scientists ( scientific approach ) and the pragmatism that decision makers need to do their job ( real life approach ). they provide objective benefit estimations and values. valuing wetlands is not limited to valuing the economic and monetary benefits wetland ecosystems can bring to humans. it is about attributing a value to all kinds of benefit to humans and / or to nature, including religious values, social values, environmental values ( biodiversity, climate change, intrinsic value ), aesthetic values, economic values and any other... all values are good. the challenge is to set priorities according to local realities and for the benefit of both humans and nature. it requires an ad hoc approach. in developing countries, where life is not always easy for most people, the economic value tends to overstate the others. this has to be taken carefully into consideration to make sure there is a strong poverty alleviation component in any wetland management plan. in developed countries, economic valuation may be less relevant, especially if the economic benefits are marginal as compared to aesthetic or recreational values. economic valuation methods are not perfect yet and some are even controversial, but they are certainly good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4709037399345642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca2c16d3-bdbd-4821-baaf-72e5deca7773>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.705999"}
{"text": "in any wetland management plan. in developed countries, economic valuation may be less relevant, especially if the economic benefits are marginal as compared to aesthetic or recreational values. economic valuation methods are not perfect yet and some are even controversial, but they are certainly good enough to be used to give valuable information that people often do not perceive. the production of goods and services is closely linked to the functioning of the ecosystems ( hydrology, soil, water quality ) and the economic valuation has to take this reality into consideration at every stage. 1. barbier, akerman and knowler, in economic valuation of wetlands : a guide for policy makers and planners, ramsar convention bureau publication, 1997. 2. r. k. turner et al. in ecological economics 35 ( 2000 ) pp 7 - 23 3. integrating wetland management and wise use into river basin management. ramsar handbook n\u00b04, publication of the ramsar convention bureau. 4. tore soderqvist and others. in valuation of wetlands in a landscape and institutional perspective. ecological economics 35 ( 2000 ) pp1 - 6 5. the two researches are entitled : ( 1 ) \" valuing langedoc - rousillon ' s lagoons products \" and ( 2 ) \" valuing french wetland ' s products \". 6. internalising simply means including. cost externalities are all those \" external \" elements which contribute to the real cost of any item but which, for political reasons or for market failure reasons, are not reflected in the real price and which are therefore paid for by the community. for example, one externality of the cost of fertilisers is the cost of water treatment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45772968999870484, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca2c16d3-bdbd-4821-baaf-72e5deca7773>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.706611"}
{"text": "schizophrenia : a disorder of neurodevelopment and accelerated aging? many lines of evidence indicate that schizophrenia is a disorder of neurodevelopment. for example, genes implicated in the heritable risk for schizophrenia are also implicated in the development of nerve cells and their connections. numerous findings in brain imaging studies describe the changes in brain structure and function associated with schizophrenia as emerging early in the course of the disorder. some early brain imaging studies even found little or no evidence of progression of structural deficits. yet, a new generation of studies now also describes degenerative processes in schizophrenia that resemble accelerated aging. schizophrenia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular illnesses and persons with schizophrenia have shorter average lifespans. studies have also found that individuals with schizophrenia have shortened telomeres, a marker of aging. structural imaging studies describe enhanced reductions in gray and white matter volumes and increased cortical thinning with age associated with schizophrenia. similar findings have also emerged for individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder. this evidence led researchers of a new study in biological psychiatry to specifically examine age - related decline in cerebral white matter in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, using a measure of microstructural integrity called fractional anisotropy. for comparison, they recruited two normal control groups, one for each cohort. dr. peter kochunov, first author of the study, explained their findings : \u201c this study showed that the brain \u2019 s white matter, or the wiring of the brain, ages faster in patients with schizophrenia compared with people who do not have a mental illness. in comparison, the white matter in people with major depression ages similarly to people without a mental illness. \u201d \u201c we are getting a clear picture that a component of the biology of schizophrenia progresses with age. however, i am afraid that we have relatively little understanding of how or why this progression occurs. thus, it seems that we are at the beginning of exploring a new dimension of the illness that may hold clues to preventing functional decline associated with schizophrenia, \u201d commented dr. john krystal, editor of biological psychiatry. kochunov agrees, adding that they already have additional work planned. \u201c our next step is to find the cause of this disease - specific effect on accelerated aging by schizophrenia and determine whether it relates to the cause or the consequence of schizophrenia. \u201d on the net :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5120516636169261, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55a298d9-512d-448e-a594-1e984dddd371>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.710543"}
{"text": "otto wilhelm ( wille ) kuusinen ( russian : \u043e\u0442\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043a\u0443\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d ) ( 4 october 1881, laukaa, finland \u2013 17 may, 1964, moscow ) was a finnish and soviet politician, literature historian, and poet, who after the defeat in the finnish civil war fled to the soviet union, where he worked until his death. after toppling the more moderate party chairman j. k. kari in 1906, kuusinen came to dominate finland ' s social democratic party. he was the leader of the january 1918 revolution in finland that created the short - lived finnish socialist workers ' republic. after the republic was defeated in the finnish civil war in 1918, kuusinen fled to moscow and helped form the finnish communist party. he was member of finland ' s parliament 1908 \u2013 1913 and the party ' s chairman 1911 \u2013 1917. he continued his work as a prominent leader of the comintern in bolshevist russia, that soon became the soviet union. in finland, a more moderate faction rehabilitated the social democrats under vaino tanner ' s leadership. meanwhile, kuusinen and other radicals were increasingly seen as responsible for the civil war and its aftermath. animosity towards socialists in finland in the decades after the civil war prompted many finns to emigrate to russia to \" build socialism. \" however, the soviet great purge was a hard blow against finns in the soviet union \u2014 most of those who didn ' t escape back to finland were executed as unreliables in the 1930s \u2014 and kuusinen ' s reputation in finland was further damaged when he turned out to remain one of the very few not targeted by stalinist show trials, deportations and executions. when the red army began its advance during winter war on november 30, 1939, he was pronounced head of the terijoki government, stalin ' s puppet regime ( of the so - called finnish democratic republic ) intended to rule the captured finland. but as the war did not go as planned, and a negotiated peace with the finnish government became unavoidable for the soviet leadership, kuusinen was put aside and made chairman of the presidium of supreme soviet of the karelo - finnish ssr ( 1940 \u2013 1956 ). already suspect, kuusinen ' s involvement in the terijoki government sealed his reputation among finnish socialists as a traitor, and, rather than the intended effect, it contributed to the unification of the finns and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37325927489598343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c23839e-99cc-4926-ad0d-d6c119c15a1d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.715105"}
{"text": "( 1940 \u2013 1956 ). already suspect, kuusinen ' s involvement in the terijoki government sealed his reputation among finnish socialists as a traitor, and, rather than the intended effect, it contributed to the unification of the finns and the healing of the wounds from the civil war. after fleeing to the soviet union, kuusinen became an influential official in the state administration. he was a member of the soviet union ' s politburo, the highest state organ. kuusinen also continued his work during the reign of nikita khrushchev ( 1953 \u2013 1964 ). he was secretary of the central committee of the communist party of the soviet union 1957 \u2013 1964. in 1952 and again in 1957 he was also elected to the presidium of the central committee. kuusinen was one of the editors of the fundamentals in marxism - leninism, considered one of the fundamental works on dialectical materialism and leninist communism. in the kremlin politics he was considered liberal \u2014 and from its temporal distance his thinking pointed forward to the perestroika. while editing a new party programme for \" rapid agricultural, industrial, and technological development \" he championed giving up the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat, to the horror of more conservative ideologists. in this he was supported by khrushchev. kuusinen was elected member of the soviet academy of sciences in 1958. being informed by the kremlin doctors to be deathly ill, before his death otto ville kuusinen asked through soviet embassy in helsinki a permission to visit in finland at laukaa and jyvaskyla as private person from government of finland. his request was rejected.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4494161822346535, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c23839e-99cc-4926-ad0d-d6c119c15a1d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.715791"}
{"text": "the bhopal disaster was an industrial disaster that occurred in the city of bhopal, madhya pradesh, resulting in the immediate deaths of more than 3, 000 people, according to the indian supreme court. a more probable figure is that 8, 000 died within two weeks, and it is estimated that the same number have since died from gas related diseases. the incident took place in the early hours of the morning of december 3, 1984, in the heart of the city of bhopal in the indian state of madhya pradesh. a union carbide subsidiary pesticide plant released 43 tonnes of methyl isocyanate ( mic ) gas, exposing at least 520, 000 people to toxic gases. the bhopal disaster is frequently cited as the world ' s worst industrial disaster. the international medical commission on bhopal was established in 1993 to respond to the disasters. background and causes, summary the union carbide india, limited ( ucil ) plant was established in 1969. 51 % was owned by union carbide corporation ( ucc ) and 49 % by indian authorities. it produced the pesticide carbaryl ( trade mark sevin ). methyl isocyanate ( mic ), an intermediate in carbaryl manufacture, was used instead of less toxic but more expensive materials. in 1979, a plant for producing mic was added. ucc was responsible for all technique and design. the plant was located close to a densely populated area, instead of on the other side of the town where ucil was offered an area. mic was stored in a few large tanks instead of several small tanks. during the night of december 3rd 1984, large amounts of water entered tank 610, containing 43 tonnes of methyl isocyanate. the resulting reaction generated a major increase in the temperature of liquid inside the tank to over 400\u00b0f ( 200\u00b0c ). the mic holding tank then gave off a large volume of toxic gas, forcing the emergency release of pressure. the reaction was sped up by the presence of iron from corroding non - stainless steel pipelines. there have been several theories on the reason for the entry of water into the tank. the workers claim that, because of the bad maintenance with leaking valves etc, it was possible for the water to climb from the point where the pipeline washing was performed to tank 610. ucc maintains that this was not possible, and that it was an act of sabotage by a \" disgruntled worker \" who introduced water directly into the tank. there is much confusion because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4060949124330021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.745331"}
{"text": "point where the pipeline washing was performed to tank 610. ucc maintains that this was not possible, and that it was an act of sabotage by a \" disgruntled worker \" who introduced water directly into the tank. there is much confusion because the indian government closed the plant to outsiders and would not allow interviews with the plant employees for almost a year. much speculation arose in the meantime and much of it was not scientifically based, but based on worker accounts which may or may not have been accurate. the deciding factors that caused the outcome were the state of the art plant design ( location near a densely populated area, using hazardous chemicals instead of less dangerous, storing in large tanks, possible corroding material in pipelines etc ), and the decision to close the plant which began a shut down which contributed to poor oversight by local managers ( poor oversight of operators, safety systems not functioning etc ), and in the aftermath, negligence on the part of the governments of india and madhya pradesh as well as ucc. - the deficiencies in the bhopal plant design can be summarised as : choosing a dangerous method of manufacturing pesticides ; large - scale storage of mic prior to selling ; location close to a densely populated area ; under - dimensioning of the safety features ; dependence on manual operations.. - deficiencies in the management of ucil can be summarised : lack of skilled operators because of the staffing policy ; reduction of safety management because of reducing the staff ; insufficient maintenance of the plant ; lack of emergency response plans. a long - term cause of the catastrophe was the location of the plant ; authorities had tried and failed to persuade carbide to build the plant away from densely - populated areas. carbide explained their refusal on the expense that such a move would incur. plant production process union carbide produced their pesticide, sevin ( the name of carbaryl ), using mic as an intermediate. until 1979, mic was imported from usa. other manufacturers, such as bayer, made sevin without mic, though at greater manufacturing costs. the bhopal route was to react methyl amine with phosgene ( also a deadly gas & chemical warfare agent ) to form mic, the mic was then reacted with 1 - naphthol to form the final product. this route is different to the mic free route used elsewhere with the same raw materials in a different manufacturing order : phosgene is reacted with the naphthol first to form a chloroformate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4827031026651549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.746366"}
{"text": "for problems. no action plans had been established to cope with incidents of this magnitude. this included not informing local authorities of the quantities or dangers of chemicals used and manufactured at bhopal. - the mic tank \u2019 s alarms had not worked for 4 years. - there was only one manual back - up system, not the four - stage system used in the usa. - the flare tower and the vent gas scrubber had been out of service for 5 months before the disaster. the gas scrubber therefore did not treat escaping gases with sodium hydroxide ( caustic soda ), which may have brought the concentration down to a safe level. even if the scrubber had been working, according to weir, investigations in the aftermath of the disaster discovered that the maximum pressure it could handle was only one - quarter of that which was present in the accident. furthermore, the flare tower itself was improperly designed and could only hold one - quarter of the volume of gas that was leaked in 1984. - to reduce energy costs, the refrigeration system, designed to inhibit the volatilization of mic, had been left idle \u2013 the mic was kept at 20 degrees celsius, not the 4. 5 degrees advised by the manual, and some of the coolant was being used elsewhere. - the steam boiler, intended to clean the pipes, was out of action for unknown reasons. - slip - blind plates that would have prevented water from pipes being cleaned from leaking into the mic tanks via faulty valves were not installed. their installation had been omitted from the cleaning checklist. - water sprays designed to \u201c knock down \u201d gas leaks were poorly designed \u2013 set to 13 metres and below, they could not spray high enough to reduce the concentration of escaping gas. - the mic tank had been malfunctioning for roughly a week. other tanks had been used for that week, rather than repairing the broken one, which was left to \u201c stew \u201d. the build - up in temperature and pressure is believed to have affected the explosion and its intensity. - carbon - steel valves were used at the factory, despite the fact that they corrode when exposed to acid. on the night of the disaster, a leaking carbon - steel valve was found, allowing water to enter the mic tanks. the pipe was not repaired because it was believed it would take too much time and be too expensive. - themistocles d ' silva contends that the design of the mic plant, following government guidelines, was \" indianized \" by ucil engineers to maximize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4769590974752248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.748509"}
{"text": "was not repaired because it was believed it would take too much time and be too expensive. - themistocles d ' silva contends that the design of the mic plant, following government guidelines, was \" indianized \" by ucil engineers to maximize the use of indigenous materials and products. it also dispensed with the use of sophisticated instrumentation as not appropriate for the indian plant. because of the unavailability of electronic parts in india, the indian engineers preferred pneumatic instrumentation. previous warnings and accidents a series of prior warnings and mic - related accidents had been ignored : - in 1976, the two trade unions reacted because of pollution within the plant. - in 1981, a worker was splashed with phosgene. in panic he ripped off his mask, thus inhaling a large amount of phosgene gas ; he died 72 hours later. - in january 1982, there was a phosgene leak, when 24 workers were exposed and had to be admitted to hospital. none of the workers had been ordered to wear protective masks. - in february 1982, an mic leak affected 18 workers. - in august 1982, a chemical engineer came into contact with liquid mic, resulting in burns over 30 percent of his body. - in october 1982, there was a leak of mic, methylcarbaryl chloride, chloroform and hydrochloric acid. in attempting to stop the leak, the mic supervisor suffered intensive chemical burns and two other workers were severely exposed to the gases. - during 1983 and 1984, leaks of the following substances regularly took place in the mic plant : mic, chlorine, monomethylamine, phosgene, and carbon tetrachloride, sometimes in combination. - reports issued months before the incident by scientists within the union carbide corporation warned of the possibility of an accident almost identical to that which occurred in bhopal. the reports were ignored and never reached senior staff. - union carbide was warned by american experts who visited the plant after 1981 of the potential of a \u201c runaway reaction \u201d in the mic storage tank ; local indian authorities warned the company of problems on several occasions from 1979 onwards. again, these warnings were not heeded. - in november 1984, most of the safety systems were not functioning. many valves and lines were in poor condition. tank 610 contained 43 tonnes mic, much more than allowed according to safety rules. - during the nights of 2 - 3 december, large amounts of water entered tank 610. a run -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4326834154939444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.749444"}
{"text": "were not functioning. many valves and lines were in poor condition. tank 610 contained 43 tonnes mic, much more than allowed according to safety rules. - during the nights of 2 - 3 december, large amounts of water entered tank 610. a run - away reaction started, which was accelerated by contaminants, high temperatures and other factors. the reaction generated a major increase in the temperature of liquid inside the tank to over 200\u00b0c ( 400\u00b0f ). the mic holding tank then gave off a large volume of toxic gases, forcing the emergency release of pressure. the reaction was sped up by the presence of iron from corroding non - stainless steel pipelines. - we know that workers cleaned pipelines with water. they were not told by the supervisor to add a slip - blind water isolation plate. because of this, and of the bad maintenance, the workers consider it possible for water to enter the mic tank. - ucc maintains that a \" disgruntled worker \" deliberately connected a hose to a pressure gauge. however, this would hardly have been possible if the safety rules had been followed. time line, summary at the plant - 21. 00 water cleaning of pipes start. - 22. 00 water enters 610. reaction starts. - 22. 30 gases are coming out from the vgs - tower. - 00. 30 the large siren sounds and is turned off. - 00. 50 the siren is heard within the plant area. the workers escape. - 22. 30 first sensations felt. suffocation, cough, eyes, vomiting. - 1. 00 police alerted. people escaped. uc - director denied a possible leak. - 2. 00 the first people reached hamidia hospital. half blind, gasping for air, frothing at the mouth, vomiting. - 2. 10 the alarm was heard outside the plant. - 4. 00 the gases were reduced. - 6. 00 the police ' s loudspeaker said : \" everything is normal \". - morning : thousands of dead bodies and hundreds of dead cattle lying on the streets. apart from mic the gas cloud may have contained phosgene, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, nitrous oxides, monomethyl amine ( mma ) and carbon dioxide, either produced in the storage tank or in the atmosphere. all these gases, except carbon dioxide, are acutely toxic at levels well below 500 ppm the gas cloud, composed mainly of materials more dense than the surrounding air, stayed close to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4384702334466435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.750415"}
{"text": "dioxide, either produced in the storage tank or in the atmosphere. all these gases, except carbon dioxide, are acutely toxic at levels well below 500 ppm the gas cloud, composed mainly of materials more dense than the surrounding air, stayed close to the ground and spread outwards through the surrounding community. the initial effects of gas exposure were coughing, vomiting, severe eye irritation and a feeling of suffocation. people awoken by these symptoms fled away from the plant. those who ran inhaled more than those who had a vehicle. due to their height, children and other people of lower stature inhaled relatively higher concentrations. many people were trampled trying to escape. thousands of people had succumbed to gas exposure by the morning hours. there were mass funerals and mass cremations as well as bodies being disposed of in the narmada river. 170, 000 people were treated at hospitals and temporary dispensaries. 2, 000 buffaloes, goats, and other animals had to be collected and buried. within a few days, leaves on trees went yellow and fell off. supplies including food became scarce due to safety fears by the suppliers. fishing was prohibited as well which caused further supply shortages.. a total of 36 wards were marked by the authorities as being \" gas affected \", affecting a population of 520, 000. in 1991, 3, 928 deaths had been certified. independent organizations recorded 8, 000 dead the first days. other estimations vary between 10, 000 and 20, 000. another 100, 000 to 200, 000 people are estimated to have been injured. the majority of deaths and serious injuries were related to pulmonary edema, but the gas caused a wide variety of other ailments. signs and symptoms of methyl isocyanate exposure include coughing, dyspnea, chest pain, lacrimation, eyelid edema, and unconsciousness. these effects tend to progress over 24 to 72 hours following exposure to include acute lung injury, cardiac arrest, and death. long term health effects the quality of the epidemiological and clinical research varies. reported and studied symptoms are eye problems, respiratory difficulties, immune and neurological disorders, cardiac failure secondary to lung injury, female reproductive difficulties, and birth defects among children born to affected women. other symptoms and diseases are often ascribed to the gas exposure, but there is no good research supporting this.. for a review of the research on the health effects of the bhopal disaster ( dhara & dhara, 2002 ), see http : / / www", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48620972406490115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.751514"}
{"text": "are often ascribed to the gas exposure, but there is no good research supporting this.. for a review of the research on the health effects of the bhopal disaster ( dhara & dhara, 2002 ), see http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pubmed / 12641179. aftermath of the leakage - the doctors and the staff were completely taken by surprise as thousands and thousands of survivors entered the gates. - doctors and hospitals were not informed of proper treatment methods for mic gas inhalation. they were told to simply give cough medicine and eye - drops to their patients. - the gases immediately caused visible damage to the trees. within a few days, all the leavsfelof. - 2, 000 bloated animal carcasses had to be taken care of. - \" operation faith \" on december 16, the tanks 611 and 619 shoud be emptied of the remains of mic. this led to a second mass evacuation from bhopal. - complaints of a lack of information or misinformation were legion. not even the medical doctor of the bhopal plant had proper information about the properties of the gases. an indian government spokesman said that \" carbide is more interested in getting information from us than in helping our relief work. \" - up to today, ucc has not released information about the possible composition of the cloud. - formal statements were issued that air, water, vegetation and foodstuffs were safe everywhere in the city. at the same time, television features informed people that poultry was unaffected, but warned people not to consume fish, etc. - the survivors lost their economic standard, lost health and gained worries about the future. much time was spent at hospitals and clinics. the expences fore medicines could sometimes esceed expenses on food. it was difficult for girls to get married. - bhopal was invaded by american lawyers, radical groups and health personnel. sometimes there was conflicts with the police. union carbide \u2019 s defense now owned by dow chemical company, union carbide denies allegations against it on its website dedicated to the tragedy. the corporation believes that the accident was the result of sabotage, stating that safety systems were in place and operative. it also stresses that it did all it could to alleviate human suffering following the disaster. investigation into possible sabotage the company cites an investigation conducted by the engineering consulting firm arthur d. little, which concluded that a single employee secretly and deliberately introduced a large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43963389753824655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.752569"}
{"text": ". it also stresses that it did all it could to alleviate human suffering following the disaster. investigation into possible sabotage the company cites an investigation conducted by the engineering consulting firm arthur d. little, which concluded that a single employee secretly and deliberately introduced a large amount of water into the mic tank by removing a meter and connecting a water hose directly to the tank through the metering port. carbide claims such a large amount of water could not have found its way into the tank by accident, and safety systems were not designed to deal with intentional sabotage. uc says that the rest of the plant staff falsified numerous records to distance themselves from the incident, and that the indian government impeded its investigation and declined to prosecute the employee responsible, presumably because that would weaken its allegations of negligence against union carbide. union carbide has never publicly named or identified the employee it claims sabotaged its bhopal plant or attempted to prosecute. nevertheless, on the company \u2019 s bhopal information center website, carbide claims that \u201c the indian authorities are well aware of the identity of the employee and the nature of the evidence against him \u201d. safety and equipment issues the corporation denies the claim that the valves on the tank were malfunctioning, claiming that \u201c documented evidence gathered after the incident showed that the valve close to the plant ' s water - washing operation was closed and leak - tight. furthermore, process safety systems \u2013 in place and operational \u2013 would have prevented water from entering the tank by accident \u201d. carbide states that the safety concerns identified in 1982 were all allayed before 1984 and \u201c none of them had anything to do with the incident \u201d. the company admits that \u201c the safety systems in place could not have prevented a chemical reaction of this magnitude from causing a leak \u201d. according to carbide, \u201c in designing the plant ' s safety systems, a chemical reaction of this magnitude was not factored in \u201d because \u201c the tank ' s gas storage system was designed to automatically prevent such a large amount of water from being inadvertently introduced into the system \u201d and \u201c process safety systems \u2013 in place and operational \u2013 would have prevented water from entering the tank by accident \u201d. instead, they claim that \u201c employee sabotage \u2013 not faulty design or operation \u2013 was the cause of the tragedy \u201d. the company stresses the \u201c immediate action \u201d taken after the disaster and their continued commitment to helping the victims. on december 4th, the day following the leak, union carbide sent material aid and several international medical experts to assist the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4406108365816732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.754947"}
{"text": "the tragedy \u201d. the company stresses the \u201c immediate action \u201d taken after the disaster and their continued commitment to helping the victims. on december 4th, the day following the leak, union carbide sent material aid and several international medical experts to assist the medical facilities in bhopal. carbide put $ 2 million into the indian prime minister \u2019 s immediate disaster relief fund on 11th december 1984. the corporation established the employees ' bhopal relief fund in february 1985, which raised more than $ 5 million for immediate relief. in august 1987, carbide made an additional $ 4. 6 million in humanitarian interim relief available. union carbide also undertook several steps to provide continuing aid to the victims of the bhopal disaster after the court ruling, including : - the sale of its 50. 9 percent interest in ucil in april 1992 and establishment of a charitable trust to contribute to the building of a local hospital. the sale was finalized in november 1994. the hospital was begun in october 1995 and was opened in 2001. the company provided a fund with around $ 90 million from sale of its ucil stock. in 1991, the trust had amounted approximately $ 100 million. the hospital caters for the treatment of heart, lung and eye problems. - providing \" a $ 2. 2 million grant to arizona state university to establish a vocational - technical center in bhopal, which was constructed and opened, but was later closed and leveled by the government \u201d. - donating $ 5 million to the indian red cross. - developing the responsible care system with other members of the chemical industry as a response to the bhopal crisis, which is designed \u201c to help prevent such an event in the future by improving community awareness, emergency preparedness and process safety standards \u201d. legal action against union carbide has dominated the aftermath of the disaster. however, other issues have also continued to develop. these include the problems of ongoing contamination, criticisms of the clean - up operation undertaken by union carbide, and a 2004 hoax. time - line 1984 - 2004 : see \" bhopal gas tragedy : fact sheet \", hindustan times, dec 3, 2004 legal action against union carbide legal issues began affecting union carbide, the us and indian governments, the local authorities in bhopal and the victims of the disaster immediately after the catastrophe. legal proceedings leading to the settlement on 14th december 1984, the chairman and ceo of union carbide, warren anderson, addressed the us congress, stressing the company \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40401112579220816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.756246"}
{"text": "in bhopal and the victims of the disaster immediately after the catastrophe. legal proceedings leading to the settlement on 14th december 1984, the chairman and ceo of union carbide, warren anderson, addressed the us congress, stressing the company \u2019 s \u201c commitment to safety \u201d and promising to ensure that a similar accident \u201c cannot happen again \u201d. however, the indian government passed the bhopal gas leak act in march 1985, allowing the government of india to act as the legal representative for victims of the disaster, leading to the beginning of legal wrangling. march 1986 saw union carbide propose a settlement figure, endorsed by plaintiffs \u2019 us attorneys, of $ 350 million that would, according to the company, \u201c generate a fund for bhopal victims of between $ 500 - 600 million over 20 years \u201d. in may, litigation was transferred from the us to indian courts by us district court judge. following an appeal of this decision, the us court of appeals affirmed the transfer, judging, in january 1987, that ucil was a \u201c separate entity, owned, managed and operated exclusively by indian citizens in india \u201d. the judge in the us, judge keenan, granted carbide \u2019 s forum request, thus moving the case to india. this meant that, under us federal law, the company had to submit to indian jurisdiction. litigation continued in india during 1988. the indian supreme court told both sides to come to an agreement and \u201c start with a clean slate \u201d in november 1988. eventually, in an out - of - court settlement reached in 1989, union carbide agreed to pay us $ 470 million for damages caused in the bhopal disaster, 15 % of the original $ 3 billion claimed in the lawsuit. by the end of october 2003, according to the bhopal gas tragedy relief and rehabilitation department, compensation had been awarded to 554, 895 people for injuries received and 15, 310 survivors of those killed. the average amount to families of the dead was $ 2, 200. throughout 1990, the indian supreme court heard appeals against the settlement from \u201c activist petitions \u201d. nonetheless, in october 1991, the supreme court upheld the original $ 470 million, dismissing any other outstanding petitions that challenged the original decision. the decision set aside a \u201c portion of settlement that quashed criminal prosecutions that were pending at the time of settlement \u201d. the court ordered the indian government \u201c to purchase, out of settlement fund, a group medical insurance policy to cover 100, 000 persons who may later develop symptoms \u201d and cover any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42287968835120093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.757222"}
{"text": "by india ' s central bureau of investigation to dilute the charges from culpable homicide to criminal negligence has since been dismissed by the indian courts. the u. s. supreme court refused to hear appeal of the decision of the lower federal courts in october 1993, meaning that victims of the bhopal disaster could not seek damages in a us court. meanwhile, very little of the money from the settlement reached with union carbide went to the survivors, and people in the area feel betrayed not only by union carbide ( and chairman warren anderson ), but also by their own politicians.. on the anniversary of the tragedy, effigies of anderson and politicians are burnt. in july 2004, the indian supreme court ordered the indian government to release any remaining settlement funds to victims. the deadline for this release was extended by the indian supreme court in april 2005, giving the indian government until 30th april 2006 after a request from the welfare commission for bhopal gas victims. the fund is believed to amount to $ 500 million after earning interest \u201c from money remaining after all claims had been paid \u201d. august 2006 saw the second circuit court of appeals in new york city upheld the dismissal of remaining claims in the case of bano v. union carbide corporation. this move blocked plaintiffs \u2019 motions for class certification and claims for property damages and remediation. in the view of carbide, \u201c the ruling reaffirms ucc \u2019 s long - held positions and finally puts to rest \u2014 both procedurally and substantively \u2013 the issues raised in the class action complaint first filed against union carbide in 1999 by haseena bi and several organizations representing the residents of bhopal \u201d. in september 2006, the welfare commission for bhopal gas victims announced that all original compensation claims and revised petitions had been \u201c cleared \". criminal charges are proceeding against former union carbide india limited employees including : former ucil chairman shri keshub mahindra ; presently chairman - cum managing director shri vijay gokhale ; former vice - president functioning in charge, shri kishor kamdar ; former works manager shri j. mukund ; and former production manager a. p. division, shri s. p. choudhury. federal class action litigation, sahu v. union carbide et al., is presently pending on appeal before the second circuit court of appeals in new york. the litigation seeks damages for personal injury, medical monitoring and injunctive relief in the form of cleanup of the drinking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.413244482854893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.759292"}
{"text": "under the direction of indian central and state government authorities \u201d, which was continued after 1994 by the successor to ucil, eveready industries, until 1998, when it was placed under the authority of the madhya pradesh government. critics of the clean - up undertaken by carbide, such as the international campaign for justice in bhopal, claim that \u201c several internal studies \u201d by the corporation, which evidenced \u201c severe contamination \u201d, were not made public ; the indian authorities were also refused access. they believe that union carbide \u201c continued directing operations \u201d in bhopal until \u201c at least 1995 \u201d through hayaran, the us trained site manager, even after the sale of its ucil stock. the successor, eveready industries, abruptly relinquished the site lease to one department of the state government while being supervised by another department on an extensive clean up programme. environmental problems resulting from lack of a proper clean - up persist today. the madhya pradesh authorities have announced that they will \u201c pursue both dow and eveready \u201d to conduct the clean - up as joint tortfeasors. the international campaign view carbide \u2019 s sale of ucil in 1994 as a strategy \u201c to escape the indian courts, who threatened carbide \u2019 s assets due to their non - appearance in the criminal case \u201d. the successor, eveready industries india, limited ( eiil ), ended its 99 year lease in 1998 and turned over control of the site to the state government of the madhya pradesh. currently, the madhya pradesh government is trying to legally force dow and eiil to finance clean - up operations. contamination from the site itself a large portion of the contamination in the site itself and the surrounding areas did not arise directly from the bhopal disaster, but rather from the materials processed at the plant and the conditions under which those materials were processed. a report from greenpeace details the extent and persistence of this contamination, which accounts for most of the heavy metal contamination. in 2002, an inquiry found a number of toxins, including mercury, lead, 1, 3, 5 trichlorobenzene, dichloromethane and chloroform, in nursing women \u2019 s breast milk. well water and groundwater tests conducted in the surrounding areas in 1999 showed mercury levels to be at \u201c 20, 000 and 6 million times \u201d higher than expected levels ; heavy metals and organochlorines were present in the soil. chemicals that have been linked to various forms of cancer were also discovered, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48080457899517015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.762637"}
{"text": "in 1999 showed mercury levels to be at \u201c 20, 000 and 6 million times \u201d higher than expected levels ; heavy metals and organochlorines were present in the soil. chemicals that have been linked to various forms of cancer were also discovered, as well as trichloroethene, known to impair fetal development, at 50 times above safety limits specified by the united states environmental protection agency ( epa ). in an investigation broadcast on bbc radio 5 on november 14, 2004, it was reported that the site is still contaminated with ' thousands ' of metric tons of toxic chemicals, including benzene hexachloride and mercury, held in open containers or loose on the ground. some areas are reportedly so polluted that anyone entering the area for more than ten minutes is likely to lose consciousness. rainfall causes run - off, polluting local wells and boreholes, and the results of tests undertaken on behalf of the bbc by accredited water analysis laboratories in the united kingdom reveal pollution levels in borehole water 500 times the legal maximum in that country. statistical surveys of local residents, with a control population in a similarly poor area away from the plant, are reported to reveal higher levels of various diseases around the plant. additional settlement funds hoax on december 3, 2004, the twentieth anniversary of the disaster, a man claiming to be a dow representative named jude finisterra was interviewed on the bbc. he claimed that the company had agreed to clean up the site and compensate those harmed in the incident. ( video ) immediately afterward, dow ' s share price fell 4. 2 % in 23 minutes, for a loss of $ 2 billion in market value dow quickly issued a statement saying that they had no employee by that name \u2014 that he was an impostor, not affiliated with dow, and that his claims were a hoax. bbc broadcast a correction and an apology. the statement was widely carried \" jude finisterra \" was actually andy bichlbaum, a member of the activist prankster group the yes men. in 2002, the yes men issued a phony press release explaining why dow refused to take responsibility for the disaster and started up a website, dowethics. com, designed to look like the dow website but give what they felt was a more accurate cast on the events. in 2004, a producer for bbc news emailed them through the website requesting an interview, which they gladly obliged taking credit for the prank in an interview on democracy now!, bichlbaum explains how his fake name was derived : \" jude", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4643916149070109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.764759"}
{"text": "in 2004, a producer for bbc news emailed them through the website requesting an interview, which they gladly obliged taking credit for the prank in an interview on democracy now!, bichlbaum explains how his fake name was derived : \" jude is the patron saint of impossible causes and finisterra means the end of the earth \". he explained that he settled on this approach ( taking responsibility ) because it would show people precisely how dow could help the situation as well as likely garnering major media attention in the us, which had largely ignored the disaster ' s anniversaries, when dow attempted to correct the statement after the original interview was revealed as a hoax, bichlbaum appeared in a follow - up interview on the united kingdom ' s channel 4 news ( video ). during the interview he was repeatedly asked if he had considered the emotions and reaction of the people of bhopal when producing the hoax. according to the interviewer, \" there were many people in tears \" upon having learned of the hoax. each time, bichlbaum said that, in comparison, what distress he had caused the people was minimal to that for which dow was responsible. - broughton e ( 2005 ). \" the bhopal disaster and its aftermath : a review \". environmental health 4 ( 1 ) : 6. 10 may 2005 - browning, jackson ( 1993 ). union carbide : disaster at bhopal. detroit : - cassels, j. ( 1993 ). the uncertain promise of law : lessons from bhopal. university of toronto press. - ( 1994, 2004 ). bhopal : the inside story \u2013 carbide workers speak out on the world ' s worst industrial disaster. usa : the apex press. india : other india press isbn 81 - 85569 - 65 - 7 main author chouhan was an operator at the plant. contains many technical details. - dhara, v. ramana ; dhara, rosaline the union carbide disaster in bhopal : a review of health effects. archives of environmental health. ( 2002 ).. - d ' silva, themistocles ( 2006 ). the black box of bhopal : a closer look at the world ' s deadliest industrial disaster. written by an employed at ucc. - d ' silva tdj, lopes a, jones rl, singhawangcha s, chan jk ( 1986 ). \" studies of methyl isocyanate chemistry in the bhop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4306846578803992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.765859"}
{"text": ". written by an employed at ucc. - d ' silva tdj, lopes a, jones rl, singhawangcha s, chan jk ( 1986 ). \" studies of methyl isocyanate chemistry in the bhopal incident \". j. org. chem. 51 ( 20 ) : 3781 \u2013 3788. - eckerman, ingrid chemical industry and public health - bhopal as an example. ( 2001 ).. essay for mph. a short overview, 57 pages, 82 references. - eckerman, ingrid ( 2004 ). the bhopal saga - causes and consequences of the world ' s largest industrial disaster. india : universities press. all known facts 1960s - 2003, systematized and analysed. 283 pages, over 200 references. - eckerman, ingrid the bhopal gas leak : analyses of causes and consequences by three different models.. journal of loss prevention in the process industry. ( 2005 ).. - eckerman, ingrid the bhopal disaster 1984 - working conditions and the role of the trade unions.. asian pacific newsletter on occupational health and safety. ( 2006 ).. - de grazia, alfred ( 1985 ). a cloud over bhopal - causes, consequences and constructive solutions. - ( 2005 ). the bhopal reader. remembering twenty years of the world ' s worst industrial disaster. usa : the apex press. reprinting and annotating landmark writing from across the years. - jasanoff, sheila ( 2007 ). \" bhopal \u2019 s trials of knowledge and ignorance \". isis 98 344 \u2013 350. - kalelkar as, little ad. ( 1998 ). investigation of large - magnitude incidents : bhopal as a case study.. london : the institution of chemical engineers conference on preventing major chemical accidents - kurzman, d. ( 1987 ). a killing wind : inside union carbide and the bhopal catastrophe. new york : mcgraw - hill. - kovel, j ( 2002 ). the enemy of nature : the end of capitalism or the end of the world?. - lapierre, dominique ; moro, javier ( 2001 ). five minutes past midnight in bhopal. a novel, based on facts, that describes the development from the 1960s to the disaster itself. very thrilling. - lepowski, w. \" ten years later : bhopal \". chemical and engineering news, 19 december 1994", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4726039109244984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f005578-0ea0-4b3e-a92a-e41bbc655af6>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.766847"}
{"text": "antisemitism ( alternatively spelled anti - semitism or anti - semitism ; also rarely known as judeophobia ) is the prejudice against or hostility toward jews as a group. the prejudice or hostility is usually characterized by a combination of religious, racial, cultural and ethnic biases. while the term ' s etymology might suggest that antisemitism is directed against all semitic peoples, since its creation it has been used exclusively to refer to hostility towards jews. antisemitism may be manifested in many ways, ranging from individual expressions of hatred and discrimination against individual jews to organized violent attacks by mobs or even state police or military attacks on entire jewish communities. extreme instances of persecution include the german crusade of 1096, the expulsion from england in 1290, the spanish inquisition, the expulsion from spain in 1492, the expulsion from portugal in 1497, various pogroms, and the most infamous, the holocaust under adolf hitler ' s nazi germany. in addition, from the 1990s, some writers claim to have identified a new antisemitism, a form of antisemitism coming simultaneously from the far left, the far right, and radical islam, which tends to focus on opposition to zionism and a jewish homeland in the state of israel, and which may deploy traditional antisemitism motifs. proponents of the concept argue that anti - zionism, anti - americanism, anti - globalization, third worldism, and demonization of israel or double standards applied to its conduct may be linked to antisemitism, or constitute disguised antisemitism. critics of the concept argue that it conflates anti - zionism with antisemitism, defines legitimate criticism of israel too narrowly and demonization too broadly, trivializes the meaning of antisemitism, and exploits antisemitism in order to silence debate. the term semite refers broadly to speakers of a language group which includes both arabs and jews. however, the term antisemitism is specifically used in reference to attitudes held towards jews. the word antisemitic ( antisemitisch in german ) was probably first used in 1860 by the austrian jewish scholar moritz steinschneider in the phrase \" antisemitic prejudices \" ( \" antisemitische vorurteile \" ). steinschneider used this phrase to characterize ernest renan ' s ideas about how \" semitic races \" were inferior to \" aryan races. \" these pseudo - scientific theories concerning race, civilization, and \" progress \" had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5655895688132219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.816305"}
{"text": "since the semitic language family includes arabic, hebrew and aramaic languages and the historical term \" semite \" refers to all those who consider themselves descendants of the biblical shem, \" anti - semitism \" should be likewise inclusive. however, this usage is not generally accepted. though the general definition of antisemitism is hostility or prejudice against jews, a number of authorities have developed more formal definitions. holocaust scholar and city university of new york professor helen fein defines it as \" a persisting latent structure of hostile beliefs towards jews as a collective manifested in individuals as attitudes, and in culture as myth, ideology, folklore and imagery, and in actions \u2013 social or legal discrimination, political mobilization against the jews, and collective or state violence \u2013 which results in and / or is designed to distance, displace, or destroy jews as jews. \" professor dietz bering of the university of cologne further expanded on professor fein ' s definition by describing the structure of antisemitic beliefs. to antisemites, \" jews are not only partially but totally bad by nature, that is, their bad traits are incorrigible. because of this bad nature : ( 1 ) jews have to be seen not as individuals but as a collective. ( 2 ) jews remain essentially alien in the surrounding societies. ( 3 ) jews bring disaster on their ' host societies ' or on the whole world, they are doing it secretly, therefore the antisemites feel obliged to unmask the conspiratorial, bad jewish character. \" bernard lewis defines antisemitism as a special case of prejudice, hatred, or persecution directed against people who are in some way different from the rest. according to lewis, antisemitism is marked by two distinct features : jews are judged according to a standard different from that applied to others, and they are accused of \" cosmic evil. \" thus, \" it is perfectly possible to hate and even to persecute jews without necessarily being anti - semitic \" unless this hatred or persecution displays one of the two features specific to antisemitism. there have been a number of efforts by international and governmental bodies to define antisemitism formally. the united states department of state defines antisemitism in its 2005 report on global anti - semitism as \" hatred toward jews \u2014 individually and as a group \u2014 that can be attributed to the jewish religion and / or ethnicity. \" in 2005, the european monitoring centre on racism and xenophobia ( eumc ), a body of the european", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5615225074630515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.819634"}
{"text": "empire were at first antagonistic and resulted in several rebellions. according to suetonius, the emperor tiberius expelled from rome, jews who had gone to live there. the 18th century english historian edward gibbon identified a more tolerant period beginning in about 160 ce. according to james carroll, \" jews accounted for 10 % of the total population of the roman empire. by that ratio, if other factors such as pogroms and conversions had not intervened, there would be 200 million jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million. from the 9th century ce, christian and jewish dhimmi were allowed to freely practice their religion in the medieval islamic world to a greater extent than in medieval christian europe. under islamic rule, there was a golden age of jewish culture in spain that lasted until at least the 11th century, when several muslim pogroms against jews took place in the iberian peninsula ; those that occurred in cordoba in 1011 and in granada in 1066. decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues were enacted in egypt, syria, iraq and yemen. jews were also forced to convert to islam or face death in some parts of yemen, morocco and baghdad at certain times. the almohads, who had taken control of the almoravids ' maghribi and andalusian territories by 1147, far surpassed the almoravides in fundamentalist outlook, and they treated the dhimmis harshly. faced with the choice of either death or conversion, many jews and christians emigrated. some, such as the family of maimonides, fled east to more tolerant muslim lands, while others went northward to settle in the growing christian kingdoms. during the middle ages in europe there was full - scale persecution against jews in many places, with blood libels, expulsions, forced conversions and massacre. a main justification of prejudice against jews in europe was religious. jews were frequently massacred and exiled from various european countries. the persecution hit its first peak during the crusades. in the first crusade ( 1096 ) flourishing communities on the rhine and the danube were utterly destroyed ; see german crusade, 1096. in the second crusade ( 1147 ) the jews in france were subject to frequent massacres. the jews were also subjected to attacks by the shepherds ' crusades of 1251 and 1320. the crusades were followed by expulsions, including in, 1290, the banishing of all english jews ; in 1396, 100, 000 jews were expelled from france ; and, in 1421 thousands were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40722959010976706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.822667"}
{"text": "of 1251 and 1320. the crusades were followed by expulsions, including in, 1290, the banishing of all english jews ; in 1396, 100, 000 jews were expelled from france ; and, in 1421 thousands were expelled from austria. many of the expelled jews fled to poland. as the black death epidemics devastated europe in the mid - 14th century, annihilating more than half of the population, jews were used as scapegoats. rumors spread that they caused the disease by deliberately poisoning wells. hundreds of jewish communities were destroyed by violence. although pope clement vi tried to protect them by the july 6, 1348, papal bull and an additional bull in 1348, several months later, 900 jews were burnt alive in strasbourg, where the plague hadn ' t yet affected the city. in 1772, the empress of russia catherine ii forced the jews of the pale of settlement to stay in their shtetls and forbade them from returning to the towns that they occupied before the partition of poland. in 1850 the german composer richard wagner published das judenthum in der musik ( \" jewishness in music \" ) under a pseudonym in the neue zeitschrift fur musik. the essay began as an attack on jewish composers, particularly wagner ' s contemporaries ( and rivals ) felix mendelssohn and giacomo meyerbeer, but expanded to accuse jews of being a harmful and alien element in german culture. in the first half of the twentieth century, in the usa, jews were discriminated against in employment, access to residential and resort areas, membership in clubs and organizations, and in tightened quotas on jewish enrollment and teaching positions in colleges and universities. the leo frank lynching by a mob of prominent citizens in marietta, georgia in 1915 turned the spotlight on antisemitism in the united states. the case was also used to build support for the renewal of the ku klux klan which had been inactive since 1870. antisemitism in america reached its peak during the interwar period. the pioneer automobile manufacturer henry ford propagated antisemitic ideas in his newspaper the dearborn independent. the radio speeches of father coughlin in the late 1930s attacked franklin d. roosevelt ' s new deal and promoted the notion of a jewish financial conspiracy. such views were also shared by some prominent politicians ; louis t. mcfadden, chairman of the united states house committee on banking and currency, blamed jews for president roosevelt ' s decision to abandon the gold standard, and claimed that \" in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4505411837214215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.825047"}
{"text": "conspiracy. such views were also shared by some prominent politicians ; louis t. mcfadden, chairman of the united states house committee on banking and currency, blamed jews for president roosevelt ' s decision to abandon the gold standard, and claimed that \" in the united states today, the gentiles have the slips of paper while the jews have the lawful money. in the 1940s the aviator charles lindbergh and many prominent americans led the america first committee in opposing any involvement in the war against fascism. during his july 1936 visit he wrote letters saying that there was \u201c more intelligent leadership in germany than is generally recognized. \u201d the german american bund held parades in new york city during the late 1930s where nazi uniforms were worn and flags featuring swastikas were raised alongside american flags. the us house committee on un - american activities ( huac ) was very active in denying the bund ' s ability to operate. with the start of us involvement in world war ii most of the bund ' s members were placed in internment camps, and some were deported at the end of the war. sometimes, during race riots, as in detroit in 1943, jewish businesses were targeted for looting and burning. this is seen by many as the culmination of generations of antisemitism in europe. antisemitism was commonly used as an instrument for personal conflicts in soviet russia, starting from conflict between stalin and trotsky ( \" jews are trotskists, trotskists are jews \" ) and continuing through numerous conspiracy theories spread by official propaganda. departament iv of nkvd was called \" jewsekcia \" for its activity in \" cleansing \" party structures from jews. antisemitism in the ussr reached its peak after 1948 during the campaign against \" rootless cosmopolitan \", when several hundred yiddish - writing poets, writers, painters and sculptors were killed. after the war, the kielce pogrom and \" march 1968 events \" in communist poland represented a further incidents of antisemitism in europe. the common theme behind the anti - jewish violence in the postwar poland were blood libel rumours. the cult of simon of trent was disbanded in 1965 by pope paul vi, and the shrine erected to him was dismantled. he was removed from the calendar, and his future veneration was forbidden, though a handful of extremists still promote the narrative as a fact. in the 20th century, the beilis trial in russia represented incidents of blood libel in europe. unproven rumours of jews killing christians were used as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4735232834648734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.826963"}
{"text": "allegedly speaking ill of the high priest ( ). such incidents were the source of the myth of the wandering jew, who was doomed to the punishment of endless roaming and suffering fated to never die. the death of jesus, according to the new testament, was done in brutal mockery by the roman soldiers. pontius pilate ' s words imply that the jews were entirely responsible for the killing. when jesus is nailed to the cross, the new testament states that those present mocked jesus ( ) ; some have speculated that the unnamed individuals were in fact jews. further speculation states that the overall impression on christians was that the jews controlled the events that lead to the death of jesus, although the roman ( or goy / gentile ) involvement in the affair, specifically the form of execution, is attested to within the new testament text. the process by which some believe that christians began to see judaism first as a rival, and then as a scapegoat, is seen as traceable through select passages in the new testament, as well as early christian writings and of the apostolic fathers. the destruction of the second temple was seen as judgment from god to the jews for the death of jesus. parallel passages to this affect can be seen in the old testament nevi ' im ( prophets ), specifically book of jeremiah, which speaks of the judgment, destruction, and deportation of the jewish nation from jerusalem by the babylonians ( under nebuchadrezzar ii in 587 bc ) the majority of the new testament was written by jews who became followers of jesus, and all but two books ( luke and acts ) are traditionally attributed to such jewish followers. nevertheless, there are a number of passages in the new testament that some see as antisemitic, or have been used for antisemitic purposes, most notably : jesus speaking to a group of pharisees : \" i know that you are descendants of abraham ; yet you seek to kill me, because my word finds no place in you. i speak of what i have seen with my father, and you do what you have heard from your father. \" they answered him, \" abraham is our father. \" jesus said to them, \" if you were abraham ' s children, you would do what abraham did.... you are of your father the devil, and your will is to do your father ' s desires. he was a murderer from the beginning, and has nothing to do with the truth, because there is no truth in him. when he lies, he speaks according", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4381603131727606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.829683"}
{"text": "of your father the devil, and your will is to do your father ' s desires. he was a murderer from the beginning, and has nothing to do with the truth, because there is no truth in him. when he lies, he speaks according to his own nature, for he is a liar and the father of lies. but, because i tell the truth, you do not believe me. which of you convicts me of sin? if i tell the truth, why do you not believe me? he who is of god hears the words of god ; the reason why you do not hear them is you are not of god. \" ( ) stephen speaking before a synagogue council just before his execution : \" you stiff - necked people, uncircumcised in heart and ears, you always resist the holy spirit. as your fathers did, so do you. which of the prophets did not your fathers persecute? and they killed those who announced beforehand the coming of the righteous one, whom you have now betrayed and murdered, you who received the law as delivered by angels and did not keep it. \" ( rsv ) \" behold, i will make those of the synagogue of satan who say that they are jews and are not, but lie \u2014 behold, i will make them come and bow down before your feet, and learn that i have loved you. \" ( rsv ). some biblical scholars point out that jesus and stephen are presented as jews speaking to other jews, and that their use of broad accusation against israel is borrowed from moses and the later jewish prophets ( e. g. ; ;, ; ; ; ; ). jesus once calls his own disciple peter ' satan ' ( ). other scholars hold that verses like these reflect the jewish - christian tensions that were emerging in the late first or early second century, and do not originate with jesus. drawing from the jewish prophet jeremiah the new testament taught that with the death of jesus a new covenant was established which rendered obsolete - and in many respects seen as superseding - the first covenant established by moses ( ). observance of the earlier covenant traditionally characterizes judaism. this new testament teaching, and later variations to it, are part of what is called supersessionism. however, the early jewish followers of jesus continued to practice circumcision and observe dietary laws, which is why the failure to observe these laws by the first gentile christians became a matter of controversy and dispute some years after jesus ' death ( ; ). the new testament holds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4463092104569547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.830803"}
{"text": "of jesus continued to practice circumcision and observe dietary laws, which is why the failure to observe these laws by the first gentile christians became a matter of controversy and dispute some years after jesus ' death ( ; ). the new testament holds that jesus ' ( jewish ) disciple judas iscariot the roman governor pontius pilate along with roman forces and jewish leaders and people of jerusalem were ( to varying degrees ) responsible for the death of jesus ( ). diaspora jews are not blamed for events which were outside their control. after jesus ' death, the new testament portrays the jewish religious authorities in jerusalem as hostile to jesus ' followers, and as occasionally using force against them. stephen is executed by stoning ( ). before his conversion, saul puts followers of jesus in prison ( ; ). after his conversion, saul is whipped at various times by jewish authorities and is accused by jewish authorities before roman courts ( e. g., ). however, opposition from gentiles is also cited repeatedly ( ; ). more generally, there are widespread references in the new testament to suffering experienced by jesus ' followers at the hands of others ( ; ; ; ; ; ). see joseph atwill ' s interview on the the roots of anti - semitism... it appeared an unworthy thing that in the celebration of this most holy feast we should follow the practice of the jews, who have impiously defiled their hands with enormous sin, and are, therefore, deservedly afflicted with blindness of soul. (... ) let us then have nothing in common with the detestable jewish crowd ; for we have received from our saviour a different way. prejudice against jews in the roman empire was formalized in 438, when the code of theodosius ii established christianity as the only legal religion in the roman empire. the justinian code a century later stripped jews of many of their rights, and church councils throughout the sixth and seventh century, including the council of orleans, further enforced anti - jewish provisions. these restrictions began as early as 305, when, in elvira, ( now granada ), a spanish town in andalusia, the first known laws of any church council against jews appeared. christian women were forbidden to marry jews unless the jew first converted to catholicism. jews were forbidden to extend hospitality to catholics. jews could not keep catholic christian concubines and were forbidden to bless the fields of catholics. in 589, in catholic iberia, the third council of toledo ordered that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42681253869420743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.831819"}
{"text": "first converted to catholicism. jews were forbidden to extend hospitality to catholics. jews could not keep catholic christian concubines and were forbidden to bless the fields of catholics. in 589, in catholic iberia, the third council of toledo ordered that children born of marriage between jews and catholic be baptized by force. by the twelfth council of toledo ( 681 ) a policy of forced conversion of all jews was initiated ( liber judicum, ii. 2 as given in roth ). thousands fled, and thousands of others converted to roman catholicism. antisemitism was widespread in europe during the middle ages. in those times, a main cause of prejudice against jews in europe was the religious one. although not part of roman catholic dogma, many christians, including members of the clergy, held the jewish people collectively responsible for the death of jesus, a practice originated by melito of sardis. among socio - economic factors were restrictions by the authorities. local rulers and church officials closed the doors for many professions to the jews, pushing them into occupations considered socially inferior such as accounting, rent - collecting and moneylending, which was tolerated then as a \" necessary evil \". during the black death, jews were accused as being the cause, and were often killed. there were expulsions of jews from england, france, germany, portugal and spain during the middle ages as a result of antisemitism. german for \" jews ' sow \", judensau was the derogatory and dehumanizing imagery of jews that appeared around the 13th century. its popularity lasted for over 600 years and was revived by the nazis. the jews, typically portrayed in obscene contact with unclean animals such as pigs or owls or representing a devil, appeared on cathedral or church ceilings, pillars, utensils, etchings, etc. often, the images combined several antisemitic motifs and included derisive prose or poetry. \" dozens of judensaus... intersect with the portrayal of the jew as a christ killer. various illustrations of the murder of simon of trent blended images of judensau, the devil, the murder of little simon himself, and the crucifixion. in the seventeenth - century engraving from frankfurt... a well - dressed, very contemporary - looking jew has mounted the sow backward and holds her tail, while a second jew sucks at her milk and a third eats her feces. the horned devil, himself wearing a jewish badge, looks on and the butchered simon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4193545385423309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.832883"}
{"text": ", very contemporary - looking jew has mounted the sow backward and holds her tail, while a second jew sucks at her milk and a third eats her feces. the horned devil, himself wearing a jewish badge, looks on and the butchered simon, splayed as if on a cross, appears on a panel above. in shakespeare ' s \" merchant of venice, \" considered to be one of the greatest romantic comedies of all time, the villain shylock was a jewish moneylender. by the end of the play he is mocked on the streets after his daughter elopes with a christian. shylock, then, compulsorily converts to christianity as a part of a deal gone wrong. this has raised profound implications regarding shakespeare and antisemitism. during the middle ages, the story of jephonias, the jew who tried to overturn mary ' s funeral bier, changed from his converting to christianity into his simply having his hands cut off by an angel. on many occasions, jews were subjected to blood libels, false accusations of drinking the blood of christian children in mockery of the christian eucharist. jews were subject to a wide range of legal restrictions throughout the middle ages, some of which lasted until the end of the 19th century. jews were excluded from many trades, the occupations varying with place and time, and determined by the influence of various non - jewish competing interests. often jews were barred from all occupations but money - lending and peddling, with even these at times forbidden. throughout the 19th century and into the 20th, the roman catholic church still incorporated strong antisemitic elements, despite increasing attempts to separate anti - judaism, the opposition to the jewish religion on religious grounds, and racial antisemitism. pope pius vii ( 1800 - 1823 ) had the walls of the jewish ghetto in rome rebuilt after the jews were released by napoleon, and jews were restricted to the ghetto through the end of the papal states in 1870. additionally, official organizations such as the jesuits banned candidates \" who are descended from the jewish race unless it is clear that their father, grandfather, and great - grandfather have belonged to the catholic church \" until 1946. brown university historian david kertzer, working from the vatican archive, has further argued in his book the popes against the jews that in the 19th and early 20th centuries the roman catholic church adhered to a distinction between \" good antisemitism \" and \" bad antisemitism \". the \" bad \" kind promoted hatred of jews because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42907823040057513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.833976"}
{"text": "the popes against the jews that in the 19th and early 20th centuries the roman catholic church adhered to a distinction between \" good antisemitism \" and \" bad antisemitism \". the \" bad \" kind promoted hatred of jews because of their descent. this was considered un - christian because the christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity ; anyone could become a christian. the \" good \" kind criticized alleged jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc. many catholic bishops wrote articles criticizing jews on such grounds, and, when accused of promoting hatred of jews, would remind people that they condemned the \" bad \" kind of antisemitism. kertzer ' s work is not, therefore, without critics ; scholar of jewish - christian relations rabbi david g. dalin, for example, criticized kertzer in the weekly standard for using evidence selectively. the second vatican council, the nostra aetate document, and the efforts of pope john paul ii have helped reconcile jews and catholicism in recent decades, however. the nazis used martin luther ' s book, on the jews and their lies, to claim a moral righteousness for their ideology. in 1994, the church council of the evangelical lutheran church in america, the largest lutheran denomination in the united states and a member of the lutheran world federation publicly rejected luther ' s antisemitic writings. the controversial document dabru emet was issued by many american jewish scholars in 2000 as a statement about jewish - christian relations. this document says, \" nazism was not a christian phenomenon. without the long history of christian anti - judaism and christian violence against jews, nazi ideology could not have taken hold nor could it have been carried out. too many christians participated in, or were sympathetic to, nazi atrocities against jews. other christians did not protest sufficiently against these atrocities. but nazism itself was not an inevitable outcome of christianity. \" though never a part of christian dogma, many christians, including members of the clergy, held the jewish people under a antisemitic canard to be collectively responsible for deicide, the killing of jesus, whom they believed to be god. according to this interpretation, the jews present at jesus \u2019 death as well as the jewish people collectively and for all time had committed the sin of deicide, or god - killing. the accusation has been the most powerful warrant for antisemitism by christians. passion plays are dramatic stagings representing the trial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43253479204904266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.836577"}
{"text": "death as well as the jewish people collectively and for all time had committed the sin of deicide, or god - killing. the accusation has been the most powerful warrant for antisemitism by christians. passion plays are dramatic stagings representing the trial and death of jesus and have historically been used in remembrance of jesus ' death during lent. these plays historically blamed the jews for the death of jesus in a polemical fashion, depicting a crowd of jewish people condemning jesus to crucifixion and a jewish leader assuming eternal collective guilt for the crowd for the murder of jesus, which, the boston globe explains, \" for centuries prompted vicious attacks \u2014 or pogroms \u2014 on europe ' s jewish communities \". time magazine in its article, the problem with passion, explains that \" such passages ( are ) highly subject to interpretation \". although modern scholars interpret the \" blood on our children \" as \" a specific group ' s oath of responsibility \" some audiences have historically interpreted it as \" an assumption of eternal, racial guilt \". this last interpretation has often incited violence against jews ; according to the anti - defamation league, \" passion plays historically unleashed the torrents of hatred aimed at the jews, who always were depicted as being in partnership with the devil and the reason for jesus ' death \". the christian science monitor, in its article, capturing the passion, explains that \" historically, productions have reflected negative images of jews and the long - time church teaching that the jewish people were collectively responsible for jesus ' death. violence against jews as ' christ - killers ' often flared in their wake. \" christianity today in why some jews fear the passion ( of the christ ) observed that \" outbreaks of christian antisemitism related to the passion narrative have been... numerous and destructive. \" the religion newswriters association observed that \" in easter 2001, three incidents made national headlines and renewed their fears. one was a column by paul weyrich, a conservative christian leader and head of the free congress foundation, who argued that \" christ was crucified by the jews. \" another was sparked by comments from the nba point guard and born - again christian charlie ward, who said in an interview that jews were persecuting christians and that jews \" had his [ jesus ' ] blood on their hands. \" finally, the evangelical christian comic strip artist johnny hart published a b. c. strip that showed a menorah disintegrating until it became a cross, with each panel featuring the last words of jesus, including \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4610415863433013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.837658"}
{"text": "on their hands. \" finally, the evangelical christian comic strip artist johnny hart published a b. c. strip that showed a menorah disintegrating until it became a cross, with each panel featuring the last words of jesus, including \" father, forgive them, for they know not what they do. \" the charge of deicide and all direct and indirect antisemitism was ruled wrong by the second vatican council in 1962 and most christians have followed suit since. in 1988, the bishops ' committee for ecumenical and inter religious affairs of the united states conference of catholic bishops published criteria for the evaluation of dramatizations of the passion, in order to ensure that passion plays adhere to the teaching of the second vatican council and the pontifical biblical commission as expressed in nostra aetate no. 4 ( october 28, 1965 ). these criteria were summarized for the archdiocese of boston as : on january 6, 2004, the consultative panel on lutheran - jewish relations of the evangelical lutheran church in america similarly issued a statement urging any lutheran church presenting a passion play to adhere to their guidelines for lutheran - jewish relations, stating that \" the new testament... must not be used as justification for hostility towards present - day jews, \" and that \" blame for the death of jesus should not be attributed to judaism or the jewish people. \" in 2003 and 2004 some people compared mel gibson ' s recent film the passion of the christ to these kinds of passion plays, but this characterization is hotly disputed ; an analysis of that topic is in the article on the passion of the christ. despite such fears, there have been no publicized antisemitic incidents directly attributable to the movie ' s influence. however, the film ' s reputation for antisemitism led to the movie being distributed and well - received throughout the muslim world, even in nations that typically suppress public expressions of christianity. various definitions of antisemitism in the context of islam are given. the extent of antisemitism among muslims varies depending on the chosen definition : leon poliakov, walter laqueur, and jane gerber, suggest that passages in the qur ' an contain attacks on jews for their refusal to recognize muhammad as a prophet of god. \" the qur\u02bean is engaged mainly in dealing with the sinners among the jews and the attack on them is shaped according to models that one encounters in the new testament. muhammad had also friends among jews and there are also qur ' anic verses showing respect for the jews ( e. g.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47787188800509706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.838737"}
{"text": "with the sinners among the jews and the attack on them is shaped according to models that one encounters in the new testament. muhammad had also friends among jews and there are also qur ' anic verses showing respect for the jews ( e. g. see, ) and preaching tolerance ( e. g. see ). the qur ' an differentiates between \" good and bad \" jews, poliakov states. laqueur argues that the conflicting statements about jews in the muslim holy text has defined arab and muslim attitude towards jews to this day, especially during periods of rising islamic fundamentalism. during muhammad ' s life, jews lived in the arabian peninsula, especially in and around medina. they reportedly refused muhammad ' s offer for them to convert and accept him as the prophet. according to f. e. peters, they also began to secretly to conspire with muhammad ' s enemies in mecca to overthrow him ( despite having signed a peace treaty ). after each major battle, muhammad accused one of the jewish tribes of treachery and attacked it. two jewish tribes were expelled and the last one was wiped out. samuel rosenblatt states that these incidents were not part of policies directed exclusively against jews, and that muhammad was more severe with his pagan arab kinsmen than foreigner monotheists. the words \" humility \" and \" humiliation \" occur frequently in the qur ' an and later muslim literature in relation to jews. according to lewis, \" this, in islamic view, is their just punishment for their past rebelliousness, and is manifested in their present impotence between the mighty powers of christendom and islam. \" the standard quranic reference to jews is verse : \" and remember ye said : \" o moses! we cannot endure one kind of food ( always ) ; so beseech thy lord for us to produce for us of what the earth groweth, - its pot - herbs, and cucumbers, its garlic, lentils, and onions. \" he said : \" will ye exchange the better for the worse? go ye down to any town, and ye shall find what ye want! \" they were covered with humiliation and misery ; they drew on themselves the wrath of allah. this because they went on rejecting the signs of allah and slaying his messengers without just cause. this because they rebelled and went on transgressing. \" cowardice, greed, and chicanery are but a few of the characteristics that the qur ' an ascribes to the jews. ( quranic verse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.475147058795652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.839830"}
{"text": "messengers without just cause. this because they rebelled and went on transgressing. \" cowardice, greed, and chicanery are but a few of the characteristics that the qur ' an ascribes to the jews. ( quranic verse needed ) the qur ' an further associates jews with interconfessional strife and rivalry ( qur ' an ). it claims that jews believe that they are children of god ( qur ' an ) and that only they will achieve salvation. ( ) according to the qur ' an, jews blasphemously claim that ezra is the son of god, as christians claim jesus is, ( qur ' an ) and that god \u2019 s hand is fettered. ( qur ' an ) together with the pagans, jews are, \u201c the most vehement of men in enmity to those who believe \u201d. ( qur ' an ) some of those who are jews, \" pervert words from their meanings \", ( qur ' an ) have committed wrongdoing, for which god has \" forbidden some good things that were previously permitted them \", ( qur ' an ) they listen for the sake of mendacity, ( qur ' an ) and some of them have committed usury and will receive \" a painful doom. \" ( qur ' an ) the qur ' an gives credence to the christian claim of jews scheming against jesus, \"... but god also schemed, and god is the best of schemers. \" ( qur ' an ) in the muslim view, the crucifixion of jesus was an illusion, and thus the jewish plots against him ended in complete failure. in numerous verses ( ; ; ;,, ; ) the qur ' an accuses jews of deliberately obscuring and perverting scripture. the traditional biographies of muhammad recount the expulsion of the jewish tribes of banu qaynuqa and banu nadir from medina, the massacre of banu qurayza, and muhammad ' s attack on the jews of khaybar. the rabbis of medina are singled out as \" men whose malice and enmity was aimed at the apostle of god [ i. e., muhammad ] \". jews appear in the biographies of muhammad not only as malicious, but also deceitful, cowardly, and totally lacking in resolve. their ignominy is presented in marked contrast to muslim heroism, and in general conforms to the quranic image of people with \" wretchedness and baseness stamped upon them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48367568220666185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.840859"}
{"text": "also deceitful, cowardly, and totally lacking in resolve. their ignominy is presented in marked contrast to muslim heroism, and in general conforms to the quranic image of people with \" wretchedness and baseness stamped upon them \". ( qur ' an ) the notable examples of massacre of jews include the 1066 granada massacre, when a muslim mob stormed the royal palace in granada, crucified jewish vizier joseph ibn naghrela and massacred most of the jewish population of the city. \" more than 1, 500 jewish families, numbering 4, 000 persons, fell in one day. \" this was the first persecution of jews on the peninsula under islamic rule. there was also the killing or forcibly conversion of them by the rulers of the almohad dynasty in al - andalus in the 12th century. notable examples of the cases where the choice of residence was taken away from them includes confining jews to walled quarters ( mellahs ) in morocco beginning from the 15th century and especially since the early 19th century. most conversions were voluntary and happened for various reasons. however, there were some forced conversions in the 12th century under the almohad dynasty of north africa and al - andalus as well as in persia. some muslim writers have inserted racial overtones in their anti - jewish polemics. al - jahiz speaks of the deterioration of the jewish stock due to excessive inbreeding. ibn hazm also implies racial qualities in his attacks on the jews. however, these were exceptions, and the racial theme left little or no trace in the medieval muslim anti - jewish writings. anti - jewish sentiments usually flared up at times of the muslim political or military weakness or when muslims felt that some jews had overstepped the boundary of humiliation prescribed to them by the islamic law. in moorish spain, ibn hazm and abu ishaq focused their anti - jewish writings on the latter allegation. this was also the chief motivation behind the 1066 granada massacre, when \" [ m ] ore than 1, 500 jewish families, numbering 4, 000 persons, fell in one day \", and in fez in 1033, when 6, 000 jews were killed. there were further massacres in fez in 1276 and 1465. islamic law does not differentiate between jews and christians in their status as dhimmis. according to bernard lewis, the normal practice of muslim governments until modern times was consistent with this aspect of sharia law. this view is countered by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4463864240972157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.841823"}
{"text": "and 1465. islamic law does not differentiate between jews and christians in their status as dhimmis. according to bernard lewis, the normal practice of muslim governments until modern times was consistent with this aspect of sharia law. this view is countered by jane gerber, who maintains that of all dhimmis, jews had the lowest status. gerber maintains that this situation was especially pronounced in the latter centuries, when christian communities enjoyed protection, unavailable to the jews, under the provisions of capitulations of the ottoman empire. for example, in 18th century damascus, a muslim noble held a festival, inviting to it all social classes in descending order, according to their social status : the jews outranked only the peasants and prostitutes. in 1865, when the equality of all subjects of the ottoman empire was proclaimed, cevdet pasha, a high - ranking official observed : \" whereas in former times, in the ottoman state, the communities were ranked, with the muslims first, then the greeks, then the armenians, then the jews, now all of them were put on the same level. some greeks objected to this, saying : ' the government has put us together with the jews. we were content with the supremacy of islam. ' some scholars have questioned the correctness of the term \" antisemitism \" to muslim culture in pre - modern times. robert chazan and alan davies argue that the most obvious difference between pre - modern islam and pre - modern christendom was the \" rich melange of racial, ethic, and religious communities \" in islamic countries, within which \" the jews were by no means obvious as lone dissenters, as they had been earlier in the world of polytheism or subsequently in most of medieval christendom. \" according to chazan and davies, this lack of uniqueness ameliorated the circumstances of jews in the medieval world of islam. according to norman stillman, antisemitism, understood as hatred of jews as jews, \" did exist in the medieval arab world even in the period of greatest tolerance \". there was a massacre of jews in baghdad in 1828 and in 1839, in the eastern persian city of meshed, a mob burst into the jewish quarter, burned the synagogue, and destroyed the torah scrolls. it was only by forcible conversion that a massacre was averted. there was another massacre in barfurush in 1867. in 1840, the jews of damascus were falsely accused of having murdered a christian monk and his muslim servant and of having used their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46424432692434564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.844342"}
{"text": "was only by forcible conversion that a massacre was averted. there was another massacre in barfurush in 1867. in 1840, the jews of damascus were falsely accused of having murdered a christian monk and his muslim servant and of having used their blood to bake passover bread or matza. a jewish barber was tortured until he \" confessed \" ; two other jews who were arrested died under torture, while a third converted to islam to save his life. throughout the 1860s, the jews of libya were subjected to what gilbert calls punitive taxation. in 1864, around 500 jews were killed in marrakech and fez in morroco. in 1869, 18 jews were killed in tunis, and an arab mob looted jewish homes and stores, and burned synagogues, on jerba island. in 1875, 20 jews were killed by a mob in demnat, morocco ; elsewhere in morocco, jews were attacked and killed in the streets in broad daylight. in 1891, the leading muslims in jerusalem asked the ottoman authorities in constantinople to prohibit the entry of jews arriving from russia. in 1897, synagogues were ransacked and jews were murdered in tripolitania. benny morris writes that one symbol of jewish degradation was the phenomenon of stone - throwing at jews by muslim children. morris quotes a 19th century traveler : \" i have seen a little fellow of six years old, with a troop of fat toddlers of only three and four, teaching [ them ] to throw stones at a jew, and one little urchin would, with the greatest coolness, waddle up to the man and literally spit upon his jewish gaberdine. to all this the jew is obliged to submit ; it would be more than his life was worth to offer to strike a mahommedan. \" according to mark cohen in the oxford handbook of jewish studies, most scholars conclude that arab antisemitism in the modern world arose in the nineteenth century, against the backdrop of conflicting jewish and arab nationalism, and was imported into the arab world primarily by nationalistically minded christian arabs ( and only subsequently was it \" islamized \" ). the massacres of jews in muslim countries continued into the 20th century. martin gilbert writes that 40 jews were murdered in taza, morocco in 1903. in 1905, old laws were revived in yemen forbidding jews from raising their voices in front of muslims, building their houses higher than muslims, or engaging in any traditional muslim trade or occupation. the jewish quarter in fez was almost destroyed by a muslim mob in 1912. there were nazi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4402222099730438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.845452"}
{"text": "in yemen forbidding jews from raising their voices in front of muslims, building their houses higher than muslims, or engaging in any traditional muslim trade or occupation. the jewish quarter in fez was almost destroyed by a muslim mob in 1912. there were nazi - inspired pogroms in algeria in the 1930s, and massive attacks on the jews in iraq and libya in the 1940s ( see farhud ). pro - nazi muslims slaughtered dozens of jews in baghdad in 1941. george gruen attributes the increased animosity towards jews in the arab world to several factors, including the breakdown of the ottoman empire and traditional islamic society ; domination by western colonial powers under which jews gained a disproportionately larger role in the commercial, professional, and administrative life of the region ; the rise of arab nationalism, whose proponents sought the wealth and positions of local jews through government channels ; resentment against jewish nationalism and the zionist movement ; and the readiness of unpopular regimes to scapegoat local jews for political purposes. antagonism and violence increased still further as resentment against zionist efforts in the british mandate of palestine spread. anti - zionist propaganda in the middle east frequently adopts the terminology and symbols of the holocaust to demonize israel and its leaders. at the same time, holocaust denial and holocaust minimization efforts have found increasingly overt acceptance as sanctioned historical discourse in a number of middle eastern countries. arabic - and turkish - editions of hitler ' s mein kampf and the protocols of the elders of zion have found an audience in the region with limited critical response by local intellectuals and media. see international conference to review the global vision of the holocaust. according to robert satloff, muslims and arabs were involved both as rescuers and as perpetrators of the holocaust during italian and german nazi occupation of morocco, tunisia and libya. antisemitism has been reportedly found in arab and iranian media and schoolbooks. for example, the center for religious freedom of freedom house analyzed a set of saudi ministry of education textbooks in use during the current academic year in islamic studies courses for elementary and secondary school students. among the statements and ideas found against non - wahhabi muslims and \" non - believers \" were those that teach muslims to \" hate \" christians, jews, \" polytheists \" and other \" unbelievers, \" including non - wahhabi muslims, though, incongruously, not to treat them \" unjustly \" ; teach the infamous forgeries the protocols of the elders of zion, as historical fact and relate modern events to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46096174401441703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.846559"}
{"text": "more virulent, racist antisemitism. one of the main reasons the chassidim were excommunicated by the contemporary jewry was their development of the chasidische hallaf, the principal modern utensil in shechitah. the swiss banned kosher slaughter in 1902 and saw an antisemitic backlash against a proposal to lift the ban a century later. both the netherlands and switzerland have considered extending the ban in order to prohibit importing kosher products. the former chief rabbi of norway, michael melchior, argues that antisemitism is a motive for the bans : \" i won ' t say this is the only motivation, but it ' s certainly no coincidence that one of the first things nazi germany forbade was kosher slaughter. i also know that during the original debate on this issue in norway, where shechitah has been banned since 1930, one of the parliamentarians said straight out, ' if they don ' t like it, let them go live somewhere else. ' \" in the united states, in the context of the \" global war on terrorism \" there have been statements by both the democrat ernest hollings and the republican pat buchanan that suggest that the george w. bush administration went to war in order to win jewish supporters. some note these statements echo lindberg \u2019 s 1941 claim before the us entered world war ii that a jewish minority was pushing america into a war against its interests. during 2004, a number of prominent public figures accused jewish members of the bush administration of tricking america into war against saddam hussein to help israel. u. s. senator ernest hollings ( d - south carolina ) claimed that the us action against saddam was undertaken ' to secure israel. ' television talk show host pat buchanan said a ' cabal ' had managed ' to snare our country in a series of wars that are not in america \u2019 s interests. ' \" both these statements were labeled antisemitic by dr. rafael medoff, director of the david s. wyman institute for holocaust studies. on april 3, 2006, the u. s. commission on civil rights announced its finding that incidents of antisemitism are a \" serious problem \" on college campuses throughout the united states. the commission recommended that the u. s. department of education ' s office for civil rights protect college students from antisemitism through vigorous enforcement of title vi of the civil rights act of 1964 and further recommended that congress clarify that title vi applies to discrimination against jewish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4271534509273552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.848545"}
{"text": "that the u. s. department of education ' s office for civil rights protect college students from antisemitism through vigorous enforcement of title vi of the civil rights act of 1964 and further recommended that congress clarify that title vi applies to discrimination against jewish students. ' ' on july 28, 2006, naveed afzal haq shot six women, one fatally, in the seattle jewish federation shooting. police have classified the shooting as a hate crime based on haq statements during a 9 - 1 - 1 call. on september 19, 2006, yale university founded the yale initiative for interdisciplinary study of antisemitism, the first north american university - based center for study of the subject, as part of its institution for social and policy studies. director charles small of the center cited the increase in antisemitism worldwide in recent years as generating a \" need to understand the current manifestation of this disease \". according to an anti - defamation league survey 14 percent of u. s. residents had antisemitic views. the 2005 survey found \" 35 percent of foreign - born hispanics \" and \" 36 percent of african - americans hold strong antisemitic beliefs, four times more than the 9 percent for whites \". france is home to western europe \u2019 s largest muslim population ( about 4 million ) as well as the continent \u2019 s largest jewish community ( about 600, 000 ). jewish leaders decry an intensifying antisemitism in france, mainly among muslims of arab or african heritage, but also growing among caribbean islanders from former french colonies. however, it is muslims rather than jews who can expect to suffer more from bigotry in france, stated holocaust survivor and former french cabinet minister simone veil. \" let ' s not exaggerate, \" she said. while noting that radical islamists are behind some violent incidents against jews in certain french neighbourhoods, \" anti - arab sentiment is much stronger in france than anti - semitism. \" france ' s jewish community is much more integrated than its almost 6 million muslims, she noted, claiming muslim youth are moved by a militant and anti - jewish hierarchy. former interior minister nicolas sarkozy denounced the killing of ilan halimi on 13 february 2006 as an antisemitic crime. in 2004 the uk parliament set up an all - party inquiry into antisemitism, which published its findings in 2006. the inquiry stated that \" until recently, the prevailing opinion both within the jewish community and beyond [ had been ] that antisemitism had receded to the point", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4854926865459363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.849468"}
{"text": "all - party inquiry into antisemitism, which published its findings in 2006. the inquiry stated that \" until recently, the prevailing opinion both within the jewish community and beyond [ had been ] that antisemitism had receded to the point that it existed only on the margins of society. \" it found a reversal of this progress since 2000. it aimed to investigate the problem, identify the sources of contemporary antisemitism and make recommendations to improve the situation. on january 1,, 2006, britain ' s chief rabbi, sir jonathan sacks, warned that what he called a \" tsunami of antisemitism \" was spreading globally. in an interview with bbc ' s radio four, sacks said that antisemitism was on the rise in europe, and that a number of his rabbinical colleagues had been assaulted, synagogues desecrated, and jewish schools burned to the ground in germany. he also said that : \" people are attempting to silence and even ban jewish societies on campuses on the grounds that jews must support the state of israel, therefore they should be banned, which is quite extraordinary because [... ] british jews see themselves as british citizens. so it ' s that kind of feeling that you don ' t know what ' s going to happen next that ' s making [... ] some european jewish communities uncomfortable. \" much of the new european antisemitic violence can actually be seen as a spill over from the long running arab - israeli conflict since the majority of the perpetrators are from the large immigrant arab communities in european cities. however, compared to france, the united kingdom and much of the rest of europe, in germany arab and pro - palestinian groups are involved in only a very small percentage of antisemitic incidents. indigenous germans are far more likely to commit violent antisemitic acts, attack jews verbally or vandalize jewish property. this is also true of sweden and austria. according to the stephen roth institute for the study of contemporary antisemitism and racism, most of the current antisemitism in europe, with exceptions to germany, austria, and sweden, comes from militant islamic and muslim groups, and most jews tend to be assaulted in countries where groups of young muslim immigrants reside. similarly, in the middle east, anti - zionist propaganda frequently adopts the terminology and symbols of the holocaust to demonize israel and its leaders \u2014 for instance, comparing israel ' s treatment of the palestinians to nazi germany ' s treatment of jews. at the same time, holocaust denial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4501836981876191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.850365"}
{"text": ", anti - zionist propaganda frequently adopts the terminology and symbols of the holocaust to demonize israel and its leaders \u2014 for instance, comparing israel ' s treatment of the palestinians to nazi germany ' s treatment of jews. at the same time, holocaust denial and holocaust minimization efforts find increasingly overt acceptance as sanctioned historical discourse in a number of middle eastern countries. the interior minister of germany, wolfgang schaeuble, points out the official policy of germany : \" we will not tolerate any form of extremism, xenophobia or anti - semitism. \" although the number of right - wing groups and organisations grew from 141 ( 2001 ) to 182 ( 2006 ), especially in the formerly communist east germany, germany ' s measures against right wing groups and antisemitism are effective, despite germany having the highest rates of antisemitic acts in europe. according to the annual reports of the federal office for the protection of the constitution the overall number of far - right extremists in germany dropped during the last years from 49, 700 ( 2001 ), 45, 000 ( 2002 ), 41, 500 ( 2003 ), 40, 700 ( 2004 ), 39, 000 ( 2005 ), to 38, 600 in 2006. germany provided several million euro ' s to fund \" nationwide programs aimed at fighting far - right extremism, including teams of traveling consultants, and victims ' groups. \" despite these facts, israeli ambassador shimon stein warned in october 2006 that jews in germany feel increasingly \" unsafe, \" stating that they \" are not able to live a normal jewish life \" and that heavy security surrounds most synagogues or jewish community centers. yosef havlin, rabbi at the chabad lubavitch frankfurt does not agree with the israeli ambassador and states in an interview with der spiegel magazine in september 2007, that the german public does not support nazis, instead he has personally experienced the support of germans, as a jew and rabbi he \" feels welcome in his ( hometown ) frankfurt, he is not afraid, the city is no - go - area \". despite this comment, on the 11th of september, 2007 an antisemitic incident occurred whereby frankfurt rabbi, zalman gurevitch, was stabbed repeatedly, the attacker subsequently threatening in german \" i ' ll kill you, you ( expletive ) jew. independent voices, including leading jewish philanthropist baron eric de rothschild who received an honorary doctorate from hebrew university, suggest that the extent of antisemitism in europe has been exaggerated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48583828057535916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.851566"}
{"text": "german \" i ' ll kill you, you ( expletive ) jew. independent voices, including leading jewish philanthropist baron eric de rothschild who received an honorary doctorate from hebrew university, suggest that the extent of antisemitism in europe has been exaggerated. in an interview with the jerusalem post he says that \" some of the complaints emanating from israel about the treatment of french jews amount to ' an element of schadenfreude ( taking pleasure at another ' s misfortune ) on the part of those who have already made aliya : when the cousins come over, they say, it ' s terrible [ in france ] - you have to come to israel. \" about france he says : \" people are in fact philo - semitic in the government, mayors, to an extent which goes beyond pure electoral calculations \" and \" the one thing you can ' t say is that france is an anti - semitic country. according to the pew global attitudes project released on august 14, 2005, high percentages of the populations of six muslim - majority countries have negative views of jews. to a questionnaire asking respondents to give their views of members of various religions along a spectrum from \" very favorable \" to \" very unfavorable, \" 60 % of turks, 88 % of moroccans, 99 % of lebanese muslims and 100 % of jordanians checked either \" somewhat unfavorable \" or \" very unfavorable \" for jews. the saudi arabian government website initially stated that jews would not be granted tourist visas to enter the country. it has since removed this statement, and apologized for posting \" erroneous information \". members of religions other than islam, including jews, are not permitted to practice their religion publicly in saudi arabia ; saudi arabian government officials and state religious leaders often promote the idea that \" the jews \" are conspiring to take over the entire world ; as proof of their claims they publish and frequently cite the protocols of the elders of zion as factual. in 2001, arab radio and television of saudi arabia produced a 30 - part television miniseries entitled \" horseman without a horse \", a dramatization of the protocols of the elders of zion. one saudi arabian government newspaper suggested that hatred of all jews is justifiable. saudi textbooks vilify jews ( and christians and non - wahabi muslims ) : according to the may 21, 2006 issue of the washington post, saudi textbooks claimed by them to have been sanitized of antisemitism still call jews apes ( and christians swine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4986799356761045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.852496"}
{"text": "jews ( and christians and non - wahabi muslims ) : according to the may 21, 2006 issue of the washington post, saudi textbooks claimed by them to have been sanitized of antisemitism still call jews apes ( and christians swine ) ; demand that students avoid and not befriend jews ; claim that jews worship the devil ; and encourage muslims to engage in jihad to vanquish jews. al - manar recently aired a drama series, called the diaspora, which observers allege is based on historical antisemitic allegations. bbc reporters who watched the series said that correspondents who have viewed the diaspora note that it quotes extensively from the protocols of the elders of zion, a notorious 19th century publication used by the nazis among others to fuel race hatred. muslim clerics in the middle east have frequently referred to jews as descendants of apes and pigs, which are conventional epithets for jews and christians. in april 2002, egyptian sheikh muhammad sayyid tantawy, grand imam of al - azhar mosque and grand sheikh of al - azhar university, and the highest ranking sunni arab cleric, described jews in his weekly sermon as \" the enemies of allah, descendants of apes and pigs. \" abdul rahman al - sudais is the leading imam of the grand mosque located in the islamic holy city of mecca, saudi arabia. the bbc aired a panorama episode, entitled a question of leadership, which reported that al - sudais referred to jews as \" the scum of the human race \" and \" offspring of apes and pigs \", and stated, \" the worst [... ] of the enemies of islam are those [... ] whom he [... ] made monkeys and pigs, the aggressive jews and oppressive zionists and those that follow them [... ] monkeys and pigs and worshippers of false gods who are the jews and the zionists. \" in another sermon, on april 19, 2002, he declared that jews are \" evil offspring, infidels, distorters of [ others ' ] words, calf - worshippers, prophet - murderers, prophecy - deniers [... ] the scum of the human race whom allah cursed and turned into apes and pigs [... ] on december 11, 2006 the \" international conference to review the global vision of the holocaust \" opened in tehran, iran with widespread condemnation. the conference, called for by and held at the behest of ahmadinejad, was widely described as a \" holocaust denial conference \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4668958277785761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296ad3c0-d538-4f53-b58c-1d1c339ccedf>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.854625"}
{"text": "secondary hypertension : introduction secondary hypertension : secondary hypertension is high blood pressure resulting from an underlying cause such as kidney disease. hypertension is a serious health condition due to the fact that it often causes no symptoms until it is severe. more detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of secondary hypertension is available below. symptoms of secondary hypertension see full list of 23 symptoms of secondary hypertension treatments for secondary hypertension - dietary and lifestyle changes and blood pressure - reducing medications such as diuretics, vasodilators and cardioinhibitors - treatment of secondary hypertension is influenced by the underlying cause. treatments include : - cessation of medication that may be causing high blood pressure - oral contraceptive pill, nsaid ' s, corticosteroids etc - decreasing alcohol consumption - management of renal disease - more treatments... \u00bb read more about treatments for secondary hypertension home diagnostic testing home medical testing related to secondary hypertension : - high cholesterol : home testing : wrongly diagnosed with secondary hypertension? secondary hypertension : complications review possible medical complications related to secondary hypertension : causes of secondary hypertension read more about causes of secondary hypertension. disease topics related to secondary hypertension research the causes of these diseases that are similar to, or related to, secondary hypertension : secondary hypertension : undiagnosed conditions commonly undiagnosed diseases in related medical categories : misdiagnosis and secondary hypertension metabolic syndrome often undiagnosed : metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome x, is an often overlooked medical condition that causes a cluster of chronic symptoms. there are often four symptoms and conditions combined :... read more \u00bb heart attacks can be undiagnosed : although the most severe symptoms of heart attack are hard to miss, there are varying degrees of severity. it... read more \u00bb heart attacks can be overdiagnosed : although many people die from heart attacks, there are also many cases where people fear that they have a heart attack, but actually have something milder.... read more \u00bb rare heart condition often undiagnosed : the rare heart condition called long qt syndrome can lead to episodes of palpitations and rapid heartbeat. in rare cases, this... read more \u00bb heart attack can be over - diagnosed : although heart attack is often undiagnosed, leading to fatality, it can also be over - diagnosed. people become concerned that a condition is a heart attack, whereas there are various less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5194900322928779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:300aedf7-b268-4af6-b640-8e37e0bba56c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.858824"}
{"text": "read more \u00bb heart attack can be over - diagnosed : although heart attack is often undiagnosed, leading to fatality, it can also be over - diagnosed. people become concerned that a condition is a heart attack, whereas there are various less... read more \u00bb blood pressure cuffs misdiagnose hypertension in children : one known misdiagnosis issue with hyperension, arises in relation to the simple equipment used to test blood pressure. the \" cuff \" around the arm... read more \u00bb over - diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in obese patients : a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, particularly pulmonary arterial hypertension, is often a misdiagnosis in obese patients. exertional dyspnea... read more \u00bb obesity - related conditions undiagnosed in children : a variety of conditions are associated with obesity ( see obesity ), but these tend to be undiagnosed more often in child patients than in adults. some of the... read more \u00bb hypertension misdiagnosis common in children : hypertension is often misdiagnosed in adults ( see misdiagnosis of hypertension ), but its misdiagnosis is even more likely in children. some of the... read more \u00bb read more about misdiagnosis and secondary hypertension secondary hypertension : research doctors & specialists research related physicians and medical specialists : other doctor, physician and specialist research services : hospitals & clinics : secondary hypertension research quality ratings and patient safety measures for medical facilities in specialties related to secondary hypertension : hospital & clinic quality ratings \u00bb choosing the best hospital : more general information, not necessarily in relation to secondary hypertension, on hospital performance and surgical care quality : secondary hypertension : rare types rare types of diseases and disorders in related medical categories : evidence based medicine research for secondary hypertension medical research articles related to secondary hypertension include : click here to find more evidence - based articles on the trip database secondary hypertension : animations more secondary hypertension animations & videos prognosis for secondary hypertension prognosis for secondary hypertension : the prognosis relies on the level of adherence to the treatment plan as well as the individual response to treatment. more about prognosis of secondary hypertension research about secondary hypertension visit our research pages for current research about secondary hypertension treatments. secondary hypertension : broader related topics types of secondary hypertension user interactive forums read about other experiences, ask a question about secondary hypertension, or answer someone else", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4947774651691523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:300aedf7-b268-4af6-b640-8e37e0bba56c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.862000"}
{"text": "computer and the designer some graphic design teachers believe that computers have freed students from traditional requirements such as hand - generated drawing, color, basic design, typography or letterform exercises. nothing could be further from the truth. the computer relates to graphic designers as word processing relates to the creative writer. you would not teach creative writing by focusing on electronic equipment, but in principle, that is exactly what many art and design educators are proposing to do. what comes out of the computer is no better than what is put into it. my impression is that computer - generated graphic design today is based more on what the computer can do for the designer than on what the designer can do with the computer. the incredible number of options afforded by computers can be both an educational advantage or a pitfall for users. it is the teachers responsibility to instruct students in a manner that makes them beneficiaries and not victims of computer technology. this involves sound instruction in visual principles, high standards and teaching the value of self - imposed restraint. spite of the previously described conditions and practices, my reaction is that it would be wonderful if i could begin my teaching career all over again as the computer is such an ideal instructional tool. much too fast computer provides the student with endless options of size, arrangement, choice and color. each option is an opportunity to make a decision. the entire process of examining options and making decisions affords an ideal learning environment. the time - lag associated with traditional processes for finalizing a design, in most instances, are reduced to minutes. this permits students to accumulate vastly more experience within the same timeframe than formerly was possible with older methods the student sees on the monitor is close to how the printed piece will appear. this permits changes at a point when the design is still flexible. this is compared to reaching a blueprint stage before discovering the need for change and having a major correction which is time consuming and expensive. type, design, color and proofing are now combined into one process, where formerly these were done separately. this gives designers control over all aspects of design. under the older process, it was only when the various elements were completed and brought together that the designer had an opportunity to view the combination of elements. judgment to make the best use of the computer comes from values which shape design decisions, and values can be taught. some values are acquired through knowledge of design history and knowing the various styles and movements shaping design and typography. knowing the work of recognized designers, past and present, contributes to the formation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48877112472990164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac49d810-2dea-4a08-a42d-9f6689edb659>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.864998"}
{"text": "celebrating women ' s history month march is women ' s history month, and to celebrate we ' ve featured some of the national women ' s history month project ' s 2012 honorees. this year ' s theme is women ' s education - women ' s empowerment. \" the honorees were recognized for their \" pioneering leadership \" and their \" impact on the diverse areas of education. \" you can learn more and read extended biographies of the honorees at the women ' s history month project website. charlotte forten grimke charlotte forten grimke ( 1837 \u2013 1914 ) was raised in a wealthy, black abolitionist family. she studied literature and teaching and joined the salem female anti - slavery society. grimke went on to teach white children in massachusetts, and was the first black woman to do so. a champion for education, grimke taught freed slaves in south carolina, and later recruited educators in partnership with the united states treasury in washington, d. c. johanna mansfield sullivan johanna mansfield sullivan ( 1866 \u2013 1936 ), commonly referred to as annie sullivan, grew up nearly blind due to untreated infections, and was without access to an education. while in an orphanage in tewksbury, massachusetts, sullivan advocated for her education and was rewarded ; at 14 she began at the perkins school for the blind in boston. after graduating at the top of the class and undergoing several successful operations to restore her eyesight, sullivan began teaching, and instructed the now famous helen keller. sullivan and keller \u2019 s teacher - student relationship blossomed into friendship and the two became advocates for the american foundation for the blind ; both received honorary degrees from temple university. gracia molia de pick gracia molia de pick ( b. 1929 ) began her activism young ; at just 16 she founded partido popular, the only political party in mexico at the time advocating for women \u2019 s suffrage. after moving to california in 1957, she earned two education degrees. later in life molina de pick founded several programs of study, including chicana & chicano studies at mesa college and third world studies at the university of california, san diego. she went on to start many organizations advocating equality for women, including the premier chicana feminist association in mexico. her many achievements were celebrated in san diego, california on january 12, 2010 for gracia molina de pick day. okolo rashid ( b. 1949 ) was born to a family of sharecroppers and grew up in the tumult of racial strife in the south. she has been a longtime advocate of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3954467780936093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4001340c-97f6-4719-a1b4-d1cb3f5f174f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.868018"}
{"text": "when it rains in rock island county, storm water runoff picks up materials from our streets, farms, parking lots and yards. sources of pollution include cars, improper storage of materials, litter in driveways or streets, and erosion at construction sites. the water runoff carries all kinds of substances, some of them are harmful. february 19th, 2008 rock island county adopted a stormwater ordinance very similar to the other cities within rock island county. these efforts will help the city develop controls and a plan to prevent problems before they occur. about npdes and stormwater the clean water act amendments of 1987 established the national pollutant discharge elimination system ( npdes ) storm water program. the act called for implementation in two phases ; phase i addressed the most significant sources of pollution in storm water runoff. phase ii addresses other sources to protect water quality. the phase ii regulations were published in the december 8, 1999, federal register. phase i of the npdes storm water program began in 1990 and required medium and large municipal separate storm sewer systems ( ms4s ) to obtain npdes coverage. the expanded phase ii program began march 2003 and required small ms4s in urbanized areas to obtain npdes permits and implement six ( 6 ) minimum control measures. an urbanized area as delineated by the bureau of census is defined as a central place or places and the adjacent densely settled surrounding area that together have a residential population of at least 50, 000 people and an overall population density of at least 500 people per square miles. for more information : back to top a few simple ways to help in day - to - day activities include : - never dump anything into the street or down a storm drain. they flow directly to creeks, streams and the mississippi and rock rivers. - keep leaves and grass clippings out of the streets so that they do not end up washing into the storm drains. - properly dispose of paints, solvents, cleaners, weed killers, insecticides, and other chemicals. utilize the scott county household hazardous materials facility. - collect oil and other automotive products, and recycle or properly dispose of them. - wash vehicles at a car wash facility or on your lawn instead of in the driveway. use biodegradable soap. - keep automobiles and your gas powered lawn mowers or blowers well - tuned so that they are not dripping toxic fluids or emitting toxic fumes. - if a spill or leak occurs, properly clean up the spill and properly dispose of the clean up materials. - do not use chemicals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43307420253313755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18dbb6b3-9c25-4e51-95a0-10494dbf46e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.878070"}
{"text": "phosphorus from fertilizers and septic tank systems, sediments from construction sites, pesticides from agricultural lands, salts from winter road treatment, and trace metals and toxic chemicals from inadequately protected landfills. individually, these pollutants may not be a major concern, but considered as a whole they can result in widespread water quality problems that must be addressed. everyone is part of the solution prevention is essential to reducing nonpoint source pollution. examples of ways to prevent pollution includes sedimentation ponds for capturing sediments in stormwater runoff, and buffer strips of vegetation to separate farmed or urban lands from nearby waters. there are also many ways for citizens to help : - use pesticides and herbicides sparingly on lawns and gardens, and only after considering more natural methods of control ; - protect shrubs, vines, and other plants that grow along waterways ; - seed or mulch areas where soil can wash away ; - keep toxins such as engine oils, paint thinners, and pesticides out of sewers, septic tanks, and stormwater drains - - use carefully and dispose of them safely ( at the scott county household hazardous waste collection site ). - control fertilizer use on lawns and gardens ; - take public transportation, ride in a carpool, and limit driving whenever possible to reduce air emissions and oil and gasoline runoff, especially from gas service stations. ( proper car maintenance also helps ) ; and - when changing car oil, make sure used oil is collected and not disposed of on the ground. back to top many types of urban activities can directly impact the health of surface water. local developers, contractors, subcontractors and their crews can adversely impact water quality by not properly planning ahead to keep dirt, debris, and other waste materials away from storm drains and local creeks before, during and after construction activities. federal, state, and local law implemented by rock island county, mandates that those who undertake construction activities provide pollution protection at their construction sites. in some instances property owners may wish to fill in low lying areas or ravines on their property with soil or other material. many times these areas are natural waterways and are therefore considered part of a municipal separate storm sewer system ( ms4 ). state and federal regulations prohibit contamination of this ms4. before fill can be allowed on a site the owner must apply for a stormwater permit. grading, erosion, and sediment control plans prepared by a licensed professional civil engineer or a certified professional in erosion and sediment control ( cpesc ), or a person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49597221594007024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18dbb6b3-9c25-4e51-95a0-10494dbf46e2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.880131"}
{"text": "fill can be allowed on a site the owner must apply for a stormwater permit. grading, erosion, and sediment control plans prepared by a licensed professional civil engineer or a certified professional in erosion and sediment control ( cpesc ), or a person credentialed in a manner acceptable to the county must be submitted and approved before a stormwater permit, and consequently a building permit, can be issued. as a minimum, the following information shall be included : - a location map and pertinent surrounding features - an overall site plan ( minimum scale 1 \" - 50 ' ) clearly indicating the area of the site and the type of land disturbing activities which will take place. - existing and proposed topography shown in one foot intervals - the location and description of proposed stormwater management facilities - the limits of the land disturbing activities including clearing and grubbing - drainage features including open channels, ponds, streams, or rivers - existing and proposed structures and utilities which may impact the plan - erosion and sediment control methods to be implemented as part of the land disturbing activities on the site : - location, size, maintenance requirements, and design calculations for best management practices - detail drawings or references to details - type and quantity of seeding, fertilizing, mulching, and other plantings. - the soil types affected by the land disturbing activities, and location of highly erodible or unstable soils as determined by the most current nrcs soil survey. - the schedule and staging of grading, erosion, and sediment control practices, and restoration. - a properly completed application construction can begin once the permit has been issued and the proper installation of required best management practices ( bmps ) have been inspected and approved. back to top ten elements of an effective stormwater site plan plan review staff will check site plans to ensure they address common, critical elements. the following ten elements of an effective stormwater site plan present a comprehensive approach to addressing construction site runoff. these elements include : - minimize clearing and grading. construction site operators should take all measures possible to avoid clearing / grading stream buffers ; forest conservation areas ; wetlands, springs and seeps ; highly erodible soils ; steep slopes ; environmental features ; and stormwater infiltration areas. in addition, site fingerprinting should be employed and limits of disturbance ( lod ) should be mapped, clearly delineated on site with flags and conveyed to personnel. - protect waterways. construction site operators should identify waterbodies on site and adjacent to the site. if construction activities occur near a waterbody", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43327642907851627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18dbb6b3-9c25-4e51-95a0-10494dbf46e2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.881115"}
{"text": "disturbance ( lod ) should be mapped, clearly delineated on site with flags and conveyed to personnel. - protect waterways. construction site operators should identify waterbodies on site and adjacent to the site. if construction activities occur near a waterbody, clearing / grading activities should be minimal and silt fencing and / or and earthen dikes should be installed. - phase construction to limit soil exposure. prior to construction initiation, activities should be broken into phases. grading activities should be limited to the phase immediately under construction to decrease the time that soil is exposed, which, in turn, decreases the potential for erosion. additional phases should begin only when the last phase is near completion and preferably exposed soil has been stabilized. construction scheduling should facilitate installation of erosion and sediment control measures prior to construction start, detail time limits for soil stabilization after grading occurs, and schedule bmp maintenance. - immediately stabilize exposed soils. exposed soils should be stabilized within two weeks of the onset of exposure. the long - term goal is to establish permanent vegetation after each phase of construction ; however, mulch, hydroseeding, or other means of soil coverage may protect exposed soil while facilitating vegetation growth. the stormwater site plan should detail appropriate plant species to be seeded, as well as weather and climactic conditions necessary for germination and successful vegetation establishment. - protect steep slopes and cuts. cutting and grading of steep slopes ( > 15 percent ) should be avoided wherever possible. if a steep slope exists, all water flowing onto the slope should be redirected with diversions or a slope drain. silt fence at top and toe of the slope must be anchored well, although this measure may not provide adequate protection by itself. on steep slopes, jute netting and erosion control blankets ( geotextiles ) should be used in conjunction with seeding or mulching, as seeding alone may not be effective. - install perimeter controls to filter sediments. silt fence should be properly installed around the perimeter of the construction site. a fiber roll on the inside ( site - facing ) of the silt fence works to provide additional filtration. in areas of heavy flows or breech concern, a properly sized earthen dike with a stabilized outlet should be created. in addition, catch basin inlets receiving stormwater flows from the construction site must be protected with adequate inlet controls. - employ advanced sediment settling controls. sediment basins should be created where space is available ; however, discharge from basins must be non - turbid. the use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46177285107475613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18dbb6b3-9c25-4e51-95a0-10494dbf46e2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.882108"}
{"text": "inlets receiving stormwater flows from the construction site must be protected with adequate inlet controls. - employ advanced sediment settling controls. sediment basins should be created where space is available ; however, discharge from basins must be non - turbid. the use of skimmers and multiple cell construction of basins assist in sediment drop - out. - certify and train contractors on stormwater site plan implementation. contractors and / or construction staff should be trained in erosion and sediment control practices and procedures to effectively install and manage erosion and sediment control features. meetings and site inspections by municipal staff provide opportunities for discussion of effective bmps with site staff. inspectors should make a strong commitment to contractor education to develop a constructive and responsive relationship. - control waste at the construction site. the site plan should describe the type of construction site waste found at the site ( such as discarded building materials, concrete truck washout, chemicals, litter, and sanitary waste ) and how that waste will be controlled to minimize adverse impacts to water quality. for example, concrete washout and trash storage areas should be clearly labeled on the plan and should be located away from waterbodies and catch basin inlets. - inspect and maintain bmps. each stormwater site plan should clearly describe the construction site operator ' s bmp inspection and maintenance, including who will inspect the site and how often. ideally, an example inspection form should be included with the plan. inspections should occur at a regular interval and should also occur immediately before and after rain events. the plan should also describe how bmps will be maintained.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4304860369560651, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18dbb6b3-9c25-4e51-95a0-10494dbf46e2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.882733"}
{"text": "women and journalism published april 22nd 2004 by routledge \u2013 288 pages women and journalism offers a rich and comprehensive analysis of the roles, status and experiences of women journalists in the united states and britain. drawing on a variety of sources and dealing with a host of women journalists ranging from nineteenth century pioneers to martha gellhorn, kate adie and veronica guerin, the authors investigate the challenges women have faced in their struggle to establish reputations as professionals. this book provides an account of the gendered structuring of journalism in print, radio and television and speculates about women ' s still - emerging role in online journalism. their accomplishments as war correspondents are tracked to the present, including a study of the role they played post - september 11th. introduction : women and journalism in the united states and the united kingdom 1. early women journalists : 1850 - 1945 2. women journalists in the post - war period chapter 3. the education and training of women journalists 4. ' one of the boys? ' women ' s experiences of the ' glass ceiling ' 5. gendered news room cultures and values 6. challenges to sexism and discrimination 7. the ' first wave ' of women ' s alternative journalism 8. women ' s alternative journalism of the ' second ' and ' third ' wave 9. women ' s alternative media in broadcasting and the internet 10. women war correspondents women war correspondents between the 1970s and the 1990s 11. ' postmodern journalism ' and its implications for women 12. conclusion : women, journalism and new media", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40820825578581177, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f62ccc16-ffc8-4fcb-8faa-d083fbd52f2d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.884270"}
{"text": "wednesday, august 8, 2012 a team of researchers led by dr. alison allan has received $ 449, 733 from the canadian breast cancer foundation \u2013 ontario region to study a rare subpopulation of tumour cells called cancer stem cells ( cscs ) in hopes of uncovering the mystery behind metastasis. approximately 90 per cent of all breast cancer deaths are caused by metastasis. one reason is that the escaped cells are hard to find until they have grown big. \u201c we have become quite good at treating breast cancer if the tumour is localized to the breast, \u201d says dr. alison allan, an assistant professor in the departments of oncology, and anatomy and cell biology at schulich medicine & dentistry, and a scientist with lawson health research institute. \u201c however, once cells have metastasized they are very difficult to find until they grow to a certain size and start to interfere with the function of an organ. \u201d dr. allan \u2019 s lab was the first in the world to demonstrate that cscs from the breast are more metastatic than other cells. \u201c we believe these cells are the bad guys \u2013 they are the really aggressive cells and the ones driving tumour growth. \u201d clinical observation has shown that breast cancer cells preferentially spread to the lymph nodes, lung, liver, bone, and brain. other primary cancers have different preferential sites of metastasis ( i. e., prostate cancer usually metastasizes to the bone, and colorectal cancer to the liver ). dr. allan and her lab are focusing their research on cscs in order to discover why these cells favour these particular sites over others. one of the theories to explain the spread of tumours is the \u201c seed and soil \u201d theory. it suggests that organ - specific patterns can be accounted for by the needs of the cancer cell ( the seed ) for a specific environment provided by the organ ( the soil ) in order to initiate and maintain growth. dr. allan likens it to the seeds of a flower or dandelion : \u201c when you blow on a dandelion the seeds scatter ; however, they don \u2019 t grow everywhere they \u2019 ve landed. they need a congenial soil in which to grow. we want to understand what conditions are necessary for metastasis and to decipher which factors are contributed by cancer cells and which are contributed by the different organs or sites. \u201d their preliminary work has found that breast cscs tend to migrate to the lung so dr. allan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4925175620868003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd32229f-1b63-401c-8267-76a05177ebcc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.890267"}
{"text": "south african journal of animal science versao impressa issn 0375 - 1589 atasoglu, c et al. effects of kefir as a probiotic source on the performance of goat kids. s. afr. j. anim. sci. [ online ]. 2010, vol. 40, n. 4, pp. 363 - 370. issn 0375 - 1589. kefir is a sour, viscous, slightly carbonated and alcoholic milk beverage, which is traditionally fermented using a culture of bacteria and yeasts. the influence of kefir on health has been well studied in mice and rats. however, research on kefir use in ruminants is rather limited. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of kefir as a probiotic on the performance of goat kids during the pre - ( 45 days ) and post - weaning ( 45 days ) periods. forty eight kids were randomly allocated to four treatment groups : control, kefir, auto - kefir ( autoclaved ) and probiotic ( a commercial probiotic ). the kids were weaned at 45 days of age. the supplementation of different probiotics did not have any significant effect throughout the study on live weight and weight gain of the kids as compared to the control group. milk intake or milk - based nutrient intake of kids did not differ significantly among treatments in the pre - weaning period. similarly, the intake of concentrate feed and nutrients from the concentrate was not affected by the treatments during post - weaning. no significant differences in faecal consistency of kids were found among the treatments. the results of the study indicated that supplementation of kefir as a natural probiotic or a commercial probiotic source does not improve performance of goat kids under the conditions in the present study and suggest that new approaches are required for studying the efficacy of this probiotic. palavras - chave : suckling period ; weaning ; performance ; diarrhoea incidence ; ruminant.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4971125414839975, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:610b8bae-60f5-42ee-b762-54488daca703>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.894408"}
{"text": "nov. 25, 2008 researchers at the johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health have found evidence of a novel pathway for potential human exposure to antibiotic - resistant bacteria from intensively raised poultry \u2014 driving behind the trucks transporting broiler chickens from farm to slaughterhouse. a study by the hopkins researchers found increased levels of pathogenic bacteria, both susceptible and drug - resistant, on surfaces and in the air inside cars traveling behind trucks that carry broiler chickens. the study is the first to look at exposure to antibiotic - resistant bacteria from the transportation of poultry. the findings are published in the first issue of the journal of infection and public health. typically, broiler chickens are transported in open crates on the back of flatbed trucks with no effective barrier to prevent release of pathogens into the environment. previous studies have reported that these crates become contaminated with feces and bacteria. the new study was conducted on the delmarva peninsula \u2014 a coastal region shared by maryland, delaware and virginia, which has one of the highest densities of broiler chickens per acre in the united states. ana m. rule, phd, a research associate in the bloomberg school \u2019 s department of environmental health sciences, along with professor ellen k. silbergeld, phd, and sean l. evans collected air and surface samples from cars driving two to three car lengths behind the poultry trucks for a distance of 17 miles. the cars were driven with both air conditioners and fans turned off and with the windows fully opened. air samples collected inside the cars, showed increased concentrations of bacteria ( including antibiotic - resistant strains ) that could be inhaled. the same bacteria were also found deposited on a soda can inside the car and on the outside door handle, where they could potentially be touched. \u201c we were expecting to find some antibiotic - resistant organisms since it \u2019 s pretty clear that the transportation conditions for these chickens are not closed or contained, \u201d rule said. \u201c our study shows that there is a real exposure potential, especially during the summer months, when people are driving with the windows down ; the summer is also a time of very heavy traffic in delmarva by vacationers driving to the shore resorts. \u201d the strains of bacteria collected were found to be resistant to three antimicrobial drugs widely used to treat bacterial infections in people. these drugs are approved by the u. s. food and drug administration for use as feed additives for broiler poultry. the study findings were also consistent with other studies on antibiotic resistance in poultry flocks and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48499280248875415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2fea6703-3865-466e-8111-99af5cadc14a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.897651"}
{"text": "dec. 2, 2010 most americans and canadians up to age 70 need no more than 600 international units ( ius ) of vitamin d per day to maintain health, and those 71 and older may need as much as 800 ius, says a new report from the u. s. institute of medicine. the amount of calcium needed ranges, based on age, from 700 to 1, 300 milligrams per day, according to the report, which updates the nutritional reference values known as dietary reference intakes ( dris ) for these interrelated nutrients. the report ' s recommendations take into account nearly 1, 000 published studies as well as testimony from scientists and stakeholders. a large amount of evidence, which formed the basis of the new intake values, confirms the roles of calcium and vitamin d in promoting skeletal growth and maintenance and the amounts needed to avoid poor bone health. the committee that wrote the report also reviewed hundreds of studies and reports on other possible health effects of vitamin d, such as protection against cancer, heart disease, autoimmune diseases, and diabetes. while these studies point to possibilities that warrant further investigation, they have yielded conflicting and mixed results and do not offer the evidence needed to confirm that vitamin d has these effects. rigorous trials that yield consistent results are vital for reaching conclusions, as past experiences have shown. vitamin e, for example, was believed to protect against heart disease before further studies disproved it. \" there is abundant science to confidently state how much vitamin d and calcium people need, \" said committee chair catharine ross, professor and dorothy foehr huck chair, department of nutritional sciences, pennsylvania state university, university park. \" we scrutinized the evidence, looking for indications of beneficial effects at all levels of intake. amounts higher than those specified in this report are not necessary to maintain bone health. \" the science on calcium ' s role in bone health shows that 700 milligrams per day meets the needs of almost all children ages 1 through 3, and 1, 000 milligrams daily is appropriate for almost all children ages 4 through 8. adolescents ages 9 through 18 require no more than 1, 300 milligrams per day. for practically all adults ages 19 through 50 and for men until age 71, 1, 000 milligrams covers daily calcium needs. women starting at age 51 and both men and women age 71 and older need no more than 1, 200 milligrams per day. as for vitamin d, 600 ius daily meets the needs of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4376346492388196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e694085-15c9-482f-938e-7a195992efd1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.902864"}
{"text": "milligrams covers daily calcium needs. women starting at age 51 and both men and women age 71 and older need no more than 1, 200 milligrams per day. as for vitamin d, 600 ius daily meets the needs of almost everyone in the united states and canada, although people 71 and older may require as much as 800 ius per day because of potential physical and behavioral changes related to aging. the majority of americans and canadians are getting enough vitamin d and calcium, the committee determined from reviewing national surveys of blood levels. some adolescent girls may not get quite enough calcium, and there is a greater chance that elderly individuals may fall short of the necessary amounts of calcium and vitamin d. these individuals should increase their intake of foods containing these nutrients and possibly take a supplement. confusion about the amount of vitamin d necessary to ward off deficiency has arisen in recent years as tests that measure levels in patients ' blood have become widely used. the measurements of sufficiency and deficiency - - the cutpoints - - that clinical laboratories use to report test results have not been based on rigorous scientific studies and are not standardized. this lack of agreement means the same individual could be declared deficient or sufficient depending on which laboratory reads the test. there may be an overestimation of the number of people with vitamin d deficiency because many labs appear to be using cutpoints that are higher than the evidence indicates are appropriate. based on available data, almost all individuals get sufficient vitamin d when their blood levels are at or above 20 nanograms per milliliter as it is measured in america, or 50 nanomoles per liter as measured in canada. although sunlight triggers the natural production of vitamin d in skin and contributes to people ' s vitamin d levels, individuals ' sun exposure varies greatly and many people are told to minimize their exposure, so the committee assumed minimal sun exposure to establish the dris. the new intake levels for vitamin d cover the needs of individuals who get little sun. greater amounts of food fortification and rising rates of supplement use have increased the chances that people consume high amounts of these nutrients. getting too much calcium from dietary supplements has been associated with kidney stones, while excessive vitamin d can damage the kidneys and heart. evidence about other possible risks associated with routine vitamin d supplementation is still tentative, and most studies have focused on very high doses taken short term rather than on routine, long - term consumption of large amounts. however, some signals suggest there are greater risks of death and chronic disease associated with long - term high vitamin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4563000890895769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e694085-15c9-482f-938e-7a195992efd1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.904013"}
{"text": "is still tentative, and most studies have focused on very high doses taken short term rather than on routine, long - term consumption of large amounts. however, some signals suggest there are greater risks of death and chronic disease associated with long - term high vitamin d intake, which informed the committee ' s conclusions about levels that consumers should not exceed. upper intake levels represent the upper safe boundary and should not be misunderstood as amounts people need or should strive to consume. the upper intake levels for vitamin d are 2, 500 ius per day for children ages 1 through 3 ; 3, 000 ius daily for children 4 through 8 years old ; and 4, 000 ius daily for all others. the upper intake levels for calcium are 2, 500 milligrams per day from age 1 through 8 ; 3, 000 milligrams daily from age 9 through 18 ; 2, 500 milligrams daily from age 19 through 50 ; and 2, 000 milligrams per day for all other age groups. \" while it is too early to make definitive statements about the risks associated with routine high doses of vitamin d and calcium, people don ' t need more than the amounts established in this report, \" ross said. \" past cases such as hormone replacement therapy and high doses of beta carotene remind us that some therapies that seemed to show promise for treating or preventing health problems ultimately did not work out and even caused harm. this is why it is appropriate to approach emerging evidence about an intervention cautiously, but with an open mind. \" the new dris are based on much more information and higher - quality study results than were available when the dris for these nutrients were first set in 1997. at that time, limitations in the evidence resulted in intake levels called adequate intakes, which are rougher estimations of people ' s requirements than the new values. the old and new dris reflect different calculations and are not directly comparable. the study was sponsored by the u. s. department of health and human services, u. s. department of agriculture, u. s. department of defense, and health canada. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44715670293512855, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e694085-15c9-482f-938e-7a195992efd1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.904921"}
{"text": "may 2, 2011 a research team in lund, sweden has discovered primary biological matter in a fossil of an extinct varanoid lizard ( a mosasaur ) that inhabited marine environments during late cretaceous times. using state - of - the - art technology, the scientists have been able to link proteinaceous molecules to bone matrix fibres isolated from a 70 - million - year - old fossil - - that is, they have found genuine remains of an extinct animal entombed in stone. mosasaurs are a group of extinct varanoid lizards that inhabited marine environments during the late cretaceous ( approximately 100 - 65 million year ago ). with their discovery, the scientists johan lindgren, per uvdal, anders engdahl, and colleagues have demonstrated that remains of type i collagen, a structural protein, are retained in a mosasaur fossil. collagen is the dominating protein in bone. the scientists have applied a broad spectrum of sophisticated techniques to achieve their results. the scientists have used synchrotron radiation - based infrared microspectroscopy at max - lab in lund, southern sweden, to show that amino acid containing matter remains in fibrous tissues obtained from a mosasaur bone. in addition to synchrotron radiation - based infrared microspectroscopy, mass spectrometry and amino acid analysis have been performed. previously, other research teams have identified collagen - derived peptides in dinosaur fossils based on, for example, mass spectrometric analyses of whole bone extracts. the present study provides compelling evidence to suggest that the biomolecules recovered are primary and not contaminants from recent bacterial biofilms or collagen - like proteins. moreover, the discovery demonstrates that the preservation of primary soft tissues and endogenous biomolecules is not limited to large - sized bones buried in fluvial sandstone environments, but also occurs in relatively small - sized skeletal elements deposited in marine sediments. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - johan lindgren, per uvdal, anders engdahl, andrew h. lee, carl alwmark, karl - erik bergquist, einar nilsson, peter ekstrom, magnus rasmussen, desiree a. douglas, michael j. polcyn, louis l. jacobs. microspectroscopic evidence of cretaceous bone proteins. plos one, 2011 ; 6 ( 4 ) : e19445 doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5329772740227186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7687392-c384-4450-9611-c903b395a18a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.907724"}
{"text": "may 15, 2011 a team of researchers have found that pre - existing malaria prevents secondary infection by another plasmodium strain, the parasite responsible for malaria, by restricting iron availability in the liver of the host. this discovery was published on may 15 in nature medicine and has important implications for the management and prevention of malaria, a condition which affects millions of individuals worldwide. the study was developed by the team led by researcher maria m. mota at instituto de medicina molecular in lisbon, portugal, in collaboration with researchers at the weatherall institute of molecular medicine and oxford university ; and was funded by the portuguese fundacao para a ciencia e tecnologia, european science foundation and medical research council, uk. in this current study, the researchers focused at how malaria parasites developed in both the liver and in red blood cells and analysed patterns of infection in mice, looking in particular at cases of ' superinfection ', in which an individual already infected with malaria is later bitten by a second infected mosquito. an individual in a high risk area can be bitten by hundreds of malaria - infected mosquitoes per year, making the issue of superinfection highly relevant. the study reveals for the first time the crucial role of iron in the development of multiple malarial infections, which has strong implications for iron supplementation used to combat anaemia in malaria - endemic regions. after a mosquito bite, malaria parasites first travel to the liver, multiply, then escape and invade red blood cells. it was previously understood that parasites in both the liver and in blood need iron in order to grow. this new study shows that a second mosquito bite of an individual, already carrying blood parasites, does not lead to a full - blown second infection. the superinfection is blocked in the liver by the first infection. this protective effect is due to the blood parasites causing the parasites in the liver to be starved of iron, so that they cannot grow. in that respect, the results challenge the biological concept that infection of distinct host cells ( liver hepatocytes or red blood cells ) occur independently from each other, which may also have impact in the research area of infection ( beyond malaria ). dr silvia portugal, first author of the study says : \" i am very happy that we were able to find such an interesting interaction occurring between different malaria parasite stages in a single host, and that this might contribute for future control of malaria. \" dr maria mota, who led the study at instituto de medicina molecular in lisbon says :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4898300485247735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cc54255-d24a-4e33-96a3-7041fd21e423>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.913462"}
{"text": "were able to find such an interesting interaction occurring between different malaria parasite stages in a single host, and that this might contribute for future control of malaria. \" dr maria mota, who led the study at instituto de medicina molecular in lisbon says : \" our findings help explaining the differences in infection risk and complexity of infections in young individuals observed in endemic - malaria regions that have hitherto required speculative explanations. also, they challenge the idea that infection in distinct cell types is independent, which may have an impact in future research in the field of infectious diseases as a whole. \" dr hal drakesmith who co - led the study at the weatherall institute of molecular medicine adds : \" ' now that we understand how malaria parasites protect their territory in the body from competitor parasites, we may be able to enhance this natural defence mechanism to combat the risk of malaria infections. at the same time we may need to look again at the advisability of iron supplementation programmes in malaria - endemic regions, as possible increased risk of infection may need to be weighed against benefits - - more data is needed on this issue. \" malaria is a devastating disease that affects extensive areas of africa, asia, south and central america, causing several thousands of deaths per year in children under the age of five. malaria is caused by the infection of the protozoan parasite plasmodium, which belongs to the phylum apicomplexa. attempts to eradicate malaria have so far been unsuccessful. their failure can be attributed to increasing resistance to insecticides in the mosquito vector and to anti - malarial drugs in the parasite. there is an urgent need of developing novel strategies against malaria. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - silvia portugal, celine carret, mario recker, andrew e armitage, ligia a goncalves, sabrina epiphanio, david sullivan, cindy roy, chris i newbold, hal drakesmith, maria m mota. host - mediated regulation of superinfection in malaria. nature medicine, 2011 ; doi : 10. 1038 / nm. 2368 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5060832394015474, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cc54255-d24a-4e33-96a3-7041fd21e423>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.914463"}
{"text": "- solid - state lasers can produce light in the red and blue parts of the spectrum but not the green. - recent research suggests that this \" green gap \" could be plugged as early as this year. - the advance will allow for laser - based video displays that are small enough to fit in a cell phone. on a rainy saturday morning in january 2007, henry yang, chancellor of the university of california, santa barbara, took an urgent phone call. he excused himself abruptly from a meeting, grabbed his coat and umbrella, and rushed across the windswept u. c. s. b. campus to the solid state lighting and display center. the research group there included one of us ( nakamura ), who had just received the millennium technology prize for creating the first light - emitting diodes ( leds ) that emit bright blue light. since that breakthrough over a decade earlier, nakamura had continued his pioneering research on solid - state ( semiconductor ) lighting, developing green leds and the blue laser diodes that are now at the core of modern blu - ray disc players. as yang reached the center about 10 minutes later, people were milling about a small test lab. \" shuji had just arrived and was standing there in his leather jacket asking questions, \" he recalled. nakamura ' s colleagues steven denbaars and james c. speck were speaking with a few graduate students and postdoctoral researchers as they took turns looking into a microscope. they parted for yang, who peered into the eyepiece to witness a brilliant blue - violet flash emanating from a glassy chip of gallium nitride ( gan ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5813924914950601, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66f7e189-e267-45c9-9d40-931f571e8675>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.916826"}
{"text": "molecular biologist chao - qiang lai of the jean mayer u. s. department of agriculture human nutrition research center on aging at tufts university answers. this question can be rephrased as : \" how much variation ( difference between individuals ) in height is attributable to genetic effects and how much to nutritional effects? \" the short answer to this question is that about 60 to 80 percent of the difference in height between individuals is determined by genetic factors, whereas 20 to 40 percent can be attributed to environmental effects, mainly nutrition. this answer is based on estimates of the \" heritability \" of human height : the proportion of the total variation in height due to genetic factors. human height is a quantitative, or metric, trait, i. e., a characteristic that is measured in quantity, and is controlled by multiple genes and environmental factors. many studies have estimated the heritability of human height. often, these studies determine heritability by estimating the degree of resemblance between relatives. one can separate genetic effect from environmental effects by correlating genetic similarity between relatives ( twin, siblings, parents and offspring ) with their similarity in height. to accurately measure how genetically similar relatives are, one can measure the number of genetic markers they share. for example, peter m. visscher of the queensland institute of medical research in australia recently reported that the heritability of height is 80 percent, based on 3, 375 pairs of australian twins and siblings. this estimate is considered to be unbiased, as it was based on a large population of twins and siblings and a broad survey of genetic markers. in the u. s., the heritability of height was estimated as 80 percent for white men. these estimates are well supported by another study of 8, 798 pairs of finnish twins, in which the heritability was 78 percent for men and 75 percent for women. other studies have shown height heritability among whites to be even higher than 80 percent. because different ethnic populations have different genetic backgrounds and live in different environments, however, height heritability can vary from one population to another, and even from men to women. in asian populations, the heritability of height is much lower than 80 percent. for example, in 2004 miao - xin li of hunan normal university in china and his colleagues estimated a height heritability of 65 percent, based on a chinese population of 385 families. in african populations, height heritability is also lower : 65 percent for the population of western africa, according", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5386850837812828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da451f67-b470-4059-8d1a-0bfdb93b6765>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.933317"}
{"text": "of hunan normal university in china and his colleagues estimated a height heritability of 65 percent, based on a chinese population of 385 families. in african populations, height heritability is also lower : 65 percent for the population of western africa, according to a 1978 study by d. f. roberts, then at newcastle university in england, and colleagues. such diversities in heritability are mainly due to the different genetic background of ethnic groups and the distinct environments ( climates, dietary habits and lifestyle ) they experience. heritability allows us to examine how genetics directly impact an individual ' s height. for example, a population of white men has a heritability of 80 percent and an average height of 178 centimeters ( roughly five feet, 10 inches ). if we meet a white man in the street who is 183 cm ( six feet ) tall, the heritability tells us what fraction of his extra height is caused by genetic variants and what fraction is due to his environment ( dietary habit and lifestyle ). the man is five centimeters taller than the average. thus, 80 percent of the extra five centimeters, or four centimeters, is due to genetic variants, whereas one centimeter is due to environmental effects, such as nutrition. heritability can also be used to predict an individual ' s height if the parents ' heights are known. for example, say a man 175 cm tall marries a woman 165 cm tall, and both are from a chinese population with a population mean of 170 cm for men and 160 cm for women. we can predict the height of their children, assuming the heritability is 65 percent for men and 60 percent for women in this population. for a son, the expected height difference from the population mean is : 0. 65 x [ ( 175 - 170 ) + ( 165 - 160 ) ] / 2, which equals 3. 25 cm ; for a daughter, the difference is 0. 6 x [ ( 175 - 170 ) + ( 165 - 160 ) ] / 2, which equals 3 cm. thus, the expected height of a son is 170 + 3. 2, or 173. 2 cm, and of a daughter 160 + 3, or 163 cm. on the other hand, environmental effects can add 1. 75 cm to a son ' s height : 0. 35 x [ ( 175 - 170 ) + ( 165 - 160 ) ] / 2, and 2 cm to a daughter ' s : 0. 4 x [ ( 175 - 170 ) + ( 165 - 160 ) ] / 2. of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5271379905098468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da451f67-b470-4059-8d1a-0bfdb93b6765>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.936204"}
{"text": "making graphene nanoribbons : the process for tailoring of the silicon carbide crystal for selective graphene growth and device fabrication is illustrated, starting with the top left figure. ( a ) a nanometer - scale step is etched into the silicon carbide crystal by a fluorine - based reactive ion etch ( rie ). ( b ) the crystal is heated to about 1200 - 1300 degrees celsius ( at low vacuum ), inducing step flow and relaxation to the etching. ( c ) when the crystal is further heated to about 1450 degrees celsius, a graphene nanoribbon forms. ( d ) from there the source and drain contacts, graphene nanoribbon channel, aluminum oxide gate dielectric and metal top gate are added. image : courtesy of walter de heer for years researchers have held out hope that graphene would be the material to pick up the mantle in the electronics industry when silicon hits its limits as the material of choice for making devices smaller, faster and cheaper. yet, turning graphene ' s promise into a reality has been difficult to say the least, in part because of the inherent difficulty of working with a substance one atom thick. methods of cutting graphene into useable pieces tend to leave frayed edges that mitigate the material ' s effectiveness as a conductor. now, a team of researchers at georgia institute of technology led by walter de heer claims to have made a significant advance in that area by developing a technique for creating nanometer - scale graphene ribbons without rough edges. ( a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. ) graphene has, of course, made headlines throughout the scientific world this week, thanks to the awarding of the nobel prize in physics to two researchers at the university of manchester in england who in 2004 pioneered a way of isolating graphene by repeatedly cleaving graphite with adhesive tape. the nobel prize committee recognized andre geim and konstantin novoselov \" for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two - dimensional material graphene. \" unlike the approach taken by geim and novoselov, de heer and his team in the past have created graphene sheets by heating a silicon carbide surface to 1, 500 degrees celsius until a layer of graphene formed. the graphene was then cut to a particular size and shape using an electron beam. \" this was a serious problem because cutting graphene leaves rough edges that destroy a lot of graphene ' s good properties, making it less conduct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5442787525593872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6708de11-4253-4cbc-926a-ece70408faa5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.940963"}
{"text": "graphene formed. the graphene was then cut to a particular size and shape using an electron beam. \" this was a serious problem because cutting graphene leaves rough edges that destroy a lot of graphene ' s good properties, making it less conductive, \" says de heer, regents ' professor in georgia tech ' s school of physics. de heer ' s new approach, described october 3 in nature nanotechnology, is to etch patterns into the silicon carbide and then heat that surface until graphene forms within the etched patterns. ( scientific american is part of nature publishing group. ) in this way graphene forms in specific shapes and sizes without the need for cutting. \" the whole philosophy has changed, \" he says. \" we ' re not starting with an infinite sheet of graphene ; we ' re growing it where we want to grow it. \" the researchers claim to have used the technique to fabricate a densely packed array of 10, 000 top - gated graphene transistors on a 0. 24 - square - centimeter chip, a step toward their ultimate goal of creating graphene components that can be integrated with silicon for new generations of electronics. such a consolidation would be a key milestone towards making microprocessors able to operate at terahertz speeds, 1, 000 times faster than today ' s chips ( whose speeds are clocked at billions of hertz ). another goal is to reduce heat generation as an increasing number of transistors are packed onto each chip. such advances would continue to validate moore ' s law even as silicon circuits reach their miniaturization limit. \" in principle, graphene can overcome silicon ' s limitation, \" de heer says. \" if we completely succeed [ only ] time will tell. \" graphene and silicon will be able to coexist much the same way that airplanes and freight ships are used for transporting cargo. \" they move at different speeds, but both are important because they have different costs, \" de heer says. \" i think a similar thing will happen in electronics. \" de heer is also quick to acknowledge that, although the study of graphene dates back to the 1970s, the field still has a long way to go. he and his team are now investigating how the ribbons they created will perform over time and to what degree their new approach improves on cutting pieces of graphene out of larger sheets. with so many open questions about graphene ' s viability, de heer says he was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5569169701419371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6708de11-4253-4cbc-926a-ece70408faa5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.942145"}
{"text": "electricity bills are rising. now you can cut down on costs and find out what appliances are actually worth keeping plugged in. simply connect these appliances to the kill a watt\u2122, and it will assess how efficient they really are. large lcd display will count consumption by the killowatt - hour, same as your local utility. you can calculate your electrical expenses by the day, week, month, even an entire year. also check the quality of your power by monitoring voltage, line frequency, and power factor. now you \u2019 ll know if it is time for a new refrigerator or if that old air conditioner is still saving you money. with the amazing kill a watt\u2122 you \u2019 ll know \u201c watts \u201d killing you. the energy information administration found americans use 60 percent more electricity today than they did 20 years ago. some examples of the amount of energy you use and how much it costs you are in the following examples : these are just some of the things you will discover using the kill a watt electricity usage monitor! specifications : - ipod docking station \u2013 uses three watts charging and five when it \u2019 s playing music. this costs you a penny a day! - big screen tv \u2013 when the tv is on it can use 210 watts, when off 64. it costs you 11 cents a day just to have the tv plugged in at your house! - game systems \u2013 can use 2 watts when the system is off but uses 145 when it \u2019 s on. this costs you about one penny an hour! - digital video recorder \u2013 this can pull 83 watts all day long. that means just having one of these plugged in the wall can cost you 15 cents a day! - accuracy : + / - 0. 2 % - operating voltage : 115 volts ac max, 60 hz - voltage : 125 volts - vac max current : 15 amps - max power : 1875 va - weight : 5 oz. - dimensions : 5 1 / 8 \" x 1 5 / 8 \" x 2 3 / 8 \" - warranty : 2 years - etl approved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48648615107266824, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29f339f5-5dc4-47ab-80b4-318da9bb344b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.946300"}
{"text": "assurance contracts may be a way to pay for so - called \u201c public goods ; \u201d things that it \u2019 s said everyone can use without diminishing their value to others. typical examples of public goods include public parks, open source software, national defense. assurance contracts are basically pledges of funding towards providing a public good. if enough people pledge funds, then the good is undertaken. ( the public park is built. ) if not enough people pledge then the good is not provided. ( the public park is not built. ) the open source 3d editing program \u201c blended 3d \u201d was released as a result of spp. the source code was released only when enough members of a community collectively pledged 100, 000 euros. the program was proprietary before. some have proposed assurance contracts as an alternative to taxation as a way to provide public goods. note that the concept of public goods is itself a matter of controversy between free market economists versus more collectivist economists like samuelson, who is credited with creating a formal theory for them. i wonder if seasteads could be funded by assurance contracts, given enough knowledge about and interest in them? > i wonder if seasteads could be funded by assurance contracts, given enough knowledge about and interest in them? i think pledging is a great way of financing. i do not have the statistics to back it up, but i think pledges are more effective than donations. if you pledge you will be sure that your money only goes to the project if a sufficient amount of others give their money, too. so when you give your money away you can be sure it is enough to start the project resp. keep it running. if you donate, you are often uncertain whether your money makes a difference. it is likely that too few people donate. that would waste your money because the project can \u2019 t take off. so you probably hesitate a lot more to donate than to pledge.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5387019315650479, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41879175-d9ad-4704-a02f-c8db98e99cc2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.950007"}
{"text": "a wayside cross is any cross that has been erected by the side of a road or path and they are found all over the world, particularly in europe. there have been various reasons for erecting these : for example as markers placed along routes used by christian pilgrims, or as a shrine in reverence, perhaps to a saint who has some connection to the locality. others mark burial sites, a disaster, a miracle, or some other event that should be remembered. in some cases they were erected to mark meeting places for christian worship and later churches were built adjacent to the cross, resulting in the cross being within the church ' s walls. ( see churchyard cross and high cross. ) wayside crosses are typically made of stone, iron or wood, of modest size and appearance, and often neglected, especially if sited in the countryside. for protection from the elements, some are enclosed or semi - enclosed. ( see also enshrined cross ) the more famous crosses include those in spain on the pilgrim ' s way to santiago de compostela and in england, the eleanor crosses dating from the late 13th century. a similar custom honoured st. louis of france. prior to those two, when english st. aldhelm died in 709, his body was carried from doulting to malmesbury. later, his friend, egwin, bishop of worcester, erected crosses in aldelm ' s memory at the various places where the funeral procession had stopped overnight. the practice of building wayside shrines is followed by all major religions ( islam, buddhism, hinduism, etc ) and especially ancient religions, where superstition has for long been closely intertwined with spirituality. pagan shrines were believed to offer protection to travellers from bandits and evil spirits. there are an unknown number of wayside crosses, many of which are featured in local history books and tourist guides. many more have quite probably fallen into ditches and become covered with debris, just waiting to be discovered one day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4222988303328848, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:706aaf6d-d1b1-45b5-930b-26d95905e37b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.952250"}
{"text": "the long - buried skeleton of colonial san francisco is being brought to the surface at the site of the old spanish fort in yerba buena, where california as we know it was born. archaeologists for the presidio trust are building interpretive replicas of the ruins of el presidio de san francisco directly above the famous garrison ' s original stone and adobe walls. the displays will use the exact same construction methods and, where possible, materials that were used in the historic 1815 expansion of el presidio, the ruins of which were recently uncovered. the idea is to allow visitors to see, feel and identify with the city ' s imperial spanish roots. \" we want people to have an immediate visceral connection to the place, which is what this is an attempt to do, \" said kari jones, an archaeologist for the presidio trust, as she stood next to a not - yet - complete stone wall covered in a mud mortar concoction. \" this is the foundation of san francisco. we think it is one of the most important sites in the west. \" jones and her supervisor, eric blind, have been working with architects and builders on ways to reveal to the public the treasure trove of history that was unearthed after being underground for more than 150 years. the foundation walls of the spanish fort were discovered by the army as it prepared for the 1994 transfer of the presidio to the national park service. workers were attempting to remove underground heating fuel tanks from a row of houses on funston avenue when they found stonework running along the backyards. the walls were outside the boundaries of the original 1776 garrison built by the spanish, but subsequent archival work revealed that el presidio had been rebuilt in 1815 after the original structure was severely damaged during earthquakes in 1808 and 1812. \" there had been a long - standing search for where el presidio might be, \" but nobody had done any real archaeological work, jones said. \" they expected something would be here, but i don ' t think anyone expected el presidio to be preserved as much as it was. \" the renovated adobe fort had apparently fallen into disrepair and had pretty much disintegrated by the time mexico ceded california to the united states in 1848. what remained in the presidio at the time were deemed \" mud huts not fit for officers. \" the funston cottages, which were used as officers ' quarters during the civil war, were built parallel to the remains of the rebuilt spanish adobe garrison in 1863. some of the original adobe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38473516157262244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bb5f5f5-47eb-4624-8f59-05df96f38d73>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.965609"}
{"text": "the time were deemed \" mud huts not fit for officers. \" the funston cottages, which were used as officers ' quarters during the civil war, were built parallel to the remains of the rebuilt spanish adobe garrison in 1863. some of the original adobe remained standing in pershing square until the 1906 earthquake. the historic officers ' club, which is now undergoing a $ 15 million renovation, is the last remnant of the original spanish fort. the foundation stones and disintegrated adobe outlining the rest of the giant quadrangle is still underground. there is good reason the actual ruins of the 1815 garrison will remain buried, officials said, not the least of which is how much it would cost the presidio trust to dig them up. maintaining them and protecting them from vandals, the elements and the large community of gophers in the area would be costly. another issue is the fact that lead paint from the row of buildings adjacent to the ruins has contaminated the soil, according to michael lamb, the presidio trust ' s historic landscape architect. consequently, in 2008, the remains were buried and capped in a protective coating. lamb said the project, which he expects to be completed in the fall, is to preserve the artifacts underground for archaeologists to study in the future and build removable structures above them that give passers - by an idea of the history buried below. explaining to the public \" what we ' re trying to do here is develop a system that will assist in explaining to the public the layout of el presidio, \" said lamb, adding that the three displays under construction, including a corner section, will likely resemble the wall as it looked nearly two centuries ago when it was a comparatively young ruin. \" we don ' t want an architecturally clean finish. we want to reinforce the notion that the wall extends farther than we can build. \" making the displays authentic is complicated because adobe bricks from the spanish era were large and measured in varas, which are about 3 inches shorter than yards. in an attempt to get it right, the trust enlisted the help of egyptian archaeological intern nabil fahmy, who has worked extensively on shunet el zebib - a ruin in abydos, egypt, that dates from the 27th century b. c. and is the oldest known adobe building in the world. fahmy searched the presidio and found the right kind of soil - and - sand mixture to make the mortar. a company in arizona is making the adobe bricks, which require 90 consecutive hot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41812757786561655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bb5f5f5-47eb-4624-8f59-05df96f38d73>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.967694"}
{"text": "the environmental focus in tourism strategy of turkey - 2023 within the outlook of tourism planning 9th international multidisciplinary scientific geoconference - sgem2009, www. sgem. org, sgem2009 conference proceedings / isbn 10 : 954 - 91818 - 1 - 2, june 14 - 19, 2009, vol. 2, 875 - 883 pp the growth of tourism has prompted debate about environmental consequences and desirability of further development. the effects of mass tourism and increasing awareness of the human impact on the environment led more environmentally sensitive forms of tourism such as ecotourism and wildlife - based tourism. with this increasing awareness environmental concerns are explicitly included in sectoral policies and programmes concerning many areas including tourism, urban and rural development. one of the recent examples of environment being involved in tourism planning can be examined in turkey \u2019 s tourism strategy 2023 and the 9th five year national development plan as both of them promotes ecotourism regions to develop nature based tourism. the tourism strategy of turkey 2023, with its emphasis on cultural, health and environmental areas, has laid out the blueprint for the country \u2019 s future development. by the implementation of this plan ; nine culture and tourism zones and seven tourism development corridors, 10 tourism cities, ecotourism zones will be created. implementation has merely started recently, but the plan is anticipated to be highly influential on turkey \u2019 s tourism. the researchers in this study examine turkish tourism policies and planning with a specific focus on tourism strategy of turkey 2023. the plan is studied in detailed to monitor the integration of environmental concern and ecotourism in tourism development plans and aimed zones. keywords : tourism strategy of turkey 2023, ecotourism, tourism planning and policies paper 2009 / s24. 1 : the environmental focus in tourism strategy of turkey - 2023 within the outlook of tourism planning 30 euro add to cart your cart ( items ) tax cost ( ) : articles by this author - transformation and image calibration for endoscopic image analysis in fotom 2008 system - the meteorological usage of water vapor data obtained from gps - photogrammetric study for sircali medrese door - fotom system and measurement visualization - determination and creation of topological description from digital imagery \u00a9 copyright 2001 international multidisciplinary scientific geoconference & expo sgem. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48323640711105914, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42ec99e5-c018-421a-abf4-5191b04da77d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.972858"}
{"text": "- q what is atrial fibrillation ( af )? dr. mehmet oz, cardiologyatrial fibrillation ( af ) is an irregular heartbeat in which the upper chambers of the heart, called the atria, quiver instead of contracting normally. watch this animation to learn more about af, most common cardiac arrhythmia. full answer - q what are the goals of atrial fibrillation treatment? the main goal of treating your parent ' s atrial fibrillation depends on several factors. the doctor will assess your parent ' s health and check for co - occurring conditions such as thyroid disease, hypertension ( high blood pressure ), diabetes. lung... full answer - q why is the dash diet helpful in preventing atrial fibrillation? dr. michael roizen, internal medicineremember learning about the transitive property in math class? we don \u2019 t either. it comes into play in the answer to your question. the dash diet has been clinically proven to lower elevated blood pressure. high blood pressure raises your risk for... full answer - q what causes chronic atrial fibrillation? various types of heart disease are often the causes of chronic atrial fibrillation. however, the disorder can occur in people even when there is no history of heart trouble. other causes include alcohol abuse, metabolism problems, sleep apnea, and lung... full answer - q how is atrial fibrillation ( af ) treated? there are different ways doctors treat atrial fibrillation. the standard treatment is a combination of medications, including anti - coagulants ( such as coumadin ) to prevent blood clots ; medications to slow the heart rate ( beta blockers, calcium channel... full answer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4853205259681337, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db8c5a77-bc70-4b23-ad56-63d63bbbdff1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.975267"}
{"text": "\" thousands of women have had a \u2018 wasted decade \u2019 of suffering since the hrt scare, according to an international panel of experts, \u201d the daily mail has reported. the news is based on a major re - evaluation of the women \u2019 s health initiative ( whi ) study, the results of which prompted safety fears in 2002. the re - analysis comes in a series of journal reports which were highly critical of the way the results of the whi were presented and the media \u2019 s interpretation of them. the reports said this led to panic based on scant real - life evidence, which may have caused a change in prescribing practice to the potential detriment of the wellbeing of thousands of women worldwide. the authors of one review concluded : \u201c while hrt is certainly not appropriate for every woman, it may be for those with symptoms or other indications. in that setting, with initiation near menopause, the weight of evidence supports benefits over risks. \u201d what is hrt? hormone replacement therapy ( hrt ) is a treatment used to relieve the symptoms of menopause. it replaces the female sex hormones that women \u2019 s bodies stop producing after menopause. reduced production of the hormone oestrogen is associated with many of the symptoms of menopause, including : - hot flushes - night sweats - vaginal dryness - loss of sex drive - stress incontinence hrt replaces this hormone, reducing these symptoms. hrt comes in different forms \u2013 some are taken continuously and some are taken with breaks in between \u2013 as a tablet, patch, implant, gel or cream. most hrt preparations contain an oestrogen in combination with a progestogen. the kind of hrt a woman is prescribed will be based on her individual circumstances. for more information, see the nhs choices information on hrt. why did hrt fall out of favour? safety concerns over long - term use of hrt significantly altered medical thinking on prescribing it, prompted by the initial results of two large trials. these were the us women \u2019 s health initiative ( whi ) study ( published in 2002 ), part of which was halted early because women using hrt were seen to be at higher risk of breast cancer, and the uk million women study ( published in 2003 ), which also showed a higher rate of breast cancer in women on hrt. the authors of the new re - analysis said that the scare, which led to a significant drop in prescribing hrt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4740915364434534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a546941a-d180-4eca-acd5-7ee0408985dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.988408"}
{"text": "million women study ( published in 2003 ), which also showed a higher rate of breast cancer in women on hrt. the authors of the new re - analysis said that the scare, which led to a significant drop in prescribing hrt, was not helped by how the science was portrayed worldwide in the media. they were especially critical of the reporting of relative risks ( a 26 % increase in breast cancer risk ) rather than \u201c excess \u201d or \u201c attributable \u201d risk of four extra breast cancer cases per 1, 000 women taking hrt over a five - year period. the authors also criticised the dramatic nature of the press releases about the research issued by the journal of the american medical association and the us national heart, lung and blood institute. they argued that this gave rise to the health scare that sparked the widespread avoidance of hrt. what have new studies looked at? a decade after the release of the results of the whi study, the peer - reviewed journal climacteric has published an entire issue re - appraising the evidence from the whi study and other evidence published in the last 10 years. one of the climacteric articles stated that the whi study was designed to address whether older women ( much older than the average age for menopause, which in the uk is 52 ) who mostly did not have symptoms of menopause, benefitted from hrt. however, they authors said the results were generalised to all women, and this in combination with the fact that a 26 % relative risk increase in breast cancer was reported ( rather than a modest increase in absolute risk ) led to the hrt scare. other aspects of hrt \u2019 s effect on women \u2019 s health were examined, including : - quality of life - gynaecological and sexual health - blood clots - colorectal cancer - fractures caused by osteoporosis - overall effects of the drop in hrt use in the new study looking at breast cancer and hrt, the authors concluded that the benefits of hrt in women with low initial risk of breast cancer and significant menopausal symptoms will outweigh the harms, because their absolute risk of cancer is low. the link between breast cancer and hrt seen in the million women survey has also been disputed by later studies, including in early 2012 a study that criticised the study design of many of the hrt studies. the reviews concluded that hrt is associated with : - improved quality of life in women going through the menopause", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4687373266535793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a546941a-d180-4eca-acd5-7ee0408985dc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.990002"}
{"text": "has also been disputed by later studies, including in early 2012 a study that criticised the study design of many of the hrt studies. the reviews concluded that hrt is associated with : - improved quality of life in women going through the menopause - reduced risk of coronary heart disease and death ( if taken before the age of 60 or within 10 years of menopause ) - modestly increased risk of stroke, venous thromboembolism and breast cancer - reduced risk of colorectal cancer - reduced risk of dementia for those starting hrt early ( but later use may increase risk ) - decreased risk of fracture what impact did the scare have? one analysis that looked at the rates of hrt use found that it had dropped by between 40 % and 80 %. the positive or negative effects of this decline on disease and death rates have not yet been assessed. a 2011 statement from the international menopause society, quoted in the re - analysis, said that the media presentation of the whi results in 2002 engendered \u201c excessive conservatism \u201d that \u201c has disadvantaged nearly a decade of women who may have unnecessarily suffered severe menopausal symptoms and who may have missed the potential therapeutic window to reduce their future cardiovascular, fracture and dementia risk \u201d. an analysis of the media \u2019 s role in the hrt scare found that the common perception of hrt as risky continued until july 2007, when the trial revised its findings on cardiovascular risk. however, they reported that the media portrayed this revision as a \u201c u - turn \u201d by experts ( including on the front page of the daily mail ), reinforcing the media \u2019 s \u201c confused interpretation \u201d of the safety and benefits of hrt. however, the authors said that the \u201c melodramatic presentation \u201d of the whi results explained the media response. so, is hrt safe? like any drug or treatment, hrt is associated with both risks and benefits. however, according to nice in 2009, the overall balance of benefits and side effects suggests that hrt is acceptably safe and beneficial enough to justify its use for certain women experiencing severe problems during menopause. this is not to say it is risk - free or suitable for the majority of women, but it does have justified uses. in their report, the authors stated that the international menopause society recommends individualised treatment, with age being taken into account as a safety issue. hrt shows the most benefits for women with symptoms who start hrt within a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4834023904876238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a546941a-d180-4eca-acd5-7ee0408985dc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.991215"}
{"text": "have justified uses. in their report, the authors stated that the international menopause society recommends individualised treatment, with age being taken into account as a safety issue. hrt shows the most benefits for women with symptoms who start hrt within a few years of menopause, and therefore as women get older the potential risks of hrt may outweigh the diminishing benefit offered. the authors of one review concluded : \u201c while hrt is certainly not appropriate for every woman, it may be for those with symptoms or other indications. in that setting, with initiation near menopause, the weight of evidence supports benefits over risks \u201d. doctors would assess whether or not hrt was an appropriate treatment on a case - by - case basis. they would take into account factors such as the severity of a woman \u2019 s symptoms and whether she has a history of breast cancer ( certain types of breast tumour can be encouraged by female hormones ). the findings of this new research do not in themselves suggest that hrt should be offered more widely, but they certainly raise some interesting points over the need for a clear, evidence - based approach to assessing hrt and also in the way perceptions of danger have affected its use. they open the door to further robust research re - evaluating hrt, which needs to be performed and judged in as objective a manner as possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4503435259761266, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a546941a-d180-4eca-acd5-7ee0408985dc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.991770"}
{"text": "sing and see is an advanced singing software program that visualizes the voice on - screen as you sing, allowing you to discover breaks in the voice, unevenness in vibrato and pitch and work to correct them with a strong visual aid. here \u2019 s a video of sing and see in action : sing & see was developed in australia by a team of scientists and engineers who partnered with singing teachers to put together a practical vocal feedback tool. singing in tune is perhaps one of the most challenging tasks for a singer. psychological research has shown that the more senses and emotions you involve in learning, the more effective and long - term the learning is. for singers learning how to sing in tune via conventional methods, there is almost no visual component to the process. sing and see involves the visual area of the brain in the processing of pitch, vibrato and tone. this may seem counterintuitive but in fact musical prodigies often experience a crossover and comingling of the senses, or synaesthesia, which allows them to \u201c see \u201d music in their minds eye. the sing and see interface is shown below : in this interface, you can tell if you \u2019 re singing in tune or not by the change in color on the piano keyboard, the stave and also by the graph, which indicates the \u201c history \u201d of your sung note. as you can see, the graph shows when your pitch fluctuates up or down and gives you an immediate visual cue if you are singing out of tune. as a voice teacher and performer, i firmly believe that every voice teacher should have one of these in their vocal studio. the truth is that many individuals are visual learners and \u201c linking \u201d their ear to their eyes can be extremely effective in speeding up learning and allaying frustration at not being able to hear minute details right away. sing and see is also extremely useful at helping you negotiate your passaggio, or vocal break. i personally have experience with this type of software ( i don \u2019 t know if it was sing and see in particular ). i visited the florida state university voice department where they have this kind of technology and discovered that i wasn \u2019 t making a proper transition to my head voice which resulted in a wide, uneven vibrato and poor overtone profile. this sparked a journey to unify my vocal registers which i \u2019 m still not at the end of! although they don \u2019 t really advertise this fact, it seems to me that sing and see would be extremely helpful for any musician,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49413923333169185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae2aa274-b0a5-4f1c-81db-cfd683990b30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.997259"}
{"text": ". this sparked a journey to unify my vocal registers which i \u2019 m still not at the end of! although they don \u2019 t really advertise this fact, it seems to me that sing and see would be extremely helpful for any musician, singer or not, in improving their musicianship. when you sing an interval on sing & see, it will show you accurately you make the jump between notes. do you tend to overreach and sing sharp or come short and sing flat? an example is below : in addition, you can also play the virtual keyboard on this singing software. from the perspective of a singing student, my teacher creds aside, i believe that this kind of singing software is a force multiplier in terms of learning singing quickly. why do i say that? i \u2019 ve done a lot of \u201c modeling \u201d of super successful individuals in various fields be it singing, marketing, sports, etc., and one common characteristic that they all share is that they find ways to monitor themselves objectively. in the world of learning how to sing this translates to recording your lessons and practice sessions, getting honest feedback from a competent vocal coach and leveraging powerful singing software such as sing & see. the person who knows they are making a mistake can fix it while the one who doesn \u2019 t may never realize it and wil continue making the error. honest feedback is golden. sing & see costs $ 49 for the student version and $ 99 for the professional version and is available for both mac and pc. thanks for reading this sing and see review!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47090486374531765, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae2aa274-b0a5-4f1c-81db-cfd683990b30>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:22.997831"}
{"text": "causes of keratosis pilaris keratosis pilaris is not a very well known skin condition. up to 40 % of adults all over the globe suffer from it, and over half of them don \u2019 t even know it. keratosis pilaris is genetic in origin but the precise cause has not yet been determined. still, many doctors believe that the cause of keratosis pilaris is the overproduction of keratin inside the skin. this excess gets trapped inside the follicle, developing a bump. it is also thought to be a disorder of keratinisation in which the sticky cells that line the hair follicle form a horny plug instead of exfoliating. this widens the pores making them appear more obvious than elsewhere. often a curled hair can be identified under the skin. keratosis pilaris is a skin condition frequently seen on the upper arms, buttocks and thighs. the skin cells that normally flake off as a fine dust form plugs in the hair follicles. these appear as small pimples that have a dry ' ' sandpaper ' ' feeling. they are usually white, but when inflamed they appear rather red. they usually don ' t itch or hurt, except with extreme changes in temperature. this condition is particularly common among teenagers ( up to 80 % ). its manifestation is very common on the upper arms, especially on the external side of the arm. it may occur in babies where it tends to be most obvious on the cheeks. it may remain for years but in most cases it gradually disappears usually before age 30. keratosis pilaris is unsightly but completely harmless. it is usually worse during the winter months. the worsening is directly associated with low humidity, skin dryness and tight clothes that \u201c rub \u201d the bumps at al times. some people have stated that this condition worsened during pregnancy and / or after childbirth. some doctors as well as patients believe that food is related with keratosis pilaris. according to their own experience, spicy foods tend to increase the bumps and make them more noticeable. on the other hand, patients that reduced or eliminated milk and its derivatives from their diet claimed to have had a considerable improvement. treatment for keratosis pilaris is not necessary, and unfortunately, it often has disappointing results. with persistence, most people can get improve this aesthetic condition by moisturizing and replenishing the lipid content of the skin regularly. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4272805533862249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d3b3a2f-7ba1-43b5-90fe-da8e84ef5643>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.007470"}
{"text": "treatment for keratosis pilaris is not necessary, and unfortunately, it often has disappointing results. with persistence, most people can get improve this aesthetic condition by moisturizing and replenishing the lipid content of the skin regularly. the plugged pores can be removed by taking long, hot soaking tub baths and then rubbing the areas with a coarse washcloth, stiff brush, or ' buf - puf '. also, a good microdermabrasion proceeding can help get rid of all the excess keratin. prescription medicines may help, including some antibiotics like erythromycin and bactrim. if the swelling or redness of the bumps is getting worse, you should discuss with your doctor the use of topical retinoids. the derivatives of vitamin a can be very harsh for the skin, so be aware of all the symptoms you develop. we offer a solution for keratosis pilaris, a natural cream with helix aspersa muller glycoconjugates. it is a biological ingredient collected from live snails and contains a complex compound of molecules that protect the skin from free radical oxydation, promote the proliferation of the water holding molecules in the skin and the healthy turnover of connective tissues, dissolve damaged and non functional tissues such as keratin plugs by enzymatic digestion or breakdown of their amino - acid components and has antimicrobial properties. bioskintreatment\u2122 and bioskinexfol\u2122 are natural skin care products that require constancy in their use to achieve results. you must apply bioskinexfol three times a week, or the bioskintreatment lotion twice a day every day. it is important to be patient since results will not be immediate, not even fast. for most people results will be seen in 5 to 6 weeks. bioskintreatment\u2122 and bioskinexfol\u2122 work because the biological ingredient in them and the formulation makes it the most complete and balanced natural solution for the normal functioning of the skin and for regeneration of damaged skin. bioskintreatment lotion clears skin of keratin bumps and regenerates healthy skin the product is made with the same base as bioskincare plus salix nigra ( willow ) extract and amorphophallus konjac root powder for a more potent keratolytic effect that cleans the excess horny material of the skin by degrading keratin plugs and dissolving debris,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39429842082027766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d3b3a2f-7ba1-43b5-90fe-da8e84ef5643>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.008376"}
{"text": "willow ) extract and amorphophallus konjac root powder for a more potent keratolytic effect that cleans the excess horny material of the skin by degrading keratin plugs and dissolving debris, damaged, abnormal and necrotic tissues. it decongests the skin as the enzymes in the snail serum and the natural salicylic acid in willow bark extract help to ' digest ' all damaged structures into their amino - acid and other components, which also favors the regeneration of all the structural components of healthy skin. it leaves your skin smooth, refreshed, soft and with use over a period of time it takes away keratosis pilaris, actinic keratosis scales, controls acne and reduces and even vanishes all types of skin blemishes : razor nicks and burns, roughness, blisters, scrapes, cuts, and the list can go on and on... made in the usa. 60 grams = 2 oz one bottle : $ 60 ultra exfoliate rough scars and dull skin with bioskinexfol home microdermabrasion cream. contains the same natural ingredients in bioskintreatment but infused with micro - crystals so that you may rub it with your finger tips to remove old, hard, and tough scars or stretch marks by a physical breakdown of the scar tissues. best also for oily skin and aged skin, actinic keratosis scales and pitted acne scars. not for keloids and not if your skin is still fragile ( use bioskintreatment for a few months first to strengthen your skin ). the compounded action of the physical abrasion and the enzymes in the cream liquefy damaged proteins more thoroughly helping to release amino - acids to aid in rebuilding damaged tissues quickly. results are not only immediate, but compound over time and do not trigger inflamm - aging of delicate skin tissues. made in the usa. two to three month ' s supply 120 grams = 4. 23 oz 120 gram bottle : $ 89 biological skin treatment ingredient our products contain a biological serum created by a living creature. it is packed with enzymes, coenzymes, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans ( hyaluronic acid ), proteoglycans, peptides and oligoelements that ( a ) dissolve keratin plugs that obstruct the hair follicles and cause hyperker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42035167411300994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d3b3a2f-7ba1-43b5-90fe-da8e84ef5643>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.010896"}
{"text": "why we need ecological medicine we know which species make us sick, but we must learn which species make us healthy. photograph by ralf nau / lifesize. it was a revelation. germs cause disease. when louis pasteur and robert koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary idea \u2014 one so good it seems obvious in retrospect. at the heart of their work was the notion that individual species cause disease by invading our bodies. over the next century, the notion of \" germs \" changed our behavior. it led us to scrub our hands and actively fight specific pathogens ( as researchers came to call dangerous germs ) and to cure the diseases they cause. these changes saved millions, maybe billions of lives. every day you rub shoulders with the success of this theory. how could there be anything wrong with it? new research, however, is beginning to question, if not germ theory itself, at least some of the actions we have taken on its behalf. these studies come from very different groups of scientists, largely working separately and apparently without much awareness of one another. but i believe that they are unwittingly part of the slow unraveling of a new, broader theory of disease, the ecological theory of disease. here ' s the thinking. in the late 1980s, microbiologists and public - health researchers began to notice differences between rural and urban kids. rural kids seemed less likely to develop allergies. a new idea was floated \u2014 perhaps they had been exposed to more bacteria that had helped their immune systems to \" balance \" themselves. this idea, often called the hygiene hypothesis, has since found support in empirical studies worldwide. country kids whose fingers still plunge regularly into the rich bacteria of soil ( and farm animals ) have fewer allergies. but it isn ' t just farm living : sometimes the exposure to a wilder bacterial life can be subtle. for example, a recent study in australia found that pregnant mothers living with dogs were less likely to have children with allergies. these studies note fundamental differences between the immune systems of dirty kids and clean kids. conclusion : in some ways it is better to be dirty. more recently, a new version of the hygiene hypothesis has suggested that it isn ' t just large numbers of bacteria that it is good to be exposed to but, rather, many kinds of bacteria. our immune system needs to be exposed to many species in order to sort the good from the bad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48237624214788166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d70120c1-3214-4281-bfa9-5640a6632330>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.022943"}
{"text": "hygiene hypothesis has suggested that it isn ' t just large numbers of bacteria that it is good to be exposed to but, rather, many kinds of bacteria. our immune system needs to be exposed to many species in order to sort the good from the bad. without such exposure, argues this \" biodiversity \" version, mistakes get made. the immune system, in not having seen enough of the world, doesn ' t know quite what to attack. it attacks pollen. it attacks us. this made me sit up and take notice. there are, i realized, many separate fields of science in which the failure to be exposed to good species or even just a diversity of species is believed to make us sick. the \" worm hypothesis \" argues that our bodies evolved with parasitic worms as a dependable presence, and that for some individuals the absence of such worms causes the immune system to overreact, leading to autoimmune diseases such as crohn ' s, multiple sclerosis, and asthma. the nature deficit hypothesis, on the other hand, argues that lack of exposure to nature in our city environments causes psychological problems in children who then suffer from any of a variety of behavioral and other problems. this is country cousin to the biophilia hypothesis, which suggests an innate fondness for nature and biodiversity, which both bring us benefits and, in their absence, costs. all of these relate to the much older and well - accepted \" deficiency \" model, which correctly states that diseases such as scurvy are caused by the absence of whole classes of species ( and their nutrients ) in our diets. what seems to have gone pretty much unremarked is that these ideas all suggest ways in which the absence of beneficial or historically common species in our lives can make us sick. in a way, taken together these ideas make up the obverse of the germ theory of disease ; if the germ theory is about bad species being present, these hypotheses are all about good species that have gone missing. bringing the pieces of the puzzle together seems to show what i call the ecological theory of disease. this is the idea that illness can arise from the presence of species that negatively affect our health or the absence of species that positively affect our health. of course, to ecologists and evolutionary biologists, such a theory is not exactly news. we can all hold up long lists of species that require other species, their partners and neighbors, to survive. think corals, lichens, leaf - cutter ants, tube worms,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5653825973265396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d70120c1-3214-4281-bfa9-5640a6632330>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.024006"}
{"text": "evolutionary biologists, such a theory is not exactly news. we can all hold up long lists of species that require other species, their partners and neighbors, to survive. think corals, lichens, leaf - cutter ants, tube worms, bean plants. now think humans. take away the species we benefit from every day and we would die in many different ways. the point is that public - health researchers, medical researchers and doctors don ' t think like ecologists. hospitals only consider other species when they are \" bad, \" when, that is, they are behaving as germs. with a couple of examples we tend to regard as freakish ( the medical use of leeches or fly maggots ), doctors almost never prescribe the apple, bacteria, worm, or other sort of \" nature \" your body is \" missing, \" though if you took just the right mix it would surely help keep the doctor away. so what should we do? if the germ theory of disease tells us to hunt down, scrub off and otherwise avoid bad species, the ecological theory of disease suggests the same, but that we also need to figure out how to attract, farm, and nurture beneficial species. fine. but there is a big problem : while we have spent the last 200 years chasing down bad species, we have spent far less time hunting good ones. worse, while there are hundreds of pathogens that affect our health and well - being ( with a small handful being the really deadly monsters ), the precise melange of beneficial species we need could involve hundreds of thousands of species \u2014 or more. those species do not always have names. recently, i cataloged the species on my body and my house, finding more than 2, 000 species, most of which most experts could not identify. which ones were good for me? who knows? what is worse, no one could tell me which good species i might be missing. more and more, we seem to \" know \" that we need nature. many of its species benefit us, but we are not yet smart enough to know which ones. we are left to wait for the systematists \u2014 those catalogers of life \u2014 to find and name the species on our behalf. and then we will have to wait some more for the ecologists and evolutionary biologists to study those species. only then, finally, will medical researchers begin to weigh up which ones we need and which ones we don ' t. but it will take a while. we have neglected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5270641486460436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d70120c1-3214-4281-bfa9-5640a6632330>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.025043"}
{"text": "saint michael ' s professor ' s discovery named a top 10 breakthrough for 2011 by physics world physics world announced its top 10 breakthroughs for 2011 on december 16th. coming in at number 10 is saint michael ' s college professor john o ' meara, with his colleagues michele fumagalli and xavier prochaska of the university of california, santa cruz, for their discovery of clouds of pristine gas from the very early universe - a triumph of big bang cosmology. the team was lauded by physics world for being \" the first to catch sight of clouds of gas that are pure relics of the big bang. unlike other clouds in the distant universe - which appear to contain elements created by stars - these clouds contain just the hydrogen, helium and lithium created by the big bang. as well as confirming predictions of the big bang theory, the clouds provide a unique insight into the materials from which the first stars and galaxies were born. \" see the full announcement see the story of o ' meara ' s discovery - pristine relics of the big bang spotted \" we are grateful and delighted to have been named a top10 breakthrough in astrophysics, but there is plenty of work still to be done, \" professor o ' meara said. criteria for selecting the top 10 breakthroughs award the top 10 breakthroughs list has been compiled by the physics world team, who reviewed over 350 news articles about breakthroughs in the physical sciences published on physicsworld. com in 2011. the criteria for judging included : - fundamental importance of research - significant advance in knowledge - strong connection between theory and experiment - general interest to all physicists a story of the astronomical break - through discovery appeared in science, the premier science journal in the u. s., november 10, 2011. using the giant 10 - meter keck i telescope in hawaii, the three astronomers discovered two giant clouds of intergalactic gas whose chemical composition has been unaltered since the dawn of time. the clouds, located over 11 billion light years from earth, offer direct supporting evidence for the big bang model of cosmology. o ' meara explained that in the big bang model only the very lightest elements such as hydrogen and helium were created during the first few minutes of the history of the universe. as cosmic time progressed over billions of years to the present, gas containing these few elements form stars and galaxies. as part of the life cycle of stars, the remaining elements, such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, are produced and recycled into the gas within and outside of galaxies. until now,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5582657915491617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9cc29f1-de6d-4069-8cd8-2e630df5f053>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.031547"}
{"text": "the present, gas containing these few elements form stars and galaxies. as part of the life cycle of stars, the remaining elements, such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, are produced and recycled into the gas within and outside of galaxies. until now, astronomers have always detected these heavy element remnants wherever they ' ve looked. gas with no trace of heavy elements was the break - through discovery. \" these clouds are exciting for both what they do and don ' t have, \" saint michael ' s professor o ' meara said. \" specifically, they represent the first detection of pristine gas : gas with no trace whatsoever of heavy element absorption. what the gas does contain, however, is hydrogen and its isotope deuterium in the levels predicted by big bang models. \" although the discovery is a triumph for the big bang cosmology, o ' meara points out that it raises new questions. \" a good overall model of cosmology, but plenty of work to do, \" o ' meara said. \" these clouds have been uncontaminated by heavy elements for over two billion years since the big bang. this means that our understanding of how galaxies return heavy elements to their environments is incomplete. although we ' ve provided great evidence that our overall model of cosmology is a good one, we still have plenty of work left to do. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5559001697557691, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9cc29f1-de6d-4069-8cd8-2e630df5f053>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.032058"}
{"text": "removing sea defences may reduce impact of coastal flooding 03 december 2012 a study involving a scientist from the university of southampton, which shows that ensuring continued flood protection for low lying coastal areas may mean sacrificing cliff top communities to the sea, has won the 2012 lloyds science of risk prize for climate change research. robert nicholls, professor of coastal engineering at the university of southampton and co - author of this study, says the research \u2013 which will be further developed in a new book he is leading, to be launched in spring 2013 \u2013 says that the benefits of protecting our coastline from erosion must be balanced against the impacts of coastal flooding. \u201c the trade - off between protecting cliffs and their role in naturally nourishing our protective beaches will lead to difficult decisions, especially as sea levels are rising and finance is in short supply. this requires strategic planning for the future. \u201d professor nicholls was part of a research team from the tyndall centre for climate change research which, by focussing on a 72km stretch of shoreline along the east anglian coast, detailed the interconnection between the two risks of erosion and flooding and show that in some cases, allowing natural erosion could reduce the impact of flooding associated with rising sea levels. coastal defences put in place over the last century or so have re - shaped the uk coastline, artificially protecting some areas, but at the expense of beaches in adjacent areas. this man - made situation increases the risk of flooding in low lying coastal settlements where beaches act as a natural flood defence. beach levels can be artificially recharged, but maintaining this indefinitely along large stretches of coastline is costly and likely to be unsustainable. richard dawson, professor of earth systems engineering at newcastle university and lead author of this study, adds : \u201c coastal areas typify the environmental challenge our society faces - their beauty and economic opportunities attracts settlement and they include some of our most important ecosystems and most productive farmland. yet this exposes us to hazards such as erosion and flooding which will be exacerbated by sea - level rise. \u201c clearly we can \u2019 t, and wouldn \u2019 t want to, remove all our sea defences, but there are difficult trade - offs to be made in prioritising coastal management measures. \u201c our research provides a common platform to get all parties round the table \u2013 local residents, policy - makers, insurers, scientists and farmers to name but a few \u2013 to understand each other \u2019 s perspectives, discuss potential compensatory arrangements, and collectively decide the best way forward.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.436807727206845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72d2815d-38f7-40d1-9687-8af2561b557a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.037360"}
{"text": "all parties round the table \u2013 local residents, policy - makers, insurers, scientists and farmers to name but a few \u2013 to understand each other \u2019 s perspectives, discuss potential compensatory arrangements, and collectively decide the best way forward. \u201d notes for editors 1. \u2018 integrated analysis of risks of coastal flooding and cliff erosion under scenarios of long term change \u2019 by richard dawson, mark dickson, robert nicholls, jim hall, mike walkden, peter stansby, mustafa mokrech, julie richards, jian zhou, jessica milligan, andrew jordan, stephen pearson, jon rees, paul bates, sotiris koukoulas, andrew watkinson. climatic change, vol 95 pp249 \u2013 288 ( 2009 ). 2. the paper won the 2012 lloyds science of risk prize in the climate change category : http : / / www. lloyds. com / the - market / tools - and - resources / research / exposure - management / emerging - risks / the - science - of - risk 3. this research was part of the tyndall centre coastal programme and was funded by the natural environment research council, the engineering & physical sciences research council and the economic and social research council. 4. \u201c broad scale coastal simulation : new techniques to understand and manage shorelines in the third millennium \u201d, published by springer and edited by professor robert nicholls ( university of southampton ), professor richard dawson ( newcastle university ) and dr sophie day ( university of southampton ), will update this research and provide further insights into the tyndall centre \u2019 s coastal research. the book is due for publication in spring 2013. 5. the tyndall centre for climate change research is an active and expanding partnership between the universities of east anglia ( headquarters ), cambridge, cardiff, manchester, newcastle, oxford, southampton, sussex, and recently fudan university in shanghai. it conducts research on the interdisciplinary aspects of climate change and is committed to promote informed and effective dialogue across society about the options to manage our future climate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48360782210349107, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72d2815d-38f7-40d1-9687-8af2561b557a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.038188"}
{"text": "one - third of a second. that ' s how long a federal inspector will have to examine slaughtered chickens for contaminants and disease under new rules proposed by the federal government. the proposal would speed up production lines as much as 25 percent. it also would pull most federal inspectors off the lines and replace them with plant workers. the u. s. department of agriculture says its proposal is a win - win - win that modernizes food inspection while saving money for taxpayers and the poultry industry. the nation ' s most recognized food safety and consumer groups, however, say the plan would leave gaping holes in oversight that will endanger the nation ' s food supply, not to mention create a conflict of interest for poultry plants. they warn that americans, who eat about 80 pounds of poultry a year, will be at greater risk of getting a side serving of fecal contamination or cancerous tumors with their chicken. \" i went out and bought a food processor so we could make more vegetarian meals, \" said felicia nestor, a food safety advocate and a consultant with the government accountability project. \" if the changes go into effect, my husband and i will no longer buy chicken. \" the usda ' s food safety inspection service, which oversees poultry plants, believes the changes would \" ensure and even enhance the safety of the poultry supply by focusing our inspectors ' efforts on activities more directly tied to improving food safety, \" fsis spokesman dirk fillpot said in a statement. the agency says it wants inspectors to focus on issues that pose the greatest health risks to the public. georgia produces more chickens for meat consumption \u2014 1. 3 billion a year \u2014 than any other state, so the usda ' s proposed changes are critically important here. the agency has not said when it will make its final decision on the proposal. the new system would be voluntary, though fsis expects all but the smallest poultry plants to opt in. advocates say that ' s because the other option would prohibit those plants from remaining competitive in the industry. the biggest changes would : \u2014 use workers in chicken and turkey plants to replace all but one federal inspector on the conveyor belt, where bad birds are removed from the production line. ( currently, chicken plants have as many as four federal inspectors on their lines. ) \u2014 let those plants decide how much training their workers receive in identifying diseased or defected birds. \u2014 enable plants to speed up their slaughter lines so that the sole federal inspector, stationed at the end of the line, would be required to view up to 175 birds per minute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4249136606515892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56922a22-3e5e-47fa-8172-b134ef2e245c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.050376"}
{"text": "decide how much training their workers receive in identifying diseased or defected birds. \u2014 enable plants to speed up their slaughter lines so that the sole federal inspector, stationed at the end of the line, would be required to view up to 175 birds per minute. the maximum speed now is 140 per minute, but that workload is divided among four inspectors so that it averages out at 35 per minute for each inspector. \u2014 let poultry plants decide what dangerous bacteria they test carcasses for and how often they test, and no longer require plants to test for e. coli. the government says the changes will save taxpayers more than $ 90 million over three years. but the big winner will be the poultry industry, which will save at least $ 256 million a year in production costs, the usda has projected. but at least one georgia poultry plant owner isn ' t sold on the concept. will harris, owner of white oak pastures in bluffton, said he likes having an unbiased third party closely examining each chicken that comes through his production line. \" i don ' t want to be the fox that ' s guarding the henhouse, \" said harris, whose farm is about 75 miles south of columbus. harris also raises grass - fed cattle and sheep and is one of the few operations that handles its own slaughter on - site. georgia ' s largest poultry plants are capable of slaughtering and processing hundreds of thousands of chickens in a day. on the production line, chickens are hung upside down by their feet in shackles, one next to another, and subjected to an electric shock that stuns them into unconsciousness. a razor - sharp blade then cuts the animals ' jugular vein ; other devices remove their feathers, heads, feet and internal organs. as the chickens move down the line, as many as four federal inspectors are stationed to examine them. the line is timed so that birds pass in front of an inspector for about two seconds. the inspectors handle each carcass and peer inside its chest cavity, searching for defects such as disease, infection and fecal contamination ; he or she also looks at the bird ' s internal organs for signs of disease. the inspector pulls the chicken off the line if any of those conditions is present. a few times a month, other inspectors take small samples of birds and mail them to federal labs, where they are tested for bacteria such as salmonella and campylobacter. the food safety inspection service says the new system would require poultry plants to take more responsibility for weeding out birds with diseases,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.445256081378552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56922a22-3e5e-47fa-8172-b134ef2e245c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.051387"}
{"text": "birds and mail them to federal labs, where they are tested for bacteria such as salmonella and campylobacter. the food safety inspection service says the new system would require poultry plants to take more responsibility for weeding out birds with diseases, infections and defects. these conditions include an infection of the blood called septicemia, which discolors the bird, and an infection called \" inflammatory process, \" which can cause a hard yellow scab to form under a chicken ' s skin. currently federal inspectors pull these birds off the line when they spot them ; the new rules would largely leave that to plant employees. in redirecting its inspectors from production lines, fsis says, more inspectors will be freed up to focus on issues that affect public health, such as salmonella and campylobacter. yet, under the proposed system, fsis would not increase testing for those pathogens. advocates say they ' re not opposed to modernizing poultry inspection and requiring plants to take more ownership of their product. they say, however, that the agency ' s proposal goes far beyond that, giving too much control and freedom to poultry plants while also relaxing the government ' s oversight. in 1999, fsis created a pilot program that allowed 20 chicken plants and five turkey plants to play by a different set of rules. they could run their slaughter lines at faster speeds. they swapped most government inspectors on the lines with their own plant workers. two plants in that pilot program are in georgia, one in gainesville, one in claxton. the program is the foundation for the proposed changes. and fsis documents portray it as an overwhelming success. the agency says the rates of fecal contamination \u2014 a major vehicle for spreading bacteria \u2014 are lower in the pilot plants. the agency also says the rates of salmonella compare favorably. opponents of the proposal say fsis is distorting the facts on both issues. they cite an audit by the government accountability office in december 2001, which concluded that results from the program would be \" unreliable. \" the audit also noted that citations for fecal contamination skyrocketed in poultry plants ' first year in the pilot program. critics say fsis responded by gaming the system. they say the agency allowed the pilot plants to rearrange the production line in a way that largely prevented inspectors from writing citations for fecal contamination. as a result, the critics say, the citations plummeted. the government says its fecal contamination rates in pilot plants are about half those of other plants '. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48245139461369696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56922a22-3e5e-47fa-8172-b134ef2e245c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.052375"}
{"text": "in a way that largely prevented inspectors from writing citations for fecal contamination. as a result, the critics say, the citations plummeted. the government says its fecal contamination rates in pilot plants are about half those of other plants '. \" so all those ( citations ) that were getting written up early on under the ( pilot ) program because inspectors were finding a lot of fecal, all of a sudden, they all go away, \" nestor said. she is the food - safety consultant to the government accountability project, a washington group that supports government and corporate whistle - blowers. asked for a response, fsis did not address the alleged connection between the citations and the relocation of the employee stations. the agency would not agree to an interview with the atlanta journal - constitution for this article but answered some of the newspaper ' s questions by email. food safety advocates also say that the agency ' s statistics on salmonella rates in pilot plants are unimpressive. salmonella rates were actually lower in 2009 and 2010 in nonpilot comparison plants than the pilot plants, according to a 2011 evaluation of the pilot program. as birds whiz past them at a rate of three per second, federal inspectors say, it ' s impossible to properly inspect all of them. \" there ' s no humanly way you can keep up, \" said inspector and union official stan painter, who works at a pilot plant in crossville, ala., that uses the faster line speeds. \" they ' re going by in a blur. \" fsis says it ' s a reasonable speed, in part because there won ' t be as much for the federal inspector to look for. in the new system, plant workers will have already sorted most of the birds with defects and disease. \" therefore, fsis inspectors at ( pilot plants ) are able to inspect carcasses at these line speeds, \" according to the agency. it added that inspectors would still have the power to stop or slow the lines if large numbers of birds with defects prevented them from performing proper inspections. where federal inspectors now examine each bird ' s chest cavity \u2014 a frequent hiding place for fecal contamination \u2014 they won ' t do so under the new system. \" such hand contact will be infrequent, \" fsis says. the new rules would still dictate that inspectors write citations when they find fecal contamination, nestor said, \" but they ' re just not letting inspectors look for fecal. \" for defects that haven ' t been proven to harm people,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4132920726534771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56922a22-3e5e-47fa-8172-b134ef2e245c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.053403"}
{"text": ". the new rules would still dictate that inspectors write citations when they find fecal contamination, nestor said, \" but they ' re just not letting inspectors look for fecal. \" for defects that haven ' t been proven to harm people, fsis will let chicken plants set their own standards for weeding them out, a change that inspectors and advocates say will result in more undesirable discoveries in packages. when it comes to food safety, though, controlling foodborne bacteria is paramount. plants are currently required to test a sample of carcasses for e. coli. the new regulation would let them test for the bacteria of their choice but does not set any minimum requirements for how often to test. \" all they ' ve done so far is remove regulations, \" said caroline smith dewaal, director of food safety for the center for science in the public interest, a consumer advocacy group. \" they haven ' t replaced them with better standards. \" what fsis should do, advocates say, is require all plants to test for the same bacteria, so the agency could track results and identify poor performers. if plants are largely responsible for removing diseased and unwholesome birds from production, the question is : will they do it? the industry says yes. \" if there ' s any defects on those birds at all, they ' re coming off the line, \" said ashley peterson, vice president of science and technology for the national chicken council. others fear the worst. david barrett, a federal inspector assigned to poultry plants in gainesville, worked in the industry as a young man. he says he was told to do things he knew were wrong, such as picking up contaminated birds off the floor and putting them back into production. his desire to right those wrongs led him to become an inspector. barrett, stressing that he is speaking on his own behalf and not for his agency, said he believes plant workers will be pressured to keep as many birds as possible in production. \" they don ' t like it when we slow the lines down, \" barrett said of plant supervisors. \" you think they ' re going to allow their own people to do it? \" inspectors and advocates also say it ' s a mistake not to require training for poultry workers on how to identify diseased or infected birds. \" i have a problem with that, \" said brian lubke, also a federal inspector in gainesville speaking on his own behalf. \" do these people know what they ' re looking for? \" the government has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39846741309672395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56922a22-3e5e-47fa-8172-b134ef2e245c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.054360"}
{"text": "diseased or infected birds. \" i have a problem with that, \" said brian lubke, also a federal inspector in gainesville speaking on his own behalf. \" do these people know what they ' re looking for? \" the government has had plenty of time to decide whether to require training for plant employees ; the 2001 audit recommended it to ensure \" that plant personnel are as competent as federal inspectors. \" the agency hasn ' t heeded the advice. \" it would ( be ) appropriate for the establishment to determine the type of training its employees need, \" fsis says. other countries with similar inspection programs keep their meat or poultry plants on a shorter leash : \u2014 in new zealand, the usda requires that company workers receive training equivalent to that of a u. s. federal inspector \u2014 a much higher standard than it is proposing here \u2014 if the plant exports meat to the u. s. \u2014 employees at australian plants that export meat must undergo about 500 hours of training to inspect meat. \u2014 in canada, the government trains plant workers for two months before they may inspect poultry. advocates say fsis should re - examine its plan. some criticized the agency for not consulting with its own advisory committee before announcing its plans. the committee directly advises agriculture secretary tom vilsack. \" i certainly am irritated and annoyed, \" said patricia buck, a member of the national advisory committee on meat & poultry inspection. \" it should not happen this way again. \" after members complained, the agency organized a two - hour phone conference call with the committee, which usually meets in person and for longer stretches. they also were not permitted to ask questions. \" it was phoning it in \u2014 the perfect use of that phrase, \" said committee member sarah klein, an attorney with the center for science in the public interest. at least one elected official wants fsis to put the brakes on its proposal. u. s. sen. kirsten gillibrand, d - n. y., asked gao to conduct another audit of fsis ' s pilot program. the agency said it will do so soon. she then sent a letter to vilsack, asking him to delay the changes. \" i do not believe usda should yield inspection responsibilities to plant personnel that have an inherent conflict of interest unless ( the pilot program ) can be independently verified to be safe and effective, \" gillibrand wrote. vilsack wrote back to gillibrand in a letter filled with fsis ' s talking points on the issue. but more notable is what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4081377333658875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56922a22-3e5e-47fa-8172-b134ef2e245c>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.055410"}
{"text": "- personal development - entrepreneurial toolkit - the store when you were 5, it was all about getting the cookie. did you ask respectfully and get the cookie? or did you yell and scream? did you avoid making waves to get it? or did you go behind your parents \u2019 backs to get that cookie? kids figure out what works and that communication style becomes part of their personality. being direct and open \u2014 communicating assertively \u2014 is healthiest and most efficient. while most people have a default style of communication, we all tend to use all four styles, depending on the situation and the person with whom we \u2019 re speaking. communication is a learned skill, but it \u2019 s important to know we have a choice in how we communicate. \" i will be nice to your face, but behind your back... \" passive - aggressive communication is the most challenging for others. if you \u2019 re faced with it, you don \u2019 t know where you stand ; you may think the passive - aggressive is your friend, and you probably open up without realizing you risk being sabotaged. the passive - aggressive mode of operation is : \u201c i will be nice to your face, but behind your back, i will do things to make you suffer in hell for the rest of your life. \u201d if you \u2019 ve ever thought about making that certain someone who needs to be taught a thing or two suffer \u2014 even just a teensy bit \u2014 you \u2019 re stepping close to that sneaky and devious world of the passive - aggressive. don \u2019 t go there. one passive - aggressive trait is gossiping and tattling. anyone who says, \u201c i am not a gossip, \u201d probably is. if you hear disparaging words one minute followed by, \u201c but she really is my good friend, \u201d that \u2019 s another red flag. when confronting someone for their passive - aggressive tendencies, realize they are motivated to seek revenge when they perceive an injustice done to them. you didn \u2019 t necessarily do them any wrong, but they believe your behavior inappropriate, unacceptable or unjust. because they often believe their lives are controlled by others, they lack the skill, knowledge, desire and confidence to be assertive. to deal with someone who communicates in a passive - aggressive style : \u2022 talk openly and honestly to set an example of healthy, assertive communication and to minimize attacks. \u2022 confront them and hold them accountable. have them say to your face what they usually would say behind your back. if they \u2019 re giving you the silent treatment,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4742644485590326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15576c00-a10f-4796-aed6-d60ebc6a6063>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.064228"}
{"text": "and honestly to set an example of healthy, assertive communication and to minimize attacks. \u2022 confront them and hold them accountable. have them say to your face what they usually would say behind your back. if they \u2019 re giving you the silent treatment, ignore them. \u2022 do not back down when they \u2019 re openly disagreeing with you. \u2022 challenge inappropriate behavior in a positive, upbeat way, but prepare for the counterattack. indecisiveness : the passive personality another difficult personality is the passive person, who wants to avoid confrontation at all costs. passives don \u2019 t talk much and question even less. they don \u2019 t want to rock the boat because they have learned it \u2019 s safer. passive people lack self - confidence to communicate assertively. they don \u2019 t trust other people to respond positively to their assertive attempts. passive people act like everything is perfect and put everyone else first, but inside, they often are a seething mess. \" anyone who says \" i am not a gossip, \" probably is. \" why bother learning how to deal with passive people? they are the saintly, never - cause - a - fuss, do - whatever - you - want people, right? in truth, passives constantly create havoc because they never let you know where they stand. they \u2019 re too busy keeping the peace. to deal with a passive person : \u2022 be open, direct and honest, modeling assertive behavior. \u2022 establish trust. help passive people have the confidence to share their feelings and concerns by making them feel worthy and respected. \u2022 encourage an environment of solving problems and discussing options. \u2022 don \u2019 t let the passive person avoid confrontation. resolve the issue immediately, rather than avoiding the problem as a passive personality is accustomed to doing. \u2022 give the passive person permission to be decisive and praise them for their participation. inflicting anger and hurt : the aggressive personality aggressive personality types use manipulation by inducing guilt, hurt, intimidation and control tactics. covert or overt, aggressive people simply want their needs met \u2014 and right now! people who communicate aggressively do it because it works. they \u2019 re bullies with words. aggressive communicators differ from those who are being assertive. while assertive people are forthright and open, aggressive communicators say what they mean, but they hold nothing back, usually at the expense of others \u2019 feelings. to deal effectively with someone communicating aggressively : \u2022 assert yourself to neutralize the onslaught. \u2022 confront them. don \u2019 t let them get away with their manipulation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42348185665712446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15576c00-a10f-4796-aed6-d60ebc6a6063>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.065267"}
{"text": "the ap ( via the ny times ) is reporting that the avian flu has been confirmed as the cause of death of a young woman in iraq. patients displaying symptoms consistent with the flu have been admitted to local hospitals. january 2006 archives declan butler is reporting in tomorrow ' s nature that the h5n1 strains currently circulating in turkey carry mutations, \" likely to make the virus better adapted to humans. \" according to dr. butler : the turkey outbreak is unusual, because of the large family clusters of cases ; the fact that many of those infected have only mild symptoms ; and the speed with which infections have arisen \u2014 twenty cases, including four deaths, in less than two weeks. so scientists are urgently trying to establish whether the virus is behaving differently in this outbreak from previous ones in asia. in particular, international teams are investigating the possibility that the virus is moving between people. i speculated briefly last week about the odd behavior of the turkey strain, and with 20 cases and 4 fatalities in two weeks, there may be reason for concern that the virus has changed its tropism to favor humans. one of the mutations, in the polymerase gene, is said to be among the ten that caused the 1918 pandemic strain to be so problematic. the other mutation is in the ha gene, which enables the virus to better target epithelial receptors in the nose and throat. dr. butler reports that together these mutations may make it easier for the virus to be transmitted between humans. if this were a pandemic strain we would probably know it already. unfortunately, human morbidity and mortality are likely the only clues we are going to have ; as i ' ve described previously, there is presently no scientific basis to predict the course of the flu. alas, human institutions are complicating the process of gathering better data. dr. butler writes that : researchers are sequencing more strains from the turkey cases, to see whether they share the mutations and to check for further changes. samples were expected to arrive in london on 18 january, after being held up for more than a week in turkey because of the eid ul - adha holiday period. given the threat, and the potential for rapid transmission beyond turkey ' s borders, why didn ' t the who have a guy ( or better yet, a dozen ) on the ground chasing samples, with a private jet waiting to fly them to fully outfitted labs in western europe? or perhaps celebration of eid prevented even the turks from grasping how the situation was changing? in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4742091440332089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab6de55-2ded-42af-98f3-c788956cdc09>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.081140"}
{"text": "( or better yet, a dozen ) on the ground chasing samples, with a private jet waiting to fly them to fully outfitted labs in western europe? or perhaps celebration of eid prevented even the turks from grasping how the situation was changing? in any event, i suspect we can ill afford to be without better intelligence from the field. the ap is just now reporting that iraq is investigating a potential human death from h5n1, which occurred in a migratory flyway out of turkey. one can only hope some of the $ 1. 9b pledged today to fight the bird flu is spent on better surveillance. this is an important paper. \" epidermal dna vaccine for influenza is immunogenic in humans, \" is \" in press \" at vaccine ( pubmed ), accessible online even though it is undergoing final review. the manuscript describes initial results from vaccination with a plasmid - based vaccine containing the ha domain of the h3 panama strain. i wrote briefly about this last year. - the vaccine appeared well tolerated, with some reaction to the physical effects of the vaccine that amounted to at most a slight rash. standard reactions to flu vaccination were observed, including fatigue, fever, headaches. no antibodies to the double - stranded vaccine itself were detected. - the antibody titers are as reported previously, and this paper claims, \" the present study is the first successful demonstration of immunogenicity of an influenza dna vaccine in humans. \" - increasing doses of the vaccine ( up to 4 micrograms ) induced increasing antibody titers, with only the largest dose meeting the 21 license requirement of the committee for proprietary medical products in the european union. i would observe that this is still a factor of 250 lower than any intramuscular dna vaccine up to this point, and well within doses reasonable for widespread manufacturing and inoculation. the specific antibody kinetics of vaccination with dna are still unclear, and the authors note that, \" the immune response to the dna vaccine in humans may be qualitatively different than the response to protein vaccines. \" something that requires further study, to be sure. in addition to the speed, manufacturing, and distribution advantages of dna vaccines over egg - or cell culture - based approaches, it should be possible to achieve vaccination against multiple strains with one shot. this could be accomplished either by including plasmids coding for multiple antigenic domains or by tailoring sequences to achieve cross - protection from the same antigen. that is, it appears careful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5087004825623278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab6de55-2ded-42af-98f3-c788956cdc09>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.082083"}
{"text": "to achieve vaccination against multiple strains with one shot. this could be accomplished either by including plasmids coding for multiple antigenic domains or by tailoring sequences to achieve cross - protection from the same antigen. that is, it appears careful choice of the antigenic domain can result in the production of antibodies that neutralize more than one strain of a pathogen. given that 1 ) we very likely cannot know ahead of time the sequence of the virus that results in a pandemic, 2 ) flu viruses have been demonstrated to escape vaccines within 12 months, and 3 ) traditional vaccines aren ' t up to the job anyway, dna vaccines may provide a way to inoculate people against more than one strain. because we are slowly developing the capability to monitor the virus in bird populations as well as humans ( an endeavor that should have been given a much higher priority in the recent supplemental budget request ), it may soon be possible to include a distribution of antigenic sequences in any given round of inoculations. this is speculative, to be sure, because there are currently no demonstrated ways of estimating which sequences are likely to be produced by mutation or recombination, but in principle we could produce vaccines effective against a whole range of pathogens, even those that have yet to appear in nature. however, it is clear we have a lot to learn before this is possible. a recent review paper in the japanese journal of infectious disease explores, \" mechanisms of broad cross - protection provided by influenza virus infection and their application to vaccines. \" hmmm... i was about to write a short summary of this paper, but i ' m realizing it will take a bit me longer to digest the contents and do the subject justice. so, i ' ll post again on cross - protection and the flu when i have a better grasp of it. i ' ve resisted writing about hwang woo suk ' s fraudulent paper in science about producing patient specific stem cells. it just isn ' t really that big a deal. a guy who claimed proficiency with chopsticks was directly correlated with producing cutting edge science - - surprise! - - turned out to be not so credible. he was found out. science wins. science will always win, eventually. yet the affair provides an interesting context for thinking about the tenuous standing of cutting edge science. uncovering the fraud is frustrating to those waiting for cures for disease or injury, annoying to those waiting for life extension technologies, and disappointing to almost everyone for whom scientific inquiry is the closest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5836850870117525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab6de55-2ded-42af-98f3-c788956cdc09>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.083010"}
{"text": "for thinking about the tenuous standing of cutting edge science. uncovering the fraud is frustrating to those waiting for cures for disease or injury, annoying to those waiting for life extension technologies, and disappointing to almost everyone for whom scientific inquiry is the closest approximation to a pursuit of truth ; all true. but guess what? science is a human institution, practiced by humans with all of their faults. it is simply inevitable that those faults affect scientific results and publications. but what distinguishes science from other human institutions, notably politics, religion, and business, which have all experienced extraordinary fraud and malfeasance recently in the u. s., is that fundamentally science finds its foundations in the physical world. the progress of science, and its authority, are tied to what is measurable. moreover, those measurements must be repeatable. that is, a result must be testable and verifiable by others to become accepted. true, uncovering the hwang fraud took almost two years, but hwang ' s fall was inevitable because the requirement for repeatability means that science is self - correcting. it happens that the holes in the original science paper appeared not because of questions emerging from labs trying to repeat the work, but rather from suspicious aspects of the paper itself, such different figures of supposedly different cell lines containing similar images. the scrutiny of these images and other details of the paper applied by scientists within south korea, fed by suspicion of the great height to which hwang aspired, only strengthens the process of science. we didn ' t actually have to wait for the results of long and laborious experiments, nor did we have to spend money to repeat hwang ' s work. the fraud fell apart under its own weight. this is a success. i, like every other practicing scientist, have to wonder how this episode will affect the public perception of science. i come to the conclusion that the airing of dirty laundry will only improve the position of science in the long run. there is no other human institution so ruthless in chopping out the dead wood. after all, if you are lying or pulling a fast one, the very last thing you want to do is get a bunch of really smart people trying to catch you out, all of whose professional standing improves if they do. the public perception of all this is complicated slightly by the fact that there is a difference between the science you read in textbooks, and the science reported in journals or on the front page of newspapers and news magazines. in today ' s new york times, nicholas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5908380609600794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab6de55-2ded-42af-98f3-c788956cdc09>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.083963"}
{"text": "public perception of all this is complicated slightly by the fact that there is a difference between the science you read in textbooks, and the science reported in journals or on the front page of newspapers and news magazines. in today ' s new york times, nicholas wade has a very nice article exploring this issue, prompted by the stem cell fraud : the contrast between the fallibility of dr. hwang ' s claims and the general solidity of scientific knowledge arises from the existence of two kinds of science - a distinction that is often blurred when new advances are reported first by scientific journals and then by the news media. there is textbook science and frontier science, and the two types carry quite different expiration dates. textbook science is material that has stood the test of time and can be largely relied upon. it may include findings made just a few years ago, but which have been reasonably well confirmed by other laboratories. science from the frontiers of knowledge, on the other hand, is wild, untamed and often either wrong or irrelevant to future research. a few years after they are published, most scientific papers are never cited again. i find this latter point the most problematic of the scientific enterprise. of the papers with short lifetimes, some are not read or cited because they aren ' t very good or very interesting, some are only minor improvements on previous work, and some fall by the wayside because they describe dead ends. in all cases, very little science that gets done, and even less that is finally reported in journals, actually affects the world in a meaningful way. how can you not feel a bit ambivalent about this? isn ' t this emblematic of some sort of waste, inefficiency, or a proxmire - attracting, willful misappropriation of funds? emphatically not! this is a cost we must bear as part of the never - ending effort to banish our ignorance and improve the human condition. at both the institutional and the personal level this cost is intrinsic to science. every scientist, and every technologist and inventor, for that matter, has plentiful experience with choosing the wrong path. alas, the dominant social structures governing funding decisions and career advancement are based predominantly on the number of papers published, rather than upon their content, which means that often the wrong path, the marginal improvement, and the simply boring result in the lab are gussied up for publication to look far more significant that they really are. the only real defense against this profusion of craptastic papers is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5750608268833273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab6de55-2ded-42af-98f3-c788956cdc09>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.084903"}
{"text": "means that often the wrong path, the marginal improvement, and the simply boring result in the lab are gussied up for publication to look far more significant that they really are. the only real defense against this profusion of craptastic papers is the choice of individuals not to write and publish them. so i have little hope of progress there. enough said about that. a weaker, but necessary, defense lies in peer review. in lieu of the sudden popularity of all scientists becoming harsh and discerning critics of our own efforts, we must all keep watch on science as a whole, trying to catch mistakes and fraud before publication. yet this process, too, is far from perfect. too many anonymous reviewers have political reasons for rejecting papers, and many more just don ' t do a good job of reading the paper they are judging. i don ' t really have a solution to this problem, but i have to wonder if removing anonymity from the review process would clean things up. yes, you would have the problem that younger scientists reviewing the work of their elders would be exposed to wrath from above. but what we have now definitely needs improvement. witness the hwang paper. mr. wade explores the notion of improving the quality of papers through requiring authors to state their contributions to a paper, and by requiring all authors to state their explicit agreement with all conclusions in a paper. i don ' t have any problems with the latter, but i can say from personal experience that writing an author contribution statement can be extraordinarily painful, a struggle to carve out sufficient acknowledgments of your own efforts and give perspective on another ' s efforts, particularly when control of the text lies with someone else. still, it ' s worth a try. and i support the inclusion of author ' s contributions for the time being. alas, this doesn ' t help with the review process itself, because it doesn ' t do anything about biases or laziness of reviewers. mr. wade thus incorrectly suggests that clarifying the author ' s roles in research has anything to do with the decision - making process during review at a journal. nonetheless, save conflation of the review process with writing and attribution, his conclusion is right on the money : tightening up the reviewing system may remove some faults but will not erase the inescapable gap between textbook science and frontier science. a more effective protection against being surprised by the likes of dr. hwang might be for journalists to recognize that journals like science and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5508497770839955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab6de55-2ded-42af-98f3-c788956cdc09>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.085816"}
{"text": "the reviewing system may remove some faults but will not erase the inescapable gap between textbook science and frontier science. a more effective protection against being surprised by the likes of dr. hwang might be for journalists to recognize that journals like science and nature do not, and cannot, publish scientific truths. they publish roughly screened scientific claims, which may or may not turn out to be true. and thus we must labor on, and through those labors attempt to keep science honest and thereby produce a better world. science will always win, eventually. i ' ve just been playing with the google earth mashup of 1800 avian flu outbreaks from the last two years, constructed by declan butler for nature. jamais cascio has a good write up of the thing over at worldchanging. butler describes the challenges of producing the mashup on his blog ( link at worldchanging ). i think the most interesting part might be his difficulty in acquiring data sets that played well together. each agency may use a different format, and require specific individual permission to access the detailed data, making production of a unified data set rather a pain. let alone trying to make sure the data is actually comparable between sets, is represented using the same system of units, etc. obviously an area of improvement for collaboration and cooperation to improve our understanding of influenza, and for getting sufficient information to make policy decisions within goverments and corporations. but a challenge for the moment. bravo to dr. butler for making as much progress as he did. cnn is reporting that infection with an avian flu strain has resulted in the death of a 3rd child in turkey. the three siblings evidently contracted the virus from sick poultry, domesticated chickens that had been killed and cooked after falling ill. the who is still waiting for confirmation on whether the strain is h5n1. the simple explanation for the appearance in turkey of h5n1 is transmission by migratory birds. however, a recent ap story by andrew bridges suggests that, \" avian flu [ is ] not spread by bird migration \" ( at livescience ) : bird flu appears more likely to wing its away around the globe by plane than by migrating birds. scientists have been unable to link the spread of the virus to migratory patterns, suggesting that the thousands of wild birds that have died, primarily waterfowl and shore birds, are not primary transmitters of bird flu. if that holds true, it would suggest that shipments of domestic chickens, ducks and other poultry represents a far greater threat than does the movement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5264597006750924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab6de55-2ded-42af-98f3-c788956cdc09>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.086736"}
{"text": "of wild birds that have died, primarily waterfowl and shore birds, are not primary transmitters of bird flu. if that holds true, it would suggest that shipments of domestic chickens, ducks and other poultry represents a far greater threat than does the movement of wild birds on the wing.... reports this summer and fall of the spread of the h5n1 strain strongly suggested wild birds were carrying the disease outward from asia as they followed migration patterns that crisscross the earth. the timing and location of outbreaks in western china, russia, romania, turkey and croatia seemed to point to wild birds en route to winter grounds. since the early fall, however, there have been only scattered reports of more outbreaks. the disease has been glaringly absent, for example, from western europe and the nile delta, where many presumed it would crop up as migrating birds returned to winter roosts.... that has made increasing the understanding of the migratory routes followed by birds more important than ever. it also draws attention to how little is still known about the routes. this last point is the most important observation of the whole article. we simply don ' t know enough about the virus or its wild reservoir, and we definitely aren ' t spending enough to remedy our ignorance. but assume for a moment the virus now killing people in turkey is h5n1, then here ' s the thing : if the virus is spread more by human travel or by shipments of birds, as mr. bridges ' article suggests, how the hell did it wind up in a relatively remote village in turkey? is there sufficient poultry trade or human travel between southeastern anatolia and se asia to serve as a conduit for an avian influenza virus? this trade and travel must be only a small fraction of that between se asia and north america, europe, and japan. this means that either the virus \" got lucky \" this time, based on whatever trade and travel does exist between se asia and anatolia, or that the virus is much easier to spread than we now believe. but if it is really spread mostly by human action, then it should be all over the globe by now, or it soon will be. which leads me to suspect that migratory birds are in fact the vector, and that we need to do a much better job of understanding the virus in the wild. a potential reason why the virus has not spread as much as feared this year can be found in an article by howard markel in the last week in review section of the new york times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4704443759455554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab6de55-2ded-42af-98f3-c788956cdc09>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.087646"}
{"text": "a much better job of understanding the virus in the wild. a potential reason why the virus has not spread as much as feared this year can be found in an article by howard markel in the last week in review section of the new york times. in a short piece entitled, \" if the avian flu hasn \u2019 t hit, here \u2019 s why. maybe. \", dr. markel, a professor of pediatrics and communicable diseases at the university of michigan, suggests that, \" wild birds have completed their seasonal migration, and it appears that the united states has dodged the avian flu threat for now. the pattern of the semiannual migration itself provides some protection. \" the article is accompanied by a graphic illustrating the mostly north - south orientation of migratory pathways. dr. markel ' s hypothesis is that because there is very little east - west overlap of flyways, there is only a small chance every year for the virus to be transmitted to birds in adjacent flyways. i think we don ' t have the geographical / migration data to be so confident about the boundaries of flyways. all those charts have a very \" drawn by hand \" feel to them. moreover, this is just one component of our ignorance. thus while dr. markel may well be correct, it is quite difficult to presently sort out the effects of species tropism from geographical distribution and spread. then there is all of our ignorance about the basic molecular biology of the virus, and whether this is the big one or not, about which i have written many posts. dr. markel concludes, \" it is possible that avian flu may never pose an epidemic threat to humans. but for now, the best way to reduce the danger is to keep watching the birds. \" here is carolyn abraham ' s article about synthetic biology from the toronto globe and mail, \" playing god in running shoes ( subscription required to get past the first page ). \" full text here, no subscription required. note : i ' m not a professor at the uw, as suggested in the article, but rather a senior scientist in the electrical engineering department. otherwise, a fine article that goes into not just the technical difficulty inherent in building new organisms but also explores ethical implications of the whole endeavor. i ' m not so sure, though, how drew endy is going to feel about being described in the story title that way...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47982208538073223, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab6de55-2ded-42af-98f3-c788956cdc09>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.088518"}
{"text": "new year ' s etymology & writing activity teach your students about the history and etymology of new year ' s day, and have them apply the knowledge to a creative writing activity. in ancient rome this day was spent honoring janus, the god of gates and doors and beginnings and endings, for whom january is named. janus had two faces, one on the back of his head and the other on the front, allowing him to look forward into the future and back into the past. ancient romans spent new year ' s day considering what the past year had meant to them and making plans for the coming year. the first of january became generally recognized as new year ' s day in the 16th century, when the gregorian calendar was introduced. etymology : calendar is a more complicated word than most people think. meaning a chart of the year, it comes from the latin calendarium, which was an account book kept by money lenders to keep track of debts due to them on the calends the first of each month. this word itself came from calare, to call, which was what was done to proclaim the due date! new year ' s creative writinghave each student design an image of janus and then write stories in the first person telling what janus might say about the past year and the year to come. display the pictures with the stories ( in cartoon balloons above each janus ) for an interesting first - of - the - year bulletin board display. ask the students to write about the past year, telling how and why they changed in some way during that time. excerpted from the complete teacher ' s almanack. asian - pacific - american heritage month may is asian - pacific - american heritage month! don ' t overlook this opportunity to study and enjoy activities about the history and culture of asian - pacific american communities. top 10 galleries explore our most popular top 10 galleries, from top 10 behavior management tips for the classroom and top 10 classroom organization tips from veteran teachers to top 10 free ( & cheap ) rewards for students and top 10 things every teacher needs in the classroom. we ' ll help you get organized and prepared for every classroom situation, holiday, and more! check out all of our galleries today. may calendar of events may is full of holidays and events that you can incorporate into your standard curriculum. our educators ' calendar outlines activities for each event, including : children ' s book week ( 5 / 13 - 19 ), biographers day ( 5 / 16 ), and memorial day ( 5 / 27 ). plus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48757600421766717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09eb9940-274f-479c-85b5-5ef0a97da6dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.092843"}
{"text": "the word \" architecture \" typically refers to building design and construction. in the computing world, \" architecture \" also refers to design, but instead of buildings, it describes the design of computer systems. computer architecture is a broad topic that includes everything from the relationship between multiple computers ( such as a \" client - server \" model ) to specific components inside a computer. the most important type of hardware design is a computer ' s processor architecture. the design of the processor determines what software can run on the computer and what other hardware components are supported. for example, intel ' s x86 processor architecture is the standard architecture used by most pcs. by using this design, computer manufacturers can create machines that include different hardware components, but run the same software. several years ago, apple switched from the powerpc architecture to the x86 architecture to make the macintosh platform more compatible with windows pcs. the architecture of the motherboard is also important in determining what hardware and software a computer system will support. the motherboard design is often called the \" chipset \" and defines what processor models and other components will work with the motherboard. for example, while two motherboards may both support x86 processors, one may only work with newer processor models. a newer chipset may also require faster ram and a different type of video card than an older model. note : most modern computers have 64 - bit processors and chipsets, while earlier computers used a 32 - bit architecture. a computer with a 64 - bit chipset supports far more memory than one with a 32 - bit chipset and can run software designed specifically for 64 - bit processors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5620342918603147, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e700c5f7-7268-49b6-a207-ccbe1ca1711a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.095834"}
{"text": "youtube and lenovo in cooperation with space adventures, nasa, esa and jaxa, has announced a worldwide competition for teenager students. they are challenging students to design a science experiment that can be performed in space. the two winning experiments will be carried out by nasa astronauts aboard the international space station ( iss ) and live streamed on youtube. for inviting entries from indian students, youtube space lab team will be visiting more than 10, 000 schools across india. you can also call them to have a visit in your school by registering on their website. how to participate in youtube space lab? students in two age categories, 14 - 16 years old and 17 - 18 years old can participate for this. for participation, students may submit a short two - minute video about your experiment. you don ' t have to actually do the experiment ; you just have to record your self explaining it. it may be an explanation on a blackboard or the demonstration of a mock - up in the classroom. you may either participate alone or in a group of up to three. the last date for submitting entries is december 7, 2011. videos can be submitted on site youtube. com / spacelab about winners and prizes in first round 60 finalists will be announced. among them, there will be six winners from each region and then, two global winners will be chosen from them. regional winners will receive a trip to washington dc, a zero - g flight, and a lenovo thinkpad. in addition to these, global winners will have two options. either you may go for a trip to tanegashima island, japan, to watch your experiment or once you ' re 18, you may go for an astronaut training experience in star city, russia. for official rules and guidelines, visit space lab official website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.538768103178084, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4cb08ed6-c697-44e7-92dd-3e00ba48e306>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.097719"}
{"text": "being well prepared for the test is the best way to reduce test taking anxiety. space out your studying over a few days or weeks and continually review class material. don ' t try to learn everything the night before. try to maintain a positive attitude while preparing for the test and during the test. exercising for a few days before the test will help reduce stress. get a good night ' s sleep before the test. show up to class early so you won ' t have to worry about being late. chew gum ( if allowed ) during the test to help relieve test anxiety. stay relaxed, if you begin to get nervous take a few deep breaths slowly to relax yourself and then get back to work. read the directions slowly and carefully. if you don ' t understand the directions on the test, ask the teacher to explain it to you. skim through the test so that you have a good idea how to pace yourself. write down important formulas, facts, definitions and / or keywords in the margin first so you won ' t worry about forgetting them. do the simple questions first to help build up your confidence for the harder questions. don ' t worry about how fast other people finish their test ; just concentrate on your own test. if you don ' t know an answer to a question skip it for the time being ( come back to it later if you have time ), and remember that you don ' t have to always get every question right to do well on the test. focus on the question at hand. don ' t let your mind wander on other things. if you ' re still experiencing extreme test anxiety after following these tips, seek help from your school counselor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43735216629304813, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47113573-e65a-4a07-8e32-beb77748355d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.100418"}
{"text": "pulmonary aspergilloma is a mass caused by a fungal infection that usually grows in lung cavities. it can also appear in the brain, kidney, or other organs. fungus ball ; mycetoma ; aspergilloma causes, incidence, and risk factors : aspergillomas are formed when the fungus aspergillus grows in a clump in a lung cavity, or invades previously healthy tissue, causing an abscess. aspergillus is a common fungus. it grows on dead leaves, stored grain, bird droppings, compost piles, and other decaying vegetation. cavities in the lung may have been caused by : see also : aspergillosis many patients have no symptoms. when symptoms do develop, they can include : signs and tests : - blood test for presence of aspergillus in the body ( galactomannan ) - blood test to detect antibodies to aspergillus ( serum precipitins for aspergillus ) bronchoscopy or bronchoscopy with lavage many patients never develop symptoms. often, no treatment is needed, unless you are coughing up blood. occasionally, antifungal medications may be used. sometimes, injecting dye into the blood vessels ( angiography ) may be used to find the site of bleeding. the bleeding is stopped by shooting tiny pellets into the bleeding vessel. surgery is often the only choice if there is life - threatening bleeding. the outcome can be good in many patients. however, it depends on the severity of the condition and your overall health. surgery may be very successful in some cases, but it is complex and can have a high risk of serious complications. difficulty breathing that gets worse - massive bleeding from the lung - spread of the infection ( see acute invasive aspergillosis ) calling your health care provider : see your health care provider if you cough up blood, and mention any other symptoms that have developed. people who have had related lung infections or who have weakened immune systems should try to avoid environments where the aspergillus fungus is found. patterson tf. aspergillus species. in : mandell gl, bennett je, dolin r, eds. principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier churchill livingstone ; 2005 : chap 256. | review date : 9 / 15 / 2010 | reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4163128941623332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e38b416-faa1-4c3e-8c5f-0eb831a3bada>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.103348"}
{"text": "diabetes is one of the most serious health problems in the united states and around the world. according to centers for disease control estimates, 1 in 10 american adults currently has diabetes. and, if the cdc projections are correct, those numbers will double or even triple over the next 40 years. there are well - established links between disrupted sleep and risk of type 2 diabetes. but the exact relationship between the two is not fully understood. in the ongoing effort to better understand the causes and risk factors for diabetes, research in recent years has increasingly focused on the role of melatonin. now, new research indicates that low levels of melatonin are associated with elevated risk for type 2 diabetes. the study, led by researchers at boston \u2019 s brigham & women \u2019 s hospital, found that women with the lowest levels of melatonin secretion had more than two times the risk of developing type 2 diabetes as those with higher melatonin levels. researchers used data from the nurses \u2019 health study, a long - term, large - scale project investigating a broad array of women \u2019 s health issues. since its inception in 1976, the nurses \u2019 health study has collected information from more than 200, 000 female nurses. for this study, researchers used information from women who provided blood and urine samples in 2000. first, researchers selected the women without diabetes, and monitored their health for the next 12 years. during the period of 2000 - 2012, 370 of the women developed diabetes. using this sub - group, researchers analyzed melatonin levels. in their analysis, they controlled for other risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including body mass index, family history, high blood pressure, and lifestyle habits. they found : - lower melatonin levels associated with higher risk of diabetes - those with the very lowest levels of melatonin secretion had 2. 17 times the risk for diabetes than those with the highest levels of melatonin - women with the highest levels of melatonin developed diabetes at a rate of 4. 27 cases per 1, 000. for women with the lowest levels of melatonin, the incidence of diabetes was 9. 27 cases per 1, 000. this is the latest in a series of research breakthroughs that suggest melatonin plays an important role in metabolic functions and risk of diabetes. i wrote recently about studies that have found that mutations to the body \u2019 s melatonin receptor gene are associated with significantly heightened risk for type 2 diabetes. other research has also found evidence of a relationship between melatonin levels on the onset of diabetes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49015347781313356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7fe12cb-da88-4173-b49d-7af237cf070e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.116390"}
{"text": "i wrote recently about studies that have found that mutations to the body \u2019 s melatonin receptor gene are associated with significantly heightened risk for type 2 diabetes. other research has also found evidence of a relationship between melatonin levels on the onset of diabetes : - several studies involving mice and other animals have found melatonin secretion has an effect on insulin sensitivity and other markers of diabetes. this study showed improvements to insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in mice given supplemental melatonin. and in this study, blood pressure and blood glucose levels dropped in hamsters given melatonin. on the other hand, mice deprived of melatonin experienced diminished ability to metabolized glucose, likely as a result of increased resistance to insulin. - studies involving people have also shown links between insulin resistance and melatonin. this study of patients with metabolic syndrome found a strong association between melatonin levels and insulin levels in the human body. many people with metabolic syndrome very often go on to develop diabetes. how does melatonin work in the body to influence the onset of diabetes? we don \u2019 t yet have a definitive answer to that question. the current study, and other studies of melatonin and diabetes, have not identified the mechanism by which melatonin influences the development of diabetes. in discussing their results, researchers indicate that they believe evidence points strongly to melatonin \u2019 s role in the secretion of insulin. melatonin, best known as \u201c the sleep hormone, \u201d is critical to regulating the body \u2019 s 24 - hour biological clock and sleep - wake cycle. melatonin release is triggered by the absence of light. as night approaches, melatonin levels rise, preparing the body for sleep. melatonin levels fall back as daytime arrives, and the body becomes alert and prepared for a waking day. over years of scientific inquiry, our understanding of melatonin \u2019 s role in the body has broadened. we \u2019 re still learning about the range of melatonin \u2019 s influence. but the hormone is now recognized as having influence in several important biological functions, including the immune system and metabolic system. so, does this mean people at risk for type 2 diabetes should start taking melatonin supplements? definitely not. we don \u2019 t know enough yet about melatonin as a factor in diabetes. studies such as this latest one strongly point to a relationship, but it \u2019 s one that is not yet well understood. these and other research findings do not indicate that an increase of melatonin through supplements would work effectively", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4913313782931849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7fe12cb-da88-4173-b49d-7af237cf070e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.117843"}
{"text": "now is the time of year when snake sightings become more common at naval base ventura county ( nbvc ). california has a variety of snakes, most of which are harmless. the exceptions are california \u2019 s only native venomous snakes \u2014 rattlesnakes. at nbvc point mugu there is only one native species, the southern pacific rattlesnake. rattlesnakes can cause serious injury to humans \u2014 on rare occasions even death. generally not aggressive, rattlesnakes strike when threatened or deliberately provoked, but given room they will retreat. most snake bites occur when a rattlesnake is handled or accidentally touched by someone walking or climbing. approximately 8, 000 people annually are treated for poisonous snake bites in the united states. however, the california poison control center notes that rattlesnakes account for only about 800 of those bites each year with about one to two deaths. see if you \u2019 ve heard any of these common myths about rattlesnakes : myth : baby rattlesnakes are more deadly than the adults. fact : baby rattlesnake venom has the same concentration and formulation as the adults. the truth is it doesn \u2019 t take very much venom to create a full reaction in an adult human. so even the smaller amount injected by a young rattlesnake will cause a full reaction, giving people the impression they must be more deadly. myth : rattlesnakes can jump. fact : rattlesnakes, when fully coiled like a hose, can strike half the totally length of their body. for example, a striking distance for a 3 - foot rattlesnake is 1\u00bd feet away. the lower half of their body will propel the upper half forward in a full strike. however, the lower half of their body never leaves the ground. myth : rattlesnakes always rattle before they strike. fact : when given enough time, a rattlesnake will warn anything around it that it feels is a direct threat by rattling its tail. it sounds more like a buzzer than a rattle. mostly they hide and hope whatever is coming near them continues to walk by without noticing them. if surprised, they will strike without rattling their tail. rattlesnakes are nocturnal hunters. sometimes they will come out during the day to warm themselves, especially in the mornings. take the following precautions : step on logs and rocks, never over them, as a snake could be coiled up behind the barrier where you cannot see it. also be careful when stepping over the doorstep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41197569394666317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ede1c232-22d7-4fb9-81c7-f9cb5466ce06>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.120735"}
{"text": "this is a tale of two earthquakes. the first hit christchurch in new zealand and then, just as all hope faded of any more survivors being rescued from the rubble, a far bigger quake rent the sea floor off the east coast of japan, unleashing a devastating tsunami. by any reckoning, the japanese earthquake was huge. measuring 9. 0 on the richter scale, one of the factoids that best demonstrates its magnitude is that it shifted the earth on its axis by between 10cm and 25cm, prompting nasa scientists to reassess the trajectories of deep - space rockets it planned to launch. all this increases the impact of before - and - after pictures of the japanese quake that have been circulating via social media and email as the first anniversary approaches. images of wanton destruction in the immediate aftermath of the tsunami stand in stark contrast to the scene from the same viewpoint now. in many cases, there is no hint of the cataclysmic events. christchurch ' s earthquake, by contrast, measured 6. 3, and involved less than one per cent of the force of the japanese quake. but the relative lack of similarly impressive before - and - after photos emerging from new zealand hints at a truth that the respective quake magnitudes don ' t reveal. it ' s part of the reason why christchurch ' s residents are now familiar with the scientific debate that saw the old richter scale fall out of academic favour compared to what ' s known as the modified mercalli intensity scale. the old scale measures earthquake magnitude but the mercalli scale measures its effects. while the japanese quake had been big, its epicentre was 70km offshore and at a depth of 34km. christchurch ' s much smaller february 22 earthquake was less than 10km from the city centre and at a depth of less than 5km. for earthquakes, shallow is bad. the mercalli intensity scale divides quakes into 12 categories, ranging from one ( barely perceptible ) to 12 ( cataclysmic ). unsurprisingly, the japanese quake was given a mercali score of nine, a rating associated with considerable destruction and in the top 10 since accurate records began a little over a century ago. more surprisingly, the christchurch quake was also given a mercalli score of nine. or at least that ' s not a surprise to anyone who was in christchurch on february 22, where the ground acceleration was measured at 2. 2 times the force of gravity, among the highest ever recorded. one final statistic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4541011824932546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:711c7743-9306-4c6b-a05a-fb2cd8ae6f3d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.124655"}
{"text": "##li score of nine. or at least that ' s not a surprise to anyone who was in christchurch on february 22, where the ground acceleration was measured at 2. 2 times the force of gravity, among the highest ever recorded. one final statistic helps explain the lack of restoration photos from christchurch. after the devastating march 11 earthquake, japan ' s tectonics settled down again and there have been a little over 1, 800 aftershocks. if the citizens of christchurch now take a kind of dark pride in being dab hands at guessing the magnitude of the tremors, it ' s because since the quakes began 18 months ago, they ' ve lived through well over 10, 000 of them, ranging from the gentle to, as they saw on february 22, the devastating. amateur intensity assessment is one of the few upsides. local reconstruction involves the global reinsurance market and many such corporations won ' t underwrite christchurch ' s reconstruction until the quakes diminish, often defined as three months since an earthquake of 4. 0 on the richter scale is recorded. within three days of the anniversary commemorations in christchurch nine days ago, the city experienced two that were both greater than 4. 0. so while japan rebuilds, christchurch ' s residents are caught in an unsettling state of limbo. most of the city centre remains cordoned off and the demolition of its biggest buildings is yet to occur. thousands of homeowners are yet to hear if their land will be zoned green ( allowing repair and rebuilding ) or red ( never to be built on again ). the human toll of that is evident : stress - indicating behaviours - problem gambling, drinking and domestic violence - are way up, as is the prescription of anti - depressants and the number of people leaving the city for good. so as the first anniversary of the japanese quake comes up on march 11, spare a thought for those in christchurch who had a supposedly gentler and less destructive earthquake.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42783218309171644, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:711c7743-9306-4c6b-a05a-fb2cd8ae6f3d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.125488"}
{"text": "shoving, teasing and name - calling are all too often a daily occurrence in schools across the country where cliques thrive and anyone who might be \u201c different \u201d has a hard row to hoe. and, with the growth of technology, bullying has expanded its reach, finding its way out of the schoolyard and into the back pockets of students who have no way to escape their tormentors. cell phones and social media have enabled bullying to evolve from mere ( albeit still hurtful ) verbal and physical harassment to pervasive cyber - bullying attacks through facebook, emails and text messages. it \u2019 s a pervasive problem and the blaine school district is looking for answers. to help curb bullying, they \u2019 ve asked scott backovich, an international motivational speaker whose talks are geared toward youth, to speak to students about bullying, respect and the effects of being what he calls \u201c a catalyst. \u201d backovich will speak to students at both blaine middle school and blaine high school during a special day organized by the district on january 16. changes in state legislation and the public awareness of teen suicides due to bullying, particularly cyber - bullying, have put the issue on center stage. \u201c we have a mandate from the state [ to address bullying ], \u201d randy ellsbree said. ellsbree is in charge of making sure the district complies with the state mandate. \u201c i help the principals follow the law and get the resources to teach students. \u201d the district hopes that an outside speaker can offer students a different perspective on cyber - bullying, and cause them to take note. \u201c other school districts have recommended backovich, \u201d ellsbree said. \u201c and there \u2019 s a parental education piece as well. \u201d the district has also scheduled backovich to give a presentation to parents on the evening of the january 16. during this session, parents will have the opportunity to learn about various cyber - bullying issues, along with tips and strategies to help their child be safe. parents of children in any age group are encouraged to attend. daycare and a light meal will be provided at the evening program. for more info, contact larissa dhanani at the blaine school district at 360 / 332 - 0728.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40638717287325393, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f17f7991-2f3b-43ea-a3ef-c63710527a24>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.132118"}
{"text": "| | jobs | drugs | anatomy | diamonds | health topics | diseases | energy | geology | airports | countries | flags | | gustave flaubert ( 1821 - 1880 ), french novelist, was born at rouen on the 12th of december 1821. his father, of whom many traits are reproduced in flaubert ' s character of charles bovary, was a surgeon in practice at rouen ; his mother was connected with some of the oldest norman families. he was educated in his native city, and did not leave it until 1840, when he came up to paris to study law. he is said to have been idle at school, but to have been occupied with literature from the age of eleven. flaubert in his youth \" was like a young greek, \" full of vigour of body and a certain shy grace, enthusiastic, intensely individual, and apparently without any species of ambition. he loved the country, and paris was extremely distasteful to him. he made the acquaintance of victor hugo, and towards the close of 1840 he travelled in the pyrenees and corsica. returning to paris, he wasted his time in sombre dreams, living on his patrimony. in 1846, his mother being left quite alone through the deaths of his father and his sister caroline, flaubert gladly abandoned paris and the study of the law together, to make a home for her at croisset, close to rouen. this estate, a house in a pleasant piece of ground which ran down to the seine, became flaubert ' s home for the remainder of his life. from 1846 to 1854 he carried on relations with the poetess, mlle louise colet ; their letters have been preserved, and according to m. emile faguet, this was the only sentimental episode of any importance in the life of flaubert, who never married. his principal friend at this time was maxime du camp, with whom he travelled in brittany in 1846, and through the east in 1849. greece and egypt made a profound impression upon the imagination of flaubert. from this time forth, save for occasional visits to paris, he did not stir from croisset. on returning from the east, in 1850, he set about the composition of madame bovary. he had hitherto scarcely written anything, and had published nothing. the famous novel took him six years to prepare, but was at length submitted to the revue de paris, where it appeared in serial form in 1857. the government brought an action against the publisher and against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40032489862306525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:182e1aa1-2d18-4263-a04e-a707019c29a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.140596"}
{"text": "- julien - l ' hospitalier and herodias. after this something of his judgment certainly deserted him ; he spent the remainder of his life in the toil of building up a vast satire on the futility of human knowledge and the omnipresence of mediocrity, which he left a fragment. this is the depressing and bewildering bouvard et pecuchet ( posthumously printed, 1881 ), which, by a curious irony, he believed to be his masterpiece. flaubert had rapidly and prematurely aged since 1870, and he was quite an old man when he was carried off by a stroke of apoplexy at the age of only 58, on the 8th of may 1880. he died at croisset, but was buried in the family vault in the cemetery of rouen. a beautiful monument to him by chapu was unveiled at the museum of rouen in 1890. the personal character of flaubert offered various peculiarities. he was shy, and yet extremely sensitive and arrogant ; he passed from silence to an indignant and noisy flow of language. the same inconsistencies marked his physical nature ; he had the build of a guardsman, with a magnificent viking head, but his health was uncertain from childhood, and he was neurotic to the last degree. this ruddy giant was secretly gnawn by misanthropy and disgust of life. his hatred of the \" bourgeois \" began in his childhood, and developed into a kind of monomania. he despised his follow - men, their habits, their lack of intelligence, their contempt for beauty, with a passionate scorn which has been compared to that of an ascetic monk. flaubert ' s curious modes of composition favoured and were emphasized by these peculiarities. he worked in sullen solitude, sometimes occupying a week in the completion of one page, never satisfied with what he had composed, violently tormenting his brain for the best turn of a phrase, the most absolutely final adjective. it cannot be said that his incessant labours were not rewarded. his private letters show that he was not one of those to whom easy and correct language is naturally given ; he gained his extraordinary perfection with the unceasing sweat of his brow. one of the most severe of academic critics admits that \" in all his works, and in every page of his works, flaubert may be considered a model of style. \" that he was one of the greatest writers who ever lived in france is now commonly admitted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43507983285615626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:182e1aa1-2d18-4263-a04e-a707019c29a9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.145397"}
{"text": "most severe of academic critics admits that \" in all his works, and in every page of his works, flaubert may be considered a model of style. \" that he was one of the greatest writers who ever lived in france is now commonly admitted, and his greatness principally depends upon the extraordinary vigour and exactitude of his style. less perhaps than any other writer, not of france, but of modern europe, flaubert yields admission to the inexact, the abstract, the vaguely inapt expression which is the bane of ordinary methods of composition. he never allowed a cliche to pass him, never indulgently or wearily went on, leaving behind him a phrase which \" almost \" expressed his meaning. being, as he is, a mixture in almost equal parts of the romanticist and the realist, the marvellous propriety of his style has been helpful to later writers of both schools, of every school. the absolute exactitude with which he adapts his expression to his purpose is seen in all parts of his work, but particularly in the portraits he draws of the figures in his principal romances. the degree and manner in which, since his death, the fame of flaubert has extended, form an interesting chapter of literary history. the publication of madame bovary in 1857 had been followed by more scandal than admiration ; it was not understood at first that this novel was the beginning of a new thing, the scrupulously truthful portraiture of life. gradually this aspect of his genius was accepted, and began to crowd out all others. at the time of his death he was famous as a realist, pure and simple. under this aspect flaubert exercised an extraordinary influence over e. de goncourt, alphonse daudet and m. zola. but even since the decline of the realistic school flaubert has not lost prestige ; other facets of his genius have caught the light. it has been perceived that he was not merely realistic, but real ; that his clairvoyance was almost boundless ; that he saw certain phenomena more clearly than the best of observers had done. flaubert is a writer who must always appeal more to other authors than to the world at large, because the art of writing, the indefatigable pursuit of perfect expression, were always before him, and because he hated the lax felicities of improvization as a disloyalty to the most sacred procedures of the literary artist. his ouvres", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.497565347216257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:182e1aa1-2d18-4263-a04e-a707019c29a9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.148642"}
{"text": "writing, the indefatigable pursuit of perfect expression, were always before him, and because he hated the lax felicities of improvization as a disloyalty to the most sacred procedures of the literary artist. his ouvres completes ( 8 vols., 1885 ) were printed from the original manuscripts, and included, besides the works mentioned already, the two plays, le candidat and le chateau des cceurs. another edition ( 10 vols. ) appeared in 1873 - 1885. flaubert ' s correspondence with george sand was published in 1884 with an introduction by guy de maupassant. other posthumous works are par les champs et par les greves ( 1885 ), the result of a tour in brittany ; and four volumes of correspondance ( 1887 - 1893 ). see also paul bourget, essais de psychologie contemporaine ( 1883 ) ; emile faguet, flaubert ( 1899 ) ; henry james, french poets and novelists ( 1878 ) ; emile zola, les romanciers naturalistes ( 1881 ) ; c. a. sainte - beuve, causeries du lundi, vol. xiii., nouveaux lundis, vol. iv. ; and the souvenirs litteraires ( 2 vols., 1882 - 1883 ) of maxime du camp. ( e. g. ) - please bookmark this page ( add it to your favorites ). - if you wish to link to this page, you can do so by referring to the url address below this line. copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2011 ita all rights reserved. a * b * c * d * e * f * g * h * i * j * k * l * m * n * o * p * q * r * s * t * u * v * w * x * y * z", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43872637464583814, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:182e1aa1-2d18-4263-a04e-a707019c29a9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.149608"}
{"text": "the republican party, which gave us abraham lincoln, thaddeus stevens, charles sumner, william seward in the years of the 1850s and 1860s ; which gave us theodore roosevelt, robert la follette, sr, george norris, william borah, hiram johnson in the 1900s - 1940s ; which gave us dwight d. eisenhower, nelson rockefeller, william scranton, henry cabot lodge jr,, george romney in the 1950s - 1960s ; and which gave us mark hatfield, charles mathias, charles percy, howard baker, bob dole, gerald ford in the 1970s \u2013 1990s, reached its 159th birthday today. the republican party began as an anti slavery expansion party, with elements of abolitionism also present when the party began on this day in ripon, wisconsin in 1854. it became the party of civil rights legislation, three civil rights constitutional amendments, progressive legislation, and supportive of much bipartisan legislation with democrats in the new deal and great society eras. of course, they had their evil elements, including mccarthyism, nativism, and tying themselves to organized religious influences that wished to take america backward, but until the past few years, they always had redeeming values in many ways, and would often denounce the extremists in their midst. but now the republican party has become a party dominated by tea party radicals, who promote racism, misogyny, nativism, concern only to promote the welfare of the wealthy, and willingness to engage in foreign wars that have cost us dearly in treasure and loss of life and limb! the republican party is no longer, in any way, reflective of its past, and in fact, insults its honorable, respectable history, sullying the names of its heroes and champions over a century and a half! this is a tragedy of massive proportions, and the name \u201c republican \u201d should be co - opted by the true moderates who are sitting by, watching the destruction going on, and holding their heads in their hands, ashamed that the name has been so damaged by reckless, anarchistic haters of the federal government! the party which fought the civil war to uphold the union is now more like the secessionist democrats of that era!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4165918383176785, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c847510-fb1b-4d52-a40a-23b6710d4390>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.162229"}
{"text": "is that a lake on titan? book your sailing holiday, now a dark patch on the surface of titan, moon of saturn, might be a lake filled with liquid hydrocarbons, astronomers have said. the picture, snapped by the cassini spacecraft, shows a dark shape 235km by 75km in the moon ' s southern polar region ( the red dot marks the pole itself ). scientists are hesitating to pronounce the object a lake with any kind of certainty, because no open bodies of liquid have yet been found on the moon, despite predictions that they should be there. however, according to the imaging team : \" the shore - like smoothness of its perimeter and its presence in an area where frequent convective storm clouds have been observed by cassini and earth - based astronomers make it the best candidate thus far. \" other possible explanations of the feature include it being a sinkhole, or an old volcanic caldera, filled with dark, solid hydrocarbons. it could also be an old lake that has dried up, leaving behind dark hydrocarbon deposits. one way of finding out for sure whether or not the feature is a lake will be to look for glints of reflected sunlight on the surface. so far, however, the space craft has not been in the right position to see any reflections. a further 39 flybys are planned, and the imaging team says it will be looking at the area again in greater detail. \u00ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4624909970753167, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9acf9aa-556d-498c-870b-6ef9f6b5a768>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.166432"}
{"text": "martian ice swaps poles every 25, 000 years give or take water - ice on mars swaps poles over a cycle that spans 51, 000 years or so, in step with the way the planet precesses, or wobbles around on its axis. researchers investigating the different types of ice at the martian poles plugged new data from the mars express mission into a model of the planet ' s climate. then, adding in details of the planet ' s slow precession, they ran the clock back 21, 500 years to a time when the northern summer was closest to the sun, the exact opposite of the situation today. martian water now, and 21, 500 years ago. as time passed, the model showed water accumulation rates shifting across the globe. water at the north pole became unstable and vaporised easily, moving to the southern hemisphere where it recondensed and froze on the surface. here, over the course of 10, 000 years, it formed an ice cap up to six metres thick. run the clock forward towards today, and the opposite starts to happen : the ice at the south vaporises and shifts on the winds to the north. the process was interrupted about 1, 000 years ago, the researchers say, when for some reason a layer of carbon dioxide ice formed a protective layer over the ice, preventing further erosion. the model helps explain newly discovered deposits of ice at the southern pole, spotted by the omega instrument early on in the mars express mission. the european space agency says the \" perennial deposits of water - ice \" have built up on top of million - year old layered terrain, and argues that their presence is strong evidence for recent glacial activity. \u00ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46523744507734544, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de7b3133-5311-4f52-a49b-0b64829ba513>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.169327"}
{"text": "work and pensions maria miller ( parliamentary under secretary of state ( disabled people ), work and pensions ; basingstoke, conservative ) estimates of the number and proportion of children living in poverty are published in the households below average income ( hbai ) series. hbai uses household income adjusted ( or \u2018 equivalised \u2019 ) for household size and composition, to provide a proxy for standard of living. the sample size of this survey is not sufficient to provide estimates for small areas such as those requested. however, figures at a regional level for north - west are available. three survey years have been combined because single year estimates are not considered to be sufficiently reliable. statistics covering 2007 - 08 to 2009 - 10 are the most recent available. | number and proportion of children living in relative poverty ( bhc ) in the north - west | | region | | number ( million ) | | proportion ( percentage ) | | notes : 1. these statistics are based on households below average income ( hbai ) data available at : http : / / research. dwp. gov. uk / asd / index. php? page = hbai _ arc 2. these statistics are based on households below average income ( hbai ) data sourced from the family resources survey ( frs ). this uses disposable household income, adjusted using modified oecd equivalisation factors for household size and composition, as an income measure as a proxy for standard of living. 3. net disposable incomes have been used to answer the question. this includes earnings from employment and self - employment, state support, income from occupational and private pensions, investment income and other sources. income tax, payments, national insurance contributions, council tax / domestic rates and some other payments are deducted from incomes. 4. figures have been presented on a before housing cost rather than an after housing cost basis. for before housing costs, housing costs are not deducted from income, while for after housing costs they are. 5. all estimates are based on survey data and are therefore subject to a degree of uncertainty. small differences should be treated with caution as these will be affected by sampling error and variability in non - response. 6. the reference period for these hbai figures is three financial years. 7. numbers of children have been rounded to the nearest hundred thousand children. 8. proportions of children in low - income households have been rounded to the nearest percentage point. 9. this measure is defined as : relative poverty : children living in households with equi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4442469491443854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33f2c20b-3168-451b-822a-bcd56e4e5976>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.174143"}
{"text": "by this time, the japanese had become fairly successful at detecting and destroying underground resistance groups. however, they were not successful in quelling the desire for freedom and self - government among the korean people. the resistance groups moved further underground and guerilla raids from the independence groups in manchuria and siberia increased. the japanese stepped up their assault on the korean school system and other nationalistic movements. after the passage of an education act in 1911 the japanese began to close all korean schools. in 1913, the tae - song school was forced to close, and, by 1914, virtually all korean schools had been shut down. this all but completed the japanese campaign of cultural genocide. chances of any part of the korean culture surviving rested in the hands of the few dedicated patriots working in exile outside of korea. when japanese governor - general hirobumi itoho was assassinated by ahn choong - gun ( 1879 - 1910 ), an independence fighter, japan tightened its grip on korean leaders. finally ahn exiled himself to manchuria, then traveled to siberia, russia, europe, and finally to the united states, along with rhee syngman. rhee organized the tongjihoe ( comrade society ) in honolulu. in 1912, ahn was elected chairman of the korean national people ' s association, which emerged as the supreme organization for koreans abroad and played an active role in negotiations with the u. s. government. during this time, he established hungsadan, a secret voluntary group of ardent patriots.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4325217363682896, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c088c223-ebe8-4499-9446-fe2f6b996b6e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.178803"}
{"text": "| a history of pre - war locomotive developments, the 1948 locomotive exchanges and their influence on future motive power policy. the passenger and mixed traffic br standards, early big four dieselisation - including gw railcars, the arrival of the dmu - a novelty at the time, livery changes, improving steam efficiency - double chimneys on the western and eastern and rebuilds for bulleid ' s pacifics, early branch cut - backs, dc electrification schemes, pilot scheme diesels and western region hydraulic perversity, ac electrics and the downgrading of the great western route to birmingham, the blue pullman, more closures including the somerset & dorset and the great central and a whole host of branch lines - dr beeching tries to justify his decision ' s, finally the last steam specials end an era. the demise of non - standard diesel classes takes us into corporate days ( with a steam interlude on the vale of rheidol ) and ultimately to sectorisation and the new beginning? locations range from the welsh border branches to the southern region ' s commuterland. | - an inherited rallway - four into one doesn ` t go! but the new british railway ` s board had to make it happen, and standard designs were developed from the findings of the locomotive trials in 1948. soon br was developing new traction, both steam and diesel, early diesel develvpments started with 10000 and 10201. - modernlsatlon plans - from 1955 a clearer policy developed, diesels and electrics were the way forward, but gt3 combined modem and traditional theory, the southern ` s electrification was reborn, the eastern was also electrifying whilst d6xx and d8xx warship diesel hydraulics were entering service on the western region, the eastern were receiving new english electric type 4 ` s ( class 40 ` s ) and the branch line train was losing steam everywhere as dmu ` s continued to be introduced. - transition from steam - between 1960 and 1968 the railways of britain changed radically, steam was eliminated from every region, electrification continued with speed on the west coast mainline, to bournemouth and suburban glasgow went ac as the ` blue train ` arrived, but curiously the dc suburban lines on tyneside were dieselised. dr. beeching was wielding his axe the somerset and dorset and great central were among the casualties. br found a new business in railtour trade from railway enthusiasts then promptly banned steam so it was destination barry - even for some diesels! - the corporate era - rail blue ep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4896510070245469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c125c4c-c70c-4b61-bd2a-e42e7978b1d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.185433"}
{"text": "his axe the somerset and dorset and great central were among the casualties. br found a new business in railtour trade from railway enthusiasts then promptly banned steam so it was destination barry - even for some diesels! - the corporate era - rail blue epitomises the stagnant years of br. investment in the hst and gas turbine apt dominated the news but it also saw the end for the blue pullman ( now rail grey ) the westems, hymeks, warships and deltics, even the vale of rheidol became corporate and bland. the inauguration of the carlisle to glasgow electrification showed the way forward. - a revitalised railway - during the early 1980 ` s new liveries signalled a new era, where locomotives were soon to become a thing of the past, ` sprinterisation and sectorisation ` would change the railway beyond belief, inter - city network south - east, provincial and parcels operations were launched, closer co - operation with local authorities, then the first signs of privatisation... stagecoach. - 1994 - the end or a new beginning - then came the tunnel... and class 373 eurostars, but controversy still raged over the route for the new continental mainline, france could do it, br couldn ` t... postponed for privatisation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4098316791337572, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c125c4c-c70c-4b61-bd2a-e42e7978b1d7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.186183"}
{"text": "dr. james mcclintock, a renowned university of alabama - birmingham marine biologist who has conducted research in antarctica for more than 25 years, told me the following story. \" you work in a scientific lab in the quietest place on earth - antarctica. \" there ' s a crack! boom! \" you rush to the window of your remote lab with a number of your fellow scientists, and you witness a glacier ' calving ' a chunk of ice the size of a house into the water. adrenaline permeates the room. \" ten years ago, that exciting and incredible sight would happen about once a week. it was an event. something rare. \" today, at that same lab in antarctica, the calving glacial ice, the explosive sounds, are a daily occurrence. \" the scientists are almost ' ho - hum ' about it, barely lifting their heads to recognize the melting ice. ' ' such is life in a warming world. mcclintock has spent most of his life searching the ends of the earth for a cure for cancer and other human diseases. in fact, his research team has discovered marine species in the antarctic that produce compounds active against skin cancer and influenza. mcclintock is not an alarmist. he does not have a political agenda. but he knows firsthand the earth is warming and he understands some of the consequences. mid - winter temperatures on the antarctic peninsula where he works are 10 degrees fahrenheit warmer than they were 60 years ago. that may not seem like a big difference to us non - scientists, but it ' s devastating to a delicate polar ecosystem ( and other ecosystems ). in fact, this spring, mcclintock and his research associates documented an invasion of king crabs that are likely to endanger fragile antarctic clams, snails and brittlestars, or perhaps even the sea squirts that he and his colleagues study that could unlock a cure for skin cancer. this new predator, with its crushing claws, is moving in because of the rapidly warming seas. once they make their way up onto the antarctic shelf, an archaic marine ecosystem that has been without crushing predators for millennia will find itself largely defenseless. king crabs could very well destroy mcclintock ' s living lab. for mcclintock, it ' s like discovering someone is about to burn down your home and your life ' s work and possessions. i have always believed the national academies of science and the national research council motto, \" where the nation turns for independent and expert advice, ' ' accurately portrays that most venerable institution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46933138034769517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3719562-5a0a-40ad-8e62-37bffdd44b6e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.195763"}
{"text": "about to burn down your home and your life ' s work and possessions. i have always believed the national academies of science and the national research council motto, \" where the nation turns for independent and expert advice, ' ' accurately portrays that most venerable institution. as a nation, we have been seeking their advice since president lincoln established this scientific body in 1863. last month, without much fanfare, and little to no attention from the national media, the national academies released their latest congressionally requested report on climate change. the report, \" america ' s choices, ' ' does not pull any punches. it reaffirms that climate change is occurring now and that the most effective strategy to combat it would be to begin cutting greenhouse gas emissions immediately. what makes this report more shocking is the fact that it is not new. as far back as 2005, the national academies of the u. s., france, canada, the united kingdom, india, italy, japan, germany, brazil and china have jointly called upon policymakers throughout the world to address climate change. the message from the national academies six years ago was virtually identical to the one in 2011. climate change is real. we need to drastically reduce greenhouse emissions. we need to aggressively seek technological and scientific solutions. delaying will only make matters worse. and now, more than ever, the signs of climate change are becoming starker. the extreme weather and floods in the midwest and south this spring, historical droughts and fires in texas and arizona, permafrost disappearing in russia and siberia, floods in pakistan, massive drought followed by flooding in australia and whole villages in alaska disappearing because of sea level rise are just a few recent examples. the climate is changing so rapidly that the arbor day foundation has changed its recommendations for when and where you should plant your trees. are we going to follow the national academy of sciences and countless scientists ' advice on climate change? are we going to listen to dr. james mcclintock and try to save a place that can lead to cures for cancer? or are we going to barely lift our heads and refuse to recognize the climate changing around us? byington is publisher of bama environmental news. he is a longtime environmental advocate from birmingham, ala., who has served on numerous state and national environmental boards.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43923331930967596, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3719562-5a0a-40ad-8e62-37bffdd44b6e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.197457"}
{"text": "what is a credit facilitywritten by pradeep home \u00bb finance and investing there are many definitions of credit facility. it is commonly known as a loan, which is taken from a financial institution and a person who is in need of the credit. credit facilities consist of different types of credit that ranges from revolving credit to a credit that is used as a backup for the company. when a person asks for a credit from the bank, he should pledge immovable property to the bank in the form of collateral. this is a mandatory in all the banks, unless it is a small amount. there are various types of credit facilities, which the banks provide. this article will discuss about these facilities. - credit card - this is a device, which the bank issues to its account holder. the cardholder can use this card to make credit purchases from shopping. at the end of every month, the cardholder has to pay the bill, which he has accumulated with the use of the credit card. the car holder has the advantage of paying this amount in installments. he will have to pay interest on the amount unpaid by him. however, he should pledge collateral to get a credit card based on which his card limit will be set. - bank overdraft - this is a type of credit facility, which only the current account holder can take. when the person has a current account in the bank, he has the right to withdraw a few extra thousands exceeding the balance in his account. for this amount exceeding the balance in his account, he should pay interest as per the interest rate that the bank charges. - payday loans - this is one of the popular credit facilities, which is being used by many people today. as the name suggests, this is a loan, which is given to you based on your salary. however, you should repay the loan to the institution on the day that you receive you pay from your employer. this is a loan, which does not require you to pledge any collateral and thus, is easily available to all. they do not even ask for any credit background, which is why the high rate of interest. however, any bank, which provides loans, will ask you for your credit background. the interest rate on which the loan is given will depend upon the credit background. if you have a good background, which is free of all problems, the interest rate will be low. else, the interest rate will be high. thus, you should keep all these documents ready while applying for a loan. credit facility is flexible in nature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49800560319577436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:544dbbb6-21d0-4f3e-afc2-cb131e505d40>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.199947"}
{"text": "| home | site search | outreach | see / hear index | spring 2000 table of contents version espanol de este articulo ( spanish version ) by mignon m. schminky and jane a. baran department of communication disorders university of massachusetts, amherst, massachusetts reprinted from fall 1999 deaf - blind perspectives, published by teaching research division of western oregon university for db - link hearing is a complex process that is often taken for granted. as sounds strike the eardrum, the sounds ( acoustic signals ) begin to undergo a series of transformations through which the acoustic signals are changed into neural signals. these neural signals are then passed from the ear through complicated neural networks to various parts of the brain for additional analysis, and ultimately, recognition or comprehension. for most of us, when someone talks about hearing abilities, we think primarily of the processing that occurs in the ear ; that is, the ability to detect the presence of sound. likewise, when someone is described as having a hearing loss, we assume that this individual has lost all or part of the ability to detect the presence of sound. however, the ability to detect the presence of sounds is only one part of the processing that occurs within the auditory system. there are many individuals who have no trouble detecting the presence of sound, but who have other types of auditory difficulties ( e. g., difficulties understanding conversations in noisy environments, problems following complex directions, difficulty learning new vocabulary words or foreign languages ) that can affect their ability to develop normal language skills, succeed academically, or communicate effectively. often these individuals are not recognized as having hearing difficulties because they do not have trouble detecting the presence of sounds or recognizing speech in ideal listening situations. since they appear to \" hear normally, \" the difficulties these individuals experience are often presumed to be the result of an attention deficit, a behavior problem, a lack of motivation, or some other cause. if this occurs, the individual may receive medical and / or remedial services that do not address the underlying \" auditory \" problem. central auditory processes are the auditory system mechanisms and processes responsible for the following behavioral phenomena. these mechanisms and processes apply to nonverbal as well as verbal signals and may affect many areas of function, including speech and language ( asha, 1996, p. 41 ). katz, stecker & henderson ( 1992 ) described central auditory processing as \" what we do with what we hear. \" in other words, it is the ability of the brain ( i. e., the central nervous system ) to process incoming auditory signals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5430285734119886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09a6c6f1-5201-4395-8bc1-a6a8982627ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.215121"}
{"text": ", stecker & henderson ( 1992 ) described central auditory processing as \" what we do with what we hear. \" in other words, it is the ability of the brain ( i. e., the central nervous system ) to process incoming auditory signals. the brain identifies sounds by analyzing their distinguishing physical characteristics frequency, intensity, and temporal features. these are features that we perceive as pitch, loudness, and duration. once the brain has completed its analysis of the physical characteristics of the incoming sound or message, it then constructs an \" image \" of the signal from these component parts for comparison with stored \" images. \" if a match occurs, we can then understand what is being said or we can recognize sounds that have important meanings in our lives ( sirens, doorbells, crying, etc. ). this explanation is an oversimplification of the complicated and multifaceted processes that occur within the brain. the complexity of this processing, however, can be appreciated if one considers the definition of central auditory processing offered by the american speech - language - hearing association ( asha ). this definition acknowledges that many neurocognitive functions are involved in the processing of auditory information. some are specific to the processing of acoustic signals, while others are more global in nature and not necessarily unique to processing of auditory information ( e. g., attention, memory, language representation ). however, these latter functions are considered components of auditory processing when they are involved in the processing of auditory information. capd can be defined as a deficiency in any one or more of the behavioral phenomena listed above. there is no one cause of capd. in many children, it is related to maturational delays in the development of the important auditory centers within the brain. often, these children ' s processing abilities develop as they mature. in other children, the deficits are related to benign differences in the way the brain develops. these usually represent more static types of problems ( i. e., they are more likely to persist throughout the individual ' s life ). in other children, the capd can be attributed to frank neurological problems or disease processes. these can be caused by trauma, tumors, degenerative disorders, viral infections, surgical compromise, lead poisoning, lack of oxygen, auditory deprivation, and so forth. the prevalence of capd in children is estimated to be between 2 and 3 % ( chermak & musiek, 1997 ), with it being twice as prevalent in males. it often co - exists with other disabilities. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5767443483713833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09a6c6f1-5201-4395-8bc1-a6a8982627ad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.216112"}
{"text": "so forth. the prevalence of capd in children is estimated to be between 2 and 3 % ( chermak & musiek, 1997 ), with it being twice as prevalent in males. it often co - exists with other disabilities. these include speech and language disorders or delays, learning disabilities or dyslexia, attention deficit disorders with or without hyperactivity, and social and / or emotional problems. below is a listing of some of the common behavioral characteristics often noted in children with capd. it should be noted that many of these behavioral characteristics are not unique to capd. some may also be noted in individuals with other types of deficits or disorders, such as attention deficits, hearing loss, behavioral problems, and learning difficulties or dyslexia. therefore, one should not necessarily assume that the presence of any one or more of these behaviors indicates that the child has a capd. however, if any of these behaviors are noted, the child should be considered at risk for capd and referred for appropriate testing. definitive diagnosis of a central auditory disorder cannot be made until specialized auditory testing is completed and other etiologies have been ruled out. there are a number of behavioral checklists that have been developed in an effort to systematically probe for behaviors that may suggest a capd ( fisher, 1976 ; kelly, 1995 ; smoski, brunt, & tannahill, 1992 ; willeford & burleigh, 1985 ). some of these checklists were developed for teachers, while others were designed for parents. these checklists can be helpful in determining whether a child should be referred to an audiologist for a central auditory processing assessment. capd is assessed through the use of special tests designed to assess the various auditory functions of the brain. however, before this type of testing begins, it is important that each person being tested receive a routine hearing test for reasons that will become obvious later. there are numerous auditory tests that the audiologist can use to assess central auditory function. these fall into two major categories : behavioral tests and electrophysiologic tests. the behavioral tests are often broken down into four subcategories, including monaural low - redundancy speech tests, dichotic speech tests, temporal patterning tests, and binaural interaction tests. it should be noted that children being assessed for capd will not necessarily be given a test from each of these categories. rather the audiologist will select a battery of tests for each child. the selection of tests will depend upon a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4556598185324696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09a6c6f1-5201-4395-8bc1-a6a8982627ad>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.217128"}
{"text": "of the speech signal : frequency, temporal, or intensity characteristics. an example of a test in this category is the compressed speech test ( beasley, schwimmer, & rintelmann, 1972 ). this is a test in which the speech signals have been altered electronically by removing portions of the original speech signal. the test items are presented to each ear individually and the child is asked to repeat the words that have been presented. a percent correct score is derived for each ear and these are compared to age - appropriate norms. in these tests different speech items are presented to both ears either simultaneously or in an overlapping manner and the child is asked to repeat everything that is heard ( divided attention ) or repeat whatever is heard in one specified ear ( directed attention ). the more similar and closely acoustically aligned the test items, the more difficult the task. one of the more commonly used tests in this category is the dichotic digits test ( musiek, 1983 ). the child is asked to listen to four numbers presented to the two ears at comfortable listening levels. in each test item two numbers are presented to one ear and two numbers are presented to the other ear. for example, in figure one, 5 is presented to the right ear at the same time 1 is presented to the left ear. then the numbers 9 and 6 are presented simultaneously to the right and left ears. the child is asked to repeat all numbers heard and a percent correct score is determined for each ear and compared to age - appropriate norms. 5, 9 1, 6 ( for text only readers : figure 1 shows numbers 1, 6 entering the left ear and numbers 5, 9 entering the right ear ). these tests are designed to test the child ' s ability to process nonverbal auditory signals and to recognize the order or pattern of presentation of these stimuli. a child can be asked to simply \" hum \" the patterns. in this case, the processing of the stimuli would occur largely in the right half of the brain. if on the other hand, the child is asked to describe the patterns using words ; then the left side of the brain is also involved, as well as the major auditory fibers that connect the auditory portions of both sides of the brain. the frequency pattern sequences test ( musiek & pinheiro, 1987 ) is one of the temporal patterning tests used frequently with children. the test items are sequences of three tone bursts that are presented to one or both ears. in each of the sequences two tone bursts are of the same frequency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6008052769394431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09a6c6f1-5201-4395-8bc1-a6a8982627ad>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.219539"}
{"text": "pinheiro, 1987 ) is one of the temporal patterning tests used frequently with children. the test items are sequences of three tone bursts that are presented to one or both ears. in each of the sequences two tone bursts are of the same frequency, while the third tone is of a different frequency. there are just two different frequencies used in this test : one is a high - frequency sound and the other a low - frequency sound. the child therefore hears patterns, such as high - high - low or low - high - low, and is asked to either hum or describe the patterns heard. as with other central tests, the test items are presented at levels that are comfortable for the child and percent correct scores are obtained and compared to norms. binaural interaction tests : binaural interaction tests are sometimes referred to as binaural integration tests. these tests tap the ability of structures low in the brain ( brainstem ) to take incomplete information presented to the two ears and fuse or integrate this information in some manner. most of the tests in this category present different parts of a speech signal to each ear separately. if only one part of the signal is presented, the child usually cannot recognize the test item. however, if the two different parts of the stimuli are presented simultaneously, with one portion going to one ear and the other portion to the other ear, the child with normal processing abilities has no difficulty recognizing the test item. this is because the two parts ( which are unrecognizable if presented in isolation ) are integrated into a single identifiable stimulus by the auditory nervous system. an example of a test in this category is the rapidly alternating speech perception test ( willeford, 1976 ). for this test, sentence materials are divided into brief segments which are alternated rapidly between the two ears. the example below is a rough approximation of what happens to a sentence when it is segmented in this manner. in this example, the first sound in the sentence \" put a dozen apples in the sack \" ( represented by pu ) is presented to the right ear, then the t sound is presented to the left ear, and so forth and so on. if the child hears only the segments presented to the right ear or left ear, he or she is unlikely to be able to recognize the sentence. however, if the right ear and left ear segments are presented in a cohesive fashion to the child, sentence recognition improves dramatically as long as this particular function of the brain is intact. rapidly alternating speech perception pu a ze ap s n", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5849460203342849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09a6c6f1-5201-4395-8bc1-a6a8982627ad>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.221214"}
{"text": "the sentence. however, if the right ear and left ear segments are presented in a cohesive fashion to the child, sentence recognition improves dramatically as long as this particular function of the brain is intact. rapidly alternating speech perception pu a ze ap s n sa t do n ple i the ck ( for text readers only : figure 2 shows a visual representation of the above example, with the letters pu, a, ze, ap, s, n, sa, presented to the right ear and letters t, d, o, n, ple, i, the, ck, presented to the left ear ). the list of behavioral observations provided earlier in this article highlights many of the academic and / or speech and language problems that might be experienced by the child with capd. since speech and language skills are developed most efficiently through the auditory sensory modality, it is not unusual to observe speech and language problems, as well as academic problems ( many of them language - based ), in children with capd. if a child experiences difficulty in processing the brief and rapidly changing acoustics of spoken speech, he or she is likely to have problems recognizing the \" speech sounds \" of language. if problems are encountered in recognizing the sound system of language, then additional problems are likely to be encountered when the child is asked to begin to match \" speech sounds \" to their alphabetic representations ( a skill that serves as the foundation for the development of subsequent reading and writing skills ). this in turn can lead to comprehension problems and poor academic performance. it is worth reiterating at this time that not all children with capd will experience all of these problems. there is a wide range of variability in the problems experienced by children with capd ; however, it should be recognized that the presence of a capd places the child at risk for developing many of these language and academic problems. there are several different ways to help children overcome their capd. the exact procedures or approaches used will depend upon a number of factors, including the exact nature of the capd, the age of the child, the co - existence of other disabilities and / or problems, and the availability of resources. in general, the approaches to remediation or management fall into three main categories : ( a ) enhancing the individual ' s auditory perceptual skills, ( b ) enhancing the individual ' s language and cognitive resources, and ( c ) improving the quality of the auditory signal. the following discussion presents some of the procedures that may be used with a child with capd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5206026024763308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09a6c6f1-5201-4395-8bc1-a6a8982627ad>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.222801"}
{"text": "auditory perceptual skills, ( b ) enhancing the individual ' s language and cognitive resources, and ( c ) improving the quality of the auditory signal. the following discussion presents some of the procedures that may be used with a child with capd. more detailed information is beyond the scope of this article, but may be found in the various resources listed at the end of this article. many children with capd will benefit from auditory training procedures and phonological awareness training. intervention may also involve the identification of ( and training in the use of ) strategies that can be used to overcome specific auditory, speech and language, or academic difficulties. a number of actions can be taken to improve the quality of the signal reaching the child. children can be provided personal assistive - listening devices that should serve to enhance the teacher ' s voice and reduce the competition of other noises and sounds in the classroom. acoustic modifications can be made to the classroom ( e. g., carpeting, acoustic ceiling tiles, window treatments ) which should help to minimize the detrimental effects of noise on the child ' s ability to process speech in the educational setting. finally, teachers and parents can assist the child in overcoming his or her auditory deficits by speaking clearly, rephrasing information, providing preferential seating, using visual aids to supplement auditory information, and so forth. the program should be tailored to the child ' s individual needs, and it should represent an interdisciplinary approach. parents, teachers, educational specialists, and other professionals, as appropriate, should be involved in the development and implementation of the child ' s management program. children with capd do not have hearing loss if the term is used to refer to a loss of hearing sensitivity. most children with capd have normal hearing sensitivity and their auditory difficulties will not be detected during routine hearing testing unless some of the special \" sensitized \" tests ( see discussion above ) are administered. these children, however, have hearing loss in the sense that they do not process auditory information in a normal fashion. they have auditory deficits that can be every bit as debilitating as unidentified hearing loss. if the auditory deficits are not identified early and managed appropriately, many of these children will experience speech and language delays, academic failure and / or underachievement, loss of self - esteem, and social and emotional problems. children can have both a hearing loss and a capd. fortunately, most children seen for central auditory testing have normal hearing ( i. e., detection ) abilities. however, children with hearing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.518397924409488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09a6c6f1-5201-4395-8bc1-a6a8982627ad>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.225240"}
{"text": "of self - esteem, and social and emotional problems. children can have both a hearing loss and a capd. fortunately, most children seen for central auditory testing have normal hearing ( i. e., detection ) abilities. however, children with hearing loss can also have a capd. in fact, the presence of a hearing loss may place a child at risk for capd. this is because the auditory pathways and centers in the brain develop as they are stimulated with sound. the presence of a hearing loss may limit the amount and type of auditory stimulation that is necessary to promote optimal development of the auditory nervous system. if this happens, then auditory deficits are likely to result. a question frequently asked of audiologists is \" whether or not a child with a hearing loss can be tested for capd? \" the answer is not a simple \" yes \" or \" no. \" many children with hearing losses can be tested as long as they have some hearing ( i. e., detection ) abilities. interpretation of the test results does become somewhat more difficult for the audiologist who is conducting the testing if a hearing loss is present, but there are distinct patterns of test results that can indicate the presence of a capd. moreover, there are certain tests that the audiologist can use that are not affected to the same degree as other tests by the presence of a hearing loss. these tests should be used whenever feasible. unfortunately, there are some individuals with losses so severe that testing cannot be completed. as a general rule, central auditory testing cannot be done if the individual being tested has a hearing loss falling in the severe - to - profound range. the books listed in the reference section are good sources of information. in addition, we have provided a list of web sites that you may find helpful. selected web sites for teachers and parents address correspondence to : jane a. baran, ph. d., professor, department of communication disorders, university of massachusetts, 127 arnold house, amherst, ma 01003 - 0410. telephone : ( 413 ) 545 - 0565 ; fax : ( 413 ) 545 - 0803 ; email @ example. com. | spring 2000 table of contents | send email to see / hear | please complete the comment form or send comments and suggestions to : jim allan ( webmaster - jim allan ) last revision : april 27, 2004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4618654251711709, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09a6c6f1-5201-4395-8bc1-a6a8982627ad>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.228242"}
{"text": "one can read the painting and its images in several different ways, but one can also easily arrive at the main meaning of the painting : the exaltation of beauty, something that can put love in motion, something as intense as the re - birth of nature and life. the figures are all identifiable : there is zephyr on the right, representing the wind of spring, who is holding the nymph cloris ; and the figure of flora, whose clothing is richly decorated in flowers. at the centre of the painting, and a bit further behind the others, is venus ; on top of her there is cupid, who is shooting the arrows of love ; then there are the three graces ; and the last figure, mercury, who is sweeping away the clouds with his cane. the painting is widely considered one of the most representative paintings of the italian renaissance, even though botticelli seems to be influenced by the late - gothic and not the early - renaissance style. the special construction is without any real depth, and the figures seem suspended in mid - air, without gravity or shadows. botticelli \u2019 s stark attention to nature is also characteristic of the late - gothic style. the scene is made up of textural lines just like in miniaturist paintings. the spirit of the painting is definitely renaissance - inspired, even just for the secular theme chosen ; it is also imbued with humanistic elements. botticelli seems to introduce a strange mix, demonstrating that classifications in art are never that simple. it also proves that the form and content of an artwork do not necessary need to be confluent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4985426198160158, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d66afa62-f9bb-46c5-8c32-ab1177dffee7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.230539"}
{"text": "snopes. com defines phishing as \" a term which refers to the online imitation of a company ' s branding in spoofed e - mail messages and web sites, created with the intent of fooling unsuspecting users into divulging personal information such as passwords, credit card numbers, pins, etc. a typical \" phish \" e - mail will appear to come from a financial institution ( such as a bank or credit card company ), informing the recipient that some type of problem has affected his account and directing him to follow a provided hyperlink to clear up the problem. the hyperlink leads not to a legitimate site, however, but to a server ( usually in another country ) on which an imitation web site has been set up. the fooled customer is then prompted to enter confidential personal information ( collected by the scammers for perpetrating ) identify theft and ( usually ) redirected to a legitimate web site to obscure the fact that he just gave away data to crooks. \" phishing sites can also include malicious elements that are intended to take advantage of web browser vulnerabilities. even if you don ' t enter personal information on the spoofed web site, you could be putting your computer ' s security in danger simply by clicking on the link in the spoofed message. the best way to protect yourself from phishing scams is to never click on the link in an unexpected or suspicious message you receive. the internet has made the world a much smaller place. while its benefits are tremendous, connecting us to others and to volumes of instant information on any subject anywhere in the world, its downside includes dark alleys frequented by criminals intent on harming you, your computer, and / or your information. in the physical world, it used to be that you knew which dark alleys or bad neighborhoods to avoid. today the internet, with all its benefits, has also brought the dark alleyways to your computer. as such, it takes much more vigilance to protect yourself and your computer from would - be criminals. some of the risks you encounter simply by surfing the internet include, but are not limited to : identity theft, viruses and worms that infect your computer, spamming, and spyware infections. content provided by cu boulder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5575796694905624, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:250130df-2f3d-4b41-8729-6f220641bc45>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.233087"}
{"text": "0 - 3 hours after stroke onset the first goals in this early phase are to provide medical support for the patient and determine whether the stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic. physicians consider history, physical examination, and whether the neurologic signs conform to a vascular pattern. a ct scan is usually the quickest way to rule out hemorrhage. recall that a ct study performed in these first hours does not visualize ischemic lesions, even ones that later produce large once it is confirmed that the stroke is ischemic, the second goal is to figure out the cause as well as the location of the blockage. various blood tests and an ekg are done. to establish whether it involves an extracranial or intracranial vessel, doppler ultrasound or ct angiography can supplement the history and physical exam. during this very early phase mri is not commonly used except in major stroke centers. in the future, mri is likely to play a much bigger role in stroke diagnosis because it is able to detect ischemic changes much earlier than ct. the possibility of administering thrombolytic therapy may be considered. recombinant tissue - plasminogen activator ( r - tpa ) is currently the only fda - approved thrombolytic drug. it opens blocked arteries by dissolving the strands of fibrin that hold together the red blood cells or platelets in an embolus or thrombus. the findings of a recent ninds stroke study show that intravenous r - tpa significantly improves outcomes at three and twelve months after stroke when it is given within three hours of onset of stroke in carefully selected patients. the dreaded complication - - severe or even fatal intracerebral hemorrhage - - tended to occur more often when the drug was given in the last 90 minutes of the three - hour window than when it was administered in the first 90 minutes. the narrow time window for reversing ischemia with r - tpa is one of the reasons why teaching patients the warning signs of stroke and how to respond is so important - - many wait for the symptoms to resolve and miss the opportunity. patient selection for r - tpa is critical, since it does not improve the outcomes of patients with very large strokes, for example blockage of the mca stem that reduced flow in both the deep penetrating and cortical branches. it also is not beneficial in small lacunar strokes, which is why it is important to ascer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4192211447237956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:280b362c-65c3-41b8-9f30-51d02e72a714>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.237032"}
{"text": "- 2013 : international year of water cooperation - 2013 : international year of quinoa - world telecommunication and information society day ( 17 may ) [ itu ] - world day for cultural diversity for dialogue and development ( may 21 ) - international day for biological diversity ( 22 may ) - day of vesak ( 24 may ) - week of solidarity with the peoples of non - self - governing territories ( 25 \u2013 31 may ) this site contains information on united nations days, weeks, years, decades and other observances, resolutions declaring them, and links to events websites. united nations observances contribute to the achievement of the purposes of the un charter and promote awareness of and action on important political, social, cultural, humanitarian or human rights issues. they provide a useful means for the promotion of international and national action and stimulate interest in united nations activities and programmes. for international years and decades the un secretary general takes action to establish the preparatory process, evaluation and follow - up procedures. the majority of observances have been established by the un general assembly and some have been designated by un specialized agencies. in 1950, the general assembly approved the first international day \u2014 human rights day \u2014 to be observed on 10 december. resolution 423 ( v ) invited all states and international organizations to observe this day to celebrate the proclamation of the universal declaration of human rights by the general assembly on 10 december 1948, and to exert increasing efforts in this field. in 1978, the general assembly by its resolution s - 10 / 2 proclaimed the first international week \u2014 the week starting 24 october ( the day of the founding of the un ) \u2014 as a week devoted to fostering the objectives of disarmament ( disarmament week ). the first international year was proclaimed by the general assembly in 1959. it was the world refugee year [ resolution 1285 ( xiii ) ]. the first un decade was the united nations development decade designated by the general assembly in 1961 [ resolution 1710 ( xvi ) ].", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47608911007032895, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6e3de7f-9b1a-473c-a78c-9aee2ab91c30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.239132"}
{"text": "in july 2010, the united nations general assembly created un women, the united nations entity for gender equality and the empowerment of women. in doing so, un member states took an historic step in accelerating the organization \u2019 s goals on gender equality and the empowerment of women. the creation of un women came about as part of the un reform agenda, bringing together resources and mandates for greater impact. it will merge and build on the important work of four previously distinct parts of the un system which focus exclusively on gender equality and women \u2019 s empowerment : - division for the advancement of women ( daw ) - international research and training institute for the advancement of women ( instraw ) - office of the special adviser on gender issues and advancement of women ( osagi ) - united nations development fund for women ( unifem ) the main roles of un women are : - to support inter - governmental bodies, such as the commission on the status of women, in their formulation of policies, global standards and norms to help member states to implement these standards, standing ready to provide suitable technical and financial support to those countries that request it and to forge effective partnerships with civil society. to hold the un system accountable for its own commitments on gender equality, including regular monitoring of system - wide progress. over many decades, the un has made significant progress in advancing gender equality, including through landmark agreements such as the beijing declaration and platform for action and the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women ( cedaw ). gender equality is not only a basic human right, but its achievement has enormous socio - economic ramifications. empowering women fuels thriving economies, spurring productivity and growth. yet gender inequalities remain deeply entrenched in every society. women lack access to decent work and face occupational segregation and gender wage gaps. they are too often denied access to basic education and health care. women in all parts of the world suffer violence and discrimination. they are under - represented in political and economic decision - making processes. for many years, the un has faced serious challenges in its efforts to promote gender equality globally, including inadequate funding and no single recognized driver to direct un activities on gender equality issues. un women \u2014 which will be operational by january 2011 \u2014 has been created to address such challenges. it will be a dynamic and strong champion for women and girls, providing them with a powerful voice at the global, regional and local levels. grounded in the vision of equality enshrined in the un charter, un women will, among other issues,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4692380481173284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb220cbb-22d1-4aa4-9ef9-2df7ac00147f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.242164"}
{"text": "mountain agenda, university of bern, switzerland - date submitted : 1 nov 2011 - stakeholder type : major group - name : mountain agenda, university of bern, switzerland - submission document : download full submissionsubmission to the rio 2012 secretariat for the compilation document theme : sustainable mountain development with a focus on green economy and institutions by thomas kohler, associate director, centre for development and environment, university of bern, switzerland this submission is organized as follows : - numbering of paras refers to the guidance note - paras pertaining to 3a ), 1 and 2 refer to sustainable development in general. - all other paragraphs refer to sustainable development in mountain regions. pertaining to 3a : expectations for the outcome of rio 2012 1. we expect bold decisions, resulting in quantifiable outcomes, which are the result of specific action based on a short catalogue of common principles of sustainable development ( sd ). the outcomes of action must be monitorable in 5 year intervals. 2. while based on common principles, sd takes place in concrete contexts. we mention 3 such contexts, which we expect to be addressed specifically in the outcome documents, and which could help structure these documents : ( 1 ) sectoral issues such as those presented for example in the unep report on green economy ; ( 2 ) the largely different circumstances of industrialised countries, countries in transition, and developing countries ; and ( 3 ) the specific constellations of regional contexts, which strongly limit global blueprints for achieving sd. 3. specifically, we expect that the mountain regions of the world will be addressed as a key regional context. without sustainable development in mountains, sustainable development at the global level cannot be achieved : with about 25 % of land surface of the earth and 12 % of global population,? mountains provide freshwater to over half of humankind, including megacities and conurbations on all continents ; drylands of the world depend to over 80 % on freshwater from mountains. global sustainable development is a fallacy without a safe supply of water from mountain regions.? mountains harbour over 50 % of all biodiversity hotspots of the world. as centres agro - biodiversity, they harbour the genetic pool of key global food crops such as wheat, maize, and potatoes. a world striving for higher food security must not lose this capital.? mountains are important for recreation and tourism in an increasingly urbanised world. tourism is among the fastest growing industries at a global level, and mountains have a significant share in this growth on all continents. the alps as the second most important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5000473689330767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04a24b56-0a35-4aae-9d01-b1c2835a590e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.252722"}
{"text": "this capital.? mountains are important for recreation and tourism in an increasingly urbanised world. tourism is among the fastest growing industries at a global level, and mountains have a significant share in this growth on all continents. the alps as the second most important tourism region in the world after the mediterranean basin lead the way. they show the crucial role of tourism for local employment and income generation without sidelining environmental concerns.? however, mountains are hazard - prone environments. they are more exposed to risks than other environments. poverty rates in mountain regions are significantly higher than on global average. property rights are often not assured, especially in common property regimes and for indigenous communities. both are widespread in mountain regions. these problems must be tackled more rigorously than in the past. pertaining to 3. b - d. implementation, actors, mechanisms - green economy roadmap : mountains have a high potential for greening the economy at all levels, which should be reflected on the outcome documents. keyword include green energy, especially hydropower ; biodiversity and agrobiodiversity ( see below ), and hazard prevention. - sustainable development goals : within a global frame of sd principles, specific goals and monitorable indicators need to be defined for mountain areas as a specific context for sd. efforts to this end have been made by andean countries already. they deserve support. - views on implementation : actor inclusiveness : in mountain regions, the 3 pillars of sd are strongly interconnected. therefore, concepts for sd transcend sectoral approaches while based on sound sectoral knowhow of key stakeholders including authorities, local communities, external development agencies, research institutions, and the private sector. appropriate forms such as local and regional bodies must be established for negotiating sustainable development outcomes for mountain regions. donor and funding agencies, bilateral and international, as well as governments need to help establish and fund such bodies. actor ownership : regional and country ownership of sd processes and visions are key. lessons how to achieve this can be learnt from the poverty reduction strategy process. - specific cooperation mechanisms : the world mountain forum, a novel initiative based on public - private partnership, has a potential to channel substantial expertise and funds into mountain development, and to create new linkage between mountain and lowland populations. the forum could be officially launched at the rio 2012 conference. pertaining to 4. a. objectives of the conference - gaps. watershed management. following chapter 13 of agenda 21 from the rio 1992 earth summit, important inroads have been made in watershed management, with a focus on mountain areas and highland -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4869827477812072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04a24b56-0a35-4aae-9d01-b1c2835a590e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.254026"}
{"text": ". pertaining to 4. a. objectives of the conference - gaps. watershed management. following chapter 13 of agenda 21 from the rio 1992 earth summit, important inroads have been made in watershed management, with a focus on mountain areas and highland - lowland contexts. approaches have become more participatory and transsectoral. however, important gaps remain relating to area coverage. given the world? s need for freshwater, efforts in watershed management in mountain regions must be stepped up in the coming decade. fao with its global watershed programme should lead the way in sharing experience with actors engaged in this domain. - gaps. generating and strengthening knowledge. chapter 13 also stressed the need for improving the knowledge on mountain regions. progress has been made since 1992, but important gaps remain relating to patterns of climate change and their impact on water resources and hazards ; and relating to the effects of economic globalisation on mountain populations and land management. - new challenges and opportunities : sustainable development in mountain areas faces a series of new challenges. these are climate change ; the effects of globalisation including labour migration, irresponsible exploitation of resources such as minerals, timber, and water for large scale hydropower, and loss of cultural identity due to the dominance of western urban values, transmitted to the most remote mountain places by mass media, standardised formal education, and tourism. the challenge is not to prevent these processes from happening, but to turn them into opportunities via appropriate national polity frames. pertaining to 4. b. green economy for poverty alleviation and sd - green energy : there is a huge untapped potential in mountain areas for hydropower development especially in developing countries, which presents an opportunity for green energy supply in support of a greener economy beyond mountain areas. small hydropower in mountain areas has been particularly successful in providing affordable energy, creating local jobs, increasing wellbeing and reducing poverty, while very substantially reducing carbon loads without disrupting effects on local ecosystems. efforts should be targeted to double small hydropower generation within the next 5 - 7 years especially in mountain regions of developing countries. gef with unido and icshp are called upon to take the lead to achieve this target. - large hydropower development has a huge potential to green the global economy much beyond mountain areas. sadly, experience shows that it can only be promoted if global environmental and social standards such as those established by the world commission on dams are fully met, especially relating to fair compensation of mountain communities. - other investment in greening the energy sector in mountains should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4988290809969689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04a24b56-0a35-4aae-9d01-b1c2835a590e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.255322"}
{"text": ", experience shows that it can only be promoted if global environmental and social standards such as those established by the world commission on dams are fully met, especially relating to fair compensation of mountain communities. - other investment in greening the energy sector in mountains should be promoted depending on local conditions. this refers to solar power, wind power, and energy from biogas. more efficient stoves are a cheap, low - tech, accepted and easily upscalable option for reducing carbon emissions by half, reducing women? s drudgery, creating a healthier homes, and saving wood and dung, the most important sources of energy in the mountain areas of developing countries. - payment for environmental services ( pes ) : important as they may be as incentives, more must be learnt from experience made. the compensation must be large enough to generate interest upstream for service provision? a challenge in densely populated mountain regions with many providers. other unsolved issues concern the exclusion of poor land users, landless poor, valuation of services, and monitoring the effects of pes on quality and quantity of the services they are expected to provide. - mountain farming is green owing to low external inputs. due to topography, it is small - scale, family based, labour - intensive, and multifunctional. it supports agrobiodiversity, hazard prevention and creates amenity by providing diversified landscapes. these are all traits that pertain to a green economy. support for mountain farming should thus be stepped up. finding markets for quality mountain products is a proven way of increasing mountain farm incomes and create value chains that benefit mountains and lowland areas. such programmes need more support in future. pertaining to 4. c. institutional framework - local institutions are crucial for sd and for resource management in mountain areas ; no one individual will manage alone in these demanding and harsh environments. in order to ensure sustainable resource use in mountain areas, local institutions need to be acknowledged and strengthened. local property rights need to be clear and secure, especially relating to common property regimes and to indigenous communities? both are widespread in mountain areas. - capacity development including research and outreach is important in order to address the specific challenges for sustainable development as they are presented by mountain environments. local experience is particularly important ; care must be taken to include community knowledge as well as globalised knowledge provided by outside experts. capacity development should include local - on - the job, vocational, to technical and academic levels. - regional centres of competence in training, research and outreach have shown their value for sustainable mountain development and for advocating the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4641138922522743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04a24b56-0a35-4aae-9d01-b1c2835a590e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.256403"}
{"text": "media professionals interested in reporting on university - related stories are encouraged to visit the media newsroom. november 20, 2012 by megan akers the university of nevada, reno ' s child and family research center recently collaborated with the nevada museum of art to host the \" more than a playground \" early childhood symposium. the two - day event, which was held earlier this month, helped demonstrate research conducted by the center ' s children and further explored the reggio emilia style of teaching. the reggio emilia learning approach emphasizes teaching children through the use of objects and experiences to develop their problem - solving and critical - thinking skills. children enrolled in the center ' s infant / toddler, preschool and kindergarten / first grade programs frequently use the historic quadrangle on campus as a learning environment. the children, aged infants to first - grade, have been conducting \" research \" throughout their explorations of the quad. this research was displayed through a temporary art installation on the quad created by the children, teachers, families and university school of the arts ' faculty. leah sanders, administrative faculty, mentor and coach for the college of education ' s child and family research center, facilitated the exhibition. \" the art installation is a reflection of the university ' s youngest students ' interest of what is on the quad, as well as the teacher ' s knowledge of what ' s appropriate to teach the age group, \" sanders said. \" we present the children with a challenge, such as measuring their favorite tree, and then they solve the problem from their point of view. \" the installation featured 11 interactive projects based on the children ' s frequent visits to the quad and their interactions and research with and involving the quad. one project on display was \" building a castle, \" done by 2 - year olds. the children were presented with the challenge of re - creating the university ' s morrill hall as a castle. they used various tools such as cardboard and paint to create a physical example of their interpretation of morrill hall. this particular display demonstrated the ability teachers have to encourage children ' s analytical skills and imagination. \" we look at our children as competent, able to do research, \" sanders said. \" the research the children have done on the quad is beyond just playing, even though that is how they approach it. we are trying make visible the ways children think, create, imagine and invent. our community partner is the nevada museum of art. \" additional projects on display included \" sounds of music, \" in which 4 - year - olds used elements of nature to create sounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4938149879954098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d778ffad-c5e6-4c00-9d35-bcb836f0b37f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.261462"}
{"text": "make visible the ways children think, create, imagine and invent. our community partner is the nevada museum of art. \" additional projects on display included \" sounds of music, \" in which 4 - year - olds used elements of nature to create sounds, and \" improvisational dance, \" where kindergartners and first - graders created dances based on their observations of natural objects on the quad. after the art installation, members of the community joined classroom and museum educators from across the nation at the nevada museum of art for a symposium. the symposium explored new and innovative ways to incorporate art and object - centered teaching and process - thinking into experiences for early learners and children. lella gandini, reggio children liaison in the united states, and betsey bowers, deputy director of the smithsonian ' s institution ' s early enrichment center in washington d. c., were featured as keynote speakers. three reno early childhood teachers, megan grimes ( washoe county school district ), jentry hammond and tracy casbarro ( child and family research center ), also presented classroom work. participants learned more about early childhood classrooms and education in the environments of museums. they also had the opportunity to experiment with how different points of view affect their interactions with their surrounding environments. the symposium, which organizers considered a huge success, created interactive campus community relationships that sanders hopes to continue. \" we are continuing to partner with colin robertson, the charles n. mathewson curator of education, for the museum, to create something different in museum experiences for children and their families. \" for more information, contact the child and family research center ' s director sherry waugh at ( 775 ) 784 - 6762. megan akers is a student writer for university media relations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5375284917976574, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d778ffad-c5e6-4c00-9d35-bcb836f0b37f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.262404"}
{"text": "dictionary results for separate | 1. separate - noun \u00b7 a separately printed article that originally appeared in a larger publication synonym ( s ) : offprint, reprint 2. separate - noun \u00b7 a garment that can be purchased separately and worn in combinations with other garments 3. separate - verb \u00b7 act as a barrier between ; stand between ; \" the mountain range divides the two countries \" 4. separate - verb \u00b7 force, take, or pull apart ; \" he separated the fighting children \" ; \" moses parted the red sea \" synonym ( s ) : disunite, divide, part hypernym ( s ) : move, displace 5. separate - verb \u00b7 mark as different ; \" we distinguish several kinds of maple \" synonym ( s ) : distinguish, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize, severalise, tell, tell _ apart hypernym ( s ) : identify, place 6. separate - verb \u00b7 separate into parts or portions ; \" divide the cake into three equal parts \" ; \" the british carved up the ottoman empire after world war i \" synonym ( s ) : divide, split, split _ up, dissever, carve _ up 7. separate - verb \u00b7 divide into components or constituents ; \" separate the wheat from the chaff \" 8. separate - verb \u00b7 arrange or order by classes or categories ; \" how would you classify these pottery shards - - are they prehistoric? \" synonym ( s ) : classify, class, sort, assort, sort _ out hypernym ( s ) : categorize, categorise 9. separate - verb \u00b7 make a division or separation 10. separate - verb \u00b7 discontinue an association or relation ; go different ways ; \" the business partners broke over a tax question \" ; \" the couple separated after 25 years of marriage \" ; \" my friend and i split up \" synonym ( s ) : part, split _ up, split, break, break _ up 11. separate - verb \u00b7 go one ' s own way ; move apart ; \" the friends separated after the party \" synonym ( s ) : part, split 12. separate - verb \u00b7 become separated into pieces or fragments ; \" the figurine broke \" ; \" the freshly baked loaf fell apart \" synonym ( s ) : break, split _ up, fall _ apart, come _ apart 13. separate - verb \u00b7 treat differently on the basis of sex or race synonym ( s ) : discriminate, single _ out hypernym ( s ) : distinguish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.530917575658721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc03a411-cb7d-4d0e-80f6-9ec79e592054>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.265683"}
{"text": ") : break, split _ up, fall _ apart, come _ apart 13. separate - verb \u00b7 treat differently on the basis of sex or race synonym ( s ) : discriminate, single _ out hypernym ( s ) : distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize, severalise, tell, tell _ apart 14. separate - verb \u00b7 come apart ; \" the two pieces that we had glued separated \" synonym ( s ) : divide, part 15. separate - verb \u00b7 divide into two or more branches so as to form a fork ; \" the road forks \" synonym ( s ) : branch, ramify, fork, furcate 16. separate - adjective \u00b7 independent ; not united or joint ; \" a problem consisting of two separate issues \" ; \" they went their separate ways \" ; \" formed a separate church \" 17. separate - adjective \u00b7 standing apart ; not attached to or supported by anything ; \" a freestanding bell tower \" ; \" a house with a separate garage \" 18. separate - adjective \u00b7 separated according to race, sex, class, or religion ; \" separate but equal \" ; \" girls and boys in separate classes \" 19. separate - adjective \u00b7 have the connection undone ; having become separate or unscramble the word you need to complete that puzzle or to finish that project or homework! letters to unscramble the word synonyms, antonyms and related words word below with '? ' to indicate missing letters word to find the rhymes letters of the beginning, middle or end of the word.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5239846327846053, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc03a411-cb7d-4d0e-80f6-9ec79e592054>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.266292"}
{"text": "on use of cca - treated timber on use of cca - treated timber 2004, the use of cca - treated timber has been severely curtailed with an amendment of the european union commission directive 76 / 769 / eec. this amendment now states that arsenic compounds may not be used \u2018 in the preservation of wood. furthermore, wood so treated may not be placed on the market \u2019. the only exceptions are wood to be used in industrial installation that \u2018 the structural integrity of the wood is required for human or livestock safety and skin contact by the general public during is service life is unlikely \u2019. the following uses are specifically not allowed ( commission directive 2003 / 2 / ec, 6 january 2003 ) : - in residential or domestic constructions, whatever the purpose, - in any application where there is a risk of repeated skin contact agricultural purposes other than for livestock fence posts and any application where treated wood may come into contact with intermediate or finished products intended for human and / or animal amendment therefore restricts the marketing and use of both the cca chemical as well as timber treated with cca, and will also apply to imported treated wood and waste wood in re - use. in addition, it is anticipated that from 2007, cca preservatives will require authorisation according to the biocidal products directive ( bpd ) 19 ( enviros consulting et al, 2004 ). the eu regulations, however, do not apply to cca - treated wood already in service. cca - treated timber has not been as extensively used in europe as it has in australia amendment is the consequence of a risk assessment by the european commission enterprise directorate general that identified a number of unacceptable risks, including risks to children from cca - treated timber play equipment, environmental risks from combustion and disposal ( including leaching in landfill ) and to aquatic organisms, and health risks from use of cca - treated timber ( cited in defra, 2003 ). communities \u2019 scientific committee for toxicity, ecotoxicity and the environment ( cstee ) evaluated this risk assessment, and determined that no threshold exists for the carcinogenic effects of arsenic ( which is also known to be genotoxic ). the cstee could not establish the arsenic - related risks of landfill disposal of cca - treated timber, which is classified as a hazardous waste by the commission in 2000, and thus concluded that it was appropriate to apply the precautionary principle and, in the absence of proof of harm, reduce the production of cca - treated timber as much as possible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4943018157043674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61f22460-b98b-40e0-85c4-8848a4873c91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.270482"}
{"text": "is classified as a hazardous waste by the commission in 2000, and thus concluded that it was appropriate to apply the precautionary principle and, in the absence of proof of harm, reduce the production of cca - treated timber as much as possible because it is likely to cause serious harm ( cstee, 2003 ). timber industry has responded to these directives by considering alternative treatments in order to maintain their market share over other materials. a representative from arch timber protection uk, has boasted that since moving away from arsenic - and chromium - based timber preservatives in the mid - 1990s, \u2018 companies embraced the challenge and through the change to copper based preservatives, aggressively marketed own brands and unique features of their products. contrary to many forecasts, the industry has flourished and benefited from the changes as treated wood continues to be the material of choice \u2019 ( connell, 2004 ). after a consultation process by the department of environment, food and rural affairs, great britain adapted the above ec regulations ( defra, 2003 ). this resulted in closer attention being put on the timber treatment industry, with legal action being taken against a cca timber treatment company for improper and unsafe use of pesticides and a fine of \u00a330, 000. anglian timber was found guilty of machining timber within 48 hours of treatment, transporting wet ( unfixed ) timber, and not providing personal protective equipment for employees ( ehn online, 2004 ). in northern europe the use of chromium - based preservatives is also being restricted and they are banned in denmark ( connell, 2004 ). m. ( 2004 ), \u2018 issues facing preservative suppliers in a changing market for treated wood \u2019, paper presented to cost action e22 : environmental optimisation of wood protection, lisboa \u0153 portugal, 22 - 23 march. ( scientific committee on toxicity, ecotoxicity and the environment ) ( 2003 ), \u2018 commission directive 2003 / 2 / ec of 6 january 2003 relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of arsenic ( tenth adaptation to technical progress to council directive 76 / 769 / eec ) \u2019, official journal of the european communities, january 9, l 4 / 9. ( 2003 ), consultation on the transposition of the 10th adaptation to technical progress of annex i to council directive 76 / 769 / eec relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of arsenic in england, scotland and wales ( great britain ), august, department for environment, food and rural affairs, great britain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4927091703003529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61f22460-b98b-40e0-85c4-8848a4873c91>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.271656"}
{"text": "( philadelphia, pa ) - researchers at the university of pennsylvania school of medicine have discovered that a brain region previously known for its role in learning and memory also serves as the location of sleep regulation in fruit flies. through further examination of this brain structure, researchers hope to shed light on sleep regulation and its role in memory. despite its importance in everyday human function, very little is known about the regulation of sleep. in search of the underlying brain region responsible for sleep regulation, senior author amita sehgal, phd, professor of neuroscience and a howard hughes medical institute ( hhmi ) investigator, and colleagues turned their attention to the fruit fly. \u201c fruit flies and humans share similar resting patterns, \u201d explains sehgal. \u201c like humans, the sleeping states of fruit flies are characterized by periods of immobility over a twenty - four hour period, during which the fruit flies demonstrate reduced responsiveness to sensory stimuli. \u201d by tinkering with the gene expression of multiple regions of the fruit fly brain, the research team was able to zero in on the adult mushroom body as the sleep center of the brain. they reported their findings in last week \u2019 s issue of nature. to locate the brain region involved in sleep regulation, sehgal manipulated the activity of an enzyme known as protein kinase a ( pka ). previous work in sehgal \u2019 s lab revealed that the higher the level of pka activity, the lower the period of immobility, or sleep, in the fruit fly. by building upon this work, sehgal and others set out to increase pka activity in various regions of the brain and examine the subsequent sleeping patterns in the fruit flies. \u201c sleeping fruit flies \u201d were defined as those that remained immobile for at least five minutes. \u201c from the beginning, we took the unbiased approach, \u201d explains sehgal. \u201c we targeted pka activity to different areas of the fly brain to find out where pka acts to regulate sleep. \u201d sehgal was able to selectively turn on pka activity in a variety of brain locations, which promoted pka expression in designated regions. of the different regions targeted, only two regions, both present in the adult mushroom bodies, led to changes in sleeping patterns of fruit flies. the fly mushroom body has been likened to the human hippocampus. the changes in sleep caused by the increased pka activity in the adult mushroom bodies highlighted this region as the sleep - regulating region of the fruit fly brain. when pka activity was expressed in one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5211379262694922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90c144c6-574a-450c-a269-ab1555a67dfe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.277699"}
{"text": "been likened to the human hippocampus. the changes in sleep caused by the increased pka activity in the adult mushroom bodies highlighted this region as the sleep - regulating region of the fruit fly brain. when pka activity was expressed in one of the two distinct regions of the mushroom bodies, increased sleep occurred while expression in the other region decreased sleep in the flies. thus, the adult mushroom bodies possess both sleep - promoting and sleep - inhibiting \u201c although people typically think of mushroom bodies as possessing similar functions to the human hippocampus, the site where long - term memories are made, our lab tends to think of the mushroom bodies functioning more like the thalamus, the relay station through which most sensory input to the brain is targeted, \u201d explains sehgal. \u201c previous research links the thalamus to a role in human sleep. \u201d ( there is no human structure that is anatomically similar to the adult mushroom bodies of fruit flies. ) identifying the role of adult mushroom bodies in sleep may offer insight into how and why sleep is needed to assist in learning and memory consolidation. in mammals, sleep deprivation suppresses the performance of learned tasks, and sleep permits memory consolidation. distinct anatomical regions of adult mushroom bodies have been shown to be important for at least some forms of memory in fruit flies. in a paper also published last week in current biology, sehgal and colleagues showed that serotonin affects sleep in fruit flies by acting at the site of the adult mushroom bodies. sehgal \u2019 s lab reduced the function of three types of serotonin receptors in the brains of fruit flies ( 5ht1a, 5ht1b, and 5ht2 ). the reduced 5ht1a receptor activity in the fruit flies led to fragmented and reduced overall sleep. in essence, the fruit flies tossed and turned in their sleep. but, the flies with reduced 5ht1b and 5ht2 receptor activity displayed no change in their sleeping pattern. penn researchers were able to treat the fruit flies to a good night \u2019 s sleep by administering serotonin to the adult mushroom bodies. the finding that serotonin plays a role in increasing sleep in fruit flies offers hope for the future of therapeutics for sleep disorders. \u201c serotonin may also promote sleep in humans, \u201d suggests sehgal. \u201c this may explain why serotonin - increasing antidepressants future work by sehgal \u2019 s lab will attempt to look for a connection among sleep, serotonin, and learning, and memory,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5154009429282032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90c144c6-574a-450c-a269-ab1555a67dfe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.279012"}
{"text": ", \u201d suggests sehgal. \u201c this may explain why serotonin - increasing antidepressants future work by sehgal \u2019 s lab will attempt to look for a connection among sleep, serotonin, and learning, and memory, while looking deeper into the cellular and molecular activity that enables mushroom bodies to regulate sleep. coauthors of the nature study are william j. joiner and amanda crocker, both from penn, and benjamin h. white, from the national institutes of health. coauthors of the current biology study are quan yuan and william j. joiner, both from penn. these studies were funded by the howard hughes medical institute, the national sleep foundation and by the national institutes of health. penn medicine is a $ 2. 9 billion enterprise dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and high - quality patient care. penn medicine consists of the university of pennsylvania school of medicine ( founded in 1765 as the nation ' s first medical school ) and the university of pennsylvania health system. penn ' s school of medicine is ranked # 2 in the nation for receipt of nih research funds ; and ranked # 3 in the nation in u. s. news & world report ' s most recent ranking of top research - oriented medical schools. supporting 1, 400 fulltime faculty and 700 students, the school of medicine is recognized worldwide for its superior education and training of the next generation of physician - scientists and leaders of academic medicine. the university of pennsylvania health system includes three hospitals [ hospital of the university of pennsylvania, which is consistently ranked one of the nation ' s few \" honor roll \" hospitals by u. s. news & world report ; pennsylvania hospital, the nation ' s first hospital ; and penn presbyterian medical center ] ; a faculty practice plan ; a primary - care provider network ; two multispecialty satellite facilities ; and home care and hospice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5199930169109149, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90c144c6-574a-450c-a269-ab1555a67dfe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.279892"}
{"text": "usability in civic life it ' s a simple idea, really : access + usability = usable accessibility once we remove the barriers to access addressed in standards and regulation, the next challenge is to make communications, technology and other products usable by people with a full range of abilities. - accessibility standards - plain language this is just a short list of some starting points for information about usable access. just ask : integrating accessibility throughout design by shawn lawton henry covers accessibility through the user - centered design cycle, including personas and usability testing with people with disabilitites. ( online and print versions ) the web accessibility initiative develops support materials to help understand and implement web accessibility, in addition to accessibility standards for web sites ( wcag ), authoring tools ( atag ), rich applications ( aria ), and user agents ( uaag ) the center for plain language works to increase the usefulness and efficiency of government, legal, and business documents, so that the people who use those documents can quickly and easily : find what they need, understand what they find, and act on that understanding. universal usability : a universal approach to web usability includes the full text of sarah horton ' s book access by design as well as resources and information about universal usability. developing accessibility standards uxpa and uxpa chapters have participated in accessibility standards around the world - new zealand government web standards - sam ng, upanz - uk bsi ' s pas 78 : guide to good practice in commissioning accessible web sites - giles colborne, uk upa - us e & it and telecommunications regulations section 508 and section 255 recommendations for updates and poster on the recommendations ( pdf, 1, 098kb - 33 \" x 47 \" ) - whitney quesenbery & sarah swierenga, uxpa - access to telecommunications and us telecommunications policy for people with disabilities ( ppt, 736k ) - karen peltz strauss, rehabilitation engineering research center on telecommunications access at the upa celebration of usability in civic life, 2008 supporting plain language plain language not only makes information easier to find, understand and use, but also makes them more usable for people with cognitive, language and learning disabilities. - learn about plain language - what is a plain language expert? - plain language : adding simplicity to voting - upa supports easier access to government for all citizens ( january 2008 ) - us house hearing \" plain language in paperwork \u2014 the benefits to small business \" - feb 26, 2008 video of the hearing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44074538627289367, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8209b56e-7a43-4f88-8821-49401ae173f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.282674"}
{"text": "german soldiers lead jews captured during the warsaw ghetto uprising to the assembly point for deportation. poland, may 1943. national archives and records administration, college park, md. the nazi regime used rail transport as one method to forcibly rearrange the ethnic composition of eastern europe within the framework of world war ii. in 1941, the nazi leadership decided to implement the \" final solution, \" the systematic mass murder of european jewry. the german authorities used rail systems across the continent to transport, or deport, jews from their homes, primarily to eastern europe. once they had begun to methodically kill jews in specially constructed killing centers, german officials deported jews to these facilities by train or, when trains were not available or the distances were short, by truck or on foot. officials coordinate mass transport by train at the wannsee conference on january 20, 1942, held near berlin, ss, nazi party, and german state officials met to coordinate the deportation of european jews to killing centers ( also known as \u201c extermination camps \u201d ) already in operation or under construction in german - occupied poland. the participants of the conference estimated that the \" final solution \" would involve the deportation and murder of 11 million jews, including jewish residents of nations outside german control, such as ireland, sweden, turkey, and great britain. deportations on this scale required the coordination of numerous german government agencies including the reich security main office ( reichssicherheitshauptamt - - rsha ), the main office of the order police, the ministry of transportation, and the foreign office. the rsha or regional ss and police leaders coordinated and often directed the deportations. the order police, often reinforced by local auxiliaries or collaborators in occupied territories, rounded up and transported the jews to the killing centers. working with department iv b 4 of the rsha commanded by ss lieutenant colonel adolf eichmann, the ministry of transportation coordinated train schedules. the foreign office negotiated with germany ' s axis partners over the transfer of their jewish citizens to german custody. the germans attempted to disguise their intentions. they sought to portray the deportations as a \" resettlement \" of the jewish population in labor camps in the \" east. \" in reality, the \" resettlement \" in the \" east \" became a euphemism for transport to the killing centers and mass murder. inside the railcars german railroad officials used both freight and passenger cars for the deportations. german authorities generally did not give the deportees food or water for the journey, even when they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4803972845047052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35528fe2-8d9d-4615-b7d2-f8ad93be5e24>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.291892"}
{"text": "residents of the lodz ghetto as well as the ghetto ' s surviving roma and sinti ( gypsy ) residents to chelmno between january 1942 and spring 1943, and then in early summer 1944. in 1943 and 1944, the auschwitz - birkenau killing center played a significant role in the german plan to kill the european jews. beginning in late winter 1943, trains arrived at auschwitz - birkenau on a regular basis carrying jews from virtually every german - occupied country of europe - - from as far north as norway to the greek island of rhodes off the coast of turkey in the south, from the french slopes of the pyrenees in the west to the easternmost reaches of german - occupied poland and the baltic states. another concentration camp, located near lublin and known as majdanek, served as a site for murdering targeted groups of jewish and non - jewish prisoners by gas and other means. the germans killed nearly three million jews in the five killing centers. western and northern europe german officials and local collaborators deported jews from western europe via transit camps, such as drancy in france, westerbork in the netherlands, and mechelen ( malines ) in belgium. of the approximately 75, 000 jews deported from france, more than 65, 000 were deported from drancy to auschwitz - birkenau, and approximately 2, 000 to sobibor. the germans deported over 100, 000 jews from the netherlands, almost all from westerbork : about 60, 000 to auschwitz and over 34, 000 to sobibor. between august 1942 and july 1944, 28 trains transported more than 25, 000 jews from belgium to auschwitz - birkenau via mechelen. in the autumn of 1942, the germans seized approximately 770 norwegian jews and deported them by boat and train to auschwitz. an effort to deport the danish jews in september 1943 failed when the resistance in denmark, alerted to the impending roundup, assisted the mass escape of danish jews to neutral sweden. the germans deported jews from greece, from italy, and from croatia. between march and august 1943, ss and police officials deported more than 40, 000 jews from salonika, in northern greece, to auschwitz - birkenau, where the camp staff killed most of them in the gas chambers upon arrival. after the germans occupied northern italy in september 1943, they deported about 8, 000 jews, most of them to auschwitz - birkenau. based on an agreement with their croatian axis partner, german officials took custody of around 7,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.425655455552326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35528fe2-8d9d-4615-b7d2-f8ad93be5e24>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.295632"}
{"text": "upon arrival. after the germans occupied northern italy in september 1943, they deported about 8, 000 jews, most of them to auschwitz - birkenau. based on an agreement with their croatian axis partner, german officials took custody of around 7, 000 croat jews and deported them to auschwitz - birkenau. bulgarian gendarmes and military units rounded up and deported around 7, 000 jewish residents of bulgarian - occupied macedonia, formerly a part of yugoslavia, via a transit camp at skopje. bulgarian authorities concentrated approximately 4, 000 jews residing in bulgarian - occupied thrace at two assembly points in bulgaria and transferred them to german custody. in all, bulgaria deported more than 11, 000 jews to german - controlled territory. the german authorities deported these jews to treblinka 2 and killed them in the gas chambers. german authorities began to deport jews from the greater german reich in october 1941, while the construction of the killing centers was still in the planning stage. between october 15, 1941, and november 4, 1941, german authorities deported 20, 000 jews to the lodz ghetto. between november 8, 1941, and october 1942, german authorities deported approximately 49, 000 jews from the greater german reich to riga, minsk, kovno, and raasiku, all in the reich commissariat ostland ( german - occupied belorussia, lithuania, latvia, and estonia ). ss and police officials shot the overwhelming majority of the deportees upon arrival in the reich commissariat ostland. german authorities deported another approximately 63, 000 german, austrian, and czech jews to the warsaw ghetto and to various locations in district lublin, including the transit camp - ghettos at krasnystaw and izbica and the killing center in sobibor, between march and october 1942. german jewish residents of the lodz and warsaw ghettos were later deported with polish jews to chelmno, treblinka 2, and, in 1944, to auschwitz - birkenau. the first transport of jews from the greater german reich directly to auschwitz arrived on july 18, 1942, from vienna. from late october 1942 until january 1945, german authorities deported more than 71, 000 jews remaining in the greater german reich to auschwitz - birkenau. the germans deported elderly or prominent jews from germany, austria, the protectorate of bohemia and moravia, and western europe to the theresienstadt ghetto, which also served as a transit camp for deportations further east, most often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4159860331681269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35528fe2-8d9d-4615-b7d2-f8ad93be5e24>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.296798"}
{"text": "##rkenau. the germans deported elderly or prominent jews from germany, austria, the protectorate of bohemia and moravia, and western europe to the theresienstadt ghetto, which also served as a transit camp for deportations further east, most often to auschwitz - birkenau. between may and july 1944, hungarian gendarmes, in cooperation with german security police officials, deported nearly 440, 000 jews from hungary. most of them were sent to auschwitz - birkenau. with the cooperation of slovak authorities, the germans deported more than 50, 000 slovak jews to the concentration camps of auschwitz - birkenau and majdanek. the slovak jews were the first to be selected for the gas chambers at birkenau. in the autumn of 1944, german ss and police officials deported 10, 000 slovak jews to auschwitz - birkenau during the slovak uprising. this deportation was the last major one to a killing center. between march 1942 and november 1943, the ss and police deported approximately 1, 526, 000 jews, most of them by train, to the killing centers of operation reinhard : belzec, sobibor, and treblinka. between december 8, 1941, and march 1943 and again in june - july 1944, ss and police officials deported approximately 156, 000 jews and a few thousand roma and sinti to the killing center at chelmno by train, by truck, and on foot. between march 1942 and december 1944, the german authorities deported approximately 1. 1 million jews and 23, 000 roma and sinti to auschwitz - birkenau, the overwhelming majority by rail. fewer than 500 survived the operation reinhard killing centers. only a handful of jews survived the transports to chelmno. perhaps as many as 100, 000 jews survived deportation to auschwitz - birkenau by virtue of having been selected for forced labor upon arrival.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4129045341362291, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35528fe2-8d9d-4615-b7d2-f8ad93be5e24>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.297547"}
{"text": "- for teachers as well as being one of the most popular and useful topics with technical english / english for engineering classes, inventions can be a great way of introducing topics like passives, describing objects ( useful for bulats and ielts ), giving presentations, etc. it is also introduced in many textbooks, including ielts and general english ones, and can be narrowed down further ( gardening inventions, oa inventions, etc ) for very specialised esp courses. this article gives many different ways of exploiting this topic. kinds of inventions that you could cover include : - recent inventions - top inventions ( e. g. of the year, decade, or century ) - inventions that are becoming obsolete - recently disappeared inventions - long disappeared inventions - unsuccessful inventions - science fiction inventions that became ( more or less ) fact - science fiction inventions that haven \u2019 t become fact ( yet ) - science fiction inventions that will probably never become fact - gruesome inventions, e. g. for surgery, torture or execution - accidental inventions - inventions that everyone dismissed as silly but later became successful - inventions which were really pushed but quickly disappeared or failed - failed inventions - spoof inventions, e. g. chindogu ( japanese \u201c unuseless inventions \u201d ) - crazy inventions - dangerous inventions - pointless inventions, e. g. to solve problems that are completely trivial you can also divide them by what area of life they affect, e. g. - arts and media / entertainment - connected to human appearance, e. g. plastic surgery or make up - crime fighting and detection - health and fitness - transport and travel - war and fighting - work, e. g. office work - green technology - food and drink things that students could talk about, listen to or read about inventions include : - advantages and disadvantages - how it works - physical appearance - story of its invention - what it replaced and / or will be replaced by - how it is / was / will be better than what went before - how they are / were controlled, e. g. people walking with red flags in front of the first cars - people \u2019 s reactions to them - predictions, including completely wrong ones - which country they came from the inventors themselves are also a popular topic, perhaps even more than the things they invented. you could look at : - eccentric inventors - inventors who failed many times then finally became successful - inventors of many things - very young inventors - inventors who never lived to see their product ( s ) become successful - people who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.528131201565123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36655841-2986-429e-a2a7-97478d1d15c4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.318308"}
{"text": ". you could look at : - eccentric inventors - inventors who failed many times then finally became successful - inventors of many things - very young inventors - inventors who never lived to see their product ( s ) become successful - people who were doing other jobs when they invented things - the similarities between great inventors and their upbringings - whether education can be designed to produce more inventors another approach is to try to link inventions to the grammar point in the book, for example : - passives ( \u201c it was invented by \u2026 \u201d ) - past continuous ( \u201c he was trying to invent something else when \u2026 \u201d ) - third conditional ( \u201c if the plane hadn \u2019 t been invented, \u2026 \u201d ) - zero conditional ( \u201c if you press this handle, \u2026 \u201d ) - modals ( \u201c it might be a way of making parking easier \u201d ) - predictions ( \u201c it will probably disappear in the next ten years \u201d ) - used to ( \u201c before the tractor, people used to \u2026 \u201d ) the same can be done for functions, e. g. - persuading ( e. g. to try a new medical procedure ) efl activities on the topic of inventions below is a selection of activities more or less in the order above, following a more general guide to useful activities for this topic. general activities for the topic of inventions make your own inventions the most fun and speaking - intensive way of tackling inventions is for students to make up their own in pairs or small groups and then present them to the class or try to sell them to their partner ( see below for details of those later stages ). you can add language and help give them ideas by giving them : - a list of objects that they can combine the functions of - objects that they should invent replacements for - actions that they could make their invention do - problems in modern life that need to be solved - objects that it should interact with ( e. g. \u201c apples \u201d or \u201c tables \u201d ) - words they could use to describe their invention ( materials, shape, types of power, actions, positive adjectives, etc ) they could also brainstorm those things instead of or as well as using ones you have given them. sell the invention either with their own inventions or ones they have been given ( pictures and / or descriptions ), students roleplay trying to sell them to each other. this can be made more involved and fun by giving them roleplay cards such as \u201c you are very conservative and don \u2019 t like anything new \u201d, \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49265040983561736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36655841-2986-429e-a2a7-97478d1d15c4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.319515"}
{"text": "( pictures and / or descriptions ), students roleplay trying to sell them to each other. this can be made more involved and fun by giving them roleplay cards such as \u201c you are very conservative and don \u2019 t like anything new \u201d, \u201c the last thing that this sales representative sold to you was quickly discontinued \u201d and \u201c price is the most important thing to you \u201d. students can also go further by designing posters, tv ads etc to help sell their inventions. as in real life, presenting inventions makes a lot of sense. this can be their own inventions, real inventions ( including from the past or near future ), or science fiction inventions. people listening can ask questions, argue that it won \u2019 t be a good idea or work, or just vote at the end on who has the best idea ( apart from their own ). guess the invention students read or listen to descriptions, perhaps from their classmate or teacher, and guess what invention is being talked about. guess the invention and check inventions is perhaps the best of all topics to do the tefl classic of guessing things from the photo and then reading to check. this works best with very old inventions, prototypes of things coming up or inventions in science fiction that don \u2019 t exist yet. inventions for and against it can be quite amusing and a good test of their argumentative powers to get students to argue that inventions have made or are likely to make life worse, e. g. that the computer has made working life more intolerable. it is also possible to find articles and blog posts on this topic by searching the internet for topics such as \u201c how mobile phones have made life worse \u201d. inventions roleplay debates it \u2019 s quite difficult to come up with opinions on inventions, so to make debates work it is generally a good idea to give them roles like \u201c you distrust all technology \u201d and \u201c you work for the health and safety inspectorate \u201d. alternative stories about inventions there are quite a few inventions where there are alternative stories about who invented it or how it was invented, for example because it was a long time ago, because several countries have their own local inventors who could have done it, because several people were working on it at the same time, or because the inventor has tried to make their story more interesting. you can find such stories with search terms such as \u201c who really invented \u2026? \u201d and \u201c myths about \u2026 \u201d students could read alternative stories, decide who they believe and then read an unbiased analysis such as wikipedia to see what the consensus is on that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5136529265851486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36655841-2986-429e-a2a7-97478d1d15c4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.321024"}
{"text": "find such stories with search terms such as \u201c who really invented \u2026? \u201d and \u201c myths about \u2026 \u201d students could read alternative stories, decide who they believe and then read an unbiased analysis such as wikipedia to see what the consensus is on that. they could then have roleplay conversations where they both claim to have invented the same thing. bluff is a tefl classic where students give a mix of true and false information and the people listening try to work out which is which. with inventions they could : - be given one true story of an invention and the names of two more inventions and be asked to make up the other two - be given a real invention that will be released in the next couple of years and two things that are just from science fiction and make up stories for the sci - fi ones - be given an inventor \u2019 s life story and be asked to add two false pieces of information, for example inventions that the person didn \u2019 t really come up with guess the year from the invention students are given a list of years and past and / or future inventions and must describe what inventions they imagine were used or will be used in one of the years until their partner guesses the year that they are talking about. they can then discuss whether that description is likely to be true. decide on the rules students decide on government controls for a future technology such as cloning or time travel. students put inventions into order, for example by : - how desirable they are - how important they are - how suitable they are to go into a museum of inventions - when they are likely to disappear - how likely they would be to take them into a nuclear bunker with them funding for inventions and inventors students can decide which ideas to give research funding to and how much, which inventors to give prize money to and how much, or which inventions ( e. g. health or environmentally friendly ones ) people will be able to get government subsidies for. how much would you pay? this is similar to the two ideas above. students discuss how much they would pay to have certain inconveniences taken out of their lives or to have certain amazing experiences, e. g. to not need to go to the toilet or to be able to fly like superman. they could also predict how much other people would pay and pick the ones that they think people would spend most on ( e. g. as a business investment ), or negotiate with people about how much they have to pay for something. invest in inventions as mentioned above, students could decide which inventions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5199596738005607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36655841-2986-429e-a2a7-97478d1d15c4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.323684"}
{"text": "pay and pick the ones that they think people would spend most on ( e. g. as a business investment ), or negotiate with people about how much they have to pay for something. invest in inventions as mentioned above, students could decide which inventions or technology companies to invest in. this works best if you have real sales figures or share prices from the past and include some which were successful much later than you might think. inventions balloon debate this is variation on the ranking tasks above. students choose inventions to take with them in a particular situation such as a desert island and then discuss how they will use them. this can also done with the students not knowing what the situations will be, e. g. with a board game with challenges that they must pass using the inventions that they chose as they go around it. inventions random pelmanism students choose two inventions from a list and say one way in which they are similar, e. g. \u201c they are both expensive \u201d or \u201c they are both more than ten years old \u201d. they can then cross those two things off and score a point. the game continues until all the words have been crossed off or everyone gives up. the similarities must be different each time, i. e. they can \u2019 t say \u201c they are both electronic \u201d more than once. students try to guess how things were done just before the inventions that they are given appeared, then read and check. activities for specific aspects of inventions students can predict which inventions are likely to have an impact, try to guess something about the inventions then read and check, or roleplay trying to sell them to each other. students can rank inventions then compare to a real list, or put inventions into different lists ( e. g. the greatest 20th century inventions and the greatest victorian inventions ) then read and check. inventions that are becoming obsolete students can predict when something might entirely or almost entirely disappear, then read other people \u2019 s predictions. disappeared inventions / inventions that were really pushed but failed / unsuccessful inventions / inventions that everyone dismissed as silly but later became successful students could guess the reasons for the lack of success of inventions like video disc, then maybe match the reasons to the inventions and / or read and check. they could also guess the inventions from the enthusiastic receptions at the time, match old and new inventions ( e. g. as random pelmanism ), or roleplay trying to sell inventions that did and didn \u2019 t become successful, reflecting on any differences between success in that activity and the success in real life. science fiction inventions students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5117632357947326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36655841-2986-429e-a2a7-97478d1d15c4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.329291"}
{"text": "new inventions ( e. g. as random pelmanism ), or roleplay trying to sell inventions that did and didn \u2019 t become successful, reflecting on any differences between success in that activity and the success in real life. science fiction inventions students could guess which things were and weren \u2019 t predicted by science fiction, play bluff with real and made up stories of things being predicted by science fiction, say which things which have been predicted but haven \u2019 t happened yet are most likely to become reality, decide which science fiction writer was the most impressive futurologist, or discuss whether the predictions by science fiction writers were more than chance ( the thousand monkeys paradox ). students could decide which are suitable to get little boys interested in science, or which are suitable for a science museum. if there are people who have invented bad things but done other good things in their life, they could also decide on their treatment after death, e. g. whether they should have their awards posthumously stripped from them or not students can match the beginning and ends of accidental inventions stories, play bluff with real and made up accidental inventions stories, or guess which stories of accidental inventions are actually exaggerated or myths. students could speculate on how life would be different now if certain inventions had worked. spoof inventions / crazy inventions / pointless inventions students can guess which inventions were actually put on the market then read and check, guess the purposes of inventions from photos and check, and make up their own spoof inventions ( perhaps as a bluff game with some crazy but real inventions as the others ). students could decide on rules for the use of a dangerous invention, or decide how to treat the inventor of such a thing ( e. g. whether to give them a nobel prize or not ). they could also try to think of dangers of seemingly innocuous inventions. the power of inventions students can look at real and imaginary examples of inventors having power due to exclusive control of a technology, e. g. by inventing a drug or a weapon. they can then extend that discussion into patent rights. arts and media / entertainment inventions students can argue the good and bad sides of inventions like tv and video games, or predict the future of tv. human appearance inventions students can predict consequences of future technologies, decide on rules for present or future inventions, or decide in which cases people will be able to get such things through the national health service. crime fighting and detection inventions many tv series and movies have good examples of these, james bond probably being the best. students can rank them,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5732767083281052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36655841-2986-429e-a2a7-97478d1d15c4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.331669"}
{"text": "future inventions, or decide in which cases people will be able to get such things through the national health service. crime fighting and detection inventions many tv series and movies have good examples of these, james bond probably being the best. students can rank them, decide which to fund research to make them real, or decide on rules for their use. they could also match the invention to the character, film or year, or guess the function then watch or read and check. health and fitness inventions students could argue about the moral arguments and consequences of technologies that would allow us to keep fit and healthy without the need to do actual sport and exercise, e. g. scrapping school sports classes and instead strapping students up to health and fitness machines once a week. they could also discuss what to do about private companies coming up with increasingly expensive medical treatments. students could imagine a future world in which there is no housework that isn \u2019 t done by machines, or decide which things they wouldn \u2019 t want done automatically by their house ( e. g. automatically buying healthier food, or automatically monitoring your weight ). students could speculate on a world without manufacturing jobs, or a world with robot and computer controlled factories that can come up with their own products. they could also try to come up with controls to take away any possible bad effects. transport and travel inventions students can debate what to do about technologies like flying cars and self - driving cars, e. g. making all people use self - driving cars because of the increase in safety. they could also choose transport technologies for their own town. war and fighting inventions students could decide on rules for technologies such as drones, and debate whether wars with no humans on the battlefield would be good or bad. students could rank technologies by how much they have improved working life or made it worse, come up with solutions to common work problems, or debate technology that helps companies monitor and control workers. students could come up with or choose inventions to take with them during a survival situation like a post - apocalypse world or a desert island, then see how those things could help with the challenges that the teacher gives out on cards or explains. agriculture / food and drink inventions students could decide on rules on gm foods and similar, decide on whether food additives are acceptable or not based on descriptions of their possible effects, or look at the advantages and disadvantages of one food technology and see what conclusion that leads them to. students could decide how to spend the government \u2019 s green technology budget, or debate leaving green technology entirely up to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.531363227189225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36655841-2986-429e-a2a7-97478d1d15c4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.334435"}
{"text": "on descriptions of their possible effects, or look at the advantages and disadvantages of one food technology and see what conclusion that leads them to. students could decide how to spend the government \u2019 s green technology budget, or debate leaving green technology entirely up to the private sector or not. advantages and disadvantages students could try to think of disadvantages of inventions that only seem to have advantages ( or vice versa ), take both sides of an argument and see who gives up first, or add up how many advantages and disadvantages that they can think of and see if the balance between them is the same as their original idea of if it is a good idea or not. students might be interested to learn just how many things have certain materials ( e. g. zinc ) or components ( e. g. gps ) in them nowadays, e. g. by looking at \u201c the world without rare metals \u201d. it is also quite interesting how many competing companies, e. g. car companies and electronics companies, provide components for each other. they could roleplay deciding what to do if approached by a competitor company to use one of their components, or what to do if they are in the opposite situation. they could also try to invent things based on the limited number of components they are given, e. g. to escape a particular situation. how inventions work students could guess how something works, match the descriptions to the invention, or play bluff with similar descriptions. students could try to invent different shapes for present objects such as mobile phones, or invent an object in the shape of another such as a video camera that looks like a handbag. story of its invention students can match the stories to the inventions, or play bluff ( e. g. making up imaginary stories about how the ancient egyptians invented the zip ). quite a lot of inventions, e. g. post its and many medicines, involve them not really becoming useful until someone finds an alternative use for them. students can read the story up to just before the alternative use is found and guess the continuation ( as long as they don \u2019 t already know from its present use ), or guess what it was originally designed for. what inventions replaced and / or will be replaced by / how inventions are be better than what went before these naturally come up in random pelmanism above. how inventions are / were controlled students could match the controls to the inventions, or imagine the controls for the inventions etc, then read and check. alternatively, they could play bluff with real and made up controls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5529171385081877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36655841-2986-429e-a2a7-97478d1d15c4>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.335858"}
{"text": "come up in random pelmanism above. how inventions are / were controlled students could match the controls to the inventions, or imagine the controls for the inventions etc, then read and check. alternatively, they could play bluff with real and made up controls. they can then discuss which are / were sensible, and make up similar controls for recent or future inventions. they can also do roleplay debates. students could predict people \u2019 s initial reactions to inventions, match inventions and reactions etc, then read and check. predictions about future inventions lots of people are silly enough to make predictions about the future of technology, transport, etc. students can guess what the predictions are, read and check and then discuss how accurate they are likely to be. which country they came from students can match a whole list of inventions to the country, or look at claims from different countries for who invented something. they can then discuss what makes / made countries particularly good at producing inventions, and then how their country could be changed to produce more. statistics on number of patents is useful for this. the life stories of inventors are great material for lessons, perhaps explaining why this topic even gets into general english textbooks. students can guess what invention ( s ) one inventor eventually came up with after reading the beginning of their life story, group together the inventions by who probably came up with them ( from their vague knowledge of edison, dates, similarities between the inventions, etc ) and then read and check, or brainstorm the many difficulties the inventor had to go through before reaching their goal then read and check. students could also try to find similarities between the stories of inventors and then discuss how their country could produce more inventors. students can match up products and descriptions using passive tenses. many inventions can be described as happening while someone was doing something else ( or even just while they were working in a particular company ), making for good practice of past continuous. the most obvious thing to do is for students to match up sentence halves, then read and check. students try to imagine how life would have been different if something had never been invented, e. g. \u201c if the plane had never been invented, there would be no eu \u201d. they can then make a chain of consequences of that, e. g. \u201c if there had been no eu, there would have been another european war \u201d etc. after a fixed number of consequences, they can discuss which of those consequences is actually likely. they could also be asked to do positive and negative consequences chains with the same invention and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5488924178641901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36655841-2986-429e-a2a7-97478d1d15c4>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.338254"}
{"text": "had been no eu, there would have been another european war \u201d etc. after a fixed number of consequences, they can discuss which of those consequences is actually likely. they could also be asked to do positive and negative consequences chains with the same invention and discuss what the resulting sentences show us about how good or bad that thing has actually been. a simpler version of above is students just predicting how life would be different now if an invention suddenly disappeared with sentences like \u201c if we didn \u2019 t have recorded music, \u2026 \u201d this can lead onto discussion on which of those things is on balance a good thing. students can guess how to operate something and read and check, describe how to operate something until their partner guesses what they are talking about, or match sentence halves. students can decide on rules, predict how likely things are to happen, or speculate on what must have happened. students could compare their own predictions to those of experts, change the certainty of predictions that they don \u2019 t agree with, or predict the consequences of recent or future inventions. students could guess how people did things like ironing before modern versions were invented, or play bluff with similar stories. students could complain about an invention from history ( e. g. about cars just after they have been invented ), about the invention that another team came up ( pretending that they have just bought it ), or about an invention that they have just read about. students can negotiate research funding, the price of a future invention, how much time they have to develop something, the price for selling the patent for something, etc. this works best when they are talking about something that has already happened and so they can compare the result of their negotiation with what really happened. students can try and persuade : - a patient to undergo an experimental medical procedure - the government to approve a new invention, e. g. teleportation - the government to ban an invention, e. g. mobile phones - a company to give them money to develop another invention ( maybe despite the failure of their previous attempts ) - the invention of the year award panel to give your invention or your choice the prize copyright \u00a9 2013 alex case written by alex case for usingenglish. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5667718060732173, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36655841-2986-429e-a2a7-97478d1d15c4>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.340472"}
{"text": "by malcolm ritter ap science writer new york - - when kathy perusse had weight - loss surgery and shed 120 pounds, she may have done more than make her own life easier. she went on to have two daughters, and she may have boosted their chances of avoiding becoming obese, like her two older children are. that ' s the implication of research suggesting that something in an obese woman ' s womb can program her fetus toward becoming a fat child and adult. it ' s not about simply passing along genes that promote obesity ; it ' s some sort of still - mysterious signal. the idea has only recently entered conversations between doctors and female patients, and scientists are scrambling to track down a biological explanation. that knowledge, in turn, may provide new ways to block obesity from crossing generations. while there ' s some disagreement on how important the womb signal is, \" the evidence is building and building that it is a substantial issue, \" said dr. matthew gillman of harvard medical school, who studies prevention of obesity. others agree. \" i think it could be a hugely significant factor, \" said robert waterland of the baylor college of medicine in houston, who studies the effect in mice. dr. rudy leibel, an obesity expert at columbia university, says he doubts it plays a huge role, but still believes it ' s worth studying. if scientists can uncover its biological underpinnings, he said, they may be able to use that knowledge to prevent or treat obesity from other causes. perusse, 39, of three rivers, quebec, knows the effects of being very fat. before her weight - loss surgery in 1995, she packed 284 pounds on her 5 - foot - 2 frame. she could not ride a bike or climb stairs to her second - floor home without stopping to rest. now, although she ' s still overweight, those limitations are history, she said through an interpreter. but her older children struggle with their weight. at 5 - foot - 3 and 300 pounds, her 22 - year - old daughter can ' t bathe her own two children, perusse said. her 16 - year - old son weighs 230 pounds and stands 5 - foot - 6. they were born before she had the weight - loss surgery. her two younger daughters, ages 4 and 7, came along afterward. their weights are normal so far, though perusse said her older children weren ' t overweight at those ages either. so she ' s using diet and exercise to try to protect them against what she called rotten genes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46307500294964093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a630e11-4898-459c-a674-7de38bf85959>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.352810"}
{"text": "and 7, came along afterward. their weights are normal so far, though perusse said her older children weren ' t overweight at those ages either. so she ' s using diet and exercise to try to protect them against what she called rotten genes, including those from their 400 - pound father. she said she isn ' t optimistic. but dr. john kral of the suny downstate medical center in new york says his research suggests that obese women who lose weight before pregnancy may be helping the next generation keep off excess pounds \u2014 even if fat - promoting genes run in the family. with researchers at laval hospital in quebec, kral has studied children of severely obese women who were born before or after their mother ' s weight - loss surgery. they found that, in comparison to children born before surgery, those born afterward were far less likely to be severely obese. in addition, those born afterward showed lower levels of blood fats and indicators of future diabetes. kral says families typically don ' t change lifestyle or diet after surgery, so that doesn ' t explain the outcome. instead, he says, the surgical bypass operation made the women ' s bodies less efficient at digesting and absorbing food, and lowered levels of sugar and fat in the blood. that, in turn, would reduce the number of calories delivered to the fetus to levels like those provided by a normal - weight mother, he said. and the women ' s shedding of pounds before the pregnancy would also help, he said. while scientists are still trying to explain just how obesity could be transmitted from the womb, it makes sense that a mother ' s obesity could affect her children ' s long - term weight, waterland said. cues in early life, including some in the womb, guide the development of a person ' s brain circuitry for controlling the balance between calories consumed and those burned away, he said. so a signal there could have a long - lasting impact. or, maybe such a signal predisposes the child to make more fat - storing cells, others said. it ' s still not clear just what in the womb could create such effects \u2014 high levels of blood sugar and certain fatty acids are some leading candidates. waterland has found evidence it may have to do with how critical genes are regulated. chemical tags attach to the chromosomes and act like dimmer switches to modulate how hard certain genes work. waterland studied mice genetically prone to porkiness and found the fatter the mom, the heavier her offspring tended to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41861345371796904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a630e11-4898-459c-a674-7de38bf85959>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.354953"}
{"text": "how critical genes are regulated. chemical tags attach to the chromosomes and act like dimmer switches to modulate how hard certain genes work. waterland studied mice genetically prone to porkiness and found the fatter the mom, the heavier her offspring tended to be. but that effect was blocked when researchers fed pregnant mice a cocktail of substances that encourage the chemical tags to attach to the chromosomes. what does that suggest? maybe a mom ' s obesity somehow interferes with the regulation of certain genes, and the chemical cocktail overcame that, waterland says. those genes might affect the offspring ' s long - term weight if they ' re involved in the brain ' s regulation of appetite and activity levels, waterland proposes. he also says it ' s too soon to tell whether an obesity - blocking supplement could work in women as well as in the mice. once scientists identify the obesity signal, they may be able to recommend ways to suppress it, perhaps through diet or behavioral strategies. in the meantime, experts say, obese women can take their own steps. - avoid pregnancy until you ' ve lost weight. that ' s wise anyway, since obesity in pregnancy raises the risk of complications like diabetes, cesarean deliveries and stillbirth. - if pregnant, hold down the weight gain during pregnancy. the institute of medicine recently recommended that an obese woman gain 11 to 20 pounds, rather than the 25 to 35 pounds allowed for healthy women of normal weight. - after giving birth, get down to a healthy body weight to prepare for the next pregnancy. dr. laura riley of massachusetts general hospital in boston said she gets her patients ' attention when she tells them their obesity could promote the same problem in their children. \" i ' m a mother, \" riley added. \" believe me, it caught my eye. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49960339369835366, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a630e11-4898-459c-a674-7de38bf85959>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.355935"}
{"text": "anemia, hemolytic, acquired autoimmune national organization for rare disorders, inc. it is possible that the main title of the report anemia, hemolytic, acquired autoimmune is not the name you expected. please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name ( s ) and disorder subdivision ( s ) covered by this report. synonyms back to top - immune hemolytic anemia - anemia, idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic - autoimmune hemolytic anemia - idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia disorder subdivisions back to top - anemia, warm antibody hemolytic - anemia, cold antibody hemolytic general discussion back to top the autoimmune hemolytic anemias are rare disorders characterized by the premature destruction ( hemolysis ) of red blood cells at a rate faster than they can be replaced. acquired hemolytic anemias are non - genetic in origin. idiopathic acquired autoimmune diseases occur when the body ' s natural defenses against invading organisms ( e. g., lymphocytes, antibodies ) destroy its own healthy tissues for no known reason. normally, the red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) have a life span of approximately 120 days before being removed by the spleen. the severity of this type of anemia is determined by the life span of the red blood cell and by the rate at which these cells are replaced by the bone marrow. clinicians are able to determine quite accurately ( coombs test ) whether or not red blood cells are carrying with them chemicals that are being incorrectly recognized as an \" enemy \" and therefore subject to autoimmune destruction. acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a disorder that occurs in individuals who previously had a normal red blood cell system. the disorder may occur as the result of, or in conjunction with, some other medical condition, in which case it is \" secondary \" to another disorder. less commonly, it occurs alone without a precipitating factor. acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurs in different forms, including warm antibody hemolytic anemia and cold antibody hemolytic anemia. in warm antibody hemolytic anemia, the self - generated antibodies ( autoantibodies ) attach themselves and cause the destruction of the red blood cells at temperatures above normal body temperature. in contrast, in the cases of cold antibody hemolytic anemia, the self", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49321760898180755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d454779-968f-416c-b486-905194edf2f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.362959"}
{"text": "into africa? fossils suggest earliest anthropoids colonized africa more here. sciencedaily ( oct. 28, 2010 ) \u2014 a new discovery described by a team of international scientists, including carnegie museum of natural history paleontologist christopher beard, suggests that anthropoids - - the primate group that includes humans, apes, and monkeys - - \" colonized \" africa, rather than originally evolving in africa as has been widely accepted. according to the paper published in the journal nature, what is exceptional about these new fossils - - discovered at the dur at - talah escarpment in central libya - - is the diversity of species present : the site includes three distinct families of anthropoid primates that lived in north africa at approximately the same time. this suggests that anthropoids underwent diversification, through evolution, previous to the time of these newly discovered fossils, which date to 39 million years ago. the sudden appearance in the african fossil record of diverse anthropoid families can be answered in one of two ways, the paper ' s authors say. it could be the result of a striking gap in the african fossil record prior to this period. this is unlikely to be the case as northern africa ' s eocene sites have been well sampled over the past century, and no diversity of anthropoid fossils has yet been discovered that predates the new libyan specimens. therefore, the paleontologists suggest, it is more likely that several anthropoid species \" colonized \" africa from another continent 39 million years ago - - the middle of the eocene epoch. since diversification would have occurred over extreme lengths of time, and likely leave fossil evidence, the new fossils combined with previous sampling in north africa leads the paper ' s authors to surmise an asian origin for anthropoids, as proposed by beard and his colleagues in earlier work, rather than a gap in the fossil record. \" if our ideas are correct, this early colonization of africa by anthropoids was a truly pivotal event - - one of the key points in our evolutionary history, \" says christopher beard, curator of vertebrate paleontology at carnegie museum of natural history and an author on the paper.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47360043438785393, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ecdfa11-1b3d-48ed-b0d9-f2d0e43c3925>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.368062"}
{"text": "a recent research has revealed that a woman \u2019 s resting pulse rate is a good predictor of her heart stroke and heart attack risks, regardless of other risk factors such as a lack of physical activity, obesity, unhealthy eating habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, high blood pressure and family history. the research was conducted on 10, 000 postmenopausal women who had no history of cardiovascular problems. their pulse rates were measured at the start of the research and their heart beats were regularly recorded every week for the next eight years. the scientists found that women who had 75 or more beats per minute were more susceptible to a heart attack than the women with 60 beats per minute or less. a normal pulse rate can be maintained by avoiding nervousness, stress, depression, alcohol use and tobacco use. moreover, maintaining a healthy body mass index and engaging into a regular physical activity also help maintain normal heart beats. it also makes a good idea to take a dietary supplement that helps maintain the health of your heart. kwai heartcare oad is a popular brand that is made from highest quality grown chinese garlic cloves which are slowly dried to remove the water only. each tablet is coated 60 times for odour control and contains 300mg of garlic. this supplement helps maintain a healthy heart and blood circulation. you should take one kwai garlic oad tablet daily. consult your doctor before using if you are pregnant, breast feeding, suffer from an underlying medical condition or suffer from allergies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44678880726403414, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d4f0a11-4235-4883-a162-e3239c0198fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.370081"}
{"text": "this theme is concerned with who was able to find work, and the consequences for those who could not. the census is not the ideal source to study these questions, because it is taken only every ten years, and we plan to add additional information from other sources such as the records of national insurance and the poor law system, and their modern equivalents, job seekers allowance and income support. for now, our only non - census data here comes from the trade union - run welfare system that laid the foundations for the national insurance system before the 1914 - 18 war. one strength of census data on unemployment is that it is relatively little affected by the changing rules of benefit systems, although we do add numbers on government training schemes to our figures for 1991. for most of the twentieth century, the unemployment rate among women was of limited value. many women were not involved in paid work, and even those with jobs had problems claiming benefits when they lost them. we therefore concentrate instead on the \" activity rate \", which measures what proportion of women were economically active, either in work or looking for it. our detailed statistics are held in structures called ncubes, which you can think of as tables with one dimension, or with two... or with twenty. their dimensions are defined by the variables each ncube combines, and each variable is made up of categories. these ncubes are available at national level for this theme : | available ncubes | | period covered | | variables ( number of categories ) | census unemployment by sex | | 1931 to 2001 | | census unemployment ( 2 ) | economically active by sex | | 1931 to 2001 | | economically active ( 2 ) | all of working age, by sex | | 1931 to 2001 | | all of working age ( 1 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48362642800510536, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ea0e22b-d119-4003-a1e0-2837025eddfe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.374213"}
{"text": "by completing this course the healthcare professional will be able to : 1. identify the causes of eating disorders 2. describe co - occurring psychological disorders of eating disorders 3. identify the physical changes associated with eating disorders 4. describe the types of treatment available 5. identify signs and symptoms of eating disorders 6. describe intervention techniques used with eating disorder patient eating is controlled by many factors, including appetite, food availability, family, peer, and cultural practices, and attempts at voluntary control. dieting to a body weight leaner than needed for health is highly promoted by current fashion trends, sales campaigns for special foods, and in some activities and professions. eating disorders involve serious disturbances in eating behavior, such as extreme and unhealthy reduction of food intake or severe overeating, as well as feelings of distress or extreme concern about body shape or weight. researchers are investigating how and why initially voluntary behaviors, such as eating smaller or larger amounts of food than usual, at some point move beyond control in some people and develop into an eating disorder. studies on the basic biology of appetite control and its alteration by prolonged overeating or starvation have uncovered enormous complexity, but in the long run have the potential to lead to new pharmacologic treatments for eating disorders. eating disorders are not due to a failure of will or behavior ; rather, they are real, treatable medical illnesses in which certain maladaptive patterns of eating take on a life of their own. the main types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. a third type, binge - eating disorder, has been suggested but has not yet been approved as a formal psychiatric diagnosis. eating disorders frequently develop during adolescence or early adulthood, but some reports indicate their onset can occur during childhood or later in adulthood. eating disorders frequently co - occur with other psychiatric disorders such as depression, substance abuse, and anxiety disorders. in addition, people who suffer from eating disorders can experience a wide range of physical health complications, including serious heart conditions and kidney failure which may lead to death. recognition of eating disorders as real and treatable diseases, therefore, is critically important. females are much more likely than males to develop an eating disorder. only an estimated 5 to 15 percent of people with anorexia or bulimia and an estimated 35 percent of those with binge - eating disorder are male. causes of eating disorders while eating disorders may begin with preoccupations with food and weight, they are most often about much more than food. eating disorders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46682916434544075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.413067"}
{"text": "bulimia and an estimated 35 percent of those with binge - eating disorder are male. causes of eating disorders while eating disorders may begin with preoccupations with food and weight, they are most often about much more than food. eating disorders are complex conditions that arise from a combination of long - standing behavioral, emotional, psychological, interpersonal, and social factors. scientists and researchers are still learning about the underlying causes of these emotionally and physically damaging conditions. we do know, however, about some of the general issues that can contribute to the development of eating disorders. people with eating disorders often use food and the control of food in an attempt to compensate for feelings and emotions that may otherwise seem over - whelming. for some, dieting, bingeing, and purging may begin as a way to cope with painful emotions and to feel in control of one \u2019 s life, but ultimately, these behaviors will damage a person \u2019 s physical and emotional health, self - esteem, and sense of competence and control. psychological factors that can contribute to eating disorders : - feelings of inadequacy or lack of control in life - depression, anxiety, anger, or loneliness interpersonal factors that can contribute to eating disorders : - troubled family and personal relationships - difficulty expressing emotions and feelings - history of being teased or ridiculed based on size or weight - history of physical or sexual abus social factors that can contribute to eating disorders : - cultural pressures that glorify \" thinness \" and place value on obtaining the \" perfect body \" - narrow definitions of beauty that include only women and men of specific body weights and shapes - cultural norms that value people on the basis of physical appearance and not inner qualities and strengths other factors that can contribute to eating disorders : - scientists are still researching possible biochemical or biological causes of eating disorders. in some individuals with eating disorders, certain chemicals in the brain that control hunger, appetite, and digestion have been found to be imbalanced. the exact meaning and implications of these imbalances remains under investigation. - an estimated 0. 5 to 3. 7 percent of females suffer from anorexia nervosa in their lifetime. symptoms of anorexia nervosa include : - resistance to maintaining body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height - intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight - disturbance in the way in which one ' s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070928183375747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.416019"}
{"text": "a minimally normal weight for age and height - intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight - disturbance in the way in which one ' s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self - evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight - infrequent or absent menstrual periods ( in females who have reached puberty ) people with this disorder see themselves as overweight even though they are dangerously thin. the process of eating becomes an obsession. unusual eating habits develop, such as avoiding food and meals, picking out a few foods and eating these in small quantities, or carefully weighing and portioning food. people with anorexia may repeatedly check their body weight, and many engage in other techniques to control their weight, such as intense and compulsive exercise, or purging by means of vomiting and abuse of laxatives, enemas, and diuretics. girls with anorexia often experience a delayed onset of their first menstrual period. the course and outcome of anorexia nervosa vary across individuals : some fully recover after a single episode ; some have a fluctuating pattern of weight gain and relapse ; and others experience a chronically deteriorating course of illness over many years. the mortality rate among people with anorexia has been estimated at 0. 56 percent per year, or approximately 5. 6 percent per decade, which is about 12 times higher than the annual death rate due to all causes of death among females ages 15 - 24 in the general population. the most common causes of death are complications of the disorder, such as cardiac arrest or electrolyte imbalance, and suicide. skeletal effects of anorexia approximately one percent of adolescent girls develop anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder characterized by an irrational fear of weight gain. the condition usually begins around the time of puberty and is associated with restricted eating and extreme weight loss. anorexia is a mental disorder with significant physical consequences. affected individuals typically experience an absence of menstrual periods and other health problems which negatively impact bone density. anorexia and bone loss both nutritional and endocrine factors set the stage for bone loss in anorectics. one of the most significant factors is estrogen deprivation. low body weight causes the body to stop producing estrogen. this disruption in the menstrual cycle, known as amenorrhea, is associated with estrogen levels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49643681107924087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.418638"}
{"text": "of anorexia nervosa : in anorexia nervosa \u2019 s cycle of self - starvation, the body is denied the essential nutrients it needs to function normally. thus, the body is forced to slow down all of its processes to conserve energy, resulting in serious medical consequences. - abnormally slow heart rate and low blood pressure, which mean that the heart muscle is changing. the risk for heart failure rises as the heart rate and blood pressure levels sink lower and lower. - reduction of bone density ( osteoporosis ), which results in dry, brittle bones. - muscle loss and weakness. - severe dehydration, which can result in kidney failure. - fainting, fatigue, and overall weakness. - dry hair and skin ; hair loss is common. - growth of a downy layer of hair called lanugo all over the body, including the face, in an effort to keep the body warm. health consequences of bulimia nervosa : the recurrent binge - and - purge cycles of bulimia can affect the entire digestive system and can lead to electrolyte and chemical imbalances in the body that affect the heart and other major organ functions. - electrolyte imbalances that can lead to irregular heartbeats and possibly heart failure and death. - electrolyte imbalance is caused by dehydration and loss of potassium, sodium and chloride from the body as a result of purging behaviors. - potential for gastric rupture during periods of bingeing. - inflammation and possible rupture of the esophagus from frequent vomiting. - tooth decay and staining from stomach acids released during frequent vomiting. - chronic irregular bowel movements and constipation as a result of laxative abuse. - peptic ulcers and pancreatitis. health consequences of binge eating disorder : binge eating disorder often results in many of the same health risks associated with clinical obesity. - high blood pressure. - high cholesterol levels. - heart disease as a result of elevated triglyceride levels. - type ii diabetes mellitus. - gallbladder disease. dental complications of eating disorders : the frequent vomiting and nutritional deficiencies that often accompany eating disorders can have severe consequences on one \u2019 s oral health. studies have found that up to 89 % of bulimic patients show signs of tooth erosion. did you know? it is often the pain and discomfort related to dental complications that first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4512903956237091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.421287"}
{"text": "accompany eating disorders can have severe consequences on one \u2019 s oral health. studies have found that up to 89 % of bulimic patients show signs of tooth erosion. did you know? it is often the pain and discomfort related to dental complications that first causes patients to consult with a health professional. dental hygienists and dentists are often the first health professionals to observe signs and symptoms of disordered eating habits. however, recent studies cite two deterrents to dental practitioners addressing eating concerns with their patients : - lack of knowledge of the scope and severity of eating disorders, and - lack of comfort in discussing their concerns or suspicions. in spite of these deterrents, the role of dental practitioners in early detection, identification, and intervention is crucial. this information is being provided to enable dental practitioners to recognize the effects of eating disorders and talk with their patients about these concerns. signs and symptoms - loss of tissue and erosive lesions on the surface of teeth due to the effects of acid. these lesions can appear as early as 6 months from the start of the problem. - changes in the color, shape, and length of teeth. teeth can become brittle, translucent, and weak. - increased sensitivity to temperature. in extreme cases the pulp can be exposed and cause infection, discoloration, or even pulp death. - enlargement of the salivary glands, dry mouth, and reddened, dry, cracked lips. - tooth decay, which can actually be aggravated by extensive tooth brushing or rinsing following vomiting. - unprovoked, spontaneous pain within a particular tooth. changes in the mouth are often the first physical signs of an eating disorder. if you notice any of these symptoms, please talk with your patient about ways to care for their teeth and mouth. managing bone loss the aim of medical therapy for anorectic females is weight gain and the return of regular menstrual periods. research from children ' s national medical center in washington d. c. suggests that menses usually resumes when girls have achieved 90 % of the standard body weight for their age and height. while calcium intake has not necessarily demonstrated a therapeutic value, a nutritionally sound diet, including adequate calcium and vitamin d, is recommended. is recovery of bone loss possible? the effect of exercise on bone recovery is not clear. some studies have identified a skeletal benefit from weight bearing activity in anorectics. however, the potential benefits of exercise need to be weighed against the risk of fracture, delayed weight gain, and exercise induced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44968379493454047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.423582"}
{"text": "of exercise on bone recovery is not clear. some studies have identified a skeletal benefit from weight bearing activity in anorectics. however, the potential benefits of exercise need to be weighed against the risk of fracture, delayed weight gain, and exercise induced amenorrhea. the impact of estrogen preparations on bone density in affected girls and young women is also unclear. estrogen may offer a limited benefit in some patients, but it should not be a substitute for nutritional support. the longer the duration of anorexia nervosa, the less likely it is that bone mineral density will return to normal. while the possibility for complete recovery of normal bone mineral density is low, weight gain and the resumption of menses increase the likelihood that some gains in bone density will occur. unfortunately a significant number of girls and young women will suffer a permanent reduction in bone density which places them at risk for osteoporosis and fracture throughout their lifetime. - an estimated 1. 1 percent to 4. 2 percent of females have bulimia nervosa in their lifetime. symptoms of bulimia nervosa include : - recurrent episodes of binge eating, characterized by eating an excessive amount of food within a discrete period of time and by a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode - recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain, such as self - induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or other medications ( purging ) ; fasting ; or excessive exercise - the binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months - self - evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight. - because purging or other compensatory behavior follows the binge - eating episodes, people with bulimia usually weigh within the normal range for their age and height. however, like individuals with anorexia, they may fear gaining weight, desire to lose weight, and feel intensely dissatisfied with their bodies. people with bulimia often perform the behaviors in secrecy, feeling disgusted and ashamed when they binge, yet relieved once they purge. binge eating disorders : community surveys have estimated that between 2 percent and 5 percent of americans experience binge - eating disorders in a 6 - month period. symptoms of binge - eating disorder include : recurrent episodes of binge eating, characterized by eating an excessive amount of food within a discrete period", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47072848078542145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.425090"}
{"text": "between 2 percent and 5 percent of americans experience binge - eating disorders in a 6 - month period. symptoms of binge - eating disorder include : recurrent episodes of binge eating, characterized by eating an excessive amount of food within a discrete period of time and by a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode. the binge - eating episodes are associated with at least 3 of the following : eating much more rapidly than normal ; eating until feeling uncomfortably full ; eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry ; eating alone because of being embarrassed by how much one is eating ; feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty after overeating. - marked distress about the binge - eating behavior. - the binge eating occurs, on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. - the binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors ( e. g., purging, fasting, excessive exercise ). binge eating disorder : people with binge - eating disorder experience frequent episodes of out - of - control eating, with the same binge - eating symptoms as those with bulimia. the main difference is that individuals with binge - eating disorder do not purge their bodies of excess calories. therefore, many with the disorder are overweight for their age and height. feelings of self - disgust and shame associated with this illness can lead to bingeing again, creating a cycle of binge eating. should people with binge eating disorder try to diet? people who are not overweight should avoid dieting because it sometimes makes their binge eating worse. dieting here means skipping meals, not eating enough food each day, or avoiding certain kinds of food ( such as carbohydrates ). these are unhealthy ways to try to change your body shape and weight. many people with binge eating disorder are obese and have health problems because of their weight. these people should try to lose weight and keep it off. people with binge eating disorder who are obese may find it harder to stay in a weight - loss program. they also may lose less weight than other people, and may regain weight more quickly. ( this can be worse when they also have problems like depression, trouble controlling their behavior, and problems dealing with other people. ) these people may need treatment for binge eating disorder before they try to lose weight. how can people with binge eating disorder be helped? people with binge eating disorder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42706296515052555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.429869"}
{"text": "like depression, trouble controlling their behavior, and problems dealing with other people. ) these people may need treatment for binge eating disorder before they try to lose weight. how can people with binge eating disorder be helped? people with binge eating disorder, whether or not they want to lose weight, should get help from a health professional such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker for their eating behavior. even those who are not overweight are usually upset by their binge eating, and treatment can help them. there are several different ways to treat binge eating disorder. cognitive - behavioral therapy teaches people how to keep track of their eating and change their unhealthy eating habits. it also teaches them how to change the way they act in tough situations. interpersonal psychotherapy helps people look at their relationships with friends and family and make changes in problem areas. drug therapy, such as antidepressants, may be helpful for some people. researchers are still trying to find the treatment that is the most helpful in controlling binge eating disorder. the methods mentioned here seem to be equally helpful. for people who are overweight, a weight - loss program that also offers treatment for eating disorders might be the best choice. if you think you might have binge eating disorder, it ' s important to know that you are not alone. most people who have the disorder have tried but failed to control it on their own. you may want to get professional help. talk to your health care provider about the type of help that may be best. the good news is that most people do well in treatment and can overcome binge eating. eating disorders can be treated and a healthy weight restored. the sooner these disorders are diagnosed and treated, the better the outcomes are likely to be. because of their complexity, eating disorders require a comprehensive treatment plan involving medical care and monitoring, psychosocial interventions, nutritional counseling and, when appropriate, medication management. at the time of diagnosis, the clinician must determine whether the person is in immediate danger and requires hospitalization. treatment of anorexia calls for a specific program that involves three main phases : ( 1 ) restoring weight lost to severe dieting and purging ; ( 2 ) treating psychological disturbances such as distortion of body image, low self - esteem, and interpersonal conflicts ; and ( 3 ) achieving long - term remission and rehabilitation, or full recovery. early diagnosis and treatment increases the treatment success rate. use of psychotropic medication in people with anorexia should be considered only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41869423547716866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.432236"}
{"text": "esteem, and interpersonal conflicts ; and ( 3 ) achieving long - term remission and rehabilitation, or full recovery. early diagnosis and treatment increases the treatment success rate. use of psychotropic medication in people with anorexia should be considered only after weight gain has been established. certain selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) have been shown to be helpful for weight maintenance and for resolving mood and anxiety symptoms associated with anorexia. the acute management of severe weight loss is usually provided in an inpatient hospital setting, where feeding plans address the person ' s medical and nutritional needs. in some cases, intravenous feeding is recommended. once malnutrition has been corrected and weight gain has begun, psychotherapy ( often cognitive - behavioral or interpersonal psychotherapy ) can help people with anorexia overcome low self - esteem and address distorted thought and behavior patterns. families are sometimes included in the therapeutic process. the primary goal of treatment for bulimia is to reduce or eliminate binge eating and purging behavior. to this end, nutritional rehabilitation, psychosocial intervention, and medication management strategies are often employed. establishment of a pattern of regular, non - binge meals, improvement of attitudes related to the eating disorder, encouragement of healthy but not excessive exercise, and resolution of co - occurring conditions such as mood or anxiety disorders are among the specific aims of these strategies. individual psychotherapy ( especially cognitive - behavioral or interpersonal psychotherapy ), group psychotherapy that uses a cognitive - behavioral approach, and family or marital therapy have been reported to be effective. psychotropic medications, primarily antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ), have been found helpful for people with bulimia, particularly those with significant symptoms of depression or anxiety, or those who have not responded adequately to psychosocial treatment alone. these medications also may help prevent relapse. the treatment goals and strategies for binge - eating disorder are similar to those for bulimia, and studies are currently evaluating the effectiveness of various interventions. people with eating disorders often do not recognize or admit that they are ill. as a result, they may strongly resist getting and staying in treatment. family members or other trusted individuals can be helpful in ensuring that the person with an eating disorder receives needed care and rehabilitation. for some people, treatment may be long term. research findings and directions research is contributing to advances in the understanding and treatment of eating disorders. scientists and others continue to investigate the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48664435846060694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.433588"}
{"text": "in ensuring that the person with an eating disorder receives needed care and rehabilitation. for some people, treatment may be long term. research findings and directions research is contributing to advances in the understanding and treatment of eating disorders. scientists and others continue to investigate the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions, medications, and the combination of these treatments with the goal of improving outcomes for people with eating disorders. research on interrupting the binge - eating cycle has shown that once a structured pattern of eating is established, the person experiences less hunger, less deprivation, and a reduction in negative feelings about food and eating. the two factors that increase the likelihood of bingeing \u2014 hunger and negative feelings \u2014 are reduced, which decreases the frequency of binges. several family and twin studies are suggestive of a high heritability of anorexia and bulimia, and researchers are searching for genes that confer susceptibility to these disorders. scientists suspect that multiple genes may interact with environmental and other factors to increase the risk of developing these illnesses. identification of susceptibility genes will permit the development of improved treatments for eating disorders. other studies are investigating the neurobiology of emotional and social behavior relevant to eating disorders and the neuroscience of feeding behavior. scientists have learned that both appetite and energy expenditure are regulated by a highly complex network of nerve cells and molecular messengers called neuropeptides. these and future discoveries will provide potential targets for the development of new pharmacologic treatments for eating disorders. further insight is likely to come from studying the role of gonadal steroids. their relevance to eating disorders is suggested by the clear gender effect in the risk for these disorders, their emergence at puberty or soon after, and the increased risk for eating disorders among girls with early onset of menstruation. what are the symptoms of eating disorders? - anorexia nervosa - people who have anorexia develop unusual eating habits such as avoiding food and meals, picking out a few foods and eating them in small amounts, weighing their food, and counting the calories of everything they eat. also, they may exercise excessively. - bulimia nervosa - people who have bulimia eat an excessive amount of food in a single episode and almost immediately make themselves vomit or use laxatives or diuretics ( water pills ) to get rid of the food in their bodies. this behavior often is referred to as the \" binge / purge \" cycle. like people with anorexia, people with bulim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49381523334984145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.434934"}
{"text": "or use laxatives or diuretics ( water pills ) to get rid of the food in their bodies. this behavior often is referred to as the \" binge / purge \" cycle. like people with anorexia, people with bulimia have an intense fear of gaining weight. - binge - eating disorder - people with this recently recognized disorder have frequent episodes of compulsive overeating, but unlike those with bulimia, they do not purge their bodies of food. during these food binges, they often eat alone and very quickly, regardless of whether they feel hungry or full. they often feel shame or guilt over their actions. unlike anorexia and bulimia, binge - eating disorder occurs almost as often in men as in women. what medical problems can arise as a result of eating disorders? - anorexia nervosa - anorexia can slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure, increasing the chance of heart failure. those who use drugs to stimulate vomiting, bowel movements, or urination are also at high risk for heart failure. starvation can also lead to heart failure, as well as damage the brain. anorexia may also cause hair and nails to grow brittle. skin may dry out, become yellow, and develop a covering of soft hair called lanugo. mild anemia, swollen joints, reduced muscle mass, and light - headedness also commonly occur as a consequence of this eating disorder. severe cases of anorexia can lead to brittle bones that break easily as a result of calcium loss. - bulimia nervosa - the acid in vomit can wear down the outer layer of the teeth, inflame and damage the esophagus ( a tube in the throat through which food passes to the stomach ), and enlarge the glands near the cheeks ( giving the appearance of swollen cheeks ). damage to the stomach can also occur from frequent vomiting. irregular heartbeats, heart failure, and death can occur from chemical imbalances and the loss of important minerals such as potassium. peptic ulcers, pancreatitis ( inflammation of the pancreas, which is a large gland that aids digestion ), and long - term constipation are also consequences of bulimia. - binge - eating disorder - binge - eating disorder can cause high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. other effects of binge - eating disorder include fatigue, joint pain, type ii diabetes, gallbladder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43741968513037277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.436445"}
{"text": "of bulimia. - binge - eating disorder - binge - eating disorder can cause high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. other effects of binge - eating disorder include fatigue, joint pain, type ii diabetes, gallbladder disease, and heart disease. what is required for a formal diagnosis of an eating disorder? - anorexia nervosa - weighs at least 15 percent below what is considered normal for others of the same height and age ; misses at least three consecutive menstrual cycles ( if a female of childbearing age ) ; has an intense fear of gaining weight ; refuses to maintain the minimal normal body weight ; and believes he or she is overweight though in reality is dangerously thin. - bulimia nervosa - at least two binge / purge cycles a week, on average, for at least 3 months ; lacks control over his or her eating behavior ; and seems obsessed with his or her body shape and weight. - binge - eating disorder - at least two binge - eating episodes a week, on average, for 6 months ; and lacks control over his or her eating behavior. how are eating disorders treated? - anorexia nervosa - the first goal for the treatment of anorexia is to ensure the person ' s physical health, which involves restoring a healthy weight. reaching this goal may require hospitalization. once a person ' s physical condition is stable, treatment usually involves individual psychotherapy and family therapy during which parents help their child learn to eat again and maintain healthy eating habits on his or her own. behavioral therapy also has been effective for helping a person return to healthy eating habits. supportive group therapy may follow, and self - help groups within communities may provide ongoing support. - bulimia nervosa - unless malnutrition is severe, any substance abuse problems that may be present at the time the eating disorder is diagnosed are usually treated first. the next goal of treatment is to reduce or eliminate the person ' s binge eating and purging behavior. behavioral therapy has proven effective in achieving this goal. psychotherapy has proven effective in helping to prevent the eating disorder from recurring and in addressing issues that led to the disorder. studies have also found that prozac, an antidepressant, may help people who do not respond to psychotherapy. as with anorexia, family therapy is also recommended. - binge - eating disorder - the goals and strategies for treating binge - eating disorder are similar to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46435540538406234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.437806"}
{"text": "an antidepressant, may help people who do not respond to psychotherapy. as with anorexia, family therapy is also recommended. - binge - eating disorder - the goals and strategies for treating binge - eating disorder are similar to those for bulimia. binge - eating disorder was recognized only recently as an eating disorder, and research is under way to study the effectiveness of different interventions what is eating disorders prevention? prevention is any systematic attempt to change the circumstances that promote, initiate, sustain, or intensify problems like eating disorders. - primary prevention refers to programs or efforts that are designed to prevent the occurrence of eating disorders before they begin. primary prevention is intended to help promote healthy development. - secondary prevention ( sometimes called \" targeted prevention \" ) refers to programs or efforts that are designed to promote the early identification of an eating disorder - - - to recognize and treat an eating disorder before it spirals out of control. the earlier an eating disorder is discovered and addressed, the better the chance for recovery. basic principles for the prevention of eating disorders 1. eating disorders are serious and complex problems. we need to be careful to avoid thinking of them in simplistic terms, like \" anorexia is just a plea for attention, \" or \" bulimia is just an addiction to food. \" eating disorders arise from a variety of physical, emotional, social, and familial issues, all of which need to be addressed for effective prevention and treatment. 2. eating disorders are not just a \" female problem \" or \" something for the girls. \" males who are preoccupied with shape and weight can also develop eating disorders as well as dangerous shape control practices like steroid use. in addition, males play an important role in prevention. the objectification and other forms of mistreatment of women by others contribute directly to two underlying features of an eating disorder : obsession with appearance and shame about ones body. 3. prevention efforts will fail, or worse, inadvertently encourage disordered eating, if they concentrate solely on warning the public about the signs, symptoms, and dangers of eating disorders. effective prevention programs must also address :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47760808966916557, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a77b43c9-13d8-4295-aa0c-1757ec962d1a>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.439671"}
{"text": "\u201c the rover works perfectly, \u201d she said. at a jpl press conference, curiosity project scientist john grotzinger compared one of the new images sent from mars to the mojave desert. \u201c it \u2019 s quite an experience to be looking at a place that feels really comfortable \u201d and familiar, he said. \u201c what \u2019 s going to be interesting is finding out all the ways that it \u2019 s different. \u201d curiosity landed in gale crater, which offers opportunities for research that hasn \u2019 t been possible on mars. scientists know that the crater was covered with water in the past, and the rover itself may well be sitting on the edge of what was once a river delta. three - mile high mount sharp also sits in the midst of the 100 miles in diameter crater, and will be a major focus of the mission. high - resolution close - up images released wednesday also show what appear to be pebbles and gravel over a layer of what scientist believe is bedrock. one set of images also shows a small nearby indentation with exposed rock. \u201c you can see a harder, rocky surface under gravel and pebbles, \u201d grotzinger said, indicating that the site could become the rover \u2019 s first destination. the curiosity team expects to spend one to two weeks checking out the basic systems of the rover - the most complex ever sent to another planet - seeing if the 10 science instruments on board are in working order, and switching to a different software system. curiosity landed in gale crater, which offers opportunities for research that haven \u2019 t been available on mars before. the ability of the rover to move may be tested during this time, grotzinger said, but no firm decisions have been made as the vehicle and its environment are checked out. while some of the new mars images are striking, the lead of the curiosity film and photography team, michael malin, said that far more precise and dramatic images will come when the more powerful cameras are deployed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4338769982054892, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a20d09e-6877-461d-a170-ba72ef0b39a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.450845"}
{"text": "greenland ' s glaciers are sliding into oceans at a faster pace than previously known, but they may contribute less to an expected rise in global sea level than feared, scientists reported thursday. from 2000 to 2010, researchers at the university of washington and ohio state university monitored the vast rivers of ice that course across the world ' s largest island. their results, published this week in the peer - reviewed journal science, found that glaciers in northwestern and southeastern greenland flowing toward the arctic and atlantic oceans picked up speed by about 30 %, on average. \" glaciers are continuing to accelerate, which means they are continuing to put more ice into the ocean, \" said university of washington at seattle glaciologist twila moon, the paper ' s lead author. \" and as soon as that ice hits the ocean, it ' s contributing to sea - level rise. \" but moon said her group ' s data suggests that contribution will be less than existing worst - case scenarios. earlier estimates suggested melting greenland ice could contribute as much as half a meter ( about 19 inches ) to the projected 2 - meter increase in average sea levels by 2100 as a result of a warming global climate, moon said. her team ' s research doesn ' t point to a specific figure, \" but we can say some of the worst numbers aren ' t there at this point. \" \" they are speeding up. that ' s certainly not a question, \" she said. \" but they are not speeding up at some of the rates that we would consider a remote possibility. \" \" speeding \" is a relative term. many of the roughly 200 glaciers studied move less than the length of a football field per year ; others flow about a mile annually. one glacier in northern greenland was clocked going from 50 meters to 650 meters a year ( about 160 feet to 2, 100 feet ) over the course of seven years. the research was funded by nasa and the national science foundation. most of greenland is covered by a sheet of ice that averages more than a mile thick. nasa says its observations indicate the ice sheet is shedding up to 50 billion tons of water a year. researchers are also watching the behavior of the ice that covers antarctica, where a study published last week concluded that warmer ocean currents are eating away at the ice shelves around the rim of the continent. in the same issue of science that included the greenland research, scientists from nasa and australia said that more detailed observations are needed to figure out what that will mean for human populations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4429901676289752, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38d03c32-965f-49b5-9999-f564570dae2d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.458198"}
{"text": "just three latin words unlock the meanings of most cloud names : stratus meaning layer ; cumulus, the word for lump or heap ; and cirrus, which means wispy or curly. add to this basic group the word nimbus, which means ' pouring down rain, ' alto, the word meaning middle, and fracto for broken and you ' ve got almost the entire sky covered. stratocumulus? that ' s easy - a layer of lumpy clouds. cirrostratus - a wispy, curly layer of clouds. cumulo - nimbus - big lumpy clouds that can pour down rain. how about fractostratus - a smooth layer of clouds that looks sort of torn apart. our system of cloud names was created by an english pharmacist named luke howard back in 1803. though it has been refined and expanded over the years by various meteorologists, howard ' s basic nomenclature remains in use today. a modest man of science and a dedicated amateur weather observer, howard was also evidently something of a poet, for the latin names he proposed for the clouds have proven to be as memorable, as apt, and as seemingly inevitable as some of the great lines of shakespeare. luke howard ' s latin cloud names. nearly 200 years old, and unlike the latin names of plants and animals, have not been superceded by a non - latin moniker. thanks today to writer david laskin. our show is funded by subaru and by the national science foundation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5236470104673143, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6654aabd-6844-42a1-aa27-240393908739>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.464896"}
{"text": "x - ray is a series of pictures of the bones in your face. one type of facial x - ray ( called a paranasal sinus x - ray series ) looks at the air - filled cavities ( sinuses ) around the nose and eyes. are a form of radiation, like light or radio waves, that are focused into a beam, much like a flashlight beam. x - rays can pass through most objects, including the human body. x - rays make a picture by striking a detector that either exposes a film or sends the picture to a computer. dense tissues in the body, such as bones, block ( absorb ) many of the x - rays and look white on an x - ray picture. less dense tissues, such as muscles and organs, block fewer of the x - rays ( more of the x - rays pass through ) and look like shades of gray on an x - ray. x - rays that pass only through air look black on the picture. see a picture of the bones of the face. a facial x - ray helps find bone fractures, tumors, foreign objects, infections, and abnormal growths or changes in bone structure or size. an x - ray of the eye ( orbital cavity ) may be taken if the eye has been injured. a computed tomography ( ct ) scan may be needed to check any problems seen on x - ray. why it is done a facial or sinus x - ray may be done - find problems of the sinuses of the face and nose, such as sinusitis or abnormal growths ( polyps or - find fractures of the facial bones and - check the bones around the eye ( orbital - check the sinuses before surgery. - check for metal objects around the eyes before a magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) - look for the cause of pain in the face. how to prepare before the x - ray test, tell your doctor if you are or might be pregnant. pregnancy and the risk of radiation exposure to your unborn baby ( fetus ) must be considered. the risk of damage from the x - rays is usually very low compared with the potential benefits of the test. if a facial x - ray is absolutely necessary, a lead apron will be placed over your abdomen to shield your baby from exposure to the x - rays. you don ' t need to do anything else before you have this test.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5496597473049686, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd798607-7d8c-4b48-a189-078bec88c598>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.470561"}
{"text": "is there a link between blood pressure medication and cancer - - particularly kidney cancer? dec. 3, 1999 ( new york ) - - do blood - pressure - lowering drugs ( antihypertensive agents ) cause cancer? could they possibly prevent it? these issues were addressed here at a special session on cancer risks at the 14th scientific meeting of the american society of hypertension ( ash ). although one study found ace inhibitors to be protective, another sparked controversy by linking diuretics to renal cell carcinoma ( a form of kidney cancer ). treatment with an ace inhibitor not only can lower blood pressure and protect kidneys but also can significantly reduce one ' s risk of dying from cancer - - especially a woman ' s risk of death from breast or gynecologic cancers, according to john l. reid, professor of medicine at the university of glasgow in scotland. reid is the lead researcher for a study of 5, 297 patients taking antihypertensive medications who were followed - up for 16 years. reid tells webmd that recent studies suggest that some antihypertensive treatments are cancer - causing, but he disagrees with these findings. \" the only cancer in which we have seen a slight increase in incidence [ in patients taking antihypertensives ] is renal cancer, and let me say that this is a very, very rare cancer, \" he says. in the study, 1, 559 patients with high blood pressure were treated with an ace inhibitor, while the other patients were treated with a variety of other antihypertensive agents. among the patients treated with ace inhibitors, there were 60 cancers ; there were 267 cancers among the patients taking other agents. according to reid, among the patients taking ace inhibitors, the risk of death from cancer was a third less than the risk for patients never treated with an ace inhibitor. women taking ace inhibitors had only half the risk of cancer - related death - - and only one - third the risk of dying from a sex - specific cancer such as breast or ovarian disease. reid says that there are several theories about why ace inhibitors are protective against cancer, but \" i think the most likely explanation is that angiotensin ii [ the body substance that ace inhibitors block ] is known to stimulate cells to divide - - so blocking that action is protective, \" he says. \" additionally, it blocks [ blood vessel growth ], thus reducing blood supply. \" in contrast to reid, franz h. messerli, md, presented his analysis of multiple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44183455839734753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f3e97ca-c922-41b0-b146-b29ad13507d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.475827"}
{"text": "divide - - so blocking that action is protective, \" he says. \" additionally, it blocks [ blood vessel growth ], thus reducing blood supply. \" in contrast to reid, franz h. messerli, md, presented his analysis of multiple past research studies that suggests long - term diuretic use increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma, especially in middle - aged women. messerli is medical director of the division of research at the alton ochsner clinic in new orleans. reid says, however, \" in our much larger [ study ] database, we found no increased risk for treatment with diuretics. \" most of the audience of physicians attending the session criticized messerli ' s finding, but reid said that he agreed with messerli ' s position that middle - aged women should not be routinely given diuretics. \" i come to this conclusion for a different reason, \" reid says. \" i think these women have a low risk of a cardiovascular event, and i think that this population tends to be overtreated. \" john h. laragh - - master professor of medicine at new york hospital - cornell medical center - - tells webmd, \" i think that it is worth looking at these issues of antihypertensives and cancer, but further studies are needed, because the evidence is so preliminary and so weak that i wouldn ' t make any recommendations. \" but - - illustrating the variety of medical opinion on these issues - - laragh, who is a past president of the american society of hypertension and is director of the cardiovascular center at new york hospital - cornell medical center, says that he doesn ' t use long - term diuretic therapy because he thinks it puts patients at risk for salt depletion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45070020560603546, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f3e97ca-c922-41b0-b146-b29ad13507d5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.479039"}
{"text": "general information about skin cancer nonmelanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis often appear as a change in the skin. not all changes in the skin are a sign of nonmelanoma skin cancer or actinic keratosis, but a doctor should be consulted if changes in the skin are seen. possible signs of nonmelanoma skin cancer include the following : - a sore that does not heal. - areas of the skin that are : - small, raised, smooth, shiny, and waxy. - small, raised, and red or reddish - brown. - flat, rough, red or brown, and scaly. - scaly, bleeding, or crusty. - similar to a scar and firm. possible signs of actinic keratosis include the following : - a rough, red, pink, or brown, raised, scaly patch on the skin. - cracking or peeling of the lower lip that is not helped by lip balm or petroleum jelly. tests or procedures that examine the skin are used to detect ( find ) and diagnose nonmelanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis. the following procedures may be used : - skin examination : a doctor or nurse checks the skin for bumps or spots that look abnormal in color, size, shape, or texture. - biopsy : all or part of the abnormal - looking growth is cut from the skin and viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to see if cancer cells are present. there are 3 main types of skin biopsies : - shave biopsy : a sterile razor blade is used to \" shave - off \" the abnormal - looking growth. - punch biopsy : a special instrument called a punch or a trephine is used to remove a circle of tissue from the abnormal - looking growth. punch biopsy. a hollow, circular scalpel is used to cut into a lesion on the skin. the instrument is turned clockwise and counterclockwise to cut down about 4 millimeters ( mm ) to the layer of fatty tissue below the dermis. a small sample of tissue is removed to be checked under a microscope. skin thickness is different on different parts of the body. - excisional biopsy : a scalpel is used to remove the entire growth. certain factors affect prognosis ( chance of recovery ) and treatment options. the prognosis ( chance of recovery ) depends mostly on the stage of the cancer and the type of treatment used to remove the cancer. treatment options depend on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4555114228388957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5f09048-1011-4b26-baa5-afe1707b2647>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.481987"}
{"text": "it can be easy to overlook planning nutritious lunches. \" but don ' t count out lunch, \" says elizabeth ward, registered dietitian, mother of three and author of \" myplate for moms, how to feed yourself & your family better : decoding the dietary guidelines for your real life. \" in fact, students who eat a nutritious, balanced diet are better prepared to learn, reports the association for supervision and curriculum development. \" school lunch is more than just a meal - it ' s an opportunity for good nutrition and teaching during children ' s prime learning hours, \" says ward. \" children are always growing and developing, both physically and mentally, so providing them with great lunch nutrition keeps them healthy in and out of the classroom. \" ward offers the following tips to help keep your child eating healthy during school hours : - talk to your children. ask them what they would like to eat for lunch and teach them where food comes from. involving children in meal planning will make the process more fun. packing lunch with their favorite character on their lunch kit will make their meal even more enjoyable. - check with the school to see how close snack time is to lunch. this will help you determine how much food to pack for your children. portion control is important for a healthy, balanced diet. since children are smaller than adults, they should eat smaller portions, too. - lunch can be more than just the traditional milk, sandwich and fruit. eating the same thing every day may get boring fast. as long as the food is healthy, you don ' t need to get hung up on serving a traditional lunch. alternate cold meals and hot to keep your child ' s interest. if your child craves pizza, make one at home with low - fat cheese and vegetables. use sunflower seed butter or olive oil instead of regular butter, and make sure milk, cheese and yogurt are low or nonfat. if you want to send a sandwich for lunch, try making it on a whole - wheat bagel, pita pocket or sandwich wrap. - give your child an alternative to sugary soda and juice drinks by packing ice water with fruit slices in a bottle. the fruit will add the sweet taste your child craves, without the added sugar. there is no nutritional value to sugary drinks, so cutting them out of your child ' s diet and helping them understand why you ' re doing so early on will benefit them in the long run. - provide a balanced meal. keep kids fueled during and after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4066992788796875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c48e599-4a4e-43bf-8518-345e6107ea90>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.485102"}
{"text": "william camden, author and antiquary, was buried in the south transept of westminster abbey on 19 november 1623. through the influence of dean gabriel goodman he had been appointed second master at westminster school in 1575 and he became head master 1593 - 97. he was also librarian of westminster abbey 1587 - 97 and sang in the choir 1584 - 5. he was author of the first guidebook to the monuments in the abbey, published in 1600. his monument of white marble is on the west wall of the transept with a bust ( unfortunately the inscription gives an incorrect age ). he has his left hand on his famous book britannia and in his right he holds some gloves. in the arcade behind is a gilded coronet ( referring to his king of arms office ) and two shields of arms. the latin inscription can be translated : william camden, clarenceux king of arms, who illustrated the british antiquities, by ancient truth and indefatigable industry, and adorned his innate simplicity with useful literature, and illustrated his pleasantness of humour with candour and sincerity, lies here quietly, in hopes of a certain resurrection in christ. he died 9 november 1623, aged 74. the bust was damaged during the civil war but the monument was restored by the university of oxford in the late 18th century. the coats of arms show \u201c argent, st george \u2019 s cross, on a chief gules a lion of england \u201d ( for clarenceux king of arms ) impaling \u201c argent a fess engrailed between six crosses crosslet fitchee sable \u201d ( for camden ). william was born on 2 may 1551 in london, son of sampson and his wife elizabeth ( curwen ). he was educated at christ \u2019 s hospital, st paul \u2019 s school and oxford university. during his time at westminster school he was able to travel extensively around the country during the holidays collecting antiquarian and topographical information. in 1586 his book britannia ( a description of britain and ireland ) was published, which went into many editions. one of his pupils was the elizabethan poet ben jonson and camden made many improvements at the school, with patronage from lord burghley. his greek grammar became a standard work and his other major work was the annals of the reign of queen elizabeth i. although a layman william was appointed to the prebend of ilfracombe at salisbury cathedral and in 1597 he was appointed clarenceux king of arms ( one of the three principal officers or heralds at the college of arms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3501384979125104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb843200-3ddc-4812-807d-ce747a3477be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.487834"}
{"text": "( newsusa ) - want to get outdoors, improve your health and socialize with friends? it might be time to put on your walking shoes. regular physical activity may help control weight and lower the risk for certain diseases. some exercise is always better than none. if you ' re not used to exercise, walking is a great way to become more active. walking requires a pair of sturdy walking shoes to get started, and proves a viable way to burn calories, build bone density, reduce the risk of chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes and heart disease, and socialize with friends. not sure how to get started? sisters together : move more, eat better, a national initiative of the weight - control information network ( win ) designed to encourage black women to exercise and eat healthier foods, offers the following tips to get moving : * make it fun. find a partner. your walking partner should be able to match your speed. * find proper footgear. wear shoes with proper arch support, a firm heel and thick, flexible soles. * wear clothes that will keep you dry and comfortable. look for synthetic fabrics that absorb sweat and remove it from your skin. * divide your walk into sections. warm up by walking slowly for five minutes. then, increase your speed and do a fast walk. finally, cool down by walking slowly again for five minutes. do light stretching after your warm - up and cool - down. * try to walk as often as possible. to avoid stiff or sore muscles and joints, start gradually. over several weeks, begin walking faster, going farther, and walking for longer periods of time. aim for 30 minutes of walking a day on most, if not all, days of the week. * set goals and rewards. a goal might be participating in a fun walk or walking continuously for 30 minutes. reward yourself when you meet a goal, but not with high - calorie foods. for more information and tips, visit the win site at www. win. niddk. nih. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4529040468276259, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f8a8cf5-72ce-4fe4-9e82-1f31d968e7db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.490017"}
{"text": "nicaragua is the second poorest country in latin america, where wfp has worked with governments for 40 years to reduce hunger and undernutrition. nicaragua is also the fourth country most affected by natural disasters between 1990 and 2010. when disasters occur, and hunger and epidemics constantly strike the population, women, children, the elderly and the ill are the most vulnerable. because nicaragua has shores on both the pacific and atlantic oceans, it is vulnerable to hurricanes. in fact there is a risk of natural disaster every year during the hurricane season. nicaraguan women are an essential part of mitigation efforts and the response to natural disasters. in food assistance programmes, women receive the food directly to guarantee their families nutrition. drought is the most recurrent phenomenon in the north and west of the country. in the \u201c dry corridor \u201d drinkable water is scarce, limiting the farming on family and community orchards. the lack or irregularity of rain affects subsistence farmers. through \u201c water harvesting \u201d \u2014 techniques for soil and water conservation - -, and water collection and drip irrigation systems, families deal with the drought. women, who are heads of households in large proportions, get training about ways to implement these practices that benefit their families. the world economy has also caused internal crises in nicaragua that affect the food and nutritional security of the poorest families. the constant fluctuations in the price of coffee, the main agro - exporting product, and coffee diseases, such as fungal rust, have caused salary reductions and job losses, impacting drastically in the health and nutrition, especially of women and children. prevention plans and social programmes to protect the families have been implemented with the support of the wfp. one of the phenomena that had the greatest impact in the households of the miskitas and mayaganas indigenous communities, in the northern zone, bordering honduras, was a sudden plague of rats, which ruined crops and overran the houses of these towns in hard - to - reach areas. without food for their families, the women placed themselves in the frontline and joined a wfp airlift to provide food and the resources to control the plague, in cooperation with the ministry of agriculture and forestry. migration is another social phenomenon seen in nicaragua in the past few years. in the \u201c dry corridor \u201d men and women migrate to neighboring countries to work in agricultural fields. migration has led to new crises for those who are left behind : the loss of family unity, children being raised by their grandparents or relatives, severed family ties, school drop - outs, and an uncertain future and economic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4439469809171444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b63478b4-9116-4433-944c-3a78173aa425>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.495523"}
{"text": "countries to work in agricultural fields. migration has led to new crises for those who are left behind : the loss of family unity, children being raised by their grandparents or relatives, severed family ties, school drop - outs, and an uncertain future and economic deprivation, among others. wfp \u2019 s strategy is to support families with development programmes so that parents take part in productive activities that generate food and income, and rule out migration as an option. the elderly and people with disabilities face greater risks and need special assistance during emergencies. they also need special nutritional and healthcare assistance. the issue of prioritizing the attention of these social groups, together with women and children, during emergency interventions was included in the agenda of a recent training about \u201c nutrition and health in emergency situations \u201d given to local officials from different municipalities. female leadership is fundamental for the prevention and response to natural disasters. in el cedro, in the mountains at the north of nicaragua, women placed their humble homes to the authorities \u2019 disposal for the storage of food and took the responsibility of distributing rations to every family as a way to help in the response to the affected population. the commitment and attention of these women to their communities was a noble labor. the nicaraguan woman is entrepreneurial and dynamic. they are mothers, daughters and wives on the frontline in the fight against hunger and poverty. \u201c they are not easily discouraged, even when they face tough crises in their families or communities. they are tireless workers and manage very well their food and homes. they are wfp \u2019 s best partners to guarantee that the foods are being consumed in the home, that children go to school and that they themselves and their children receive medical attention when they are pregnant and after birth. they are the axis of food security in their homes \u201d, said wfp representative helmut w. rauch on the eve of international women \u2019 s day, celebrated on march 8. 30 april 2013 nicaragua : international workers\u00b4 day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5063364596649411, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b63478b4-9116-4433-944c-3a78173aa425>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.496490"}
{"text": "preventive therapy and intensified case finding for tb in people living with hiv the who hiv / aids and stop tb departments hosted a joint meeting with key experts, 25 - 27 january 2010 to prepare guidelines on preventive therapy and intensified case finding for tb in people living with hiv. the who / unaids 1998 policy statement on preventive therapy against tb in people living with hivwill be updated to produce new who guidelines, reconceptualising tb preventive therapy and intensified tb case finding, as integral parts of hiv treatment, care and support services. tuberculosis ( tb ) is the most frequent life threatening opportunistic disease among people living with hiv ( plhiv ) and is the leading cause of death and yet tb is preventable and curable. at the end of 2007, approximately 33. 2 million people were living with hiv and approximately 2 billion people ( one third of the world \u2019 s population ) were infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. in the same year there were 1. 37 million new tb cases among plhiv and 456 000 tb related deaths. the global tb control report 2009 states that that one in four tb deaths is hiv related. these facts point to an urgent need to find prevent and treat tb in people living with hiv. the three i \u2019 s, isoniazid preventive treatment ( ipt ), infection control ( ic ) and intensified case finding ( icf ) are three priority public health actions to prevent and treat tb in people living with hiv, other vulnerable patients and the community. despite the considerable benefits of the three i \u2019 s, many countries have been slow to implement these tb - reducing services. in 2008, for example, of the estimated 33. 4 million plhiv, only 50 000 were offered ipt, which has resulted in missed opportunities to prevent many unnecessary cases of tb and related deaths. to address the significant gap in progress in scaling up the three i \u2019 s, who convened a meeting with other key partners in april 2008, which called for an update of the who / unaids policy on preventive therapy against tuberculosis in people living with hiv. in response to the three i \u2019 s meeting, who hiv / aids and tb departments will host a joint meeting with key experts 25 - 27 january, to reconceptualise ipt and icf as integral parts of hiv treatment, care and support services. the overall objective of the meeting is to update the who / unaids 1998 policy statement on preventive therapy against tb in people living with hiv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4931920697602817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:050b9e46-a61e-4b2f-bb2c-9151c350b2cc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.500332"}
{"text": "##onceptualise ipt and icf as integral parts of hiv treatment, care and support services. the overall objective of the meeting is to update the who / unaids 1998 policy statement on preventive therapy against tb in people living with hiv [ pdf 507kb ] to prepare new who guidelines on preventive therapy and case finding of tb in people living with hiv. the specific objectives of the meeting are to : - determine the best combination of signs, symptoms and diagnostic procedures ( e. g., smear microscopy, radiography, serum - based tests such as igra, etc. ) as screening tools to determine eligibility for latent tb infection ( ltbi ) treatment and to diagnose tb among plhiv ; - determine whether treatment for ltbi among plhiv leads to significant developments of mono - resistance against the drugs used for ltbi treatment ; - define the optimal duration and drug regimen ( e. g., inh, rif, etc. ) for treatment of ltbi to reduce the risk of developing tuberculosis among plhiv ; - define the optimal time to start considering ipt ( i. e., should immune status be considered and should ipt be started with art ) ; - determine whether low adherence rates to ltbi treatment are a barrier to the implementation of ltbi treatment among plhiv ; - determine whether the provision of treatment for ltbi is cost - effective ; - discuss purified protein derivative ( ppd ) in resource - limited settings ; - determine whether plhiv who had received tb treatment in the past are provided secondary treatment of ltbi to prevent re - infection or recurrence of tuberculosis. approximately 69 people representing 5 regions and 25 different countries will take part in the meeting. the meeting will bring together a broad range of stakeholders : researchers, programme implementers, representatives of ministries of health, policy makers, civil society representatives, people living with hiv, gender advocates, un agencies and donor agencies. who will circulate a report after the consultation, with an overview of key recommendations and next steps.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4779367166148132, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:050b9e46-a61e-4b2f-bb2c-9151c350b2cc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.501593"}
{"text": "galileo finds veritable chemical factory on europa news story originally written on march 29, 1999 scientists using instruments aboard the galileo spacecraft have found hydrogen peroxide on jupiter ' s moon europa. this is added to the list of chemicals such as sulfur dioxide, water ice, and carbon dioxide that have already been discovered there. the hydrogen peroxide is created by the intense radiation coming from jupiter. hydrogen peroxide isn ' t found naturally on earth ' s surface because we aren ' t hit by as much radiation as europa. shop windows to the universe science store! learn about earth and space science, and have fun while doing it! the games section of our online store includes a climate change card game and the traveling nitrogen game you might also be interested in : europa was first discovered by galileo in 1610, making it one of the galilean satellites. it is jupiter ' s 4th largest moon, 670, 900 km from jupiter. with a diameter that is about half the distance across... more the picture to the left shows examples of the many amazing different surface features of europa. many exciting discoveries were made about europa during the galileo mission. the surface of europa is unusual,... more it was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. it seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. either way, nasa led the way to a great century of discovery. unfortunately,... more the space shuttle discovery lifted off from kennedy space center on october 29th at 2 : 19 p. m. est. the weather was great as discovery took 8 1 / 2 minutes to reach orbit. this was the united states ' 123rd... more a moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid, eugenia. this is only the second time in history that a satellite has been seen circling an asteroid. a special mirror allowed scientists to find the moon... more will russia ever put the service module for the international space station in space? nasa officials want an answer from the russian government. the necessary service module is currently waiting to be... more a coronal mass ejection ( cme ) happened on the sun early last month. the material that was thrown out from this explosion passed the ace spacecraft. the swics instrument on ace has produced a new and very... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49910902330148876, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da12cf53-daa9-4ff6-8f4d-b844e1254f90>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.505685"}
{"text": "source code : lib / cgi. py support module for common gateway interface ( cgi ) scripts. this module defines a number of utilities for use by cgi scripts written in python. a cgi script is invoked by an http server, usually to process user input submitted through an html < form > or < isindex > element. most often, cgi scripts live in the server \u2019 s special cgi - bin directory. the http server places all sorts of information about the request ( such as the client \u2019 s hostname, the requested url, the query string, and lots of other goodies ) in the script \u2019 s shell environment, executes the script, and sends the script \u2019 s output back to the client. the script \u2019 s input is connected to the client too, and sometimes the form data is read this way ; at other times the form data is passed via the \u201c query string \u201d part of the url. this module is intended to take care of the different cases and provide a simpler interface to the python script. it also provides a number of utilities that help in debugging scripts, and the latest addition is support for file uploads from a form ( if your browser supports it ). the output of a cgi script should consist of two sections, separated by a blank line. the first section contains a number of headers, telling the client what kind of data is following. python code to generate a minimal header section looks like this : print \" content - type : text / html \" # html is following print # blank line, end of headers the second section is usually html, which allows the client software to display nicely formatted text with header, in - line images, etc. here \u2019 s python code that prints a simple piece of html : print \" < title > cgi script output < / title > \" print \" < h1 > this is my first cgi script < / h1 > \" print \" hello, world! \" begin by writing import cgi. do not use from cgi import * \u2014 the module defines all sorts of names for its own use or for backward compatibility that you don \u2019 t want in your namespace. when you write a new script, consider adding these lines : import cgitb cgitb. enable ( ) this activates a special exception handler that will display detailed reports in the web browser if any errors occur. if you \u2019 d rather not show the guts of your program to users of your script, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.451205949304025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc15aac5-84e6-472c-b2cc-be5ef6b65e04>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.523464"}
{"text": "cgitb cgitb. enable ( ) this activates a special exception handler that will display detailed reports in the web browser if any errors occur. if you \u2019 d rather not show the guts of your program to users of your script, you can have the reports saved to files instead, with code like this : import cgitb cgitb. enable ( display = 0, logdir = \" / tmp \" ) it \u2019 s very helpful to use this feature during script development. the reports produced by cgitb provide information that can save you a lot of time in tracking down bugs. you can always remove the cgitb line later when you have tested your script and are confident that it works correctly. to get at submitted form data, it \u2019 s best to use the fieldstorage class. the other classes defined in this module are provided mostly for backward compatibility. instantiate it exactly once, without arguments. this reads the form contents from standard input or the environment ( depending on the value of various environment variables set according to the cgi standard ). since it may consume standard input, it should be instantiated only once. the fieldstorage instance can be indexed like a python dictionary. it allows membership testing with the in operator, and also supports the standard dictionary method keys ( ) and the built - in function len ( ). form fields containing empty strings are ignored and do not appear in the dictionary ; to keep such values, provide a true value for the optional keep _ blank _ values keyword parameter when creating the fieldstorage instance. for instance, the following code ( which assumes that the content - type header and blank line have already been printed ) checks that the fields name and addr are both set to a non - empty string : form = cgi. fieldstorage ( ) if \" name \" not in form or \" addr \" not in form : print \" < h1 > error < / h1 > \" print \" please fill in the name and addr fields. \" return print \" < p > name : \", form [ \" name \" ]. value print \" < p > addr : \", form [ \" addr \" ]. value... further form processing here... here the fields, accessed through form [ key ], are themselves instances of fieldstorage ( or minifieldstorage, depending on the form encoding ). the value attribute of the instance yields the string value of the field. the getvalue ( ) method returns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4427679942598869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc15aac5-84e6-472c-b2cc-be5ef6b65e04>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.524774"}
{"text": "accessed through form [ key ], are themselves instances of fieldstorage ( or minifieldstorage, depending on the form encoding ). the value attribute of the instance yields the string value of the field. the getvalue ( ) method returns this string value directly ; it also accepts an optional second argument as a default to return if the requested key is not present. if the submitted form data contains more than one field with the same name, the object retrieved by form [ key ] is not a fieldstorage or minifieldstorage instance but a list of such instances. similarly, in this situation, form. getvalue ( key ) would return a list of strings. if you expect this possibility ( when your html form contains multiple fields with the same name ), use the getlist ( ) function, which always returns a list of values ( so that you do not need to special - case the single item case ). for example, this code concatenates any number of username fields, separated by commas : value = form. getlist ( \" username \" ) usernames = \", \". join ( value ) if a field represents an uploaded file, accessing the value via the value attribute or the getvalue ( ) method reads the entire file in memory as a string. this may not be what you want. you can test for an uploaded file by testing either the filename attribute or the file attribute. you can then read the data at leisure from the file attribute : fileitem = form [ \" userfile \" ] if fileitem. file : # it ' s an uploaded file ; count lines linecount = 0 while 1 : line = fileitem. file. readline ( ) if not line : break linecount = linecount + 1 if an error is encountered when obtaining the contents of an uploaded file ( for example, when the user interrupts the form submission by clicking on a back or cancel button ) the done attribute of the object for the field will be set to the value - 1. the file upload draft standard entertains the possibility of uploading multiple files from one field ( using a recursive multipart / * encoding ). when this occurs, the item will be a dictionary - like fieldstorage item. this can be determined by testing its type attribute, which should be multipart / form - data ( or perhaps another mime type matching multipart / * ). in this case, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.480906324566857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc15aac5-84e6-472c-b2cc-be5ef6b65e04>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.527264"}
{"text": "be a dictionary - like fieldstorage item. this can be determined by testing its type attribute, which should be multipart / form - data ( or perhaps another mime type matching multipart / * ). in this case, it can be iterated over recursively just like the top - level form object. when a form is submitted in the \u201c old \u201d format ( as the query string or as a single data part of type application / x - www - form - urlencoded ), the items will actually be instances of the class minifieldstorage. in this case, the list, file, and filename attributes are always none. a form submitted via post that also has a query string will contain both fieldstorage and minifieldstorage items. new in version 2. 2. the previous section explains how to read cgi form data using the fieldstorage class. this section describes a higher level interface which was added to this class to allow one to do it in a more readable and intuitive way. the interface doesn \u2019 t make the techniques described in previous sections obsolete \u2014 they are still useful to process file uploads efficiently, for example. the interface consists of two simple methods. using the methods you can process form data in a generic way, without the need to worry whether only one or more values were posted under one name. in the previous section, you learned to write following code anytime you expected a user to post more than one value under one name : item = form. getvalue ( \" item \" ) if isinstance ( item, list ) : # the user is requesting more than one item. else : # the user is requesting only one item. this situation is common for example when a form contains a group of multiple checkboxes with the same name : < input type = \" checkbox \" name = \" item \" value = \" 1 \" / > < input type = \" checkbox \" name = \" item \" value = \" 2 \" / > in most situations, however, there \u2019 s only one form control with a particular name in a form and then you expect and need only one value associated with this name. so you write a script containing for example this code : user = form. getvalue ( \" user \" ). upper ( ) the problem with the code is that you should never expect that a client will provide valid input to your scripts. for example, if a curious user appends another user = foo pair to the query", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5008184326738699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc15aac5-84e6-472c-b2cc-be5ef6b65e04>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.528528"}
{"text": ", interpformcontentdict ) are present for backwards compatibility with really old applications only. these are useful if you want more control, or if you want to employ some of the algorithms implemented in this module in other circumstances. parse a query in the environment or from a file ( the file defaults to sys. stdin ). the keep _ blank _ values and strict _ parsing parameters are passed to urlparse. parse _ qs ( ) unchanged. this function is deprecated in this module. use urlparse. parse _ qs ( ) instead. it is maintained here only for backward compatiblity. this function is deprecated in this module. use urlparse. parse _ qsl ( ) instead. it is maintained here only for backward compatiblity. parse input of type multipart / form - data ( for file uploads ). arguments are fp for the input file and pdict for a dictionary containing other parameters in the content - type header. returns a dictionary just like urlparse. parse _ qs ( ) keys are the field names, each value is a list of values for that field. this is easy to use but not much good if you are expecting megabytes to be uploaded \u2014 in that case, use the fieldstorage class instead which is much more flexible. note that this does not parse nested multipart parts \u2014 use fieldstorage for that. parse a mime header ( such as content - type ) into a main value and a dictionary of parameters. robust test cgi script, usable as main program. writes minimal http headers and formats all information provided to the script in html form. format the shell environment in html. format a form in html. format the current directory in html. print a list of useful ( used by cgi ) environment variables in html. convert the characters ' & ', ' < ' and ' > ' in string s to html - safe sequences. use this if you need to display text that might contain such characters in html. if the optional flag quote is true, the quotation mark character ( \" ) is also translated ; this helps for inclusion in an html attribute value delimited by double quotes, as in < a href = \"... \" >. note that single quotes are never translated. there \u2019 s one important rule : if you invoke an external program ( via", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5019437118605266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc15aac5-84e6-472c-b2cc-be5ef6b65e04>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.531104"}
{"text": "an html attribute value delimited by double quotes, as in < a href = \"... \" >. note that single quotes are never translated. there \u2019 s one important rule : if you invoke an external program ( via the os. system ( ) or os. popen ( ) functions. or others with similar functionality ), make very sure you don \u2019 t pass arbitrary strings received from the client to the shell. this is a well - known security hole whereby clever hackers anywhere on the web can exploit a gullible cgi script to invoke arbitrary shell commands. even parts of the url or field names cannot be trusted, since the request doesn \u2019 t have to come from your form! to be on the safe side, if you must pass a string gotten from a form to a shell command, you should make sure the string contains only alphanumeric characters, dashes, underscores, and periods. read the documentation for your http server and check with your local system administrator to find the directory where cgi scripts should be installed ; usually this is in a directory cgi - bin in the server tree. make sure that your script is readable and executable by \u201c others \u201d ; the unix file mode should be 0755 octal ( use chmod 0755 filename ). make sure that the first line of the script contains #! starting in column 1 followed by the pathname of the python interpreter, for instance : make sure the python interpreter exists and is executable by \u201c others \u201d. make sure that any files your script needs to read or write are readable or writable, respectively, by \u201c others \u201d \u2014 their mode should be 0644 for readable and 0666 for writable. this is because, for security reasons, the http server executes your script as user \u201c nobody \u201d, without any special privileges. it can only read ( write, execute ) files that everybody can read ( write, execute ). the current directory at execution time is also different ( it is usually the server \u2019 s cgi - bin directory ) and the set of environment variables is also different from what you get when you log in. in particular, don \u2019 t count on the shell \u2019 s search path for executables ( path ) or the python module search path ( pythonpath ) to be set to anything interesting. if you need to load modules from a directory which is not on python \u2019 s default module search path, you can change the path", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4827650145406465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc15aac5-84e6-472c-b2cc-be5ef6b65e04>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.532169"}
{"text": "executables ( path ) or the python module search path ( pythonpath ) to be set to anything interesting. if you need to load modules from a directory which is not on python \u2019 s default module search path, you can change the path in your script, before importing other modules. for example : import sys sys. path. insert ( 0, \" / usr / home / joe / lib / python \" ) sys. path. insert ( 0, \" / usr / local / lib / python \" ) ( this way, the directory inserted last will be searched first! ) instructions for non - unix systems will vary ; check your http server \u2019 s documentation ( it will usually have a section on cgi scripts ). unfortunately, a cgi script will generally not run when you try it from the command line, and a script that works perfectly from the command line may fail mysteriously when run from the server. there \u2019 s one reason why you should still test your script from the command line : if it contains a syntax error, the python interpreter won \u2019 t execute it at all, and the http server will most likely send a cryptic error to the client. assuming your script has no syntax errors, yet it does not work, you have no choice but to read the next section. first of all, check for trivial installation errors \u2014 reading the section above on installing your cgi script carefully can save you a lot of time. if you wonder whether you have understood the installation procedure correctly, try installing a copy of this module file ( cgi. py ) as a cgi script. when invoked as a script, the file will dump its environment and the contents of the form in html form. give it the right mode etc, and send it a request. if it \u2019 s installed in the standard cgi - bin directory, it should be possible to send it a request by entering a url into your browser of the form : if this gives an error of type 404, the server cannot find the script \u2013 perhaps you need to install it in a different directory. if it gives another error, there \u2019 s an installation problem that you should fix before trying to go any further. if you get a nicely formatted listing of the environment and form content ( in this example, the fields should be listed as \u201c addr \u201d with value \u201c at home \u201d and \u201c name \u201d with value \u201c joe blow \u201d ), the cgi. py script has been installed correctly. if you follow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4221206169866409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc15aac5-84e6-472c-b2cc-be5ef6b65e04>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.533305"}
{"text": "form content ( in this example, the fields should be listed as \u201c addr \u201d with value \u201c at home \u201d and \u201c name \u201d with value \u201c joe blow \u201d ), the cgi. py script has been installed correctly. if you follow the same procedure for your own script, you should now be able to debug it. this should produce the same results as those gotten from installing the cgi. py file itself. when an ordinary python script raises an unhandled exception ( for whatever reason : of a typo in a module name, a file that can \u2019 t be opened, etc. ), the python interpreter prints a nice traceback and exits. while the python interpreter will still do this when your cgi script raises an exception, most likely the traceback will end up in one of the http server \u2019 s log files, or be discarded altogether. fortunately, once you have managed to get your script to execute some code, you can easily send tracebacks to the web browser using the cgitb module. if you haven \u2019 t done so already, just add the lines : import cgitb cgitb. enable ( ) to the top of your script. then try running it again ; when a problem occurs, you should see a detailed report that will likely make apparent the cause of the crash. if you suspect that there may be a problem in importing the cgitb module, you can use an even more robust approach ( which only uses built - in modules ) : import sys sys. stderr = sys. stdout print \" content - type : text / plain \" print... your code here... this relies on the python interpreter to print the traceback. the content type of the output is set to plain text, which disables all html processing. if your script works, the raw html will be displayed by your client. if it raises an exception, most likely after the first two lines have been printed, a traceback will be displayed. because no html interpretation is going on, the traceback will be readable. | | | note that some recent versions of the html specification do state what order the field values should be supplied in, but knowing whether a request was received from a conforming browser, or even from a browser at all, is tedious and error - prone. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41175322386961205, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc15aac5-84e6-472c-b2cc-be5ef6b65e04>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.534434"}
{"text": "the texas state railroad is owned and operated by the american heritage railways, and operates a variety of vintage steam and diesel locomotives over 24 miles of track between its depots at palestine and rusk in east texas. the railroad ' s history was patchy to say the least, and with hindsight it probably should not have been built. however it was, and miraculously it survived long enough into the 1960s to become a viable option for preservation. the line re - opened as a preserved / tourist line under state park ownership in 1976. as the first steam tourist steam line in texas, it was a great success. although visitor numbers have dropped after other lines have opened, the texas state railroad continues to be a success. more recently, the poor financial condition of texas state parks & wildlife threatened to close the texas state railroad. luckily american heritage railways were able to purchase the operation and keep it open. the texas state railroad started life in 1881 with the completion of a large new prison at rusk in east texas. as well meeting the needs of a growing prison population, the prison was intended to operate a local iron smelter using iron ore extracted from local hills. the prison service planned to be self sufficient by by selling the resulting pig iron and farming implements, but this would never happen without an operating railroad near the prison. two railroads had already bypassed rusk in 1872, and the rusk transportation company had tried to build an ill - conceived wooden - rail railroad to jacksonville. the 3ft gauge kansas & gulf shortline railroad company ( k & gsl ) was persuaded to detour in the direction of rusk in return for the use of prison labour during construction. the k & gsl chose to use as much of the rusk transportation route as possible, but would still only pass within about 1. 5 miles of the prison due to the presence of a large hill. a spur was required and the prison service had to build it. the spur route required a lot of grading and bridge - building, and was operational by 1883. initially the k & gsl operated trains over the prison spur, but ceased this service in 1886. hence the prison purchased a lightweight 2 - 6 - 0 mogul and flatcar to operate its own services. ironically the orders for this new development were issued by governor ireland, aka. \" oxcart john \", who was notorious for his opposition of railroad land grants. the prison railroad proved useful, and over the years a number of short spurs and logging camps were built out into prison - owned forest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4063040825497572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b68544af-a989-47f0-8261-f96f1f5f2a6b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.555516"}
{"text": "governor ireland, aka. \" oxcart john \", who was notorious for his opposition of railroad land grants. the prison railroad proved useful, and over the years a number of short spurs and logging camps were built out into prison - owned forest. these harvested all types of timber to make charcoal for the smelter. the logging and charcoal camps were noted for being uncomfortable. being in secluded locations, escapes and killings were not uncommon. by the 1890s, transshipment of the pig iron and products from the 3ft k & gsl to standard gauge railroads was proving problematic. originally it had been hoped that the iron smelting operations would have attracted other railroads to the area, but they never came. during the 1880s, the concept of extending the state railroad westwards to the international & great northern ( i & gn ) had been suggested on a number of occasions. this came to nothing until jim hogg became governor in 1891. hogg had already made a name for himself fighting the railroad corporations as the texas attorney general. arguing that railroads were similar to public highways that should serve the public interest, he founded the texas railroad commission later in 1891. although he argued against government ownership of the railroads, he was not against a small railroad or two operated by the state penitentiary. in 1892, hogg ordered the huntsville state prison to build a short narrow gauge railroad to carry logs to its sawmill. he then directed the rusk prison line to be extended westwards to join the i & gn at palestine. the new line would be standard gauge and would tap the state forest through which it would pass. construction started in november 1893. for a while during the 1890s, the original spur was laid with 3 rails allowing the standard gauge locomotive to haul cars of both gauges. by 1894, seven miles were graded and five miles had track. joseph d. sayers became the new governor in january 1899. the rusk iron operations had never been profitable, and sayers ' advisers recommended the complete abandonment of all iron operations. instead, they were seriously curtailed. although the railroad continued to be extended to reach available timber, the original plan of connecting with the i & gn was dropped. s. w. t. lanham became governor in 1903, and he was determined to make rusk profitable. he fitted a new, larger furnace to the smelting plant, and the railroad extension was restarted. in 1903 a new route was chosen and six miles of the old extension were abandoned. by 1904 the railroad extended a total of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4213809159139149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b68544af-a989-47f0-8261-f96f1f5f2a6b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.556865"}
{"text": "rusk profitable. he fitted a new, larger furnace to the smelting plant, and the railroad extension was restarted. in 1903 a new route was chosen and six miles of the old extension were abandoned. by 1904 the railroad extended a total of nine miles from the prison. by this time, the k & gsl had been converted to standard gauge and sold to the cotton belt railroad. the new furnace needed coke instead of charcoal, and extension of the state railroad stopped again. thomas m. campbell became governor in january 1907. as a native of rusk, he was very interested in a railroad link between rusk and palestine. one of his first priorities was the texas state railroad bill which was passed in april 1907. this gave the prison commission the powers to extend the railroad westwards to palestine, and northwards to the texas & new orleans railroad ( t & no ). eminent domain and common carrier status were both granted. despite the new powers, construction continued to be slow due to the use of convict labour. by april 1909, the t & no had built its own extension to rusk. dogged by cost over - runs, the state railroad finally reached palestine in july 1909. the final length was 32. 5 miles long, including the prison spur at rusk. public trains started in august 1909. initial services consisted of one return mixed train per day. the first passenger - only train is thought to have been a labor day special that year. on september 27th of that year, the state sawmill at mewshaw burnt to the ground. with the loss of the mill and the scattered nature of the remaining timber, it was deemed uneconomic to renew operations. the state ' s logging shay locomotive was sold, and the mill prisoners were returned to rusk prison. the iron smelter continued to lose money and was finally closed in 1910. although originally intended as the primary commodity, the state railroad only ever carried a small amount of iron. the blast furnace was sold in 1919, re - acquired by default in 1929, and finally demolished in 1931. the prison closed in 1917, and re - opened in 1919 as the rusk state hospital. with the loss of the iron traffic and the sawmill, uncut lumber would become the railroad ' s primary traffic until 1921. this was carried to the prison where it was used by a prison - operated box factory. several private sawmills were located along the route, and spurs were laid connecting them to the railroad. during the state ' s operation of the railroad, it became the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40716208716063707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b68544af-a989-47f0-8261-f96f1f5f2a6b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.558570"}
{"text": "was carried to the prison where it was used by a prison - operated box factory. several private sawmills were located along the route, and spurs were laid connecting them to the railroad. during the state ' s operation of the railroad, it became the subject of repeated investigations and reports. performance was described as \" crippled \" by at least one employee. speed limits were officially 12mph with trestle speeds of 4 - 6mph. despite this, safety concerns usually led to about one quarter of the track operating at a maximum speed of 9mph. construction was shoddy and required constant maintenance. crossties ( sleepers ) were made from local untreated pine. the track was unballasted and regularly slumped in the marshy ground. under such conditions, the ties were lucky to survive beyond 3 years. as early as 1910, ties were being replaced at a terrific rate of 20, 000 rotted ties per year ( 20 % / yr ). the trestle bridges did not fair much better. bean ' s creek trestle was completely replaced in 1912. faulty and broken locomotives and rolling stock led to further unreliability. oil - burning locomotives and their crews often had to be leased from the i & gn. between 1910 and 1920, the texas state railroad never made a profit. in fact the expenses were almost double the income, with an average operating ratio over 175 %. calls for the state to sell the railroad started to appear as soon as it opened. although most people were calling for it to be sold or abandoned, $ 100, 000 were appropriated for improvements in 1915 and provisions were allowed for an extension to dallas. the extension debate continued until 1917 when governor william p. hobby attempted to lease the ' white elephant ' railroad. by 1921 the management of the state railroad was passed to a committee of \" experienced, practical railroad men \". unfortunately they were only given $ 25, 000, so they could only afford to partially rehabilitate the line with federal war - surplus rail. old rail, locomotives, and rolling stock were sold to pay for other repairs. the line was then leased to the t & no who promised to maintain the railroad in a \" good and safe condition \". the original lease was for five years, but was continually extended until 1962. the lease also demanded that the t & no paid the state of texas half of all net operating income. net income continued to be low or non existent, so the net effect was for the texas to avoid the expenses of operating the railroad.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43894513109078015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b68544af-a989-47f0-8261-f96f1f5f2a6b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.563651"}
{"text": "1962. the lease also demanded that the t & no paid the state of texas half of all net operating income. net income continued to be low or non existent, so the net effect was for the texas to avoid the expenses of operating the railroad. the railroad tended to do better under t & no operations and even included an overnight pullman service to dallas during the 1920s. mixed freight and passenger operations appear to have continued operating until the early 1950s, when the railroad became freight only. original t & no haulage was in the form of light 2 - 6 - 0 and 4 - 4 - 0 steam engines. during the 1950s, these were replaced with lightweight diesel - electric switchers ( shunters ). the t & no lease finished in 1962, and the texas state railroad was leased by the texas south - eastern railroad ( ts - e ) until 1969. a profit was only made in two of the lease ' s seven years. shortly after the end of the ts - e lease, j. b. langhorne created the cherokee and southwestern tourist railroad with leon edwards and paul cox of the rusk chamber of commerce. tourism was just beginning to develop in east texas and the rusk chamber of commerce was keen to be involved with this new venture. by early 1970, the state railroad lease had been negotiated. a locomotive was purchased, and the rolling stock was purchased or leased. the cherokee southwestern tourist railroad was dedicated on 10th april 1970. with all the news media present, the opening was an embarrassment. the locomotive failed earlier in the day and never left the staging area. with a lack of sufficient financing and equipment, the cherokee and southwestern had little chance of success and closed before the end of the year. despite this failure, there was still a large public interest in the state railroad opening as a steam - operated tourist line. in early 1971 the ex - wells banker jack r. stone was appointed to the texas parks & wildlife commission. at about this time, stone had been discussing the railroad with rusk ' s mayor emmett h. whitehead. both were keen on re - opening the railroad as a steam tourist venture, but both knew it would require millions of dollars to be a success. feasibility studies were conducted in late 1971. by march 1972, the texas state railroad was transferred to the parks & wildlife commission and was followed by a $ 3 million appropriation in august. the funding was to refurbish 26 miles of the original 33 mile route, with stations at the west end of palestine, and the east end of rus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4258001741647303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b68544af-a989-47f0-8261-f96f1f5f2a6b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.565822"}
{"text": "the parks & wildlife commission and was followed by a $ 3 million appropriation in august. the funding was to refurbish 26 miles of the original 33 mile route, with stations at the west end of palestine, and the east end of rusk. rusk and palestine were asked to provide supporting facilities such as campsites. prison labour was used again ; this time to clear brush during 1973. although light rail was originally used, traffic levels were low and only a few sections had to be replaced. later rail replacements have used heavier modern rail. the initial restoration was without ballast ( as originally laid ), but ballast was added during the late 1970s. despite cost over - runs at both the state and city level, the texas state railroad met its bicentennial deadline of 1976. the line reopened on 25th june with no. 200 painted in red, white, and blue. locomotives were acquired from a number of sources and in a variety of conditions. swaps and deals have managed to replace partial engines for new boilers to return another locomotive to service. the pictures on this page are of no 300, a baldwin ' general pershing ' 2 - 8 - 0 build for the us army during world war 1. this mainly worked at fort polk in louisiana. it was purchased by the tremont & gulf railway in the 1940s, who sold it to temple in 1955. temple retired it from service in the 1960s and donated it to the texas state railroad in november 1972. needing a new boiler, it did not enter service until 1996. about half of the passenger cars are commuter coaches built in 1923 by the standard steel car company for the chicago, rock island & pacific railroad. other cars come from a variety of sources including the santa fe, and the pennsylvania. operations typically involve two return trip workings per day. trains leave palestine and rusk at the same time in the morning, and pass at mewshaw. after lunch, both trains then return to their start points. operating limitations were experienced when the neches river trestle had to be replaced. this led to the addition of a turntable at maydelle, and a wye at jarvis. these allow short excursions to be operated from both palestine and rusk. these excursions have proved popular for special events and school trips. more recently, the poor financial condition of texas state parks & wildlife threatened to close the texas state railroad. luckily american heritage railways were able to purchase the operation in 2007 and keep it open. although the texas state railroad now sees competition from the two other steam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43321269609215696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b68544af-a989-47f0-8261-f96f1f5f2a6b>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.568501"}
{"text": "for more information, please contact : karl scheidegger, fisheries biologist at email @ example. com each spring, hundreds of volunteers have an opportunity to guard sturgeon at their spawning sites on the wolf river and protect the fish from poaching. when the sturgeon are spawning along the rocky shorline of the wolf river, they are fairly oblivious to nearby human activity and are very susceptible to illegal harvest. the volunteers of the \u201c sturgeon patrol \u201d guard the spawning fish 24 hours a day throughout the spawning season, which is typically in late april and early may. while it is impossible to predict the exact dates that spawning will occur year, guards are routinely scheduled from april 15th through may 5th. spawning generally occurs over a seven to 10 day period within that time window. while we do our best to get all scheduled guards out on the riverbank to see fish, invariably we must cancel some scheduled shifts if the fish are simply not active. we try in those cases to re - schedule guards into an active period. more on sturgeon season : more headlines and video | tweets collected during the season | browse photos from the 2013 season | browse photos from the 2012 season | share your sturgeon photos | watch cameras on the wolf river | watch cameras positioned in stockbridge how to be a sturgeon guard volunteer come join the fun! make volunteering a family outing by bringing a son or daughter your spouse or a friend. for many being a sturgeon guard volunteer has become an annual tradition. sign up to become a sturgeon guard volunteer. more news from the wisconsin department of natural resources.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4461290475968357, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e4e07ae-6188-4159-a995-a12f4d0d932c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.571776"}
{"text": "( ivanhoe newswire ) \u2013 what if you could predict your chances of having a heart attack years ahead of time? new research shows the coronary artery calcium score ( cacs ) may be useful in doing just that. a northwestern university feinberg school of medicine study found that considering the cacs along with traditional risk factors for heart disease is a better method of predicting future heart attacks than using traditional in a group of volunteers, researchers tried to predict the risk of future coronary heart disease by using their traditional risk factors, such as age, gender, tobacco use, blood pressure and cholesterol level, and also by evaluating traditional factors plus cacs. they then compared which method did a better job of predicting who would experience a heart attack or serious chest pain. researchers found that the cacs was a major factor in classifying people in the most extreme categories. \" ours is the first study to show that the cacs test, applied in a large population, actually puts more people who experience events in the high - risk category and more people who do not have events in the low - risk category, \" senior author philip greenland, m. d. was quoted as saying. \" so the test is effective. it sorts people properly, \" the downsides to getting the test are that it is not covered by most insurance companies and exposes the patient to a high amount of radiation. source : journal of the american medical association, april 28, 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45292084630304885, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17e4a807-8c51-490a-80a0-8d0398f63379>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.574097"}
{"text": "- n. plural form of sect. \u201c i, for my part, after a pretty long experience now, have seen so little of that said bitter rivalry between the nonconformist sects, _ as sects _, that to me it is all but non - existent. \u201d \u201c anyway, only certain sects of buddhism have many gods. \u201d \u201c it is impermissible and arbitrary for the government to confer benefits on groups it classifies as \" religions \" while denying benefits and enacting oppressive measures against groups it classifies as \" sects \". \u201d \u201c personally i dont believe in sects and i fully agree that this shia sunni tag has cost us a lot. \u201d \u201c if this is who he looks up to spiritually it is obvious religion and relationships with certain sects of religion can make you do very questionable things ( ahhem mr bush ). \u201d \u201c there are just certain sects he is not reaching that she can bring into the voting booth \u2026 \u2026. \u201d \u201c the lack of class analysis, and the easy substitution of a story about feuding sects, is part of the newly formed conventional wisdom. \u201d \u201c false christendom, divided into very many sects, is truly babylon, that is, confusion. \u201d \u201c man is taught more than the beasts of the earth, and made wiser that the fowls of heaven, and yet is so degenerated that he may learn wisdom from the meanest in sects and be shamed by them. \u201d \u201c the one nation party, a political party that organizes rallies against religious groups that it terms sects, claims that organizations like the jehovah ' s witnesses, which decline military service, \" aim to destroy armenia, hiding behind the name of religious organizations. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 sects \u2019. words i absolutely will not say aloud to people unless i ' m sure they know exactly what i ' m talking about. also words that require great diligence in pronunciation, so no one is offended by a slight... words that could get you in trouble around those who don ' t know what they mean looking for tweets for sects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5449132712236711, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90b32e90-df2f-4440-a448-1e0b912d9d61>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.578935"}
{"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. mathematics an irrational number, such as \u221a2. - n. linguistics a voiceless sound in speech. - adj. linguistics voiceless, as a sound. century dictionary and cyclopedia - not having the sense of hearing ; deaf. - that cannot be discriminated by the ear (? ). - in mathematics, not capable of being expressed in rational numbers : as, a surd expression, quantity, or number. see ii., 1. - in phonetics, uttered with breath and not with voice ; devoid of vocality ; not sonant : toneless : specifically applied to the breathed or non - vocal consonants of the alphabet. see ii., 2. - meaningless ; senseless. - n. in mathematics, a quantity not expressible as the ratio of two whole numbers, as \u221a 2, or the ratio of the circumference of a circle to the diameter. the name surd arises from a mistranslation into latin of the greek \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, which does not mean \u2018 stupid \u2019 or \u2018 unreasonable, \u2019 but \u2018 inexpressible. \u2019 - n. in phonetics, a consonantal sound uttered with breath and not with voice ; a non - sonant consonant ; a non - vocal alphabetic utterance, as p, f, s, t, k, as opposed to b, v, z, d, g, which are sonants or vocals. - to render dim or soft ; mute. - containing or involving a surd : thus [ 1 + \u00bd ] \u00bd is a surd expression but not a surd, since 1 + \u00bd is not a rational expression. - n. in mathematics : an indicated root whose value is irrational, but whose radicand is rational, as \u00bd. a surd is quadratic, cubic, of order n, according as its exponent is \u00bd, \u2153, 1 / n ;. - n. arithmetic an irrational number, especially one expressed using the \u221a symbol. - n. linguistics a voiceless consonant. gnu webster ' s 1913 - adj. obsolete net having the sense of hearing ; deaf. - adj. obsolete unheard. - adj. ( math. ) involving surds ; not capable of being expressed in rational numbers ; radical ; irrational. - adj. ( phonetics ) uttered, as an element of speech, without tone, or proper vocal sound ; voiceless ; unintonated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5565668271197068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:110c1efc-60a1-4dcc-a653-fe7b0f0bc776>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.584842"}
{"text": "math. ) involving surds ; not capable of being expressed in rational numbers ; radical ; irrational. - adj. ( phonetics ) uttered, as an element of speech, without tone, or proper vocal sound ; voiceless ; unintonated ; nonvocal ; atonic ; whispered ; aspirated ; sharp ; hard, as f, p, s, etc. ; - - opposed to sonant. see guide to pronunciation, \u00a7 \u00a7 169, 179, 180. - n. ( math. ) a quantity which can not be expressed by rational numbers. - n. ( phon. ) a surd element of speech. see surd, a., 4. - n. a consonant produced without sound from the vocal cords - adj. produced without vibration of the vocal cords - medieval latin surdus, speechless, surd ( translation of arabic ( jadr ) ' asamm, deaf ( root ), surd, translation of greek alogos, speechless, surd ), from latin. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c jeremy piven winning an emmy three years in a row for that role, is up surd. \u201d \u201c so even though she may find her own action inexplicable or \u201c surd, \u201d she is in fact acting rationally, although she does not know it. \u201d \u201c county monachan, whereat samething is rivi - sible by nighttim, may be involted into the zeroic couplet, palls pell inhis heventh glike noughty times i, find, if you are not literally cooefficient, how minney combinaisies and per - mutandies can be played on the international surd! pthwndxrclzp!, hids cubid rute being extructed, taking anan illitterettes, ififif at a tom. \u201d \u201c must it needs be, that a daughter of the same father and mother must be more silly, more unsteady, more ab - surd, more impertinent, than her brother? \u201d \u201c or, rather of what ab - surd things does it make its votaries guilty? \u201d \u201c hence, as in augustine, there is no intrinsic or surd evil ; evil is justified as the means of developing man from bondage to self - conscious participation in the \u201d \u201c for ' voiceless, ' ' surd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5439969820383846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:110c1efc-60a1-4dcc-a653-fe7b0f0bc776>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.585953"}
{"text": "##ies guilty? \u201d \u201c hence, as in augustine, there is no intrinsic or surd evil ; evil is justified as the means of developing man from bondage to self - conscious participation in the \u201d \u201c for ' voiceless, ' ' surd, ' ' hard, ' or ' tenuis ' are sometimes used. \u201d \u201c coercion is the surd in almost all social theory, except the \u201d \u201c do you mean to say that you are not able to tell me what a surd is? \u201d \u201c after certain consonants it was hard to pronounce clearly, and so the sonant was changed into the easier surd, and such words as pushed and clipped became, in ordinary conversation, pusht and clipt. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 surd \u2019. a list of words you more frequently hear used with prefixes than without. new words or spelling issues words looked up recently from reading guy davenport these come from gamma meditation, i think. \" luciferous logolepsy is a collection of over 9, 000 obscure english words. though the definition of an ' english ' word might seem to be straightforward, it is not. there exist so many adopted, deriv... what follows is an exercise in ordinary eternal hyperlexity, prepared in the fashion of paper matches. phonetic concepts that are fascinating or novel. an open - ended list, so this can also include abstract or linguistic terms. i imagine most of these will be anglo - saxon, not likely to crop up in the average day ' s conversation, and thus excellent for scrabble. ( \" most \" is too common, likewise \" will \" and even \" crop \", in an... interesting words appearing in samuel johnson ' s dictionary ( 1755 ). some are interesting for their unfamiliarity, and some for the meanings then assigned by johnson. my imaginary lexicon for future megastar and visionary zamboni palin. everyone ' s got their favorites. here are some of mine. words gathered while reading pale fire. well everyone ' s lists are favourites or pets or useful terms, no? these are mine. words gathered while reading a portrait of the artist as a young man by james joyce. looking for tweets for surd.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5313369607086076, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:110c1efc-60a1-4dcc-a653-fe7b0f0bc776>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.586892"}
{"text": "century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. an order of polypetalous plants, the bean - caper family, belonging to the series discifior\u00e6 and the cohort geraniales. it is characterized by flowers which usually bear a fleshy disk, five free glandless sepals, filaments augmented each by a small scale, and a furrowed angled or lobed ovary with two or more filiform ovules in each of the four or five cells. it incluldes about 110 species, classed in 18 genera, natives of tropical and warm climates, especially north of the equator. they are commonly shrubs or herbs with a woody base, bearing divaricate branches joiuted at their nodes. their leaves are usually opposite and pinnate or composed of two entire leaflets ; the twin persistent stipules are sometimes developed into spines. the flowers are white, red, or yellow, very rarely blue, usually solitary in the axils of the stipules. the principal genera are zygophyllum ( the type ), tribulus, guaiacum, and fagonia ; 10 genera are monotypic ; two species of guaiacum ( lignum - vit\u00e6 ) become moderate trees. the woody species are remarkable for the extreme hardness of their wood, and several, as guaiacum, produce a bitter and acrid bark. their detersive foliage is used in the west indies to scour floors. some of the family are so abundant in the egyptian desert as to constitute a characteristic feature of its vegetation. sorry, no example sentences found. \u2018 zygophylle\u00e6 \u2019 hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for zygophylle\u00e6.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49627921141179393, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1a60587-5188-4789-8f63-03ded5619ee0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.588884"}
{"text": "the nazca lines nazca is a small desert town, named for the nazca civilisation that came after the paracas culture, and it is a major attraction due to the mysterious presence of the lines and diagrams etched into the surrounding desert floor. it also has some interesting museums and archaeological sites, including the chauchilla cemetery, with 12 exposed underground tombs containing skeletons and preserved mummified forms. the main attraction of the town is an aerial flight over the nazca lines that are spread over miles of the vast desert floor. the dimensions of these enormous figures, geometric designs, spirals and perfectly straight lines are so large that the only way to view them is from the air and pilots will point out the outlines of intriguing bird and animal representations such as the hummingbird, monkey, condor, spider, and the unusual cartoon - like character known as the astronaut. these figures were made by removing sun - darkened stones from the desert floor to expose the lighter coloured stones below, and were created over a thousand years ago. theories abound regarding the mysterious desert etchings, and questions as to why they were created, how they were designed and what technology was used, remain unanswered and have puzzled experts for centuries. the nazca lines are among the most unforgettable and strangest sights in the country, an extraordinary legacy left by the ancient people of the nazca culture, and one of the great mysteries of south america. address : nazca is a few miles in from the coast, 280 miles ( 175km ) southeast of lima transport : ormeno and civa are the best bus companies with offices in nazca.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45045388953119087, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7481c979-8a10-4920-b7eb-bea5ad9d5692>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.590677"}
{"text": "one of the best science encyclopedia and reference book sets for students the student discovery science encyclopedia is designed to meet the science information needs of both young learners and visual learners. this 13 - volume set features easy - to - understand language, fun facts, and thousands of colorful illustrations and diagrams. special features and engaging articles make science for young learners accessible and fun. key features of the set include more than 2, 100 entries, 3, 300 illustrations, and over 60 experiments and activities. the articles provide up - to - date, accurate, and clear information on hundreds of high - interest subjects \u2014 from space science and physics to biology and zoology \u2014 relevant to science curriculums for young learners. the student discovery science encyclopedia also includes many of the features also found in adult reference products, such as cross - references, guide words, and pronunciation guides. volume 13 also contains a cumulative index. these elements promote familiarity with reference sources and develop research skills. several special features make the student discovery science encyclopedia a standout science resource for young learners. the science guide in volume 13 functions as a guide to the dozens of activities and experiments in the set. it provides information on how to prepare the experiments and activities, as well as tips on how to plan a science fair project. throughout the set, biographies of important scientists from the past and present provide fascinating insight into the people behind the technology, medicine, and scientific discoveries that have built and changed our world. lastly, the stunning cover design draws readers in while thousands of colorful illustrations and diagrams provide both visual interest and scientific information. these features make the student discovery science encyclopedia a perfect addition to home or school libraries. browse through all of world book ' s kids ' science books!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5376508568016731, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c0ca164-4f19-41a1-9bb5-5614ca566dfd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.595911"}
{"text": "the council has placed much focus on what has come to be known as \u2018 international hydro - diplomacy \u2019. for the past three years, the council has been at the forefront, bringing forward a new water politics and making the voice of water heard on every level of decision making. world water council activity report 2010 - 2012 one of the council ' s major accomplishments is its contribution to increasing awareness of global water issues and to political mobilisation through world water forums. serving as stepping - stones towards global collaboration on water problems, the forum is a unique platform where the water community and policy - and decision - makers from all regions of the world can come together, debate and attempt to find solutions to achieve water security. in the past, the forum has produced the world water vision, a unique prospective exercise on the future state of global water resources whose results were presented at the 2nd forum, as well as the establishment of concrete actions and commitments derived from the 3rd forum. the council has also played a strategic role in promoting and facilitating the establishment of dialogues on cross - cutting issues that were not sufficiently addressed, both at local levels and national levels. key dialogues include those on water for food and environment, and on water and climate. in 2001, the council raised the issue of financing to the top of its priorities by establishing the panel on financing water infrastructure, whose mandate was to look for new sources of funding for water to avoid the 2025 \" water scarcity \" scenario of the world water vision. with the 4th world water forum, the council established mechanisms for cooperation and coordination to transform global vision into concrete actions while integrating local knowledge. the 5th forum gave voice to the local authorities stakeholders \u2019 who were encouraged to improve their water situation on a local level by signing the istanbul water consensus, which has reached more than 1, 000 signatories throughout the world. from 2009 to 2012, political involvement though the ministerial, parliamentarian and local authorities processes of the forum has steadily increased and the council \u2018 s efforts have greatly contributed in raising water higher on the political agenda. water is finally being acknowledged as a worldwide priority. during the 2012 rio + 20 earth summit, a sustainable development dialogue was dedicated to water. the council \u2019 s aim is now to keep water on the table of high level discussions in view of the post - 2015 sustainable development goals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43879942901730595, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e9ea735-fb5c-443e-98e9-7a2c7306d79a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.600360"}
{"text": "financial survival in uncertain times by deborah pegues financial survival in uncertain times by deborah smith pegues borrowers and bankers gone wild we can lay the blame for the u. s. economic crisis at several doors. the consensus is that subprime lending was the match that lit the fire that threatened to consume the entire world financial system. further, there is still much debate as to who should be blamed for the fallout of these subprime loans. since many people remain confused about the meaning and mechanics of such loans, let me attempt to provide a basic understanding. understanding the subprime debacle subprime lending describes the practice of financial institutions providing credit to borrowers deemed \u201c subprime \u201d \u2014 that is, those whose credit qualifications are less than ideal or \u201c prime \u201d using traditional criteria. these borrowers include those who have a history of a loan delinquency or default, those with a recorded bankruptcy, or those with limited debt experience. further, their fico credit scores ( explained below ) usually fall below a certain level. historically, banks made home loans based upon three primary factors : creditworthiness, cash flow, and collateral. creditworthiness is determined by the borrower having an acceptable credit history as measured by a fico score. fico stands for fair isaac corporation, the entity that came up with the methodology which reduces your credit history to a three - digit number ranging from 350 to 850 with ratings as follows : \u2022 excellent : 750 and over \u2022 very good : 720 to 750 \u2022 acceptable : 660 to 720 \u2022 uncertain : 620 to 660 \u2022 high risk : less than 620 most lenders, or any entity extending credit, view the fico score as the primary predictor of future credit performance. during the subprime lending craze, loans were extended to borrowers with scores below 660 ( albeit at high rates ), increasing the risk of default. ( i \u2019 ll explain the nuances of the fico score in chapter 8, \u201c master your debts. \u201d ) cash flow is simply a measure of your ability to make the mortgage payment based upon your income and existing expenses. traditionally, lenders used an average qualifying ratio of 28 percent / 36 percent. this meant that your total mortgage payment ( including principal, interest, property taxes, and mortgage insurance if required ) could not exceed 28 percent of your gross income. when added together with all other contractual debt ( auto loans, credit cards ) the total ( including the new mortgage ) was not to exceed 36 percent of the gross income of all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4853587865528294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f83e8f9a-bfbd-48e5-a18d-71709042ef70>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.611648"}
{"text": "mortgage insurance if required ) could not exceed 28 percent of your gross income. when added together with all other contractual debt ( auto loans, credit cards ) the total ( including the new mortgage ) was not to exceed 36 percent of the gross income of all parties included in the loan application. one of the most irresponsible concessions lenders made was to qualify borrowers based on \u201c stated income. \u201d yes, you read right \u2014 income as stated by the borrower. the lender made no effort to verify the annual income by reviewing tax returns, 1099s, w - 2 earnings statements, or other means of confirmation. the only documentation was what the borrower \u201c stated \u201d his income to be. this was a particular advantage for self - employed people who had usually met strong resistance from lenders in proving their income. some jokingly referred to such loans as \u201c liar loans. \u201d subprime lenders also began to offer \u201c teaser rates \u201d or special terms that served to lower the payments during the first few years of the loan. for example, assume that larry the laborer obtained a $ 300, 000, 30 - year loan at 4 percent interest - only for the first three years. the loan agreement further states that after three years, he would start to pay principal and 6. 5 percent interest. now, larry and his stay - at - home wife, lucy, are happy. their loan payment ( excluding property taxes and insurance ) is only $ 1, 000 per month for the first three years. larry earns a fairly stable income of $ 48, 000 annually ( $ 4, 000 / month ) at a local construction firm. the terms of his loan allowed him to easily meet the lender \u2019 s relaxed qualifying ratios, which required total gross income of about three times the monthly payment, or $ 3, 000 per month. to boot, the lender offered even more generous terms. they told larry that his total debt commitments ( including his mortgage ) could go up to 45 percent or more of his gross income ( versus the traditional 36 percent ). this worked out well since larry and lucy both had outstanding auto loans on their two gas - guzzling suvs with combined payments totaling over $ 600 / month. larry obtained the loan in his name only because lucy \u2019 s credit was at the end of the three years, larry \u2019 s mortgage loan resets, and he finds himself responsible for principal and 6. 5 percent interest payments on the $ 300, 000 loan for the 27 - year remaining term. his principal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4169822593604454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f83e8f9a-bfbd-48e5-a18d-71709042ef70>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.614544"}
{"text": "s credit was at the end of the three years, larry \u2019 s mortgage loan resets, and he finds himself responsible for principal and 6. 5 percent interest payments on the $ 300, 000 loan for the 27 - year remaining term. his principal and interest payment is now a whopping $ 1, 966, almost double the $ 1, 000 he had grown accustomed to paying. his take - home pay is only $ 2, 800 after taxes and various other deductions. he has two years remaining to pay on the suvs. larry is now committed to monthly payments of $ 2, 566 ( $ 1, 966 new mortgage + $ 600 auto loans ). he will have less than $ 250 for all other household expenses. larry now faces a financial crisis. what we saw at the epicenter of the u. s. financial crisis were millions of loans that reached the interest rate reset date only to find that the borrower could not afford the higher payment due to inadequate income, higher food and fuel prices, and a number of other unfavorable economic factors. collateral is the value of property pledged as security for a loan. in the old days, a 10 percent down payment was the norm ( the ideal was 20 percent ), and every would - be homeowner saved toward it. lenders knew that with such a big personal investment on the line, a homeowner was less likely to throw in the towel and walk away from a home when facing a financial crisis. some government - guaranteed programs allowed a 3 percent down payment for those who would have otherwise been denied access to credit and the american dream. however, during the subprime craze, many lenders waived down payment requirements altogether and made loans that even exceeded the market values of the homes. it was not uncommon to see ads touting loans up to 125 percent of the current market value in areas where homes were appreciating at a rate of 15 percent annually. the thinking was that real estate values would continue to increase at that same rate well into the future. the logic that a house in a market appreciating at 15 percent annually would be worth 30 percent more in two years seemed to hold water at the time. so, even if the borrower ran into financial problems, he could simply sell the house at a profit if necessary. when we peek in on larry and lucy, we learn that their house is now worth only $ 225, 000, and larry is facing a layoff due to the downturn in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42729292630370175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f83e8f9a-bfbd-48e5-a18d-71709042ef70>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.616249"}
{"text": "kangaroo ' s things to do you can use this design to make a model kangaroo that stands up. first, print off this outline of half a kangaroo on to thin paper. i suggest you make the kangaroo out of card that is thin enough for you to fold and cut easily. something like a minilla folder. most kinds of card fold easier in one direction than the other. fold it the easy way, making sure you have enough card for half a kangaroo to fit on each side of the crease. fold over the paper print - out so that the middle of the kangaroo ' s back runs along the crease. put the fold of the cardboard inside the fold of the paper pattern. you are going to use the pattern to guide you as you cut through the two thicknesses of card and the two thicknesses of paper at the same time. you can put paper clips or other kinds of spring clips over the back fold to hold them together while you are cutting. here are five helpful tips for cutting that not many people know. 1. cut very slowly with your scissors, using only the half of the blades nearest the hinge. don ' t snip near the points. 2. keep your sissors hand in the same place most of the time. i rest my arm on the arm of a chair, so my hand is nice and steady. 3. use your other hand to twist and turn the cardboard, or whatever you ' re cutting, and feed it into the blades as they slowly close. 4. the best way to cut out complicated designs is to cut the inside of tight shapes first. 5. where possible, try to cut from large spaces into tiny spaces and pointed places, even if it means making several cuts from different directions. in making the model kangaroo, i ' d first roughly cut away most of the spare paper and cardboard, so the model is easy to handle. next i ' d look for tight spaces - the main one is between its front paw and its ear. i ' d aim my first cut to hit the widest part of its ear, on the outside, and cut into its arm - pit - right to the end of the line. then i ' d start at his finger tips and move the card around until my second cut also ended up beyond the dashes. it doesn ' t matter what order you do the rest of the cuts, but i ' d just make sure to cut inwards to the very base of its tail, past the dashes, and from the tip of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40248401419619767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a44c972-9b4c-4ed0-b21f-6675ad155994>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.637788"}
{"text": "up beyond the dashes. it doesn ' t matter what order you do the rest of the cuts, but i ' d just make sure to cut inwards to the very base of its tail, past the dashes, and from the tip of its ear right to the dashes at the back of its head. cut out the rest of the shape. while the paper pattern is still attached to the cardboard, the folds are made along the dashed lines. i ' ll tell you about the dots on its ears later. lay the kangaroo down on something hard. lay a ruler on each straight dashed line in turn, then lift and bend the cardboard along the edge. you can then lift the kangaroo and bend each fold backwards and forwards a few times and give the creases a hard pinch. you ' re still not ready for its ears! now you can take off the clips and the paper pattern. lay it on its back on something slightly soft. a pad of newspaper perhaps, but i use my mouse - pad by my computer. now for its ears. you have to imagine where those dots on the pattern would be : down the centre of each ear, but on the inside of them now. gently draw a wide knitting needle ( the one i use says gauge 3 ) or something else round and blunt along these centre lines. then, drawing round and round in tiny circles with it, along the ears, you will see them become curved - and look like ears. i ' m sure you can work out how the model stands. you can push out its pouch, and ease its tail upwards, as you fold your kangaroo into shape. the tail will end up ' inside out ', a bit like a hollow boat. give it a little squeeze into shape as you lift it. its head folds forwards ( i ' ll leave you to draw on the eyes ), and its front feet bend down. hopefully the soles of its feet will be nearly flat on the ground ( it could be hopping and just taking off if they ' re not completely flat ). if the kangaroo is falling forwards too much, keep the tail pointing backwards and horizontal, but bring the back feet together. sit the back feet on a ruler and push the tail upwards until its tip is also on the ruler ' s edge. then squeeze the tail fold very hard, or rub it over with the back of a spoon until the crease is in the right place.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42571907114700586, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a44c972-9b4c-4ed0-b21f-6675ad155994>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.650619"}
{"text": "webmd medical news laura j. martin, md sept. 7, 2011 - - overweight and obesity in african - american women increases their risk of death, especially from heart disease, according to a new study. \" we have now found in african - american women what has been found in other populations - - that the risk of death goes up incrementally with increasing bmi [ body mass index ] over 25, \" says researcher julie r. palmer, scd, professor of epidemiology at boston university. bmi is a measure of body fat. a bmi between 18. 5 and 24. 9 is termed healthy. the new finding refutes previous data that suggests that the risk of weight - related death in african - americans is increased only at very high bmi levels, such as 35 and up. a bmi of 30 or higher is obese. palmer ' s study found the risk became significant at 27. 5. for example, that is the bmi of a woman 5 feet 4 inches tall who weighs 160 pounds. a big waist, over 35 inches, also boosts risk, she says. ' ' regardless of bmi, having a large waist size, which is an indicator of carrying around excess abdominal fat, is related to having an increased risk of death. \" the study is published in the new england journal of medicine. the results are based on follow - up of women who were part of the ongoing black women ' s health study. the study results, palmer says, suggest that ' ' this is just one more reason to maintain a healthy adult weight. \" to have a bmi of 24. 9, a woman who is 5 feet 4 inches tall, for example, would have to weigh 145 pounds. the ongoing black women ' s health study includes 59, 001 african - american women from all parts of the u. s. women enrolled in the study in 1995, when they were age 21 to 69. they answer questionnaires every two years. for this research, palmer and her team focused on 33, 916 women who had never smoked. all were free of cancer and heart disease at the start of the study. they gathered the women ' s height, weight, and waist circumference in inches at the beginning of the study. the information was self - reported. the women also gave information on their exercise habits, education, alcohol intake, and provided other data. the researchers looked at the national death index, trying to find women who had not returned the 2009 question", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46050367400621683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81407dca-2330-4e97-813b-77f109264dbb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.699954"}
{"text": "the study. the information was self - reported. the women also gave information on their exercise habits, education, alcohol intake, and provided other data. the researchers looked at the national death index, trying to find women who had not returned the 2009 questionnaire and were not known to have died. they tracked down the cause of death from the index or death certificates. they grouped causes of death as cardiovascular, cancer, or other. through 2008, the researchers found 1, 773 deaths ; 770 of these were among the 33, 916 nonsmokers they were studying. they took into account such factors as age, physical activity, and alcohol intake. they found that the risk of death from any cause rose as the bmi rose. ' ' the link became significant when it got to 27. 5, \" she says. for those with bmis of 27. 5 to under 30, the increased risk was 31 %. the risk was highest for heart disease. women with a bmi of 25 to 29 had a two times higher risk of death from heart disease as normal - weight women. those with a bmi of 30 or higher had three times the risk. no significant link was found between bmi and risk of death from cancer. next, the researchers focused on the non - obese women. they compared those with large waists ( above 35 inches ) and those with smaller waists. \" the women in the largest group - - 35 inches or higher - - had a 50 % increased risk of dying compared with those not obese with a waist circumference less than 35 inches, \" palmer says. the waist size reflects the amount of abdominal fat. fat inside of the abdomen that surrounds organs is considered more metabolically active. too much of this type of fat is considered hazardous to long - term health. in obese women, she says, they found no effect of waist circumference. she suspects that the amount of fat they have, wherever distributed, is enough to be hazardous. the national medical association, composed of african - american doctors, is aware of the problem. it launched an obesity task force earlier this year, according to cedric m. bright, md, the association ' s president. \" african - american women have the highest rates of obesity and this directly correlates to other [ coexisting ] conditions like diabetes, hypertension, certain cancers, heart attacks and strokes, \" he says in a statement. \" unfortunately, the epidemic of obesity in women is often passed on to their children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4333902323788844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81407dca-2330-4e97-813b-77f109264dbb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.701258"}
{"text": "a string or rope is cut into two pieces, and then magically restored into one piece! - one piece of heavy string or thin rope. - a piece of writing paper. - a pair of good scissors. the cut - and - restored rope effect is a classic of magic. prefold a piece of paper before the show so it looks like the paper in figure 1. when it ' s time to present the trick, pull out the paper and lay the string in it as shown. fold the top of the paper ( section a ) down, then fold the bottom of the paper ( section c ) up. now for the secret move : when you fold section c up over section a, use your thumb to catch the string as demonstrated in figure 2. when you prefold the paper before the show be certain that section a is not so long that it will cover the string. securely grasp the package as in figure 3, making sure that the view shown in the diagram is seen only by you. cut through the paper, as shown in figure 4. cut completely through the paper, dividing it and, presumably, the rope in half. in reality, only the paper is cut in half, the rope is still intact. crumple up the paper, and pull the rope out slowly. it is restored into one complete piece! the paper may be examined, and it will be seen to have been cleanly cut into two halves! credits : alex jones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5432520583790268, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ad025f8-b15d-44ee-bc5f-28315b87cdbe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.703234"}
{"text": "the emotional lives of animals scientific research shows that many animals are very intelligent and have sensory and motor abilities that dwarf ours. dogs are able to detect diseases such as cancer and diabetes and warn humans of impending heart attacks and strokes. elephants, whales, hippopotamuses, giraffes, and alligators use low - frequency sounds to communicate over long distances, often miles ; and bats, dolphins, whales, frogs, and various rodents use high - frequency sounds to find food, communicate with others, and navigate. many animals also display wide - ranging emotions, including joy, happiness, empathy, compassion, grief, and even resentment and embarrassment. it \u2019 s not surprising that animals \u2014 especially, but not only, mammals \u2014 share many emotions with us because we also share brain structures \u2014 located in the limbic system \u2014 that are the seat of our emotions. in many ways, human emotions are the gifts of our animal ancestors. grief in magpies and red foxes : saying goodbye to a friend many animals display profound grief at the loss or absence of a relative or companion. sea lion mothers wail when watching their babies being eaten by killer whales. people have reported dolphins struggling to save a dead calf by pushing its body to the surface of the water. chimpanzees and elephants grieve the loss of family and friends, and gorillas hold wakes for the dead. donna fernandes, president of the buffalo zoo, witnessed a wake for a female gorilla, babs, who had died of cancer at boston \u2019 s franklin park zoo. she says the gorilla \u2019 s longtime mate howled and banged his chest ; picked up a piece of celery, babs \u2019 favorite food ; put it in her hand ; and tried to get her to wake up. i once happened upon what seemed to be a magpie funeral service. a magpie had been hit by a car. four of his flock mates stood around him silently and pecked gently at his body. one, then another, flew off and brought back pine needles and twigs and laid them by his body. they all stood vigil for a time, nodded their heads, and flew off. i also watched a red fox bury her mate after a cougar had killed him. she gently laid dirt and twigs over his body, stopped, looked to make sure he was all covered, patted down the dirt and twigs with her forepaws, stood silently for a moment, then trotted off, tail down and ears laid back against her head. after publishing my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45229817804411243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc8f9f2e-c876-4cdf-b54d-a979a99f937d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.717124"}
{"text": "his body, stopped, looked to make sure he was all covered, patted down the dirt and twigs with her forepaws, stood silently for a moment, then trotted off, tail down and ears laid back against her head. after publishing my stories i got emails from people all over the world who had seen similar behavior in various birds and mammals. empathy among elephants a few years ago while i was watching elephants in the samburu national reserve in northern kenya with elephant researcher iain douglas - hamilton, i noticed a teenaged female, babyl, who walked very slowly and had difficulty taking each step. i learned she \u2019 d been crippled for years, but the other members of her herd never left her behind. they \u2019 d walk a while, then stop and look around to see where she was. if babyl lagged, some would wait for her. if she \u2019 d been left alone, she would have fallen prey to a lion or other predator. sometimes the matriarch would even feed babyl. babyl \u2019 s friends had nothing to gain by helping her, as she could do nothing for them. nonetheless, they adjusted their behavior to allow babyl to remain with the group. waterfall dances : do animals have spiritual experiences? do animals marvel at their surroundings, have a sense of awe when they see a rainbow, or wonder where lightning comes from? sometimes a chimpanzee, usually an adult male, will dance at a waterfall with total abandon. jane goodall describes a chimpanzee approaching a waterfall with slightly bristled hair, a sign of heightened arousal. \u201c as he gets closer, and the roar of the falling water gets louder, his pace quickens, his hair becomes fully erect, and upon reaching the stream he may perform a magnificent display close to the foot of the falls. standing upright, he sways rhythmically from foot to foot, stamping in the shallow, rushing water, picking up and hurling great rocks. sometimes he climbs up the slender vines that hang down from the trees high above and swings out into the spray of the falling water. this \u2018 waterfall dance \u2019 may last 10 or 15 minutes. \u201d after a waterfall display the performer may sit on a rock, his eyes following the falling water. chimpanzees also dance at the onset of heavy rains and during violent gusts of wind. in june 2006, jane and i visited a chimpanzee sanctuary near girona, spain. we were told that marco, one of the rescued chimpanzees,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4491749978496612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc8f9f2e-c876-4cdf-b54d-a979a99f937d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.719004"}
{"text": "at the onset of heavy rains and during violent gusts of wind. in june 2006, jane and i visited a chimpanzee sanctuary near girona, spain. we were told that marco, one of the rescued chimpanzees, does a dance during thunderstorms during which he looks like he \u2019 s in a trance. shirley and jenny : remembering friends elephants have strong feelings. they also have great memory. they live in matriarchal societies in which strong social bonds among individuals endure for decades. shirley and jenny, two female elephants, were reunited after living apart for 22 years. they were brought separately to the elephant sanctuary in hohenwald, tenn., to live out their lives in peace, absent the abuse they had suffered in the entertainment industry. when shirley was introduced to jenny, there was an urgency in jenny \u2019 s behavior. she wanted to get into the same stall with shirley. they roared at each other, the traditional elephant greeting among friends when they reunite. rather than being cautious and uncertain about one another, they touched through the bars separating them and remained in close contact. their keepers were intrigued by how outgoing the elephants were. a search of records showed that shirley and jenny had lived together in a circus 22 years before, when jenny was a calf and shirley was in her 20s. they still remembered one another when they were inadvertently reunited. a grateful whale in december 2005 a 50 - foot, 50 - ton, female humpback whale got tangled in crab lines and was in danger of drowning. after a team of divers freed her, she nuzzled each of her rescuers in turn and flapped around in what one whale expert said was \u201c a rare and remarkable encounter. \u201d james moskito, one of the rescuers, recalled that, \u201c it felt to me like it was thanking us, knowing it was free and that we had helped it. \u201d he said the whale \u201c stopped about a foot away from me, pushed me around a little bit and had some fun. \u201d mike menigoz, another of the divers, was also deeply touched by the encounter : \u201c the whale was doing little dives, and the guys were rubbing shoulders with it \u2026. i don \u2019 t know for sure what it was thinking, but it \u2019 s something i will always remember. \u201d that means, we rely on support from our readers. independent. nonprofit. subscriber - supported.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4672724400125219, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc8f9f2e-c876-4cdf-b54d-a979a99f937d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.721908"}
{"text": "curriculum for excellence discover how youth scotland ' s programmes support you to reach the goals of curriculum for excellence partnerships with colleges, youth work services, the voluntary sector and employers will open up a wide range of motivating choices, based upon the experiences and outcomes, to meet the needs of all young people. building the curriculum 3 as curriculum for excellence ( cfe ) continues to shape the learning experience of young people aged 3 - 18, youth scotland has developed a series of materials and training sessions to help practitioners understand and use the cfe approach in planning, delivering and evaluating their programmes for young people. download curriculum for excellence \u2013 a youth scotland quick guide for a basic introduction. what is cfe? curriculum for excellence ( cfe ) is an approach that supports young people as they learn and develop the four capacities : successful learners, confident individuals, responsible citizens and effective contributors. cfe supports the idea that learning and achievement can take place in a variety of formats and settings ; not just schools. the building the curriculum documents ( link here ) make it clear that all agencies that work with young people have a role to play in cfe. there are strong links between the nature and purpose of youth work ( link here ) and curriculum for excellence, particularly with regards to the young person - centred approach and an emphasis on empowerment and health and well - being. it could be said that youth work has always delivered curriculum for excellence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47769739026407515, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2557c39-4d30-4f5f-9fe7-2ebd5abf3f04>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.728613"}
{"text": "biodiversity offsets threaten both the survival and the meaning of nature propose a get - out clause and \u2013 however many warnings and caveats you wrap round it \u2013 before long it will be used. this post is about the dangerous new concept the government has seeded in the minds of developers and planners. the idea is called biodiversity offsetting. it involves trading places : allowing people to destroy wildlife and habitats if, in return, they pay someone to create new habitats elsewhere. in april the uk government launched six pilot projects to test the idea, which would run for two years. four months ago, i wrote this : \u201c the government warns that these offsets should be used only to compensate for \u2018 genuinely unavoidable damage \u2019 and \u2018 must not become a licence to destroy \u2019 ; but once the principle is established and the market is functioning, for how long do you reckon that line will hold? \u201d the answer, it seems, is \u201c not very long \u201d. a year and a half before the pilot projects have been completed, the new spirit of destruction is roaming the land. a place of outstanding wildlife value is now being considered for demolition, and biodiversity offsetting is being mooted as the means by which it can be justified. it \u2019 s hard to believe that this scheme would still be receiving serious consideration if the mother of all excuses had not been proposed by the government. lodge hill, close to gillingham in north kent, contains what could be the uk \u2019 s highest concentration of nightingales. the species has suffered an astonishing decline in this country \u2013 over 90 % in just 40 years \u2013 partly as a result of the destruction of its habitat. this site \u2013 of just 325 hectares \u2013 contains roughly 1 % of the remaining population. it is one of the very few places where, on a summer \u2019 s night, you can still hear the full nightingale orchestra, a sound that would once have been familiar to people across much of the country. medway council has proposed that the land at lodge hill be turned into a development of 5, 000 houses. this, according to a report by the british trust for ornithology, could destroy the area \u2019 s entire population of nightingales. even if some birds continue to use the adjoining woods, they are extremely vulnerable to cats, as they nest close to the ground. the pets arriving with the new homes are likely to snuff out what john clare called \u201c the old woodland \u2019 s legacy of song. \u201d so how do you justify the unjustifiable? you commission a consultancy ( the environment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4820449703607426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff14dab3-7243-4d73-b705-11db7fa4b962>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.740526"}
{"text": "the ground. the pets arriving with the new homes are likely to snuff out what john clare called \u201c the old woodland \u2019 s legacy of song. \u201d so how do you justify the unjustifiable? you commission a consultancy ( the environment bank ) to investigate the potential for offsetting : in effect moving the habitat and its nightingales somewhere else. it reported that : \u201c offsetting could work in principle for nightingales in kent \u2013 it is technically feasible but it is neither straightforward nor guaranteed \u201d if a site of around 500 hectares were found and stocked with suitable habitat, a similar number of nightingales might establish itself there. but no one can be sure it will work. if it doesn \u2019 t, by the time we find out it will be too late : the new habitat will take at least a decade to establish, while the existing habitat will be destroyed and the houses built in just two or three years. if the experiment fails it cannot be reversed. the report suggests two principal means by which new nightingale habitat could be created in kent. one is to coppice existing woodland : cutting the trees at ground level so that they resprout to create the shrubby growth that nightingales use. the other is to take an area of agricultural land and either plant it with scrub or allow scrub to regenerate naturally. this invites two obvious responses. if woods are chosen, the offsetting process would not be creating wildlife habitat, but merely changing an existing habitat into something different. coppicing favours some species at the expense of others, particularly those which require large trees, dead wood and an undisturbed understorey. what \u2019 s good for nightingales may be bad for woodpeckers. if 500 hectares of fields \u2013 a bigger site than lodge hill \u2013 can be taken out of agricultural use to compensate for the destruction of the nightingales \u2019 homes, why not spare lodge hill and build the houses in the fields? the prospect of offsetting in this case looks to me like the \u201c licence to destroy \u201d that the government warned against. rather than compensating for \u201c genuinely unavoidable damage \u201d it looks as if it could be used to justify avoidable destruction : trashing a remarkable place for an unremarkable project which could be built elsewhere. this case illustrates the danger inherent in the principle of offsetting. it makes nature as fungible as everything else. no place is valued as a place : it is broken down into a list of habitats and animals and plants, which could, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4691238284073328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff14dab3-7243-4d73-b705-11db7fa4b962>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.742430"}
{"text": "today, sam duty can eat peanut butter sandwiches and candies easily, but at one time in the 9 - year - old ' s life, ingesting peanuts was dangerous and possibly lethal because he was highly allergic to peanuts. his mother, angela duty, worried about even the smallest interactions with peanuts. \" the first small bite of peanut butter \u2014 his lips started to swell, \" duty said. \" it ' s horrible. you know, you want the best for your children, and you ' re fighting something you can ' t see. \" nearly half of the 150 deaths attributed to food allergies each year in the united states are caused by peanut allergies, according to duke university. once, sam had to be hospitalized after ingesting peanuts. he was like so many other children, who have life - threatening reactions that can occur from even trace amounts of peanuts. \" i ' m the mom that calls ahead of time and asks what they ' re going to eat, where they ' re going to eat, how they ' re going to eat, \" duty said. so when sam was asked to be a part of a groundbreaking study that would require him to be given peanuts on purpose, surprisingly his parents jumped at the chance. in the study, duke university medical center and colleagues at arkansas children ' s hospital found a way to desensitize children to peanuts by using the very thing to which the children are allergic \u2014 peanuts. \" they appear to be no longer allergic to peanuts, \" said dr. wesley burks of duke university medical center. \" what we ' re doing is trying to help sam ' s immune system change and recognize peanuts differently. \" children in the study were given tiny, precise amounts of peanut flour daily and every few weeks the dosage was increased. medical staff was nearby to deal with any minor allergic reactions. even with the precautions, the first time sam ate the powder, his family was terrified. \" we ' d told sam not to eat peanuts, or nuts, all of his life. and then all of a sudden, this study wants sam to take peanuts every single day, \" duty said. but the true challenge for the dutys came in 2007 \u2014 three years after sam joined the study. he was now eating peanuts on a daily basis, but could he handle a whole peanut butter and jelly sandwich? \" he had no reaction. so it was a success. all the peanuts that we had fed him delivered no reaction, \" duty said. \" beginning the study it took literally less than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4223297421960993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1a7caa9-ba20-4893-b367-1ffcb542cbc5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.825054"}
{"text": ", but could he handle a whole peanut butter and jelly sandwich? \" he had no reaction. so it was a success. all the peanuts that we had fed him delivered no reaction, \" duty said. \" beginning the study it took literally less than a 10th of peanut for [ sam ] to have allergic symptoms. as we got into the study on the first challenge he tolerated 13 to 15 peanuts without symptoms, \" burks said. immune - system tests showed no sign of remaining allergy in five youngsters, and others can withstand amounts that once would have left them wheezing or worse, scientists reported sunday. today sam is on daily maintenance dose of peanut indefinitely in order to keep up his tolerance. and it ' s not your average daily medication. \" it ' s not really even medicine, it ' s just reese ' s pieces, \" sam said. ironically sam has never learned to love peanuts or peanut butter, but his mother is relieved she is no longer concerned about what sam puts in his mouth. \" you don ' t have to worry as much. you can send your kid to school, and not worry about a reaction at school, or a reaction at a friend ' s house. you can go out to eat, \" duty said. \" it ' s just \u2014 it ' s changed our lives. \" but doctors have stopped short of calling the study ' s participants cured. they must track them for years longer before making that determination. the associated press contributed to this report.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4098311617359799, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1a7caa9-ba20-4893-b367-1ffcb542cbc5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.843241"}
{"text": "what is hipp? the help increase the peace ( hip ) program was developed by the american friends service committee staff in syracuse, new york, in 1991 as a youth - oriented program to address the epidemic of violence in schools. hip is based on the conviction that nonviolence and participation in our communities can better each of us and our world. workshops focus on three themes : options to violence ; dealing with racism, prejudices, and our differences ; and the belief that we can each participate in our communities to bring about positive social change. hip training is composed of three levels of workshops, each three days long, with increases in skills. the building blocks of the workshops are affirmation, communication, cooperation, conflict resolution, and prejudice reduction. hip uses cooperative games, discussions, role - playing, and lively group activities to build skills. a number of young people who have gone through hip have become workshop leaders or assistants. hip facilitators are of various ages, races, and genders - - reflecting the different audiences of hip. hip has been effectively applied in middle and high schools where administrators, teachers, and staff members enjoyed and praised the program. it has also been used with adults and mixed ages in community centers, church basements, offices, and on college campuses. hip teaches leadership skills, builds community, and increases participants ' self - esteem. it is, by design, fun, easy to replicate, and can be adapted for different audiences and situations. hip can go anywhere! preliminary overview for people who are interested in starting or hosting a hip program. email or call us for a consultation. introductory workshops ( 1 - 2 hours ) introduces the program and helps people understand and experience the group dynamics. teaches skills for basic and advanced levels. approach adapted for age level of the group. after initial training, hip staff members will help schools and community agencies develop independent, ongoing programs. email or call us for more information. offers workshops to groups working with youth and children, as well as adult community, church, and parent groups.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46290442033723, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51c2ca3c-281f-492f-935e-53c9f9f951ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.849439"}
{"text": "acupuncture is among the oldest healing practices in the world, but is far from obsolete. as part of traditional chinese medicine, acupuncture aims to restore and maintain health through the stimulation of specific points on the body. more than 3 million american adults and 150, 000 children used acupuncture last year, according to a recent national health interview survey. according to the chinese medicine, energy pathways called meridians correspond to different parts of the body. the bodys energy, or qi, flows through these meridians to operate organs such as the large intestine, kidney and liver. the basic concept of acupuncture is putting in needles to get the qi moving in the right direction or to disperse the energy if theres too much flowing in one direction. restoring this natural flow of energy supposedly brings the body back in balance or harmony. in more conventional terms, acupuncture has been shown to increase activity in the part of the brain that corresponds to the acupuncture point. in conditions that involve trigger points, using certain frequencies can cause better blood flow to a region to nourish the tissues, promoting acupuncture can be used to help with various painful conditions such as arthritis, tendonitis, carpal tunnel, trigger points, joint pain, tight muscles, headaches, irritable bowel syndrome and pms. it can also help with multiple sclerosis, and with the fatigue and nausea associated with chemotherapy. the world health organization recognizes these conditions as being helped by acupuncture : digestive, respiratory and neurological disorders, including headaches and sciatica ; muscular disorders, including plantar fasciitis, lower back pain, fibromyalgia, tendonitis and carpal tunnel ; menstrual and urinary disorders, and infertility. acupuncture is not recommended in place of a full medical workup and shouldnt be used as the only treatment in chronic diseases such as asthma, diabetes or cancer. expect to take at least four weekly sessions to see if theres a difference in the level of pain. the longer a problem has been there, the longer its going to take to treat it. each session takes between 30 - 60 minutes, depending on your health problem. if you are considering acupuncture, look for a physician trained in acupuncture at the american academy of medical acupuncture or an acupuncturist certified by the national certification commission for acupuncture and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4920529315126888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69b34716-0a89-4c51-96fe-a13cef3c9609>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.863067"}
{"text": "enron bankruptcy - history of business in the u. s. the event : financial failure of enron, one of the world \u2019 s largest energy distributors, as a result of fraud perpetrated by its managers date : filed for bankruptcy on december 2, 2001 place : new york city significance : the collapse of enron, an energy conglomerate with reported revenues of $ 100 billion, is one of the largest bankruptcy and accounting fraud cases in u. s. history. enron corporation began as a traditional natural gas supplier in 1985 in houston, texas. in less than two decades, it evolved into the seventh largest of the fortune 500 companies in the united states. what had started as a simple natural gas operation grew into a e - commerce superpower, which traded in energy commodities ( such as wind, water, and electricity ) and eventually in internet bandwidth for communication purposes. between 1998 and 2000, the stock price of enron experienced unprecedented increases, making it one of the most profitable corporations on wall street. however, many of the deals enron made were based solely on unrealistic projections regarding future supply and demand. by the beginning of 2001, the federal government began to become suspicious of enron \u2019 s accounting practices, in large part because of a whistle - blower inside the company, who uncovered suspicious accounting practices. enron \u2019 s accounting practices were rife with fraud and misrepresentation. many investigators have referred to enron as a massive pump - and - dump scheme : company officials used various misleading accounting practices to drive up ( pump ) stock prices, then insiders would quickly sell ( dump ) their own stocks at the top of the market, leaving many misinformed investors to suffer huge losses when the stock prices began to drop. equally culpable was the prestigious accounting firm of arthur andersen, which was responsible for assisting enron officials with the accounting scheme that netted extensive financial gains for certain company officials and their high - ranking government friends. in the end, millions of american investors, including longtime loyal enron employees, lost billions in savings, investments, and retirement plans. enron filed chapter 11 bankruptcy on december 2, 2001, with $ 6. 8 billion in assets, making it the largest bankruptcy in u. s. history ( this record would later be broken by worldcom in 2002 and lehman brothers in 2008 ). the stock had fallen from almost $ 140 a share to pennies on the dollar. the crimes carried out by top enron executives have been prosecuted in both criminal and civil courts. paul m", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4470977259327977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34d7ae3f-8b92-415c-93dc-7eaffc751493>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.868983"}
{"text": "forces loyal to libyan leader colonel mu \u2019 ammar al - gaddafi unlawfully killed and injured several thousand people, including peaceful protesters and bystanders, after anti - government protests broke out in mid - february and then developed into an armed conflict that lasted around eight months. during the conflict, international forces, acting under a un security council mandate to protect civilians, attacked al - gaddafi forces from the air, helping to tip the balance in favour of opposition forces. al - gaddafi forces fired mortars, artillery and rockets into residential areas and used anti - personnel mines, cluster munitions and other inherently indiscriminate weapons ; these indiscriminate attacks caused numerous civilian casualties, particularly in misratah, libya \u2019 s third largest city. al - gaddafi forces also abducted thousands of individuals and tortured or ill - treated them, and extrajudicially executed captured fighters and other detainees. opposition forces used rockets and other indiscriminate weapons in residential areas. even after the national transitional council ( ntc ) \u2013 the loosely structured leadership of the opposition to colonel al - gaddafi established in late february \u2013 took control of most of the country in late august, it failed to get a grip on the militias formed during the conflict. war crimes and other violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed during the conflict by both parties added to the dismal legacy of human rights violations of previous years. the conflict exacerbated pre - existing xenophobia and racial tensions against foreign nationals. opposition militias took captive thousands of suspected al - gaddafi loyalists, soldiers and alleged \u201c african mercenaries \u201d, many of whom were beaten and abused in custody and remained held without trial, or any means to challenge the legality of their detention at the end of the year, months after the conflict ended. scores of other suspected al - gaddafi loyalists were killed upon or following capture by opposition fighters ; among the victims were the ousted libyan leader himself and one of his sons. opposition forces also looted and burned homes and carried out revenge attacks and other reprisals against alleged al - gaddafi supporters. the conflict saw hundreds of thousands of people fleeing, resulting in mass displacement inside and outside libya, and prompting major evacuation efforts. impunity for gross human rights violations of the past and ongoing abuses by militias remained entrenched. discrimination against women continued in law and practice. anti - government demonstrations planned for 17 february erupted two days early in benghazi, libya \u2019 s second largest city, after security forces detained two prominent activists. the authorities quickly released them but the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44550384796216763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8e11d79-0e74-415b-9591-950517abb0a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.882117"}
{"text": "bystanders. al - gaddafi forces committed serious violations of international humanitarian law, including war crimes, in their efforts to retake cities and towns held by the opposition. they carried out indiscriminate attacks and attacks targeting civilians in areas that included misratah, ajdabiya, al - zawiya and the nafusa mountain area. they fired artillery, mortars and rockets at residential areas. they used inherently indiscriminate weapons such as anti - personnel mines and cluster bombs, including in residential areas. these unlawful attacks killed and injured hundreds of civilians not involved in the fighting. the toll on civilians was particularly heavy in misratah, where residents were trapped from late february onwards as al - gaddafi forces laid siege to the city and fired rockets into the port area \u2013 the only entry point for humanitarian aid and the only evacuation point for wounded and sick patients. indiscriminate attacks ceased in may but resumed in mid - june and continued sporadically until early august. according to local medical sources, more than 1, 000 people were killed during the siege of the city. al - gaddafi forces also fired live ammunition and heavy weapons, including tank shells and rocket - propelled grenades, at residents who were fleeing areas of fighting in misratah, ajdabiya, al - zawiya and elsewhere. opposition fighters also launched grad rockets from their front - line positions in eastern libya, misratah and sirte ; it was not known to what extent these caused civilian casualties. colonel al - gaddafi \u2019 s government accused nato of targeting civilian objects and causing hundreds of civilian casualties but exaggerated and failed to provide clear evidence. however, there were credible reports that some nato strikes killed at least tens of civilians between june and october, including in majer, tripoli, surman and sirte. no impartial and independent inquiries were known to have been conducted by nato to ascertain whether all necessary precautions had been taken to spare civilian objects and minimize civilian casualties, as required by international humanitarian law. al - gaddafi forces detained thousands of people across libya ; some were subjected to enforced disappearance. arrests began before the february protests, then became more numerous and widespread as the conflict developed. those held included real or perceived opposition supporters and fighters and others captured in or near areas of fighting. some were seized in their homes. others were detained on the roads or in public places in areas controlled by the opposition but into which al - gaddafi forces made armed incursions, notably misratah and towns in the na", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4362366045667432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8e11d79-0e74-415b-9591-950517abb0a6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.884167"}
{"text": "near areas of fighting. some were seized in their homes. others were detained on the roads or in public places in areas controlled by the opposition but into which al - gaddafi forces made armed incursions, notably misratah and towns in the nafusa mountain area. detainees were mostly denied all contact with the outside world. some were released by al - gaddafi forces but the great majority were freed by opposition fighters after they won control of tripoli in late august. the total number of people who went missing during the conflict remained unclear. scores were killed in custody ( see below ). opposition fighters captured and detained thousands of real or suspected al - gaddafi supporters and soldiers, including suspected foreign mercenaries, during and after the conflict. many were seized by groups of heavily armed men from their homes or detained on the streets or at checkpoints. many were beaten or ill - treated upon capture, and had their homes looted and destroyed. no detainee was granted access to lawyers. under the ntc, neither the ministry of justice and human rights nor the public prosecution had effective control or oversight of most detention facilities. thousands of detainees continued to be held without trial or the opportunity to challenge the legality of their detention at the end of 2011. sub - saharan africans made up a large number of those detained. in the east and in misratah from february onwards, some of them were arrested on suspicion of being mercenaries. others in tripoli and other western cities were detained from august, when these areas first came under opposition control. in eastern libya and misratah, most were released when no evidence of their involvement in fighting was found. hundreds of men from tawargha, an area seen as loyal to colonel al - gaddafi, were hunted down and abducted from homes, makeshift camps and checkpoints, detained and then tortured or ill - treated. top of page individuals arrested and detained by al - gaddafi forces were tortured or ill - treated, particularly upon capture and during initial interrogations. detainees were beaten with belts, whips, metal wires and rubber hoses ; suspended in contorted positions for prolonged periods ; and denied medical treatment, including for injuries sustained as a result of torture or shooting. some were tortured with electric shocks. several were shot after being apprehended and while posing no threat. some were left to suffocate in metal containers. several male detainees were raped by their captors or guards. allegations of rape by al - gaddafi forces were widely reported by ntc supporters, and some women detained by pro - ntc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43075694620940713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8e11d79-0e74-415b-9591-950517abb0a6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.885242"}
{"text": ". some were left to suffocate in metal containers. several male detainees were raped by their captors or guards. allegations of rape by al - gaddafi forces were widely reported by ntc supporters, and some women detained by pro - ntc forces in al - zawiya, tripoli and misratah alleged they had been sexually abused. in areas controlled by the ntc before as well as after august, when tripoli fell to the forces opposing colonel al - gaddafi, militias in control of detention centres tortured or ill - treated detainees with impunity, seemingly to punish them for alleged crimes or to extract \u201c confessions \u201d. the most commonly reported methods included beatings all over the body with belts, sticks, rifle butts and rubber hoses ; punching ; kicking ; and death threats. individuals with dark skin, whether libyan or foreign nationals, were especially vulnerable to abuse. several detainees died in the custody of militias in circumstances suggesting that torture contributed to or caused their death. al - gaddafi soldiers killed opposition fighters after capture in eastern libya and misratah. bodies were found with hands tied behind the back and multiple gunshot wounds to the upper body. al - gaddafi forces also extrajudicially executed dozens of detainees in western libya between june and august. most were shot. opposition fighters and supporters deliberately killed suspected al - gaddafi soldiers and loyalists, and alleged \u201c african mercenaries \u201d, when towns including al - bayda, benghazi, derna and sirte first came under their control. some victims were beaten to death ; some were hanged ; others were shot dead after they surrendered or were captured. members of colonel al - gaddafi \u2019 s security apparatus and other suspected loyalists were targeted for revenge attacks. several were found dead after they were seized by heavily armed men ; some of the bodies were found with their hands tied behind their backs. before the conflict, at least 2 million foreign nationals were living in or transiting through libya, many in need of international protection. as the conflict intensified, hundreds of thousands of people, foreign nationals and libyans alike, fled libya, including through organized evacuations. many among those in flight were robbed ; some were arrested and detained for hours or days and beaten before being allowed to proceed. sub - saharan africans were particularly targeted. the vast majority fled to tunisia and egypt ( see egypt and tunisia entries and europe regional overview ). hundreds of thousands of people were involuntarily displaced within libya. with the end of hostilities, some people were able to return to their homes, but residents of areas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4334994108528375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8e11d79-0e74-415b-9591-950517abb0a6>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.886220"}
{"text": "tunisia and egypt ( see egypt and tunisia entries and europe regional overview ). hundreds of thousands of people were involuntarily displaced within libya. with the end of hostilities, some people were able to return to their homes, but residents of areas considered supportive of colonel al - gaddafi feared that they would face reprisals and were still internally displaced at the end of 2011. they included some 30, 000 former residents of tawargha, who fled the town as misratah - based opposition fighters approached it in august, and members of the mashashiya tribe in the nafusa mountains. in misratah and other areas, militias prevented some alleged supporters of colonel al - gaddafi from returning to their homes, or looted or destroyed them with impunity. top of page the ntc promised to uphold the right to seek and enjoy asylum, but did not commit to ratifying the un refugee convention and its 1967 protocol. in april, the ntc chairman promised to \u201c close the borders in front of these africans \u201d, raising concern that refugees, asylum - seekers and migrants would continue to suffer discrimination and abuse in libya, and be perceived as unwelcome guests. in a further move reminiscent of past abusive practices, including operations conducted at sea to \u201c push back \u201d foreign nationals to libya where they faced arrest, torture and detention in appalling conditions, the ntc signed a memorandum of understanding in june with the italian authorities. this committed both parties to joint management of the \u201c migration phenomenon \u201d through the implementation of existing co - operation agreements on \u201c illegal migration \u201d ( see italy entry ). at the end of the year, hundreds of sub - saharan africans continued to be held in indefinite detention without trial for alleged \u201c immigration offences \u201d. top of page the ntc promised to promote women \u2019 s rights and enshrined the principle of non - discrimination, including on the basis of gender, in its constitutional declaration. however, discrimination against women remained entrenched in law and practice. on 23 october, the ntc chairman promised to amend any legislation contrary to shari \u2019 a ( islamic law ), referencing libya \u2019 s marriage laws. law 10 of 1984 on marriage, divorce and their consequences allows polygamy, but stipulates that, before remarrying, a man must seek authorization from a special court to ensure that he is mentally, socially and financially fit. top of page colonel al - gaddafi \u2019 s government took no steps to investigate past gross human rights violations or bring to justice those responsible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47584715354718926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8e11d79-0e74-415b-9591-950517abb0a6>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.887318"}
{"text": "i hear a lot of misunderstanding regarding citations, so i feel compelled to address the subject with a series of articles. what are the basic principles governing citations? principle # 1 \u2013 citations have two purposes we provide citations to our sources for two major reasons, although we generally vocalize just one : 1. to locate our sources there is another very important, yet often overlooked reason for citing sources : 2. to communicate the strength of our sources \u201c source citations have two purposes, \u201d says elizabeth shown mills in evidence explained. she writes that a citation should deal with \u201c [ second reason : ] a source \u2019 s quality and content, not just [ first reason : ] identity and whereabouts. \u201d 1 turabian says that citing facts allows readers to \u201c [ second reason : ] judge their reliability, even [ first reason : ] check them if they wish. \u201d 2 an article in the florida bar journal states that citation forms provide the minimum amount of information necessary to [ first reason : ] lead the reader to the source and [ second reason : ] to convey other key information concerning the source, including the character and degree of support the authority provides and the nature and date of the authority. 3 in some fields as little as a name and a publication date, the so - called author - date style, can communicate the strength of a source. full citations at the end of an article give the location of the source and a full indication of quality. numbered superscripts are replaced with an inline reference to an author ' s surname and the cited article ' s publication date. for well known experts, this communicates source strength without the interruption of sending readers to the end notes. this style works well when : - research results must be published to be official. - leaders in a field are known by their reputations. - recent sources provide the most up - to - date information. - journals are peer reviewed. in conclusion, a good citation does more than locate the source ; it provides a quick, visual indication of its quality. next time i will talk about what a citation must include to satisfy both purposes for genealogical citations. 1. elizabeth shown mills, evidence explained : citing history sources from artifacts to cyberspace, pdf image ( baltimore, maryland : genealogical publishing company, 2007 ), 43 ; emphases in the original. 2. kate l. turabian, a manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations : chicago style for students and researchers, 7th ed. ( chicago : university of chicago press, 2007 ), 133.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48321914312021363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6fe3b84-45be-4da9-a0b8-125422db26b7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.894170"}
{"text": "archive : milk product roadmaps as part of our work on sustainable consumption and production ( scp ), we are developing ten product roadmaps to reduce the environmental impacts across the life cycle of a range of priority products. the dairy supply chain forum ' s milk roadmap published may 2008 : the first stage of a comprehensive action plan which will help the dairy sector to address its environmental impacts. the document also aims to take into account the economic and social sustainability of the dairy sector. this is a living document which will be revisited regularly to ensure that the targets and evidence remains relevant. the taskforce are meeting in plenary sessios twice yearly to review progress on the targets. a \u2018 one year on \u2019 report, summarising the achievements so far has been produced by the taskforce and was published in august. the evidence base for the milk roadmap also highlighted areas for potential future research, which will help refine the roadmap when it is revisited in the future. - milk roadmap \u2013 one year down the road ( august 2009, pdf 780 kb ) a news release has been published. - milk roadmap 2008 ( may 2008, pdf 400 kb ) - evidence base for the milk roadmap : desktop study by the university of manchester to map the evidence on the sustainability impacts across the milk life cycle and supply chain ( pdf 1. 55 mb ) - dairy supply chain forum evidence showed that milk and meat were high impact product categories, with food and drink consumption and production overall accounting for between 20 - 30 % of all environmental impacts within the eu - 25 ( european commission ( 2006 ) : environmental impact of products ). liquid milk was chosen as a starting point for the roadmap process in this area for a number of reasons, including : - the market for liquid milk tends to be limited to the uk, enabling evidence on milk to be mapped relatively quickly and clearly - mapping sustainability impacts for a base product like liquid milk may also produce useful data for future studies on the sustainability impacts of other products - the willingness of the dairy sector to undertake positive action to map and help to reduce the negative impacts associated with milk production and consumption. defra have been working in partnership with the dairy supply chain forum ' s sustainable consumption and production taskforce to produce the milk roadmap. average liquid milk consumption in the uk is fairly high at around 1. 6 litres per person per week for 2007 ( or just under 3 pints ). overall consumption has decreased on the previous year by 2. 4 percent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4586699429948955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:236930f1-9bdd-4c64-84e0-36cc80cda769>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.900241"}
{"text": "story to find out more. john ewart ( left ), an aquaculture / fisheries specialist ( university of delaware ), and ars microbiologist gary richards examine freshly harvested oysters on board the center for the inland bays ' work boat before transport to the laboratory. click the image for more information about it. research reveals functions of harmful shellfish pathogens by jim core march 4, 2005 providing safer shellfish is the goal of agricultural research service ( ars ) scientists who are studying the means by which pathogenic bacteria enter shellfish. in the united states, two pathogenic bacteria from the genus vibrio are of concern : v. vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus. these bacteria are naturally found in shellfish and seawater, particularly when water temperatures are warm, and can lead to serious health concerns. ars scientists at the safety of aquaculture products center of excellence in dover, del., are studying these bacteria with the goal of keeping them out of shellfish. richards, a microbiologist and the center ' s lead scientist, wants to identify vibrio enzymes that may help the organism enter shellfish - - and, eventually, a human host. richards, who leads a group of scientists from delaware state university and the national institutes of health, recently discovered in v. vulnificus an enzyme called phosphoglucose isomerase. this enzyme could provide a way for vibrio to spread more easily. he also detected the enzyme in virtually all species of vibrio tested, but not in non - vibrio pathogens. the enzyme is capable of producing what are called vasoactive peptides, which could contribute to rapid spread of v. vulnificus in humans. a study of v. vulnificus in oysters suggests that strains virulent to humans may be more invasive to - - and the dover center, a field location of the ars regional research center in wyndmoor, pa., also studies methods to detect norovirus and the hepatitis a virus in shellfish. it also develops high - pressure processing techniques to inactivate enteric viruses in this research may provide better diagnostic capabilities and treatment strategies to further reduce shellfish - related illnesses. more about this research in the march issue of agricultural research ars is the u. s. department of agriculture ' s chief scientific research agency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49622663247711785, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fa6a989-209b-4026-9db8-88d0ba695779>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.904305"}
{"text": "this week \u2019 s creature feature... susquehanna flats b & b open for businesstesttest housing stock is on the rise for the young fish and crabs who \u2019 ll be sheltering at the top of the bay come spring. the vast grass - filled susquehanna flats, the circular area where the susquehanna river meets the bay, appeared unexpectedly healthy in aerial survey images made late last year. the valuable bay habitats seem to have survived fall 2011 \u2019 s deluge of runoff and sediment. that was a welcome surprise. during hurricane irene and tropical storm lee, monitors saw large tangles of all varieties of uprooted grasses floating downstream. remembering the devastation caused by tropical storm agnes almost 40 years ago, scientists feared the worst. \u201c back on those days of tropical storm lee, looking at the deluge of water over the conowingo dam, i would \u2019 ve bet that we had lost the flats grasses entirely, \u201d said rich batiuk of the chesapeake bay program. had that been the case, over - wintering waterfowl would have lost a favorite table. many juvenile bay creatures would have been homeless come spring. the grasses \u2019 survival is good news not only for the creatures that feed on and live among them, but also for the bay. \u201c that large, dense beds can survive extreme conditions is another indicator of the bay \u2019 s resilience, \u201d batiuk said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4353406496449198, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2e09ba4-11f7-40a0-8a15-5e7d54ddf071>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.906940"}
{"text": "| matthew henry ' s concise commentary | 1 : 12 - 18 solomon tried all things, and found them vanity. he found his searches after knowledge weariness, not only to the flesh, but to the mind. the more he saw of the works done under the sun, the more he saw their vanity ; and the sight often vexed his spirit. he could neither gain that satisfaction to himself, nor do that good to others, which he expected. even the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom discovered man ' s wickedness and misery ; so that the more he knew, the more he saw cause to lament and mourn. let us learn to hate and fear sin, the cause of all this vanity and misery ; to value christ ; to seek rest in the knowledge, love, and service of the saviour. verse 15. - that which is crooked cannot be made straight. this is intended as a confirmation of ver. 14. by the utmost exercise of his powers and faculties man cannot change the course of events ; he is constantly met by anomalies which he can neither explain nor rectify ( comp. ecclesiastes 7 : 13 ). the above is probably a proverbial saying. knobel quotes suidas : \u03c7\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd. the vulgate takes the whole maxim as applying only to morals : \" perverse men are hardly corrected, and the number of tools is infinite. \" so too the syriac and targum. the septuagint rightly as the authorized version. the writer is not referring merely to man ' s sins and delinquencies, but to the perplexities in which he finds himself involved, and extrication from which is impracticable. that which is wanting cannot be numbered. the word \u05d7\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05df, \" loss, defect, \" is \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03be \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd in the old testament. we cannot reckon where there is nothing to count ; no skill in arithmetic will avail to make up for a substantial deficit. so nothing man can do is able to remedy the anomalies by which he is surrounded, or to supply the defects which are pressed upon his notice. gill ' s exposition of the entire bible that which is crooked cannot be made straight,.... by all the art and cunning, wisdom and knowledge of man, that he can attain unto ; whatever he, in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45570092276058805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9ca42ea-e609-4ac1-a021-003635cc934e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.913104"}
{"text": "pressed upon his notice. gill ' s exposition of the entire bible that which is crooked cannot be made straight,.... by all the art and cunning, wisdom and knowledge of man, that he can attain unto ; whatever he, in the vanity of his mind, may find fault with in the works of god, either of nature of providence, and which he may call crooked, it is not in his power to make them straight, or to mend them ; see ecclesiastes 7 : 13. there is something which, through sin, is crooked, in the hearts, in the nature, in the principles, ways and works, of men ; which can never be made straight, corrected or amended, by all the natural wisdom and knowledge of men, which shows the insufficiency of it : the wisest philosophers among men, with all their parade of wit and learning, could never effect anything of this kind ; this only is done by the spirit and grace of god ; see isaiah 42 : 16 ; and that which is wanting cannot be numbered ; the deficiencies in human science are so many, that they cannot be reckoned up ; and the defects in human nature can never be supplied or made up by natural knowledge and wisdom ; and which are so numerous, as that they cannot be understood and counted. the targum is, \" a man whose ways are perverse in this world, and dies in them, and does not return by repentance, he has no power of correcting himself after his death ; and a man that fails from the law and the precepts in his life, after his death hath no power to be numbered with the righteous in paradise : ' ' to the same sense jarchi ' s note and the midrash. jamieson - fausset - brown bible commentary 15. investigation ( ec 1 : 13 ) into human ways is vain labor, for they are hopelessly \" crooked \" and \" cannot be made straight \" by it ( ec 7 : 13 ). god, the chief good, alone can do this ( isa 40 : 4 ; 45 : 2 ). numbered \u2014 so as to make a complete number ; so equivalent to \" supplied \" [ maurer ]. or, rather, man ' s state is utterly wanting ; and that which is wholly defective cannot be numbered or calculated. the investigator thinks he can draw up, in accurate numbers, statistics of man ' s wants ; but these, including the defects in the investigator ' s labor, are not partial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5192937655026008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9ca42ea-e609-4ac1-a021-003635cc934e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.914191"}
{"text": "range maps should be used with the understanding that they provide only a general indication of typical distributions. ranges are highly variable for many species and are very dynamic. range maps are static and usually several years behind the birds. these are some of the complications that present themselves when developing range maps. summer or winter range information may hide migration pathways. ranges of some species can vary from year to year. warmer winters are changing historical ranges. as an example, the white - winged dove, common in south texas but once very rare in north texas, is now common at many feeders on a year - round basis in north texas. red - bellied woodpeckers are spending their winters much further north than in the past. populations of some species can be high in a specific area one year and totally absent the next ( irruptive behavior ). ranges of some species are expanding very rapidly. the eurasian collared - dove is an introduced species that has quickly moved from its initial introduction in florida to much of the united states. its range is expanding faster than updated range maps are being produced. other species expand their ranges after nesting. a great example is the cattle egret. its winter range is mexico, southern texas and along the coast to southern florida. its nesting range includes most of texas, east to south carolina. after nesting, cattle egrets will disperse to large parts of the united states and even into southern canada. the range of cattle egrets after this post - nuptial wandering is widespread and very irregular. at the end of the summer the egrets will then migrate from their widespread late summer and fall homes to their winter locations. report your sightings help develop accurate distributional information by reporting your sighting of the american goldfinch to ebird. in the field range maps in field guides vary as much as actual bird distribution. take two different field guides, select 20 images at random, and compare the range maps. you might be surprised by the differences in the ranges shown. the professor ' s favorite field guide for range maps is the kenn kaufman guide to birds of north america. here are the professor ' s picks for the best field guides. best range maps kenn kaufman ' s guide to birds of north america click here to order. $ 18. 95 special offer : $ 17. 50 best for birders in the field national geographic field guide to the birds of north america click here to order. $ 23. 95 special offer : $ 21. 95 best overall resource the sibley guide to birds click", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4305185963114562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c62969b-599f-4e31-9f39-b912bd3e641c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.918609"}
{"text": "reduced visibility can play a key role in traffic accidents. lowered visibility can occur because of darkness or weather conditions such as snow or rain. no matter the cause, motorists often aren \u2019 t as careful as they should be. the bottom line : driving in poor weather adds to the risk factor, boosting the possibility of skidding off the road, being involved in a crash and other similar events. however, there are things you can do to reduce the possibility of an accident. twenty - five percent of the average person \u2019 s driving is night driving, which is a more challenging time to travel. according to pennstate environmental health and safety : \u2022 car crash fatalities happen three times more often at night \u2022 more than half ( 55 % ) of fatal accidents happen at night \u2022 pedestrian fatalities happen much more often after dark ( 62 % ) some useful safe driving tips in times of reduced visibility, such as night driving, include : \u2022 slowing down \u2022 staying alert \u2022 using headlights \u2022 putting a safe distance between your car and the vehicle ahead of you ; this is especially important when it \u2019 s a large truck, as their spray can cause additional problems with visibility \u2022 choosing the middle lane during wet driving conditions \u2022 taking advantage of tracks in the snow made by other vehicles and driving in those tracks \u2022 avoiding puddles what should you do now? \u2022 set up a regular schedule to check your windshield wipers. new wipers are available at advance auto parts. get free installation with purchase. * \u2022 always keep a supply of extra windshield washer fluid. \u2022 check your car lights periodically. \u2022 if your headlights are foggy or dim, purchase a headlight restoration kit. \u2022 use rain - x on your windshield. rain - x acts as a repellant on your windshield for rain, sleet or snow. \u2022 always carry an emergency car kit. editor \u2019 s note : wow, that \u2019 s a lot to think about. make it easy on yourself by heading to your local advance auto parts store for safe driving tips and answers on how to keep your vision in check this winter. * most vehicles, most store locations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4304684545910802, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:820c0ff5-bac7-4b97-8790-81d512ac5b37>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.921723"}
{"text": "for the first time, scientists have caught a glimpse of the breeding behaviour of the rare giant armadillo in the wild. found throughout the amazon rainforest and brazil \u2019 s pantanal region, the giant armadillo is the largest species of armadillo in the world. classified as vulnerable on the iucn red list, this species \u2019 nocturnal and burrowing habits make it particularly hard to study and, so far, relatively little is known about its breeding behaviour. however, a new study, led by scientists in brazil, has used modern technology to help answer questions regarding the poorly known mating behaviour of the giant armadillo. camera traps are a particularly effective non - intrusive method of gaining insight into the lives of shy, lesser - known mammal species, and their use in this study has been highly valuable. scientists from the pantanal giant armadillo project have monitored a female giant armadillo since november 2011 using the remote camera traps and, in january 2012, the presence of a male giant armadillo around the female \u2019 s burrows raised hopes that a romance might blossom. while aware of the possibility of wishful thinking, the scientists were optimistic, particularly when, after six months, the two armadillos shared a burrow for several days, after which the male disappeared. five months afterwards, suspicions were raised when the female began to use only one burrow, an unusual behaviour for this species which frequently moves between burrows. three weeks later, the nose of a newborn giant armadillo was finally caught on camera, confirming what the scientists had hoped to find. further photographs of the infant were captured as it emerged from the burrow, its age estimated to be around four weeks old. arnaud desbiez, project coordinator says, \u201c documenting the birth of a giant armadillo is an exciting step forward to helping us better understand the biology and reproduction of this cryptic species and ultimately help us conserve it. \u201d although there are many questions still to be answered, the scientists have found evidence that suggests giant armadillos only have one offspring at a time. conserving rare species this long - term study of a giant armadillo has provided essential information on its behaviour that can be used to help conserve this rare species, which has never bred in captivity. the information will help provide an understanding of the species \u2019 population dynamics, which can be used to influence future conservation plans. the secretive nature and rarity of the giant armadillo means that its local extinction can easily go unnoticed, and to lose such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43652366708042845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74a06a22-046c-4187-9170-8067f9ab7ccf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.924938"}
{"text": "there is no ignoring it : today is valentine \u2019 s day. there is also no ignoring the fact that love and lust have inspired terrific artwork. perhaps the best artwork, if you are a romantic like me. i \u2019 m obviously not the first in the blogosphere to notice this \u2013 last week a sweet \u201c 10 best art kisses of all time \u201d article made the email / facebook / blog rounds. and, raise your hand if you ever had gustav klimt \u2019 s 1907 the kiss on a poster? me too. in the museum \u2019 s collection, a classic work to single out that focuses on art and love is the plaster cast of auguste rodin \u2019 s the kiss ( paolo and francesca ). when i revisited the kiss, my first question was : who are paolo and francesca? i learned that francesca was a 13th - century woman of noble birth. her father was guido de polenta, the noble of ravenna, italy. francesca was a contemporary of dante ( the poet of the italian middle ages ), and her love story was immortalized in his epic poem divine comedy ( 1308 - 21 ). francesca \u2019 s father, guido de polenta, had been at war with the rival malatesta family. when they finally brokered a peace deal, guido proposed the solidifying marriage of his daughter to the eldest son of malatesta da verucchio. francesca was engaged to giovanni, a brave and capable man who was, unfortunately, physically deformed. afraid that francesca would refuse the marriage when she saw him, the fathers hatched a plan to instead marry the beautiful francesca by proxy to giovanni \u2019 s foxy brother paolo without her knowledge. of course, paolo and francesca fell in love before she discovered the deception. as for their immediate connection, as dante imagined it : \u201c when we had read how the desired smile, was kissed by one who was so true a lover, this one, who never shall be parted from me. \u201d \u2013 inferno v, lines 133 - 135 ( translated by allen mandelbaum ) the legal groom giovanni was not pleased with all this true love and kissing nonsense between his married brother and his intended bride francesca. the lovers were murdered by the hand of the slighted giovanni. plays, artworks, and operas have been inspired by francesca and paolo \u2019 s love story. in some of the art, including rodin \u2019 s the kiss, the lovers \u2019 lips remain parted, symbolizing their unrealized love. when rodin sculpted the kiss in 1886, it was intended ( along", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4477174113485993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aa77b90-2031-4412-b08e-fa4bd627d3e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.930033"}
{"text": "and paolo \u2019 s love story. in some of the art, including rodin \u2019 s the kiss, the lovers \u2019 lips remain parted, symbolizing their unrealized love. when rodin sculpted the kiss in 1886, it was intended ( along with his famous the thinker ) to be part of a bronze portal called the gates of hell, depicting scenes from dante \u2019 s inferno, the first book of the divine comedy. the portal was intended for a never - built decorative arts museum in paris ; though never realized as a whole, the doorway and its individual parts have become celebrated sculptures in their own right. i \u2019 ve found it interesting how controversial this sculpture was in the late 19th century. it caused a stir not because of the nude figures or the illicit love affair, but because of its overt female eroticism. here, we see francesca as a willing and lustful participant in the ardor, not simply a passive object of paolo \u2019 s desire. her arm pulls paolo \u2019 s head toward her face. when the kiss came to chicago for the 1893 world \u2019 s columbian exposition, the committee in charge of french art decided it was too risque and put it in a special room requiring special permission to enter. but no special permission required here at the milwaukee art museum. you can see the sculpture in gallery 11, with work of impressionism and the barbizon school.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47230322919341866, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aa77b90-2031-4412-b08e-fa4bd627d3e4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.930563"}
{"text": "the emergence of low cost computers in the uk market in the early 1980s kick started many a career in it. the early market was not dominated by one type of machine but rather one full of choices from a myriad of companies. school playgrounds across the country soon became split between two camps, you either loved the spectrum or the bbc micro ( which quickly became known as the beeb ). there were friends with other computers ( vic 20, dragon, commodore 64 to name a few ) but these people were in the minority and viewed as weird. today marks the day the bbc micro was first launched on the market. at the time it was expensive compared to the other machines on the market but it was supported by the bbc in the form of a tv series about computers and their uses. at the time the bbc micro was launched i had already been programming for several years but it is this machine which i remember with fondness. i had a great time learning how this machine worked and even purchased the advanced bbc micro handbook. it was this handbook which allowed me to get closer to the hardware. i even wrote my own disc operating system. this also taught me a very valuable lesson, always backup your work \u2013 i accidently tested the format command on the disc containing the only copy of the source code. to my dismay it was one of those occassions where i had manged to write 200 lines of assembler which worked perfectly first time. the early industry meant that schools had to quickly put together a programme of lessons which taught pupils about the new machines and how to use them. the lack of software such as spreadsheets, presentation software etc. meant that children were taught about the machines and how they worked. something which is lacking today. this lack of understanding about how computers actually work is slowly being recognised here in the uk and it appears that the government is starting to recognise that something needs to be done. one group of people who remember those early days are already working on a small computer for the education market. check out the raspberry pi for more information on the project. you can read more about the bbc micro in this article on the bbcs news web site. happy birthday bbc micro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46341859106406347, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d234c6f-e904-4c99-8325-d6188767599f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.932714"}
{"text": "the manmade changes pushing the planet toward a critical transition nature changes gradually \u2014 until it doesn \u2019 t. as the changes in an ecosystem pile up, they can push the system past a \u201c critical threshold, \u201d and then the change can become extremely fast ( in relation to geological timescales ) and unstoppable. and in a review in the journal nature, researchers suggest that the same thing is happening to the whole world : humans could be driving earth \u2019 s biosphere towards a tipping point beyond which the planet \u2019 s ecosystems will collapse abruptly and irreversibly. this global ecosystem collapse has occurred before, most recently about 12, 000 years ago with the last transition from a glacial period to the current interglacial ( i. e., warm ) period, say the review authors. over the relatively short period of 1, 000 years, fluctuations in the earth \u2019 s climate largely killed off about half the large mammal species, along with birds, reptiles, and a few smaller mammal species. the millennium - long shift was triggered by rapid global warming, and once this warming pushed the planet past its tipping point, the end of the 100, 000 - year - old ice age became inevitable, giving way to the current 11, 000 - year - old interglacial era.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4537971120695862, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:082ad00c-9939-40e5-bdcb-ef0b369ed52a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.934835"}
{"text": "energy efficiency means doing the same job with less energy. potential savings from energy efficiency number in the trillions of dollars, and would cut air pollution by 1. 1 gigatons by 2020, the same amount produced annually by the entire us fleet of passenger vehicles and light trucks. the idea of a smart grid promises to take energy efficiency to another level. by computer, an entire household would be in communication with all power sources. solar panels on your roof would plan power use for the dishwasher, while your house tells the electricity grid how much heat and light it will need in the next six hours. battery - powered vehicles and plug - in hybrids are gaining popularity because of their efficiency and their improved carbon emissions compared to gasoline and diesel. there are also vehicles powered by algae, liquefied natural gas, hydrogen, compressed air, and ethanol. 3 things you can do to support clean energy industry : 1. patronize clean energy businesses. 2. support clean energy projects in your community or region. 3. understand the true cost of fossil fuels. other great ways you can make a difference. links & videos sizing the clean economy report \u2013 brookings institution clean energy trends \u2013 green biz 2010 wind technologies report \u2013 us department of energy unlocking energy efficiency in the us economy \u2013 mckinsey & company the long - term energy efficiency potential \u2013 american council for an energy efficient economy feed - in tariffs \u2013 faq for state utility commissions uk feed - in tariffs enjoys early success renewable energy in china \u2013 world watch institute smart grid revolution \u2013 environmental defense fund germany to make history with alternative energy, the big picture rt controlling gas prices and creating jobs, white house president obama talks about how encouraging and developing new energy technologies can help control gas prices and create new american jobs. jonathon porritt, founder director of forum for the future, explains how and why scientific consensus was reached on the issue of climate change. filmed at the times cheltenham science festival.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5761755965185503, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c6acc64-562d-4461-bb55-0ef9ad1989f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.936967"}
{"text": "painful ear infections are a rite of passage for children \u2013 by the age of five, nearly every child has experienced at least one episode. most ear infections either resolve on their own or are effectively treated with antibiotics. but sometimes, ear infections and / or fluid in the middle ear may become a chronic problem leading to other issues such as hearing loss, behavior, and speech problems. in these cases, insertion of an ear tube by an ear, nose, and throat physician may be considered. what are ear tubes? ear tubes are tiny cylinders placed through the ear drum ( tympanic membrane ) to allow air into the middle ear. they also may be called tympanostomy tubes, myringotomy tubes, ventilation tubes, or pe ( pressure equalization ) tubes. who needs ear tubes? ear tubes are often recommended when a person experiences repeated middle ear infection ( acute otitis media ) or has hearing loss caused by the persistent presence of middle ear fluid ( otitis media with effusion ). these conditions most commonly occur in children, but can also be present in teens and adults and can lead to speech and balance problems, hearing loss, or changes in the structure of the ear drum. other less common conditions that may warrant the placement of ear tubes are malformation of the ear drum or eustachian tube, down syndrome, cleft palate, and barotrauma ( injury to the middle ear caused by a reduction of air pressure ), usually seen with altitude changes such as flying and scuba diving. each year, more than half a million ear tube surgeries are performed on children, making it the most common childhood surgery performed with anesthesia. the average age of ear tube insertion is one to three years old. inserting ear tubes may : \u2022 reduce the risk of future ear infection, \u2022 restore hearing loss caused by middle ear fluid, \u2022 improve speech problems and balance problems, and \u2022 improve behavior and sleep problems caused by chronic ear infections. how are ear tubes inserted? ear tubes are inserted through an outpatient surgical procedure called a myringotomy. a myringotomy refers to an incision ( a hole ) in the ear drum or tympanic membrane. this is most often done under a surgical microscope with a small scalpel ( tiny knife ), but it can also be accomplished with a laser. if an ear tube is not inserted, the hole would heal and close within a few days. to prevent this, an ear tube is placed in the hole to keep it open and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4616269870277049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cbe9900-93ae-471f-849d-2918342a3774>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.948924"}
{"text": "tiny knife ), but it can also be accomplished with a laser. if an ear tube is not inserted, the hole would heal and close within a few days. to prevent this, an ear tube is placed in the hole to keep it open and allow air to reach the middle ear space ( for ventilation ). ear tube surgery a light general anesthetic is administered for young children. some older children and adults may be able to tolerate the procedure without anesthetic. a myringotomy is performed and the fluid behind the ear drum ( in the middle ear space ) is suctioned out. the ear tube is then placed in the hole. ear drops may be administered after the ear tube is placed and may be necessary for a few days. the procedure usually lasts less than 15 minutes and patients awaken quickly. myringotomy with insertion of ear tubes is an extremely common and safe procedure with minimal complications. when complications do occur, they may include : \u2022 perforation \u2013 this can happen when a tube comes out or a long - term tube is removed and the hole in the tympanic membrane ( ear drum ) does not close. the hole can be patched through a minor surgical procedure called a tympanoplasty or myringoplasty. \u2022 scarring \u2013 any irritation of the ear drum, including repeated insertion of ear tubes, can cause scarring. in most cases, this causes no problems with hearing. \u2022 infection \u2013 ear infections can still occur in the middle ear or around the ear tube. however, these infections are usually less frequent, result in less hearing loss, and are easier to treat \u2013 often only with ear drops. sometimes an oral antibiotic is still needed. \u2022 ear tubes come out too early or stay in too long \u2013 if an ear tube expels from the ear drum too soon ( which is unpredictable ), fluid may return and repeat surgery may be needed. ear tubes that remain too long may result in perforation or may require removal by the otolaryngologist. one of the key components in a physician \u2019 s decision to place ear tubes is the presence and degree of hearing loss. hearing loss can be detected accurately in young children by a pediatric audiologist. dr. shirley pollak has been serving the brooklyn community in clinical practice for 18 years and leads a team of highly competent and professional audiologists providing quality care and service and the highest level of hearing instrument technology. their knowledge and expertise combined with the latest hearing health care breakthroughs, computerization,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4450447341880918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cbe9900-93ae-471f-849d-2918342a3774>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.949876"}
{"text": "brooklyn community in clinical practice for 18 years and leads a team of highly competent and professional audiologists providing quality care and service and the highest level of hearing instrument technology. their knowledge and expertise combined with the latest hearing health care breakthroughs, computerization, ultramodern techniques, and state - of - the - art systems \u2013 allows them to offer accurate and successful hearing technology fittings exactly tailored to the individual needs of each patient. she also does newborn hearing screening and can be reached at : pollak audiological 718 - 474 - 4744 and rockaway audiology and hearing aid center : 718 - 421 - 2782. tags : acute otitis media, antibiotics, au. d., audiologist, audiology, balance problems, barotrauma, behavior problems, brooklyn, brooklyn letters, cleft palate, common childhood surgeries, down syndrome, dr. shirley pollak, ear drum changes, ear infections, ear infections in childrean, ear tube surgeries, ear tubes, fluid buildup in ears, fluid in the middle ear, general anesthetic, hearing loss, infection, inserting ear tubes, middle ear infections, minimal complications, myringotomy tubes, myringtomy, otitis media with effusion, outpatient surgical procedure, pe ( pressure equalization ) tubes., perforation, restore hearing loss, scarring, sleep problems, speech problems, treating ear infections, tympanic membrane, tympanostomy tubes, ventilation tubes, what are ear tubes hearing challenges present themselves in different ways, especially with regards to children and adults. c \u2019 mon, we all remember the frustration we felt when asked to repeat ourselves to our grandparent or neighbor once again ( for the fourth time!!! ) \u2026 but what about that baby who is seemingly so content and happy but also quiet because he misses half of what is being said around him \u2026. or what about the child who does not laugh at his friend \u2019 s joke because although he heard what was said, he did not hear the subtle cues in the spoken phrase. how about the child who has difficulty picking up a second language or who has to work extra hard in school to follow directions in his first language? did you stop to think it may be resulting from a hearing loss? did it ever occur to you that he may be hearing at different levels every day or week because of a fluctuating hearing loss due to fluid buildup in his ears? parents do not run to specialists for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4592358565016754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cbe9900-93ae-471f-849d-2918342a3774>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.950970"}
{"text": "be resulting from a hearing loss? did it ever occur to you that he may be hearing at different levels every day or week because of a fluctuating hearing loss due to fluid buildup in his ears? parents do not run to specialists for a diagnosis ; they want to hear that their child is ok \u2026 but when there is a problem, they are often thankful that it was caught early so that treatment can begin in a timely manner. it is important to understand that we, audiologists, are also here to rule out hearing loss in your child. we do not want to give our patients a diagnosis ; however, when we are in the unfortunate situation that we find a problem, we are here to help you accept it so that you can move on to the next step of treatment. whether the problem is a temporary one involving medical treatment, or a more permanent one involving hearing aids or aural ( re ) habilitation, we are here to hold your hands and walk through this with you but most importantly of all, to make it easier for your child to hear and enjoy living in this beautiful and yes - noisy \u2013 world of ours. it is important that parents understand what audiologists do so that they will know when audiological testing is in order. audiologists are hearing healthcare professionals who specialize in the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of auditory and vestibular ( balance ) disorders in patients of all ages. some audiologists specialize in the pediatric or geriatric population but many work with both age groups. starting from the newborn period, audiologists are involved in the newborn hearing screening programs. hearing loss is among the most common birth defect, affecting approximately 4 - 6 babies out of every thousand born. currently, a majority of states mandate that hospitals and birthing centers screen infants for hearing loss before they are discharged. in new york, hospitals with over four hundred births per year must screen for hearing loss. previously, the average age of identification of congenital hearing loss occurred at approximately 2 \u00bd to 3 years, well past the age of initial language development resulting in significant speech and language delays, learning deficits, or even behavior problems that could have been avoided if the hearing loss was identified early. the purpose of the newborn hearing screening program is to identify a child with hearing loss by the time they reach three months of age. according to the national center for hearing assessment and management ( ncham ) detecting and treating one child with hearing loss at birth saves $ 400, 000 in special education costs by the time that child graduates from high school.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49705787483944475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cbe9900-93ae-471f-849d-2918342a3774>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.951988"}
{"text": "they reach three months of age. according to the national center for hearing assessment and management ( ncham ) detecting and treating one child with hearing loss at birth saves $ 400, 000 in special education costs by the time that child graduates from high school. audiologists are also involved in the early intervention process as a child is being evaluated for appropriate services. an audiological evaluation is often recommended for a child who is undergoing these evaluations through the early intervention program to rule out hearing loss as a contributing factor to the suspected delay. as mentioned above, it is important to understand that the effects of hearing loss on a young child do not only include a speech and language delay. especially if the hearing loss is of a mild or mild to moderate degree, effects can include social or behavioral problems or attention and focusing issues. the effects of hearing loss vary from child to child and can be manifested in many different ways. even if you, the mother, feel that your child hears perfectly well, it is important to follow up with audiological evaluations to rule out mild, minimal or even unilateral hearing losses. knowledge about your child \u2019 s hearing status will only help and never hurt in the long run. audiologists also test pre - school, elementary or high school aged children if medically indicated, if a child does not pass a hearing screening or if a child is struggling in school. we must remember that hearing can change over time, either due to a medical and treatable condition or due to a permanent progressive condition. it is always better to be in the know so that if a problem is identified, early intervention can help to offset some of the negative effects. dr. shirley pollak has been serving the brooklyn community in clinical practice for 18 years and leads a team of highly competent and professional audiologists providing quality care and service and the highest level of hearing instrument technology. their knowledge and expertise combined with the latest hearing health care breakthroughs, computerization, ultramodern techniques, and state - of - the - art systems \u2013 allows them to offer accurate and successful hearing technology fittings exactly tailored to the individual needs of each patient. she also does newborn hearing screening and can be reached at : pollak audiological 718 - 474 - 4744 and rockaway audiology and hearing aid center : 718 - 421 - 2782. www. brooklynlearning. com tags : attention issues, audiological testing, aural rehabilitation, brooklyn, brooklyn letters, congenital hearing loss, diagnosis of auditory disorders, drs. rivka", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43354955162528297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cbe9900-93ae-471f-849d-2918342a3774>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.952977"}
{"text": "march 5, 1998 in the march 5 issue of the science journal nature, stephen tegler, an assistant professor in the nau physics and astronomy department, and william romanishin, from the university of oklahoma, report that the objects exhibit neutral - colored surfaces and extraordinarily red surfaces. \" the reason for two distinct surfaces is a mystery. the resolution of the mystery will likely provide scientist with a more complete picture of planet formation and evolution in the outer solar system, \" tegler said. in 1992, astronomers david jewitt and jane luu discovered the first object in an ancient reservoir located beyond neptune ' s orbit. today about 60 kuiper belt objects are known to exist and are orbiting the sun. the objects are smaller than planets but larger than comets. the discovery was revolutionary because it showed our solar system does not end with pluto. in fact, many astronomers now consider the tiny planet pluto to be the largest member of the kuiper belt. \" the discovery is exciting because many astronomers expected all kuiper belt objects to have similar surface colors, \" romanishin said. tegler said he and romanishin have been engaged in this research for about three years. they spent 40 nights making observations at steward observatory, state of arizona research facility on kitt peak, west of tucson, using a 2. 3 meter ( 90 - inch ) diameter telescope. \" the actual observing of the belt was the tip of the iceberg. we spent countless hours doing image processing with extremely sophisticated computers and software which the nau and oklahoma physics and astronomy departments obtained for us, \" tegler said. objects in the kuiper belt are too far from the sun to experience evaporation of their icy material. tegler and romanishin were able to probe the surfaces of these objects without shrouds of evaporating gas and dust surrounding the icy bodies. the known kuiper belt objects have diameters similar to the width of oklahoma. some comets that are visible to the unaided eye in the night sky are escapees from the kuiper belt. these objects make their way into the inner solar system where they are warmed by the sun and form visible tails of evaporating gas and dust streaming away from the central icy body. the central icy bodies of these more familiar comets have diameters similar to the length of manhattan island, although the tails can stretch millions of miles. since kuiper belt objects are more than one million times fainter than the faintest stars visible to the unaided eye, the astronomers used a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5041522380017545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d6b2c056-cc5d-4567-b737-d07717d09ca5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.955958"}
{"text": "hello again, fellow felines. i know vaccinations and veterinary visits in general are something that you \u2019 d probably rather not talk about. in fact, they \u2019 re probably something you wish your human would forget. but don \u2019 t make that decision so quickly because those pesky vaccines and other veterinary visits are actually necessary to keep all of us furry felines healthy. the video above, provided by the american veterinary medical association, explains what vaccines are designed to do and why we need them. it explains the difference between \u201c core \u201d vaccines and \u201c non - core \u201d or \u201c lifestyle \u201d vaccines. it also talks about the risk of sarcoma formation, a type of tumor that has been linked with vaccine injections. it \u2019 s worth five minutes of your human \u2019 s time to watch the video but here \u2019 s the bottom line. all of us need vaccines but we don \u2019 t all need the same vaccines. vaccination protocols should be individualized to meet our individual needs. while i don \u2019 t recommend the outdoor life for cats, if you do live part of your life outdoors, you probably need a different vaccination protocol than a cat that lives indoors exclusively. your human should discuss your individual risks and needs with your veterinarian and establish a vaccination schedule that suites your lifestyle. one of the things that our humans frequently ask our veterinarians is whether indoor cats need vaccinations at all. the answer in most cases is yes. an indoor cat may still be at risk for certain diseases and may need protection against them. your veterinarian can help your human decide. in the case of rabies, though an indoor cat may not have a significant risk of contacting rabies, accidents do happen. we cats can be pretty sneaky when we want to be and sometimes we sneak outdoors when nobody is looking. sometimes wild animals find their way indoors too. some indoor cats have been exposed to rabies by bats that found their way indoors. in the unlikely event that one of us is unvaccinated and exposed to rabies, the consequences can be dire. we might be quarantined or even \u201c put to sleep \u201d as a result of the exposure. so tell your humans that you need vaccinations even if you are an indoor cat. humans, your veterinarian is always the best source of information about your cat \u2019 s health. if your cat is not already vaccinated, talk to your veterinarian about establishing an appropriate vaccination schedule for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3993088111869117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a01f08b6-7f4d-4ff5-adc5-0308b0882e4a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.958940"}
{"text": "human rights? the next two sections are identified under that title. what do human rights have to do with catechesis? if curious, read on : 18. the church, in her analysis of the soil of the world, is acutely conscious of everything that injures the dignity of the human person. she is aware that all human rights ( 20 ) spring from this dignity, the constant object of christian concern and commitment. for this reason, she looks beyond mere \u201c social and economic indices \u201d ( 21 ) to embrace also cultural and religious factors. what interests the church is above all the integral development of the human person and of all peoples. ( 22 ) she notes with joy that \u201c a beneficial trend is advancing and permeating peoples of the earth, making them ever more aware of the dignity of the individual \u201d. ( 23 ) her vigorous insistence on respect for human rights and her decisive rejection of all their violations are clear expressions of that consciousness. the right to life, work, education, the foundation of a family, participation in public life, and to religious liberty are, today, demanded more than ever. 19. in many places, however, human rights are clearly violated, ( 24 ) in apparent contradiction of the dignity proper to the human person. such violations feed other forms of poverty beyond the material level : they contribute to a cultural and religious impoverishment which equally concerns the church. the negation or restriction of human rights impoverishes the human person and entire peoples at least as much as, if not more than, material privation itself. ( 25 ) the evangelizing activity of the church in this field of human rights has, as its undeniable objective, the task of revealing the inviolable dignity of every human person. in a certain sense, \u201c it is the central and unifying task of service which the church, and the lay faithful in her, are called to render to the human family \u201d. ( 26 ) catechesis must prepare them for this task. some questions for your commentary : do you buy the connection between social justice and evangelization? was christ \u2019 s earthly ministry and the witness of the apostles sufficiently engaged in the revelation of \u201c inviolable ( human ) dignity \u201d? can you make a case for a stronger or a more muted resolve in this areas of concern? what do you make of the repeated connection made of the cultural and religious sensibilities? a quick note : to keep the text of the document a little more readable, i \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4503964454370422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a20da272-c8a1-4033-a516-41ebfc9460e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.968003"}
{"text": "a stronger or a more muted resolve in this areas of concern? what do you make of the repeated connection made of the cultural and religious sensibilities? a quick note : to keep the text of the document a little more readable, i \u2019 ll begin adding notes to the bottom of each entry instead of inserting them in the quote : ( 20 ) cf. john xxiii. pacem in terris, encyclical letter ( 11 april 1963 ), 9 - 27 : aas 55 ( 1963 ). pp. 261 - 270. here are pointed out for the church those more fundamental human rights. in numbers 28 - 34 ( aas 55 ( 1963 ), pp. 270 - 273 ) are indicated the principal \u201c human rights \u201d. catechesis should pay attention to both of these perspectives. ( 21 ) cf. sollicitudo rei socialis 15a. ( 22 ) cf. populorum progressio 14 ; centesimus annus 29. ( 23 ) christifedeles laici 5 ; cf. sollicitudo rei socialis 26b ; vs 31c. ( 24 ) cf. christifedeles laici 5a. the extraordinary synod of 1985, ii, d, 1. ( 25 ) cf. sollicitudo rei socialis 15e ; ccc 2444 ; centesimus annus 57b. ( 26 ) christifedeles laici 37. cf. centesimus annus 47.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4921461809957908, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a20da272-c8a1-4033-a516-41ebfc9460e2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.968518"}
{"text": "background on historical resources preservation there are a number of ways in which local communities and the state encourage or require the preservation of california ' s historical resources. before delving into how the ceqa requirements augment this preservation activity, a short overview of state and local preservation mechanisms is in order. keep in mind that while the immediately following discussion reviews historic preservation programs, the focus of this advisory paper is on the ceqa - mandated process of evaluating development projects for potential significant effects on historical resources. the state historic resources commission and the office of historic preservation ( shpo ) within the department of parks and recreation administer california ' s historic preservation programs. the appointed commission ' s pertinent duties include : evaluating applications and recommending properties for listing on the national register of historic places ; maintaining a statewide inventory of historical resources, including historical landmarks and points of interest ; establishing criteria for recording and preserving historical resources ; developing and adopting criteria for rehabilitating historic structures ; developing and annually updating a statewide historic resources plan ; overseeing administration of the california register of historic places, including recommending standards for the evaluation of historic resources for inclusion in the register ; and developing criteria and procedures for selecting enhancement and preservation projects for funding under the national historic preservation fund, the california heritage fund, and other funding programs ( section shpo ' s duties include : serving as staff to the commission ; overseeing state agency compliance with state preservation statutes and programs ; administering federal preservation programs in california ; administering state programs such as the california register ; providing information and technical assistance to agencies and the public ; and reviewing and commenting on the impact on historic resources of publicly funded projects and programs ( section 5020. 6 ). the california register of historical resources is an authoritative guide to identifying the state ' s historical resources. it establishes a list of those properties which are to be protected from substantial adverse change a historical resource may be listed in the california register if it meets any of the following criteria : ( 1 ) it is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of california ' s history and cultural heritage ; ( 2 ) it is associated with the lives of persons important in california ' s past ; ( 3 ) it embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic value ; or ( 4 ) it has yielded or is likely to yield information important in prehistory or history. the register includes properties which are listed or have been formally determined to be eligible for listing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4346538192471927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fdbe65b4-62c0-473b-ab1a-02038e97fe67>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.973958"}
{"text": "of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic value ; or ( 4 ) it has yielded or is likely to yield information important in prehistory or history. the register includes properties which are listed or have been formally determined to be eligible for listing in the national register, state historical landmarks, and eligible points of historical interest. other resources require nomination for inclusion in the register. these may include resources contributing to the significance of a local historic district, individual historical resources, historical resources identified in historic resources surveys conducted in accordance with shpo procedures, historic resources or districts designated under a local ordinance consistent with commission procedures, and local landmarks or historic properties designated under local ordinance. an individual resource, district, or local landmark may be nominated for inclusion in the register by a resident, a landowner, or a local government. the commission will review each request, after providing the opportunity for affected property owners, local agencies, and interested persons to comment on the proposed listing, before determining whether to include the resource on the register ( section 5024. 1 ). if the local government objects to the nomination, the commission must make supportive findings for any listing. nominations for which there is owner objection will not be placed in the register, but may nonetheless be listed as eligible. there are several state and federal programs which directly promote historic preservation. in order to encourage rehabilitation, rather than demolition or removal of historic values, the state historical building code ( health and safety section 18950, et seq. ) can be applied to qualifying structures. this allows repairs, renovations, and other construction in variance to the uniform building code ( ubc ). the mills act ( revenue and taxation code sections 439 et seq. ) offers property tax relief in exchange for an agreement from the property owner to maintain the historic resource for a period of 10 years. the marks historical rehabilitation act authorizes cities, counties and redevelopment agencies to issue tax - exempt revenue bonds to finance the rehabilitation of significant historic buildings. in addition, federal investment tax credits are also available for qualified rehabilitation of the state office of historic preservation publishes a guide, the survey of surveys which lists all local resource surveys known to the shpo. the state office also provides a fact sheet about the california register. guidelines for the nomination of properties to the california register are being developed by shpo and may be available by the beginning of 1997. the shpo can be contacted at : 1416 ninth street sacramento, ca 95814 other good sources of information on local surveys and designations are the city or county planning department and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45749512612689613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fdbe65b4-62c0-473b-ab1a-02038e97fe67>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.975024"}
{"text": "by shpo and may be available by the beginning of 1997. the shpo can be contacted at : 1416 ninth street sacramento, ca 95814 other good sources of information on local surveys and designations are the city or county planning department and the local historical society. specific information about a property identified in a formal survey can be obtained through the 11 regional information centers for california historical resources ( formerly the regional archaeological information centers ). a list of these centers is found in appendix cities and counties use a number of tools to identify and protect historical resources. for instance, at least 60 cities and counties have adopted general plan elements containing detailed policies on historic preservation or historic structures. about 20 percent of california ' s cities and counties ( 1986 ) have completed historic resource surveys. a variety of local actions directly protect historical resources by limiting the kinds of changes that can be made to them. historic preservation ordinances for identified landmarks, historic districts, and other qualifying resources which require consideration of a use permit or other discretionary permit prior to changes in the resource are the most effective means of protection. architectural design controls, for example, generally require that proposed alterations receive the review and approval of an architectural review commission or board. in order to encourage owners to preserve significant properties, some localities assist owners in obtaining low - interest rehabilitation loans, help finance improvements through redevelopment or other activities ( particularly in historic business districts ), and may engage in outright purchase to protect the integrity of historic resources. next : ceqa provisions appendix 1 : excerpts from the public appendix 2 : historical resources information for more information, contact : state of california governor ' s office of planning and research 1400 tenth street sacramento, ca 95814", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4492750619289335, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fdbe65b4-62c0-473b-ab1a-02038e97fe67>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.977147"}
{"text": "book chengdu hotels | chongqing hotels | jiuzhaigou hotels chengdu, leshan buddha, emei mountain, jiuzhaigou tour packages capital city : chengdu population : 109 million area : 488, 000 sq km the chinese often refer to sichuan as the heavenly kingdom ( tianfu zhiguo ), a reference to the province ' s abundance in natural resources and cultural heritage. its name, ' four rivers ', refers tjo four of the more than 80 mighty rivers spilling across the chuanxi plain in the east. sichuan is the largest province in the south - west, with a population displaying as much diversity as its landscape. while the east supports one of the densest rural populaion in the world, the west rises in giant steps to the tibetan plateau, where green tea becomes butter tea and confucianism yields to buddhism. these windswept grasslands and deep forests are home to the qiang and tibetans. sichuan ' s mountainous terrain and fast rivers have kept it relatively isolated until the present era, with much of the western fringe still fairly remote. such inaccessibility has given sichuan its own food, dialect and character and made it the site of various breakaway kingdoms throughout chinese history. it was here that the kingdom of shu ruled as an independent state during the three kingdoms period ( ad 220 - 80 ) and the kuomintang party spent its last days before being vanquished and fleeing to taiwan. the latest breakaway region is chongqing, which split from sichuan in march 1997. sichuan became famous during the warring states period ( 475 - 221 bc ), when a famed engineer, li bing, managed to harness du he on the chuanxi plain with his weir systerm, allowing sichuan some 2200 continuous years of irrigation and prosperity. today the province continues to get rich, having palyed an active role in china ' s labouring economic reforms - most specifically as the site where the communist party first instituted its pioneering agriculture reforms. worlds away from the scenes of urban renewal and economic reform, the remote mountains of sichuan, bordering gansu and qinghai provinces, are the natural habitat of the giant panda. this shy animal is the one that westerners are quick to associate with china, landing it a new job as ' little ambassador ' for the chiese goverment. the first evidence of human habitation in what is now sichuan province consists of simple tools and a skull cap dating to the paleolithic ( old stone ) age. during the neolithic period", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3981412476294053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c6fd925-d0a4-4456-b4b9-78567c8a5d9a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.987295"}
{"text": "as ' little ambassador ' for the chiese goverment. the first evidence of human habitation in what is now sichuan province consists of simple tools and a skull cap dating to the paleolithic ( old stone ) age. during the neolithic period ( approximately 8, 000 - 2, 000 bc ) people living in sichuan used axes, pottery jars, bone needles, and crude weapons, but the first major cultures in the province were the ba and shu peoples, who lived in what was then called liangzhou from about 2000 bc. the shu people lived on the chengdu plain while the ba kingdom was centered in eastern sichuan. many shu and ba relics can today be seen at the sichuan provincial museum. twenty - three hundred years ago a shu emperor named kaiming ix moved his capital slightly east and named the new town chengdu ( meaning, ' becoming a city ' ) in hopes that it would one day be a metropolis. chengdu has remained sichuan ' s capital ever since. during the warring states period ( 453 - 221 bc ) a qin emperor conquered the shu kingdom and, in order to take advantage of the fertile plain and secure his hold on sichuan, he moved thousands of qin faithful to the former shu kingdom. the emperor had thick city walls built around chengdu in 311 bc and divided the city into two parts - - the larger for officials and the army and the smaller for merchants and peasants, who mostly lived outside the walls. a river was diverted to fill a moat around the city, and although the walls no longer remain, the fu and nan rivers still mostly ring what was the ancient capital. southeast of the city the fu and nan rivers rejoin to flow south. the chengdu plain ' s rich soil and flourishing economy made it an important strategic post, and for 2000 years both warlords and statesmen prized it. possibly the most famous of chengdu ' s overlords was liu bei, a distant relation of the han imperial family who, claiming the right of his lineage, ruled the shu han kingdom from chengdu during the three kingdoms period ( ad 220 - 263 ). the classic chinese novel the romance of the three kingdoms immortalized the time, and a visitor to chengdu can see liu bei ' s tomb at the temple of marquis wu. since 316 bc, chengdu has been renovated many times and has remained the economic and social center of sichuan province. one of the largest expansions happened in 879 ad when gao bin, a senior government officer, expanded the city to 120 streets and built 5, 008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3976136591771723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c6fd925-d0a4-4456-b4b9-78567c8a5d9a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.988365"}
{"text": "e100 - reading : genesis 1 : 1 \u2013 genesis 2 : 25 in the beginning god created the heavens and the earth. genesis is one of the most important books of the bible because it \u2019 s the foundation of the beginning of heaven and earth. the heaven and the earth were both created together in the beginning. the word used for \u201c god \u201d in verse one, is a plural word. this shows us that the trinity or the three personalities of the godhead ( father, son and holy spirit ) were all involved in the process of creation. verse two states that the earth was or became without form and void and darkness was upon the face of the deep. because everything god created was good, i find it hard to believe that god created anything that was without form, void or darkness upon it. there is speculation amongst some theologians that there may have been a period of time between verses one and two. some believe there may have been a pre - adamic ( before adam ) creation that experienced something catastrophic before god moved upon the face of the waters in verse two. but the scriptures do not give us an explanation of what may have happened or how much time may have evolved between genesis 1 : 1 and 1 : 2, therefore, it is important to not make assumptions about the age of the planet based on what we assume to be true. this can also true of all scripture interpretation. according to scripture, it \u2019 s not clear exactly how old the planet is, but the account of creation is clear and science confirms it. this communicates to us an important truth that god doesn \u2019 t tell us everything, and we should be careful not to assume, but to base our truth on what his word does say to us. never has biblical creation or the bible been proven wrong, however assumptions about the bible have been proven wrong. then the spirit of god moved upon the face of the water ; the son of god spoke the word given to him by the father. in the beginning was the word and the word was with god and the word was god. god said let there be light and there was light! this was not the light of the sun, moon and stars but the light was good. the first day was lit by the light of god that was created by the spoken word. the light was divided from darkness by the rotation of the planet. once god \u2019 s word established the rotation of the earth the first day was created. then the rest of creation unfolded through the spoken word of god. then god rested in faith, knowing the word", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5010859657233991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff1cebcc-2e8d-43f7-93e1-f93abfc96d6e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:23.997331"}
{"text": "flamingos by the millions 05 october 2011 | fact sheet kenya lake system, world heritage site, kenya background / size and location the kenya lake system harbours some of the world \u2019 s greatest diversities and concentrations of bird species. it is the single most important foraging site of the lesser flamingos. for most of the year, up to 4 million of these magnificent birds move between the three shallow alkaline lakes in an outstanding wildlife spectacle. the lake system includes lake bogoria ( 10, 700ha ), lake nakuru ( 18, 800ha ) and lake elementaita ( 2, 534ha ) and their surroundings. it is situated on the floor of the great rift valley in southern kenya, where major tectonic and / or volcanic events have shaped a distinctive landscape. surrounded by hot springs, geysers and the steep escarpment of the rift valley with its volcanic outcrops, the natural setting of the lakes provides an exceptional nature experience. each of the three lakes is under a different form of protection : lake nakuru is a national park ; lake bogoria is a national reserve, and lake elementaita is gazetted as a national wildlife sanctuary. however, all three of them are managed as category iv ( habitat / species management area ) under the iucn system. in june 2011, the site was accepted to the unesco natural world heritage list. all three areas have been designated as ramsar sites. view images of the world heritage site fauna and flora overviews of the soda lakes of the rift valley emphasize that they \u201c are among the world \u2019 s most productive natural ecosystems. in contrast to such prolific biological activity are the harsh physical and chemical conditions \u201d ( mcclanahan and young, 1996 ). the kenya lake system hosts 13 globally threatened bird species and is included among the 60 \u201c important bird areas of kenya \u201d by birdlife international. within the relatively small size ( less than 36, 000ha in total ) exists one of the most diverse and spectacular avifaunal assemblages in the world. remarkable bird species found here include great white pelicans, palearctic waders, african spoonbills and grey - headed gulls. the lakes are home to over 100 species of migratory birds, with the total number of bird species exceeding 450. the main attraction however are indisputably the millions of flamingos, who feed on the dense - growing green algae spirulina platensis. of the 5 existing species of flamingos, 2 are found in the kenya lake system \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37594214229729805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2950063a-9bc4-4e26-ac83-8bc164ae53f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.002416"}
{"text": ". the main attraction however are indisputably the millions of flamingos, who feed on the dense - growing green algae spirulina platensis. of the 5 existing species of flamingos, 2 are found in the kenya lake system \u2013 the lesser and the greater flamingo, with occasional congregations representing more than 75 % of their total populations. their movement between the three lakes has been described by sir peter scott ( founding chairman of wwf ) as \u201c a sight of incredible beauty and interest and there can be no more remarkable ornithological spectacle in the world \u201d. the area is also home to sizable populations of mammals such as black rhino, rothschild \u2019 s giraffe, lion, cheetah and wild dog. in lake nakuru, a species of tilapia ( sarotherodon alcalicus grahami ) has been introduced to lake nakuru in 1962 and is now the main food source for fishing birds. the vegetation is characterized by upland forest, thorny bush land dominated by acacia, bushwillow ( combretum sp. ), ficus and grasslands adapted to high concentrations of salt. the property faces numerous pressures, however regulatory and management measures have significantly improved during the past few years. increasing areas of forest have been lost to agriculture and human settlements in the catchment areas during the last thirty years. river flows have reduced markedly due to the construction of small irrigation dams along rivers flowing into the lake, resulting in less water reaching the wetlands and the lakes. deforestation is not a concern within the boundaries of the protected area \u2013 however it is outside, as forest loss in the surroundings directly influences the amount water going into the lakes. to address this problem, numerous reforestation programmes have been put into place in the last years. another problem is the pollution of water, mostly originating from the growing agricultural and industrial centre of nakuru. treatment of waste water entering the lake from the town has improved and water quality monitoring is now in place. continued efforts to improve water management will be needed to mitigate threats. in the southern area of elementaita, overgrazing is still an issue, potentially leading to human - wildlife conflicts. it is thus intended that cattle grazing is progressively prohibited within the protected area and its buffer zone. large numbers of tourists, especially in nakuru national park, pose an additional challenge to management. the possible extension of the park to the south by merging with the soysambu conservancy would offer an effective way to dilute this tourism pressure in a larger conservation area. marie fis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38072079972771455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2950063a-9bc4-4e26-ac83-8bc164ae53f4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.006589"}
{"text": "how much soil is disturbed by shallow vertical tillage? the answer depends on the tool, the soil and the tillage depth, says kevan klingberg, a university of wisconsin extension outreach specialist. many farmers value these implements to size residue, condition the seedbed and incorporate nutrients, he says. but when it comes to using these tools on erodible cropland, the watchwords should be \u201c conservative and shallow. \u201d in 2010, the university of wisconsin \u2019 s discovery farms program evaluated the effects of spring shallow vertical tillage on soil disturbance and residue cover. tools from great plains and summers were tested on 14 fields at five farms. the study concluded that, on average, a single pass on silt loam soil tilled about 40 % of the field to a 2 - in. depth. about 60 % of the field was undisturbed. in addition, the study found that 80 % of corn residue remained on the surface after one pass, and 80 % of the previous year \u2019 s corn roots stayed in place. intact roots \u201c help minimize soil loss, \u201d says klingberg, who led the research. however, soil disturbance and residue cover varied significantly, depending on soil type, tillage machine characteristics and operating depth, klingberg says. sandy soils, aggressive blades and deeper operation all moved more soil and left less residue cover. in addition, the soil conservation benefits of one - pass shallow vertical tillage disappeared with two passes, which disturbed just as much soil as tandem disking, klingberg says. likewise, vertical tillage tools with concave blades mounted on angled tool bars dislodged more corn roots and exposed more soil. minnesota research from 2010 to 2012 also measured residue disturbance after shallow vertical tillage. a single spring pass with a salford rts or summers super coulter vertical tillage tool left about 70 % corn residue cover \u2013 comparable to strip - till, says jodi dejong - hughes, university of minnesota extension tillage expert. two passes with a salford rts left 21 - 30 % soybean residue cover and 39 - 58 % corn residue cover.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48308639112314194, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:453e3309-4347-48ec-bdee-8a7b8a667f97>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.011613"}
{"text": "egghead eggshell planter by : amanda formaro age : 5 and up parental supervision is recommended no fancy materials are needed. with just an eggshell, a little soil and some seeds, you can grow your own planter. it ' s the ultimate in eco - friendly craft ideas! what you ' ll need : - clean eggshell with just the top broken off - half a cup of potting soil - teaspoon of grass, wheat or rye seed - five to six inch strip of card stock - glue or tape - black marker ( optional ) how to make it : - if you wish, decorate your strip of cardstock. we flecked some yellow and blue paint onto ours with an old toothbrush. - tape or glue the cardstock into a ring to hold the egg. - use a small spoon to fill the egg almost to the top with potting soil. - sprinkle the soil with seed. - add a thin layer of potting soil on the top. - carefully water so as not to overflow or soak it. - keep in a sunny location. - your seeds will begin to sprout in a day or two and your egghead will grow \" hair \" in about a week! ( see photo. ) - if you like, you can decorate the outside of the egg with a black marker by drawing a face on your egghead. - use a small measuring spoon to scoop the soil and add it to the egg. use a small spoon to add the seeds as well. - if you have cats, wheat seed grows thick wheat grass and is a tasty and nutritional addition to their diet. it also aids in food digestion! - you can also use an egg carton to sprout any kind of seeds that you like. some seeds that sprout quickly and grow easily are green beans and radishes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38652563588003475, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b7912f5-f775-446e-906a-915f79301f6a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.015060"}
{"text": "clandestine meth labs why meth labs are dangerous : clandestine meth labs put residents in neighbouring houses and apartments at great risk, as well as firefighters, police and paramedics responding to a meth lab fire. the chemicals used to manufacture crystal meth are toxic and explosive when combined and heated, making meth labs extremely dangerous. crystal meth is made with simple household products, known as precursors, such as : drain cleaners containing sulfuric acid or muriatic acid ( cement cleaner ), acetone, rubbing alcohol, lithium batteries, iodine, starter fluid ( ether ), gas additives ( methanol ), paint thinner, kerosene, lye, red phosphorous ( or matches ). see photo information about crystal meth labs at : meth lab photos signs of a potential meth lab : clandestine labs can be found in apartments, houses, warehouses, vehicles, wooded areas, hotels, storage lockers and other secluded places. being watchful for clandestine crystal meth labs is an important step in keeping our families and communities safe. signs of a potential meth lab include : - large quantities of discarded packaging from the precursors, such as lantern fuel cans, red chemically stained coffee filters, blister packs from cold remedy packages, etc. - unusual amounts of clear glass containers being brought into the area of the lab. - unusual strong odors ( similar to cat urine, ether, ammonia, acetone or other chemicals ). - odors that cause headaches or eye irritation. - in residences housing labs, the windows may be blacked out with plastic or tinfoil. - renters using a property for a lab will only pay their landlords in cash. - increased traffic, pedestrian and vehicular. - increased security around the building - surveillance cameras, guard dogs, etc. - people who come outside only to smoke and / or eat and drink. what to do if you suspect a meth lab : what to do if you suspect a meth lab in your neighbourhood : - do not confront the individuals you suspect may be operating the meth lab. - do not look for the lab yourself. - monitor and log activities around the suspected meth lab. - do not touch anything that may have been used in the meth lab - toxic residue could put your health and well - being at risk. - phone your local police department. - you may not see police officers investigating the property ; this work is often done through undercover surveillance. - if you find", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4824194404016855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c023c395-612c-45ef-a925-477c4b453137>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.018934"}
{"text": "in the meth lab - toxic residue could put your health and well - being at risk. - phone your local police department. - you may not see police officers investigating the property ; this work is often done through undercover surveillance. - if you find anything that resembles a meth lab, leave the area immediately and call the police. more information about crystal meth labs is available on the internet at : www. wsnia. org / and www. saanichpolice. ca / crimewatch / media / crystalmeth. html crystal meth tip line : anyone wishing to provide information about a dealer or meth lab can phone their local police dept. all information is held in the strictest confidence. callers should provide as much information as possible, such as : all information will be held in strictest confidence and callers will not be required to testify in court. - the name of the suspect. - their vehicle type or colour or license plate number. - the location where the suspect frequently trafficks. - the location of the suspected meth lab. - any other details that would be useful. the meth watch program is being implemented in communities around north america to combat the manufacture of crystal meth. the meth watch program was developed in the united states and aims to interrupt access to key ingredients - or precursors - all of which are basic household items. through this program, retailers place these items in visible locations and limit the amounts that can be purchased. store owners and their staff receive training so they can manage sales of these items effectively and safely. the meth watch program in canada is delivered through the canadian association of chain drug stores and the ndmac ( nonprescription drug manufacturers association of canada ). more information about the meth watch program is available at in canada, many national retail companies have or are in the process of setting up meth watch in their stores. these include companies such as shoppers drug mart, london drugs, and others. if you ' re concerned about crystal meth in your community and would like to have the meth watch program set up, contact your local police department, pharmacist and retailers to encourage them to be proactive. together we can help our youth and community be crystal clear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45537176033397275, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c023c395-612c-45ef-a925-477c4b453137>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.019826"}
{"text": "history generally lionizes abraham lincoln for his role in emancipation in the civil war. he gets called \u201c the great emancipator \u201d and his emancipation proclamation gets treated as one of the great documents of american history. while lincoln certainly does deserve credit for embracing emancipation during the civil war and sticking with it, without question early in the war congress took the lead on this issue with the president following along later. the first such instance of congress getting out ahead of president lincoln on emancipation came on july 9, 1861, when the u. s. house of representatives passed a resolution that simply stated, \u201c that in the judgment of this house it is no part of the duty of the soldiers of the united states to capture and return fugitive slaves. \u201d the july 9 resolution was non - binding, meaning it did not prevent union soldiers and officers from enforcing the fugitive slave act if they wished. however, it clearly would have appealed to men like col. alexander m. mccook, commander of the 1st ohio infantry, who clearly demonstrated his hostile exasperation with assisting slaveholders trying to recover their slaves in his july 5 letter profiled in the last edition of civil war emancipation. despite the attempt of the new york times, closely aligned with the lincoln administration, to deny on july 11, 1861, that the resolution had abolitionist intent to judge from the identity of its sponsor it had exactly that aim. the sponsor of the july 9 resolution was owen lovejoy of illinois. lovejoy had been a conductor for the underground railroad and was the brother of elijah lovejoy, killed by a mob in 1837 in alton, illinois, while trying to defend the press of an abolitionist newspaper. in short, owen lovejoy was a leading abolitionist in illinois and in congress. presumably, his july 9 resolution would make it harder for loyal owners to reclaim slaves who fled into union military camps, and undermine the peculiar institution in slave states that had not seceded, much as the contraband policy was harming slavery in confederate areas that came under occupation by federal troops. the july 9 resolution passed the house by a vote of 92 to 55, demonstrating the growing enmity to slavery in congress and showing the willingness of the body, while not explicitly embracing emancipation, to support policies inimical to slavery \u2019 s survival, such as absolving union troops of the obligation to aid in the recovery of fugitive slaves. hence, the lovejoy resolution put congress ahead of president lincoln in july 1861 by supporting a policy that would hurt slavery in the loyal border states, when the contraband policy \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3554273842487565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0da16df9-ec00-4ee6-924b-5e1193448af4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.023706"}
{"text": "she \u2019 s fighting a rare bone cancer and is undergoing gruelling chemotherapy, yet amy fransen wants a home tutor to help her with school work so she can one day realise her dream of becoming a scientist. on top of that, amy, who has asperger \u2019 s syndrome, is in a cast that extends from her ribs to her toes after an 11 - hour operation to remove a cancerous tumour the size of a tennis ball from her pelvis and bladder. she is still undergoing aggressive chemotherapy. life for the our lady of lourdes catholic primary school grade 3 pupil and her mum brenda changed forever with the child \u2019 s shock diagnosis of ewing \u2019 s sarcoma \u2013 a rare cancer of the bone and soft tissue \u2013 in august last year. at first amy was misdiagnosed as having growing pains and when she began going to the toilet 10 times before bed, her mum was told it was an overactive bladder. later doctors discovered it was pressure from the tumour, which had been growing inside her for three years. on june 15, amy underwent a marathon surgery at the royal children \u2019 s hospital which involved replacing the diseased pelvic bone with a bone from her right leg and then repairing her bladder where the tumour had broken through. since the diagnosis amy has undergone 12 courses of chemotherapy, blood transfusions and last christmas her long blonde hair began falling out. yet despite all her suffering, amy is keen to continue with her studies \u2013 something that her mum is unable to cram into her already busy schedule. mrs fransen takes care of amy around the clock, changing nappies that amy is forced to wear because she is immobilised by the cast and turning her every two hours. so far the little girl has only managed to attend nine hours at school this year, and mrs fransen fears she is already slipping behind in simple tasks, like forgetting how to tie her shoes or do basic calculations. now, single mum mrs fransen wants to raise funds to get a tutor to teach amy at home, as well as to buy equipment to cope with her specific medical needs. her bayswater primary school held a sausage sizzle to help with costs \u2013 but the expenses to pay for a tutor have not yet been covered. a tutor would also help lessen the child \u2019 s isolation. mrs fransen is worried that even a minor infection could wreak devastation. \u201c when she was first diagnosed they told me her prognosis was 50 to 70 per cent survival, but they haven \u2019 t said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4178260218202232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f727e1a-a892-4d98-aba6-aff1b0b1e3e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.031040"}
{"text": "art 1 | \u0251\u02d0t | 1 the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power : the art of the renaissance | great art is concerned with moral imperfections | she studied art in paris. \u2022 works produced by such skill and imagination : his collection of modern art | an exhibition of tibetan art | [ as adj. ] an art critic. \u2022 creative activity resulting in the production of paintings, drawings, or sculpture : she ' s good at art. 2 ( the arts ) the various branches of creative activity, such as painting, music, literature, and dance : the visual arts | [ in sing. ] the art of photography. 3 ( arts ) subjects of study primarily concerned with the processes and products of human creativity and social life, such as languages, literature, and history ( as contrasted with scientific or technical subjects ) : the belief that the arts and sciences were incompatible | the faculty of arts. 4 a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice : the art of conversation. \u201c the main thing is to be moved, to love, to hope, to tremble, to live. \u201d ~ auguste rodin \u201c life is the art of drawing without an eraser. \u201d ~ john w. gardner \u201c the earth has music for those who listen. \u201d ~ william shakespeare \u201c art is not a thing, it is a way. \u201d ~ elbert hubbard \u201c art is when you hear a knocking from your soul \u2014 and you answer. \u201d ~ terri guillemets \u201c art reaches its greatest peak when devoid of self - consciousness. freedom discovers man the moment he loses concern over what impression he is making or about to make. \u201d ~ bruce lee \u201c i am interested in art as a means of living a life ; not as a means of making a living. \u201d ~ robert henri \u201c we dance for laughter, we dance for tears, we dance for madness, we dance for fears, we dance for hopes, we dance for screams, we are the dancers, we create the dreams. \u201d ~ albert einstein \u201c art attracts us only by what it reveals of our most secret self. \u201d ~ jean - luc godard \u201d when it is working, you completely go into another place, you \u2019 re tapping into things that are totally universal, completely beyond your ego and your own self. that \u2019 s what it \u2019 s all about. \u201d ~ keith haring \u201c the object isn \u2019 t to make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.570899228611369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.055108"}
{"text": "you completely go into another place, you \u2019 re tapping into things that are totally universal, completely beyond your ego and your own self. that \u2019 s what it \u2019 s all about. \u201d ~ keith haring \u201c the object isn \u2019 t to make art, it \u2019 s to be in that wonderful state which makes art inevitable. \u201d ~ robert henri \u201d creative work is not a selfish act or a bid for attention on the part of the actor. it \u2019 s a gift to the world and every being in it. don \u2019 t cheat us of your contribution. give us what you \u2019 ve got. \u201d ~ steven pressfield \u201c art is a collaboration between god and the artist, and the less the artist does the better. \u201d ~ andre gide \u201c art will remain the most astonishing activity of mankind born out of struggle between wisdom and madness, between dream and reality in our mind. \u201d ~ magdalena abakanowicz \u201c as music is the poetry of sound, so is painting the poetry of sight. \u201d ~ james mcneil whistler \u201c a piece of art is never a finished work. it answers a question which has been asked, and asks a new question. \u201d ~ robert engman \u201c the reason that art ( writing, engaging, and all of it ) is valuable is precisely why i can \u2019 t tell you how to do it. if there were a map, there \u2019 d be no art, because art is the act of navigating without a map. \u201d ~ seth godin \u201c as my artist \u2019 s statement explains, my work is utterly incomprehensible and is therefore full of deep significance \u201d ~ calvin and hobbes \u201c great art picks up where nature ends. \u201d ~ marc chagall \u201c sex is like art. most of it is pretty bad, and the good stuff is out of your price range. \u201d ~ scott roeben \u201c personality is everything in art and poetry. \u201d ~ goethe \u201c no artist is ahead of his time. he is his time, it \u2019 s just that others are behind the times. \u201d ~ martha graham \u201c i will be an artist or nothing! \u201d ~ eugene o \u2019 neill \u201c art, like morality, consists in drawing the line somewhere. \u201d ~ g. k. chesterton \u201c the greatest respect an artist can pay to music is to give it life. \u201d ~ pablo casals \u201c art is not what you see, but what you make others see. \u201d ~ edgar degas \u201c any fool can paint a picture, but it takes a wise person to be able", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5173699982100728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.056082"}
{"text": "to music is to give it life. \u201d ~ pablo casals \u201c art is not what you see, but what you make others see. \u201d ~ edgar degas \u201c any fool can paint a picture, but it takes a wise person to be able to sell it. \u201d ~ samuel butler \u201c art is literacy of the heart \u201d ~ elliot eisner on beauty... \u201c art must be an expression of love or it is nothing. \u201d ~ marc chagall \u201c let the beauty we love be what we do. there are hundreds of ways to kneel and kiss the ground. \u201d ~ rumi \u201c weeds are flowers, too, once you get to know them. \u201d ~ a. a. milne \u201c the most beautiful people we have known are those who have known defeat, known suffering, known struggle, known loss, and have found their way out of the depths. these persons have an appreciation, a sensitivity, and an understanding of life that fills them with compassion, gentleness, and a deep loving concern. beautiful people do not just happen. \u201d ~ elizabeth kubler ross \u201c every artist dips his brush in his own soul, and paints his own nature into his pictures. \u201d ~ henry ward beecher \u201c the best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched, but must be felt with the heart. \u201d ~ helen keller \u201c the most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. it is the source of all true art and science. \u201d ~ albert einstein \u201c beauty is the illumination of your soul. \u201d ~ john o \u2019 donohue \u201c we can only be said to be alive in those moments when our hearts are conscious of our treasures. \u201d ~ thornton wilder \u201c the only journey is the one within. \u201d ~ rainer maria rilke \u201c all that is gold does not glitter, not all those who wander are lost. \u201d ~ j. r. r. tolkien \u201c paint the flying spirit of the bird rather than its feathers. \u201d ~ robert henri \u201c fill your paper with the breathings of your heart \u2026 \u201d ~ william wordsworth \u201c the job of the artist is always to deepen the mystery. \u201d ~ francis bacon \u201c to be an artist is to believe in life. \u201d ~ henry moore \u201c are we to paint what \u2019 s on the face, what \u2019 s inside the face, or what \u2019 s behind it? \u201d ~ picasso \u201c the day is coming when a single carrot, freshly observed, will set off a revolution. \u201d ~ paul cezanne on character... \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49685270376251744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.057017"}
{"text": "face, what \u2019 s inside the face, or what \u2019 s behind it? \u201d ~ picasso \u201c the day is coming when a single carrot, freshly observed, will set off a revolution. \u201d ~ paul cezanne on character... \u201c believe those who are seeking the truth. doubt those who find it. \u201d ~ andre gide \u201c the truth will set you free. but first, it will piss you off. ~ gloria steinem \u201c whatever you are, be a good one. \u201d ~ abraham lincoln \u201d lead us not into temptation. just tell us where it is ; we \u2019 ll find it. \u201d ~ sam levenson \u201c love all, trust a few, do wrong to none. \u201d ~ william shakespeare \u201c you connect yourself to the viewer by sharing something that is inside of you that connects with something inside of him. all you have as your guide is that you know what moves you. \u201d ~ steven brust \u201d at some point everyone must decide if they are a creator or a critic, a lover or a hater, a giver or a taker. \u201d ~ author unknown \u201c kind words do not cost much. yet they accomplish much. \u201d ~ blaise pascal \u201c the trouble with having an open mind, is that people will insist on coming along and trying to put things in it. \u201d ~ terry pratchett we need to learn to love ourselves first, in all our glory and our imperfections. if we cannot love ourselves, we cannot fully open to our ability to love others or our potential to create. evolution and all hopes for a better world rest in the fearlessness and open - hearted vision of people who embrace life. \u201d ~ john lennon \u201c promise me you \u2019 ll always remember : you \u2019 re braver than you believe, and stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think. \u201d ~ christopher robin ( to pooh ) \u201c you must be the change you wish to see in the world. \u201d ~ gandhi \u201c i think i am, therefore, i am. i think \u2026 \u201d ~ george carlin \u201c unbeing dead isn \u2019 t being alive. \u201d ~ e. e. cummings \u201c now and then it \u2019 s good to pause in our pursuit of happiness and just be happy. \u201d ~ guillaume apollinaire \u201c keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too can become great. \u201d ~ mark twain \u201c courage is what it takes to stand up and speak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5034054702584576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.058040"}
{"text": "\u201c keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too can become great. \u201d ~ mark twain \u201c courage is what it takes to stand up and speak ; courage is also what it takes to sit down and listen. \u201d ~ winston churchill \u201c be silent, or say something better than silence. \u201d ~ pythagoras \u201c the most important things are the hardest to say. they are the things you get ashamed of, because words diminish them \u2014 words shrink things that seemed limitless when they were in your head to no more than living size when they \u2019 re brought out. but it \u2019 s more than that, isn \u2019 t it? the most important things lie too close to wherever your secret heart is buried, like landmarks to a treasure your enemies would love to steal away. and you may make revelations that cost you dearly only to have people look at you in a funny way, not understanding what you \u2019 ve said at all, or why you thought it was so important that you almost cried while you were saying it. that \u2019 s the worst, i think. when the secret stays locked within not for want of a teller but for want of an understanding ear. \u201d ~ stephen king ( different seasons ) \u201c i am seeking. i am striving. i am in it with all my heart. \u201d ~ vincent van gogh \u201c wise men speak because they have something to say ; fools because they have to say something. \u201d ~ plato \u201c people are often unreasonable and self - centered. forgive them anyway. if you are kind, people may accuse you of ulterior motives. be kind anyway. if you are honest, people may cheat you. be honest anyway. if you find happiness, people may be jealous. be happy anyway. the good you do today may be forgotten tomorrow. do good anyway. give the world the best you have and it may never be enough. give your best anyway. \u201d \u201c talent hits a target no one else can hit ; genius hits a target no one else can see. \u201d ~ arthur schopenhauer \u201c i am not here to change the world. i am changing the world because i am here. \u201d ~ lisa wilson \u201c what lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lives within us. \u201d ~ emerson on conformity... \u201c i think the reward for conformity is that everyone likes you except yourself \u201d ~ rita mae brown \u201c the things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49671191933731307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.060352"}
{"text": "lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lives within us. \u201d ~ emerson on conformity... \u201c i think the reward for conformity is that everyone likes you except yourself \u201d ~ rita mae brown \u201c the things that make me different are the things that make me. \u201d ~ a. a. milne \u201c your time is limited, so don \u2019 t waste it living someone else \u2019 s life. \u201d ~ steve jobs \u201c be faithful to that which exists within yourself. \u201d ~ andre gide \u201c don \u2019 t try to figure out what other people want to hear from you ; figure out what you have to say. it \u2019 s the one and only thing you have to offer. \u201d ~ barbara kingsolver \u201c we \u2019 re fools whether we dance or not, so we might as well dance \u201d ~ unknown \u201c your time is limited, so don \u2019 t waste it living someone else \u2019 s life. don \u2019 t be trapped by dogma \u2014 which is living with the results of other people \u2019 s thinking. don \u2019 t let the noise of others \u2019 opinions drown out your own inner voice. and most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. they somehow already know what you truly want to become. everything else is secondary. \u201d ~ steve jobs \u201c it is better to be hated for what you are than loved for what you are not. \u201d ~ andre gide \u201c there are hundreds of paths up the mountain, all leading to the same place, so it doesn \u2019 t matter which path you take. the only person wasting time is the one who runs around the mountain, telling everyone that his or her path is wrong. \u201d ~ hindu proverb \u201c poor is the soul whose pleasure depends upon the permission of another \u201d ~ madonna \u201c selfishness is not living as one wishes to live, it is asking others to live as one wishes to live. \u201d ~ oscar wilde \u201c to create one \u2019 s own world takes courage. \u201d ~ georgia o \u2019 keeffe \u201d there is a voice inside of you that whispers all day long, \u2018 i feel this is right for me, i know that this is wrong. \u2019 no teacher, preacher, parent, friend or wise man can decide what \u2019 s right for you \u2013 just listen to the voice that speaks inside. \u201d ~ shel silverstein \u201c the easiest thing to be in the world is you. the most difficult thing to be is what other people want you to be. \u201d ~ leo buscaglia \u201d we are all a little weird", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48393457783346594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.061770"}
{"text": "that speaks inside. \u201d ~ shel silverstein \u201c the easiest thing to be in the world is you. the most difficult thing to be is what other people want you to be. \u201d ~ leo buscaglia \u201d we are all a little weird and life \u2019 s a little weird, and when we find someone whose weirdness is compatible with ours, we join up with them and fall in mutual weirdness and call it love. \u201d ~ dr. seuss \u201c do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail. \u201d ~ emerson \u201c resist much. obey little. \u201d ~ walt whitman \u201d if you can see your path laid out in front of you step by step, you know it \u2019 s not your path. your own path you make with every step you take. that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s your path. \u201d ~ joseph campbell if you can \u2019 t beat them, join them. if you can \u2019 t join them, it \u2019 s probably because you just tried to beat them. ~ unknown \u201c the most common way people give up their power is by thinking they don \u2019 t have any. \u201d \u2013 alice walker \u201c never be bullied into silence. never allow yourself to be made a victim. accept no one \u2019 s definition of your life ; define yourself. \u201d ~ robert frost \u201c a critic is a man who knows the way but can \u2019 t drive the car. \u201d ~ kenneth tynan \u201c to be one, to be united is a great thing. but to respect the right to be different is maybe even greater. \u201d ~ bono \u201c great things are not accomplished by those who yield to trends and fads and popular opinion. \u201d ~ jack kerouac \u201c do not compromise yourself. you are all you have got. \u201d ~ janis joplin \u201d do what you feel in your heart to be right, for you \u2019 ll be criticized anyway. \u201d ~ eleanor roosevelt \u201c if it adapts itself to what the majority of our society wants, art will be a meaningless recreation. \u201d ~ albert camus \u201c wanting to be someone else is a waste of the person you are. \u201d ~ kurt cobain on creativity... \u201c put your ear down close to your soul and listen hard. \u201d ~ anne sexton \u201c creativity is essentially a lonely art. an even lonelier struggle. to some a blessing. to others a curse. it is in reality the ability to reach inside yourself and drag forth from your very soul an idea. \u201d ~ lou dorfsman \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5233378915391791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.062692"}
{"text": "creativity is essentially a lonely art. an even lonelier struggle. to some a blessing. to others a curse. it is in reality the ability to reach inside yourself and drag forth from your very soul an idea. \u201d ~ lou dorfsman \u201c the chief enemy of creativity is good sense. \u201d ~ pablo picasso \u201c life isn \u2019 t about finding yourself. life is about creating yourself. \u201d ~ g. b. shaw \u201c everything \u2019 s already been said, but since nobody was listening, we have to start again. \u201d ~ andre gide \u201c creativity takes courage. \u201d ~ henri matisse \u201c i \u2019 ll be more enthusiastic about encouraging thinking outside the box when there \u2019 s evidence of any thinking going on inside it. \u201d ~ terry pratchett \u201c how we spend our days is how we spend our lives. what we do with this hour and with that one, is what we are doing. \u201d ~ annie dillard \u201c creativity is intelligence having fun. \u201d ~ albert einstein \u201c i invent nothing, i rediscover. \u201d ~ auguste rodin \u201c if i create from the heart, nearly everything works ; if from the head, almost nothing. \u201d ~ marc chagall \u201c do not be satisfied with the stories that come before you. unfold your own myth. \u201d ~ rumi \u201c find something only you can say \u201d ~ james dickey \u201c creativity is not the finding of a thing, but the making something out of it after it is found. \u201d ~ james russell lowell \u201c free your mind and your ass will follow \u201d ~ george clinton \u201c art is not about thinking something up. it is the opposite \u2013 getting something down. \u201d ~ julia cameron \u201c creativity is allowing yourself to make mistakes. art is knowing which ones to keep. \u201d ~ scott adams on experience... \u201c i am not what happened to me, i am what i choose to become. \u201d ~ jung \u201c everything that we encounter leaves traces behind. everything contributes imperceptibly to our education \u201d ~ goethe \u201c the lessons you are meant to learn are in your work. to see them, you need only look at the work clearly \u2014 without judgment, without need or fear, without wishes or hopes. without emotional expectations. ask your work what it needs, not what you need. then set aside your fears and listen, the way a good parent listens to a child \u201d ~ david bayles \u201c everything in life comes to you as a teacher. pay attention. learn quickly. \u201d ~ cherokee saying \u201c life is an opportunity, benefit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5044842701639936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.063633"}
{"text": "set aside your fears and listen, the way a good parent listens to a child \u201d ~ david bayles \u201c everything in life comes to you as a teacher. pay attention. learn quickly. \u201d ~ cherokee saying \u201c life is an opportunity, benefit from it. life is beauty, admire it. life is a dream, realize it. life is a challenge, meet it. life is a duty, complete it. life is a game, play it. life is a promise, fulfill it. life is sorrow, overcome it. life is a song, sing it. life is a struggle, accept it. life is a tragedy, confront it. life is an adventure, dare it. life is luck, make it. life is life, fight for it. \u201d \u201c you may not be a picasso or mozart but you don \u2019 t have to be. just create to create. create to remind yourself you \u2019 re still alive. make stuff to inspire others to make something too. create to learn a bit more about yourself. \u201d ~ frederick terral \u201c we are not on this earth to accumulate victories, things, and experiences, but to be whittled and sandpapered until what \u2019 s left is who we truly are. \u201d ~ arianna huffington \u201c the reward of art is not fame or success but intoxication. \u201d ~ cyril connolly \u201c life moves on, whether we act as cowards or heroes. everything we shut our eyes to, everything we run away from, everything we deny, denigrate, or despise, serves to defeat us in the end. what seems nasty, painful, or evil, can become a source of beauty, joy and strength, if faced with an open mind. every moment is a golden one for him who has the vision to recognize it as such. \u201d ~ henry miller \u201d the seed of your next artwork lies embedded in the imperfections of your current piece. \u201d ~ david bayles \u201c knowledge speaks, but wisdom listens. \u201d ~ jimi hendrix on failure... \u201d it may be that when we no longer know what to do, we have come to our real work, and then we no longer know which way to go, we have begun our real journey. \u201d ~ wendell berry \u201c it \u2019 s better to fail in originality, than succeed in imitation. \u201d ~ herman melville \u201c i myself am made entirely of flaws, stitched together with good intentions. \u201d ~ augusten burroughs \u201c some succeed because they are destined. some succeed because they are determined. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47787567110006984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.064576"}
{"text": "in originality, than succeed in imitation. \u201d ~ herman melville \u201c i myself am made entirely of flaws, stitched together with good intentions. \u201d ~ augusten burroughs \u201c some succeed because they are destined. some succeed because they are determined. \u201d ~ unknown \u201c life is pretty simple : you do some stuff. most fails. some works. you do more of what works. if it works big, others quickly copy it. then you do something else. the trick is the doing something else. \u201d ~ leonardo da vinci \u201c when i let go of what i am, i become what i might be. \u201d ~ lao tzu \u201c i may not have gone where i intended to go, but i think i have ended up where i needed to be. \u201d ~ douglas adams \u201c empty pockets never held anyone back. only empty heads and empty hearts can do that. \u201d ~ norman vincent peale \u201c i would rather die of passion than of boredom. \u201d ~ vincent van gogh \u201c whether you succeed or not is irrelevant, there is no such thing. making your unknown known is the important thing. \u201d ~ georgia o \u2019 keeffe \u201c do not fear mistakes \u2014 there are none. \u201d ~ miles davis \u201c out of suffering have emerged the strongest souls ; the most massive characters are seared with scars. \u201d ~ khalil gibran \u201c you should keep on painting no matter how difficult it is, because this is all part of experience, and the more experience you have, the better it is \u2026 unless it kills you, and then you know you have gone too far. \u201d ~ alice neel \u201c fail, fail again, fail better \u201d ~ samuel beckett on faith... \u201c when we walk to the edge of all the light we have and take the step into the darkness of the unknown, we must believe that one of two things will happen \u2026. there will be something solid for us to stand on or we will be taught to fly. \u201d ~ patrick overton \u201c destiny is a feeling you have that you know something about yourself nobody else does. the picture you have in your own mind of what you \u2019 re about will come true. \u201d ~ bob dylan \u201c the bird of paradise alights only on the hand that does not grasp \u201d ~ john berry \u201c we know what we are, but not what we may be. \u201d ~ william shakespeare \u201c most of the shadows of this life are caused by our standing in our own sunshine. \u201d ~ ralph waldo emerson \u201c we have to continually be jumping off cliffs and developing our wings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4980131762209616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.065560"}
{"text": "we are, but not what we may be. \u201d ~ william shakespeare \u201c most of the shadows of this life are caused by our standing in our own sunshine. \u201d ~ ralph waldo emerson \u201c we have to continually be jumping off cliffs and developing our wings on the way down. \u201d ~ kurt vonnegut \u201c nobody tells this to people who are beginners, i wish someone told me. all of us who do creative work, we get into it because we have good taste. but there is this gap. for the first couple years you make stuff, it \u2019 s just not that good. it \u2019 s trying to be good, it has potential, but it \u2019 s not. and your taste is why your work disappoints you. a lot of people never get past this phase, they quit. most people i know who do interesting, creative work went through years of this. we know our work doesn \u2019 t have this special thing that we want it to have. we all go through this. and if you are just starting out or you are still in this phase, you gotta know its normal and the most important thing you can do is do a lot of work. put yourself on a deadline so that every week you will finish one story. it is only by going through a volume of work that you will close that gap, and your work will be as good as your ambitions. and i took longer to figure out how to do this than anyone i \u2019 ve ever met. it \u2019 s gonna take awhile. it \u2019 s normal to take awhile. you \u2019 ve just gotta fight your way through. \u201d ~ ira glass \u201c sell your cleverness and buy bewilderment \u201d ~ rumi \u201c let yourself go. pull out from the depths those thoughts that you do not understand, and spread them out in the sunlight and know the meaning of them. \u201d ~ e. m. forster \u201c we must be willing to let go of the life we planned in order to have the life that is waiting for us. \u201d ~ joseph campbell \u201c only those that risk going too far can possibly find out how far one can go. \u201d ~ t. s. eliot \u201c talent is god - given. be humble. fame is man - given. be grateful. conceit is self - given. be careful \u201d ~ john wooden \u201c i have great faith in fools \u2014 my friends call it self - confidence. \u201d ~ edgar allan poe \u201c every day we slaughter our finest impulses. that is why we get a heartache when we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4773417744895363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.066628"}
{"text": "- given. be careful \u201d ~ john wooden \u201c i have great faith in fools \u2014 my friends call it self - confidence. \u201d ~ edgar allan poe \u201c every day we slaughter our finest impulses. that is why we get a heartache when we read those lines written by the hand of a master and recognize them as our own, as the tender shoots which we stifled because we lacked the faith to believe in our own powers, our own criterion of truth and beauty. we are all kings, all poets, all musicians ; we have only to open up to discover what is already there. \u201d ~ henry miller \u201c to dare is to lose one \u2019 s footing momentarily. to not dare is to lose oneself. \u201d ~ soren kierkegaard on fear & doubt... \u201c listen to the mustn \u2019 ts, child. listen to the don \u2019 ts. listen to the shouldn \u2019 ts, the impossibles, the won \u2019 ts. listen to the never haves, then listen close to me \u2026 anything can happen, child. anything can be. \u201d ~ shel silverstein \u201d don \u2019 t judge each day by the harvest you reap but by the seeds that you plant. \u201d ~ robert louis stevenson \u201c a fool thinks himself to be wise, but a wise man knows himself to be a fool. \u201d ~ william shakespeare \u201c to live a creative life, we must lose our fear of being wrong. \u201d ~ joseph chilton pearce \u201c the cave you fear to enter holds the treasure you seek. \u201d ~ joseph campbell \u201c i \u2019 ve been absolutely terrified every moment of my life and i \u2019 ve never let it keep me from doing a single think that i wanted to do. \u201d ~ georgia o \u2019 keeffe \u201c do not be troubled for a language, cultivate your soul and she will show herself. \u201d ~ eugene delacroix we do not believe in ourselves until someone reveals that deep inside us something is valuable, worth listening to, worthy of our trust, sacred to our touch. once we believe in ourselves we can risk curiosity, wonder, spontaneous delight or any experience that reveals the human spirit. \u201d ~ e. e. cummings \u201c you are not too old and it is not too late to dive into your depths where life calmly gives out it \u2019 s own secret \u201d ~ rilke \u201c it \u2019 s not denial. i \u2019 m just selective about the reality i accept. \u201d ~ calvin and hobbes \u201c it always seems impossible until it \u2019 s done. \u201d ~ nelson mandela \u201c as soon as you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4815787895873589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.067658"}
{"text": "secret \u201d ~ rilke \u201c it \u2019 s not denial. i \u2019 m just selective about the reality i accept. \u201d ~ calvin and hobbes \u201c it always seems impossible until it \u2019 s done. \u201d ~ nelson mandela \u201c as soon as you trust yourself, you will know how to live. \u201d ~ goethe \u201c the worst enemy to creativity is self - doubt. \u201d ~ sylvia plath on giving... \u201c one of the secrets of life is that all that is really worth the doing is what we do for others \u201d ~ lewis carroll \u201c give what you have. to someone else it may be better than you dare to think \u201d ~ henry wadsworth longfellow \u201c thousands of candles can be lit from a single candle, and the life of the candle will not be shortened. happiness never decreases by being shared. \u201d ~ buddha \u201c no act of kindness, however small, is ever wasted \u201d ~ aesop \u201c at times our own light goes out and is rekindled by a spark from another person. each of us has cause to think with deep gratitude of those who have lighted the flame within us. \u201d ~ albert schweitzer \u201c the way to happiness : keep your heart free from hate, your mind from worry. live simply, expect little, give much. scatter sunshine, forget yourself, and think of others. \u201d ~ norman vincent peale \u201c to be an artist you have to give up everything, including the desire to be a good artist. \u201d ~ jasper johns \u201c we cannot live only for ourselves. a thousand fibers connect us with our fellow men ; and among those fibers, as sympathetic threads, our actions run as causes, and they come back to us as effects. \u201d ~ herman melville \u201c when you learn, teach, when you get, give. \u201d ~ maya angelou \u201c talent is a gift that brings with it an obligation to serve the world, and not ourselves, for it is not of our making. \u201d ~ jose marti \u201c he neither serves nor rules, he transmits. his position is humble and the beauty at the crown is not his own. he is merely a channel \u201d ~ paul klee \u201c live, travel, adventure, bless, and don \u2019 t be sorry. \u201d ~ jack kerouac on imagination... \u201c this world is but a canvas to our imagination. \u201d ~ thoreau \u201c there are always flowers for those who want to see them. \u201d ~ henri matisse \u201c the artist is a receptacle for emotions that come from all over the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4735671279727613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.068648"}
{"text": ". \u201c this world is but a canvas to our imagination. \u201d ~ thoreau \u201c there are always flowers for those who want to see them. \u201d ~ henri matisse \u201c the artist is a receptacle for emotions that come from all over the place : from the sky, from the earth, from a scrap of paper, from a passing shape, from a spider \u2019 s web. \u201d ~ pablo picasso \u201c reality is whatever refuses to go away when i stop believing in it. \u201d ~ philip k. dick \u201c i would challenge you to a battle of wits, but i see you are unarmed! \u201d ~ william shakespeare \u201c i shut my eyes in order to see. \u201d ~ paul gauguin \u201c to imagine is everything, to know is nothing at all. \u201d ~ anatole france \u201c you need not leave your room. remain sitting at your table and listen. you need not even listen, simply wait, just learn to become quiet, and still, and solitary. the world will freely offer itself to you to be unmasked. it has no choice ; it will roll in ecstasy at your feet. \u201d ~ kafka \u201c silence is the mother of truth \u201d ~ benjamin disraeli \u201c it \u2019 s not what you look at that matters, it \u2019 s what you see. \u201d ~ thoreau \u201c no artist tolerates reality. \u201d ~ nietzsche \u201c who looks outside, dreams \u2026 who looks inside, awakes. \u201d ~ carl jung \u201c think outside the box, collapse the box, and take a f * * king sharp knife to it. \u201d ~ banksy \u201c everyone has talent. what is rare is the courage to follow the talent to the dark place where it leads \u201d ~ erica jong on madness... \u201c we work in the dark, we give what we have. our doubt is our passion, and our passion is our task. the rest is the madness of art. \u201d ~ henry james \u201c those who danced were thought to be insane by those who could not hear the music. \u201d ~ nietzsche \u201c being crazy isn \u2019 t enough. \u201d ~ dr. seuss \u201c follow your inner moonlight ; don \u2019 t hide the madness. \u201d ~ allen ginsberg \u201c the only difference between an artist and a lunatic is, perhaps, that the artist has the restraint or courtesy to conceal the intensity of his obsession from all except those similarly afflicted. \u201d ~ osbert sitwell \u201c when in doubt, make a fool of yourself. there \u2019 s a thin line between being brilliantly creative and acting like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5090610409069838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.069671"}
{"text": "restraint or courtesy to conceal the intensity of his obsession from all except those similarly afflicted. \u201d ~ osbert sitwell \u201c when in doubt, make a fool of yourself. there \u2019 s a thin line between being brilliantly creative and acting like the biggest idiot on earth \u201d ~ cynthia heimel \u201c not everyone is capable of madness ; and of those lucky enough to be capable, not many have the courage for it. \u201d ~ august strindberg \u201c the stupid believe that to be truthful is easy, only the artist, the great artist, knows how difficult it is. \u201d ~ willa cather \u201c one would never undertake such a thing if one were not driven on by some demon whom one can neither resist nor understand. \u201d ~ george orwell \u201c being an author is having angels whisper in your ear \u2013 and devils, too. \u201d ~ graycie harmon \u201d many people hear voices when no - one is there. some of them are called mad and are shut up in rooms where they stare at the walls all day. others are called writers and they do pretty much the same thing. \u201d ~ meg chittenden \u201c what i give form to in daylight is only one per cent of what i have seen in darkness. \u201d ~ m. c. escher on work... \u201c create like a god, command like a king, work like a slave. \u201d ~ constantin brancusi \u201c you can \u2019 t wait for inspiration. sometimes you have to go after it with a club. \u201d ~ jack london \u201c i \u2019 m killing time while i wait for life to shower me with meaning and happiness. \u201d ~ calvin & hobbes \u201c let your boat of life be light, packed with only what you need \u2013 a homely home and simple pleasures, one or two friends, worth the name, someone to love and someone to love you, a cat, a dog, and a pipe or two, enough to eat and enough to wear, and a little more than enough to drink ; for thirst is a dangerous thing. \u201d ~ jerome k. jerome \u201c i don \u2019 t wait for moods. you accomplish nothing if you do that. your mind must know it has got to get down to work \u201d ~ pearl s. buck \u201c talent is cheap ; dedication is expensive. it will cost you your life. \u201d ~ irving stone \u201c i am seeking. i am striving. i am in it with all my heart. \u201d ~ vincent van gogh \u201c to see far is one thing, going there is another. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44993381568170737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.070689"}
{"text": "it will cost you your life. \u201d ~ irving stone \u201c i am seeking. i am striving. i am in it with all my heart. \u201d ~ vincent van gogh \u201c to see far is one thing, going there is another. \u201d ~ constantin brancusi \u201c failure is the path of least persistence \u201d ~ author unknown \u201c those who do not want to imitate anything, produce nothing. \u201d ~ salvador dali \u201c never retreat. never explain. get it done and let them howl. \u201d ~ benjamin jowett on writing... \u201c you ask me why i spend my life writing? do i find entertainment? is it worthwhile? above all, does it pay? if not, then, is there a reason? \u2026 i write only because there is a voice within me. that will not be still. \u201d ~ sylvia plath \u201c you have to write the book that wants to be written. and if the book will be too difficult for grown - ups, then you write it for children. \u201d ~ madeleine l \u2019 engle \u201c we do not write as we want, but as we can. \u201d ~ w. somerset maugham \u201c one of the things i know about writing is this : spend it all, shoot it, play it, lose it, all, right away, every time. do not hoard what seems good for a later place in the book or for another book ; give it, give it all, give it now. something more will arise for later, something better. \u201d ~ annie dillard \u201c how vain it is to sit down to write when you have not stood up to live. \u201d ~ thoreau \u201c the writer, when he is also an artist, is someone who admits what others don \u2019 t dare reveal. \u201d ~ elia kazan \u201c it \u2019 s much more important to write than to be written about. \u201d ~ gabriel garcia marquez \u201c so the writer who breeds more words than he needs, is making a chore for the reader who reads. \u201d ~ dr. seuss \u201c any word you have to hunt for in a thesaurus is the wrong word. \u201d ~ stephen king \u201c true storytelling reveals meaning without committing the error of defining it. \u201d ~ hannah arendt \u201c i never think when i write. nobody can do two things at the same time and do them both well \u201d ~ don marquis \u201c a little talent is good to have if you want to be a writer, but the only real requirement is the ability to remember every scar. \u201d ~ stephen king \u201c writing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43355309265702263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c38d0ff-c012-4f35-8cf4-5124b0ea7df2>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.071722"}
{"text": "erector - like sets have a tremendous educational value. they help to gain spatial understanding and to learn by experimenting about strength and stability of constructions. many of the people we know with a mechanical mind set, able to design and construct objects and machines have learned this by play with an erector set. it is obvious that having the chance to play with meccano in one ' s youth helps a lot in solving technical problems when older. a drawback of the meccano or lego construction parts is the scale. what can be constructed with it is never more then a model of something that is normally larger in scale. if what can be constructed has a size and a sturdiness, in which it can perform a realistic function as a hut or a cart, it may help to develop a childs ability to take initiative. this would also integrate playing with construction materials in other games in which a child is involved with mates. thin, straight sticks are interconnected when they are stuck into holes drilled into blocks and fastened with wedges of a special design. these provide a sturdy connection although they can be placed and removed by hand. disks can turn around the sticks. cart and cots in any shape can so be made by a kid. these sticks can be interconnected either flexible, or free to rotate or stiff and sturdy with construction elements that children can easily handle. such construction elements can be blocks of wood in which sticks can be fastened with wedges or rubber strips for flexible joints. bushes that can act as bearings for parts that turn can also be attached to such flexible rubber strips or blocks. fastening of the parts is done in a way it can be done by children without tools. cart and cots in any shape can so be made by a kid.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49991370317018025, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f367d4a-9ec4-4bfe-8703-0f29711e7c97>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.073603"}
{"text": "you can view the current or previous issues of diabetes health online, in their entirety, anytime you want. click here to view related complications & care videos on diabetes health tv mind over ( foot ) matters surgeon ' s skin secret merino intensive skin care products popular celiac disease articles highly recommended celiac disease articles only since the early 1950s have medical doctors in the united states recognized that celiac disease ( also called gluten enteropathy ) requires a lifelong commitment to a gluten - free diet. 0 comments - mar 1, 2003 - i can ' t wait to see what my next a1c will be! my last one was 7. 3 %, with my blood glucose up, down and all around. i was low, i was high, and just way out of control. 0 comments - mar 1, 2003 - not yet rated untreated celiac disease in children can stunt growth and cause lower a1cs. however, researchers conducting a longitudinal study of children with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease say that following a gluten - free diet can restore normal growth and contribute to even lower a1cs \u2014 and might also mitigate the blood - glucose deterioration commonly present during puberty. 0 comments - nov 1, 2002 - all children with type 1 diabetes should be screened for celiac disease, say researchers from wisconsin, who drew their conclusion after finding cases of celiac disease in children with type 1. most of the children who tested positive for celiac disease did not show any symptoms of this illness. 0 comments - apr 1, 2002 - food and gifts! what would the holidays be without them? from the traditional dishes we prepare every year to the unusual and exotic specialty, from the highly frivolous gift to the perfect one matched exactly to the needs of the recipient, we strive to make the holidays wonderful by providing food and gifts for the people we love. 0 comments - dec 1, 2001 - not yet rated if someone in your family has type 1 diabetes, you should be screened for celiac disease, a chronic condition in which the wall of the small intestine is damaged by a toxic reaction to gluten, a substance found in some grains. untreated celiac disease can lead to a number of nutritional deficiencies, according to the celiac disease foundation. 0 comments - apr 1, 2001 - type 1 diabetes develops in 5 to 10 percent of all people with celiac disease, which affects approximately 1 in 250 americans. 0 comments - jul 1, 1999 - celiac disease is a chronic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4384817799763483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e69bf8b3-8e64-46b8-9666-13dfeaafced4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.077443"}
{"text": "the paper does not prove that climate has not played an important role in the shaping of human cranial variation. rather it shows that it does not play an important role in the level of diversity found in different populations. but, i really can ' t think why anyone would propose that. let ' s take a particular trait, say nose breadth or cranial breadth. it has been demonstrated that the former tends to be narrower and the latter broader in more northerly compared to more equatorial regions. but, this is a difference in the means and not a difference in the variance of the traits in question. the authors write : all the most informative traits were distributed in the anterior region of the cranium ( yet not all anterior traits were highly informative ). this came as a surprise as the anterior regions of the cranium are generally assumed to be more affected by natural selection ( i. e. facial area and cranial breadth ), while the temporal bone and some traits of the neurocranium are considered to reflect population history ( beals et al. 1984 ; franciscus & long 1991 ; roseman 2004 ; harvati & weaver 2006 ). diversity is reduced in either of two ways : - serial bottlenecks, when a subset of the variation present in the ancestral population migrates to new regions - selection, which reduces diversity in the traits under selection under the scenario of selection, however, it is expected that traits under selection will be more affected by the new ecological conditions that occur away from the cradle. the finding that the anterior region of the cranium is more informative in terms of reduced diversity is actually consistent with selection and not with bottlenecks, since it is in this part, in nasal features, facial flatness, prognathism, etc. that populations have developed strongly differentiated types under selection. furthermore, in this paper the study is limited to skulls from the last 2, 000 years. but, if bottlenecks are indeed responsible for the reduction of diversity, then this reduction of diversity would be visible in the earliest homo sapiens skulls from the various regions, as these would be descended from the few bottlenecked migrants. are upper paleolithic europeans, for example, more or less diverse than africans of equivalent age, or even modern africans? on the contrary, recent skulls may be less diverse than the earliest ones, due to a longer period of selection, i. e., the tens of thousands of years between the earliest homo sapiens in europe or asia and the ones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4938841210745186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f11db6c-d48b-4fa3-9261-f860ed170246>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.081283"}
{"text": "modern africans? on the contrary, recent skulls may be less diverse than the earliest ones, due to a longer period of selection, i. e., the tens of thousands of years between the earliest homo sapiens in europe or asia and the ones of the last 2, 000 years. moreover, this selection ought to have been strongest in regions further from africa, as this is correlated with different environments ( although not necessarily the 3 climate variables considered here ). - within - population variance decreases with distance from africa, but this does not measure between - population difference in mean trait values - both bottlenecks and selection result in reduced variance - a stronger variance - reduction signal in the anterior cranium is more consistent with selection than with bottlenecks - the bottlenecks theory should be more visible in early, not recent skulls as those studied in this paper. recent skulls should have reduced variance compared to their more ancient counterparts due to a long period of selection. proceedings of the royal society b doi : 10. 1098 / rspb. 2008. 1563 distance from africa, not climate, explains within - population phenotypic diversity in humans lia betti et al. the relative importance of ancient demography and climate in determining worldwide patterns of human within - population phenotypic diversity is still open to debate. several morphometric traits have been argued to be under selection by climatic factors, but it is unclear whether climate affects the global decline in morphological diversity with increasing geographical distance from sub - saharan africa. using a large database of male and female skull measurements, we apply an explicit framework to quantify the relative role of climate and distance from africa. we show that distance from sub - saharan africa is the sole determinant of human within - population phenotypic diversity, while climate plays no role. by selecting the most informative set of traits, it was possible to explain over half of the worldwide variation in phenotypic diversity. these results mirror those previously obtained for genetic markers and show that \u2018 bones and molecules \u2019 are in perfect agreement for humans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5079161955557989, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f11db6c-d48b-4fa3-9261-f860ed170246>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.082118"}
{"text": "- a west _ asian genetic component is missing from ancient dna sampled from europe as recently as ~ 5, 000 years ago. - this component exists at appreciable frequencies in modern europeans, reaching minima in non - indo - european basques and finns. - it is likely that the west _ asian component manifested itself in europe post - 5kya, during the copper and bronze ages, and was associated with the bearers of indo - european languages. k5c captures the \" west eurasian cline \" between the near east and europe, and includes the following components : we can say that the atlantic _ baltic corresponds to northern caucasoids, while the near _ east one to southern caucasoids. k8c includes the following components : this differs from the previous one in the appearance of the siberian and east _ african components, as well as the aforementioned west _ asian one within west eurasia. naturally the question arises : what can we say about the origin of west _ asian ancestry in modern europeans? how is it related to other populations? how is it related to the northern and southern caucasoids? to answer these questions, i isolated an orcadian individual ( hgdp00794 ) and used the diydodecad byseg mode to construct a local ancestry map of this individual with sliding windows 500 snp long, advanced by 50 snps. in essence, this procedure assigns ancestry to local regions of the genome, and can hence be used to identify, e. g., regions with an excess of west _ asian or any other component. i decided to use an orcadian for this purpose, since orcadians are indo - european speakers from northwestern - most europe who can be reasonably thought to have minimum admixture in historical times from groups other than ( i ) the pre - indo - european substratum, ( ii ) celto - germanic superstratum which dominates western europe. over 3, 126 total segments, i calculated the correlation between the k5c and the k8c components : it is clear that the k = 8 west _ asian segments of the orcadian individual correspond to the k = 5 south _ asian ( + 0. 36 ) and near _ east ( + 0. 29 ) segments. the negative correlation with the k = 5 atlantic _ baltic ( - 0. 4 ) component further indicates that in genomic regions where the orcadian has west _ asian segments, there is a deficiency of atlantic _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49423506776933757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07b04fdc-f695-40b2-a78c-0a0448e428e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.084848"}
{"text": "date : september 2001 creator : subcommittee on global change research, committee on environment and natural resources of the national science and technology council description : this document, which is produced annually, describes the activities and plans of the u. s. global change research program ( usgcrp ), which was established in 1989 and authorized by congress in the global change research act of 1990. strong bipartisan support for this inter - agency program has resulted in more than a decade ' s worth of scientific accomplishment. \" because there is considerable uncertainty in current understanding of how the climate system varies naturally and reacts to emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols, current estimates of the magnitude of future warming should be regarded as tentative and subject to future adjustments ( either upward or downward ). reducing the wide range of uncertainty inherent in current model predictions of global climate change will require major advances in understanding and modeling of both ( 1 ) the factors that determine atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and ( 2 ) the so - called ' feedbacks ' that determine the sensitivity of the climate system to a prescribed increase in greenhouse gases. there is also a pressing need for a global system designed for monitoring climate. climate projections will always be far from perfect. confidence limits and probabilistic information, with their basis, should always be considered as an integral part of the information that climate... contributing partner : unt libraries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5319615965854896, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2b055c3-5fe1-4193-a28c-13b9ad46060a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.086496"}
{"text": "we use the high resolution north american regional analysis ( narr ) dataset to build for the united states a temperature change index ( tci ) based on four contributing variables derived from the layer - averaged temperature and lapse rate of the 1000mb - 700mb layer ( near - surface to 3000 meters ) for the 1979 - 2008 period. the analysis uses geographic information systems ( gis ) methods to identify distinct regional patterns based on aggregate temperature trends and variability scores. the resulting index allows us to identify and compare regions that experience high ( low ) temperature trends and variability that are referred to as hot spots ( cold spots ). the upper midwest emerges as the region that experiences the largest increases and variability, due to the large magnitude of variability and trends of all variables. in contrast, the lowest tci scores are observed over southeastern regions and the rocky mountains. regarding landscape characteristics, high tci scores occur mostly over agricultural lands ( thus implying the problem of temperature variability - dependant crop yields ) while low scores generally prevail over forests. at a seasonal time scale, the largest and most contrasting tci scores occur during the winter and, to a lesser extent, fall seasons. all variables used to build the tci show well defined seasonal patterns and differences, especially between winter and summer. our method, based on the use of thickness layers, provides a more complete analysis than methods based on monolevel data and confirms that temperature is a robust component of climate change in general and must be included in any study that deals with vulnerability assessment of climate change risks. temperature change index, lapse rate, gis, weighted overlay, hot spot, cold spot date of this version", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5024150625639421, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c8a0293-5d30-484f-a803-a5bb7263d5e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.088264"}
{"text": "| oracle\u00ae fusion middleware user ' s guide for oracle business intelligence discoverer plus 11g release 1 ( 11. 1. 1 ) part number b40105 - 02 use this dialog to control the appearance of the graph legend. the graph legend ( sometimes called a key ) explains how worksheet data is represented on a graph. for example, you might want to display a legend to explain which colors represent which worksheet items plotted on a graph. for more information, see : note : the graph type that you have selected determines which fields are displayed. not all fields might be described on this help page. use this check box to display or hide the legend. this check box controls how the legend is displayed on screen and when the graph is printed or exported. use this drop down list to change the position of the legend ( for example, above the graph or to the right of the graph ). select ' automatic ' if you want discoverer to choose the best legend position for you. use this button to display or hide a color pane that enables you to change the color of the box surrounding the legend. use this button to display or hide a color pane that enables you to change the background color of the legend. use this button to display the \" edit graph dialog : font dialog tab \", which enables you to change the font style of the legend.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4920469870987998, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7032f874-96c5-4c33-be81-e1beda89e0f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.089629"}
{"text": "a risk factor is something that increases your likelihood of getting a disease or condition. it is possible to develop psoriasis with or without the risk factors listed below. in fact, most cases of psoriasis are not associated with any of the risk factors listed below. however, the more risk factors you have, the greater your likelihood of developing psoriasis. if you have a number of risk factors, ask your doctor what you can do to reduce your risk. risk factors include : there is a strong genetic component to psoriasis. in about one third of all cases, there is a family history of psoriasis. medical conditions that are most likely to trigger psoriasis include : stress / emotional disorders : stress, suppressed anger, anxiety, depression, or other emotional disorders often trigger psoriasis outbreaks. infection : psoriasis frequently flares up after upper respiratory infections, such as tonsillitis, sinusitis, or strep throat. skin injuries : psoriasis may develop at the site of a previous skin injury or mild abrasion, such as a cut, burn, or injection. this delayed development of psoriasis at these injured skin sites is known as the kobner phenomenon. hiv / aids : psoriasis may become particularly severe in people infected with hiv / aids. obesity : there is some evidence that obesity may exacerbate psoriasis. alcoholism : it is not entirely clear whether alcoholism is a risk factor for developing psoriasis or vice versa ( due to the emotional burden of psoriasis ). in any case, consuming excessive amounts of alcohol should be discouraged, especially during periods of psoriasis exacerbation. certain medications have been associated with triggering or exacerbating outbreaks of psoriasis. these include : - beta - blocker and angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ) inhibitors : used to treat high blood pressure - lithium : used to treat severe depression or bipolar disorder - hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine : used to prevent malaria - non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) : certain types of nsaids, such as indomethacin, may cause or worsen psoriasis ; however, other types of nsaids may actually improve psoriatic symptoms. plaque psoriasis first appears during 2 peak age ranges. the first peak occurs in persons aged 16 - 22 years, and the second occurs in persons aged 57 - 60 years. it is considered quite rare in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4812926896841656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37f9f641-3c24-4140-b9dc-a5114c75164b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.094095"}
{"text": "memory. it is the internal scrapbook that defines one \u2019 s individuality \u2014 a sense of self that is crucial to the human psyche. nevertheless, due in large part to its longevity, memory is a difficult term to define. it appears to be ineffaceable, a solid entity of the past, yet it frequently eludes its owner, making one question the validity and transiency of memory. these large memory gaps of narratives are difficult to seal, thereby creating a disconnect between one stage of life and another. one of the most common and largest gap in the human memory bank consists of recollections of the first few years of infancy and babyhood. ever wonder why it is a struggle to remember an event prior to the age of two? or even the day you were born? one wonders why such a significant event as one \u2019 s birth fades into oblivion, never to be recovered. this inevitable condition is identified as infantile amnesia, a term forged by the renowned sigmund freud when he commenced his studies of this marvel in 1905 ( 1 ). significant light has been shed on the details concerning the nature of infantile amnesia since freud \u2019 s era, yet many mysteries remain. for example, how does autobiographical memory shape infantile amnesia? autobiographical memory or personal memory is a branch of memory that is established for encoding, storing, and retrieving events and experiences to construct one \u2019 s personal past. psychologists have demonstrated that autobiographical memory minimizes the constraints of this particular amnesia, but one question remains unclear \u2014 what inhibits autobiographical memory? it is a question that has beguiled psychologists for nearly half a century. this paper will investigate the different and oftentimes opposing theories that help explain the elusive phenomenon of infantile amnesia. mapping memory \u2014 a brief overview memory is a complex entity of the human brain. declarative and non - declarative memories are central, but distinct divisions exist that contribute to our notion of forming memories. declarative memory is devoted to processing names, places, events, and facts. semantic and episodic memories are the two subtypes of declarative memory. semantic memory supports retention of \u201c knowledge of facts and data that may not be related to any event \u201d ( 2 ), while episodic memory relates more heavily to unique events linked to place and time. perceptual and motor skills contribute to non - declarative memory, which does not necessitate the deliberate recall that declarative memory requires. furthermore, autobiographical memory is a component", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5787328463441809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cde0a4cc-6ceb-48d0-a53e-1688739c4a4a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.116912"}
{"text": "more heavily to unique events linked to place and time. perceptual and motor skills contribute to non - declarative memory, which does not necessitate the deliberate recall that declarative memory requires. furthermore, autobiographical memory is a component of declarative memory that is particularly episodic because it is linked spatially and temporally to unique events. in any study, there is the likelihood of experimental error. in fact, errors are expected because 100 % accuracy is virtually impossible. but in the case studies concerning infantile amnesia, are the methods faulty or are the components of the human subconscious at fault? could both play an integral role in the results? stuart zola explores the reliability of memory in his 1998 case studies on infantile amnesia. people who have recovered memories help researchers understand the biological and behavioral factors of memory. zola \u2019 s objective was to answer two questions about memory : 1 ) do memories for traumatic events change over a period of time ; and 2 ) can memories be created for traumatic events that didn \u2019 t occur? infantile amnesia is the inability to recollect memory at certain stages of infancy. an explanation that zola gives for infantile amnesia points to the slow maturation of the cortical areas after birth. processing and storing information necessary for reconstruction of conscious memories occurs later. according to zola, infantile amnesia provides a restrictive component on recovered memory. yet, there are some cases in which recovered memories from early infancy were described in great detail ( 3 ). recently, researchers attempted to \u201c create \u201d memories for the subjects by collaborating with their families who were instructed to \u201c remind \u201d the participant of an early event that had never actually occurred. the participants were, of course, unaware of their family \u2019 s involvement in the experiment. they were asked several questions, and their answers were tape - recorded and replayed to their respective families for further analysis of accuracy and specificity. results showed that 25 % of the subjects \u201c recalled \u201d the false events and even furnished additional, fabricated details when asked by researchers to retell the event. this experimental data affirms forgery of false infantile memories ( 3 ). zola \u2019 s other studies have shown that there are other memory systems in the brain that may affect memory recall. the overall conclusion drawn from zola \u2019 s report speaks to the pliable nature of memory. memory is the materialization of ideas distributed across the brain, not localized in one region. zola claims that memory corresponds with regions of the brain that help dictate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5546104598156391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cde0a4cc-6ceb-48d0-a53e-1688739c4a4a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.118601"}
{"text": "drawn from zola \u2019 s report speaks to the pliable nature of memory. memory is the materialization of ideas distributed across the brain, not localized in one region. zola claims that memory corresponds with regions of the brain that help dictate the real from the imagined, and these regions establish the temporal position of the memory. in his report, zola makes note of the biological basis of memory and its distortions. zola provides anecdotal evidence as well as experimental evidence for his hypotheses, all of which seem to support his conclusion. his report informs future studies that it is important to take several types of memory into consideration, because relying on just one would give misleading results due to the fact that memory is controlled by multiple brain systems. and because it is difficult to understand clearly the causes of infantile amnesia, researchers should not assume that the recollections provided by participants in their research are complete and valid ( 3 ). revelations about autobiographical memory and its relation to language one of the most definitive factors of autobiographical memory is that it has the potential to be verbalized. if a memory can be expressed verbally and understood, others are given the opportunity to internalize that memory in a way that will help them associate it with the individuality of others. but to what extent are the implications of verbalization a factor of autobiographical memory? in their 1999 case experiment, keryn harley and elaine reese focused on the cognitive and social factors of autobiographical memory in 1. 5 to 2. 5 year - old children. according to harley and reese, autobiographical memory functions to facilitate individuals \u2019 learning about others by relating past experiences. harley and reese reviewed the experiments of self knowledge theorists who argued that the lack of understanding of personal self contributed to infantile amnesia. with the acknowledgement of the cognitive self, greater stores of autobiographical memory are produced. as awareness of self becomes stronger, there is more interplay among the different types of memory, which allows us to develop individuality ( 4 ). harley and reese drew on earlier studies that demonstrated that parents who are able to elaborate information about past events expand on their childrens \u2019 memory information. parents \u2019 \u201c talk \u201d assists in children \u2019 s \u201c memory talk, \u201d because it helps develop childrens \u2019 ability to describe autobiographical memories ( 4 ). in a 1993 study, harley and reese used several methods in a novel experiment that showed the interplay of howard and courage \u2019 s self - knowledge and parental styles of communication ( 4 ). in order to assess childrens \u2019 verbal memory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5541087824997468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cde0a4cc-6ceb-48d0-a53e-1688739c4a4a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.120883"}
{"text": "4 ). in a 1993 study, harley and reese used several methods in a novel experiment that showed the interplay of howard and courage \u2019 s self - knowledge and parental styles of communication ( 4 ). in order to assess childrens \u2019 verbal memory and maternal styles of reminiscing, mothers were asked to choose several one - time events that they shared with their children ( i. e. feeding ducks at the local pond, airplane flights ). the events were then introduced into a conversation between mother and child. conversations were videotaped and audio - taped by researchers in order to maintain a profile for each mother - child case. during designated monthly time intervals, children would be prompted to discuss past events with their mother. the purpose of the experiment was to determine how well the child \u2019 s elaboration of events depended on the mother \u2019 s maternal reminiscing style. they hypothesized that the extensiveness of the mother \u2019 s language style would result in stronger memory elaborations of the child. mothers facilitated recalls by giving three event - specific cues to prompt more detailed responses. event cues were observed to be effective if they overlapped with information already stored in the memory. the mothers were strongly discouraged to provide further assistance beyond just the cues ( 4 ). according to harley and reese, the role of the parent in interacting with the child is not only crucial to the child \u2019 s communication skills, but also significantly impacts the child \u2019 s autobiographical memory. parents who provide greater detail when speaking about the past with their children and who follow their child \u2019 s conversation cues, tend to engage their child in discussions more than parents who do not provide elaborative conversations. the parents that do not engage in discussions inhibit narrative construction of their children. children with parents who are more expressive and vocal develop the ability to recall and vocalize past events more lucidly, especially during the window of infantile amnesia. thus, maternal stylized elaborations encourage children to synthesize narratives heavy in diversified content and breadth as early as age three. this has lasting impressions on children because it increases and reinforces the amount that older children recall from earlier recollections. children who were capable of vocalizing thought at the time of an experience connect memory and language more naturally, because events can be encoded verbally ( 4 ). speculations about early and late memories harley & reese \u2019 s experiments are strongly suggestive of how excellent verbalization of recollections aid in the continuity of autobiographical memory. but one can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5162570380115055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cde0a4cc-6ceb-48d0-a53e-1688739c4a4a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.122256"}
{"text": ", because events can be encoded verbally ( 4 ). speculations about early and late memories harley & reese \u2019 s experiments are strongly suggestive of how excellent verbalization of recollections aid in the continuity of autobiographical memory. but one can \u2019 t help but question whether there are disparities between memories of early life and those of later years. in 1999, tiffany west and patricia j. bauer pioneered a study in which they attempted to characterize the differences between early and late memories. it is known that memory recall for most adults during the first years of life is limited. the few that have remained for recall have strong emotional impact on the individual. these memories, interestingly, are recalled in the third - person, rather than the first - person, perspective. this is most likely due to the fact that recognition of self has not fully developed. as later memories form, the perspective sharply changes to the first person west and bauer, in their research, studied the differences in memory storage in two stages in human development \u2014 from as early as age 5 to as old as age 10 ( 1 ). using the same methods in male and female test subjects, experimental evidence showed that there are few differences between early and later memories in both sexes when three variables \u2014 emotion, perceptual information, and perspective \u2014 are accounted for. in two sessions, west and bauer asked male and female students of university of minnesota to report events that they recalled from their childhood. in the first session, students had to report four memories from before the age of seven. in the second session, students were asked to report on memories after the age of seven. both sessions were conducted in one sitting and everyone had one week to complete the reports. it was important for accuracy and details to be accounted for equally. ( 1 ). delineating infantile amnesia memory can be difficult to interpret if the context in which it is described is not understood entirely by another party. in a 2005 study, darryl bruce examined the depth of memory expression in young adults, by focusing in on the nuances between first memory fragments and first event memories. bruce defines memory fragments as isolated memory moments that have no event context and are remembered as images, behaviors, and emotions. first - fragment memories are believed to form earlier in life than first event memories. bruce and his team concluded that the childhood amnesia is gradually supplanted by fragments of early childhood experiences, and not by episodic memories. in bruce \u2019 s experiment, the research team designed a web survey taken by 185", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5143320745384716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cde0a4cc-6ceb-48d0-a53e-1688739c4a4a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.124594"}
{"text": "first event memories. bruce and his team concluded that the childhood amnesia is gradually supplanted by fragments of early childhood experiences, and not by episodic memories. in bruce \u2019 s experiment, the research team designed a web survey taken by 185 students from saint mary \u2019 s university. students were asked to provide information about their lives, in addition to their earliest memories. the students indicated the age at the time the memory had taken place and the corresponding confidence in this approximation. the participants believed that they were younger when they had their earliest fragmental memory. these results are reflected in the calculated mean ages of the participants who had been divided according to the information they were asked to provide. data showed consistency regarding the expected early timeframe of fragmental memory of the participants. results not only showed significant uncertainty in the times when the fragmental memory was estimated to have occurred, but also poorer content quality ( 5 ). autobiographical memories across a wide - age range studies of infantile amnesia frequently examine adult subjects, but few have used adolescent. in a 2005 study conducted by peterson, grant, and boland, memory recollection was investigated in 136 young children and adolescents in the 6 - 19 age range. involvement of parents was crucial, because they provided the facts that would help the researchers attain more accurate results ( 6 ). over several years, researchers visited the homes of the recruited participants to conduct the investigations. each participant had to answer several questions regarding the earliest recollections of their childhood. a parent or guardian provided confirmation of details as needed. if parents believed certain memories were incorrect, that information was discarded. also, if parents believed that certain recollections were based explicitly on photos and videos, those memories were excluded. the research team then developed a scoring system that took into account age of earliest recollections, nature of the event, emotional tone, structure, and social orientation surrounding the memories. children who were between 6 and 9 had earlier memories than older children. in contrast, older children tended to have more emotional memories than younger children, and there were few gender differences across all the children \u2019 s ages ( 6 ). culture and infantile amnesia zola, bruce, harley, reese, and bauer studied different factors that affect infantile amnesia, yet none took into account cultural implications on memory. in 2003, qi wang provided evidence that childhood environment can significantly affect autobiographical memory and infantile amnesia. just as there are different maternal styles of elaborations that affect memory, broader factors such as cultural difference also affect the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47397319286032724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cde0a4cc-6ceb-48d0-a53e-1688739c4a4a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.126343"}
{"text": "cultural implications on memory. in 2003, qi wang provided evidence that childhood environment can significantly affect autobiographical memory and infantile amnesia. just as there are different maternal styles of elaborations that affect memory, broader factors such as cultural difference also affect the degree of memory recall. in his recent cross - cultural study, wang recognized the differences in memory between eastern and western culture groups. wang and his team compiled memory narratives from american and chinese mothers and their three to four year old children. they had asked 154 chinese and american children a series of questions relating to early memories, which they took note of and documented in tape - recordings. on average, caucasians in western nations have a relatively good recollection of events by 3. 5 years in age. asians attained similar levels of recollection as caucasians, but generally after several months after 3. 5 years ( 7 ). not only does the average temporality of earliest memory vary between cultures, but the nature of event recall also seems to be quite different. wang \u2019 s testing of international subjects demonstrated that western childhood memories tended to be self - focused and emotionally detailed, while chinese childhood memories were more generic and not heavily focused on the individual. the results stem from different child - rearing practices and beliefs : western nations tend to place more emphasis on socializing children than eastern nations. this explains why american children provided more emotionally detailed memories than their chinese counterparts. traditionally, chinese families do not introduce social skills until the child reaches 6 years of age. by that age, children are disciplined in societal and filial duties ( 7 ). where the problems lie \u2014 the issue of infantile amnesia factors that are important in autobiographical memory formation are multitudinous and complex. although the multiple studies have different experimental focuses, they collectively show that autobiographical memory is dynamic and is closely related to infantile amnesia. before one can draw conclusions about infantile amnesia, one must first question the validity of autobiographical memory, and thus, the results of the experiments above. stuart zola \u2019 s study is most relevant in resolving the issue, because he addresses the fallacies of memory. we are all susceptible to different kinds of memory distortions. at times, distinguishing between the real and the imagined leads to confusion. such confusion is the result of the dynamism of memory. and so, memory cannot be categorized as a simple, well - understood entity. storage of autobiographical memory, for example, is affected by new events. consequently, certain components of a memory may differ from its original versions, facilitating the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5287378750159397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cde0a4cc-6ceb-48d0-a53e-1688739c4a4a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.130422"}
{"text": ". if all potential errors are set aside and the results are legitimate, then west and bauer \u2019 s discovery of similarities between stages of memory and its implications on autobiographical memory is telling ( 1 ). furthermore, there is a discrepancy between peterson \u2019 s, grant \u2019 s, and boland \u2019 s 2005 results and west \u2019 s and bauer \u2019 s 1999 results, even though both had studied similar subjects and their early and later memories. in the 2005 study, the researchers found that older children \u2019 s memories are likely to follow an articulate narrative form, unlike younger children \u2019 s memories, which likely account for specific moments in time. they then concluded that earliest memories of younger children reflect less elaborative narrative skill, which is quite similar to harley and reese \u2019 s findings in their 1999 study. basically, their results suggested that differences do exist between early and later memories ( 6 ). in many of the studies described above, researchers and participants alike had been reared according to western ideologies and practices. but what implications do their results suggest on a global scale? like suggested earlier about qi wang \u2019 s report, there may be slight flaws in the contemporary theories regarding infantile amnesia because they are rooted primarily in western views, which do not correlate exactly with other cultures. qi wang clearly details the facts about how infantile amnesia is not a standard condition because nurture \u2014 religion, behavioral lessons and expectations, philosophy and politics \u2014 plays a role. autobiographical memory is not only an expression of the individual, but it is also a product of culture. results on infantile amnesia should be considered carefully and with great caution, especially when other cultural standards may play a role ( 7 ). though we now know more about infantile amnesia than ever before, the data is still inconclusive. this is because memory is not simply an object one can place in a pitri dish to observe via a microscope. it has too many possible distortions and too many unaccountable gaps to draw incontestable conclusions. yet still, we cannot allow the unreliability of memory to deter further study and consideration of experimental data such as that of west and bauer \u2019 s 1999 experiment. these studies help us achieve a greater understanding of the elusiveness of memory. we could also learn more about ourselves, since infantile amnesia is tied so closely to autobiographical memory. we understand some of the neurological, cognitive, social, and cultural factors that explain why almost every human being has so few recollections of the first years of their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5539963644702234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cde0a4cc-6ceb-48d0-a53e-1688739c4a4a>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.168750"}
{"text": "more about ourselves, since infantile amnesia is tied so closely to autobiographical memory. we understand some of the neurological, cognitive, social, and cultural factors that explain why almost every human being has so few recollections of the first years of their lives, but we need to explore the issue further. our scrapbooks still contain missing pages, but with more carefully conducted experiments, we will be able to reconstruct our pasts and live for a more enlightened future. 1. t. a. west, p. j. bauer, memory. 7, 3 ( 1999 ). 2. j. e. zull, the art of changing the brain : enriching the practice of teaching by exploring the biology of learning, stylus publishing, sterling, 2002, p. 81. 3. s. zola, clinical psychology review. 18, 8 ( 1998 ). 4. k. harley, e. reese, developmental psychology. 35, 5 ( 1999 ). 5. d. bruce, memory & cognition. 33, 4 ( 2005 ). 6. c. peterson, v. v. grant, l. d. boland, memory, 13, 6 ( 2005 ). 7. q. wang, memory. 11, 1 ( 2003 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5069505166760173, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cde0a4cc-6ceb-48d0-a53e-1688739c4a4a>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.179478"}
{"text": "growing up on black mesa in northeast arizona on the navajo nation, we often lived like nomads, following our sheep. as a child, i wasn \u2019 t aware that other people in america stayed put, living in one place. whenever i returned home from boarding school during a break, i \u2019 d often find my family living somewhere new on the mesa. i have distinct memories of one particular camp, tsenitaahotsoh, which in navajo means \u201c the green grass at the base of the rock. \u201d i would get up before sunrise and take our sheep to a seep there to drink, because right around 4 a. m., pools of water would miraculously appear on the dry arroyo bed. then when the sun came up a few hours later, the seeps would disappear. our livelihoods depended on those springs, and i remember moving with our herds to follow the water all the way through my high school years, until i left for college in 1987. i returned home 10 years later, university degree in hand, ready to take my place as a productive member of my community. but as i began building my home at tsenitaahotsoh, i discovered that the seeps had vanished, not just with the rising sun each day, but for good. in fact, the springs at all of the camps from my childhood were drying up. over 20 years, the natural economy of my ancestors had disappeared. the navajo aquifer is the only source of drinking water for 50, 000 native people and 14 communities on black mesa. navajo and hopi people who live on the plateau have relied on the aquifer for generations. it is more than a thousand feet deep, and it provides some of the cleanest water in the southwest when it emerges as seeps on the surface. what has happened to this precious resource that sustained so many hardworking locals for so long, allowing them to make their living in a challenging landscape? the answer isn \u2019 t hard to find on black mesa ; it is the 2, 250 - megawatt navajo generating station near grand canyon national park. decades ago, when the $ 5 billion central arizona project needed power to push colorado river water uphill over 300 miles of canals from western arizona to phoenix and tucson, the u. s. government approached the navajo nation. what would we get in return? a coal - fired power plant on the reservation if the tribe waived its rights to the upper basin colorado river for 50 years. my community on black mesa would strip mine and sell the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43879888536044265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1aa31b0a-34b0-4660-8487-7ab5f346b073>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.194878"}
{"text": ". government approached the navajo nation. what would we get in return? a coal - fired power plant on the reservation if the tribe waived its rights to the upper basin colorado river for 50 years. my community on black mesa would strip mine and sell the coal, and the u. s. bureau of reclamation would receive cheap \u201c indian \u201d energy to subsidize its operation of one of the largest, and costliest, publicly funded water works and energy projects in u. s. history. central and southern arizona benefitted most from the low - cost electricity and the subsidized water ; meanwhile, the aquifer suffered. from 1971 to 2005, the coal industry removed water from the navajo aquifer at the rate of 4, 000 - 6, 000 acre - feet a year, more than three times the aquifer \u2019 s known ability to recharge. since 2005, the peabody mining company has decreased its use to less than 2, 000 acre - feet a year, but that is still more than 13 million gallons a year for an area that gets less than 8 inches of annual rainfall. the name \u201c navajo generating station \u201d gives the impression that navajos own the plant. that \u2019 s not true. the tribe has an interest in it, but the largest share belongs to the u. s. government. the navajo nation receives some revenue and jobs from the coal operations, but at a heavy price. air pollution from the plant hurts public health, and the mining and coal - ash waste disposal damage water quality. about four decades ago, the decision was made at a crossroads in arizona history to build a coal plant to power the central arizona project canal pumps. now we are at another crossroads : leases for coal operations are up soon, and the navajo generating station faces huge costs to deal with pollution and update an outdated facility. today, we can chart a new path. we know the devastation to our water that comes with coal. today, we have the technology to harness our region \u2019 s stunning solar resources instead. that \u2019 s enough energy to power the canal pumps, and more. having had the privilege of seeing the land as the creator left it for us, i know that the wise management of the basic elements of life \u2013 land, air, water and the sun \u2013 are necessary if we are to fulfill our responsibility to ensure a decent quality of life for the next generation. it \u2019 s time for the u. s. government to divest from the navajo generating station and start building commercial - scale renewable energy projects on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.440896619158168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1aa31b0a-34b0-4660-8487-7ab5f346b073>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.197263"}
{"text": "| air toxics : mercury & power plants | | the epa exempted power plants from clean air act regulations, even though these power plants emit into the air tons of mercury and other toxins - - known threats to human health. in february 2008, a federal appeals court ruled that the epa did not have the authority to exempt the power plants. | greenhouse gases & global warming | | the environmental protection agency has taken the position that it will not regulate carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases as \" pollutants \" under the clean air act. earthjustice challenged that position in court, on behalf of sierra club. on april 2, 2007, the u. s. supreme court said that the clean air act does give the epa the authority to regulate these emissions from cars. | | eight - hour ozone standards | | on april 30, 2004, the environmental protection agency released final rules to control smog. unfortunately, the rules fall well short of what public health and the law require. an earthjustice suit is pending in federal court. | | power plant threat in yellowstone | | the government blessed a new coal - fired power plant planned for central montana that would pollute the air over yellowstone and other clean - air places despite objections from the national park service and the fish and wildlife service. earthjustice challenged the plant in court, the government withdrew the approval, and the case was dismissed. | | wolverines : legal protection needed | | the wolverine is generally intolerant of human disturbance in its habitat. its presence in a area signifies untrammeled, uncompromised wilderness. this lawsuit asked a federal court to overturn the u. s. fish and wildlife service ' s refusal to consider new legal protections for the wolverine. in october 2006, a federal judged ruled that the fws wrongly rejected scientific information regarding the wolverine that \" shows a dramatic loss in range, the tangible decrease in population with the commensurate threat of genetic isolation of subpopulations, and the threat posed by human encroachment on wolverines. \" tens of thousands of communication towers dot landscapes across the country. in texas alone, there are over 10, 000 of these towers ; the fcc receives approximately 20 - 25 new applications for tower construction each month. these towers pose a significant threat to endangered bird species, especially migratory birds. this filing sought to compel the fcc to revise its rulemaking and consider the impacts within an environmental impact study that a new tower may pose. in february 2008, a federal appeals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4273510810771125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a9d6679-7c07-4319-8a9a-96b89adbf457>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.205410"}
{"text": "pose a significant threat to endangered bird species, especially migratory birds. this filing sought to compel the fcc to revise its rulemaking and consider the impacts within an environmental impact study that a new tower may pose. in february 2008, a federal appeals court ruled that the fcc did not follow the law to carefully consider the possible adverse effects to migratory birds when it issues permits for towers. otero mesa is a desert grassland in new mexico that provides habitat for several federally protected species. conservationists and the state of new mexico want to protect the most sensitive areas, while the bush administration wanted to throw it all open to oil and gas development. on april 28, 2009, the 10th circuit court of appeals issued a decision invalidating the bush administration drilling plan for otero mesa. | air toxics : enforcing deadlines | | lawsuits to compel epa to create overdue regulations to control air toxic emissions and protect public health | | air toxics : challenging weak standards | | earthjustice has filed several suits to force epa to establish more effective regulations for key industrial categories | | appeals reform act | | the bush administration has put forward new regulations that would eliminate the right of ordinary citizens to participate in the management of their nation ' s forests. earthjustice has challenged the regulations in court. | | pesticide impacts on salmon & steelhead | | back to court to force epa to abide by court order. | | coastal cutthroat listing | | cutthroat trout that live in coastal rivers in the pacific northwest and california have declined sharply owing primarily to habitat destruction, but the fish and wildlife service refuses to protect them. a lawsuit aims to rectify that dire situation. | | columbia river hydropower reform | | a combination of dams, diversions, pollution, and other factors has reduced the populations of wild salmon in the watershed of the columbia to a tiny fraction of their historic size. earthjustice is involved in several lawsuits aimed at restoring the salmon and making the river more hospitable to them. | | smog in the nation ' s capital | | the environmental protection agency has repeatedly approved inadequate plans to impove air quality in the nation ' s capital and earthjustice has repeatedly filed suit to force the agency to obey the law. the agency - - and the city - - are stubborn, however, and the case goes on. | | nfma rule challenge | | a 1976 law requires the forest service to protect wildlife on the national forests and allow citizens to participate in management decisions. the bush", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45992537142490086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a9d6679-7c07-4319-8a9a-96b89adbf457>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.206985"}
{"text": "- plastics production produces 14 percent of toxic air emissions in the u. s., and each plant emits an average of 300 - 500 gallons of contaminated wastewater per minute. ( it \u2019 s easy being green book ) - 100 million plastic bottles dumped in us every year. each bottle will take over 1, 000 years to biodegrade. ( sigg ) - bpa ( a plastic hardening agent prevalent in bottles, cups and lined tin cans ) is so prevalent in food packaging and other consumer items that prior research has detected its presence in at least 90 % of americans. a group of 20 san francisco residents had 66 % less bpa in their urine after three days on a diet of fresh, organic and unpackaged food, scientists found. ( silent spring institute ) - 500 billion plastic bags or wraps are thrown away in america each year and are created with 12 million barrels of oil. ( droptheplasticbag. org ) find out the facts about plastic for yourself with these resources ; plastic disclosure is a great website that offers facts and information about the harmful effects of plastic. greenbiz released this article a few weeks ago about the plastic use in corporations. new york times released this article on the issue of plastic and waste if you want a more lighthearted approach, view the movie bag it, that was released early in 2011. it discusses all the issues with plastic. for a review, go to this blog entry.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43641036775192427, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a96799b0-f6b1-467d-813d-4a3732eb9ff2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.209193"}
{"text": "these collections contain over 80, 000 rare books, magazines and government publications from the 1600s to the 1940s. this rare collection of documentary heritage will be of interest to scholars, genealogists, history buffs and anyone who enjoys reading about canada ' s early days. the early canadiana online collection of rare books, magazines and government publications has over 80, 000 titles ( 3, 500, 000 pages ) and is growing. the collection includes material published from the time of the first european settlers to the first four decades of the 20th century. you will find books written in 21 languages including french, english, 10 first nations languages and several european languages, latin and greek. the early canadian periodicals collection includes over 1, 000 magazines, totaling over 65, 000 issues. it covers a wide range of topics such as political satire, agriculture, religion, medicine and health, as well as many men \u2019 s, women \u2019 s and children \u2019 s popular magazines. this collection even includes the first magazine ever published in canada, the nova scotia magazine ( 1789 - 1792 ). it offers a remarkable record of the development of thought and opinion on diverse issues of the nation in its formative years. many of canada ' s initial prominent poets, novelists, scientists and great minds were first known through their works published in these magazines. they give an entertaining window into society and individual lives of the early canadians with their stories, articles, advertisements, cartoons, drawings and photographs. browse this collection \u00bb this online collection consists of 60 publications focused on the lives of the early governors general of canada. browse this collection \u00bb the early official publications collection includes over 1. 5 million digitized pages of historical pre - 1901 colonial and federal government documents. this collection includes government acts, bills, committee reports, court rules, debates, journals, ordinances, a selection of official publications from france and great britain, sessional papers, regulations, royal commission reports, and treaties. browse this collection \u00bb this collection of 875 works includes fiction, drama, songs, and poetry, as well as biography, travel literature and exploration accounts. it is comprised of books published from 1697 to 1900, and from a variety of countries ( canada, united kingdom, united states, switzerland ). browse this collection \u00bb this collection of periodicals and books relates to the field of health and medicine and covers almost 100 years of medical thought, news, practice and research in canada. here you will find writings on : public health, human anatomy, promotion of health, pharmacology, diet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36813120985979264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be6595ab-2e66-4abf-acae-d1a21986bfdf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.215149"}
{"text": "and books relates to the field of health and medicine and covers almost 100 years of medical thought, news, practice and research in canada. here you will find writings on : public health, human anatomy, promotion of health, pharmacology, diet, physical fitness, dentistry, surgery, obstetrics, childbirth, pediatrics, etc. browse this collection \u00bb the 732 french language books in this collection relate to the history of french settlement and french culture in canada. in the collection are books published from 1575 to the early 20th century, and from a variety of countries ( canada, france, united kingdom, netherlands ). topics covered include : the discovery and exploration of canada ; religious works, including those of the jesuits ; history of acadia ; first nations settlements ; scholarly writings on the french language ; french canadian songs and poems ; education ; biographies ; geography ; politics ; law ; social life and customs ; commerce, and natural resources. browse this collection \u00bb the hudson ' s bay company ( hbc ) collection consists of 160 titles ( 20, 000 pages ) that detail the rich history of one of the oldest and still active companies in the world. browse this collection \u00bb the jesuit relations is a 73 - volume set of books ( 22, 500 pages ) in the original italian, latin and french with commentary and translation into english by reuben thwaites ( 1853 - 1913 ). most of the relations are annual missionary reports written between 1632 and 1678 by the jesuits in new france for their superiors in france. through their relations, the jesuits provide details of colonial life during the french regime in canada. browse this collection \u00bb this collection of 900 titles relating to canada \u2019 s early first nations peoples was published from 1558 to 1900 in a variety of countries ( canada, germany, switzerland, united kingdom, united states ) and in a variety of languages ( e. g. micmac, iroquois, mohawk, chipewyan, nootka, chinook, ojibwa ). here you will find writings on : customs, folklore, spirituality, history, languages, treaties, battles, biographies, relations with the government, cultural assimilation, education, etc. browse this collection \u00bb this collection of 683 titles consists of the early published writings of canadian women authors, as well as canadian publications written about women or \" women ' s issues \". the collection covers many genres, including memoirs, diaries and collected letters, drama, exploration and travelers ' accounts, printed ephemera, political pamphlets, and much more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46244483568648104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be6595ab-2e66-4abf-acae-d1a21986bfdf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.216325"}
{"text": "people and other living beings depend on natural resources for food, shelter, and protection, as well as for generating energy and all the products we manufacture. with current consumption patterns, people are using these resources at an unsustainable rate. many resources are at risk of becoming depleted. the u. s. has about 5 percent of the world ' s population, but accounts for about 40 percent of the world ' s resources consumption ( u. n. human development report ). if everyone lived like the average north american, the combined \" ecological footprint \" \u2014 the land and resources needed to support humanity \u2014 would be at least five earths. developed nations have by far the biggest global impact, but developing nations also experience strain on local environments and their limited resources. fossil fuels, groundwater, forests, minerals, cropland soils, marine fisheries, and other natural resources are being depleted much more quickly than they can be replenished. resources are also under pressure for other reasons, such as climate change leading to the melting of the himalayan glaciers that are the source of major asian rivers. as resources dwindle, the likelihood of resource wars increases ( shah, \" human population \" ). we are living well beyond the earth ' s carrying capacity, a measure of the number of people and the kinds of activities that the environment can sustain indefinitely. overconsumption \u2014 taking more than than the earth can provide \u2014 is threatening sustainability. schooling for sustainability includes everything from learning from the school ' s efforts to conserve resources to studying the global patterns that tax the planet ' s capacity. references cited in this article may be found in \" references \" in the resources page of our website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4912625898485605, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e8d5e4d-a641-4ff5-aede-f7d38374f40b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.218468"}
{"text": "- emergency contacts - current weather conditions - iwatch suspicious activity reporting - la emergencies and threats - hazards awareness map - monthly bulletin - publications and references - get prepared - just for kids - en espanol - partners in preparedness - homeland security - emergency plans and annexes - training and exercises - family readiness - community readiness - neighborhood disaster planning - business readiness - hazard mitigation la emergencies and threats los angeles is prone to 13 of 16 possible federally - identified natural and man - made threats. los angeles is particularly vulnerable to the destructive affects wildfires, flooding, mudslides and earthquakes. because of the many threats that los angeles faces, the importance of readiness as a city and for residents cannot be overstated. part of disaster preparedness is being aware of the kinds of hazards and disasters you might be subject to living in as a los angeles resident. here \u2019 s a list. back to top the federal emergency management agency places california in the \u201c very high risk \u201d category for earthquakes. in fact, california experiences the most frequent damaging earthquakes ; however, alaska experiences the greatest number of large earthquakes \u2014 most of which are located in uninhabited areas. the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ) is the leading agency that provides the public and policymakers with a clear understanding of natural hazards and provides comprehensive real - time earthquake monitoring. the many fault systems running throughout the los angeles area can lead to earthquakes of all types and sizes. many of the buildings have been retrofitted to withstand severe shaking, but you could still face many hazards and dangers. \u2022 southern california has about 10, 000 earthquakes each year, though most are so small that they are never felt. \u2022 large earthquakes create an aftershock sequence that can produce additional earthquakes for many months. \u2022 earthquakes can occur in cold, hot, rainy or dry weather ; there is no such thing as \u201c earthquake weather. \u201d \u2022 the san andreas fault zone stretches for 800 miles. \u2022 most earthquakes occur less than 50 miles below the earth \u2019 s surface. \u2022 only four states - florida, iowa, north dakota and wisconsin - have not had earthquakes in the past 30 years. back to top fire is extremely powerful. in less than 30 seconds, small flames can race out of control, with temperatures reaching 600 degrees. the heat and poisonous gases from fires can be more deadly than the flames. here in the los angeles area, wildfires, as well as residential or structural fires, are part of our everyday lives. that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s important to have a familiar plan, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3912698899792765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7e04320-e03f-4fbb-9a3f-a6bf276bc6b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.237926"}
{"text": "from fires can be more deadly than the flames. here in the los angeles area, wildfires, as well as residential or structural fires, are part of our everyday lives. that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s important to have a familiar plan, in case a fire should occur. residential fires are the third - leading cause of accidental death in the home, with yearly property losses reaching billions of dollars. cooking, careless smoking, arson and faulty heating are often the cause of fires in the home. many fire - related deaths and damages are avoidable with a proper smoke alarm system or residential sprinklers. check the smoke alarms in your home every few months to make sure they are working properly. one of the most important functions for the los angeles fire department ( lafd ) is fire prevention. this includes both enforcement and education programs. lafd inspectors work with homeowners and business executives to ensure that the lafd fire code is followed. these programs have a proven track record relative to reducing the losses from fire. unpredictable wind conditions in los angeles can cause dense brush and dry hillsides and canyons. these areas are prone to bursting quickly into flames, starting deadly wildfires that are also known as brush fires. these fires can move at incredible speeds and their heat can quickly rise to thousands of degrees. one of the best ways to keep these fires a safe distance from your home is to make sure that nearby brush is cleared away, according to city and county regulations. all homes should be equipped with properly maintained smoke detectors and a fire extinguisher that you have been trained to use. \u2022 each year, fire kills more americans than all other natural disasters combined. \u2022 careless smoking is the leading cause of fire - related deaths. \u2022 cooking is the major cause of home fires in the u. s. \u2022 about 2 million fires are reported each year, though thousands more go unreported. \u2022 wildfires are most common in the summer, fall and during droughts when branches, leaves and other materials dry out, leaving them susceptible to earily catching fire. severe weather and flooding | back to top los angeles is a semi - desert area of mountains, canyons, ravines and vast basins. this can create problems when major thunderstorms, high winds and other bad weather strike. flooding can quickly occur in the mountain passes and valleys, and mudslides are common on hillsides with very little vegetation. southern california \u2019 s dry rivers, creek beds and deep slot canyons can be especially dangerous for those caught", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39413133423203706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7e04320-e03f-4fbb-9a3f-a6bf276bc6b9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.239371"}
{"text": "bad weather strike. flooding can quickly occur in the mountain passes and valleys, and mudslides are common on hillsides with very little vegetation. southern california \u2019 s dry rivers, creek beds and deep slot canyons can be especially dangerous for those caught by a rapidly moving flash flood. \u2022 floods can occur at any time, though many happen after heavy spring rains, tropical storms and the melting of winter snow. \u2022 just six inches of rapidly moving flood water can knock a person down. \u2022 it only takes two feet of water to float a large vehicle. \u2022 floods can be slow or fast rising but most develop over a period of days. \u2022 mudslides can easily travel faster than 10 miles per hour \u2022 flash floods can turn a calm landscape into a raging river in a matter of minutes. \u2022 most flash floods are caused by slow - moving thunderstorms, hurricanes or tropical storms, but also by dam or levee failures. \u2022 flash floods can move boulders, rip out trees, knock down bridges and destroy buildings. \u2022 walls of water, often filled with debris, can reach up to 20 feet. \u2022 if you receive a warning or are caught in a flash flood, move immediately to higher ground. | back to top the blazing sun can become incredibly hot in los angeles, especially during summer days. even indoors, temperatures can be just as uncomfortable if you don ' t have air conditioning or strong fans blowing cool air. for most of us, it \u2019 s unpleasant. for others, it can be deadly. \u2022 approximately 400 people die in the u. s. each year from weather - related heat, and many more die from health conditions made worse by the rising temperatures. \u2022 those at greatest risk for heat - related illness include infants and small children, the elderly, people who are overweight and those who take certain medications. \u2022 during hot weather, people should drink a lot of liquid \u2013 up to four 16 - ounce glasses per hour if exercising in the heat. \u2022 drinking alcoholic beverages in unusually hot weather can lead to heat - related illnesses. | back to top heavy snowfall and extreme cold can immobilize an entire region. even areas that normally experience mild winters can be hit with a major snowstorm or freezing temperatures. winter storms can result in flooding, storm surge, closed highways, blocked roads and downed power lines. weather of this nature can also cause hypothermia. while southern california is usually warm and sunny, temperatures in our nearby mountains and even the deserts can drop dramatically. without proper heating, some homes within the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4400445528764346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7e04320-e03f-4fbb-9a3f-a6bf276bc6b9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.240589"}
{"text": "blocked roads and downed power lines. weather of this nature can also cause hypothermia. while southern california is usually warm and sunny, temperatures in our nearby mountains and even the deserts can drop dramatically. without proper heating, some homes within the city can become dangerously cold in the winter, especially for the ill and elderly. when it comes to cold weather, below are some quick facts that will keep you informed and prepared : \u2022 extreme cold can cause the body \u2019 s temperature to lower dramatically, causing hypothermia and even death. stay warm with extra clothing and blankets. \u2022 space heaters can cause fires during winter and should be kept at least three feet from drapes and furniture. \u2022 areas with the mildest winters normally have higher death rates from cold than those with colder winters, primarily because people do not prepare properly and they have poor information. | back to top general erosion, heavy rains and other factors help to cause landslides. most common during severe storms, earthquakes, volcanoes and wildfires, landslides can cause injury or even death. debris and mud flows, ( which are rivers of rock, earth and other debris saturated with water ) can occur following heavy rain. they develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground, during heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt, changing the earth into a flowing river of mud or \u201c slurry, \u201d a thick fluid that often results from such conditions. they can flow rapidly, striking with little or no warning at avalanche speeds. the ground moves very quickly during a landslide. even if it \u2019 s not directly underneath or above you, it can quickly affect any area close by. they also can travel several miles from their source, growing in size as they pick up trees, boulders, cars, and other materials. \u2022 landslides occur in all 50 states of the u. s., though the most common areas are those with mountainous terrain such as california. \u2022 landslides in this country result in costs of more than $ 4 billion annually. \u2022 between 25 and 50 people are killed by landslides in the u. s. each year. \u2022 landslides cause tremendous damage to the natural environment and also impact agricultural productivity. \u2022 one of southern california \u2019 s best - known landslides in recent history occurred on march 4, 1995, in la conchita, california, along the ventura county coast. \u2022 landslides can be activated by human factors such as deforestation ( removal of trees and vegetations ), poor irrigation, water leakage from utilities, mining activities, improper excavation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4770910058281612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7e04320-e03f-4fbb-9a3f-a6bf276bc6b9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.241720"}
{"text": "in la conchita, california, along the ventura county coast. \u2022 landslides can be activated by human factors such as deforestation ( removal of trees and vegetations ), poor irrigation, water leakage from utilities, mining activities, improper excavation of a slope and hillside construction, among others. | back to top hurricanes are powerful tropical storms that form in the southern atlantic ocean, caribbean sea, gulf of mexico and the eastern pacific ocean. they carry high winds and heavy rain that can be dangerous. powered by heat from the sea, they are steered erratically by the easterly trade winds and the temperate westerly winds, as well as by their own energy. as they move ashore, they bring with them a storm surge of ocean water along the coastline, high winds, tornadoes, torrential rains and flooding. many of these remain over the ocean with little or no impact on the continental united states. however, about five hurricanes strike the united states coastline every three years. of these five, two will be major hurricanes measuring a category 3 or higher ( defined as having winds above 111 miles per hour ) on the saffir - simpson scale. these storms can end up costing our nation millions, if not billions, of dollars in damages. it is important to follow the course of the storm to know whether to evacuate or remain inside to wait for it to pass. here are a few facts you should know. \u2022 hurricanes feature severe winds of at least 74 miles per hour, usually accompanied by heavy rains. this powerful combination can damage buildings, trees and cars. \u2022 a hurricane can extend for hundreds of miles across, from end to end. \u2022 the official hurricane season runs from june 1 to nov. 30, but these storms can occur at any time of the year. \u2022 when a hurricane hits land, its wind speed usually weakens, but the resulting storm surge can raise ocean levels by several feet. \u2022 the worst hurricane in u. s. history roared across galveston island, tx., on september 8, 1900, killing 8, 000 people. | back to top a tornado can destroy an entire neighborhood in a matter of seconds. its spinning, funnel - shaped cloud extends up from the ground with winds that can flatten houses, commercial buildings and telephone lines. while tornados are most like to occur in southern states, they can occur in california. the last reported tornado to hit california occurred in 2004 in inglewood, ca. it ripped off a roof, snapped trees and damaged vehicles. \u2022 whirling tornado winds can reach 300 miles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4285343301745078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7e04320-e03f-4fbb-9a3f-a6bf276bc6b9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.244314"}
{"text": "to occur in southern states, they can occur in california. the last reported tornado to hit california occurred in 2004 in inglewood, ca. it ripped off a roof, snapped trees and damaged vehicles. \u2022 whirling tornado winds can reach 300 miles per hour. \u2022 the storm \u2019 s path of damage can extend one mile wide and up to 50 miles long. \u2022 tornados normally appear near the trailing edge of a thunderstorm, so it is not unusual to see clear blue skies behind a tornado. \u2022 tornados known as waterspouts can form over large bodies of water. \u2022 peak tornado season is from march through may in the southern states, and from late spring to early summer in the northern states. | back to top tsunamis ( pronounced soo - na - mees ), also known as seismic sea waves ( mistakenly called \u201c tidal waves \u201d ), are a series of enormous waves created by an underwater disturbance such as an earthquake, landslide, volcanic eruption or meteorite. a tsunami can move hundreds of miles per hour in the open ocean and smash into land with waves as high as 100 feet or more. those that strike in the pacific ocean basin are normally caused by large earthquakes. drowning is the most common cause of death associated with a tsunami. though tsunamis are rare in our region, they can be extremely deadly. while we have not had a tsunami in los angeles, a tsunami warning was issued for the coastline beaches in 2009 following the samoan earthquake, in 2010 following the chilean earthquake and in 2011 following the earthquake in japan. \u2022 a tsunami includes a series of waves, sometimes increasing in size. \u2022 tsunamis can move at a very fast rate of speed. \u2022 sometimes a tsunami causes water near the shore to recede initially, exposing the ocean floor. \u2022 tsunami wave activity can move boats and other large debris hundreds of feet inland and demolish houses. \u2022 tsunami danger can last for several hours after the first wave hits. \u2022 the indian ocean tsunami in 2004 killed more than 150, 000 people and left millions homeless. | back to top terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the united states. the purpose of these acts are typically intimidation, coercion or ransom. terrorists often use threats to : \u2022 create fear among the public \u2022 try to convince citizens that their government is powerless to prevent the violence \u2022 get immediate publicity for their causes acts of terrorism can manifest themselves in the form of assassinations, kidnappings, hijackings, bomb scares and bombings, cyber attacks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4668709339939412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7e04320-e03f-4fbb-9a3f-a6bf276bc6b9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.245470"}
{"text": "the public \u2022 try to convince citizens that their government is powerless to prevent the violence \u2022 get immediate publicity for their causes acts of terrorism can manifest themselves in the form of assassinations, kidnappings, hijackings, bomb scares and bombings, cyber attacks ( computer - based crimes ), the use of chemical, biological, nuclear and radiological weapons and threats of terrorism itself. effective april 2011, the national terrorism advisory system ( ntas ), replaced the color - coded homeland security advisory system ( hsas ). this new system will more effectively communicate information about terrorist threats by providing timely, detailed information to the public, government agencies, first responders, the private sector and airports and other transportation hubs. the ntas recognizes that americans all share responsibility for the nation ' s security, and should always be aware of the heightened risk of a terrorist attack in the united states and what they should do. the new alert system starts with the premise that the u. s. is at an elevated risk for attack. if intelligence officials determine that the threat rises above that baseline, the public will be notified that there is an elevated risk of attack using facebook, twitter or through email subscriber alerts. register for alerts and get more information about how this new system will operate at www. dhs. gov / files / programs / ntas. shtm. there you will also find : \u2022 ntas public guide \u2022 ntas frequently asked questions \u2022 sample ntas alert | back to top cybercrime is committed against network communications devices such as the internet, a telephone line or mobile network. these hackers and spammers use computer viruses and other elaborate tactics that affect everything from personal computers to huge corporate and government network systems. cybercrime is a criminal activity committed on the internet. this is a broad term that describes everything from electronic hacking to computer attacks that cause electronic commerce sites to lose money. cybercrimes can be basically divided into three major categories : 1. cybercrimes against persons : these include various crimes such as the transmission of child - pornography and the harassment of an individual with the use of a computer, such as via email. the trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography and indecent exposure, constitutes one of the most important cybercrimes known today 2. cybercrimes against property : crimes include computer vandalism and the transmission of harmful programs. 3. cybercrimes against government : these are crimes committed by individuals and groups to threaten international governments and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5141806435663422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7e04320-e03f-4fbb-9a3f-a6bf276bc6b9>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.246660"}
{"text": "cybercrimes known today 2. cybercrimes against property : crimes include computer vandalism and the transmission of harmful programs. 3. cybercrimes against government : these are crimes committed by individuals and groups to threaten international governments and subsiquently terrorize the citizens of a country. this crime manifests itself into terrorism when an individual breaks into a government or military - maintained website. | back to t public health threats are events and disasters that spread in communities through the air, water supply and food chain and can also spread following human and animal contact. public health threats are caused by disease outbreaks, natural disasters, hazardous accidents and terrorist attacks. there are also many things in our environment that can be harmful such as chemicals, fumes, viruses and bacteria. however, when these substances reach a threshold considered unsafe, they become urgent public health threats. in these cases, the los angeles county department of public health will issue an advisory instructing residents of steps and precautions they can take to protect their health and safety. visit their site at www. publichealth. lacounty. gov. | back to top hazardous materials can be found in our homes, stores, hospitals and gas stations. they are routinely transported by trucks on local streets and highways. consequently, there is always the possibility of an accident occuring. when accidents or small hazardous spills occur on our highways, these incidents can cause the public traffic delays. in the event of a major spill resulting in a chemical emergency, authorities will instruct you on the best course of action. be sure to listen to media reports for instructions. when incidents occur in the home, seek medical attention as soon as possible. the los angeles county department of public health has a poison control hotline at ( 800 ) 222 - 1222 if you have specific questions about hazardous substances in the home.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.525771462067117, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7e04320-e03f-4fbb-9a3f-a6bf276bc6b9>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.247540"}
{"text": "a - level english / wise children / past paper questions past paper questions on wise children ( aqa ) short questions - examine the ways carter uses ideas about time, youth and age in the novel. - explore carter ' s use of shakespeare in the novel - what purpose does peregrine serve in the novel? - who do you consider to be wise children?. - consider the presentation and importance of shakespeare in ' wise children. - consider the importance of melchior and the way in which carter presents this character. - explore the way carter uses the theme of fathers and daughters in the novel. - how appropriate do you find this extract as the opening of the novel? you should consider the subject matter and style. - examine the ways carter presents the theme of what of what dora calls the \u201c wrong side of the tracks \u201d. - consider the importance and presentation of perry in the novel. - examine carter \u2019 s use of doubles in the novel. - examine how carter presents parents and children in the novel - explore the ways in which the theme of illusion is presented in wise children longer, quotation - based questions - using the following extract as a starting point, consider the ways carter presents the characters of lady atalanta, imogen and saskia. all in good time i shall reveal to you how it has come to pass that we inherited, in her dotage and, come to that, in ours, the first wife of our illegitimate father. suffice to say that nobody else would have her. least of all her own two daughters. bloody cows. ' the lovely hazard girls ', they used to call them. huh. lovely is as lovely does ; if they looked like what they behave like, they ' d frighten little children. we ' ve been storing wheelchair in the basement for well - nigh thirty years. we ' ve got quite attached to her. earlier on, nora used to take her out shopping, give her some fresh air and that, until she nearly starts a riot, she says to the bloke at the salad stall : ' have you got anything in the shape of a cucumber, my good fellow? ' after that, we had to keep her home for her own sake. sometimes she goes on a bit, on and on, on and on and bloody on, in fact, worrying away at how melchior took the best years of her life then deserted her for a hollywood harlot - his number two bride - and how the ' lovely hazard girls ' did her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45563985131101414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22be86e1-c50a-4716-8cd9-d09acb4447d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.257483"}
{"text": ", on and on and bloody on, in fact, worrying away at how melchior took the best years of her life then deserted her for a hollywood harlot - his number two bride - and how the ' lovely hazard girls ' did her out of all her money and how she fell downstairs and can never walk again and on and on and on and on until you want to throw a blanket over her, like you do to shut up a parrot. but there ' s not a scrap of harm in her and, besides, we owe her one from way back. - using the following extract as a starting point, consider carter ' s presentation of family conflicts and disappointments in the novel. he watched expectantly as they tore off the wrappings. the boxes were of metal, it turned out, with little holes drilled in the top. curiouser and curiouser. imogen got hers open first, peered in, then gave a little scream and dropped it. saskia looked at hers and said : ' good god! ' inside each box was a little nest of leaves and, inside the nest, a caterpillar. ' named after you, ' said peregrine. ' saskia hazard. imogen hazard. two of the most beautiful butterflies in all the rainforest. you ' ll go down in all the textbooks. as long as people love butterflies, your names will be on their lips, you ' ll have a kind of beautiful eternity. they are rare species, just like you both. ' saskia and imogen stared blankly at their boxes. no doubt they ' d hoped for a little oil well each. ' is that all? ' said imogen. she poked the caterpillar with her fork. it did not stir. ' i think mine ' s dead, ' she said. saskia snapped her box shut and dropped it on the table. ' thanks a lot, ' she said, with heavy irony. - how typical is this extract of dora ' s reaction to her experiences throughout the novel? and my heart stood still, i was seventeen again, i was a virgin powdering my nose with beating heart, for there was lilac, lilac everywhere. in bowls in jars in cornucopias. white lilac, the evening ' s floral theme. i was all misty because of the smell of lilac as we processed in the long line towards where our father was receiving in an alcove, seated on a sort of throne. he wasn \u2019 t wearing a monkey suit or tails unlike", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3797438811520983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22be86e1-c50a-4716-8cd9-d09acb4447d9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.258819"}
{"text": "theme. i was all misty because of the smell of lilac as we processed in the long line towards where our father was receiving in an alcove, seated on a sort of throne. he wasn \u2019 t wearing a monkey suit or tails unlike most of his gusts, but had on a rather majestic and heavily embroidered purple caftan. i thought, colostomy ; but that caftan made a lovely contrast to his longish, pewter coloured hair, still thick and heavy. there were rings on his fingers, like a king, or a pope, and a big gold medallion around his neck. he looked regal but festive. my heart gave a thump and the beat started to speed up. we waited patiently in line to wish him ' happy birthday ', standing in line between a theatrical knight and a tv presenter who babbled insanities at one another across us which pissed us off, but we decided to tolerate the invisibility of old ladies - note that, even dressed up like four penny ham - bones, our age and gender still rendered us invisible - because it was special occasion, although as a general rule, we debate invisibility hotly. i snatched at the champagne a couple of times as it waltzed past i was bloody nervous, i can tell you. - using the following extract as a starting point, consider the ways in which carter uses grandma chance and kitty in the novel. nine months later, her heart gave out when we were born. apart from that i don ' t know anything about her. we don ' t even know what she looked like, there isn ' t a picture. she was called kitty, like a little stray cat. fatherless, motherless. perhaps mrs. chance ' s house was even a haven to her, in spite of the stairs - she must have run up and down the stairs twenty times a day, thirty times a day. and the grates to be leaded, the front steps to be scoured. not that mrs chance was what the french called exigeante. she didn \u2019 t run the fanciest boarding house in brixton, it barely managed to cling to respectability by the skin of its teeth, and you could have said the same of her. there were boston ferns, in green glazed pots, on stands, and turkey rugs, but the whole place never looked plausible. it looked like the staged set of a theatrical boarding house, as if grandma had done it up to suit a role she \u2019 d chosen on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4926245375130631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22be86e1-c50a-4716-8cd9-d09acb4447d9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.261613"}
{"text": ", in green glazed pots, on stands, and turkey rugs, but the whole place never looked plausible. it looked like the staged set of a theatrical boarding house, as if grandma had done it up to suit a role she \u2019 d chosen on purpose. she was a mystery was mrs. chance. - the following is the ending of wise children. how appropriate do you find it as the conclusion to the novel? the window on the second - floor front window of 41 bard road went up, a head came out. dreadlocks. that rastafarian. \u2018 you two, again, \u2019 he said. \u2018 have a heart! \u2019 we said. \u2018 we \u2019 ve got something to celebrate, tonight! \u2019 \u2018 well, you just watch it, in case a squad car comes by, \u2019 he said. \u2018 drunk in charge of a baby carriage at your age. \u2019 we \u2019 d got so many songs to sing to our babies, all the old songs, that we didn \u2019 t pay him any attention. \u2018 gee, we \u2019 d like to see you looking swell, babies! \u2019 and the hazard theme song, \u2018 is you is or is you ain \u2019 t \u2019. then there were songs from the show that nobody else remembers. \u2018 2b or not 2b \u2019, \u2018 hey nonny bloody no \u2019, \u2018 mistress mine \u2019, and broadway tunes and paper moons, and lilacs in the spring, again. we went on dancing and singing. \u2018 diamond bracelets woolworths doesn \u2019 t sell. \u2019 besides it was our birthday wasn \u2019 t it, we \u2019 d got to sing the silly song about charlie chaplin and his comedy boots all the kinds were singing and dancing in the street the day we were born. there was singing and dancing all along bard road that day and we \u2019 ll go on singing and dancing until we drop in our tracks, won \u2019 t we kids? what a joy it is to dance and sing. - the following extract is taken from the novel after the fire in melchior \u2019 s house when he believes his father \u2019 s paper crown is lost. using the passage as a starting point, explore how the writer uses the idea of a \u2018 flimsy bit of make - believe \u2019 through the novel. \u2018 my crown, my foolish crown, my paper crown of a king of shreds and patches, \u2019 he lamented. \u2018 the crown my father wore as lear \u2013 to have survived so many deaths, so much heartbreak, so many travels \u2026 and now, gone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4520312496048508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22be86e1-c50a-4716-8cd9-d09acb4447d9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.262590"}
{"text": "my foolish crown, my paper crown of a king of shreds and patches, \u2019 he lamented. \u2018 the crown my father wore as lear \u2013 to have survived so many deaths, so much heartbreak, so many travels \u2026 and now, gone up in smoke! oh, my dear girl, we mummers are such simple folk... superstitious as little children. the fire was welcome to take everything, the frills and furbelows, the toys and the gewgaws, the oil paintings, the cloisonne, the elizabethan oak.... but, oh, my crown! that cardboard crown, with the gold paint peeling off. do you know, can you guess, my dear, how much it meant to me? more than wealth, or fame, or women, or children... \u2019 i \u2019 d better believe that, what he said about children. i was amazed to see him so much moved, and on account of what? a flimsy piece of make - believe. a nothing. \u2018 what shall i do without my crown? othello \u2019 s occupation gone! \u2019 - remind yourself of the following extract which describes the set of the film of a midsummer night \u2019 s dream. using the extract below as a starting point, consider the importance of the film - making episode in the novel. the wood near athens covered an entire stage and was so thickly art - directed it came up all black in the rushes, couldn \u2019 t see a thing, so they spayed it in parts with silver paint to lighten it up. the concept of this wood was scaled down to fit the size of fairy folk, so it was all twice as large as life. larger. daisies as big as your head and as white as spook, foxgloves as tall as the tower of pisa that chimed like bells if shook. gnarled, fissured tree - trunks ; sprays of enormous leaves \u2013 oak, ash, thorn, like parasols, or gilder planes, or awnings. bindweed in streamers and conkers, deposited at intervals in heaps on the ground. yes, conkers. all spikes. and rolling around at random underfoot, or stuck on buds, or hanging in mid - air as if they \u2019 d just rolled off a wild rose or out of a cowslip, imitation dewdrops, that is, big faux pearls, suspended on threads. and clockwork birds as well \u2013 thrushes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42934849941889014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22be86e1-c50a-4716-8cd9-d09acb4447d9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.263662"}
{"text": "or hanging in mid - air as if they \u2019 d just rolled off a wild rose or out of a cowslip, imitation dewdrops, that is, big faux pearls, suspended on threads. and clockwork birds as well \u2013 thrushes finches, sparrows, larks \u2013 that lifted up their wings and lowered their heads and sang out soprano, mezzo, contralto, joining in the fairy songs. - using the following extract as a starting point, consider how carter presents melchoir in the novel. and my heart stood still, i was seventeen again, i was a virgin powdering my nose with beating heart, for there was lilac, lilac everywhere. in bowls in jars in cornucopias. white lilac, the evening ' s floral theme. i was all misty because of the smell of lilac as we processed in the long line towards where our father was receiving in an alcove, seated on a sort of throne. he wasn \u2019 t wearing a monkey suit or tails unlike most of his gusts, but had on a rather majestic and heavily embroidered purple caftan. i thought, colostomy ; but that caftan made a lovely contrast to his longish, pewter coloured hair, still thick and heavy. there were rings on his fingers, like a king, or a pope, and a big gold medallion around his neck. he looked regal but festive. my heart gave a thump and the beat started to speed up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4787105526063542, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22be86e1-c50a-4716-8cd9-d09acb4447d9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.264248"}
{"text": "| part of a series on | the nyaya sutras are an ancient indian text on of philosophy composed by aksapada gautama ( also gotama ; c. 2nd century bce ). the sutras contain five chapters, each with two sections. the core of the text dates to roughly the 2nd century bce, although there are significant later interpolations. the nyaya is sometimes called tarka - vidya or the science of debate, vada - vidya or the science of discussion. tarka is the special feature of the nyaya. thus some of its features and categories are better understood from that perspective. gotama is sometimes given the honorific titles \" aksapada \" ( probably in the sense \" having his eyes fixed in abstraction on his feet \" ) and \" dirghatapas \" ( \" performing long penance \" ). he is also sometimes accorded the religious titles \" rsi \" or \" maharsi \". in the nyaya sutras gotama developed and extended the vaisesika epistemological and metaphysical system through 528 aphorisms. later commentaries expanded, expounded, and critically discussed gotama ' s work, the first being by vatsyayana ( c. 450 \u2013 500 ce ), followed by the nyayavarttika of uddyotakara ( c. 6th \u2013 7th century ), vacaspati misra ' s tatparyatika ( 9th century ), udayana ' s tatparyaparisuddhi ( 10th century ), and jayanta ' s nyayamanjari ( 10th century ). purpose of the nyaya sutras \" gautama rsi, in his nyaya sutras, proposes that one can attain liberation by negating both illusion and unhappiness : duhkha - janma - pravrtti - dosa - mithya - jnananam uttarottarapaye tad - anantarabhavad apavargah. \" by successively dispelling false conceptions, bad character, entangling action, rebirth and misery - - the disappearance of one of these allowing the disappearance of the next - - one can achieve final liberation. \" ( nyaya sutra 1. 1. 2 ) but since nyaya philosophers believe that awareness is not an essential quality of the soul, they teach that a liberated soul has no consciousness. the nyaya idea of liberation thus puts the soul in the condition of a dead stone. this attempt by the ny", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4958471948539207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cce618a-a06f-4ea3-8ff0-b47fde562b3a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.271421"}
{"text": "but since nyaya philosophers believe that awareness is not an essential quality of the soul, they teach that a liberated soul has no consciousness. the nyaya idea of liberation thus puts the soul in the condition of a dead stone. this attempt by the nyaya philosophers to kill the soul ' s innate consciousness is here called sato mrtim by the personified vedas. but the vedanta - sutra ( 2. 3. 17 ) unequivocally states, jno ' ta eva : \" the jiva soul is always a knower. \" in the opening sutra of the nyaya sutra, it was claimed that the ultimate purpose of it is the attainment of liberation ( nihsreyasa ), attained by knowledge of the sixteen categories ( padartha ), which are : - means of valid knowledge ( pramana ) ; - objects of valid knowledge ( prameya ) ; - doubt ( samsaya ) ; - purpose ( prayojana ) ; - example ( drstanta ) ; - conclusion ( siddhanta ) ; - the constituents of a syllogism ( avayava ) ; - argumentation ( tarka ) ; - ascertainment ( nirnaya ) ; - debate ( vada ) ; - disputations ( jalpa ) ; - destructive criticism ( vitanda ) ; - fallacy ( hetvabhasa ) ; - quibble ( chala ) ; - refutations ( jati ) ; and - points of the opponent ' s defeat ( nigrahasthana ). means of attaining valid knowledge according to the nyaya sutras, there are four means of attaining valid knowledge : perception, inference, comparison, and verbal testimony. the sutra ultimates implicitly develop a theory of causation. cause and effect should be homogeneous in nature, and yet the effect is a new beginning and was not already contained in the cause. the buddhist thesis that all things are negative in nature ( inasmuch as a thing ' s nature is constituted by its differences from others ) is rejected, as is the view that all things are eternal or that all things are noneternal. both these latter views are untrue to experience. thus, the resulting metaphysics admits two kinds of entities : eternal and noneternal. the whole is a new entity over and above the parts that constitute it. also, the idea that god is the material cause of the universe is rejected. god is viewed as the efficient cause, and human deeds produce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5595713178763646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cce618a-a06f-4ea3-8ff0-b47fde562b3a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.272550"}
{"text": ": eternal and noneternal. the whole is a new entity over and above the parts that constitute it. also, the idea that god is the material cause of the universe is rejected. god is viewed as the efficient cause, and human deeds produce their results under the control and cooperation of god. the five part syllogism the nyaya sutra supports a five - part syllogism, widely followed in the indian tradition : - this hill is fiery ( pratijna : a statement of that which is to be proved ). - because it is smoky ( hetu : statement of reason ). - whatever is smoky is fiery, as is a kitchen ( udaharana : statement of a general rule supported by an example ). - so is this hill ( upanaya : application of the rule of this case ). - therefore this hill is fiery ( nigamana : drawing the conclusion ). the characteristic feature of the nyaya syllogism is its insistence on the example, which suggests that the nyaya logician wanted to be assured not only of formal validity but also of material truth. types of logical error five kinds of fallacious \" middle \" ( hetu ) are distinguished : - the inconclusive ( savyabhicara ), which leads to more conclusions than one ; - the contradictory ( viruddha ), which opposes that which is to be established ; - the controversial ( prakaranasama ), which provokes the very question that it is meant to settle ; - the counterquestioned ( sadhyasama ), which itself is unproved ; and - the mistimed ( kalatita ), which is adduced \" when the time in which it might hold good does not apply \". - nandalal sinha, mahamahopadhyaya satisa chandra vidyabhusana, the nyaya sutras of gotama, the sacred books of the hindus, 1930 ; motilal banarsidass, 1990 reprint, isbn 978 - 81 - 208 - 0748 - 8 ; munshiram manoharlal reprint, 2003, isbn 978 - 81 - 215 - 1096 - 7. - ganganatha jha, nyaya - sutras of gautama ( 4 vols. ), motilal banarsidass, 1999 reprint, isbn 978 - 81 - 208 - 1264 - 2. sources and reading - sue hamilton, indian philosophy : a very short introduction ( oxford university press, 2001", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5919472032097528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cce618a-a06f-4ea3-8ff0-b47fde562b3a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.273507"}
{"text": "but tomales bay. his ship, the sonora, anchored in the lee of tomales point on october 3, 1775, departing the next day. bodega y quadra named tomales bay puerto de la bodega. \" there is no evidence in the journal or on the charts that bodega y quadra ever saw the entrance to [ present day ] bodega harbour or knew of the lagoon to the north \". bodega y quadra planned to return, but was not able to. later, as commandant of the naval base at san blas, new spain, bodega y quadra sent other expeditions to bodega bay with the intention of establishing a colony and mission there. it was decided, however, that the location was non - ideal. \" with the failure of the bodega settlement, the spanish left the field clear for russian occupation \" the first russians to see bodega bay were the supervisors of the aleut hunting parties aboard the american otter hunting ship peacock in 1807. timofei osipovich tarakanov of the russian - american company returned to novo arkhangelsk, alaska and reported the location to alexander andreyevich baranov the chief administrator of the rac. baranov instructed his assistant kuskov to reconnoiter the area for a settlement. commerce counselor ivan alexandrovich kuskov, of the russian - american company, sailing in the kodiak, entered bodega bay on january 8, 1809. instructed by baranov to leave \" secret signs \" ( possession plates ), kuskov buried possession plaques at trinidad harbour, bodega head, ( or tomales point ) and on the north shore of san francisco bay, indicating the company ' s intention to claim this section of northern california for russia. temporary buildings were erected to house the kodiak ' s complement of 190 crew ( 130 native alaskan males, 20 native females, and 40 russians ) the kodiak remained in bodega bay until october, 1809, returning to alaska with over 2, 000 otter pelts. kuskov returned to novo arkhangelsk, alaska, reporting abundant fur bearing mammals, fish, timber and tillable lands. baranov instructed kuskov to return and establish a permanent settlement in the area. in 1811 kuskov returned, this time aboard the chirikov but found fewer otter in bodega bay ( only 1, 160 otter skins were taken ). three american ships were also operating in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37965209041603165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71b24816-ff87-4e46-91bd-99187a4e1e4e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.283265"}
{"text": "establish a permanent settlement in the area. in 1811 kuskov returned, this time aboard the chirikov but found fewer otter in bodega bay ( only 1, 160 otter skins were taken ). three american ships were also operating in the area from a base in drake ' s bay, sending hunters into san francisco bay and the surrounding bays. kuskov sailed the brig chirikov back to present day bodega harbour on march 15, 1812, and \" since bodega anchorage and bodega harbour had not been claimed or named by the spanish \" kuskov named it rumyantzev, in honor of the russian minister of commerce, count nikolai petrovich rumiantzof. zaliv rumiantsev ( rumiantsev bay ) appears on the earliest russian charts of bodega bay ( 1817 \u2013 1819 ) identifying present day bodega bay and bodega harbour. bodega head was named mouis rumiantsev ( point rumiantsev ) while tomales point was named point great bodega and tomales bay great bodega bay, more or less conforming to bodega y quadra ' s original naming. on his return kuskov found otter now scarce in bodega bay, the harbour having been frequented by numerous american and english otter - hunting expeditions. after exploring the area they ended up selecting a place 15 mi ( 24 km ) north that the native kashaya pomo people called mad shui nui or metini. metini, the seasonal home of the native kashaya pomo people, had a modest anchorage and abundant natural resources and would become the russian settlement of fort ross. by 1817 sea otter in the area were practically eliminated by international over - hunting. zaliv rumiantsev continued to be the main entre ' port for the russian colony until january, 1842, and the earliest european structures built at bodega bay were the wharf, warehouse and barracks of the russian - american company. bodega bay remained an active harbor for shipping lumber until the 1870s, when the north pacific coast railroad was built, bypassing the coast in favor of a more inland route. bodega bay was the setting for the 1963 alfred hitchcock film, the birds, starring rod taylor, tippi hedren and suzanne pleshette. the original 1980 horror film the fog was also filmed in both bodega bay and the town as both locations are subject to thick and heavy fog. pacific gas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40637093654315615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71b24816-ff87-4e46-91bd-99187a4e1e4e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.285867"}
{"text": "the birds, starring rod taylor, tippi hedren and suzanne pleshette. the original 1980 horror film the fog was also filmed in both bodega bay and the town as both locations are subject to thick and heavy fog. pacific gas & electric planned to build the first commercially viable nuclear power plant in the usa at bodega bay. the proposal was controversial and conflict with local citizens began in 1958. in 1963 there was a large demonstration at the site of the proposed bodega bay nuclear power plant. the conflict ended in 1964, with the forced abandonment of plans for the power plant. marine protected areas near bodega bay like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems. - russian river state marine reserve and russian river state marine conservation area - bodega head state marine reserve & bodega head state marine conservation area - estero americano state marine recreational management area - estero de san antonio state marine recreational management area see also - \" national register information system \". national register of historic places. national park service. 2010 - 07 - 09. - \" bodega bay and harbor \". office of historical preservation, california state parks. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 15. - state of california water quality control plan north coastal basin 1b july 1975 p. 13 - \" sonoma county regional parks \". - \" access genealogy : miwok indian tribe \". - \" drake latitudes on the coast of california in 1579 \". retrieved 2009 - 08 - 21. - clinton r. edwards, pacific historical review, 1964 vol. 33 : wandering toponyms : puerto de la bodega and bodega bay - adele ogden, the california sea otter trade, 1784 - 1848, pg. 58 - hubert howe bancroft, alfred bates, ivan petroff, william nemos ( 1887 ). history of alaska : 1730 - 1885. san francisco, california : a. l. bancroft & company. p. 482. retrieved jan. 10, 2010. - thompson, r. a. ( 1896 ). the russian settlement in california known as fort ross, founded 1812... abandoned 1841 : why they came and why they left. santa rosa, california : sonoma democrat publishing company. p. 3. isbn 0 - 559 - 89342 - 6. retrieved jan. 9, 2010. - suzanne stewart and adrian praetzellis ( november, 2003 ). archeological research issues for the point reyes national seashore - golden gate national recreation area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41915077541788504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71b24816-ff87-4e46-91bd-99187a4e1e4e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.287562"}
{"text": "constitution of the year viii the constitution of the year viii ( french : constitution de l ' an viii ) was a national constitution of france, adopted december 24, 1799 ( during the year viii of the french revolutionary calendar ), which established the form of government known as the consulate. the coup of 18 brumaire ( november 9, 1799 ) effectively gave all power to napoleon bonaparte, and in the eyes of some, ended the french revolution. after the coup, napoleon and his allies legitimized his position by creating the \" short and obscure constitution of the year viii \" ( as malcolm crook has called it ). the constitution tailor - made the position of first consul to give napoleon most of the powers of a dictator. it was the first constitution since the revolution without a declaration of rights. the executive power was vested in three consuls, but all actual power was held by the first consul, bonaparte. this was no longer robespierre ' s republic, which was more radical, or the oligarchic liberal republic of the directory, but the autocratic roman republic of caesar augustus, a conservative republic, which reminded the french of stability, order, and peace. to emphasize this, napoleon used classical roman terms in the constitution : consul, senator, tribune. the constitution of year viii established a legislature of three houses, which was composed of : a conservative senate of 80 men over the age of 40, a tribunate of 100 men, and a legislative body ( corps legislatif ) of 300 men. the constitution also used the term \u201c notables. \u201d the term \u201c notables \u201d was a common usage under the monarchy ; every frenchman understood it, and it was comforting. it referred to prominent, \" distinguished \" men : landholders, merchants, scholars, professionals, clergymen, officials. the people in each district chose a slate of \" notables \" by popular vote. the first consul, tribunate, and corps legislatif each nominated one senatorial candidate to the rest of the senate, which chose one candidate from among the three. once all of its members were picked, it would then appoint the tribunate, the corps legislatif, the judges of cassation, and the commissioners of accounts from the slate of notables. napoleon held a plebiscite on the constitution in december. the vote was not binding, but it allowed napoleon to maintain a veneer of democracy. the vote was 3, 000, 000 in favor, and 1, 500 against. this constitution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41766434498087246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ebe015b-7bf0-4114-810f-074fe6ac62c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.294257"}
{"text": "| jmol - 3d images | | image 1 | | molar mass | | 380. 91 g mol\u22121 | | ( what is : /? ) except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 \u00b0c, 100 kpa ) dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon originally produced in 1948 by j. hyman & co, denver, as an insecticide. dieldrin is closely related to aldrin, which reacts further to form dieldrin. aldrin is not toxic to insects ; it is oxidized in the insect to form dieldrin which is the active compound. both dieldrin and aldrin are named after the diels - alder reaction which is used to form aldrin from a mixture of norbornadiene and hexachlorocyclopentadiene. originally developed in the 1940s as an alternative to ddt, dieldrin proved to be a highly effective insecticide and was very widely used during the 1950s to early 1970s. endrin is a stereoisomer of dieldrin. however, it is an extremely persistent organic pollutant ; it does not easily break down. furthermore it tends to biomagnify as it is passed along the food chain. long - term exposure has proven toxic to a very wide range of animals including humans, far greater than to the original insect targets. for this reason it is now banned in most of the world. it has been linked to health problems such as parkinson ' s, breast cancer, and immune, reproductive, and nervous system damage. it can also adversely affect testicular descent in the fetus if a pregnant woman is exposed to it. legislation and history the chemicals dieldrin and aldrin were widely applied in agricultural areas throughout the world. both are toxic and bioaccumulative. aldrin does break down to dieldrin in living systems, but dieldrin is known to resist bacterial and chemical breakdown processes in the environment. aldrin was used to control soil pests ( namely termites ) on corn and potato crops. dieldrin was an insecticide used on fruit, soil, and seed. it persists in the soil with a half - life of five years at temperate latitudes. both aldrin and dieldrin may be volatilized from sediment and redistributed by air currents, contaminating areas far from their sources. they have been measured in arctic wildlife,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4545812294245444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44a2b021-561f-42d6-bced-538b60d9f79f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.303434"}
{"text": "of five years at temperate latitudes. both aldrin and dieldrin may be volatilized from sediment and redistributed by air currents, contaminating areas far from their sources. they have been measured in arctic wildlife, suggesting long range transport from southern agricultural regions. both aldrin and dieldrin have been banned in most developed countries, but aldrin is still used as a termiticide in malaysia, thailand, venezuela and other parts of africa. in canada, their sale was restricted in the mid - 1970s, with the last registered use of the compounds in canada being withdrawn in 1984. toxin description ipcs quotes the world health organization as stating dieldrin is prohibited for use in agriculture in, among others, brazil, ecuador, finland, the german democratic republic, singapore, sweden, yugoslavia, and the ussr. the european community legislation prohibits the marketing of phytopharmaceutical products containing dieldrin. in argentina, canada, chile, the federal republic of germany, hungary, and the usa, its use is prohibited, with some exceptions. the use of dieldrin is restricted in india, mauritius, togo, and the united kingdom. its use in industry is prohibited in switzerland and its manufacture and use in japan is under government control. in finland, the only accepted use for dieldrin is as a termiticide in one glue mixture for exported plywood. india requires registration and licences for all importation, manufacture, sale, or storage. organochlorines and other chemicals were originally discovered in the 1930s for use as insecticides and pesticides. ddt became famous worldwide in 1939 after its use in overcoming a typhus infestation in naples. the use of organochlorines increased during the 1950s and peaked in the 1970s. their use in australia was dramatically lowered between the mid 1970s and the early 1980s. the first restrictions on the use of dieldrin and related chemicals in australia were introduced in 1961 - 2, with registration required for their use on produce animals, such as cattle and chickens. this coincided with increasing concerns worldwide about the long - term effects of persistent pesticides. the publication of silent spring ( a widely read and highly influential popular account of the environmental and health effects of pesticides ) by rachel carson in 1962 was a key driving force in raising this concern. the phase - out process was driven by government bans and deregistration, in turn promoted by changing public perceptions that food containing residues of these chemicals was less acceptable and possibly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45748989890419856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44a2b021-561f-42d6-bced-538b60d9f79f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.304456"}
{"text": "rachel carson in 1962 was a key driving force in raising this concern. the phase - out process was driven by government bans and deregistration, in turn promoted by changing public perceptions that food containing residues of these chemicals was less acceptable and possibly hazardous to health. throughout this time, continuous pressure was maintained by relevant committees, for example the technical committee on agricultural chemicals ( tcac ), to reduce approved organochlorine use. by 1981, the use of dieldrin worldwide was limited to sugarcane and bananas, and these uses were deregistered by 1985. in 1987, a nationwide recall system was put into place, and in december of that year, the government prohibited all imports of these chemicals into australia without express ministerial approval. in 1994, the national registration authority for agricultural and veterinary chemicals published a use of organochlorines in termite control, recommending the phase - out of organochlorines used in termite control upon development of viable alternatives. the same year, the agriculture and resource management council of australia and new zealand decided to phase out remaining organochlorine uses by 30 june 1995, with the exception of the northern territory. in november 1997, the use of all organochlorines other than mirex was phased out in australia. remaining stocks of mirex are to be used only for contained baits for termites in plantations of young trees in the northern territory until stocks run out, which is expected in the near future. the recognition of negative impacts on health has stimulated the implementation of multiple legislative policies in regards to the use and disposal of organochlorine pesticides. for example, the environment protection ( marine ) policy 1994 became operational in may 1995 in south australia. it dictated the acceptable concentration of toxicants such as dieldrin in marine waters and the manner in which these levels must be tested and tried. momentum against organochlorine and similar molecules continued to grow internationally, leading, to negotiations which matured as the stockholm convention on the use of persistent organic pollutants ( pops ). pops are defined as hazardous and environmentally persistent substances which can be transported between countries by the earth ' s oceans and atmosphere. all pops ( including dieldrin ) bioaccumulate in the fatty tissues of humans and other animals. the stockholm convention banned 12 pops, nicknamed \u201c the dirty dozen \u201d. ( these include : aldicarb, toxaphene, chlordane and heptachlor, chlordimeform, chlorobenzilate, dbcp, dd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49963645158386066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44a2b021-561f-42d6-bced-538b60d9f79f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.305576"}
{"text": "banned 12 pops, nicknamed \u201c the dirty dozen \u201d. ( these include : aldicarb, toxaphene, chlordane and heptachlor, chlordimeform, chlorobenzilate, dbcp, ddt, \" drins \" ( aldrin, dieldrin and endrin ), edb, hch and lindane, paraquat, parathion and methyl parathion, pentachlorophenol, and 2, 4, 5 - t. ) this took force on 17 may 2004. australia ratified the convention only three days later and became a party to it in august that year. well before this, australia had been well advanced in meeting the measures agreed upon under the convention. production, import and use of aldrin, chlordane, ddt, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene ( hcb ), heptachlor, endrin, and toxaphene are not permitted in australia. production and importation of polychlorinated biphenyls ( pcbs ) are not permitted in australia, with the phase - out of existing pcbs being managed under the national strategy for the management of scheduled waste. this strategy also addresses how australia will manage hcb waste and organochlorine pesticides. legislation in australia on the import, use and disposal of dieldrin and other organochlorines has been extensive and covers mainly environmental and potential health impacts on the population. - jubb, a. h. ( 1975 ). basic organic chemistry, part 5 industrial products. london : wiley. isbn 0 - 471 - 85014 - 4. - ( orris et al. 2000 ) - s. kegley, b. hill, s. orme, pan pesticide database, pesticide action network, north america ( san francisco, ca. 2007 ), http : / / www. pesticideinfo. org - dieldrin linked to earlier onset of parkinson ' s disease - dieldrin and breast cancer : a literature review, australian national university / doctors for the environment australia - mandocdoc, m. and david, c. p. 2008. dieldrin contamination of the groundwater in a former us military base ( clark air base, philippines ). clean air, soil, water journal 36 ( 10 \u2013 11 ), 870 - 874. - international programme on chemical safety", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4398885900246799, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44a2b021-561f-42d6-bced-538b60d9f79f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.306530"}
{"text": "portrait of dostoyevsky in 1872 painted by vasily perov | born | | fyodor mikhailovich dostoyevsky 11 november 1821 moscow, russian empire | died | | 9 february 1881 saint petersburg, russian empire | education | | military engineering - technical university, st. petersburg | | genres | | novel, short story, journalism | | subjects | | psychology, philosophy, religion | fyodor mikhailovich dostoyevsky [ a ] ( russian : \u0444\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0438 ; ipa : [ \u02c8f\u02b2od\u0259r m\u02b2\u026a\u02c8xajl\u0259v\u02b2\u026at\u0255 d\u0259st\u0250\u02c8jefsk\u02b2\u026aj ] ( listen ) ; 11 november 1821 \u2013 9 february 1881 [ b ] ), sometimes transliterated dostoevsky, was a russian novelist, short story writer and essayist. dostoyevsky ' s literary works explore human psychology in the context of the troubled political, social and spiritual atmosphere of 19th - century russia. although he began writing in the mid - 1840s, his most memorable works \u2014 including crime and punishment, the idiot and the brothers karamazov \u2014 are from his later years. his output consists of eleven novels, three novellas, seventeen short novels and numerous other works. many literary critics rate him as one of the greatest and most prominent psychologists in world literature. dostoyevsky was born in moscow. he was introduced to literature at an early age through fairy tales and legends and through books by russian and foreign authors. his mother died suddenly in 1837, when he was 15, and around the same time he left school to enter the nikolayev military engineering institute. after graduating, he worked as an engineer and briefly enjoyed a lavish lifestyle. he soon began translating books to earn extra money. in the mid - 1840s he wrote his first novel, poor folk, gaining him entry into st. petersburg ' s literary circles. in 1849 he was arrested for his involvement with the petrashevsky circle, a secret society of liberal utopians that also functioned as a literary discussion group. he and other members were condemned to death, but at the last moment, a note from tsar nicholas i was delivered to the scene of the firing squad, commuting the sentence to four years ' hard labour in siberia. his seizures increased in frequency there, and he was diagnosed with epilepsy. on his release, he was forced to serve as a soldier, but he was discharged on grounds of ill health.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46803794896539985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.374096"}
{"text": "the sentence to four years ' hard labour in siberia. his seizures increased in frequency there, and he was diagnosed with epilepsy. on his release, he was forced to serve as a soldier, but he was discharged on grounds of ill health. in the following years, dostoyevsky worked as a journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and, later, a writer ' s diary, a collection of his writings. he began to travel around western europe and developed a gambling addiction, which led to financial hardship. for a time, he had to beg for money, but he eventually became one of the most widely read and highly regarded russian writers. his books have been translated into more than 170 languages and have sold around 15 million copies. dostoyevsky influenced a multitude of writers, from anton chekhov and james joyce to ernest hemingway and jean - paul sartre. early life family background fyodor dostoyevsky was born on 11 november [ o. s. 30 october ] 1821, the second child of mikhail dostoyevsky and maria nechayeva. the dostoyevskys were a multi - ethnic and multi - denominational lithuanian noble family from the pinsk region, with roots dating to the 16th century. branches of the family included russian orthodox christians and catholics, but dostoyevsky ' s immediate ancestors on his father ' s side were non - monastic clergy, and on his mother ' s side russian merchants. dostoyevsky ' s paternal great - grandfather and grandfather were priests in the ukrainian town of bratslav. mikhail was expected to join the clergy too, but instead of entering a seminary he ran away from home and broke with his family permanently. in 1809, when he was twenty years old, mikhail was admitted to moscow ' s imperial medical - surgical academy. from there he was assigned to a moscow hospital, where he served as military doctor, and in 1818 he was appointed senior physician. in 1819 he married maria nechayeva. the following year, he resigned from his post to accept a new job at the mariinsky hospital for the poor. after the birth of his first two sons, mikhail and fyodor, he was promoted to collegiate assessor, a position which raised his legal status to that of the nobility and enabled him to acquire a small estate in darovoye, a town 150 versts ( about 150 km or 100 miles ) from moscow. mikhail and maria subsequently had six more children : varvara ( 1822 \u2013 92 ), andrei ( 1825 \u2013 97 ), lyubov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4784319337356049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.375174"}
{"text": "in darovoye, a town 150 versts ( about 150 km or 100 miles ) from moscow. mikhail and maria subsequently had six more children : varvara ( 1822 \u2013 92 ), andrei ( 1825 \u2013 97 ), lyubov ( born and died 1829 ), vera ( 1829 \u2013 96 ), nikolai ( 1831 \u2013 83 ) and aleksandra ( 1835 \u2013 89 ). dostoyevsky was raised in the family home in the grounds of the mariinsky hospital. the family usually spent the summers at their estate in darovoye when he was a child. at age three, fyodor was introduced to heroic sagas, fairy tales and legends, and under the influence of his nannies, he became intensely religious. one nanny, alena frolovna, was an especially influential figure in his childhood, as was marei, a serf and farmer from darovoye, who was a family friend and helped dostoyevsky to deal with his hallucinations. having discovered the hospital garden, which was separated from the family ' s private garden by a large fence, dostoyevsky would often talk with the patients, although his parents forbade it. he once encountered a nine - year - old girl who had been raped, an event that traumatised him. his parents valued education, and when he was four his mother used the bible to teach him to read and write. he eagerly anticipated his parents ' nightly readings. they introduced him to a wide range of literature at an early age, including russian writers karamzin, pushkin and derzhavin ; gothic fiction such as ann radcliffe ; romantic works by schiller and goethe ; heroic tales by cervantes and walter scott ; and homer ' s epics. although dostoyevsky had a delicate physical constitution, standing only 2 arshins and 6 vershoks ( approximately 1. 6 metres or 5 feet 3 inches ) shortly before his imprisonment, he had a powerful personality. his parents described him as hot - headed, stubborn and cheeky. in 1833, dostoyevsky ' s father, who was strict and profoundly religious, sent him to a french boarding school and then on to the chermak boarding school, where several people described him as a pale, introverted dreamer and an over - excitable romantic. to pay the school fees, his father borrowed money and extended his private medical practice. dostoyevsky felt out of place among his aristocratic classmates at the moscow school, and the experience was later reflected in his works,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4643658918684968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.377098"}
{"text": "over - excitable romantic. to pay the school fees, his father borrowed money and extended his private medical practice. dostoyevsky felt out of place among his aristocratic classmates at the moscow school, and the experience was later reflected in his works, notably the adolescent. a school day usually began at six o ' clock in the morning and ended fifteen hours later. on 27 september 1837 dostoyevsky ' s mother died of tuberculosis. the previous may, his parents had sent fyodor and his brother mikhail to st petersburg to attend the free nikolayev military engineering institute, forcing the brothers to abandon their academic studies for military careers. fyodor entered the academy in january 1838, but only with the help of family members. mikhail was refused admission on health grounds and was sent to the academy in reval, estonia. dostoyevsky disliked the academy, primarily because of his lack of interest in science, mathematics and military engineering and his preference for drawing and architecture. as his friend konstantin trutovsky once said, \" there was no student in the entire institution with less of a military bearing than f. m. dostoyevsky. he moved clumsily and jerkily ; his uniform hung awkwardly on him ; and his knapsack, shako and rifle all looked like some sort of fetter he had been forced to wear for a time and which lay heavily on him. \" dostoyevsky ' s character and interests made him an outsider among his 120 classmates : he showed bravery and a strong sense of justice, protected newcomers, aligned himself with teachers, criticised corruption among officers and helped poor farmers. although he was solitary and inhabited his own literary world, he was respected by his classmates. his reclusiveness and interest in religion earned him the nickname \" monk photius \". dostoyevsky ' s first seizure may have occurred after learning of the death of his father on 16 june 1839, although reports of this originated from accounts ( now considered unreliable ) written by his daughter and later expanded by sigmund freud. the father ' s official cause of death was an apoplectic stroke, but a neighbour, pavel khotiaintsev, accused the father ' s serfs of murder. had the serfs been found guilty and sent to siberia, khotiaintsev would have been in a position to buy the vacated land. the serfs were acquitted in a trial in tula, but dostoyevsky ' s brother andrei perpetuated the story. after his father ' s death, dostoyevsky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47574174407822084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.378296"}
{"text": "19 october 1844, asking to resign his post. shortly thereafter, he wrote his second novel, the double, which appeared in the journal notes of the fatherland on 30 january 1846, before being published in february. around 1846, dostoyevsky discovered socialism through the writings of french socialists fourier, cabet, proudhon and saint - simon. through his relationship with belinsky, he expanded his knowledge of the philosophy of socialism, becoming attracted to its logic, its sense of justice and its preoccupation with the destitute and the disadvantaged. his relationship with belinsky became increasingly strained as belinsky ' s atheism and dislike of religion clashed with dostoyevsky ' s russian orthodox beliefs. dostoyevsky eventually parted with him and his associates. after the double received negative reviews, dostoyevsky ' s health declined and he had more frequent seizures, but he continued writing. from 1846 to 1848 he released several short stories in the magazine annals of the fatherland, including \" mr. prokharchin \", \" the landlady \", \" a weak heart \", and \" white nights \". these stories were unsuccessful, leaving dostoyevsky once more in financial trouble, so he joined the utopian socialist betekov circle, a tightly knit community which helped him to survive. when the circle dissolved, dostoyevsky befriended apollon maykov and his brother valerian. in 1846, on the recommendation of the poet aleksey pleshcheyev, he joined the socio - christian petrashevsky circle, founded by mikhail petrashevsky, who had proposed social reforms in russia. mikhail bakunin once wrote to alexander herzen that the group was \" the most innocent and harmless company \" and its members were \" systematic opponents of all revolutionary goals and means \". dostoyevsky used the circle ' s library on saturdays and sundays and occasionally participated in their discussions on freedom from censorship and the abolition of serfdom. in 1849, the first parts of netochka nezvanova, a novel dostoyevsky had been planning since 1846, were published in annals of the fatherland, but his banishment ended the project. dostoyevsky never attempted to complete it. siberian exile the members of the petrashevsky circle were denounced to liprandi, an official at the ministry of international affairs. dostoyevsky was accused of reading works by belinsky, including correspondence with gogol, and of circulating copies of these and other works. antonelli, the government agent who had reported the group, wrote in his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48447257216885636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.380552"}
{"text": "at the ministry of international affairs. dostoyevsky was accused of reading works by belinsky, including correspondence with gogol, and of circulating copies of these and other works. antonelli, the government agent who had reported the group, wrote in his statement that at least one of the papers criticised russian politics and religion. dostoyevsky responded to these charges by declaring that he had read the essays only \" as a literary monument, neither more nor less \" ; he spoke of \" personality and human egoism \" rather than of politics. even so, he and his fellow \" conspirators \" were arrested on 22 april 1849 at the request of count a. orlov and emperor nicolas i, who feared a revolution like the decembrist revolt of 1825 in russia and the revolutions of 1848 in europe. the members were held in the well - defended peter and paul fortress, which housed the most dangerous convicts. the case was discussed for four months by an investigative commission headed by the tsar, with adjutant general ivan nabokov, senator count pavel gagarin, count vasili dolgorukov, general yakov rostovtsev and general leonty dubelt, head of the secret police. they sentenced the members of the circle to death by firing squad, and the prisoners were taken to semyonov place in st petersburg on 23 december 1849. the execution was stayed when a cart delivered a letter from the tsar commuting the sentence. dostoyevsky served four years of exile with hard labour at a katorga prison camp in omsk, siberia, followed by a term of compulsory military service. after a fourteen - day sleigh ride, the prisoners reached tobolsk, a prisoner way station. despite the circumstances, dostoyevsky consoled the other prisoners, such as the petrashevist ivan yastrzhembsky, who was surprised by dostoevsky ' s kindness and eventually abandoned his decision to commit suicide. in tobolsk, the members received food and clothes from the decembrist women, as well as several copies of the new testament with a ten - ruble banknote inside each copy. eleven days later, dostoyevsky reached omsk together with just one other member of the petrashevsky circle, the poet sergei durov. dostoevsky described his barracks : in summer, intolerable closeness ; in winter, unendurable cold. all the floors were rotten. filth on the floors an inch thick ; one could slip and fall... we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43881729759730437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.381656"}
{"text": "durov. dostoevsky described his barracks : in summer, intolerable closeness ; in winter, unendurable cold. all the floors were rotten. filth on the floors an inch thick ; one could slip and fall... we were packed like herrings in a barrel... there was no room to turn around. from dusk to dawn it was impossible not to behave like pigs... fleas, lice, and black beetles by the bushel... \u2014 fyodor dostoyevsky, pisma, i : pp. 135 \u2013 7. classified as \" one of the most dangerous convicts \", dostoyevsky had his feet and hands shackled until his release. he was permitted to read nothing but his new testament. in addition to his seizures, he had haemorrhoids, lost weight and was \" burned by some fever, trembling and feeling too hot or too cold every night \". the smell of the privy pervaded the entire building, and the small bathroom had to suffice for more than 200 people. dostoyevsky was occasionally sent to the military hospital, where he read newspapers and dickens novels. he was generally respected by the prisoners, but despised by some because of his xenophobic statements. release from prison after his release on 14 february 1854, dostoyevsky asked mikhail to help him financially and to send him books by vico, guizot, ranke, hegel and kant. he began to write the house of the dead, based on his experience in prison ; it became the first novel to be written about russian prisons. before moving in mid - march to semipalatinsk, where he was forced to serve in the siberian army corps of the seventh line battalion, dostoyevsky met geographer pyotr semyonov and ethnographer shokan walikhanuli. around november 1854, he met baron alexander egorovich wrangel, an admirer of his books, who had attended the aborted execution. they both rented houses in the cossack garden outside semipalatinsk. wrangel remarked that dostoyevsky \" looked morose. his sickly, pale face was covered with freckles, and his blond hair was cut short. he was a little over average height and looked at me intensely with his sharp, grey - blue eyes. it was as if he were trying to look into my soul and discover what kind of man i was. \" in semipalatinsk, dostoyevsky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4938890624997345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.382641"}
{"text": "a little over average height and looked at me intensely with his sharp, grey - blue eyes. it was as if he were trying to look into my soul and discover what kind of man i was. \" in semipalatinsk, dostoyevsky tutored several schoolchildren and came into contact with upper - class families, including that of lieutenant - colonel belikhov, who used to invite him to read passages from newspapers and magazines. during a visit to belikhov, dostoyevsky met the family of alexander ivanovich isaev and maria dmitrievna isaeva and soon fell in love with the latter. alexander isaev took a new post in kuznetsk, where he died in august 1855. maria then moved with dostoyevsky to barnaul. in 1856 dostoyevsky sent a letter through wrangel to general eduard totleben, apologising for his activity in several utopian circles. as a result, he obtained the right to publish books and to marry, although he remained under police surveillance for the rest of his life. he married maria in semipalatinsk on 7 february 1857. maria had initially refused his marriage proposal, stating that they were not meant for each other and that his poor financial situation precluded marriage. when dostoyevsky later went to kuznetsk, he discovered her affair with 24 - year - old schoolmaster nikolay vergunov. despite this, maria married dostoyevsky in semipalatinsk on 7 february 1857. their family life was unhappy and she found it difficult to cope with his seizures. describing their relationship, he wrote : \" because of her strange, suspicious and fantastic character, we were definitely not happy together, but we could not stop loving each other ; and the more unhappy we were, the more attached to each other we became \". they mostly lived apart. in 1859 he was released from military service because of deteriorating health and was granted permission to return to russia, first to tver, where he met his brother for the first time in ten years, and then to st petersburg. \" a little hero \" ( dostoyevsky ' s only work completed in prison ) appeared in a journal, but \" uncle ' s dream \" and \" the village of stepanchikovo \" were not published until 1860. notes from the house of the dead was released in russky mir ( russian world ) in september 1860. \" the insulted and the injured \" was published in the new vremya ( time ) magazine, [ c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4439959152421252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.383638"}
{"text": "\" were not published until 1860. notes from the house of the dead was released in russky mir ( russian world ) in september 1860. \" the insulted and the injured \" was published in the new vremya ( time ) magazine, [ c ] which had been created with the help of funds from his brother ' s cigarette factory. dostoyevsky travelled to western europe for the first time on 7 june 1862, visiting cologne, berlin, dresden, wiesbaden, belgium and paris. in london he met herzen and visited the crystal palace. he travelled with nikolay strakhov through switzerland and several north italian cities, including turin, livorno and florence. he recorded his impressions of those trips in winter notes on summer impressions, in which he criticised capitalism, social modernisation, materialism, catholicism and protestantism. from august to october 1863, dostoyevsky made another trip to western europe. he met his second love, polina suslova, in paris and lost nearly all his money gambling in wiesbaden and baden - baden. in 1864 his wife maria and brother mikhail died, and dostoyevsky became the lone parent of his stepson pasha and the sole supporter of his brother ' s family. the failure of epoch, the magazine he had founded with mikhail after the suppression of vremya, worsened his financial situation, although the continued help of his relatives and friends averted bankruptcy. marriage and honeymoon dostoyevsky returned to saint petersburg in mid - september and promised his editor, fyodor stellovsky, that he would complete the gambler, a short novel focused on gambling addiction, by november, although he had not yet begun writing it. one of dostoyevsky ' s friends, milyukov, advised him to hire a secretary. dostoyevsky contacted stenographer pavel olkhin from saint petersburg, who recommended his pupil anna grigoryevna snitkina. her shorthand helped dostoyevsky to complete the gambler on 30 october, after 26 days ' work. she remarked that dostoyevsky was of average height but always tried to carry himself erect. \" he had light brown, slightly reddish hair, he used some hair conditioner, and he combed his hair in a diligent way... his eyes, they were different : one was dark brown ; in the other, the pupil was so big that you could not see its color, [ this was caused by an injury ]. the strangeness of his eyes gave dostoyevsky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4388153428822325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.384612"}
{"text": ".. his eyes, they were different : one was dark brown ; in the other, the pupil was so big that you could not see its color, [ this was caused by an injury ]. the strangeness of his eyes gave dostoyevsky some mysterious appearance. his face was pale, and it looked unhealthy. \" on 15 february 1867 dostoyevsky married snitkina in trinity cathedral, saint petersburg. the 7, 000 rubles he had earned from crime and punishment did not cover their debts, forcing anna to sell her valuables. on 14 april 1867 they began a delayed honeymoon in germany with the money gained from the sale. they stayed in berlin and visited the gemaldegalerie alte meister, where he sought inspiration for his writing. they continued their trip through germany, visiting frankfurt, darmstadt, heidelberg and karlsruhe and finally staying in geneva. their first child, sonya, was conceived in baden - baden, and was born there on 5 march 1868. the baby died of pneumonia three months later, and anna recalled how dostoyevsky \" wept and sobbed like a woman in despair \". in september 1868, dostoyevsky began work on the idiot, managing to complete 100 pages in only 23 days. the couple moved from geneva to vevey and then to milan, where they endured some rainy autumn months before continuing to florence. the idiot was completed there in january 1869 and serialised in the russian messenger. anna gave birth to their second daughter, lyubov, on 26 september 1869 in dresden. in april 1871, dostoyevsky made a final visit to a gambling hall in wiesbaden. anna claimed that he stopped gambling after the birth of their second daughter, but this is a subject of debate. [ d ] after hearing news that the socialist revolutionary group \" people ' s vengeance \" had murdered one of its own members, ivan ivanov, on 21 november 1869, dostoyevsky began writing demons. in 1871, dostoyevsky and anna travelled by train to berlin. during the trip he burnt several manuscripts, including those of the idiot, because he was concerned about potential problems with customs. the family arrived in saint petersburg on 8 july, marking the end of a honeymoon ( originally planned for three months ) that had lasted over four years. return to russia back in russia in july 1871, the family was again in financial trouble and had to sell their remaining possessions. their son fyodor was born on 16 july, and they moved to an apartment near the institute of technology soon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46138141069820143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.386919"}
{"text": "years. return to russia back in russia in july 1871, the family was again in financial trouble and had to sell their remaining possessions. their son fyodor was born on 16 july, and they moved to an apartment near the institute of technology soon after. they hoped to cancel their large debts by selling their rental house in peski, but difficulties with the tenant resulted in a relatively low selling price, and disputes with their creditors continued. anna proposed that they raise money on her husband ' s copyrights and negotiate with the creditors to pay off their debts in installments. dostoyevsky revived his friendships with maykov and strakhov and made new acquaintances, including church politician terty filipov and the brothers vsevolod and vladimir solovyov. konstantin pobedonostsev, future imperial high commissioner of the most holy synod, influenced dostoyevsky ' s political progression to conservatism. around early 1872 the family spent several months in staraya russa, a town known for its mineral spa. dostoyevsky ' s work was delayed when anna ' s sister maria svatkovskaya died on 1 may 1872, either from typhus or malaria, and anna developed an abscess on her throat. the family returned to st petersburg in september. the possessed was finished on 26 november and released in january 1873 by the \" dostoyevsky publishing company \", which was founded by dostoyevsky and his wife. although they only accepted cash payments and the bookshop was in their own apartment, the business was successful, and they sold around 3, 000 copies of the possessed. anna managed the finances. dostoyevsky proposed that they establish a new periodical, which would be called a writer ' s diary and would include a collection of essays, but funds were lacking, and the diary was published in vladimir meshchersky ' s the citizen, beginning on 1 january, in return for a salary of 3, 000 rubles per year. in the summer of 1873, anna returned to staraya russa with the children, while dostoyevsky stayed in st petersburg to continue with his diary. in march 1874 dostoyevsky left the citizen because of the stressful work and interference from the russian bureaucracy. in his fifteen months with the citizen, he had been taken to court twice : on 11 june 1873 for citing the words of prince meshchersky without permission, and again on 23 march 1874. dostoyevsky offered to sell the russian messenger, a new novel he had not yet begun to write, but the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42004348414134485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.388246"}
{"text": "to court twice : on 11 june 1873 for citing the words of prince meshchersky without permission, and again on 23 march 1874. dostoyevsky offered to sell the russian messenger, a new novel he had not yet begun to write, but the magazine refused. nikolay nekrasov suggested that he publish a writer ' s diary in notes of the fatherland ; he would receive 250 rubles for each printer ' s sheet \u2013 100 more than the russian messenger would have earned. dostoyevsky accepted. as his health began to decline, he consulted several doctors in st petersburg and was advised to take a cure outside russia. around july, he reached ems and consulted a physician, who diagnosed him with acute catarrh. during his stay he began the adolescent. he returned to saint petersburg in late july. anna proposed that they spend the winter in staraya russa to allow dostoyevsky to rest, although doctors had suggested a second visit to ems because his health had previously improved there. on 10 august 1875 his son alexey was born in staraya russa, and in mid - september the family returned to saint petersburg. dostoyevsky finished the adolescent at the end of 1875, although passages of it had been serialised in notes of the fatherland since january. the adolescent chronicles the life of arkady dolgoruky, the illegitimate child of the landowner versilov and a peasant mother. it deals primarily with the relationship between father and son, which became a frequent theme in dostoyevsky ' s subsequent works. last years in early 1876, dostoyevsky continued work on his diary. the book includes numerous essays and a few short stories about society, religion politics and ethics. the collection sold more than twice as many copies as his previous books. dostoyevsky received more letters from readers than ever before, and people of all ages and occupations visited him. with assistance from anna ' s brother, the family bought a dacha in staraya russa. in the summer of 1876, dostoyevsky began experiencing shortness of breath again. he visited ems for a third time and was told that he might live for another 15 years if he moved to a healthier climate. when he returned to russia, tsar alexander ii ordered dostoyevsky to visit his palace to present the diary to him, and he asked him to educate his sons, sergey and paul. this visit further increased dosteyevsky ' s circle of acquaintances. he was a frequent guest in several salons in saint petersburg and met many famous people,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46175174997884605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.389368"}
{"text": "the diary to him, and he asked him to educate his sons, sergey and paul. this visit further increased dosteyevsky ' s circle of acquaintances. he was a frequent guest in several salons in saint petersburg and met many famous people, including princess sophia tolstaya, yakov polonsky, sergei witte, alexey suvorin, anton rubinstein and ilya repin. dostoyevsky ' s health declined further, and in march 1877 he had four epileptic seizures. rather than returning to ems, he visited maly prikol, a manor near kursk. while returning to st petersburg to finalise his diary, he visited darovoye, where he had spent much of his childhood. in december he attended nekrasov ' s funeral and gave a speech. he was appointed an honorary member of the russian academy of sciences, from which he received an honorary certificate in february 1879. he declined an invitation to an international congress on copyright in paris after his son alyosha had a severe epileptic seizure and died on 16 may. the family later moved to the apartment where dostoyevsky had written his first works. around this time, he was elected to the board of directors of the slavic benevolent society in saint petersburg. that summer, he was elected to the honorary committee of the association litteraire et artistique internationale, whose members included victor hugo, ivan turgenev, paul heyse, alfred tennyson, anthony trollope, henry longfellow, ralph waldo emerson and leo tolstoy. dostoyevsky made his fourth and final visit to ems in early august 1879. he was diagnosed with early - stage pulmonary emphysema, which his doctor believed could be successfully managed, but not cured. on 3 february 1880 dostoyevsky was elected vice president of the slavic benevolent society, and he was invited to speak at the unveiling of the pushkin memorial in moscow. he delivered his speech from memory two days later, giving an impressive performance that had a significant emotional impact on his audience. his speech was met with thunderous applause, and even his long - time rival turgenev embraced him. the speech was criticized later by liberal political scientist alexander gradovsky, who thought that dostoyevsky idolised \" the people \", and by conservative thinker konstantin leontiev, who, in his essay \" on universal love \", compared the speech to french utopian socialism. konstantin staniukovich praised the speech in his essay \" the pushkin anniversary and dos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4445006315365608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.390365"}
{"text": "people \", and by conservative thinker konstantin leontiev, who, in his essay \" on universal love \", compared the speech to french utopian socialism. konstantin staniukovich praised the speech in his essay \" the pushkin anniversary and dostoyevsky ' s speech \" in the business, writing that \" the language of dostoyevsky ' s [ pushkin speech ] really looks like a sermon. he speaks with the tone of a prophet. he makes a sermon like a pastor ; it is very deep, sincere, and we understand that he wants to impress the emotions of his listeners. \" the attacks led to a further deterioration in his health. on 25 january 1881, while searching for members of the terrorist organisation narodnaya volya ( \" the people ' s will \" ) who had assassinated tsar alexander ii, the tsar ' s secret police executed a search warrant in the apartment of one of dostoyevsky ' s neighbours. on the following day, dostoyevsky suffered a pulmonary haemorrhage. anna denied that the search had caused it, saying that the haemorrhage had occurred after her husband had been looking for a dropped pen holder. [ e ] after another haemorrhage, anna called the doctors, who gave a poor prognosis. a third haemorrhage followed shortly afterwards. among dostoyevsky ' s last words was his quotation of matthew 3 : 14 \u2013 15 : \" but john forbad him, saying, i have need to be baptised of thee, and comest thou to me? and jesus answering said unto him, suffer it to be so now : for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness \", and he finished with \" hear now \u2014 permit it. do not restrain me! \" when he died, his body was placed on a table, following russian custom. he was interred in the tikhvin cemetery at the alexander nevsky convent, near his favourite poets, karamsin and zhukovsky. it is unclear how many attended his funeral. according to one reporter, more than 100, 000 mourners were present, while others describe attendance between 40, 000 and 50, 000. his tombstone is inscribed with lines from the new testament : verily, verily, i say unto you, except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone : but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit. \u2014 jesus, from john 12 : 24 dostoyevsky had his first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4771543897991109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.391330"}
{"text": ", i say unto you, except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone : but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit. \u2014 jesus, from john 12 : 24 dostoyevsky had his first known affair with avdotya yakovlevna, whom he met in the panayev circle in the early 1840s. he described her as educated, interested in literature, and a femme fatale. he admitted later that he was uncertain about their relationship. according to anna dostoyevskaya ' s memoirs, dostoyevsky once asked his sister ' s sister - in - law, yelena ivanova, whether she would marry him, hoping to replace her mortally ill husband after he died, but she rejected his proposal. dostoyevsky and polina suslova had a short but intimate affair, which peaked in the winter of 1862 \u2013 63. suslova ' s dalliance with a spaniard in late spring and dostoyevsky ' s gambling addiction and age ended their relationship. he later described her in a letter to nadezhda suslova as a \" great egoist. her egoism and her vanity are colossal. she demands everything of other people, all the perfections, and does not pardon the slightest imperfection in the light of other qualities that one may possess \", and later stated \" i still love her, but i do not want to love her any more. she doesn ' t deserve this love... \" in 1858 dostoyevsky had a romance with comic actress aleksandra ivanovna schubert. although she divorced dostoyevsky ' s friend stepan yanovsky, she would not live with him. dostoyevsky did not love her either, but they were probably good friends. she wrote that he \" became very attracted to me \". through a worker in epoch, dostoyevsky learned of the russian - born martha brown ( nee elizaveta andreyevna chlebnikova ), who had had affairs with several westerners. her relationship with dostoyevsky is known only through letters written between november 1864 and january 1865. in 1865, dostoyevsky met anna korvin - krukovskaya. their relationship is not verified ; anna dostoyevskaya spoke of a good affair, but korvin - krukovskaya ' s sister, the mathematician sofia kovalevskaya, thought that korvin - krukovskaya had rejected him. in his youth, dostoyevsky enjoyed reading nikolai karam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46001900557433323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.393649"}
{"text": "good affair, but korvin - krukovskaya ' s sister, the mathematician sofia kovalevskaya, thought that korvin - krukovskaya had rejected him. in his youth, dostoyevsky enjoyed reading nikolai karamzin ' s history of the russian state, which praised conservatism and russian independence, ideas that dostoyevsky would embrace later in life. before his arrest for participating in the petrashevsky circle in 1849, dostoyevsky remarked, \" as far as i am concerned, nothing was ever more ridiculous than the idea of a republican government in russia. \" in an 1881 edition of his diaries, dostoyevsky stated that the tsar and the people should form a unity : \" for the people, the tsar is not an external power, not the power of some conqueror... but a power of all the people, an all - unifying power the people themselves desired. \" while critical of serfdom, dostoyevsky was sceptical about the creation of a constitution, a concept he viewed as unrelated to russia ' s history. he described it as a mere \" gentleman ' s rule \" and believed that \" a constitution would simply enslave the people \". he advocated social change instead, for example removal of the feudal system and a weakening of the divisions between the peasantry and the affluent classes. his ideal was a utopian, christianized russia where \" if everyone were actively christian, not a single social question would come up... if they were christians they would settle everything \". he thought democracy and oligarchy were poor systems ; of france he wrote, \" the oligarchs are only concerned with the interest of the wealthy ; the democrats, only with the interest of the poor ; but the interests of society, the interest of all and the future of france as a whole \u2014 no one there bothers about these things. \" he maintained that political parties ultimately led to social discord. in the 1860s, he discovered pochvennichestvo, a movement similar to slavophilism in that it rejected europe ' s culture and contemporary philosophical movements, such as nihilism and materialism. pochvennichestvo differed from slavophilism in aiming to establish, not an isolated russia, but a more open state modelled on the russia of peter the great. in his incomplete article \" socialism and christianity \", dostoyevsky claimed that civilisation ( \" the second stage in human history \" ) had become degraded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5328276155110364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.394901"}
{"text": ", not an isolated russia, but a more open state modelled on the russia of peter the great. in his incomplete article \" socialism and christianity \", dostoyevsky claimed that civilisation ( \" the second stage in human history \" ) had become degraded, and that it was moving towards liberalism and losing its faith in god. he asserted that the traditional concept of christianity should be recovered. he thought that contemporary western europe had \" rejected the single formula for their salvation that came from god and was proclaimed through revelation, ' thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself ', and replaced it with practical conclusions such as, ' chacun pour soi et dieu pour tous ' [ every man for himself and god for all ], or scientific slogans like ' the struggle for survival ' \". he considered this crisis to be the consequence of the collision between communal and individual interests, brought about by a decline in religious and moral principles. dostoyevsky distinguished three \" enormous world ideas \" prevalent in his time : roman catholicism, protestantism and russian orthodoxy. he claimed that catholicism had continued the tradition of imperial rome and had thus become anti - christian and proto - socialist, inasmuch as the church ' s interest in political and mundane affairs led it to abandon the idea of christ. for dostoyevsky, socialism was \" the latest incarnation of the catholic idea \" and its \" natural ally \". he found protestantism self - contradictory and claimed that it would ultimately lose power and spirituality. he deemed russian orthodoxy to be the ideal form of christianity. during the russo - turkish war ( 1877 \u2013 1878 ), dostoyevsky asserted that war might be necessary if salvation were to be granted. he wanted the muslim ottoman empire eliminated and the christian byzantine empire restored, and he hoped for the liberation of balkan slavs and their unification with the russian empire. dostoyevsky expressed antisemitic sentiments, some of which are found in his diaries, but he also stood up for the rights of jews. in a review of joseph frank ' s book the mantle of the prophet, orlando figes states that a writer ' s diary is \" filled with politics, literary criticism, and pan - slav diatribes about the virtues of the russian empire, [ and ] represents a major challenge to the dostoyevsky fan, not least on account of its frequent expressions of antisemitism. \" in his foreword for david i. goldstein ' s book dostoevsky and the jews, frank tried to paint dostoyevsky as a product of his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5247598284153807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.395910"}
{"text": "dostoyevsky fan, not least on account of its frequent expressions of antisemitism. \" in his foreword for david i. goldstein ' s book dostoevsky and the jews, frank tried to paint dostoyevsky as a product of his time, noting that dostoyevsky made antisemitic remarks, but was not entirely comfortable with these views. he supported equal rights for the russian jewish population, which was an unpopular position in russia. he stated that he did not hate jewish people and was not antisemitic. he claimed that jews might exert a negative influence, but he advised the tsar to allow them to occupy influential positions such as university professorships. the antisemitism label does not reflect his expressed desire to reconcile jews and christians peacefully in a universal brotherhood of mankind. dostoyevsky was raised in a religious family and knew the gospel from a very young age. he was influenced by the russian translation of johannes hubner ' s one hundred and four sacred stories from the old and new testaments selected for children ( partly a german bible for children and partly a catechism ). he attended sunday services from an early age and took part in annual pilgrimages to the st sergius trinity monastery. a deacon at the hospital gave him religious instruction. among his most cherished childhood memories were the prayers he used to recite in front of guests and a reading from the book of job that impressed him while \" still almost a child \". according to an officer at the military academy, dostoyevsky was profoundly religious, followed orthodox practice, and regularly read the gospels and heinrich zschokke ' s die stunden der andacht ( \" hours of devotion \" ), which \" preached a sentimental version of christianity entirely free from dogmatic content and with a strong emphasis on giving christian love a social application \". this book may have prompted his later interest in christian socialism. through the literature of hoffmann, balzac, eugene sue and goethe, dostoyevsky created his own belief system, similar to russian sectarianism and the old belief. after his arrest, aborted execution and subsequent imprisonment, he focused intensely on the figure of christ and on the new testament, the only book allowed in prison. in a january 1854 letter to the woman who had sent him the testament, dostoyevsky wrote that he was a \" child of unbelief and doubt up to this moment, and i am certain that i shall remain so to the grave \". he also wrote that \" even if someone were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45691019738076344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.397035"}
{"text": "sent him the testament, dostoyevsky wrote that he was a \" child of unbelief and doubt up to this moment, and i am certain that i shall remain so to the grave \". he also wrote that \" even if someone were to prove to me that the truth lay outside christ, i should choose to remain with christ rather than with the truth \". in semipalatinsk, dostoyevsky revived his faith by looking frequently at the stars. wrangel said that he was \" rather pious, but did not often go to church, and disliked priests, especially the siberian ones. but he spoke about christ ecstatically. \" both planned to translate hegel ' s works and carus ' psyche. dostoyevsky explored islam, asking his brother to send him a copy of the quran. two pilgrimages and two works by dmitri rostovsky, an archbishop who influenced ukrainian and russian literature by composing groundbreaking religious plays, strengthened his beliefs. through his visits to western europe and discussions with herzen, grigoriev, and strakhov, dostoyevsky discovered the pochvennichestvo movement and the theory that the catholic church had adopted the principles of rationalism, legalism, materialism and individualism from ancient rome and had passed on its philosophy to protestantism and consequently to atheistic socialism. dostoyevsky ' s fundamental beliefs remain uncertain, since he never fully stated them. in april 1876, in response to a question about a suicide in diary of a writer, he remarked that he was a \" philosophical deist \" \u2014 this was a quote from the adolescent, though he did not say that it was. but his belief in doctrines such as the trinity \u2014 clearly discussed in the brothers karamazov, for example \u2014 suggests that he may not have fully understood the meaning of this term. two months later, he wrote in his diaries that his heroine george sand \" died a deiste, firmly believing in god and in the immortality of the soul \", although deists at that time had a range of beliefs about the immortality of the soul. from an analysis of religious perspectives in crime and punishment, the idiot, demons, and the brothers karamazov, james townsend concludes that dostoyevsky held orthodox christian beliefs except for his view of salvation from sin. according to townsend, \" dostoevsky almost seemed to embrace an in - this - life purgatory \", in which people suffer to atone from their sins, in contrast with the christian doctrine of salvation through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5034763711407886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.398117"}
{"text": "his view of salvation from sin. according to townsend, \" dostoevsky almost seemed to embrace an in - this - life purgatory \", in which people suffer to atone from their sins, in contrast with the christian doctrine of salvation through christ. malcolm v. jones has found elements of islam and buddhism in dostoyevsky ' s religious convictions. themes and style dostoyevsky expressed religious, psychological and philosophical ideas in his writings. his works explore such themes as suicide, poverty, human manipulation, and morality. psychological themes include dreaming, first seen in \" white nights \", and the father - son relationship, beginning in the adolescent. most of his works demonstrate a vision of the chaotic sociopolitical structure of contemporary russia. his early works viewed society ( for example, the differences between poor and rich ) through the lens of literary realism and naturalism. the influences of other writers, particularly evident in his early works, led to accusations of plagiarism, but his style gradually became more individual. after his release from prison, dostoyevsky incorporated religious themes, especially those of russian orthodoxy, into his writing. elements of gothic fiction, romanticism, and satire are observable in some of his books. the main stylistic elements in his works are polyphony and autobiographical or semi - autobiographical details. his negative characters, such as the underground man in notes from underground, raskolnikov in crime and punishment, ippolit in the idiot, kirillov in demons, and ivan karamazov and smerdiakov in the brothers karamazov are products of their times and eventually commit either a crime or suicide. dostoyevsky ' s works were often called \" philosophical \", although he described himself as \" weak in philosophy \". \" fyodor mikhailovich loved these questions about the essence of things and the limits of knowledge \", wrote strakhov. although theologian george florovsky described dostoyevsky as a \" philosophical problem \", because it is unknown whether dostoyevsky believed in what he wrote, many philosophical ideas are found in books such as a writer ' s diary and the brothers karamazov. he may have been critical of rational and logical thinking because he was \" more a sage and an artist than a strictly logical, consistent thinker \". he represented kierkegaardian irrationalism in works such as house of the dead, notes from underground, crime and punishment and demons. his irrationalism is mentioned in william barrett ' s irrational man : a study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5251907945231888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.399107"}
{"text": "logical, consistent thinker \". he represented kierkegaardian irrationalism in works such as house of the dead, notes from underground, crime and punishment and demons. his irrationalism is mentioned in william barrett ' s irrational man : a study in existential philosophy and in walter kaufmann ' s existentialisms from dostoevsky to sartre. reception and influence together with tolstoy, dostoyevsky is often regarded as one of the greatest and most influential novelists of the golden age of russian literature. albert einstein put him above the mathematician carl friedrich gauss, calling him a \" great religious writer \" who explores \" the mystery of spiritual existence \". friedrich nietzsche called dostoyevsky \" the only psychologist... from whom i had something to learn ; he ranks among the most beautiful strokes of fortune in my life \". hermann hesse enjoyed dostoyevsky ' s work and cautioned that to read him is like a \" glimpse into the havoc \". the norwegian novelist knut hamsun wrote that \" no one has analysed the complicated human structure as dostoyevsky. his psychologic sense is overwhelming and visionary. \" in his posthumous collection of sketches a moveable feast, ernest hemingway stated that in dostoevsky \" there were things believable and not to be believed, but some so true that they changed you as you read them ; frailty and madness, wickedness and saintliness, and the insanity of gambling were there to know \". james joyce praised dostoyevsky ' s prose : \"... he is the man more than any other who has created modern prose, and intensified it to its present - day pitch. it was his explosive power which shattered the victorian novel with its simpering maidens and ordered commonplaces ; books which were without imagination or violence. \" in her essay the russian point of view, virginia woolf said, \" out of shakespeare there is no more exciting reading \". franz kafka called dostoyevsky his \" blood - relative \" and was heavily influenced by his works, particularly the brothers karamazov and crime and punishment, both of which profoundly influenced the trial. sigmund freud called the brothers karamazov \" the most significant novel ever written \". modern cultural movements such as the surrealists, the existentialists and the beats cite dostoyevsky as an influence, and he is cited as the forerunner of russian symbolism, existentialism, expressionism and psychoanalysis. in 1956 an olive - green postage stamp dedicated to dostoyevsky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5029533997112129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.400159"}
{"text": ", the existentialists and the beats cite dostoyevsky as an influence, and he is cited as the forerunner of russian symbolism, existentialism, expressionism and psychoanalysis. in 1956 an olive - green postage stamp dedicated to dostoyevsky was released in the soviet union, with a print run of 1, 000 copies. a dostoevsky museum was opened on 12 november 1971 in the apartment where he wrote his first and final novels. a crater on mercury was named after him in 1979, and a minor planet discovered in 1981 by lyudmila karachkina was named 3453 dostoevsky. music critic and broadcaster artemy troitsky has hosted the radio show \" fm \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0438 \" ( fm dostoyevsky ) since 1997. j. m. coetzee featured dostoyevsky as the protagonist in his 1997 novel the master of petersburg. viewers of the tv show name of russia voted him the ninth greatest russian of all time, behind chemist dmitry mendeleev and ahead of ruler ivan iv. an eagle award - winning tv series directed by vladimir khotinenko about dostoyevsky ' s life was screened in 2011. numerous memorials were inaugurated in cities and regions such as moscow, saint petersburg, novosibirsk, omsk, semipalatinsk, kusnetsk, darovoye, staraya russa, lyublino, tallinn, dresden, baden - baden and wiesbaden. the dostoyevskaya metro station in saint petersburg was opened on 30 december 1991, and the station of the same name in moscow was opened on 19 june 2010, the 75th anniversary of the moscow metro. the moscow station is decorated with murals by artist ivan nikolaev depicting scenes from dostoyevsky ' s works, such as controversial suicides. dostoyevsky ' s work did not always gain a positive reception. several critics, such as nikolay dobrolyubov, ivan bunin and vladimir nabokov, viewed his writing as excessively psychological and philosophical rather than artistic. others found fault with chaotic and disorganised plots, and others, like turgenev, objected to \" excessive psychologising \" and too - detailed naturalism. his style was deemed \" prolix, repetitious and lacking in polish, balance, restraint and good taste \". saltykov - shchedrin, tolstoy, nikolay mikhaylovsky and others criticised his puppet - like characters, most prominently in the idiot, the possessed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45761025979705955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.401192"}
{"text": ", repetitious and lacking in polish, balance, restraint and good taste \". saltykov - shchedrin, tolstoy, nikolay mikhaylovsky and others criticised his puppet - like characters, most prominently in the idiot, the possessed and the brothers karamazov. these characters were compared to those of hoffmann, an author whom dostoyevsky admired. basing his estimation on stated criteria of enduring art and individual genius, nabokov judges dostoyevsky \" not a great writer, but rather a mediocre one \u2014 with flashes of excellent humour but, alas, with wastelands of literary platitudes in between \". nabokov complains that the novels are peopled by \" neurotics and lunatics \" and states that dostoyevsky ' s characters do not develop : \" we get them all complete at the beginning of the tale and so they remain. \" he finds the novels full of contrived \" surprises and complications of plot \", which are effective when first read, but on second reading, without the shock and benefit of these surprises, appear loaded with \" glorified cliche \". dostoyevsky ' s books have been translated into more than 170 languages and have sold around 15 million copies. the german translator wilhelm wolfsohn published one of the first translations, parts of poor folk, in an 1846 \u2013 1847 magazine, and a french translation followed. french, german and italian translations usually came directly from the original, while english translations were second - hand and of poor quality. the first english translations were by marie von thilo in 1881, but the first highly regarded ones were produced between 1912 and 1920 by constance garnett. her flowing and easy translations helped popularize dostoyevsky ' s novels in anglophone countries, and bakthin ' s problems of dostoevsky ' s poetics ( 1929 ) provided further understanding of his style. dostoyevsky ' s works were interpreted in film and on stage in many different countries. princess varvara dmitrevna obolenskaya was among the first to propose staging crime and punishment. dostoyevsky did not refuse permission, but he advised against it, as he believed that \" each art corresponds to a series of poetic thoughts, so that one idea cannot be expressed in another non - corresponding form \". his extensive explanations in opposition to the transposition of his works into other media were groundbreaking in fidelity criticism. he thought that just one episode should be dramatised, or an idea should be taken and incorporated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42957754202424414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.402193"}
{"text": "expressed in another non - corresponding form \". his extensive explanations in opposition to the transposition of his works into other media were groundbreaking in fidelity criticism. he thought that just one episode should be dramatised, or an idea should be taken and incorporated into a separate plot. according to critic alexander burry, some of the most effective adaptions are sergei prokofiev ' s opera the gambler, leos janacek ' s opera from the house of the dead, akira kurosawa ' s film the idiot and andrzej wajda ' s film the possessed. after the 1917 russian revolution, dostoyevsky ' s books were often censored or banned. his philosophy, particularly in demons, was deemed capitalist and anti - communist, leading maxim gorky to dub the author \" our evil genius \". reading dostoyevsky was forbidden, and those caught doing so were imprisoned. during the second world war, however, his works were used as propaganda by both the soviets and the nazis, and after the war the soviet prohibition was overturned. although the 125th anniversary of his birth was celebrated throughout russia in 1947, his works were banned again until nikita khrushchev ' s accession to power ten years later, following de - stalinization and a softening of repressive laws. dostoyevsky ' s works of fiction include 15 novels and novellas, 17 short stories, and 5 translations. many of his longer novels were first published in serialised form in literary magazines and journals. the years given below indicate the year in which the novel ' s final part or first complete book edition was published. in english many of his novels and stories are known by different titles. major works poor folk poor folk is an epistolary novel that describes the relationship between the small, elderly official makar devushkin and the young seamstress varvara dobroselova, remote relatives who write letters to each other. makar ' s tender, sentimental adoration for varvara and her confident, warm friendship for him explain their evident preference for a simple life, although it keeps them in humiliating poverty. an unscrupulous merchant finds the inexperienced girl and hires her as his housewife and guarantor. he sends her to a manor somewhere on a steppe, while makar alleviates his misery and pain with alcohol. the story focuses on poor people who struggle with their lack of self - esteem. their misery leads to the loss of their inner freedom, to dependence on the social authorities, and to the extinction of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45139055031743525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.403268"}
{"text": "makar alleviates his misery and pain with alcohol. the story focuses on poor people who struggle with their lack of self - esteem. their misery leads to the loss of their inner freedom, to dependence on the social authorities, and to the extinction of their individuality. dostoyevsky shows how poverty and dependence are indissolubly aligned with deflection and deformation of self - esteem, combining inward and outerward suffering. notes from underground notes from underground is split into two stylistically different parts, the first essay - like, the second in narrative style. the protagonist and first - person narrator is an unnamed 40 - year - old civil servant known as the underground man. the only known facts about his situation are that he has quit the service, lives in a basement flat on the outskirts of saint petersburg and finances his livelihood from a modest inheritance. the first part is a record of his thoughts about society and his character. he describes himself as vicious, squalid and ugly ; the chief focuses of his polemic are the \" modern human \" and his vision of the world, which he attacks severely and cynically, and towards which he develops aggression and vengefulness. he considers his own decline natural and necessary. although he emphasizes that he does not intend to publish his notes for the public, the narrator appeals repeatedly to an ill - described audience, whose questions he tries to address. in the second part he describes scenes from his life that are responsible for his failure in personal and professional life and in his love life. he tells of meeting old school friends, who are in secure positions and treat him with condescension. his aggression turns inward on to himself and he tries to humiliate himself further. he presents himself as a possible saviour to the poor prostitute lisa, advising her to reject self - reproach when she looks to him for hope. dostoyevsky added a short commentary saying that although the storyline and characters are fictional, such things were inevitable in contemporary society. crime and punishment a detective novel, crime and punishment describes rodion raskolnikov ' s life, from the murder of a pawnbroker, through spiritual regeneration with the help of sonya ( a \" hooker with a heart of gold \" ), to his sentence in siberia. strakhov liked the novel, remarking that \" only crime and punishment was read in 1866 \" and that dostoyevsky had managed to portray a russian person aptly and realistically. otherwise, it received a mixed reception from critics, with most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48236865404439205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.404460"}
{"text": "critics and scholars agree that dostoyevsky is attacking roman catholicism and socialist atheism, both represented by the inquisitor. he warns the readers against a terrible revelation in the future, referring to the donation of pepin around 750 and the spanish inquisition in the 16th century, which in his view corrupted true christianity. novels and novellas short stories essay collections - ( 1843 ) eugenie grandet ( honore de balzac ) - ( 1843 ) la derniere aldini ( george sand ) - ( 1843 ) mary stuart ( friedrich schiller ) - ( 1843 ) boris godunov ( alexander pushkin ) - his name has been variously transcribed into english, his first name sometimes being rendered as theodore or fedor. before the post - revolutionary orthographic reform which, among other things, replaced the cyrillic letter ( ' th ' ) with the cyrillic letter \u0444 ( ' f ' ), dostoyevsky ' s name was written ( theodor ) \u043c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u044a \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0456\u0438. - old style date 30 october 1821 \u2013 28 january 1881 - time magazine was a popular periodical with more than 4, 000 subscribers before it was closed on 24 may 1863 by the tsarist regime after publishing an essay by nikolay strakhov about the polish revolt in russia. vremya and its 1864 successor epokha expressed the philosophy of the conservative and slavophile movement pochvennichestvo, supported by dostoyevsky during his term of imprisonment and in the following years. - another reason for his abstinence might have been the closure of casinos in germany in 1872 and 1873 ( it was not until the rise of adolf hitler that they were reopened ) or his entering a synagogue that he confused with a gambling hall. according to biographer joseph frank, dostoyevsky took that as a sign not to gamble anymore. - the haemorrhage could also have been triggered by heated disputes with his sister vera about his aunt aleksandra kumanina ' s estate, which was settled on 30 march and discussed in the st petersburg city court on 24 july 1879. anna later acquired a part of his estate consisting of around 185 desiatina ( around 500 acres or 202 ha ) of forest and 92 desiatina of farmland. - scanlan, james patrick ( 2002 ). dostoevsky the thinker : a philosophical study. cornell university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3994 - 0. - kjet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43179663453070316, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.407790"}
{"text": "and 92 desiatina of farmland. - scanlan, james patrick ( 2002 ). dostoevsky the thinker : a philosophical study. cornell university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3994 - 0. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 1 \u2013 5. - frank 1979, pp. 6 \u2013 22. - kjetsaa 1989, p. 11. - terras, victor ( 1985 ). handbook of russian literature. yale university press. p. 102. isbn 0 - 300 - 04868 - 8. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 6 \u2013 11. - frank 1979, pp. 23 \u2013 54. - sekirin 1997, p. 108. - kjetsaa 1989, p. 6. - kjetsaa 1989, p. 39. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 14 \u2013 5. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 17 \u2013 23. - frank 1979, pp. 69 \u2013 90. - lantz 2004, p. 2. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 24 \u2013 7. - frank 1979, pp. 69 \u2013 111. - sekirin 1997, p. 59. - lantz 2004, p. 109. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 31 \u2013 6. - frank 1979, pp. 114 \u2013 5. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 36 \u2013 7. - dostoyevsky, fyodor. \" letters of fyodor michailovitch dostoyevsky to his family and friends \". translated by ethel golburn mayne. retrieved 3 october 2012. - sekirin 1997, p. 73. - frank 1979, pp. 113 \u2013 57. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 42 \u2013 9. - frank 1979, pp. 159 \u2013 82. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 53 \u2013 5. - mochulsky 1967, pp. 115 \u2013 21. - kjetsaa 1989, p. 59. - frank 1979, pp. 239 \u2013 46, 259 \u2013 346. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 58 \u2013 69. - mochulsky 1967, pp. 99 \u2013 101. - mochulsky 1967, pp. 121 \u2013 33. - frank 1987, pp. 6 \u2013 68. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 72 \u2013 9. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 79 \u2013 96. - sekirin 1997, p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48221871353675844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.408542"}
{"text": ", pp. 121 \u2013 33. - frank 1987, pp. 6 \u2013 68. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 72 \u2013 9. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 79 \u2013 96. - sekirin 1997, p. 113. - sekirin 1997, p. 131. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 96 \u2013 108. - frank 1988, pp. 8 \u2013 20. - sekirin 1997, pp. 107 \u2013 21. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 112 \u2013 3. - frank 1987, pp. 165 \u2013 267. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 108 \u2013 13. - sekirin 1997, p. 168. - frank 1987, pp. 175 \u2013 221. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 115 \u2013 63. - frank 1988, pp. 34 \u2013 64. - frank 1987, pp. 290 et seq. - frank 1988, pp. 8 \u2013 62. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 135 \u2013 7. - frank 1988, pp. 233 \u2013 49. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 143 \u2013 5. - frank 1988, pp. 197 \u2013 211, 283 \u2013 94, 248 \u2013 365. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 151 \u2013 75. - frank 2009, p. 462. - leatherbarrow 2002, p. 83. - frank 1997, pp. 42 \u2013 183. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 162 \u2013 96. - sekirin 1997, p. 178. - kjetsaa 1989, p. 219. - frank 1997, pp. 151 \u2013 363. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 201 \u2013 37. - kjetsaa 1989, p. 245. - frank 2003, p. 639. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 240 \u2013 61. - frank 1997, pp. 241 \u2013 363. - kjetsaa 1989, p. 265. - frank 2003, pp. 14 \u2013 63. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 265 \u2013 7. - \" the dostoyevsky encyclopedia \u2013 about dostoyevsky \" ( in russian ). nikolay nasedkin. retrieved 1 march 2013. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 268 \u2013 71. - frank 2003, pp. 38 \u2013 118. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 269 \u2013 89. - frank 2003, pp. 120 \u2013 47. - kjetsaa 1989, pp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46621737319076556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.410335"}
{"text": "27. - lantz 2004, pp. 185. - figes, orlando ( 29 september 2002 ). \" dostoevsky ' s leap of faith \". sunday telegraph. p. 13. - goldstein 1981, p. xiv. - cassedy 2005, pp. 67 \u2013 80. - frank 1979, p. 401. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 8 \u2013 9. - jones 2005, p. 1. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 7 \u2013 9. - frank 2009, pp. 24, 30. - jones 2005, p. 2. - jones 2005, p. 6. - jones 2005, p. 7. - frank 1979, pp. 22 \u2013 3. - jones 2005, p. 7 - 9. - pattison & thompson 2001, p. 136. - cassedy 2005, p. 64. - frank 2003, p. 223. - townsend, james ( autumn 1997 ). \" dostoyevsky and his theology \". journal of the grace evangelical society ( grace evangelical society ). 10 : 19. retrieved 13 april 2013. - jones 2005, p. 68 - 9. - frank 2009, p. 110. - catteau, jacques ( 1989 ). dostoyevsky and the process of literary creation. cambridge university press. p. 282. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 32436 - 6. - terras 1998, p. 59. - terras 1998, p. 14. - bloshteyn 2007, p. 3. - lantz 2004, pp. 167 - 70. - lantz 2004, pp. 361 - 4. - scanlan 2002, p. 59. - \" \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 : \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \" [ fyodor mikhailovich dostoyevsky : poems ] ( in russian ). lib. ru. retrieved 22 september 2012. - paperno 1997, pp. 123 \u2013 6. - lantz 2004, pp. 424 \u2013 8. - dostoyevskaya anna. \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0444. \u043c. \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, st. petersburg, 1882 \u2013 83, 1 : 225 - solovyov, vladimir. \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.488070264394251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.413298"}
{"text": "\u043c. \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, st. petersburg, 1882 \u2013 83, 1 : 225 - solovyov, vladimir. \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430, st. petersburg, \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0430, 1901 \u2013 07, 5 : 382 - scanlan 2002, p. 3 - 6. - lauer 2000, p. 364. - vucinich, alexander ( 2001 ). einstein and soviet ideology. stanford university press. p. 181. isbn 0 - 8047 - 4209 - x. - muller 1982, p. 7. - muller 1982, p. 8. - lavrin 1947, p. 161. - dahiya, bhim s. ( 1992 ). hemingway ' s a farewell to arms : a critical study. academic foundation. p. 15. isbn 978 - 81 - 269 - 0772 - 4. - power, arthur ; joyce, james. conversations with james joyce. university of toronto. pp. 51 \u2013 60. isbn 978 - 1 - 901866 - 41 - 4. - woolf, virginia. \" chapter 16 : the russian point of view \". the common reader. houghton mifflin harcourt. isbn 978 - 0 - 15 - 602778 - 6. - bridgwater, patrick ( 2003 ). kafka : gothic and fairytale. rodopi. p. 9. isbn 978 - 90 - 420 - 1194 - 6. - struc, roman s. \" kafka and dostoevsky as ' blood relatives ' \". university of toronto. retrieved 8 june 2012. - rieff, philip ( 1979 ). freud, the mind of the moralist ( 3rd ed. ). university of chicago press. p. 132. isbn 978 - 0 - 226 - 71639 - 8. - bloshteyn 2007, p. 5. - lavrin2 2005, p. 38. - bloom 2004, p. 108. - burry 2011, p. 57. - breger 2008, p. 270. - \" ussr ( soviet union ) postage \u2013 stamps : 1956 \u2013 1960 \". cpa \u2013 \" souzpechat \" central philatelic agency. retrieved 10 may 2012. - \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4938489778668965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.414306"}
{"text": "57. - breger 2008, p. 270. - \" ussr ( soviet union ) postage \u2013 stamps : 1956 \u2013 1960 \". cpa \u2013 \" souzpechat \" central philatelic agency. retrieved 10 may 2012. - \" museum \". fyodor dostoevsky literary memorial museum. retrieved 10 may 2012. - \" \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0444\u043c 99. 6 \" ( in russian ). \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c. retrieved 20 april 2013. - \" \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \" [ internet voting results ] ( in russian ). name of russia. retrieved 15 may 2012. - \" liublinsko - dmitrovskaya line \". moscow metro. retrieved 10 may 2012. - \" opening delayed for moscow metro ' s \" station of suicides \" \". russia today. tv - novosti. 15 may 2010. retrieved 10 may 2012. - terras 1998, pp. 3 \u2013 4. - nabokov, vladamir ( 1981 ). lectures on russian literature. harvest book / harcourt. pp. 97 \u2013 135. isbn 0 - 15 - 602776 - 3. - kjetsaa 1989, p. foreword. - meier - grafe 1988, p. 492. - bloshteyn 2007, p. 26. - jones & terry 2010, p. 216. - france, peter ( 2001 ). the oxford guide to literature in english translation. oxford university press. pp. 594 \u2013 8. isbn 0 - 19 - 818359 - 3. - burry 2011, p. 3. - burry 2011, p. 5. - bloshteyn 2007, pp. 7 \u2013 8. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 69 \u2013 103. - halliwell, martin ( 2006 ). transatlantic modernism : moral dilemmas in modernist fiction. edinburgh university press. p. 13. isbn 0 - 7486 - 2393 - 0. - eysteinsson, astra\u00f0ur ( 1990 ). the concept of modernism. cornell university press. p. 29. isbn 0 - 8014 - 8077 - 9. - cicovacki 2012, p. 80. - kjetsaa 1989, p. 183. - frank 1997, p. 45, 60 \u2013 182. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 274 \u2013 309. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5109776329988852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.415176"}
{"text": "9. - cicovacki 2012, p. 80. - kjetsaa 1989, p. 183. - frank 1997, p. 45, 60 \u2013 182. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 274 \u2013 309. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 310 \u2013 322. - frank 2003, pp. 390 \u2013 441. - frank 1997, pp. 567 \u2013 705. - kjetsaa 1989, pp. 337 \u2013 414. - muller 1982, pp. 91 \u2013 103. - bercken, wil van den ( 2011 ). christian fiction and religious realism in the novels of dostoevsky. anthem press. isbn 978 - 0 - 85728 - 976 - 6. - bloshteyn, maria r. ( 2007 ). the making of a counter - culture icon : henry miller ' s dostoevsky. university of toronto press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9228 - 1. - breger, louis ( 2008 ). dostoevsky : the author as psychoanalyst. transaction publishers. isbn 978 - 1 - 4128 - 0843 - 9. - burry, alexander ( 2011 ). multi - mediated dostoevsky : transposing novels into opera, film, and drama. northwestern university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8101 - 2715 - 9. - cassedy, steven ( 2005 ). dostoevsky ' s religion. stanford university press. isbn 0 - 8047 - 5137 - 4. - cicovacki, predrag ( 2012 ). dostoevsky and the affirmation of life. transaction publishers. isbn 978 - 1 - 4128 - 4606 - 6. - frank, joseph ( 1981 ). \" foreword \". in goldstein, david. dostoevsky and the jews. university of texas press. isbn 978 - 0 - 292 - 71528 - 8. - jones, malcolm v. ( 2005 ). dostoevsky and the dynamics of religious experience. anthem press. isbn 978 - 1 - 84331 - 205 - 5. - jones, malcom v. ; terry, garth m. ( 2010 ). new essays on dostoyevsky. cambridge university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 15531 - 1. - lantz, kenneth a. ( 2004 ). the dostoevsky encyclopedia. greenwood publishing group. isbn 978 - 0 - 313 - 30384 - 5. - lauer, reinhard ( 2000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47836914874216907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.416032"}
{"text": "- 521 - 15531 - 1. - lantz, kenneth a. ( 2004 ). the dostoevsky encyclopedia. greenwood publishing group. isbn 978 - 0 - 313 - 30384 - 5. - lauer, reinhard ( 2000 ). geschichte der russischen literatur : von 1700 bis zur gegenwart ( in german ). verlag c. h. beck. isbn 978 - 3 - 406 - 50267 - 5. - lavrin, janko ( 2005 ). dostoevsky : a study. kessinger publishing. isbn 978 - 1 - 4179 - 8844 - 0. - leatherbarrow, william j ( 2002 ). the cambridge companion to dostoevskii. cambridge university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 65473 - 9. - meier - grafe, julius ( 1988 ). dostojewski der dichter ( in german ). insel verlag. isbn 3 - 458 - 32799 - 1. - mochulsky, konstantin ( 1967 ). dostoevsky : his life and work. minihan, michael a. ( translator ). princeton university press. isbn 0 - 691 - 01299 - 7. - muller, ludolf ( 1982 ). dostojewskij : sein leben, sein werk, sein vermachtnis ( in german ). erich wewel verlag. isbn 978 - 3 - 87904 - 100 - 8. - paperno, irina ( 1997 ). suicide as a cultural institution in dostoevsky ' s russia. cornell university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8425 - 4. - pattison, george ; thompson, diane oenning ( 2001 ). dostoevsky and the christian tradition. cambridge university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 78278 - 4. - scanlan, james patrick ( 2002 ). dostoevsky the thinker. cornell university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3994 - 0. - sekirin, peter, ed. ( 1997 ). the dostoevsky archive : firsthand accounts of the novelist from contemporaries ' memoirs and rare periodicals, most translated into english for the first time, with a detailed lifetime chronology and annotated bibliography. mcfarland. isbn 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0264 - 9. - terras, victor ( 1998 ). reading dostoevsky. university of wisconsin press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4940736575197897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.416785"}
{"text": "the first time, with a detailed lifetime chronology and annotated bibliography. mcfarland. isbn 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0264 - 9. - terras, victor ( 1998 ). reading dostoevsky. university of wisconsin press. isbn 978 - 0 - 299 - 16054 - 8. - bloom, harold ( 2004 ). fyodor dostoevsky. infobase publishing. isbn 978 - 0 - 7910 - 8117 - 4. - frank, joseph ( 2009 ). dostoevsky : a writer in his time. princeton university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 12819 - 1. - frank, joseph ( 1979 ). dostoevsky : the seeds of revolt, 1821 \u2013 1849. princeton university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 01355 - 8. - frank, joseph ( 1987 ). dostoevsky : the years of ordeal, 1850 \u2013 1859. princeton university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 01422 - 7. - frank, joseph ( 1988 ). dostoevsky : the stir of liberation, 1860 \u2013 1865. princeton university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 01452 - 4. - frank, joseph ( 1997 ). dostoevsky : the miraculous years, 1865 \u2013 1871. princeton university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 01587 - 3. - frank, joseph ( 2003 ). dostoevsky : the mantle of the prophet, 1871 \u2013 1881. princeton university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 11569 - 6. - kjetsaa, geir ( 1989 ). a writer ' s life. fawcett columbine. isbn 978 - 0 - 449 - 90334 - 6. - lavrin, janko ( 1947 ). dostoevksy. new york the macmillan company. oclc 646160256. | find more about fyodor dostoyevsky at wikipedia ' s sister projects | | media from commons | | quotations from wikiquote | | source texts from wikisource | - information about dostoyevsky ( german ) - fyodordostoevsky. com \u2013 forum, quotes, essays, photos, bio, ebooks and more - complete works ( russian ) - complete journalistic works ( russian ) - dostoyevsky studies - biographical and critical material - dostoyevsky ' s family tree - works by fyodor dostoyevsky at project gut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43314951092877074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2c820e-a3c0-4969-8184-e3e6fe1da00c>", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.417592"}
{"text": "hydrilla ( esthwaite waterweed or hydrilla ) is an aquatic plant genus, usually treated as containing just one species, hydrilla verticillata, though some botanists divide it into several species. synonyms include h. asiatica, h. japonica, h. lithuanica, and h. ovalifolica. it is native to the cool and warm waters of the old world in asia, europe, africa and australia, with a sparse, scattered distribution ; in europe, it is reported from ireland, great britain, germany, and the baltic states, and in australia from northern territory, queensland, and new south wales.. the stems grow up to 1 \u2013 2 m long. the leaves are arranged in whorls of two to eight around the stem, each leaf 5 \u2013 20 mm long and 0. 7 \u2013 2 mm broad, with serrations or small spines along the leaf margins ; the leaf midrib is often reddish when fresh. it is monoecious ( sometimes dioecious ), with male and female flowers produced separately on a single plant ; the flowers are small, with three sepals and three petals, the petals 3 \u2013 5 mm long, transparent with red streaks. it reproduces primarily vegetatively by fragmentation and by rhizomes and turions ( overwintering ), and flowers are rarely seen. hydrilla has a high resistance to salinity ( > 1 - 100000ppt ) compared to many other freshwater associated aquatic plants. the name esthwaite waterweed comes from its occurrence in esthwaite water in northwestern england, the only english site where it is native, but now presumed extinct, having not been seen since 1941. hydrilla closely resembles some other related aquatic plants, including egeria and elodea. status as an invasive plant hydrilla is naturalised and invasive in the united states following release in the 1960s from aquariums into waterways in florida. it is now established in canada and the southeast from connecticut to texas, and also in california. by the 1990s control and management were costing millions of dollars each year. hydrilla can be controlled by the application of aquatic herbicides and it is also eaten by grass carp, itself an invasive species in north america. insects used as biological pest control for this plant include weevils of the genus bagous and the asian hydrilla leaf - mining fly ( hydrellia pakistanae ). tube", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44705654940892336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67124c66-e90c-48c1-a543-1d5ccdbce0b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.421726"}
{"text": "grass carp, itself an invasive species in north america. insects used as biological pest control for this plant include weevils of the genus bagous and the asian hydrilla leaf - mining fly ( hydrellia pakistanae ). tubers pose a problem as they can lie dormant for a number of years, making it even more difficult to remove from waterways and estuaries. as an invasive species in florida, hydrilla has become the most serious aquatic weed problem for florida and most of the u. s. because it was such a threat as an invasive species, restrictions were placed to allow only a single type of chemical, fluridone, to be used as an herbicide. this was done to prevent the evolution of multiple mutants, and resulted in fluridone resistant hydrilla. \u201c as hydrilla spread rapidly to lakes across the southern united states in the past, the expansion of resistant biotypes is likely to pose significant environmental challenges in the future. \u201d in 2011 the inlet of cayuga lake, one of the finger lakes in new york state, used the chemical herbicide endothall to try and head off a possible future disaster. the first year nearly $ 100, 000 and numerous man - hours were spent trying to eradicate the hydrilla infestation. follow - up treatments were planned for at least five years. the city of ithaca as well as other local officials are willing to pay the price because without quick action the plant could get into the lake and possibly spread to other finger lakes in the region. | wikimedia commons has media related to : hydrilla verticillata | - flora europaea : hydrilla - flora of taiwan : hydrilla - australian plant name index : hydrilla - flora of nw europe : hydrilla verticillata - blamey, m. & grey - wilson, c. ( 1989 ). flora of britain and northern europe. isbn 0 - 340 - 40170 - 2 - huxley, a., ed. ( 1992 ). new rhs dictionary of gardening. macmillan isbn 0 - 333 - 47494 - 5. - environmental change network : esthwaite water - flora of north america : hydrilla verticillata - predicting the potential invasive distributions of four alien plant species in north america. peterson, a. townsend, papes, monica. weed science v. 51 no. 6 ( november / december 2003 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.403169314408189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67124c66-e90c-48c1-a543-1d5ccdbce0b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.422690"}
{"text": "| era | | southern and northern dynasties, sui dynasty, tang dynasty, song dynasty | | writing system | | chinese characters | middle chinese ( simplified chinese : \u4e2d \u53e4 ; traditional chinese : \u4e2d \u53e4 \u6f22 \u8a9e ; pinyin : zhonggu hanyu ), formerly known as ancient chinese, is the historical chinese dialect recorded in the qieyun, a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions. the fanqie method used to indicate pronunciation in these dictionaries, though an improvement on earlier methods, proved awkward in practice. the 12th - century yunjing and other rime tables incorporate a more sophisticated and convenient analysis of the qieyun phonology. the rime tables attest to a number of sound changes that had occurred over the centuries following the publication of the qieyun. linguists sometimes refer to the system of the qieyun as early middle chinese and the variant revealed by the rime tables as late middle chinese. the dictionaries and tables describe pronunciations in relative terms, but do not give their actual sounds. the swedish linguist bernard karlgren believed that the dictionaries recorded a speech standard of the capital chang ' an of the sui and tang dynasties, and produced a reconstruction of its sounds. however, based on the more recently recovered preface of the qieyun, most scholars now believe that it records a compromise between northern and southern reading and poetic traditions from the late southern and northern dynasties period. this composite system contains important information for the reconstruction of the preceding system of old chinese phonology ( 1st millennium bc ). the middle chinese system is often used as a framework for the study and description of various modern varieties of chinese. branches of the chinese family such as mandarin chinese ( including standard chinese, based on the speech of beijing ), yue chinese and wu chinese can be largely treated as divergent developments from the qieyun system. the study of middle chinese also provides for a better understanding and analysis of classical chinese poetry, such as the study of tang poetry. the reconstruction of middle chinese phonology is largely dependent upon detailed descriptions in a few original sources. the most important of these is the qieyun rime dictionary ( 601 ad ) and its revisions. the qieyun is often used together with interpretations in song dynasty rime tables such as the yunjing, qiyinlue, and the later qieyun zhizhangtu and sisheng dengzi. the documentary sources are supplemented by comparison with modern chinese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4540870066438144, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.462846"}
{"text": "often used together with interpretations in song dynasty rime tables such as the yunjing, qiyinlue, and the later qieyun zhizhangtu and sisheng dengzi. the documentary sources are supplemented by comparison with modern chinese varieties, pronunciation of chinese words borrowed by other languages ( particularly japanese, korean and vietnamese ), transcription into chinese characters of foreign names, transcription of chinese names in alphabetic scripts ( such as brahmi, tibetan and uygur ), and evidence regarding rhyme and tone patterns from classical chinese poetry. rime dictionaries medieval chinese scholars devoted a great deal of effort to describing the sounds of their language, especially to aid in reading the classics aloud and in the correct composition of poetry. chinese poetry abounded during the tang era, sometimes with a rigid verse structure relied upon the tones within verse lines and rhyming of end words. the rime dictionaries ( the spelling \" rime \" is normally preferred in this context ) were a primary aid to authors in composing this poetry, or to readers judging it. the qieyun ( 601 ad ), is the oldest of the rime dictionaries and the main source for the pronunciation of characters in early middle chinese ( emc ). at the time of bernhard karlgren ' s seminal work on middle chinese in the early 20th century, only fragments of the qieyun were known, and scholars relied on the guangyun ( 1008 ), a much expanded edition from the song dynasty. however, significant sections of a version of the qieyun itself were subsequently discovered in the caves of dunhuang, and a complete copy of wang renxu ' s kanmiu buque qieyun ( 706 ) from the palace library was found in 1947. the qieyun organizes chinese characters by their pronunciation, according to a hierarchy of tone, rhyme and homophony. characters with identical pronunciations are grouped into homophone classes, whose pronunciation is described using two fanqie characters, the first of which has the initial sound of the characters in the homophone class and second of which has the same sound as the rest of the syllable ( the final ). the use of fanqie was an important innovation of the qieyun and allowed the pronunciation of all characters to be described exactly ; earlier dictionaries simply described the pronunciation of unfamiliar characters in terms of the most similar - sounding familiar character. the qieyun uses multiple equivalent fanqie characters to represent each particular initial, and likewise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4996285451202266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.464393"}
{"text": "pronunciation of all characters to be described exactly ; earlier dictionaries simply described the pronunciation of unfamiliar characters in terms of the most similar - sounding familiar character. the qieyun uses multiple equivalent fanqie characters to represent each particular initial, and likewise for finals. determining the number of categories of initials and finals actually represented thus took a good deal of careful work on the part of chinese linguists. this was done was by equating two fanqie initials ( or finals ) whenever one is used in the fanqie spelling of the pronunciation of the other, and then following chains of such equivalences to create larger groups. ( for example, if the pronunciation of a particular character is defined using the fanqie spelling ab, and the pronunciation of character a is defined using the fanqie spelling cd, and the pronunciation of character c is defined using the fanqie spelling ef, then characters a, c and e are all equivalent fanqie characters for the same initial sound. ) the qieyun classifies homonyms under 193 rhyme classes, each of which is placed within one of the four tones. a single rhyme class may contain multiple finals, generally differing only in the medial ( especially when it is / w / ) or in so - called chongniu doublets ( see below ). rime tables the yunjing ( c. 1150 ad ) is the oldest of the so - called rime tables, which provide a more detailed phonological analysis of the system contained in the qieyun. the yunjing was created centuries after the qieyun, and the authors of the yunjing were attempting to interpret a phonological system that differed in significant ways from that of their own late middle chinese ( lmc ) dialect. they were aware of this, and attempted to reconstruct qieyun phonology as well as possible through a close analysis of regularities in the system and co - occurrence relationships between the initials and finals indicated by the fanqie characters. however, the analysis inevitably shows some influence from lmc, which needs to be taken into account when interpreting difficult aspects of the system. the yunjing is organized into 43 tables, each covering several qieyun rhyme classes, and classified as : - one of 16 she, the broad rhyme classes of lmc. each she is either \" inner \" ( nei ) or \" outer \" ( wai \u5916 ). the meaning of this is debated but it has been suggested that it refers to the height of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5245984088595644, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.465708"}
{"text": ", the broad rhyme classes of lmc. each she is either \" inner \" ( nei ) or \" outer \" ( wai \u5916 ). the meaning of this is debated but it has been suggested that it refers to the height of the main vowel, with \" outer \" finals having a low vowel ( / \u0251 / or / a, \u00e6 / ) and \" inner \" finals having a non - low vowel. - \" open mouth \" ( kaikou \u53e3 ) or \" closed mouth \" ( hekou \u5408 \u53e3 ), indicating whether lip rounding is present. \" closed \" finals either have a rounded vowel ( e. g. / u / ) or rounded glide. each table has 23 columns, one for each initial ( shengmu \" sound mother \" ). although the yunjing distinguishes 36 initials, they are placed in 23 columns by combining palatals, retroflexes, and dentals under the same column. this does not lead to cases where two homophone classes are conflated, as the grades ( rows ) are arranged so that all would - be minimal pairs distinguished only by the retroflex vs. palatal vs. alveolar character of the initial end up in different rows. each initial is further classified as follows : - place of articulation : labials ( chun \" lip \" ), alveolars ( she \" tongue \" ), velars ( ya \" back tooth \" ), affricates and sibilants ( chi \" front tooth \" ), and gutturals ( hou \" throat \" ) - phonation : voiceless ( qing \u6e05 \" clear \" ), voiceless aspirated ( ciqing \u6e05 \" secondary clear \" ), voiced ( zhuo \" muddy \" ) or nasal or liquid ( qingzhuo \u6e05 \" clear muddy \" ) each table also has 16 rows, with a group of 4 rows for each of the 4 tones ( shengdiao \" sound intonation \" ) of the traditional system in which finals ending in / p /, / t / or / k / are considered to be entering tone variants of finals ending in / m /, / n / or / \u014b / rather than separate finals in their own right. the significance of the 4 rows ( deng \" class \", \" grade \" or \" group \" ) within each tone is difficult to interpret, and is strongly debated. these rows are usually denoted i, ii, iii and iv, and are thought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5327732648297652, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.467182"}
{"text": "the significance of the 4 rows ( deng \" class \", \" grade \" or \" group \" ) within each tone is difficult to interpret, and is strongly debated. these rows are usually denoted i, ii, iii and iv, and are thought to relate to differences in palatalization or retroflexion of the syllable ' s initial or medial, or differences in the quality of similar main vowels ( e. g. / \u0251 /, / a /, / \u025b / ). other scholars view them not as phonetic categories but formal devices exploiting distributional patterns in the qieyun to achieve a compact presentation. each square in a table contains a character corresponding to a particular homophone class in the qieyun, if any such character exists. from this arrangement, each homophone class can be placed in the above categories. modern dialects and sino - xenic pronunciations the rime dictionaries and rime tables identify categories of phonetic distinctions, but do not indicate the actual pronunciations of these categories. the varied pronunciations of words in modern varieties of chinese can help, but most modern varieties descend from a late middle chinese koine and cannot very easily be used to determine the pronunciation of early middle chinese. during the early middle chinese period, large amounts of chinese vocabulary were systematically borrowed by vietnamese, korean and japanese ( collectively known as sino - xenic vocabularies ), but many distinctions were inevitably lost in mapping chinese phonology onto foreign phonological systems. for example, the following table shows the pronunciation of the numerals in three modern chinese varieties, as well as borrowed forms in vietnamese, korean and japanese : | modern chinese varieties | | sino - vietnamese | | sino - korean | | sino - japanese | | middle chinese [ a ] | | 10 | | \u5341 | | shi | | | | sap6 | | thap | | sip | | ju < | | dzyip | transcription evidence although the evidence from chinese transcriptions of foreign words is much more limited, and is similarly obscured by the mapping of foreign pronunciations onto chinese phonology, it serves as direct evidence of a sort that is lacking in all the other types of data, since the pronunciation of the foreign languages borrowed from \u2013 especially sanskrit \u2013 is known in great detail. for example, the sanskrit word dravida was translated by religious scribes into a series of characters that are now read in standard mandarin as daluopitu. this suggests that mandarin - uo is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5418676609715913, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.468210"}
{"text": "known in great detail. for example, the sanskrit word dravida was translated by religious scribes into a series of characters that are now read in standard mandarin as daluopitu. this suggests that mandarin - uo is the modern reflex of an ancient / a / - like sound, and that the mandarin second tone is a reflex of ancient voiced consonants. the nasal initials / m /, / n / and / \u014b / were used to transcribe sanskrit nasals in the early tang, but later they were used for sanskrit voiced initials, suggesting that they had become prenasalized stops in some dialects. the rime dictionaries and rime tables yield phonological categories, but with little hint of what sounds they represent. at the end of the 19th century, european students of chinese sought to solve this problem by applying the methods of historical linguistics that had been used in reconstructing proto - indo - european. volpicelli ( 1896 ) and schaank ( 1897 ) compared the rime tables at the front of the kangxi dictionary with modern pronunciations in several varieties, but had little knowledge of linguistics. karlgren, trained in transcription of swedish dialects, carried out the first systematic survey of varieties of chinese. he used the oldest known rime tables as descriptions of the sounds of the rime dictionaries, and also studied the guangyun, at that time the oldest known rime dictionary. unaware of chen li ' s study, he repeated the analysis of the fanqie required to identify the initials and finals of the dictionary. he believed that the resulting categories reflected the speech standard of the capital chang ' an of the sui and tang dynasties. he interpreted the many distinctions as a narrow transcription of the precise sounds of this language, which he sought to reconstruct by treating the sino - xenic and modern dialect pronunciations as reflexes of the qieyun categories. a small number of qieyun categories were not distinguished in any of the surviving pronunciations, and karlgren assigned them identical reconstructions. karlgren ' s transcription involved a large number of consonants and vowels, many of them very unevenly distributed. chao yuen ren and samuel e. martin accepted karlgren ' s reconstruction as a description of medieval speech, and analysed its contrasts to extract a phonemic description. hugh m. stimson simplified martin ' s system as an approximate indication of the pronunciation of tang poetry. karlgren himself viewed phonemic analysis as a detrimental \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.511178116060558, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.469205"}
{"text": "of medieval speech, and analysed its contrasts to extract a phonemic description. hugh m. stimson simplified martin ' s system as an approximate indication of the pronunciation of tang poetry. karlgren himself viewed phonemic analysis as a detrimental \" craze \". older versions of the rime dictionaries and rime tables came to light over the first half of the 20th century, and were used by such linguists as wang li, dong tonghe and li rong in their own reconstructions. edwin pulleyblank argued that the systems of the qieyun and the rime tables should be reconstructed as two separate ( but related ) systems, which he called early and late middle chinese respectively. he further argued that his late middle chinese reflected the standard language of the late tang dynasty. the preface of the qieyun recovered in 1947 indicates that it records a compromise between northern and southern reading and poetic traditions from the late southern and northern dynasties period ( a diasystem ). most linguists now believe that no single dialect contained all the distinctions recorded, but that each distinction did occur somewhere. several scholars have compared the qieyun system to cross - dialectal descriptions of english pronunciations, such as john c. wells ' s lexical sets, or the notation used in some dictionaries. thus for example the words \" trap \", \" bath \", \" palm \", \" lot \", \" cloth \" and \" thought \" contain four different vowels in received pronunciation and three in general american ; both these pronunciations ( and many others ) can be specified in terms of these six cases. although the qieyun system is no longer viewed as describing a single form of speech, linguists argue that this enhances its value in reconstructing earlier forms of chinese, just as a cross - dialectal description of english pronunciations contains more information about earlier forms of english than any single modern form. the emphasis has shifted from precise sounds ( phonetics ) to the structure of the phonological system. thus li fang - kuei, as a prelude to his reconstruction of old chinese, produced a revision of karlgren ' s notation, adding new notations for the few categories not distinguished by karlgren, without assigning them pronunciations. this notation is still widely used, but its symbols, based on johan august lundell ' s swedish dialect alphabet, differ from the familiar international phonetic alphabet. to remedy this, william h. baxter produced his own notation for the qieyun and rime table categories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5152109021567528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.471834"}
{"text": "still widely used, but its symbols, based on johan august lundell ' s swedish dialect alphabet, differ from the familiar international phonetic alphabet. to remedy this, william h. baxter produced his own notation for the qieyun and rime table categories for use in his reconstruction of old chinese. the approach to the reconstruction of middle chinese followed by karlgren and his successors has been to use dialect and sino - xenic data in a subsidiary role to fill in sound values for the categories extracted from the rime distionaries and tables, rather than a full application of the comparative method. all reconstructions of middle chinese since karlgren have followed his approach of beginning with the categories extracted from the rime dictionaries and tables, and using dialect, sino - xenic and transcription data to fill in their sound values. jerry norman and weldon south coblin have criticized this approach, arguing that viewing the dialect data though the rime dictionaries and rime tables distorts the evidence. they argue for a full application of the comparative method to the modern varieties, supplemented by systematic use of transcription data. the traditional analysis of the chinese syllable, derived from the fanqie method, is into an initial consonant, or \" initial \", ( shengmu ) and a final ( yunmu ). modern linguists subdivide the final into an optional \" medial \" glide ( yuntou ), a main vowel or \" nucleus \" ( yunfu ) and an optional final consonant or \" coda \" ( yunwei ). most reconstructions of middle chinese include the glides / j / and / w /, as well as a combination / jw /, but many also include vocalic \" glides \" such as / i / in a diphthong / ie /. final consonants / j /, / w /, / m /, / n /, / \u014b /, / p /, / t / and / k / are widely accepted, sometimes with additional codas such as / wk / or / w\u014b /. rhyming syllables in the qieyun are assumed to have the same nuclear vowel and coda, but often have different medials. middle chinese reconstructions by different modern linguists vary. these differences are minor and fairly uncontroversial in terms of consonants ; however, there is a more significant difference as to the vowels. the most widely used transcriptions are li fang - kuei ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4993766032669198, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.473039"}
{"text": "by different modern linguists vary. these differences are minor and fairly uncontroversial in terms of consonants ; however, there is a more significant difference as to the vowels. the most widely used transcriptions are li fang - kuei ' s modification of karlgren ' s reconstruction and william baxter ' s typeable notation. the preface of the yunjing identifies a traditional set of 36 initials, each named with an exemplary character. an earlier version comprising 30 initials is known from fragments among the dunhuang manuscripts. in contrast, identifying the initials of the qieyun required a painstaking analysis of fanqie relationships across the whole dictionary, a task first undertaken by the cantonese scholar chen li in 1842 and refined by others since. this analysis revealed a slightly different set of initials from the traditional set. moreover, most scholars believe that some distinctions among the 36 initials were no longer current at the time of the rime tables, but were retained under the influence of the earlier dictionaries. early middle chinese ( emc ) had three types of stops : voiced, voiceless, and voiceless aspirated. there were five series of coronal obstruents, with a three - way distinction between dental ( or alveolar ), retroflex and palatal among fricatives and affricates, and a two - way dental / retroflex distinction among stop consonants. the following table shows the initials of early middle chinese, with their traditional names and approximate values : | stops and affricates | | nasals | | fricatives | | approximants | | labials | | p | | p\u02b0 | | b | | \u660e m | | dentals [ b ] | | t | | t\u02b0 | | \u5b9a d | | n | | retroflex stops [ c ] | | | | | | | | | | dental sibilants | | ts | | \u6e05 ts\u02b0 | | dz | | \u5fc3 s | | z | | retroflex sibilants | | t\u0282 | | t\u0282\u02b0 | | d\u0290 | | \u751f \u0282 | | \u0290 [ d ] | | palatals [ e ] | | \u7ae0 t\u0255 | | t\u0255\u02b0 | | d\u0291 [ f ] | | \u65e5 \u0272 | | \u66f8 \u0255 | | \u0291 [ f ] | | j [ g ] | | velars | | \u898b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47549880727208144, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.474263"}
{"text": "e ] | | \u7ae0 t\u0255 | | t\u0255\u02b0 | | d\u0291 [ f ] | | \u65e5 \u0272 | | \u66f8 \u0255 | | \u0291 [ f ] | | j [ g ] | | velars | | \u898b k | | k\u02b0 | | \u0261 | | \u014b | | laryngeals [ h ] | | \u0294 | | x | | / \u0263 [ g ] | old chinese had a simpler system with no palatal or retroflex consonants ; the more complex system of emc is thought to have arisen from a combination of old chinese obstruents with a following / r / and / or / j /. - the reversal of / \u0291 / and / d\u0291 /. karlgren based his reconstruction on the song dynasty rime tables. however, because of mergers between these two sounds between early and late middle chinese, the chinese phonologists who created the rime tables could rely only on tradition to tell what the respective values of these two consonants were ; evidently they were accidentally reversed at one stage. - karlgren also assumed that the emc retroflex stops were actually palatal stops based on their tendency to co - occur with front vowels and / j /, but this view is no longer held. - karlgren assumed that voiced consonants were actually breathy voiced. this is now assumed only for lmc, not emc. several changes occurred between the time of the qieyun and the rime tables : - palatal sibilants merged with retroflex sibilants. - / \u0290 / merged with / d\u0290 / ( hence reflecting four separate emc phonemes ). - the palatal nasal / \u0272 / also became retroflex, but turned into a new phoneme / r / rather than merging with any existing phoneme. - the palatal allophone of / \u0263 / ( ) merged with / j / ( ) as a single laryngeal initial / j / ( ). - a new series of labiodentals emerged from labials in certain environments, typically where both fronting and rounding occurred ( e. g. / j / plus a back vowel in william baxter ' s reconstruction, or a front rounded vowel in chan ' s reconstruction ). however modern min dialects retain bilabial initials in such words, while modern hakka dialects preserve them in some common words. - voiced obstruents gained phonetic breathy voice ( still reflected in the wu chinese varieties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5143554139689479, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.475823"}
{"text": "chan ' s reconstruction ). however modern min dialects retain bilabial initials in such words, while modern hakka dialects preserve them in some common words. - voiced obstruents gained phonetic breathy voice ( still reflected in the wu chinese varieties ). the following table shows a representative account of the initials of late middle chinese. | stops and affricates | | sonorants | labials | | \" heavy lip \" | | p | | p\u02b0 | | ~ b\u02b0 | | \u660e m | | \" light lip \" | | f | | f [ i ] | | ~ v\u02b0 | | \u028b [ j ] | | coronals | | \" tongue - head \" | | t | | t\u02b0 | | \u5b9a ~ d\u02b0 | | n | | \u4e0a \" tongue up \" | | | | | | ~ | | | | lateral | | \" half tongue \" | | l | | sibilants | | \" tooth - head \" | | ts | | \u6e05 ts\u02b0 | | ~ dz\u02b0 | | \u5fc3 s | | ~ z\u02b0 | | \u6b63 \" true front - tooth \" | | t\u0282 | | t\u0282\u02b0 | | ( t ) | \u0282 | | ~ \u0290\u02b0 | | \" half front - tooth \" | | \u65e5 r [ l ] | | velars | | \" back - tooth \" | | \u898b k | | k\u02b0 | | ~ g\u02b0 | | \u014b | | gutturals | | \" throat \" | | \u0294 | | x | | ~ \u0263\u02b0 | | ~ \u2205 | the voicing distinction is retained in modern wu dialects, but has disappeared from other varieties. in min dialects the retroflex dentals have merged with the dentals, while elsewhere they have merged with the retroflex sibilants. in the south these have also merged with the dental sibilants, but the distinction is retained in most mandarin dialects. the palatal series of modern mandarin dialects, resulting from a merger of palatal allophones of dental sibilants and velars, is a much more recent development, unconnected with the earlier palatal consonants. the remainder of a syllable after the initial consonant is the final, represented in the qiey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4723165900630589, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.478833"}
{"text": "merger of palatal allophones of dental sibilants and velars, is a much more recent development, unconnected with the earlier palatal consonants. the remainder of a syllable after the initial consonant is the final, represented in the qieyun by several equivalent second fanqie spellers. each final is contained within a single rhyme class, but a rhyme class may contain between one and four finals. finals are usually analysed as consisting of an optional medial, either a semivowel, reduced vowel or some combination of these, a vowel, an optional final consonant and a tone. their reconstruction is much more difficult than the initials due to the combination of multiple phonemes into a single class. the generally accepted final consonants are semivowels / j / and / w /, nasals / m /, / n / and / \u014b /, and stops / p /, / t / and / k /. some authors also propose codas / w\u014b / and / wk /, based on the separate treatment of certain rhyme classes in the dictionaries. finals with vocalic and nasal codas may have one of three tones, named level, rising and departing. finals with stop codas are distributed in the same way as corresponding nasal finals, and are described as their entering tone counterparts. there is much less agreement regarding the medials and vowels. it is generally agreed that \" closed \" finals had a rounded glide / w / or vowel / u /, and that the vowels in \" outer \" finals were more open than those in \" inner \" finals. the interpretation of the \" divisions \" is more controversial. three classes of qieyun finals occur exclusively in the first, second or fourth rows of the rime tables respectively, and have thus been labelled finals of divisions i, ii and iv. the remaining finals are labelled division - iii finals because they occur in the third row, but they may also occur in the second or fourth rows for some initials. most linguists agree that division - iii finals contained a / j / medial and that division - i finals had no such medial, but further details vary between reconstructions. to account for the many rhyme classes distinguished by the qieyun, karlgren proposed 16 vowels and 4 medials. later scholars have proposed numerous variations. the qieyun classified characters in four parts according to their tone : even tone ( pingsheng \u5e73 ), rising tone ( shangsheng \u4e0a ), departing tone ( qusheng ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49605116838919244, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.481782"}
{"text": "scholars have proposed numerous variations. the qieyun classified characters in four parts according to their tone : even tone ( pingsheng \u5e73 ), rising tone ( shangsheng \u4e0a ), departing tone ( qusheng ), and entering tone ( rusheng ). the \" entering tone \", also known as a \" checked tone \", actually refers to syllables characterized by a final stop consonant ( / p /, / t /, or / k / ) rather than a distinct pitch. it is difficult to determine the exact contours of the other tones. karlgren interpreted the names literally as level, rising and falling pitches, respectively. the oldest known description of the tones is found in a song dynasty quotation from the early 9th century yuanhe yunpu \u300a \u5143 \u548c \u300b ( no longer extant ) : \" level tone is sad and stable. rising tone is strident and rising. departing tone is clear and distant. entering tone is straight and abrupt. \" [ m ] changes from old chinese to middle chinese to modern varieties | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( may 2011 ) | middle chinese had a structure much like many modern varieties ( especially conservative ones such as cantonese ), with largely monosyllabic words, little or no derivational morphology, three tones, and a syllable structure consisting of initial consonant, glide, main vowel and final consonant, with a large number of initial consonants and a fairly small number of final consonants. not counting the glide, no clusters could occur at the beginning or end of a syllable. old chinese, on the other hand, had a significantly different structure. there were no tones, a lesser imbalance between possible initial and final consonants, and a significant number of initial and final clusters. there was a well - developed system of derivational and possibly inflectional morphology, formed using consonants added onto the beginning or end of a syllable. this system is similar to the system reconstructed for proto - sino - tibetan and still visible, for example, in the written tibetan language ; it is also largely similar to the system that occurs in the more conservative mon \u2013 khmer languages, such as modern khmer ( cambodian ). the main changes leading to the modern varieties have been a reduction in the number of consonants and vowels and a corresponding increase in the number of tones ( typically through a pan - east - asiatic tone split that doubled the number of tones while eliminating the distinction between voiced and unvoiced consonants ). this has led to a gradual decrease in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5125024238870508, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.486610"}
{"text": "and vowels and a corresponding increase in the number of tones ( typically through a pan - east - asiatic tone split that doubled the number of tones while eliminating the distinction between voiced and unvoiced consonants ). this has led to a gradual decrease in the number of possible syllables. in standard mandarin, this has progressed to a farther extent than elsewhere, with only about 1, 200 possible syllables. the result, in mandarin especially, has been the proliferation of the number of two - syllable compound words, which have steadily replaced former monosyllabic words, to the extent that the majority of words in standard mandarin are now composed of two syllables. - middle chinese forms are given in baxter ' s transcription, in which - h and - x denote the rising and departing tones respectively. - it is not clear whether these had an alveolar or dental articulation. they are mostly alveolar in modern chinese varieties. - karlgren reconstructed these as palatal stops, but most scholars now believe they were retroflex stops. - the \u0290 initial occurs in only two words and in the qieyun, and is merged with d\u0290 in the guangyun. it is omitted in many reconstructions, and has no standard chinese name. - the retroflex and palatal sibilants were treated as a single series in the rime tables. chen li was the first to realize ( in 1842 ) that they were distinguished in the qieyun. - the initials and are reversed from their positions in the rime tables, which are believed to have confused them. - in the rime tables, the palatal allophone of \u0263 ( ) is combined with j ( ) as a single laryngeal initial. however in the qieyun system j patterns with the palatals. - the point of articulation of the fricatives is not clear, and varies between the modern varieties. - this initial was probably indistinguishable from, but retained to record its origin from a different qieyun initial. - an unusual initial ; shows up today as either [ w ], [ v ] ( or [ \u028b ] ) or [ m ]. - this initial was not included in the lists of 30 initials in the dunhuang fragments, and was probably not phonemically distinct from by that time. - originally a palatal nasal ; generally shows up today as [ \u0290 ] ( or [ ] ), [ \u0291 ], [ j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49537466419970155, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.488527"}
{"text": "in the dunhuang fragments, and was probably not phonemically distinct from by that time. - originally a palatal nasal ; generally shows up today as [ \u0290 ] ( or [ ] ), [ \u0291 ], [ j ], [ z ], or [ \u0272 ]. - \u300c \u5e73 \u5b89 \uff0c \u4e0a \uff0c \u6e05 \uff0c \u300d, translated in ting ( 1996, p. 152 ) - norman ( 1988 ), pp. 24 \u2013 41. - norman ( 1988 ), pp. 24 \u2013 25. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 33 \u2013 35. - pulleyblank ( 1984 ), pp. 142 \u2013 143. - norman ( 1988 ), pp. 29 \u2013 30. - norman ( 1988 ), pp. 31 \u2013 32. - baxter ( 1992 ), p. 43. - norman ( 1988 ), pp. 30 \u2013 31. - branner ( 2006 ), pp. 15, 32 \u2013 34. - norman ( 1988 ), p. 28. - norman ( 1988 ), p. 34 \u2013 37. - miller ( 1967 ), p. 336. - malmqvist ( 2010 ), p. 300. - stimson ( 1976 ), p. 1. - norman ( 1988 ), pp. 32, 34. - ramsey ( 1989 ), pp. 126 \u2013 131. - norman ( 1988 ), pp. 34 \u2013 39. - norman ( 1988 ), p. 39. - ramsey ( 1989 ), p. 132. - pulleyblank ( 1970 ) ; pulleyblank ( 1971 ) ; pulleyblank ( 1984 ). - baxter ( 1992 ), p. 37. - li ( 1974 \u2013 75 ), p. 224. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 27 \u2013 32. - norman & coblin ( 1995 ). - norman ( 1988 ), pp. 27 \u2013 28. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 34, 814. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 43, 45 \u2013 59. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 45 \u2013 59. - baxter ( 1992 ), p. 49. - baxter ( 1992 ), p. 50. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 56 \u2013 57, 206. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 54 \u2013 55. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 52 \u2013 54. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 55 \u2013 56,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.500366414953608, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.490592"}
{"text": "- baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 56 \u2013 57, 206. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 54 \u2013 55. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 52 \u2013 54. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 55 \u2013 56, 59. - baxter ( 1992 ), p. 58. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 177 \u2013 179. - baxter ( 1992 ), p. 53. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 46 \u2013 48. - pulleyblank ( 1991 ), p. 10. - pulleyblank ( 1984 ), p. 69. - pulleyblank ( 1970 ), pp. 222 \u2013 223. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 45 \u2013 46, 49 \u2013 55. - norman ( 1988 ), pp. 36 \u2013 38. - baxter ( 1992 ), pp. 61 \u2013 63. - norman ( 1988 ), pp. 31 \u2013 32, 37 \u2013 39. - norman ( 1988 ), p. 52. - works cited - baxter, william h. ( 1992 ), a handbook of old chinese phonology, berlin : mouton de gruyter, isbn 978 - 3 - 11 - 012324 - 1. - branner, david prager ( 2006 ), \" what are rime tables and what do they mean? \", in branner, david prager, the chinese rime tables : linguistic philosophy and historical - comparative phonology, amsterdam : john benjamins, pp. 1 \u2013 34, isbn 978 - 90 - 272 - 4785 - 8. see also list of corrigenda. - li, fang - kuei ( 1974 \u2013 75 ), \" studies on archaic chinese \", gilbert l. mattos ( trans. ), monumenta serica 31 : 219 \u2013 287. - malmqvist, goran ( 2010 ), bernhard karlgren : portrait of a scholar, rowman & littlefield, isbn 978 - 1 - 61146 - 001 - 8. - miller, roy andrew ( 1967 ), the japanese language, university of chicago press, isbn 978 - 0 - 226 - 52717 - 8. - norman, jerry ( 1988 ), chinese, cambridge : cambridge university press, isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 29653 - 3. - \u2014 \u2014 ; coblin, w. south ( 1995 ), \" a new approach to chinese historical linguistics \", journal of the american oriental society 115 ( 4 ) : 576 \u2013 584, jstor 60", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5315096295973964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.495713"}
{"text": "29653 - 3. - \u2014 \u2014 ; coblin, w. south ( 1995 ), \" a new approach to chinese historical linguistics \", journal of the american oriental society 115 ( 4 ) : 576 \u2013 584, jstor 604728. - pulleyblank, edwin george ( 1970 ), \" late middle chinese, part i \", asia major 15 : 197 \u2013 239. - \u2014 \u2014 ( 1971 ), \" late middle chinese, part ii \", asia major 16 : 121 \u2013 166. - \u2014 \u2014 ( 1984 ), middle chinese : a study in historical phonology, vancouver : university of british columbia press, isbn 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0192 - 8. - \u2014 \u2014 ( 1991 ), lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in early middle chinese, late middle chinese, and early mandarin, vancouver : university of british columbia press, isbn 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0366 - 3. - ramsey, s. robert ( 1989 ), the languages of china, princeton, nj : princeton university press, isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 01468 - 5. - stimson, hugh m. ( 1976 ), fifty - five t ' ang poems, yale university, isbn 978 - 0 - 88710 - 026 - 0. - ting, pang - hsin ( 1996 ), \" tonal evolution and tonal reconstruction in chinese \", in huang, cheng - teh james ; li, yen - hui audrey, new horizons in chinese linguistics, kluwer, pp. 141 \u2013 159, isbn 978 - 0 - 7923 - 3867 - 3. further reading - chen, chung - yu ( 2001 ), tonal evolution from pre - middle chinese to modern pekinese : three tiers of changes and their intricacies, berkeley, ca : project on linguistic analysis, university of california, oclc 248994047. - karlgren, bernhard ( 1957 ), grammata serica recensa, stockholm : museum of far eastern antiquities, oclc 1999753. - mei, tsu - lin ( 1970 ), \" tones and prosody in middle chinese and the origin of the rising tone \", harvard journal of asiatic studies 30 : 86 \u2013 110, jstor 2718766. - newman, j. ; raman, a. v. ( 1999 ), chinese historical phonology : a compendium of beijing and cantonese pronunciations of characters and their derivations from middle chinese,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5024471185025503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c099917-4d57-45f2-a143-8c723d414cc1>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.499883"}
{"text": "porter, new york | porter, new york | | \u2014 town \u2014 | | \u2022 type | | town council | | \u2022 town supervisor | | merton k. wiepert ( r ) | | \u2022 town council | | \u2022 total | | 37. 7 sq mi ( 97. 8 km2 ) | | \u2022 land | | 33. 2 sq mi ( 86. 0 km2 ) | | \u2022 water | | 4. 5 sq mi ( 11. 7 km2 ) | | elevation | | 305 ft ( 93 m ) | | \u2022 density | | 204. 8 / sq mi ( 79. 1 / km2 ) | | time zone | | eastern ( est ) ( utc - 5 ) | | \u2022 summer ( dst ) | | edt ( utc - 4 ) | | gnis feature id | | 0979386 | the town of porter lies in the northwest corner of niagara county and is north of the city of niagara falls. for thousands of years inhabited by varying cultures of indigenous peoples, at the time of european encounter, this was territory of the powerful iroquois confederacy, based in present - day new york state. permanent european - american settlement did not take place until after the american revolution, about 1801, after most of the iroquois had been forced to cede their lands to new york and had emigrated to upper canada. the town of porter was created in 1812 from the town of cambria, but further development was hindered by the war of 1812. the united states ' war with great britain first included an embargo of trade with canada, disrupting the local economy. warfare along the border continued until 1814. according to the united states census bureau, the town has a total area of 37. 7 square miles ( 98 km2 ), of which, 33. 2 square miles ( 86 km2 ) of it is land and 4. 5 square miles ( 12 km2 ) of it ( 12. 00 % ) is water. adjacent cities and towns - town of lewiston - south - town of wilson - east - niagara - on - the - lake, ontario - west - lake ontario - north major highways in the town of porter - new york state route 18 ( lake rd., creek rd. ), east - west highway across the north part of town roughly paralleling lake ontario from wilson town line then its orientation is in a more north - south direction as it passes youngstown - lockport rd. ( ny 93 ) as the route heads west. - new york state route 18", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3520794844917807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37455550-19fd-4c1a-929a-22c1e039d8bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.523932"}
{"text": "north part of town roughly paralleling lake ontario from wilson town line then its orientation is in a more north - south direction as it passes youngstown - lockport rd. ( ny 93 ) as the route heads west. - new york state route 18f ( lowet river rd., lake rd. ), north - south roadway through the town from its northern terminus with ny 18, the route roughly parallels the rest of lake ontario that ny 18 doesn ' t as it heads west and then turns south as it passes fort niagara state park, through the village of youngstown south out of the town into the town of lewiston. - new york state route 93 ( youngstown - lockport rd. ), east - west roadway through the town from the wilson town line on into the village of youngstown where it has its western terminus at ny 18f. - robert moses state parkway, north - south highway through the town from the lewiston town line north to new york state route 18 near lake ontario at four mile creek state park. as of the census of 2000, there were 6, 920 people, 2, 616 households, and 1, 935 families residing in the town. the population density was 208. 3 people per square mile ( 80. 5 / km\u00b2 ). there were 2, 846 housing units at an average density of 85. 7 per square mile ( 33. 1 / km\u00b2 ). the racial makeup of the town was 97. 66 % white, 0. 48 % african american, 0. 77 % native american, 0. 46 % asian, 0. 12 % from other races, and 0. 52 % from two or more races. hispanic or latino of any race were 0. 66 % of the population. there were 2, 616 households out of which 32. 1 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61. 5 % were married couples living together, 8. 9 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 26. 0 % were non - families. 21. 5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. the average household size was 2. 60 and the average family size was 3. 04. in the town the population was spread out with 24. 6 % under the age of 18, 7. 3 % from 18 to 24, 26. 4 % from 25 to 44, 27. 2 % from 45 to 64, and 14. 6 % who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37139868427206213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37455550-19fd-4c1a-929a-22c1e039d8bb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.531989"}
{"text": "town the population was spread out with 24. 6 % under the age of 18, 7. 3 % from 18 to 24, 26. 4 % from 25 to 44, 27. 2 % from 45 to 64, and 14. 6 % who were 65 years of age or older. the median age was 40 years. for every 100 females there were 98. 2 males. for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93. 7 males. the median income for a household in the town was $ 50, 425, and the median income for a family was $ 60, 373. males had a median income of $ 41, 985 versus $ 27, 027 for females. the per capita income for the town was $ 23, 951. about 2. 2 % of families and 4. 1 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 5 % of those under age 18 and 3. 5 % of those age 65 or over. communities and locations in porter - blairville \u2013 a hamlet southeast of youngstown on creek road ( route 18 ). - fillmore chapel \u2013 a hamlet in the northeast corner of the town. - fort niagara \u2013 an historic colonial fortification in fort niagara state park. - fort niagara state park \u2013 a park at the mouth of the niagara river. - four mile creek \u2013 a stream that flows northward through the west side of the town and enters lake ontario at the state park. - four mile creek state park \u2013 a lakeside park on the shore of lake ontario. - porter center \u2013 a hamlet centrally located in the town on the youngstown - lockport road ( route 93 ). - old fort niagara state historic site \u2013 an official new york historic site that includes fort niagara. - ransomville \u2013 a hamlet in the southeast corner of the town on route 93. - ransomville speedway \u2013 a racetrack located northwest of ransomville. - towers corners \u2013 a hamlet by the intersection of creek road ( route 18 ) and the youngstown - lockport road ( route 93 ), in the northeast part of the town. - youngstown \u2013 the village of youngstown is at the town ' s western border.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3540850339094707, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37455550-19fd-4c1a-929a-22c1e039d8bb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.534134"}
{"text": "robert browning during his later years | born | | 7 may 1812 camberwell, london, england | died | | 12 december 1889 | notable work ( s ) | | the ring and the book, men and women, the pied piper of hamelin, porphyria ' s lover, my last duchess | early years robert browning was born in camberwell - a district now forming part of the borough of southwark in south london, england - the only son of sarah anna ( nee wiedemann ) and robert browning. his father was a well - paid clerk for the bank of england, earning about \u00a3150 per year. browning \u2019 s paternal grandfather was a wealthy slave owner in saint kitts, west indies, but browning ' s father was an abolitionist. browning ' s father had been sent to the west indies to work on a sugar plantation, but revolted by the slavery there, he returned to england. browning \u2019 s mother was a daughter of a german shipowner who had settled in dundee, and his scottish wife. browning had one sister, sarianna. browning ' s paternal grandmother, margaret tittle, who had inherited a plantation in st kitts, was rumoured within the family to have had some jamaican mixed race ancestry. author julia markus suggests st kitts rather than jamaica. there is little evidence to support this rumour, and it seems to be merely an anecdotal family story. robert ' s father, a literary collector, amassed a library of around 6, 000 books, many of them rare. thus, robert was raised in a household of significant literary resources. his mother, to whom he was very close, was a devout nonconformist and a talented musician. his younger sister, sarianna, also gifted, became her brother ' s companion in his later years, after the death of his wife in 1861. his father encouraged his children ' s interest in literature and the arts. by twelve, browning had written a book of poetry which he later destroyed when no publisher could be found. after being at one or two private schools, and showing an insuperable dislike to school life, he was educated at home by a tutor via the resources of his father ' s extensive library. by the age of fourteen he was fluent in french, greek, italian and latin. he became a great admirer of the romantic poets, especially shelley. following the precedent of shelley, browning became an atheist and vegetarian, both of which he gave up later. at the age of sixteen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3781657743609793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb59439-d9b7-48c0-b16c-9ff16eaa8c6a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.713157"}
{"text": "fluent in french, greek, italian and latin. he became a great admirer of the romantic poets, especially shelley. following the precedent of shelley, browning became an atheist and vegetarian, both of which he gave up later. at the age of sixteen, he studied greek at university college london but left after his first year. his parents ' staunch evangelical faith prevented his studying at either oxford university or cambridge university, both then open only to members of the church of england. he had inherited substantial musical ability through his mother, and composed arrangements of various songs. he refused a formal career and ignored his parents ' remonstrations, dedicating himself to poetry. he stayed at home until the age of 34, financially dependent on his family until his marriage. his father sponsored the publication of his son ' s poems. first published works in march 1833, pauline, a fragment of a confession was published anonymously by saunders and otley at the expense of the author, the costs of printing having been borne by an aunt, mrs silverthorne. it is a long poem composed in homage to shelley and somewhat in his style. originally browning considered pauline as the first of a series written by different aspects of himself, but he soon abandoned this idea. the press noticed the publication. w. j. fox writing in the the monthly repository of april 1833 discerned merit in the work. allan cunningham praised it in the the athenaeum. some years later, probably in 1850, dante gabriel rossetti came across it in the reading room of the british museum and wrote to browning, then in florence to ask if he was the author. john stuart mill, however, wrote that the author suffered from an \" intense and morbid self - consciousness \". later browning was rather embarrassed by the work, and only included it in his collected poems of 1868 after making substantial changes and adding a preface in which he asked for indulgence for a boyish work. in 1834 he accompanied the chevalier george de benkhausen, the russian consul - general, on a brief visit to st petersburg and began paracelsus, which was published in 1835. the subject of the 16th century savant and alchemist was probably suggested to him by the comte amedee de ripart - monclar, to whom it was dedicated. the publication had some commercial and critical success, being noticed by wordsworth, dickens, landor, j. s. mill and others, including tennyson ( already famous ). it is a monodrama without action, dealing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4181081806735776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb59439-d9b7-48c0-b16c-9ff16eaa8c6a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.714900"}
{"text": "was dedicated. the publication had some commercial and critical success, being noticed by wordsworth, dickens, landor, j. s. mill and others, including tennyson ( already famous ). it is a monodrama without action, dealing with the problems confronting an intellectual trying to find his role in society. it gained him access to the london literary world. as a result of his new contacts he met macready, who invited him to write a play. strafford was performed five times. browning then wrote two other plays, one of which was not performed, while the other failed, browning having fallen out with macready. in 1838 he visited italy, looking for background for sordello, a long poem in heroic couplets, presented as the imaginary biography of the mantuan bard spoken of by dante in the divine comedy, canto 6 of purgatory, set against a background of hate and conflict during the guelph - ghibelline wars. this was published in 1840 and met with widespread derision, gaining him the reputation of wanton carelessness and obscurity. tennyson commented that he only understood the first and last lines and carlyle claimed that his wife had read the poem through and could not tell whether sordello was a man, a city or a book. browning ' s reputation began to make a partial recovery with the publication, 1841 - 1846, of bells and pomegranates, a series of eight pamphlets, originally intended just to include his plays. fortunately his publisher, moxon, persuaded him to include some \" dramatic lyrics \", some of which had already appeared in periodicals. in 1845, browning met the poet elizabeth barrett, six years his elder, who lived as a semi - invalid in her father ' s house in wimpole street, london. they began regularly corresponding and gradually a romance developed between them, leading to their marriage and journey to italy ( for elizabeth ' s health ) on 12 september 1846. the marriage was initially secret because elizabeth ' s domineering father disapproved of marriage for any of his children. mr. barrett disinherited elizabeth, as he did for each of his children who married : \u201c the mrs. browning of popular imagination was a sweet, innocent young woman who suffered endless cruelties at the hands of a tyrannical papa but who nonetheless had the good fortune to fall in love with a dashing and handsome poet named robert browning. \u201d at her husband ' s insistence, the second edition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41102484808953754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb59439-d9b7-48c0-b16c-9ff16eaa8c6a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.716840"}
{"text": "innocent young woman who suffered endless cruelties at the hands of a tyrannical papa but who nonetheless had the good fortune to fall in love with a dashing and handsome poet named robert browning. \u201d at her husband ' s insistence, the second edition of elizabeth \u2019 s poems included her love sonnets. the book increased her popularity and high critical regard, cementing her position as an eminent victorian poet. upon william wordsworth ' s death in 1850, she was a serious contender to become poet laureate, the position eventually going to tennyson. from the time of their marriage and until elizabeth ' s death, the brownings lived in italy, residing first in pisa, and then, within a year, finding an apartment in florence at casa guidi ( now a museum to their memory ). their only child, robert wiedemann barrett browning, nicknamed \" penini \" or \" pen \", was born in 1849. in these years browning was fascinated by, and learned from, the art and atmosphere of italy. he would, in later life, describe italy as his university. as elizabeth had inherited money of her own, the couple were reasonably comfortable in italy, and their relationship together was happy. however, the literary assault on browning ' s work did not let up and he was critically dismissed further, by patrician writers such as charles kingsley, for the desertion of england for foreign lands. major works in florence, probably from early in 1853, browning worked on the poems that eventually comprised his two - volume men and women, for which he is now well known ; in 1855, however, when these were published, they made relatively little impact. elizabeth died in 1861 : robert browning returned to london the following year with pen, by then 12 years old, and made their home in 17 warwick crescent, maida vale. it was only when he returned to england and became part of the london literary scene \u2014 albeit while paying frequent visits to italy \u2014 ( though never again to florence ) that his reputation started to take off. in 1868, after five years work, he completed and published the long blank - verse poem the ring and the book. based on a convoluted murder - case from 1690s rome, the poem is composed of twelve books, essentially ten lengthy dramatic monologues narrated by the various characters in the story, showing their individual perspectives on events, bookended by an introduction and conclusion by browning himself. long, even by browning ' s own standards ( over twenty thousand lines ), the ring and the book was the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3960468726725182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb59439-d9b7-48c0-b16c-9ff16eaa8c6a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.719998"}
{"text": "narrated by the various characters in the story, showing their individual perspectives on events, bookended by an introduction and conclusion by browning himself. long, even by browning ' s own standards ( over twenty thousand lines ), the ring and the book was the poet ' s most ambitious project and arguably his greatest work ; it has been praised as a tour de force of dramatic poetry. published separately in four volumes from november 1868 through to february 1869, the poem was a success both commercially and critically, and finally brought browning the renown he had sought for nearly forty years. the robert browning society was formed in 1881 and his work was recognised as belonging within the british literary canon. last years and death in the remaining years of his life browning travelled extensively. after a series of long poems published in the early 1870s, of which balaustion ' s adventure and red cotton night - cap country were the best - received. the volume pacchiarotto, and how he worked in distemper included an attack against browning ' s critics, especially alfred austin, later to become poet laureate. according to some reports browning became romantically involved with louisa, lady ashburton, but he refused her proposal of marriage, and did not re - marry. in 1878, he revisited italy for the first time in the seventeen years since elizabeth ' s death, and returned there on several further occasions. in 1887, browning produced the major work of his later years, parleyings with certain people of importance in their day. it finally presented the poet speaking in his own voice, engaging in a series of dialogues with long - forgotten figures of literary, artistic, and philosophic history. the victorian public was baffled by this, and browning returned to the brief, concise lyric for his last volume, asolando ( 1889 ), published on the day of his death. browning died at his son ' s home ca ' rezzonico in venice on 12 december 1889. he was buried in poets ' corner in westminster abbey ; his grave now lies immediately adjacent to that of alfred tennyson. browning was awarded many distinctions. he was made ll. d. of edinburgh, a life governor of london university, and had the offer of the lord rectorship of glasgow. but he turned down anything that involved public speaking. poetic style | | this article may contain original research. ( september 2011 ) | browning is often known by some of his short poems, such as porphyria ' s lover, my last duchess, rabbi ben ezra, how they brought the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4007719295371619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb59439-d9b7-48c0-b16c-9ff16eaa8c6a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.721476"}
{"text": "speaking. poetic style | | this article may contain original research. ( september 2011 ) | browning is often known by some of his short poems, such as porphyria ' s lover, my last duchess, rabbi ben ezra, how they brought the good news from ghent to aix, evelyn hope, the pied piper of hamelin, a grammarian ' s funeral, a death in the desert. initially, browning was not regarded as a great poet, since his subjects were often recondite and lay beyond the ken and sympathy of the great bulk of readers ; and owing, partly to the subtle links connecting the ideas and partly to his often extremely condensed and rugged expression, the treatment of theme was often difficult and obscure. browning \u2019 s fame today rests mainly on his dramatic monologues, in which the words not only convey setting and action but also reveal the speaker \u2019 s character. unlike a soliloquy, the meaning in a browning dramatic monologue is not what the speaker directly reveals but what he inadvertently \" gives away \" about himself in the process of rationalising past actions, or \" special - pleading \" his case to a silent auditor in the poem. rather than thinking out loud, the character composes a self - defence which the reader, as \" juror, \" is challenged to see through. browning chooses some of the most debased, extreme and even criminally psychotic characters, no doubt for the challenge of building a sympathetic case for a character who does not deserve one and to cause the reader to squirm at the temptation to acquit a character who may be a homicidal psychopath. one of his more sensational dramatic monologues is porphyria ' s lover. yet it is by carefully reading the far more sophisticated and cultivated rhetoric of the aristocratic and civilized duke of my last duchess, perhaps the most frequently cited example of the poet ' s dramatic monologue form, that the attentive reader discovers the most horrific example of a mind totally mad despite its eloquence in expressing itself. the duchess, we learn, was murdered not because of infidelity, not because of a lack of gratitude for her position, and not, finally, because of the simple pleasures she took in common everyday occurrences. she is reduced to an objet d ' art in the duke ' s collection of paintings and statues because the duke equates his instructing her to behave like a duchess with \" stooping, \" an action of which his megalomaniac pride is incapable. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4463211341269778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb59439-d9b7-48c0-b16c-9ff16eaa8c6a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.722546"}
{"text": "objet d ' art in the duke ' s collection of paintings and statues because the duke equates his instructing her to behave like a duchess with \" stooping, \" an action of which his megalomaniac pride is incapable. in other monologues, such as fra lippo lippi, browning takes an ostensibly unsavory or immoral character and challenges us to discover the goodness, or life - affirming qualities, that often put the speaker ' s contemporaneous judges to shame. in the ring and the book browning writes an epic - length poem in which he justifies the ways of god to humanity through twelve extended blank verse monologues spoken by the principals in a trial about a murder. these monologues greatly influenced many later poets, including t. s. eliot and ezra pound, high modernists, the latter singling out in his cantos browning ' s convoluted psychological poem sordello about a frustrated 13th - century troubadour, as the poem he must work to distance himself from. these concerns reflected victorian society in the late 19th century. but he remains too much the prophet - poet for the conceits, puns, and verbal play of the metaphysical poets of the 17th century. his is a modern sensibility, all too aware of the arguments against the vulnerable position of one of his simple characters, who recites : \" god ' s in his heaven ; all ' s right with the world. \" browning endorses such a position because he sees an immanent deity that, far from remaining in a transcendent heaven, is indivisible from temporal process, assuring that in the fullness of theological time there is ample cause for celebrating life. history of sound recording at a dinner party on 7 april 1889, at the home of browning ' s friend the artist rudolf lehmann, an edison cylinder phonograph recording was made on a white wax cylinder by edison ' s british representative, george gouraud. in the recording, which still exists, browning recites part of \" how they brought the good news from ghent to aix \" ( and can be heard apologising when he forgets the words ). when the recording was played in 1890 on the anniversary of his death, at a gathering of his admirers, it was said to be the first time anyone ' s voice \" had been heard from beyond the grave. \" legacy and cultural references in his introduction to the oxford university press edition of browning ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46125501007340247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb59439-d9b7-48c0-b16c-9ff16eaa8c6a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.723524"}
{"text": "his death, at a gathering of his admirers, it was said to be the first time anyone ' s voice \" had been heard from beyond the grave. \" legacy and cultural references in his introduction to the oxford university press edition of browning ' s poems 1833 - 1864 ian jack comments that thomas hardy, rudyard kipling, ezra pound and t. s. eliot \" all learned from browning ' s exploration of the exploration of the possibilities of dramatic poetry and of colloquial idiom \". in 1930 the story of browning and his wife elizabeth was made into a play the barretts of wimpole street, by rudolph besier. the play was a success and brought popular fame to the couple in the united states. the role of elizabeth became a signature role for the actress katharine cornell. it was twice adapted into film. it was also the basis of the stage musical robert and elizabeth, with music by ron grainer and book and lyrics by ronald millar. in the browning version ( terence rattigan ' s 1948 play or one of several film adaptations ), a pupil makes a parting present to his teacher of an inscribed copy of robert browning ' s translation of the agamemnon of aeschylus. a memorial plaque on the site of his london home, warwick crescent, was unveiled on 11 december 1993. browning close in royston, hertfordshire, is named after robert browning. complete list of works - pauline : a fragment of a confession ( 1833 ) - paracelsus ( 1835 ) - strafford ( play ) ( 1837 ) - sordello ( 1840 ) - bells and pomegranates no. i : pippa passes ( play ) ( 1841 ) - bells and pomegranates no. ii : king victor and king charles ( play ) ( 1842 ) - bells and pomegranates no. iii : dramatic lyrics ( 1842 ) - bells and pomegranates no. iv : the return of the druses ( play ) ( 1843 ) - bells and pomegranates no. v : a blot in the ' scutcheon ( play ) ( 1843 ) - bells and pomegranates no. vi : colombe ' s birthday ( play ) ( 1844 ) - bells and pomegranates no. vii : dramatic romances and lyrics ( 1845 ) - bells and pomegranates no. viii : luria and a soul ' s tragedy ( plays ) ( 1846 ) - christmas - eve and easter - day (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37468820346749654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb59439-d9b7-48c0-b16c-9ff16eaa8c6a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.724659"}
{"text": "##in, daniel. the courtship of robert browning and elizabeth barrett. ( oxford, 1985 ) - kelley, philip et al. ( eds. ) the brownings ' correspondence. 19 vols. to date. ( wedgestone, 1984 - ) ( complete letters of elizabeth barrett browning and robert browning to 1853. ) - litzinger, boyd and smalley, donald ( eds. ) robert browning : the critical heritage. ( routledge, 1995 ) - markus, julia. dared and done : the marriage of elizabeth barrett and robert browning ( bloomsbury, 1995 ) - maynard, john. browning ' s youth. ( harvard univ. press, 1977 ) - ryals, clyde de l. the life of robert browning : a critical biography. ( blackwell, 1993 ) - woolford, john and karlin, daniel. robert browning. ( longman, 1996 ) | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : robert browning | | wikisource has original works written by or about : | wikimedia commons has media related to : robert browning | - profile and poems written and audio at the poetry archive - profile and poems at the poetry foundation - profile and poems at poets. org - the brownings : a research guide ( baylor university ) - the browning letters project ( baylor university ) - the browning collection at balliol college, university of oxford - the browning society - works by robert browning at project gutenberg - works by or about robert browning in libraries ( worldcat catalog ) - works by robert browning in e - book - an analysis of \" home thoughts, from abroad \" - browning archive at the harry ransom center at the university of texas at austin - works by robert browning, from the internet archive - the british library - robert browning read by robert hardy and greg wise hear audio recordings of browning ' s poetry with accompanying biography and discussion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4218952951214839, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb59439-d9b7-48c0-b16c-9ff16eaa8c6a>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.728157"}
{"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( november 2009 ) | romantic nationalism ( also national romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism ) is the form of nationalism in which the state derives its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of the unity of those it governs. this includes, depending on the particular manner of practice, the language, race, culture, religion, and customs of the \" nation \" in its primal sense of those who were \" born \" within its culture. this form of nationalism arose in reaction to dynastic or imperial hegemony, which assessed the legitimacy of the state from the \" top down \", emanating from a monarch or other authority, which justified its existence. such downward - radiating power might ultimately derive from a god or gods ( see the divine right of kings and the mandate of heaven ). among the key themes of romanticism, and its most enduring legacy, the cultural assertions of romantic nationalism have also been central in post - enlightenment art and political philosophy. from its earliest stirrings, with their focus on the development of national languages and folklore, and the spiritual value of local customs and traditions, to the movements that would redraw the map of europe and lead to calls for \" self - determination \" of nationalities, nationalism was one of the key issues in romanticism, determining its roles, expressions and meanings. brief history the ideas of rousseau ( 1712 - 1778 ) and of johann gottfried von herder ( 1744 - 1803 ) inspired much early romantic nationalism in europe. in 1784 herder argued that geography formed the natural economy of a people, and that their customs and society would develop along the lines that their basic environment favored. from its beginnings in the late 18th century, romantic nationalism has relied upon the existence of a historical ethnic culture which meets the romantic ideal ; folklore developed as a romantic nationalist concept. the brothers grimm, inspired by herder ' s writings, put together an idealized collection of tales, which they labeled as authentically german. the concept of an inherited cultural patrimony from a common origin rapidly became central to a divisive question within romantic nationalism : specifically, is a nation unified because it comes from the same genetic source, that is because of race, or is the participation in the organic nature of the \" folk \" culture self - fulfilling? this issue lies at the heart of disagreements which rage to this day. romantic nationalism formed a key strand in the philosophy of hegel ( 1770 - 1831 ), who argued that there was a \" spirit of the age \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5147648486107156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81f77631-e9a9-4fef-94cd-32ae79c68288>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.744532"}
{"text": "\" culture self - fulfilling? this issue lies at the heart of disagreements which rage to this day. romantic nationalism formed a key strand in the philosophy of hegel ( 1770 - 1831 ), who argued that there was a \" spirit of the age \" or zeitgeist that inhabited a particular people at a particular time, and that, when that people became the active determiner of history, it was simply because their cultural and political moment had come. because of the germans ' role in the protestant reformation, hegel ( a lutheran ) argued that his historical moment had seen the zeitgeist settle on the german - speaking peoples. in continental europe, romantics had embraced the french revolution in its beginnings, then found themselves fighting the counter - revolution in the trans - national imperial system of napoleon. the sense of self - determination and national consciousness that had enabled revolutionary forces to defeat aristocratic regimes in battle became rallying points for resistance against the french empire ( 1804 - 1814 ). in prussia, the development of spiritual renewal as a means to engage in the struggle against napoleon was argued by, among others, johann gottlieb fichte ( 1762 - 1814 ), a disciple of kant. the word volkstum, or \" folkhood \", was coined in germany as part of this resistance to french hegemony. fichte expressed the unity of language and nation in his thirteenth address \" to the german nation \" in 1806 : - the first, original, and truly natural boundaries of states are beyond doubt their internal boundaries. those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins ; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly ; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole. ( kelly, 1968, pp. 190 - 91 ) - only when each people, left to itself, develops and forms itself in accordance with its own peculiar quality, and only when in every people each individual develops himself in accordance with that common quality, as well as in accordance with his own peculiar quality - then, and then only, does the manifestation of divinity appear in its true mirror as it ought to be ; and only a man who either entirely lacks the notion of the rule of law and divine order, or else is an obdurate enemy thereto, could take upon himself to want to interfere with that law, which is the highest law in the spiritual world! ( kelly, 1968,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5118038088164667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81f77631-e9a9-4fef-94cd-32ae79c68288>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.745657"}
{"text": "lacks the notion of the rule of law and divine order, or else is an obdurate enemy thereto, could take upon himself to want to interfere with that law, which is the highest law in the spiritual world! ( kelly, 1968, pp. 197 - 98 ) nationalism and revolution in the balkans, romantic views of a connection with classical greece, which inspired philhellenism infused the greek war of independence ( 1821 - 1832 ), in which the scottish romantic poet lord byron died of high fever. rossini ' s opera william tell ( 1829 ) marked the onset of the romantic opera, using the central national myth unifying switzerland ; and in brussels, a riot ( august 1830 ) after an opera that set a doomed romance against a background of foreign oppression ( auber ' s la muette de portici ) sparked the belgian revolution of 1830 - 1831, the first successful revolution in the model of romantic nationalism. verdi ' s opera choruses of an oppressed people inspired two generations of patriots in italy, especially with \" va pensiero \" ( nabucco, 1842 ). under the influence of romantic nationalism, among economic and political forces, both germany and italy found political unity, and movements to create nations similarly based upon ethnic groups would flower in the balkans ( see for example, the carinthian plebiscite, 1920 ), along the baltic sea, and in the interior of central europe, where in the eventual outcome, the habsburgs succumbed to the surge of romantic nationalism. in norway, romanticism was embodied, not in literature, but in the movement toward a national style, both in architecture and in ethos. earlier, there was a strong romantic nationalist element mixed with enlightenment rationalism in the rhetoric used in british north america, in the colonists ' declaration of independence and the united states constitution of 1787, as well as the rhetoric in the wave of revolts, inspired by new senses of localized identities, which swept the american colonies of spain, one after the other, from 1811. romantic nationalism inspired the processes whereby folk epics, retold legends and even fairy tales, published in existing dialects, were combined with a modern syntax to create a \" revived \" version of a language. romantic nationalists expected patriots to then learn that language and raise their children speaking that language \u2013 as part of a general program to establish a unique identity. \" landsmal \", which is the foundation of modern norwegian, was the first language to follow this program, and it was joined by modern czech, slovak, finnish and later", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5031821827088897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81f77631-e9a9-4fef-94cd-32ae79c68288>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.746748"}
{"text": "that language \u2013 as part of a general program to establish a unique identity. \" landsmal \", which is the foundation of modern norwegian, was the first language to follow this program, and it was joined by modern czech, slovak, finnish and later by hebrew as nationalizing languages. katharevousa greek was constructed as a form of modern greek drawing on classical greek morphology and vocabulary in an attempt to purify the existing demotic greek. the linguistic processes of romantic nationalism demanded linguistic culture models. romantic historiography was centered on biographies and produced culture heroes. the modern italian of risorgimento patriots like alessandro manzoni was based on the tuscan dialects sanctified by dante and petrarch. in english, shakespeare became an iconic figure ( though not a modern linguistic model ). folk culture romantic nationalism inspired the collection of folklore by such people as the brothers grimm. the view that fairy tales, unless contaminated from outside literary sources, were preserved in the same form over thousands of years, was not exclusive to romantic nationalists, but it fit in well with their views that such tales expressed the primordial nature of a people. the brothers grimm were criticized because their first edition was insufficiently german, and they followed the advice. they rejected many tales they collected because of their similarity to tales by charles perrault, which they thought proved they were not truly german tales ; sleeping beauty survived in their collection because the tale of brynhildr convinced them that the figure of the sleeping princess was authentically german. they also altered the language used, changing each \" fee \" ( fairy ) to an enchantress or wise woman, every \" prince \" to a \" king ' s son \", every \" princess \" to a \" king ' s daughter \". discussing these views in their third editions, they particularly singled out giambattista basile ' s pentamerone as the first national collection of fairy tales, and as capturing neapolitan voice. the work of the brothers grimm influenced other collectors, both inspiring them to collect tales and leading them to similarly believe that the fairy tales of a country were particularly representative of it, to the neglect of cross - cultural influence. among those influenced were the russian alexander afanasyev, the norwegians peter christen asbj\u00f8rnsen and j\u00f8rgen moe, and the englishman joseph jacobs. later folklore studies have not borne out this belief in the preservation of folktales from time immemorial. many artists and writers also drew on their native", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4794332935657642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81f77631-e9a9-4fef-94cd-32ae79c68288>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.748431"}
{"text": "asbj\u00f8rnsen and j\u00f8rgen moe, and the englishman joseph jacobs. later folklore studies have not borne out this belief in the preservation of folktales from time immemorial. many artists and writers also drew on their native countries folklore and folktunes for their own work to express their nationalism. national epics the concept of a \" national epic \", an extensively mythologized legendary work of poetry of defining importance to a certain nation, is another product of romantic nationalism. the \" discovery \" of beowulf in a single manuscript, first transcribed in 1818, came under the impetus of romantic nationalism, after the manuscript had lain as an ignored curiosity in scholars ' collections for two centuries. beowulf was felt to provide people self - identified as \" anglo - saxon \" with their missing \" national epic \", just when the need for it was first being felt : the fact that beowulf himself was a geat was easily overlooked. the pseudo - gaelic literary forgeries of \" ossian \" had failed, finally, to fill the need for the first romantic generation. the first publication of the tale of igor ' s campaign coincided with the rise in russian national spirit in the wake of the napoleonic wars and suvorov ' s campaigns in central europe. the unseen and unheard song of roland had become a dim memory, until the antiquary francisque michel transcribed a worn copy in the bodleian library and put it into print in 1837 ; it was timely : french interest in the national epic revived among the romantic generation. in greece, the iliad and odyssey took on new urgency during the greek war of independence. many other \" national epics, \" epic poetry considered to reflect the national spirit, were produced or revived under the influence of romantic nationalism : particularly in the russian empire, national minorities seeking to assert their own identities in the face of russification produced new national poetry \u2013 either out of whole cloth, or from cobbling together folk poetry, or by resurrecting older narrative poetry. examples include the estonian kalevipoeg, finnish kalevala, polish pan tadeusz, latvian lacplesis, armenian sasuntzi davit by hovhannes tumanyan, and georgian the knight in the panther ' s skin. claims of primacy or superiority at the same time, linguistic and cultural nationality, colored with pre - genetic concepts of race, bolstered two rhetorical claims consistently associated with romantic nationalism to this day : claims of primacy and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4695588876877872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81f77631-e9a9-4fef-94cd-32ae79c68288>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.750114"}
{"text": "' s skin. claims of primacy or superiority at the same time, linguistic and cultural nationality, colored with pre - genetic concepts of race, bolstered two rhetorical claims consistently associated with romantic nationalism to this day : claims of primacy and claims of superiority. primacy is the claimed inalienable right of a culturally and racially defined people to a geographical terrain, a \" heartland \" ( a vivid expression ) or homeland. the polemics of racial superiority became inexorably intertwined with romantic nationalism. richard wagner notoriously argued that those who were ethnically different could not comprehend the artistic and cultural meaning inherent in national culture. identifying \" jewishness \" even in musical style, he specifically attacked the jews as being unwilling to assimilate into german culture, and thus unable to truly comprehend the mysteries of its music and language. sometimes \" national epics \" such as the nibelunglied have had a galvanizing effect on social politics. after the 1870s \" national romanticism \", as it is more usually called, became a familiar movement in the arts. romantic musical nationalism is exemplified by the work of bedrich smetana, especially the symphonic poem \" vltava \". in scandinavia and the slavic parts of europe especially, \" national romanticism \" provided a series of answers to the 19th - century search for styles that would be culturally meaningful and evocative, yet not merely historicist. when a church was built over the spot in st petersburg where tsar alexander ii of russia had been assassinated, the \" church of the savior on blood \", the natural style to use was one that best evoked traditional russian features ( illustration, left ). in finland, the reassembly of the national epic, the kalevala, inspired paintings and murals in the national romantic style that substituted there for the international art nouveau styles. the foremost proponent in finland was akseli gallen - kallela ( illustration, below right ). by the turn of the century, ethnic self - determination had become an assumption held as being progressive and liberal. there were romantic nationalist movements for separation in finland, the kingdom of bavaria held apart from a united germany, and czech and serb nationalism continued to trouble imperial politics. the flowering of arts which drew inspiration from national epics and song continued unabated. the zionist movement revived hebrew, and began immigration to eretz yisrael, and welsh and irish tongues also experienced a poetic revival. twentieth century political developments in the first two decades of the 20th century, romantic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5511796285956299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81f77631-e9a9-4fef-94cd-32ae79c68288>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.751729"}
{"text": "in the monroe doctrine, and the belief that u. s. - style democracy should prevail over other cultures ( e. g. project for the new american century ), has strongly influenced american foreign policy and is influencing global conflicts, and religious, ethnic and nationalist alignments. see also - norwegian romantic nationalism - ethnic nationalism - middle ages in history - civil religion - polytheistic reconstructionism - national epic - national treasure - national anthem - rise of nationalism in europe - historiography and nationalism - miroslav hroch, \" introduction : national romanticism \", in balazs trencsenyi and michal kopecek, eds. discourses of collective identity in central and southeast europe, vol. ii national romanticism : the formation of national movements, 2007 : 4ff. - oscar julius falnes, national romanticism in norway, 1968. - maria tatar, the hard facts of the grimms ' fairy tales, p31, isbn 0 - 691 - 06722 - 8 - benedetto croce, \" the fantastic accomplishment of giambattista basile and his tale of tales \", jack zipes, ed., the great fairy tale tradition : from straparola and basile to the brothers grimm, p 888 - 9, isbn 0 - 393 - 97636 - x - jack zipes, the great fairy tale tradition : from straparola and basile to the brothers grimm, p 846, isbn 0 - 393 - 97636 - x - the section \" iii. early national poetry \" of the cambridge history of english and american literature ( 1907 - 21 ) begins \" by far the most important product of the national epos is beowulf... - wagner, das judenthum in der musik 1850. - johann gottlieb fichte, thirteenth address, addresses to the gerrnan nation, ed. george a. kelly ( new york : harper torch books, 1968 ). - johann gottlieb fichte ( 1806 ). \" reden an die deutsche nation \". projekt - gutenberg. retrieved may 20, 2006.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.501069988013047, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81f77631-e9a9-4fef-94cd-32ae79c68288>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.754640"}
{"text": "basil of caesarea | saint basil the great | st. basil as depicted in the church of the theotokos peribleptos in ohrid, macedonia. | bishop, confessor and doctor of the church ; great hierarch | | born | | 329 or 330 | died | | january 2, 379 ) [ note 1 ]. | honored in | | eastern and western christianity | | attributes | | vested as bishop, wearing omophorion, holding a gospel book or scroll. st. basil is depicted in icons as thin and ascetic with a long, tapering black beard. | | patronage | | russia, cappadocia, hospital administrators, reformers, monks, education, exorcism, liturgists | basil of caesarea, also called saint basil the great, ( 329 or 330 \u2013 january 1, 379 ) ( greek : \u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c2 ) was the greek bishop of caesarea mazaca in cappadocia, asia minor ( modern - day turkey ). he was an influential theologian who supported the nicene creed and opposed the heresies of the early christian church, fighting against both arianism and the followers of apollinaris of laodicea. his ability to balance his theological convictions with his political connections made basil a powerful advocate for the nicene position. in addition to his work as a theologian, basil was known for his care of the poor and underprivileged. basil established guidelines for monastic life which focus on community life, liturgical prayer, and manual labour. together with pachomius he is remembered as a father of communal monasticism in eastern christianity. he is considered a saint by the traditions of both eastern and western christianity. basil, gregory of nazianzus, and gregory of nyssa are collectively referred to as the cappadocian fathers. the eastern orthodox church and eastern catholic churches have given him, together with gregory of nazianzus and john chrysostom, the title of great hierarch. his is recognised as a doctor of the church in both eastern orthodoxy and in the roman catholic church. he is sometimes referred to by the epithet \" \u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1 \", \" revealer of heavenly mysteries \". early life and education basil was born into the wealthy family of basil the elder, a famous rhetor, and emmelia of caesarea, in pontus, around", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36587404610182744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04fdfa12-724f-4436-a7c5-31dbd6a3013e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.802725"}
{"text": ", dianius of caesarea, who had subscribed only to the earlier nicene form of agreement. some years later basil abandoned the homoiousians, emerging instead as a supporter of the nicene creed. in 362, basil was ordained a deacon by bishop meletius of antioch. he was summoned by eusebius to his city, and was ordained presbyter of the church there in 365. his ordination was probably the result of the entreaties of his ecclesiastical superiors. basil and gregory nazianzus spent the next few years combating the arian heresy, which threatened to divide the region of cappadocia. the two friends then entered a period of close fraternal cooperation as they participated in a great rhetorical contest of the caesarean church precipitated by the arrival of accomplished arian theologians and rhetors. in the subsequent public debates, presided over by agents of valens, gregory and basil emerged triumphant. this success confirmed for both gregory and basil that their futures lay in administration of the church. basil next took on functional administration of the diocese of caesarea. eusebius is reported as becoming jealous of the reputation and influence which basil quickly developed, and allowed basil to return to his earlier solitude. later, however, gregory persuaded basil to return. basil did so, and became the effective manager of the diocese for several years, while giving all the credit to eusebius. in 370, eusebius died, and basil was chosen to succeed him, and was consecrated bishop on june 14, 370. his new post as bishop of caesarea also gave him the powers of exarch of pontus and metropolitan of five suffragan bishops, many of whom had opposed him in the election for eusebius ' s successor. it was then that his great powers were called into action. hot - blooded and somewhat imperious, basil was also generous and sympathetic. he personally organized a soup kitchen and distributed food to the poor during a famine following a drought. he gave away his personal family inheritance to benefit the poor of his diocese. his letters show that he actively worked to reform thieves and prostitutes. they also show him encouraging his clergy not to be tempted by wealth or the comparatively easy life of a priest, and that he personally took care in selecting worthy candidates for holy orders. he also had the courage to criticize public officials who failed in their duty of administering justice. at the same time, he preached every morning and evening in his own church to large congregations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3771514872958698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04fdfa12-724f-4436-a7c5-31dbd6a3013e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.808503"}
{"text": "he personally took care in selecting worthy candidates for holy orders. he also had the courage to criticize public officials who failed in their duty of administering justice. at the same time, he preached every morning and evening in his own church to large congregations. in addition to all the above, he built a large complex just outside caesarea, called the basiliad, which included a poorhouse, hospice, and hospital, and was regarded at the time as one of the wonders of the world. his zeal for orthodoxy did not blind him to what was good in an opponent ; and for the sake of peace and charity he was content to waive the use of orthodox terminology when it could be surrendered without a sacrifice of truth. the emperor valens, who was an adherent of the arian philosophy, sent his prefect modestus to at least agree to a compromise with the arian faction. basil ' s adamant negative response prompted modestus to say that no one had ever spoken to him in that way before. basil replied, \" perhaps you have never yet had to deal with a bishop. \" modestus reported back to valens that he believed nothing short of violence would avail against basil. valens was apparently unwilling to engage in violence. he did however issue orders banishing basil repeatedly, none of which succeeded. valens came himself to attend when basil celebrated the divine liturgy on the feast of the theophany ( epiphany ), and at that time was so impressed by basil that he donated to him some land for the building of the basiliad. this interaction helped to define the limits of governmental power over the church. basil then had to face the growing spread of arianism. this belief system, which denied that christ was consubstantial with the father, was quickly gaining adherents and was seen by many, particularly those in alexandria most familiar with it, as posing a threat to the unity of the church. basil entered into connections with the west, and with the help of athanasius, he tried to overcome its distrustful attitude toward the homoiousians. the difficulties had been enhanced by bringing in the question as to the essence of the holy spirit. although basil advocated objectively the consubstantiality of the holy spirit with the father and the son, he belonged to those, who, faithful to eastern tradition, would not allow the predicate homoousios to the former ; for this he was reproached as early as 371 by the orthodox zealots among the monks, and at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4454314661255498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04fdfa12-724f-4436-a7c5-31dbd6a3013e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.811018"}
{"text": "he belonged to those, who, faithful to eastern tradition, would not allow the predicate homoousios to the former ; for this he was reproached as early as 371 by the orthodox zealots among the monks, and athanasius defended him. he maintained a relationship with eustathius despite dogmatic differences. on the other hand, basil was grievously offended by the extreme adherents of homoousianism, who seemed to him to be reviving the sabellian heresy. basil corresponded with pope damasus in the hope of having the roman bishop condemn heresy wherever found, both east and west. the pope ' s apparent indifference upset basil ' s zeal and he turned around in distress and sadness. it is still a point of controversy over how much he believed the roman see could do for the churches in the east, as many roman catholic theologians claim the primacy of the roman bishopric over the rest of the churches, both in doctrine and in authoritative strength. he did not live to see the end of the factional disturbances and the complete success of his continued exertions in behalf of the church. he suffered from liver illness and his excessive asceticism seems to have hastened him to an early death. a lasting monument of his episcopal care for the poor was the great institute before the gates of caesarea, which was used as poorhouse, hospital, and hospice. the principal theological writings of basil are his on the holy spirit, a lucid and edifying appeal to scripture and early christian tradition ( to prove the divinity of the holy spirit ), and his refutation of the apology of the impious eunomius, written in 363 or 364, three books against eunomius of cyzicus, the chief exponent of anomoian arianism. the first three books of the refutation are his work ; the fourth and fifth books that are usually included do not belong to basil, or to apollinaris of laodicea, but probably to didymus \" the blind \" of alexandria. he was a famous preacher, and many of his homilies, including a series of lenten lectures on the hexaemeron ( the six days of creation ), and an exposition of the psalter, have been preserved. some, like that against usury and that on the famine in 368, are valuable for the history of morals ; others illustrate the honor paid to martyrs and relics ; the address to young men on the study of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4098309393328441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04fdfa12-724f-4436-a7c5-31dbd6a3013e>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.812801"}
{"text": "a separate individual. later theologians explicitly explain this as an example of how the saints become an image of the one common nature of the persons of the trinity. his three hundred letters reveal a rich and observant nature, which, despite the troubles of ill - health and ecclesiastical unrest, remained optimistic, tender and even playful. his principal efforts as a reformer were directed towards the improvement of the liturgy, and the reformation of the monastic institutions of the east. most of his extant works, and a few spuriously attributed to him, are available in the patrologia graeca, which includes latin translations of varying quality. several of st. basil ' s works have appeared in the late twentieth century in the sources chretiennes collection. liturgical contributions saint basil of caesarea holds a very important place in the history of christian liturgy, coming as he did at the end of the age of persecution. basil ' s liturgical influence is well attested in early sources. though it is difficult at this time to know exactly which parts of the divine liturgies which bear his name are actually his work, a vast corpus of prayers attributed to him has survived in the various eastern christian churches. tradition also credits basil with the elevation of the iconostasis to its present height. most of the liturgies bearing the name of basil are not entirely his work in their present form, but they nevertheless preserve a recollection of basil ' s activity in this field in formularizing liturgical prayers and promoting church - song. patristics scholars conclude that the liturgy of saint basil \" bears, unmistakably, the personal hand, pen, mind and heart of st. basil the great. \" one liturgy that can be attributed to him is the divine liturgy of saint basil the great, a liturgy that is somewhat longer than the more commonly used divine liturgy of st. john chrysostom. the difference between the two is primarily in the silent prayers said by the priest, and in the use of the hymn to the theotokos, all of creation, instead of the axion estin of saint john chrysostom ' s liturgy. chrysostom ' s liturgy has come to replace saint basil ' s on most days in the eastern orthodox and byzantine catholic liturgical traditions. however, they still use saint basil ' s liturgy on certain feast days : the first five sundays of great lent, the eves of nativity and theophany, on great and holy thursday and holy saturday and on the feast of saint basil, january 1 ( for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4506659320688834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04fdfa12-724f-4436-a7c5-31dbd6a3013e>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.815216"}
{"text": "use saint basil ' s liturgy on certain feast days : the first five sundays of great lent, the eves of nativity and theophany, on great and holy thursday and holy saturday and on the feast of saint basil, january 1 ( for those churches which follow the julian calendar, their january 1 falls on january 14 of the gregorian calendar ). the eastern churches preserve numerous other prayers attributed to saint basil, including three prayers of exorcism, several morning and evening prayers, the \" prayer of the hours \" which is read at each service of the daily office, and the \" kneeling prayers \" which are recited by the priest at vespers on pentecost in the byzantine rite. influence on monasticism through his examples and teachings basil effected a noteworthy moderation in the austere practices which were previously characteristic of monastic life. he is also credited with coordinating the duties of work and prayer to ensure a proper balance between the two. basil is remembered as one of the most influential figures in the development of christian monasticism. not only is basil recognised as the father of eastern monasticism ; historians recognize that his legacy extends also to the western church, largely due to his influence on saint benedict. patristic scholars such as meredith assert that benedict himself recognized this when he wrote in the epilogue to his rule that his monks, in addition to the bible, should read \" the confessions of the fathers and their institutes and their lives and the rule of our holy father, basil. basil ' s teachings on monasticism, as encoded in works such as his small asketikon, was transmitted to the west via rufinus during the last 4th century. as a result of his influence, numerous religious orders in eastern christianity bear his name. in the roman catholic church, the basilian fathers, also known as the congregation of st. basil, an international order of priests and students studying for the priesthood, is named after him. commemorations of basil st basil was given the title doctor of the church for his contributions to the debate initiated by the arian controversy regarding the nature of the trinity, and especially the question of the divinity of the holy spirit. basil was responsible for defining the terms \" ousia \" ( essence / substance ) and \" hypostasis \" ( person / reality ), and for defining the classic formulation of three persons in one nature. his single greatest contribution was his insistence on the divinity and consubstantiality of the holy spirit with the father and the son. in greek tradition, he brings gifts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4523903107082289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04fdfa12-724f-4436-a7c5-31dbd6a3013e>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.816242"}
{"text": "), and for defining the classic formulation of three persons in one nature. his single greatest contribution was his insistence on the divinity and consubstantiality of the holy spirit with the father and the son. in greek tradition, he brings gifts to children every january 1 ( st basil ' s day ) \u2014 unlike other traditions where father christmas arrives either on december 6 ( saint nicholas day ) or on christmas eve ( december 24 ). it is traditional on st basil ' s day to serve vasilopita, a rich bread baked with a coin inside. it is customary on his feast day to visit the homes of friends and relatives, to sing new year ' s carols, and to set an extra place at the table for saint basil. basil, being born into a wealthy family, gave away all his possessions to the poor, the underprivileged, those in need, and children. a similar story exists for another greek bishop, saint nicholas of myra. over the centuries the two legends have blended together, though the western santa claus remains associated with nicholas, while the eastern \" santa \" is identified with basil. saint basil died on january 1, and the eastern orthodox church celebrates his feast day together with that of the feast of the circumcision on that day. this was also the day on which the roman catholic calendar of saints celebrated it at first ; but in the 13th century it was moved to june 14, a date believed to be that of his ordination as bishop, and it remained on that date until the 1969 revision of the calendar, which moved it to january 2, rather than january 1, because the latter date is occupied by the solemnity of mary, mother of god. on january 2 saint basil is celebrated together with saint gregory nazianzen. some traditionalist catholics continue to observe pre - 1970 calendars. the coptic orthodox church of alexandria celebrates the feast day of saint basil on the 6th of tobi ( 6th of terr on the ethiopian calendar of the ethiopian orthodox tewahedo church ). at present, this corresponds to january 14, january 15 during leap year. the macedonian orthodox church celebrates saint basil ' s feast on january 14. he is considered as one of the greatest saints in thi christianity and is called st. basil the great ( macedonian : \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0458 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 ). there are numerous relics of saint basil throughout the world. one of the most important is his head, which is preserved to this day at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4670680760693083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04fdfa12-724f-4436-a7c5-31dbd6a3013e>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.817232"}
{"text": "( macedonian : \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0458 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 ). there are numerous relics of saint basil throughout the world. one of the most important is his head, which is preserved to this day at the monastery of the great lavra on mount athos in greece. the mythical sword durandal is said to contain some of basil ' s blood. see also - list of catholic saints - cappadocian fathers - gregory of nyssa - gregory nazianzus - john chrysostom - basilian monk - christian mystics - the exact date of basil ' s death is debated by historians. see rousseau ( 1994 ), pp. 360 \u2013 363, appendix iii : the date of basil ' s death and of the hexaemeron for details. - great synaxaristes : ( greek ) \u03bf \u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03c0\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2. 1 \u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5. \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3. - st basil the great the archbishop of caesarea, in cappadocia. oca - feasts and saints. - great synaxaristes : ( greek ) \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c2. 30 \u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5. \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3. - synaxis of the ecumenical teachers and hierarchs : basil the great, gregory the theologian, and john chrysostom. oca - feasts and saints. - fedwick ( 1981 ), p. 5 - st basil the great the archbishop of caesarea, in cappadocia. orthodox church in america website. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 15 - quasten ( 1986 ), p. 204. - bowersock et al. ( 1999 ), p. 336 - oratio 43. 4, pg 36. 500b, tr. p. 30, as presented in rousseau ( 1994 ), p. 4. - davies ( 1991 ), p. 12. - rousseau ( 1994 ), p. 4. - rousseau ( 1994 ), p. 12 & p. 4 respectively - hildebrand ( 2007 ), p. 19. - norris, frederick ( 1997 ). \" basil of caesarea \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36407957602495566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04fdfa12-724f-4436-a7c5-31dbd6a3013e>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.818288"}
{"text": "- rousseau ( 1994 ), p. 4. - rousseau ( 1994 ), p. 12 & p. 4 respectively - hildebrand ( 2007 ), p. 19. - norris, frederick ( 1997 ). \" basil of caesarea \". in ferguson, everett. the encyclopedia of early christianity ( second edition ). new york : garland press - ruether ( 1969 ), pp. 19, 25. - rousseau ( 1994 ), pp. 32 \u2013 40. - rousseau ( 1994 ), p. 1. - hildebrand ( 2007 ), pp. 19 \u2013 20. - basil, ep. 223, 2, as quoted in quasten ( 1986 ), p. 205. - quasten ( 1986 ), p. 205. - encyclopaedia britannica ( 15th ed. ) vol. 1, p. 938. - merredith ( 1995 ), p. 21. - encyclopaedia britannica ( 15th ed. ) vol. 1, p. 938. - mod. yesil\u0131rmak and kelkit cayi rivers, see rousseau ( 1994 ), p. 62. - the new westminster dictionary of church history : the early, medieval, and reformation eras, vol. 1, westminster john knox press, 2008, isbn 0 - 664 - 22416 - 4, p. 75. - st. basil the great in catholic encyclopedia : \" in 373... eustathius of sebaste ( became ) a traitor to the faith and a personal foe \" - attwater, donald and catherine rachel john. the penguin dictionary of saints. 3rd edition. new york : penguin books, 1993. isbn 0 - 14 - 051312 - 4. - rousseau ( 1994 ), p. 66. - merredith ( 1995 ), pp. 21 \u2013 22. - meredith ( 1995 ), p. 22. - mcguckin ( 2001 ), p. 143. - meredith ( 1995 ), p. 23 - foley, o. f. m., leonard ( 2003 ). \" st. basil the great ( 329 - 379 ) \". in mccloskey, o. f. m., pat ( rev. ). saint of the day : lives, lessons and feasts ( 5th revised edition ). cincinnati, ohio : st. anthony messenger press. isbn 0 - 86716 - 535 - 9. archived from the original on 23 december 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4048206701200182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04fdfa12-724f-4436-a7c5-31dbd6a3013e>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.819075"}
{"text": ". ). saint of the day : lives, lessons and feasts ( 5th revised edition ). cincinnati, ohio : st. anthony messenger press. isbn 0 - 86716 - 535 - 9. archived from the original on 23 december 2007. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 15 - catholic encyclopedia article on saint basil makes such a claim :. - deferrari, roy j. \" the classics and the greek writers of the early church : saint basil. \" the classical journal vol. 13, no. 8 ( may, 1918 ). 579 \u2013 91. - basil. \" hexameron, 9. 1 \". in schaff, philip. nicene and post - nicene fathers ( 2nd series ). 8 basil : letters and select works. edinburgh : t & t clark ( 1895 ). p. 102. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 15. cf. hexameron, 3. 9 ( ibid., pp. 70 - 71 ). - bebis ( 1997 ), p. 283 - murphy ( 1930 ), p. 94. - murphy ( 1930 ), p. 95. - see k. e. kirk, the vision of god : the christian document of the summum bonun, ( london, 1931 ), 9. 118, ( as quoted in meredith ) - meredith ( 1995 ), p. 24 - silvas ( 2002 ), pp. 247 - 259, in vigliae christanae - \" santa claus \". eastern - orthodoxy. com. archived from the original on 18 january 2008. retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02. - calendarium romanum, libreria editrice vaticana 1969, p. 84 - keary ( 1882 ), p. 512 - basil of caesarea, hexaemeron, london, 2013. limovia. net isbn 9781783362110 ( digital version - ebook ) - st basil the great, on the holy spirit \u2019 \u2019, trans david anderson, ( crestwood, ny : st vladimir \u2019 s seminary press, 1980 ) - bebis, george ( fall - winter 1997 ). \" introduction to the liturgical theology of st basil the great \". greek orthodox theological review 42 ( 3 - 4 ) : 273 \u2013 285. issn 0017 - 3894. - paul jonathan fedwick, ed. ( 1981 ). basil of caesarea, christian, humanist, ascetic : a sixteen - hundredth anniversary symposium, part 1. pontifical institute of mediaeval studies. isbn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43059088508748844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04fdfa12-724f-4436-a7c5-31dbd6a3013e>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.819876"}
{"text": "- 3894. - paul jonathan fedwick, ed. ( 1981 ). basil of caesarea, christian, humanist, ascetic : a sixteen - hundredth anniversary symposium, part 1. pontifical institute of mediaeval studies. isbn 978 - 0 - 88844 - 412 - 7. - bowersock, glen warren, brown, peter & grabar, oleg, ed. ( 1999 ). late antiquity : a guide to the postclassical world, with alphabetical guide. harvard university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 67451 - 173 - 6. - the new encyclopaedia britannica, 15th edition, v. 1. london : encyclopaedia britannica. - hildebrand, stephen m. ( 2007 ). the trinitarian theology of basil of caesarea. washington, d. c. : catholic university of america press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8132 - 1473 - 3. - keary, charles francis ( 1882 ). outline of primitive belief among the indo - european races. new york : c. scribner ' s sons. - meredith, anthony ( 1995 ). the cappadocians. crestwood, ny : st. vladimir ' s seminar press. isbn 0 - 88141 - 112 - 4. - migne, jacques paul ( ed. ) ( 1857 \u2013 1866 ). cursus completus patrologiae graecae. paris : imprimerie catholique. - murphy, margaret gertrude ( 1930 ). st. basil and monasticism : catholic university of america series on patristic studies, vol. xxv. new york : ams press. isbn 0 - 404 - 04543 - x. - rousseau, phillip ( 1994 ). basil of caesarea. berkeley : university of california press. isbn 0 - 520 - 08238 - 9. - ruether, rosemary radford ( 1969 ). gregory of nazianzus. oxford : oxford university press. - silvas, anna m. ( september 2002 ). \" edessa to cassino : the passage of basil ' s asketikon to the west \". vigliae christianae ( brill academic ) 56 ( 3 ) : 247 \u2013 259. doi : 10. 1163 / 157007202760235382. issn 042 - 6032. - corona, gabriella, ed. ( 2006 ). aelfric ' s life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44139273921280187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04fdfa12-724f-4436-a7c5-31dbd6a3013e>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.820648"}
{"text": "3 ) : 247 \u2013 259. doi : 10. 1163 / 157007202760235382. issn 042 - 6032. - corona, gabriella, ed. ( 2006 ). aelfric ' s life of saint basil the great : background and content. anglo - saxon texts 5. cambridge : d. s. brewer. isbn 978 - 1 - 84384 - 095 - 4. - this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : jackson, samuel macauley, ed. ( 1914 ). \" article name needed \". new schaff \u2013 herzog encyclopedia of religious knowledge ( third ed. ). london and new york : funk and wagnalls. - st. basil the great, on he holy spirit, london, 2012. limovia. net isbn 978 - 1 - 78336 - 002 - 4 - basil of caesarea, hexaemeron, london, 2013. limovia. net isbn 9781783362110 ( digital version - ebook ) | wikimedia commons has media related to : basil of caesarea | | wikisource has the text of the 1911 encyclop\u00e6dia britannica article basil. | - the life of st. basil the great, bishop of caesarea & doctor of the catholic church - christian classics ethereal library, early church fathers, series ii, vol. viii contains the treatise on the holy spirit, the hexaemeron, some of the homilies and the letters - st. basil the great in english and greek, select resources - basil the great article from orthodox wikipedia has a slightly longer article on st. basil - the heritage of the holy fathers has a more complete collection of his homilies ( and some other works, but only a few of his letters ) \u2014 in russian - excerpts from basil the great - catholic online : st. basil the great - \" st. basil the great \". catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. 1913. - american catholic : st. basil the great - basil of caesarea and his influence on monastic mission benedictines. org. uk - preface to the asketikon english translation by oxford university press - st. basil the great the archbishop of caesarea, in cappadocia orthodox icon and synaxarion - st. basil ' s sermons about fasting, translated by kent berghuis - gregory of nyssa, a eulogy for basil the great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4246547270763532, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04fdfa12-724f-4436-a7c5-31dbd6a3013e>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.821461"}
{"text": "der struwwelpeter ( 1845 ) ( or shockheaded peter ) is a german children ' s book by heinrich hoffmann. it comprises ten illustrated and rhymed stories, mostly about children. each has a clear moral that demonstrates the disastrous consequences of misbehavior in an exaggerated way. the title of the first story provides the title of the whole book. background and publication history hoffmann wrote struwwelpeter in reaction to the lack of good children ' s books. intending to buy a picture book as a christmas present for his three - year - old son, hoffmann instead wrote and illustrated his own book. in 1845 he was persuaded by friends to publish the book anonymously as lustige geschichten und drollige bilder mit 15 schon kolorierten tafeln fur kinder von 3 \u2013 6 jahren ( funny stories and whimsical pictures with 15 beautifully coloured panels for children aged 3 to 6 ). for third edition, published in 1858, the title changed to struwwelpeter, the name of the character in the first story. the book became popular among children throughout europe, and, writes author and researcher penni cotton, the pictures and characters showed a great deal of originality and directness. struwwelpeter has been translated into several languages. in 1891, mark twain wrote his own translation of the book but because of copyright issues, twain ' s \" slovenly peter \" was not published until 25 years after his death in 1935. - \" struwwelpeter \" describes a boy who does not groom himself properly and is consequently unpopular. - in \" die geschichte vom bosen friederich \" ( the story of bad frederick ), a violent boy terrorizes animals and people. eventually he is bitten by a dog, who goes on to eat the boy ' s sausage while he is bedridden. - in \" die gar traurige geschichte mit dem feuerzeug \" ( the dreadful story of the matches ), a girl plays with matches and burns to death. - in \" die geschichte von den schwarzen buben \" ( the story of the black boys ), saint nicholas catches three boys teasing a dark - skinned boy. to teach them a lesson, he dips the three boys in black ink, to make them even darker - skinned than the boy they ' d teased. - \" die geschichte von dem wilden jager \" ( the story of the wild huntsman ) is the only story", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3885102925231131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ac6af25-6c73-4044-ba0b-5225b9230ece>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.830757"}
{"text": ", he dips the three boys in black ink, to make them even darker - skinned than the boy they ' d teased. - \" die geschichte von dem wilden jager \" ( the story of the wild huntsman ) is the only story not primarily focused on children. in it, a hare steals a hunter ' s musket and eyeglasses and begins to hunt the hunter. in the ensuing chaos, the hare ' s child is burned by hot coffee and the hunter falls into a well, presumably to his death. - in \" die geschichte vom daumenlutscher \" ( the story of the thumb - sucker ), a mother warns her son not to suck his thumbs. however, when she goes out of the house he resumes his thumb sucking, until a roving tailor appears and cuts off his thumbs with giant scissors. - \" die geschichte vom suppen - kaspar \" ( the story of the soup - kaspar ) begins as kaspar, a healthy, strong boy, proclaims that he will no longer eat his soup. over the next five days he wastes away and dies. - in \" die geschichte vom zappel - philipp \" ( the story of the fidgety philip ), a boy who won ' t sit still at dinner accidentally knocks all of the food onto the floor, to his parents ' great displeasure. - \" die geschichte von hans guck - in - die - luft \" ( the story of johnny head - in - air ) concerns a boy who habitually fails to watch where he ' s walking. one day he walks into a river ; he is soon rescued, but his writing - book drifts away. - in \" die geschichte vom fliegenden robert \" ( the story of the flying robert ), a boy goes outside during a storm. the wind catches his umbrella and sends him to places unknown, and presumably to his doom. music, film and stage adaptations american composer michael schelle composed the song cycle struwwelpeter in 1991. this highly dramatic / theatrical / operatic 28 : 00 cycle for voice and piano uses seven ( 7 ) tales from the original struwwelpeter collection ( slovenly peter, flying robert, cry baby, fat augustus, the inky boys, cruel frederick and conrad suck - a - thumb ). he orchestrated the piece for voice and small chamber ensemble in 2007 ( that version was premiered at symphony space in new york city, featuring tenor steve stolen ). he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39614459721586015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ac6af25-6c73-4044-ba0b-5225b9230ece>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.831905"}
{"text": "augustus, the inky boys, cruel frederick and conrad suck - a - thumb ). he orchestrated the piece for voice and small chamber ensemble in 2007 ( that version was premiered at symphony space in new york city, featuring tenor steve stolen ). he orchestrated the piece for larger chamber ensemble in 2013 ( that version was premiered at the schrott center for the performing arts in indianapolis, featuring tenor steve stolen ). little suck - a - thumb ( 1992 ), is a psychosexual interpretation of the infamous cautionary tale from heinrich hoffman ' s storybook. the short film by writer / director david kaplan stars cork hubbert ( the ballad of the sad cafe ), evelyn solann, and jim hilbert as the great tall scissorman. it won awards at the 1992 chicago film festival, the 1992 cork film festival, and the 1993 grenoble film festival. it was also awarded 2nd place at the nyu tisch school of the arts annual film festival and was screened as an official selection at the 1992 munich international festival of film schools. it is collected with 2 other short films on the dvd little red riding hood and other stories. influence and references the struwwelpeter characters make another appearance in heinrich hoffmann ' s 1851 illustrated children ' s book konig nussknacker und der arme reinhold. the characters are portrayed as living inhabitants of a fantasy world visited by the protagonist, reinhold, and the struwwelpeter book itself is depicted as one of the christmas presents that appear beneath reinhold ' s christmas tree. writing for the journal neurotica in 1951, dr. rudolph friedmann studied the stories so intensely for analytic psychosexual imagery that dwight macdonald was moved to include the essay in his 1960 anthology of parodies as a sincere but inadvertent example of the form. w. h. auden refers to the scissor - man in his 1930 ' s poem \" the witnesses \" ( also known as \" the two \" ) : and now with sudden swift emergence come the women in dark glasses, the humpbacked surgeons and the scissor man. the \" story of soup - kaspar \" is parodied in astrid lindgren ' s pippi longstocking ( 1945 ), with a tall story about a chinese boy named peter who refuses to eat a swallow ' s nest served to him by his father, and dies of starvation five months later. jasper fforde ' s novel the fourth bear features a town heavily influenced by \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38561761778620507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ac6af25-6c73-4044-ba0b-5225b9230ece>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.833146"}
{"text": "a tall story about a chinese boy named peter who refuses to eat a swallow ' s nest served to him by his father, and dies of starvation five months later. jasper fforde ' s novel the fourth bear features a town heavily influenced by \" cautionary tales \" based on stories from struwwelpeter. m. j. trow in \" the adventures of inspector lestrade \" recreates each of the cautionary tales as the work of a serial killer. paulinchen, the young girl burned to death, was featured in campaign posters of the christian democratic union party in german elections in the 1990s. playing up on her green dress and red bows and shoes, voters were warned \" keine rot - grunen experimente! \" ( \" no red - green experiments! \" ), the implication being that a coalition of the spd ( social democrats, who traditionally use red in their campaign material ) and greens would entail a disastrous outcome for germany. in a 2005 episode of the american version of the office ( \" take your daughter to work day \", season 2 ), dwight attempts to entertain the children of several employees by reading \" die geschichte vom daumenlutscher \" in an episode of family guy ( \" business guy \" season 8 ), peter remarks that lois is more disheartening than a german bedtime story. the scene then cuts away to a depiction of \" die geschichte vom daumenlutscher \". in 2009 german comic artist david fuleki released two modern version of struwwelpeter : a manga - style comic book featuring all original characters in a fight against a totalitarian dictatorship and a newly illustrated version of the original book. - cotton, penni ( 2000 ). picture books sans frontieres. trentham books. p. 11. isbn 1 - 85856 - 183 - 3. - ashton ( 1995 ). \" fetching the jingle along : mark twain ' s slovenly peter \". children ' s literature association quarterly. retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23. - elyse sommer ( 2005 ). \" shockheaded peter makes a comeback \". curtainup. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 19. - \" little suck - a - thumb : a cautionary tale \". malaprop productions. 2009. retrieved 2009 - 05 - 14. - macdonald, dwight, parodies, random house, 1960, pgs. 493 - 501 further reading - ashton, susanna m. ; petersen, amy jean ( spring 1995 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4360644785280777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ac6af25-6c73-4044-ba0b-5225b9230ece>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.834424"}
{"text": "a whispering gallery is usually a circular, hemispherical, elliptical or ellipsoidal enclosure, often beneath a dome or a vault, in which whispers can be heard clearly in other parts of the gallery. such galleries can also be set up using two parabolic dishes. sometimes the phenomenon is detected in caves. a whispering gallery is most simply constructed in the form of a circular wall, and allows whispered communication from any part of the internal side of the circumference to any other part. the sound is carried by waves, known as whispering - gallery waves, that travel around the circumference clinging to the walls, an effect that was discovered in the whispering gallery of st paul ' s cathedral in london. the extent to which the sound travels at st paul ' s can also be judged by clapping in the gallery, which produces four echoes. other historical examples are the gol gumbaz mausoleum in bijapur and the echo wall of the temple of heaven in beijing. a hemispherical enclosure will also guide whispering gallery waves. the gallery may also be in the form of an ellipse or ellipsoid, with an accessible point at each focus. in this case, when a visitor stands at one focus and whispers, the line of sound emanating from this focus reflects directly to the focus at the other end of the gallery, where the whispers may be heard. in a similar way, two large concave parabolic dishes, serving as acoustic mirrors, may be erected facing each other in a room or outdoors to serve as a whispering gallery, a common feature of science museums. egg - shaped galleries, such as the golghar granary at bankipore, and irregularly shaped smooth - walled galleries in the form of caves, such as the ear of dionysius in syracuse, also exist. | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( january 2012 ) | united kingdom - st paul ' s cathedral in london is the place where whispering - gallery waves were first discovered by lord rayleigh c. 1878. - the library of dollar academy in scotland. - the entrance gallery of the aston webb great hall at the university of birmingham. united states - the battle house hotel in mobile, alabama has a whispering arch in the front lobby. - cincinnati museum center at union terminal. - grand central terminal in new york city \u2014 the gallery in front of the oyster bar restaurant. - the mapparium at the mary baker eddy library in boston allows visitors to enter the interior of a reflecting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5665451274827964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f53e0151-721e-4b72-9a2e-414aac8f2f82>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.838713"}
{"text": ". - cincinnati museum center at union terminal. - grand central terminal in new york city \u2014 the gallery in front of the oyster bar restaurant. - the mapparium at the mary baker eddy library in boston allows visitors to enter the interior of a reflecting surface forming a nearly complete sphere. - a whispering gallery can be found on the main floor of the museum of science and industry ( chicago ). - statuary hall in the united states capitol. - salt lake tabernacle in salt lake city, utah. - the rotunda at san francisco ' s city hall. - curved stone benches on either side of the smith memorial arch in fairmount park. - centennial fountain in front of green library at stanford university in california - the rotunda of the texas capitol and the missouri state capitol. rest of the world - barossa reservoir, williamstown, south australia. - cathedral of brasilia in brazil. - martello towers. - the echo wall in the temple of heaven in beijing. - the gol gumbaz in bijapur, india. - the golghar granary in bankipore, india. - the victoria memorial in kolkata. - masjed - e imam in esfahan, iran. - basilica of st. john lateran, rome. - santa maria del fiore, florence cathedral. - the church of the holy sepulcher, jerusalem. - leaning tower of nevyansk, sverdlovsk oblast. - selimiye mosque in edirne, turkey. - st. peter ' s basilica in the vatican city. - monument to the negev brigade in beersheba, israel. - the salle de cariatides in the louvre, paris, france. - the treasury of atreus, greece - secret ' s chamber in el escorial in madrid, spain. - the whispering gallery in the alhambra in granada, spain. - cleopatra ' s bath in the siwa oasis, egypt. - ear of dionysius cave in syracuse, sicily. - mestrovic pavilion in zagreb, croatia see also - lord rayleigh, the problem of the whispering gallery, philos. mag. 20, 1001, 1910. - o. wright, gallery of whispers, physics world 25, no. 2, feb. 2012, p. 31. - c. k. raman, on whispering galleries, proc. indian ass. cult. sci. 7, 159, 1921 - 1922. - w. c. sabine,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49291927298504284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f53e0151-721e-4b72-9a2e-414aac8f2f82>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.839687"}
{"text": "| moon wrasse, thalassoma lunare, a typical wrasse | the wrasses are a family, labridae, of marine fish, many of which are brightly colored. the family is large and diverse, with over 600 species in 82 genera, which are divided into nine subgroups or tribes. they are typically small fish, most of them less than 20 centimetres ( 7. 9 in ) long, although the largest, the humphead wrasse, can measure up to 2. 5 metres ( 8. 2 ft ). they are efficient carnivores, feeding on a wide range of small invertebrates. many smaller wrasses follow the feeding trails of larger fish, picking up invertebrates disturbed by their passing. juveniles of some representatives of the genera bodianus, cirrhilabrus, and oxycheilinus hide among the tentacles of the free - living mushroom coral heliofungia actiniformis. wrasses inhabit the atlantic, indian, and pacific oceans, usually in shallow water habitats such as coral reefs and rocky shores where they live close to the substrate. wrasses have protractile mouths, usually with separate jaw teeth that jut outwards. many species can be readily recognized by their thick lips, the inside of which is sometimes curiously folded, a peculiarity which gave rise the german name of \" lip - fishes \" ( lippfische. ) and the dutch name of \" lipvissen \". the dorsal fin has 8 \u2013 21 spines and 6 \u2013 21 soft rays, usually running most of the length of the back. wrasse are sexually dimorphic. many species are capable of changing sex. juveniles are a mix of males and females ( known as initial phase or ip individuals ) but the largest adults become territory - holding ( terminal phase or tp ) males. the wrasses have become a primary study species in fish - feeding biomechanics due to their jaw structure. the nasal and mandibular bones are connected at their posterior ends to the rigid neurocranium, and the superior and inferior articulations of the maxilla are joined to the anterior tips of these two bones, respectively, creating a loop of 4 rigid bones connected by moving joints. this \" four - bar linkage \" has the property of allowing numerous arrangements to achieve a given mechanical result ( fast jaw protrusion or a forceful bite ), thus decoupling morphology from function. the actual morphology of wrasses reflects this, with many lineages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45837867638778396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c468084e-5b44-4c62-910b-8bd7837b3274>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.847630"}
{"text": "linkage \" has the property of allowing numerous arrangements to achieve a given mechanical result ( fast jaw protrusion or a forceful bite ), thus decoupling morphology from function. the actual morphology of wrasses reflects this, with many lineages displaying different jaw morphology that results in the same functional output in a similar or identical ecological niche. reproductive behavior most labroids are protogynous hermaphrodites within a haremic mating system. hermaphroditism allows for complex mating systems. labroids exhibit three different mating systems : polygynous, lek - like, and promiscuous mating systems. group spawning and pair spawning occur within mating systems. the type of spawning that occurs depends on male body size. labroids typically exhibit broadcast spawning, releasing high amounts of planktonic eggs, which are broadcast by tidal currents ; adult labroids have no interaction with offspring. wrasse of a particular subgroup of the labridae family labrini do not exhibit broadcast spawning. broodcare behavior of labrine tribe the subgroup labrini arose from a basal split within family labridae during the eocene period. subgroup labrini is composed of eight genera, wherein 15 out of 23 species exhibit broodcare behavior. broodcare behavior ranges from simple to complex parental care of spawn ; males build algae nests or crude cavities, ventilate eggs, and defend nests against conspecific males and predators. in species that express this behavior, eggs cannot survive without parental care. species of symphodus, centrolabrus, and labrus genera exhibit broodcare behavior. cleaner wrasse cleaner wrasse are the best - known of the cleaner fish. they live in a cleaning symbiosis with larger, often predatory fish, grooming them and benefiting by feeding on what they remove. \" client \" fish congregate at wrasse cleaning stations and wait for the cleaner fish to remove gnathiid parasites, even swimming into their open mouths and gill cavities. cleaner wrasses are best known for feeding on dead tissue and scales and ectoparasites, although they are also known to ' cheat ', consuming healthy tissue and mucus, which is energetically costly for the client fish to produce. the bluestreak cleaner wrasse, labroides dimidiatus is one of the most common cleaners found on tropical reefs. few cleaner wrasses have been observed being eaten by predators, possibly because parasite removal is more important for predator survival than the short - term gain of eating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5038097775563187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c468084e-5b44-4c62-910b-8bd7837b3274>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.848713"}
{"text": "labroides dimidiatus is one of the most common cleaners found on tropical reefs. few cleaner wrasses have been observed being eaten by predators, possibly because parasite removal is more important for predator survival than the short - term gain of eating the cleaner. significance to humans yellowtail coris wrasse, coris gaimardi is being cleaned by labroides phthirophagus. the picture was taken in hawaii bluehead wrasse, belize barrier reef humphead wrasse, cheilinus undulatus, melbourne aquarium bluestreak wrasse, labroides dimidiatus six - line wrasse ( pseudocheilinus hexataenia ) subgroups and tribes | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( november 2008 ) | - cowman, p. f. ; d. r. bellwood and l. van herwerden. \" dating the evolutionary origins of wrasse lineages ( labridae ) and the rise of trophic novelty on coral reefs \". molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52 : 621 \u2013 631. doi : 10. 1016 / j. ympev. 2009. 05. 015. pmid 19464378. - choat, j. h. & bellwood, d. r. ( 1998 ). in paxton, j. r. & eschmeyer, w. n. encyclopedia of fishes. san diego : academic press. p. 211. isbn 0 - 12 - 547665 - 5. - bos, arthur r ( 2012 ). \" fishes ( gobiidae and labridae ) associated with the mushroom coral heliofungia actiniformis ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the philippines \". coral reefs 31 : 133. doi : 10. 1007 / s00338 - 011 - 0834 - 3. - \" wrasse | define wrasse at dictionary. com \". dictionary. reference. com. retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28. - wainwright et al. ( 2005 ). \" many - to - one mapping of form to function : a general principle in organismal design? \". integrative & comparative biology 45 : 256 \u2013 262. - chisholm, hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). \" wrasse \". encyclop\u00e6dia britannica ( 11th ed. ). cambridge university press. - robertson, d. r. ; r. r. warner. \" sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4055374419540042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c468084e-5b44-4c62-910b-8bd7837b3274>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.849604"}
{"text": "1911 ). \" wrasse \". encyclop\u00e6dia britannica ( 11th ed. ). cambridge university press. - robertson, d. r. ; r. r. warner. \" sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the western caribbean ii : the parrotfishes ( scaridae ) \". smithsonian contributions to zoology 255 : 1 \u2013 26. - kazancioglu, e. ; s. h. alonzo. \" a comparative analysis of sex change in labridae supports the size advantage hypothesis \". evolution 64 : 2254 \u2013 2264. doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1558 - 5646. 2010. 01016. x. pmid 20394662. - colin, p. l. ; l. j. bell. \" aspects of the spawning of labrid and scarid fishes ( pisces, labroidei ) at enewetak atoll, marshall islands with notes on other families ( corrected reprint. ) \". environmental biology of fishes 33 : 330 \u2013 345. doi : 10. 1007 / bf00005881. - hanel, r. ; m. w. westneat and c. sturmbauer ( december 2002 ). \" phylogenetic relationships, evolution of broodcare behavior, and geographic speciation in the wrasse tribe labrini. \". journal of molecular evolution 55 ( 6 ) : 776 \u2013 789. doi : 10. 1007 / s00239 - 002 - 2373 - 6. pmid 12486536. - taborsky, m. ; b. hudde and p. wirtz. \" reproductive - behavior and ecology of symphodus ( crenilabrus ) ocellatus, a european wrasse with 4 types of male - behavior. \". behaviour 102 : 82 \u2013 118. - trivers, r. l. 1971 - \" sea lice \". scottish salmon producers ' organisation. retrieved 8 june 2011. - sepkoski, jack ( 2002 ). \" a compendium of fossil marine animal genera \". bulletins of american paleontology 364 : p. 560. retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18. | look up wrasse in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | | wikimedia commons has media related to : labridae |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46184713723965465, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c468084e-5b44-4c62-910b-8bd7837b3274>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.850415"}
{"text": "sometime between now and the middle of november, the trees in north america ' s eastern broadleaf forests will reach their full fall glory. from vermont ' s northeast kingdom and new hampshire ' s white mountains to the shenandoah valley and beyond, leaf peepers will bring traffic to a standstill on beautiful fall weekends. by the carful and busload, they ' ll come to gawk at the beautiful countryside. but what will they be seeing? to begin with, leaf color arises from various chemicals within trees. it ' s the strength as well as the presence or absence of compounds like tannins, xanthophylls, and carotenes that determines fall hues in the scores of tree species found in the east. back in the spring and summer, when the millions of trees in these same woodlands were busily growing and producing food, their leaves were chock full of chlorophyll, and it was the chlorophyll that colored the forests varying shades of green. but chlorophyll is a mask, and once trees sense the change in the weather and start to stop chlorophyll production, the mask drops and the other colors of the leaves come to the forefront. the fall colors can be so distinctive in some tree species that it ' s possible to identify these trees from a distance merely by noting their hues. the brilliant red leaves belong to the red maple, american mountain ash, and black tupelo, plus sumacs, blueberries, and virginia creeper in the understory. richer red foliage is typical of red oak, scarlet oak, and white oak. birches and beeches sparkle with bright yellow foliage, while witch hazel and striped maple are a less intense yellow, and walnuts, hickories and aspens attain a truly golden glow. of course, not all trees settle on a single color. sugar maples, for example, blaze in green, yellow, orange, and startling red, and sassafras comes in various shades of red, orange, yellow, and purple. if you want to enjoy the fall colors yourself, plan ahead and, if possible, venture out during the week as opposed to on a crowded weekend. no matter when you go, though, spend a little time outside your car. the trees are even prettier close - up, along a quiet trail or down a less traveled side road.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4617374442571461, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc397855-fa73-4ab6-b9e9-482ec9170c77>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.854578"}
{"text": "alternate name : water moccasin family : viperidae, pit vipers view all from this family description thick, heavy body. brown, olive to grayish / black. flat - topped head. vertical pupils on eyes. juveniles have a strong pattern. keeled scales in rows of 25. dimensions 50. 8 - 189. 2cm. ( 20 - 74 1 / 2 \" ) warning do not disturb or attempt to handle! the cottonmouth ' s bite is far more serious than that of the copperhead and can be fatal. when annoyed, the cottonmouth tends to stand its ground and may gape repeatedly at an intruder, exposing the light \" cotton \" lining of its mouth. cottonmouths, copperheads, and rattlesnakes belong to a group of snakes known as pit vipers. these dangerous snakes have a heat - sensitive sensory organ on each side of the head that enables them to locate warm - blooded prey and strike accurately, even in the dark. the curved, hollow fangs are normally folded back along the jaw. when a pit viper strikes, the fangs rapidly swing forward and fill with venom as the mouth opens. the venom is a complex mixture of proteins that acts primarily on a victim ' s blood tissue. if you hear a rattlesnake shaking its rattle, back away. the snake is issuing a warning, and if the warning is ignored it may bite. there are many factors ( temperature being the most important ) that determine how a snake will react when confronted by a human. venomous snakes should always be observed from a safe distance. pit vipers are never safe to handle. even dead ones can retain some neurological reflexes, and \" road kills \" have been known to bite. how to avoid and treat snakebites subspecies eastern - undefined cheek stripe. virginia, north & south carolina, georiga to alabama. florida - distinct cheek stripe. alabama, georgia and florida. western - no markings. kentucky, tennessee, alabama, missouri, oklahoma, texas. breeding live young. breeds spring through fall. 1 - 5 young. 18 - 33cm ( 7 - 13 \" ) long when born. breeds on alternate years, mature at 3 years. habitat swamps, lakes, rivers and canals. also mountain streams. range virginia to florida keys. missouri, oklahoma, texas. discussion aggression has been exaggerated but breeding males are vicious to any intruders. when it swims head is out of water. active at night but often seen during the day. fish, frogs, small snakes and birds form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41753701087296413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:084860d6-74d1-486b-8d35-78d2aebfe7f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.858228"}
{"text": "proverbs and phrases of biblical origins - i believe that the obligation of every translator is to find an equivalent of the phrase ( provided the use of the phrase contextually agrees with its biblical meaning ) that is normally used in the target language. that is why a simple word - for - word translation sometimes doesn ' t help and can be absolutely incomprehensible to the target audience. this is especially true for russian proverbs, which come from the old slavic translations of the greek version of the bible. russian proverbs and often - used phrases from the bible contain some old slavic words, which are not understandable to modern russian people, except in the context of the full proverb and may be absolutely unknown to non - russian translators. for example, the russian equivalent of the phrase like a lamb ( in the biblical meaning of the context ) is \u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0446, where both words are rarely used in modern russian ; they can be found together in contemporary russian literature but only in this phrase and often have a humorous connotation. the english phrase \" to keep smth. as the apple of his eye \" ( deuteronomy 32. 10. ) will be translated in russian as \" \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u043e\u043a\u0430 \" or literally \" to keep as the pupil of his eye \". the word \" greek \" in the phrase \" here there cannot be greek and jew \" ( colossians 3. 11. ) becomes in the russian equivalent not in the modern word \" \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043a \" ( greek ) but in the old slavic \" \u044d\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043d \" ( hellene ), which is hardly used in the russian language today. the same situation can be observed when comparing the english biblical proverbs and phrases with german ones. for example, such phrases as \" in the fullness of one ' s heart \" ( luke 6. 45. ) in english and \" aus dem guten schatz seines herzens \" in german or \" do not judge by appearances \" ( john 7. 24. ) and \" richtet nicht nach dem, was vor augen ist \" are not word - for - word translations. in all these cases i emphasize only the difficulty in translating proverbs and constant phrases of biblical origin from english into the target language, without touching on the matter of translation of the scriptures into different languages. this is a topic in itself, which has been discussed for the past two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5030902117218456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d46488d-5516-4d90-be68-9471bb1f1188>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.862673"}
{"text": "record companies and recording artists, as well as the writers and publishers, all make money based on the sale of recordings of their songs. how those royalties are calculated, however, is about as intricate and controversial as everything else in the music industry. writer / publisher mechanical royalties first, there is the calculation of mechanical royalties for writers and publishers. these royalties are paid by the record company to the publisher. the publisher then pays the writer a share of the royalty ( typically split 50 / 50 ). in the united states, the royalties are based on a \" statutory rate \" set by the u. s. congress. this rate is increased to follow changes in the economy, usually based on the consumer price index. currently, the statutory rate is $. 08 for songs five minutes or less in length or $. 0155 per minute for songs that are over five minutes long. so, for example, a song that is eight minutes long would earn $. 124 for each recording sold. as in most areas in the business world, however, there is room for negotiation. it is not uncommon - - in fact, it is more the norm - - for record companies to negotiate a deal to pay only 75 % of the statutory rate, particularly when the writer is also the recording artist. ( see the \" controlled composition clause \" below. ) although there is a statutory rate, there is no law against negotiating a deal for a lower one. sometimes it is in the best interest of all parties to agree to a lower rate. recording - artist mechanical royalties recording - artist royalties ( and contracts ) are extremely complex and a hotbed of debate in the music world. from the outside, the calculation appears fairly simple. artists are paid royalties usually somewhere between 8 % and 25 % of the suggested retail price of the recording. exactly where it falls depends on the clout of the artist ( a brand new artist might receive less than a well - known artist ). from this percentage, a 25 % deduction for packaging is taken out ( even though packaging rarely costs 25 % of the total price of the cd or cassette ). that sounds simple enough, but there are many more issues that affect what a recording artist actually makes in royalties. - free goods - recording artists only earn royalties on the actual number of recordings sold - - not those that are given away free as promotions. rather than discounting the price to distributors, many record companies give a certain number away for free ( about 5 % to 10 % depending on the artist ). recording companies also give away many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4173746631311761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8281bd0c-40b2-4dc3-a693-af54f8b10290>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.869106"}
{"text": "- - not those that are given away free as promotions. rather than discounting the price to distributors, many record companies give a certain number away for free ( about 5 % to 10 % depending on the artist ). recording companies also give away many copies to radio stations as \" promo \" copies. there is also a reduction in royalties made for copies of the recording sold through record clubs. - return privilege - recordings in the form of cds or cassettes have a 100 % return privilege. this means that record stores don ' t have to worry about being stuck with records they can ' t sell. most other businesses don ' t work this way, but the music industry has to be more flexible and timed to demand. what ' s hot today may be forgotten tomorrow... this leads us to reserves. the recording company may hold back a portion of the artist ' s royalties for reserves that are returned from record stores. ( usually about 35 % is held back. ) - 90 % - back in the days of vinyl records, there was a lot of breakage when record albums were shipped out for distribution. because of this, recording companies only paid artists based on 90 % of the shipment, assuming that 10 % would be broken. even as vinyl was phased out, this practice continued. today it is gone for the most part, but there are still a few holdouts. so, here is how it looks so far. let ' s say a cd sells for $ 15. right away we deduct 25 % from that for packaging, which makes the royalty base $ 11. 25. now let ' s say our artist has a 10 % royalty rate and that his cd sells one million copies. that sounds great! the artist would earn $ 1, 125, 000! except 10 % of those were actually freebies, so we really have to calculate that royalty based on 900, 000, which makes the royalty $ 1, 012, 500, and of course, there are few costs we haven ' t talked about yet. advances and recoupment typically, when recording artists sign a recording contract or record a song ( or album ), the record company pays them an advance that must be paid back out of their royalties. this is called recoupment. in addition to paying back their advance, however, recording artists are usually required under their contract to pay for many other expenses. these recoupable expenses usually include recording costs, promotional and marketing costs, tour costs and music video production costs, as well as other expenses.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4325384033873763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8281bd0c-40b2-4dc3-a693-af54f8b10290>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.870232"}
{"text": "their advance, however, recording artists are usually required under their contract to pay for many other expenses. these recoupable expenses usually include recording costs, promotional and marketing costs, tour costs and music video production costs, as well as other expenses. the record company is making the upfront investment and taking the risk, but the artist eventually ends up paying for most of the costs. while all of this can be negotiated up front, it tends to be the norm that the artists pay for the bulk of expenses out of their royalties. let ' s see what these recoupable expenses do to our artist ' s $ 1, 012, 500 royalty we calculated earlier. suppose the recording costs were $ 300, 000 ( 100 % recoupable ), promotion costs were $ 200, 000 ( 100 % recoupable ), tour costs were $ 200, 000 ( 50 % recoupable ), and a music video cost $ 400, 000 ( 50 % recoupable ). that comes out to : $ 300, 000 + $ 200, 000 + $ 100, 000 + $ 200, 000 = $ 800, 000 suddenly our artist isn ' t making a million plus, he ' s making $ 212, 500. but don ' t forget there is also a manager to be paid ( usually 20 % ), as well as a producer and possibly several band members. the artist won ' t see any royalty money until all of these expenses are paid. so far, it sounds like the money isn ' t in making the music, it ' s in writing it. while this is a true statement, controlled - composition clauses make it less fair to folks who are both the songwriter and recording artist of a song. a controlled composition is a song that has been written and / or is owned by the recording artist. because mechanical royalties paid to songwriters and publishers are not recoupable by the record company, meaning the record company can ' t deduct any expenses from them, record companies usually negotiate into the singer / songwriter ' s contract that the mechanical royalty rate he will receive as the songwriter / publisher will be 75 % of the usual amount. in other words, as the writer of a song you record yourself, you get 25 % less royalty money than you would get for writing a song that someone else records. but you ' ll get performance royalties when the song is played on the radio, tv, etc. with the explosion of the internet and the ease of downloading music onto your computer, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42688788595198046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8281bd0c-40b2-4dc3-a693-af54f8b10290>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.871235"}
{"text": "you would get for writing a song that someone else records. but you ' ll get performance royalties when the song is played on the radio, tv, etc. with the explosion of the internet and the ease of downloading music onto your computer, a whole new royalty arena has opened up in recent years. record companies usually treat downloads as \" new media / technology, \" which means they can reduce the royalty by 20 % to 50 %. this means that rather than paying artists a 10 % royalty on recording sales, they can pay them a 5 % to 8 % rate when their song is downloaded from the internet. in the case of downloaded music, although there is no packaging expense, many record company contracts still state that the 25 % packaging fee will be deducted. an alternative to this royalty payment method also exists for internet music sales. while it is most often used by internet record labels, it may still catch on as recording artists begin to push harder for it in their contracts. this other method creates an equal split of the net dollars made on music downloads between the record label and the artist. this net figure is arrived at after the costs have been deducted, including costs of the sale, digital rights management costs, bandwidth fees, transaction fees, mechanical royalties to songwriters / publishers, marketing costs, etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4203463957178981, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8281bd0c-40b2-4dc3-a693-af54f8b10290>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.871769"}
{"text": "- year published : 1883 - language : english - country of origin : england - source : stevenson, r. l. ( 1883 ). treasure island. london, england : cassell and co. - flesch \u2013 kincaid level : 7. 0 - word count : 2, 008 stevenson, r. ( 1883 ). part three : my shore adventure, chapter 14 : the first blow. treasure island ( lit2go edition ). retrieved may 22, 2013, from stevenson, robert louis. \" part three : my shore adventure, chapter 14 : the first blow. \" treasure island. lit2go edition. 1883. web. < >. may 22, 2013. robert louis stevenson, \" part three : my shore adventure, chapter 14 : the first blow, \" treasure island, lit2go edition, ( 1883 ), accessed may 22, 2013,. i was so pleased at having given the slip to long john that i began to enjoy myself and look around me with some interest on the strange land that i was in. i had crossed a marshy tract full of willows, bulrushes, and odd, outlandish, swampy trees ; and i had now come out upon the skirts of an open piece of undulating, sandy country, about a mile long, dotted with a few pines and a great number of contorted trees, not unlike the oak in growth, but pale in the foliage, like willows. on the far side of the open stood one of the hills, with two quaint, craggy peaks shining vividly in the sun. i now felt for the first time the joy of exploration. the isle was uninhabited ; my shipmates i had left behind, and nothing lived in front of me but dumb brutes and fowls. i turned hither and thither among the trees. here and there were flowering plants, to me ; here and there i saw snakes, and one raised his head from a ledge of rock and hissed at me with a noise not unlike the spinning of a top. little did i suppose that he was a deadly enemy and that the noise was the famous rattle. then i came to a long thicket of these oaklike trees \u2014 live, or evergreen, oaks, i heard afterwards they should be called \u2014 which grew low along the sand like brambles, the boughs curiously twisted, the foliage compact, like thatch. the thicket stretched down from the top of one of the sandy knolls, spreading and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40709142835791146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:817fece2-2fe6-48f9-8e7a-73dd7b89a063>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.881716"}
{"text": "afterwards they should be called \u2014 which grew low along the sand like brambles, the boughs curiously twisted, the foliage compact, like thatch. the thicket stretched down from the top of one of the sandy knolls, spreading and growing taller as it went, until it reached the margin of the broad, reedy fen, through which the nearest of the little rivers soaked its way into the anchorage. the marsh was steaming in the strong sun, and the outline of the spy - glass trembled through the haze. all at once there began to go a sort of bustle among the bulrushes ; a wild duck flew up with a quack, another followed, and soon over the whole surface of the marsh a great cloud of birds hung screaming and circling in the air. i judged at once that some of my shipmates must be drawing near along the borders of the fen. nor was i deceived, for soon i heard the very distant and low tones of a human voice, which, as i continued to give ear, grew steadily louder and nearer. this put me in a great fear, and i crawled under cover of the nearest live - oak and squatted there, hearkening, as silent as a mouse. another voice answered, and then the first voice, which i now recognized to be silver \u2019 s, once more took up the story and ran on for a long while in a stream, only now and again interrupted by the other. by the sound they must have been talking earnestly, and almost fiercely ; but no distinct word came to my hearing. at last the speakers seemed to have paused and perhaps to have sat down, for not only did they cease to draw any nearer, but the birds themselves began to grow more quiet and to settle again to their places in the swamp. and now i began to feel that i was neglecting my business, that since i had been so foolhardy as to come ashore with these desperadoes, the least i could do was to overhear them at their councils, and that my plain and obvious duty was to draw as close as i could manage, under the favourable ambush of the crouching trees. i could tell the direction of the speakers pretty exactly, not only by the sound of their voices but by the behaviour of the few birds that still hung in alarm above the heads of the intruders. crawling on all fours, i made steadily but slowly towards them, till at last, raising my head to an aperture among the leaves, i could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44682776466684243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:817fece2-2fe6-48f9-8e7a-73dd7b89a063>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.882698"}
{"text": "but by the behaviour of the few birds that still hung in alarm above the heads of the intruders. crawling on all fours, i made steadily but slowly towards them, till at last, raising my head to an aperture among the leaves, i could see clear down into a little green dell beside the marsh, and closely set about with trees, where long john silver and another of the crew stood face to face in conversation. the sun beat full upon them. silver had thrown his hat beside him on the ground, and his great, smooth, blond face, all shining with heat, was lifted to the other man \u2019 s in a kind of appeal. \u201c mate, \u201d he was saying, \u201c it \u2019 s because i thinks gold dust of you \u2014 gold dust, and you may lay to that! if i hadn \u2019 t took to you like pitch, do you think i \u2019 d have been here a - warning of you? all \u2019 s up \u2014 you can \u2019 t make nor mend ; it \u2019 s to save your neck that i \u2019 m a - speaking, and if one of the wild uns knew it, where \u2019 d i be, tom \u2014 now, tell me, where \u2019 d i be? \u201d \u201c silver, \u201d said the other man \u2014 and i observed he was not only red in the face, but spoke as hoarse as a crow, and his voice shook too, like a taut rope \u2014 \u201d silver, \u201d says he, \u201c you \u2019 re old, and you \u2019 re honest, or has the name for it ; and you \u2019 ve money too, which lots of poor sailors hasn \u2019 t ; and you \u2019 re brave, or i \u2019 m mistook. and will you tell me you \u2019 ll let yourself be led away with that kind of a mess of swabs? not you! as sure as god sees me, i \u2019 d sooner lose my hand. if i turn agin my dooty \u2014 \u201d and then all of a sudden he was interrupted by a noise. i had found one of the honest hands \u2014 well, here, at that same moment, came news of another. far away out in the marsh there arose, all of a sudden, a sound like the cry of anger, then another on the back of it ; and then one horrid, long - drawn scream. the rocks of the spy - glass re - echoed it a score of times ; the whole troop of marsh - birds rose again, darkening heaven, with a simultaneous whirr ; and long after that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4497715148756128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:817fece2-2fe6-48f9-8e7a-73dd7b89a063>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.883580"}
{"text": "one horrid, long - drawn scream. the rocks of the spy - glass re - echoed it a score of times ; the whole troop of marsh - birds rose again, darkening heaven, with a simultaneous whirr ; and long after that death yell was still ringing in my brain, silence had re - established its empire, and only the rustle of the redescending birds and the boom of the distant surges disturbed the languor of the afternoon. tom had leaped at the sound, like a horse at the spur, but silver had not winked an eye. he stood where he was, resting lightly on his crutch, watching his companion like a snake about to spring. \u201c john! \u201d said the sailor, stretching out his hand. \u201c hands off! \u201d cried silver, leaping back a yard, as it seemed to me, with the speed and security of a trained gymnast. \u201c hands off, if you like, john silver, \u201d said the other. \u201c it \u2019 s a black conscience that can make you feared of me. but in heaven \u2019 s name, tell me, what was that? \u201d \u201c that? \u201d returned silver, smiling away, but warier than ever, his eye a mere pin - point in his big face, but gleaming like a crumb of glass. \u201c that? oh, i reckon that \u2019 ll be alan. \u201d and at this point tom flashed out like a hero. \u201c alan! \u201d he cried. \u201c then rest his soul for a true seaman! and as for you, john silver, long you \u2019 ve been a mate of mine, but you \u2019 re mate of mine no more. if i die like a dog, i \u2019 ll die in my dooty. you \u2019 ve killed alan, have you? kill me too, if you can. but i defies you. \u201d and with that, this brave fellow turned his back directly on the cook and set off walking for the beach. but he was not destined to go far. with a cry john seized the branch of a tree, whipped the crutch out of his armpit, and sent that uncouth missile hurtling through the air. it struck poor tom, point foremost, and with stunning violence, right between the shoulders in the middle of his back. his hands flew up, he gave a sort of gasp, and fell. whether he were injured much or little, none could ever tell. like enough, to judge from the sound, his back was broken on the spot.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47465518544321295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:817fece2-2fe6-48f9-8e7a-73dd7b89a063>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.884632"}
{"text": "middle of his back. his hands flew up, he gave a sort of gasp, and fell. whether he were injured much or little, none could ever tell. like enough, to judge from the sound, his back was broken on the spot. but he had no time given him to recover. silver, agile as a monkey even without leg or crutch, was on the top of him next moment and had twice buried his knife up to the hilt in that defenseless body. from my place of ambush, i could hear him pant aloud as he struck the blows. i do not know what it rightly is to faint, but i do know that for the next little while the whole world swam away from before me in a whirling mist ; silver and the birds, and the tall spy - glass hilltop, going round and round and topsy - turvy before my eyes, and all manner of bells ringing and distant voices shouting in my ear. when i came again to myself the monster had pulled himself together, his crutch under his arm, his hat upon his head. just before him tom lay motionless upon the sward ; but the murderer minded him not a whit, cleansing his blood - stained knife the while upon a wisp of grass. everything else was unchanged, the sun still shining mercilessly on the steaming marsh and the tall pinnacle of the mountain, and i could scarce persuade myself that murder had been actually done and a human life cruelly cut short a moment since before my eyes. but now john put his hand into his pocket, brought out a whistle, and blew upon it several modulated blasts that rang far across the heated air. i could not tell, of course, the meaning of the signal, but it instantly awoke my fears. more men would be coming. i might be discovered. they had already slain two of the honest people ; after tom and alan, might not i come next? instantly i began to extricate myself and crawl back again, with what speed and silence i could manage, to the more open portion of the wood. as i did so, i could hear hails coming and going between the old buccaneer and his comrades, and this sound of danger lent me wings. as soon as i was clear of the thicket, i ran as i never ran before, scarce minding the direction of my flight, so long as it led me from the murderers ; and as i ran, fear grew and grew upon me until it turned into a kind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47317764311358856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:817fece2-2fe6-48f9-8e7a-73dd7b89a063>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.885695"}
{"text": "clear of the thicket, i ran as i never ran before, scarce minding the direction of my flight, so long as it led me from the murderers ; and as i ran, fear grew and grew upon me until it turned into a kind of frenzy. indeed, could anyone be more entirely lost than i? when the gun fired, how should i dare to go down to the boats among those fiends, still smoking from their crime? would not the first of them who saw me wring my neck like a snipe \u2019 s? would not my absence itself be an evidence to them of my alarm, and therefore of my fatal knowledge? it was all over, i thought. good - bye to the hispaniola ; good - bye to the squire, the doctor, and the captain! there was nothing left for me but death by starvation or death by the hands of the mutineers. all this while, as i say, i was still running, and without taking any notice, i had drawn near to the foot of the little hill with the two peaks and had got into a part of the island where the live - oaks grew more widely apart and seemed more like forest trees in their bearing and dimensions. mingled with these were a few scattered pines, some fifty, some nearer seventy, feet high. the air too smelt more freshly than down beside the marsh. and here a fresh alarm brought me to a standstill with a thumping heart.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3897885944812855, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:817fece2-2fe6-48f9-8e7a-73dd7b89a063>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.886407"}
{"text": "a silver halide is one of the compounds formed between silver and one of the halogens - silver bromide ( agbr ), chloride ( agcl ), iodide ( agi ), and two forms of silver fluorides. as a group, they are often referred to as the silver halides, and are often given the pseudo - chemical notation agx. although most silver halides involve silver atoms with oxidation states of + 1 ( ag + ), silver halides in which the silver atoms have oxidation states of + 2 ( ag2 + ) are known, of which silver ( ii ) fluoride is the only known stable one. the light - sensitive chemicals used in photographic film and paper are silver halides. silver halides are used in photographic film and photographic paper, as well as radiographic film and paper, where silver halide crystals in gelatin are coated on to a film base, glass or paper substrate. the gelatin is a vital part of the emulsion as the protective colloid of appropriate physical and chemical properties. gelatin may also contain trace elements ( such as sulfur ) which increase the light sensitivity of the emulsion, although modern practice uses gelatin without such components. when absorbed by an agx crystal, photons cause electrons to be promoted to a conduction band ( de - localized electron orbital with higher energy than a valence band ) which can be attracted by a sensitivity speck, which is a shallow electron trap, which may be a crystalline defect or a cluster of silver sulfide, gold, other trace elements ( dopant ), or combination thereof, and then combined with an interstitial silver ion to form silver metal speck. silver bromide and silver chloride may be used separately or combined, depending on the sensitivity and tonal qualities desired in the product. silver iodide is always combined with silver bromide or silver chloride, except in the case of daguerreotype production where a daguerreotype ( one of the oldest photographic processes ) is developed with pure red light instead of mercury vapors ( a method known as the bequerelle method, named for the inventor who discovered the phenomenon ). silver fluoride is not used in photography. when a silver halide crystal is exposed to light, a sensitivity speck on the surface of the crystal is turned into a small speck of metallic silver ( these comprise the invisible or latent image ). if the speck of silver contains approximately four or more atoms, it is rendered develop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5503830994300791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84394775-c909-48a3-ba44-f1756d52ee93>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.891295"}
{"text": "light, a sensitivity speck on the surface of the crystal is turned into a small speck of metallic silver ( these comprise the invisible or latent image ). if the speck of silver contains approximately four or more atoms, it is rendered developable - meaning that it can undergo development which turns the entire crystal into metallic silver. areas of the emulsion receiving larger amounts of light ( reflected from a subject being photographed, for example ) undergo the greatest development and therefore results in the highest optical density. silver halides, except for silver fluoride, are extremely insoluble in water. silver nitrate can be used to precipitate halides ; this application is useful in quantitative analysis of halides. the precipitation of silver halides via silver nitrate is also useful for abstracting halide leaving groups. however, close attention is necessary for other compounds in the test solution. some compounds can considerably increase or decrease the solubility of agx. examples of compounds that increase the solubility include : cyanide, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, thiourea, amines, ammonia, sulfite, thioether, crown ether. examples of compounds that reduces the solubility include many organic thiols and nitrogen compounds that do not possess solubilizing group other than mercapto group or the nitrogen site, such as mercaptooxazoles, mercaptotetrazoles, especially 1 - phenyl - 5 - mercaptotetrazole, benzimidazoles, especially 2 - mercaptobenzimidazole, benzotriazole, and these compounds further substituted by hydrophobic groups. compounds such as thiocyanate and thiosulfate enhance solubility when they are present in a sufficiently large quantity, due to formation of highly soluble complex ions, but they also significantly depress solubility when present in a very small quantity, due to formation of sparingly soluble complex ions. see also : argentometry. scientists from tel aviv university are experimenting with silver halide optical fibers for transmitting mid - infrared light from carbon dioxide lasers. the fibers allow laser welding of human tissue, as an alternative to traditional sutures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5981702925358676, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84394775-c909-48a3-ba44-f1756d52ee93>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.892175"}
{"text": "olympics were a defining moment in korean history : many would argue that they were the pivotal point when south korea finally emerged victorious over north korea in the international arena seoul ' s bid was expected to win from the get - go. asia had not hosted an olympic games since the 1964 tokyo olympics, and the only other bid from asia was that of nagoya. south korea beat the living hell out of its japanese competition, buttering up international olympic committee officials with ambitious stadium designs and gorgeous korean women. they couldn ' t lose, and indeed, they didn ' t lose. the first real stumbling block was north korea itself. at first, the north korean government wanted to co - host the games, with half of the competitions in pyongyang and half in seoul. after extensive negotiations, they were offered the cycling and gymnastics events, which they turned down. kim il sung responded to the move by building a gigantic 200, 000 - seat may day stadium in pyongyang, which opened by hosting a seven - nation marathon run. next, the north tried to put pressure on the ussr, china, and other communist bloc countries to boycott the games, as the soviet bloc had boycotted the previous l. a. olympics. mikhail gorbachev, however, was wary of such a move, and the russian olympic authorities were determined not to sit out two successive olympic games. so the russians ended up going to seoul, and the chinese followed them. the games marked the beginning of relations between south korea and the soviet union, and also marked the beginning of the end of north korea ' s beneficial relationship with moscow. soviet journalists went to seoul for the first time, and gave people throughout the eastern bloc an unprecedented glimpse at the success of capitalism in the south. indeed, after the games were over, the soviet officials were allowed to take their western computers, electronics, and other goodies home with them : two years later, gorbachev and roh tae woo met in the first state - level conference between the two countries. north korea didn ' t let this loss go by without a fight. two secret agents, reportedly dispatched by the young kim jong il, posed as japanese tourists and planted a bomb on a korean air jetliner departing from abu dhabi. apparently, their intent was to scare people planning on visiting south korea during the olympics. unfortunately for kim jong il, his terrorists were caught in bahrain shortly afterwards : one managed to bite his cyanide in time, but the other was caught, sent to the national intelligence service for questioning, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4711128471471231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:495bca3b-0761-4174-8766-1d7124701002>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.897323"}
{"text": "ever since the creation of affirmative action, there has been an incredible amount of controversy surrounding it. affirmative action is the acceptance of one person over another based on his or her ethnicity, race, gender, or anything else that places the person in a minority. most of the controversy, however, is about the creation of quotas in universities and workplaces for woman and people of color. it is true that people from these minorities have less of a chance to gain opportunities than others, but i think that another method should be devised. when aa is discussed in some circles, a question that is often asked is \" what about bill cosby ' s kids? \" it is true that in this day and age, race and sex is becoming less and less of a determinant in acceptance of one individual over another. bill cosby, for example, is black, but is also wealthy ; should his kids be subjected to aa? i think not. a more efficient way to use aa is to use class rather than any other factor in deciding who goes where. class and wealth are a much decisive in who goes to which job or college. in the 21st century, the united states has minorities that have become fantastically rich and we have caucasians that are poor. instead of using a diminishing basis such as race and sex, the us should use class. that way, more and more people from lower income families will have the chance to experience a college education. also, much less controversy will surround aa because i doubt i would find many people who are unwilling to send poor people to college. i believe that the united states should rethink its stance on aa and perhaps adopt a policy that is more beneficial to the country.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49122629841573606, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50348343-64b1-4df9-9a54-02613a096f01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.899150"}
{"text": "influence is also a term from the game of go ). it is very commonly used, but difficult to explain. the idea is basically this : go is a game of territory. whoever has the most territory at the end wins. when a stone is played on the goban ( board ), it influences the area around it, and ( usually ) makes it more likely that the points nearby will end up under the control of the person who played the stone. generally, the more stones there are in a region, the stronger the influence. certain shapes of stones have more influence than others, and can direct their influence in a specific direction. for instance, a wall ( several stones in a row ) radiates influence perpendicular to itself. learning how to use your influence is crucial in go. having a lot of influence nearby can greatly change the balance in a local fight, provided the player knows how to apply his influence. every game of go involves lots of trade - offs of various sorts, but one of the most common is the trade of influence and territory. this generally happens when two players are building walls up against one another, near the edge of the board. the person whose wall is on the outside ( closer to the edge ) will get secure territory between the wall and the edge, while the person whose wall is on the inside ( closer to the center ) will gain influence over the center of the board. here is an example ( the corner of the board is in the bottom left, marked by # # # ) : the corner territory belongs to white ( o ), while black ( x ) has considerable influence over the bottom side of the board ; fights there will favor black ( unless white also has strong influence from somewhere else ). whom this favors depends on what other stones there are on the bottom of the board. if it is white ' s turn, white might consider playing at the point a. this would most likely elicit a black response at b. white would enlarge her territory by about 3 points, while black ' s influence would be expanded. a move like a or b, extending a wall which is up against the opponent ' s, is called a push. after the a - b exchange, white and black might continue to push, trading white territory for black influence, but at some point, one player or the other will decide that it is no longer in his or her best interest to continue the pushing battle and will try something different, or play tenuki ( temporarily abandon the local situation and start something elsewhere )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5596290138305403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a1bfbf4-11df-436a-8ae9-39e463db8a87>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.901731"}
{"text": "what is air pollution? in its great magnitude has existed in the 20th century from the coal burning industries of the early century to the fossil burning technology in the new century. the problems of air pollution are a major problem for highly developed nations whose large industrial bases and highly developed infrastructures generate much of the air every year, billions of tonnes of pollutants are released into the atmosphere ; the sources include power plants burning fossil fuels to the effects of sunlight on certain natural materials. but the air pollutants released from natural materials pose very little health threat, only the natural radioactive gas radon poses any threat to health. so much of the air pollutants being released into the atmosphere are all results of man \u2019 s activities. in the united kingdom, traffic is the major cause of air pollution in british cities. eighty six percent of families own either one or two vehicles. because of the high - density population of cities and towns, the number of people exposed to air pollutants is great. this had led to the increased number of people getting chronic diseases over these past years since the car ownership in the uk has nearly trebled. these include asthma and respiratory complaints ranging through the population demographic from children to elderly people who are most at risk. certainly those who are suffering from asthma will notice the effects more greatly if living in the inner city areas or industrial areas or even near by major roads. asthma is already the fourth biggest killer, after heart diseases and cancers in the uk and currently, it affects more than three point four million in the past, severe pollution in london during 1952 added with low winds and high - pressure air had taken more than four thousand lives and another seven hundred in 1962, in what was called the \u2018 dark years \u2019 because of the dense dark polluted air. is also causing devastation for the environment ; many of these causes are by man made gases like sulphur dioxide that results from electric plants burning fossil fuels. in the uk, industries and utilities that use tall smokestacks by means of removing air pollutants only boost them higher into the atmosphere, thereby only reducing the concentration at their site. these pollutants are often transported over the north sea and produce adverse effects in western scandinavia, where sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from uk and central europe are generating acid rain, especially in norway and sweden. the ph level, or relative acidity of many of scandinavian fresh water lakes has been altered dramatically by acid rain causing the destruction of entire fish populations. in the uk, acid rain formed by subsequent sulphur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45655544361730904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea6c54fe-1f6e-4a4c-bcb5-4f4c9e0fb6de>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.907108"}
{"text": "rain, especially in norway and sweden. the ph level, or relative acidity of many of scandinavian fresh water lakes has been altered dramatically by acid rain causing the destruction of entire fish populations. in the uk, acid rain formed by subsequent sulphur dioxide atmospheric emissions has lead to acidic erosion in limestone in north western scotland and marble in northern england. in 1998, the london metropolitan police launched the \u2018 emissions controlled reduction \u2019 scheme where by traffic police would monitor the amount of pollutants being released into the air by vehicle exhausts. the plan was for traffic police to stop vehicles randomly on roads leading into the city of london, the officer would then measure the amounts of air pollutants being released using a co2 measuring reader fixed in the owner ' s vehicle ' s exhaust. if the exhaust exceeded the legal amount ( based on micrograms of pollutants ) the driver would be fined at around twenty - five pounds. the scheme proved unpopular with drivers, especially with those driving to work and did little to help improve the city air quality. in edinburgh, the main causes of bad air quality were from the vast number of vehicles going through the city centre from west to east. in 1990, the edinburgh council developed the city by - pass at a cost of nearly seventy five million pounds. the by - pass was ringed around the outskirts of the city where its main aim was to limit the number of vehicles going through the city centre and divert vehicles to use the by - pass in order to reach their destination without going through the city centre. this released much of the congestion within the city but did little very little in solving the city \u2019 s overall air quality. to further decrease the number of vehicles on the roads, the government promoted public transport. over two hundred million pounds was devoted in developing the country ' s public transport network. much of which included the development of more bus lanes in the city of london, which increased the pace of bus services. introduction of gas and electric powered buses took place in birmingham in order to decrease air pollutants emissions around the centre of the city. because children and the elderly are at most risk to chronic diseases, such as asthma, major diversion roads were build in order to divert the vehicles away from residential areas, schools and elderly institutions. in some councils, trees were planted along the sides of the road in order to decrease the amount of carbon monoxide emissions. other ways of improving the air quality included the restriction on the amounts of air pollutants being released into the atmosphere by industries ; tough regulations were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5115890437464489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea6c54fe-1f6e-4a4c-bcb5-4f4c9e0fb6de>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.908340"}
{"text": "as suggested by the catalog description ( below ), this course bridges the major strands of secondary mathematics through a study of applications of rates of change. topics include difference equations, curve - fitting, parameter - based simulation, and discrete and continuous dynamics. for detailed information and policies, please read the math 5329 syllabus. a study of rates of change through modeling. direct applications of rates of change to number concepts, algebra, geometry, probability, and statistics. what are we doing? \u00bb for the full details, check out the working course calendar. | 12 | | 11 / 21 | | project work time | | ( no required class meeting ) | | | 13 | | 11 / 28 | | modeling and number theory | | 3 student presentations, quiz # 5 | | | 14 | | 12 / 5 | | course synthesis | | summary, key points, conclusions | | 15 | | 12 / 12 | | comprehensive | | final exam at 7 : 15 - 9 : 45pm | by shermane king interested math teachers, see the \" downloads \" section in the sidebar \u2192 description the activity is a general worksheet that can be utilize in any secondary mathematics classroom. at the beginning of the worksheet students are given a scenario that will be followed by 10 questions. the questions range from developing equations to calculating real - world \u2026 like many great works, this sample final exam was collaboratively produced by a bunch of smart people who would rather have not done it : ) sample math 5329 final exam - fall 2011 by gwendolyn walbey & christopher whiteneck interested math teachers, see the \" downloads \" section in the sidebar \u2192 \u00bb all information and corrections made in this document were updated as of 11 - 6 - 2011. the following guidelines are resource to instructors with objectives pertaining to : spreadsheet usages to create, analyze, and use data tables and graphs for linear, exponential or polynomial \u2026 interested math teachers, see the \" downloads \" section in the sidebar \u2192 by paul rodriguez and vanessa garza sequence for modeling real automobile data create a table using the data provided. use the table to create a scatter plot. use graph paper to plot the coordinates. create appropriate intervals. label the x - and y - axis. title your \u2026 by brittney martinez & amanda raiborn interested math teachers, see the \" downloads \" section in the sidebar \u2192 teacher ' s guide for speedy delivery route the activity! this particular activity uses an algorithm called dijkstra \u2019 s algorithm \u2013 or the shortest path algorithm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5465577431236734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5f3cbb1-10d5-42c1-b11c-adde9c53e818>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.914470"}
{"text": "martinez & amanda raiborn interested math teachers, see the \" downloads \" section in the sidebar \u2192 teacher ' s guide for speedy delivery route the activity! this particular activity uses an algorithm called dijkstra \u2019 s algorithm \u2013 or the shortest path algorithm. it takes a problem of delivery routes and solves for the quickest route from one point \u2026 interested math teachers, see the \" downloads \" section in the sidebar \u2192 teacher ' s guide for choosing an apartment description : individually, students will decide on four to six important criteria for selecting an apartment to live in once they graduate high school. students will then select an appropriate amount ( three to five ) of local apartments to use for \u2026 for all the math teachers, see the \" downloads \" section in the sidebar \u2192 teacher \u2019 s guide to does this line ever move? description individually or group work, student ( s ) will work on arm - and - a leg tickets activity. students will struggle thru the assignment, thus you will have to guide each group or individual \u2019 s when they reach that point. goal / objectives \u2026 this collaborative quiz asks teachers to make sense of a recursively defined sequence that leads to the famous collatz problem. the main task of the quiz is to connect the sequences to the secondary mathematics classroom by using the collatz problem as part of a lesson plan. download quiz 5 : cycles and chaos related links \u2026 during an in - class activity on modeling world population, groups of mathematics teachers found data related to factors influencing population change. the spreadsheet generated during the activity is available below. quiz 4 on modeling world population world population spreadsheet by teachers the world population recently hit 7 billion people... or did it? the goal of this extended activity for math teachers is basic : work as a group to develop a single mathematical model for the world population and use it to independently estimate the date when the world population equals 7 billion. constraints the model must \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5535707550351238, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5f3cbb1-10d5-42c1-b11c-adde9c53e818>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.915477"}
{"text": "space - based tool offers early forest warning changing climate conditions are stressing forest areas, nasa and u. s. forest service team up to tackle the problem. published : apr 11, 2012 warmer winters, dryer conditions, changing pest challenges - all are signs of altered climate conditions. recently the u. s. forest service unveiled a product that helps natural resource managers rapidly detect, identify and respond to unexpected changes in the nation ' s forest using web - based tools. the satellite - based monitoring and assessment tool - called forwarn - recognizes and tracks potential forest disturbances caused by insects, diseases, wildfires, extreme weather and other natural or human - caused events. whether its climate change or other factors, this system helps the forest service track problems. forwarn was developed by the usda forest service ' s eastern forest and western wildland environmental threat assessment centers, nasa stennis space center, and other federal and university partners. nasa ' s satellite imagery is the backbone of forwarn, which provides maps of forest change throughout the lower 48 states every eight days that users can explore and share. maps archived since 2010 provide deeper insight into disturbance and forest recovery. super map : forwarn maps normal forest conditions as blue and change from normal as shades that range from green to red. this map shows that the greater part of texas and oklahoma were experiencing severe forest stress in late september of 2011 from the effects of drought and wildfire. \" this tool literally puts space - age technology into the hands of forest resource professionals, \" says danny c. lee, director of the eastern threat center. \" the tool helps them to better identify and react to environmental disturbances. \" federal and state natural resource managers throughout the country are currently using forwarn which complements efforts of other more specialized forest monitoring programs. the tool is intended to generate time and cost savings, and, ultimately, a new network of users working together to sustain the health of the nation ' s forest resources. visit www. forwarn. forestthreats. org to learn more. permalink : click here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4848537414768275, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a495e97-b692-4d57-994b-6154afeef8cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.918198"}
{"text": "boreal owl - aegolius funereus state rank reason ( see state rank above ) very little is known about population size or population trends and there is concern over the impacts of forest disease, fire, and timber harvest because the species is dependent on mature spruce / fir forests. - details on status ranking and review scoreu - unknown scoref - 20, 000 - 200, 000 km squared ( about 8, 000 - 80, 000 square miles ) comment144, 902 square kilometers based on natural heritage program range maps that appear on the montana field guide. area of occupancy scoreu - unknown scoreu / e - unknown, but believed to be relatively stable ( \u00b125 % change ) commentbna account reports long - term trends as unavailable. scoreu / e - unknown, but believed to be stable with population, range, area occupied, and / or number or condition of occurrences unchanged or remaining within \u00b110 % fluctuation commentno trend data available. scoreb - moderate and imminent threat. threat is moderate to severe and imminent for a significant proportion ( 20 - 60 % ) of the population or area. commentfire, disease, and timber harvest probably represent the greatest threats to the species since it is dependent on mature spruce / fir forests. severitymoderate - major reduction of species population or long - term degradation or reduction of habitat in montana, requiring 50 - 100 years for recovery. commentmature forests require more than 50 years to regenerate after fire, disease, or timber harvest. scopemoderate - 20 - 60 % of total population or area affected comment > 20 % of mature sprucke / fir forests in western montana are being impacted or threatened by disease, fire, or timber harvest. immediacymoderate - threat is likely to be operational within 2 - 5 years. scorec - not intrinsically vulnerable. species matures quickly, reproduces frequently, and / or has high fecundity such that populations recover quickly ( < 5 years or 2 generations ) from decreases in abundance ; or species has high dispersal capability such that extirpated populations soon become reestablished through natural recolonization ( unaided by humans ). scoreb - narrow. specialist. specific habitat ( s ) or other abiotic and / or biotic factors ( see above ) are used or required by the element, but these key requirements are common and within the generalized range of the species within the area of interest. commentassociated with boreal spruce / fir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4655338752069801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5a8e8d5-d248-4ccc-8693-010dfd0d1c7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.939181"}
{"text": "species associations with ecological systems, please contact bryce maxell at email @ example. com or ( 406 ) 444 - 3655. suggested uses and limitations species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape - level planning. these potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species ( this information can be requested at : http : / / mtnhp. org / requests / default. asp ) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists. users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales. land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade. thus, particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas ( e. g., evaluations of public land survey sections ). finally, although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range, portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species \u2019 known geographic range. - adams, r. a. 2003. bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history, ecology, and conservation. boulder, co : university press of colorado. 289 p. - dobkin, d. s. 1992. neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains. usda forest service, northern region. publication no. r1 - 93 - 34. missoula, mt. - foresman, k. r. 2001. the wild mammals of montana. special publication no. 12. lawrence, ks : the american society of mammalogists. 278 p. - hart, m. m., w. a. williams, p. c. thornton, k. p. mclaughlin, c. m. tobalske, b. a. maxell, d. p. hendricks, c. r. peterson, and r. l. redmond. 1998. montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates. montana cooperative wildlife research unit, university of montana, missoula, mt. 1302 p. - hutto, r. l. and j. s. young. 1999. habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region, usda forest service, rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32. 72 p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5005688950931402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5a8e8d5-d248-4ccc-8693-010dfd0d1c7e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.943745"}
{"text": "1302 p. - hutto, r. l. and j. s. young. 1999. habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region, usda forest service, rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32. 72 p. - maxell, b. a. 2000. management of montana \u2019 s amphibians : a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history, and the status and conservation of individual species. report to u. s. forest service region 1. missoula, mt : wildlife biology program, university of montana. 161 p. - werner, j. k., b. a. maxell, p. hendricks, and d. flath. 2004. amphibians and reptiles of montana. missoula, mt : mountain press publishing company. 262 p. - commonly associated with these ecological systems forest and woodland systems open water / wetland and riparian systems - occasionally associated with these ecological systems forest and woodland systems open water / wetland and riparian systems predominately small mammals, with a few birds and insects. the red - backed vole is the main prey species in id and co. other vole species taken when available along with other small rodents, birds, and insects ( palmer and ryder 1984, hayward 1989 ). small mammals constitute 79 % of their prey ( hayward and verner 1994 ). boreal owls roost at sites scattered throughout their home range, rarely in the same stand on consecutive nights or the same tree more than 2x per year ; they selected cool micro - sites in summer ( hayward 1989 ). they roost alone, usually far from their nest and mate. owls use a sit - and - wait hunting method ( hayward 1989 ). marten are the most important predator of owlets and adult females at the nest site ; red squirrel predation upon eggs is also suspected in idaho ; large range : both winter and summer average over 1000 ha ( hayward and verner 1994 ). young boreal owls frequently disperse long distances from natal sites ; in finland, median distances of 88 and 21 km between juvenile male and juvenile female banding sites were reported ; 20 % of recoveries for owls marked as nestlings exceed 100 km in west germany and 51 % in finland ( hayward and verner 1994 ). begins nesting in late march or april. nests in woodpecker holes or possibly natural cavities. clutch size two to six. incubation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4527271277860915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5a8e8d5-d248-4ccc-8693-010dfd0d1c7e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.944927"}
{"text": ". - carlson, j. 1991. boreal owl surveys on the jefferson division of the lewis and clark national forest. unpubl. rep., montana natural heritage program, helena. 33 pp. - carlson, j. 1991. results of boreal owl surveys on the jefferson division of the lewis and clark national forest. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. 33 pp. - casey, d. 2000. partners in flight draft bird conservation plan montana. 281 pp. - ehrlich, p., d. dobkin, and d. wheye. 1988. the birder \u2019 s handbook, a field guide to the natural history of north american birds. simon and schuster inc. new york. 785 pp. - escano, r. 1984. boreal owl survey summary. wildlife and fish habitat relationships program, northern region, usfs, missoula. 8 pp. - fairman, l. m., d. l. genter, and c. jones. 1990. an overview of the ecology of the boreal owl ( aegolius funereus ). unpublished report. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. 32 pp. - flathead national forest. u. s. forest service., 1993, wildlife landscape evaluation, swan valley. draft report. - hayward, g. 1989. boreal owl habitat relationships : a report to region 1, u. s. forest service. 30pp. - hayward, g. d. 1989. habitat use and population biology of boreal owls in the northern rocky mountains, usa. ph. d dissertation. univ. idaho. 113 pp. - hayward, g. d. and p. h. hayward. 1991. body measurements of boreal owls in idaho and a discriminant model to determine sex of live specimens. wilson bulletin 103 : 497 - 500. - hayward, g. d., and j. verner, tech. eds. 1994. flammulated, boreal, and great gray owls in the united states : a technical conservation assessment. gen. tech. rep. rm - 253. u. s. d. a. forest service, rocky mountain forest and range experiment station. fort collins, co. 214 pp. 3 maps. - hayward, g. d., and p. h. hayward. 1993. boreal owl ( aegolius funereus ). species account number 063. the birds of north america online ( a. poole, ed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44910619909323646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5a8e8d5-d248-4ccc-8693-010dfd0d1c7e>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.950698"}
{"text": "3 maps. - hayward, g. d., and p. h. hayward. 1993. boreal owl ( aegolius funereus ). species account number 063. the birds of north america online ( a. poole, ed. ). ithaca, ny : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database : http : / / bna. birds. cornell. edu / bna / - hayward, g. d., hayward, p. h. and e. o. garton. 1987. habitat requirements and distribution of the boreal owl in central idaho. dept. fish and wildlife resources, univ. of idaho, moscow, id 83843. annual progress reports for ' 84, ' 85, ' 86, ' 87 - hayward, g. d., p. h. hayward and e. o. garton. 1986. habitat requirements and distribution of the boreal owl in central idaho. annual progress report, u. of idaho, moscow. - hayward, g. d., p. h. hayward and e. o. garton. 1987. movements and home range use by boreal owls in central idaho. pp 175 - 184 in : biology and conservation of northern forest owls : symposium proceedings, feb. 3 - 7, winnepeg, manitoba. gen. tech. rep. rm - 142. fort collins, usda, forest service. - hayward, g. d. 1997. forest management and conservation of boreal owls in north america. j. raptor res. 31 ( 2 ) : 114 - 124. - hayward, g. d. and e. o. garten. 1983. first nesting record of the boreal owl in central idaho. condor 85 : 501 - hayward, g. d. and p. h. hayward. 1993. boreal owl ( aegolius funereus ). in the birds of north america, no. 63 ( a. poole and f. gill, eds. ) philadelphia : the academy of natural sciences ; washington, dc : the american ornithologist ' s union. 20 pp. - hayward, g. d., e. o. garton, and p. h. hayward. 1984. habitat requirements of the boreal owl in central idaho. a progress report to the north american bluebird society, i5 p. - hayward, g. d., p. h. hayward and e.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40508995589322894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5a8e8d5-d248-4ccc-8693-010dfd0d1c7e>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.951802"}
{"text": "p. h. hayward. 1984. habitat requirements of the boreal owl in central idaho. a progress report to the north american bluebird society, i5 p. - hayward, g. d., p. h. hayward and e. o. garton. 1987. revised breeding distribution of the boreal owl in the northern rocky mountains. condor 89 : 431 - 432. - hayward, g. d., p. h. hayward, and e. o. garton. 1993. ecology of boreal owls in the northern rocky mountains, usa. wildl. monogr. 124. 59 pp. - holt, d. and d. ermitanger. 1939. first confirmed nest of boreal owls in montana. northwest naturalist 70 : 27 - 31 - holt, d. w. 1987. boreal owl survey results, lolo national forest. unpubl. rep., usda forest service, missoula. - holt, d. w. and d. ermatinger. 1989. first confirmed nest site of boreal owls in montana. northwest. nat. 70 : 27 - 31. - holt, d. w. 1986. 1986. boreal owl survey results on the lolo national forest, missoula, montana. u. s. forest service intermountain range and exp. sta. rep., missoula, montana, 4p. - holt, d. w., and j. m. hillis. 1987. current status and habitat associations of forest owls in western montana. pages 281 - 288 in : biology and conservation of northern forest owls : symposium proceedings, feb. 3 - 7, winnepeg, manitoba. gen. tech. rep. rm - 142. fort collins, co. usda, forest service. - johnsgard, p. a. 1986. birds of the rocky mountains with particular reference to national parks in the northern rocky mountain region. colorado associated university press, boulder. xi + 504 pp. - korpimaki, e. 1981. on the ecology and biology of tengmalmfs owl ( aegolius funereus ) in southern ostrobothnia and suomenselka, western finland. acta univ. ouluensis 118 : 1 - 84. - lenard, s., j. carlson, j. ellis, c. jones, and c. tilly. 2003. p. d. skaar ' s montana bird distribution, 6th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4318390281200908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5a8e8d5-d248-4ccc-8693-010dfd0d1c7e>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.953252"}
{"text": ". ouluensis 118 : 1 - 84. - lenard, s., j. carlson, j. ellis, c. jones, and c. tilly. 2003. p. d. skaar ' s montana bird distribution, 6th edition. montana audubon : helena, mt, 144 pp. - mullen, p. d. 1990. boreal owl surveys in southwestern montana, 1989. unpubi. rep., montana natural heritage program, helena. 16 pp. - mullen, p. d. 1990. status report on boreal owl surveys in southwestern montana, 1989. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. 16 pp. - o ' connell, m. w. 1987. occurrence of the boreal owl in northeastern washington. pp. 185 - 188 in : nero, r. w., et al., ( eds ). biology and conservation of northern forest owls. usda for. serv., gen. tech. rep. rm - 142. - palmer, d. a. 1987. annual, seasonal, and nightly variation in calling activity of boreal and northern saw - whet owls. pp. 162 - 168 in nero, r. w., et al., eds. biol. & cons. of n. forest owls. u. s. for. serv., gen. tech rep. rm - 142. - palmer, d. a. 1986. habitat selection, movements and activity of boreal and saw - whet owls. m. s. thesis, colo. state univ., fort collins. 101 pp. - palmer, d. a., and r. a. ryder. 1984. the first documented breeding of the boreal owl in colorado. condor 86 : 215 - 217. - ryder, r. a., et al. 1987. distribution and status of the boreal owl in colorado. pages 169 - 174 in nero, r. w., et al., eds. biology and conservation of northern forest owls. usda for. serv., gen. tech. rep. rm - 142. - u. s. forest service. 1991. forest and rangeland birds of the united states : natural history and habitat use. u. s. department of agriculture, forest service agricultural handbook 688. 625 pages. - wright, p. l. 1996. status of rare birds in montana, with comments on known hybrids. northwestern nat. 77 ( 3 ) : 57 - 85", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4321858231707707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5a8e8d5-d248-4ccc-8693-010dfd0d1c7e>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.956246"}
{"text": "i love this document. it ' s a survey of property allotted to hassanamisco nipmuc sarah robins who married peter muckamaug. though native, peter was not from hassanamesit so the land could not be allotted to ( or owned by ) him. when sarah robins died, the land passed to her children. the muckamaug allotment was originally 106 acres. the land came from the division of the hassanamisco praying plantation. praying plantations, or towns, were the colonial massachusetts equivalent to today ' s reservation system. the praying town at hassanamesit was 8000 acres. in 1728, the ma bay government allowed those 8000 acres to be divided up between 40 english proprietors and 7 native families. land was also set aside for a native church and school and stipulations made for a minister and teacher. the 7 native families received 1200 acres in separate parcels. the rest was sold to the 40 proprietors and monies from the sale deposited for use by the hassanamiscos. since it was not believed that native people could control their own resources, guardians were appointed to oversee their assets. native people throughout massachusetts could not sell their land or spend even the interest on their money without asking their guardians to petition the legislature until 1869. another map from the collections of american antiquarian society showing part of the 1728 allotments. this was posted on a grafton, ma town webpage. part of the muckamaug allotment is now owned by the town of grafton and is preserved as \" hassanamesit woods \". the fiske center for archaeological research is conducting an archaeological dig in hassanamesit woods where the muckamaug ' s great - granddaughter ' s house stood from at least 1790 to 1923 when it was bulldozed over. the story of 4 generations of nipmuc women living on this land will be coming to this blog soon! ( you may have noticed that sometimes i write hassanamisco and sometimes hassanamesit. hassanamesit refers to the land and means \" the place of many small stones \". hassanamisco refers to the people of that land. ) until next time,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4616249975929527, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:148a8548-174a-4f78-97fd-ad31f8c9dedf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.965312"}
{"text": "\" 1912. \" army aviation, college park. tests of curtiss plane for army. \" \" 1912. \" navy aviation. commodore j. c. gillmore in curtiss headless plane, dual control, at college park army flying field. lieutenant milling, right. \" \" \" 1917. \" langley, samuel pierpont. secretary, smithsonian institute. experimental tandem biplane on potomac embodying langley principles. \" \" submarine plane 1923 \" january 19, 1925. loening amphibian plane. maj. henry clagett, gen. william mitchell, grover loening at bolling field \" \" january 18, 1922. fort mcnair, washington, d. c. \" naval curtiss bombing plane at war college. \" \" may 8, 1925. washington, d. c. \" ' yorktown. ' christening of sikorsky plane. \" that ' s igor sikorsky himself third from the left in the homburg ( his personal trademark ). smithsonian institute museum circa 1921 \" september 25, 1923. brigadier general william mitchell in washington, d. c. an important figure in the development of military aviation, \" billy \" mitchell is regarded as the father of the u. s. air force. his criticism of army and navy leaders after the crash of the airship shenandoah in 1925 led to a court - martial and subsequent resignation. when it came to clothes, cars and horses, he was a connoisseur of the good life. \" \" feb. 20, 1925. rep. p. b. o ' sullivan, gen. billy mitchell and maj. henry b. clagett with biplane ( \" plover \" ) at bolling field. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4350504651660884, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b7ba73a-875e-48f5-aea9-d13af5ea56a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.969356"}
{"text": "this week ushers in the beginning of the holiday season with turkey and all the trimmings, including stuffing. but there \u2019 s another form of stuffing that may be going on \u2014 eating so much that you feel your sides are going to burst. it \u2019 s not unusual for many to overindulge during thanksgiving or other holidays, but there \u2019 s more at stake than indigestion and feeling bloated. loading up on the turkey, mashed potatoes and gravy, stuffing, cranberry sauce, rolls and butter, pumpkin pie and other foods \u2014 binge - style \u2014 can increase risk for heart attack, gallbladder pain and dangerous drowsiness when driving home. on average, americans consume about 4, 500 calories and 229 grams of fat ( mostly unhealthy fat ) on thanksgiving day, says the calorie control council. dr. pamela peeke, assistant clinical professor at the university of maryland \u2019 s school of medicine, remarks that the typical thanksgiving meal is \u201c like a tsunami of fat coming into the body. \u201d interestingly, when food travels through the body, it releases digestive fluids, chemicals and hormones along the way. an average meal takes 1 to 3 hours to leave the stomach, but a large meal like the thanksgiving meal may take 8 to 12 hours to leave the stomach. and speaking of the stomach \u2026 did you know that the average stomach capacity is about 8 cups, but can range from 4 to 12 cups? that \u2019 s a lot of stomach room \u2014 and many people fill up their tummies over the holidays. interestingly, after about 1, 500 calories in one sitting, the gut releases a hormone that causes nausea so most folks may begin to slow their eating \u2014 although many push those limits and keep eating. the stomach isn \u2019 t the only thing that \u2019 s stretched during a big meal, though. the body becomes stressed and has to work harder, too. the extra digestion required makes the heart pump more blood to the stomach and intestines \u2014 which can stress the heart. consuming larger amounts of unhealthy fatty foods can also cause the blood to clot more easily, says dr. francisco lopez - jimenez, a researcher at the mayo clinic college of medicine. that could result in higher heart attack risk. in fact, dr. lopez - jimenez conducted a study which showed a four - fold increase in heart attack risk in the two hours following eating a large meal. in a separate study, israeli researchers said that there is a seven", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3810756800855917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51fee5e9-a4dd-4eed-87ed-ecd4c67c53db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.974832"}
{"text": "when an animal cell encounters a bacterial or chemical toxin, it needs to respond to ensure its survival, but how it does this is still poorly understood. now, two independent studies clarify the involvement of the c - jun n - terminal kinase ( jnk ) and p38 mitogen - activated protein kinase ( mapk ) signalling pathways in these responses in caenorhabditis elegans. both jnk and p38 are well known mediators of stress responses in mammalian cells, and in c. elegans, these proteins, other components involved in their signalling pathways, and their involvement in stress responses are conserved. the two new papers, reported in the july 12 issue of proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa, together reveal an evolutionarily interconnected mechanism for responding to bacterial stress. \" mapks appear to be one of the most ancient defense pathways known from plants, yeasts, and animals, \" said hinrich schulenburg, from the university of munster, and who was not involved in the two pnas studies. \" these two studies now provide evidence for the role of two different mapk pathways in the worm ' s defense against pathogens, \" schulenburg told the scientist. in the first report, danielle huffman, raffi aroian, and their colleagues analyzed how c. elegans responded to cry5b, a bacterial pore - forming toxin made by bacillus thuringiensis ( proc natl acad sci usa 2004, doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 0404073101 ). \" twenty - five percent of all known bacterial virulence factors are pore - forming toxins... we asked the question of whether animals cells have evolved a defense mechanism against this kind of an attack, \" said aroian, from university of california, san diego. to begin tackling this question, huffman, aroian, and colleagues fed c. elegans bacteria expressing cry5b and then determined what effect this had on gene expression through the use of microarrays. they found over 1000 genes that changed in response to cry5b exposure, two of which were members of p38 and jnk pathways, namely the mapk kinase gene sek - 1 and the jnk - like gene kgb - 1, respectively. the elimination of either the sek - 1 or kgb - 1 gene resulted in worms that were highly sensitive to cry5b. in addition, the authors found that inhibiting the p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5307609724192808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47c117e6-85ee-4719-a06a-ff4ebec123b0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.989975"}
{"text": "and the jnk - like gene kgb - 1, respectively. the elimination of either the sek - 1 or kgb - 1 gene resulted in worms that were highly sensitive to cry5b. in addition, the authors found that inhibiting the p38 pathway in mammalian baby hamster kidney cells caused hypersensitivity to the bacterial toxin aerolysin. \" therefore, the mechanism is conserved from worms to mammalian cells, and reveals that cells can mount defenses to these toxins, \" aroian told the scientist. in the second report, dennis kim, frederick ausubel, and their colleagues revealed a link between the c. elegans jnk and p38 mapk pathways with regard to pathogen immunity. they found two components of c. elegans kgb - 1 jnk - like pathway, namely the mapk kinase mek - 1 and the mapk phosphatase vhp - 1, were able to modulate resistance to the pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa by effecting the p38 protein pmk - 1. in fact, in mek - 1 knockout worms, pmk - 1 activation was reduced, and this correlated with increased pathogen susceptibility, whereas reduction of vhp - 1 levels by rna interference increased pmk - 1 activation and could suppress the pathogen susceptibility of mek - 1 knockout worms. these results reveal that components of the c. elegans jnk pathway are also involved in the p38 pathway and \" suggest that cells can integrate their stress - regulated pathways under some circumstances, \" said kim. \" such cross - talk may be pivotal in generating an economic and most efficient response towards environmental offences, \" said schulenburg. \" without such fine - tuning, an organism may be forced to mount the complete stress response irrespective of the challenge. \" alejandro aballay, from duke university, agreed that the two papers provide an \" elegant \" look at how interacting and intersecting pathways involved in innate immunity are regulated in c. elegans. \" i envision more and more works in which dead and live bacteria will be used to address whether a given gene affects innate immunity, \" he told the scientist. schulenburg does add that much is still to be learned about how jnk and p38 pathways act, and interact, to regulate stress responses. nevertheless, the new results \" should be of immense importance in understanding the complexity of signaling pathways, especially mapk signaling, in living organisms, \" he said. proceedings of the national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.523184744177377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47c117e6-85ee-4719-a06a-ff4ebec123b0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:24.998505"}
{"text": "healthy living can prevent breast cancer research shows good nutrition and exercise can help prevent breast cancer. here are some ideas for georgetown residents to improve their health this fall. hundreds of d. c. residents will be walking in the susan g. komen 3 - day walk in washington on oct. 12 - 14. in june the komen race for the cure took over the national mall. the annual events are aimed at both raising awareness of and research funds for the fight against breast cancer. in a newsletter, ward 2 councilman jack evans said about the komen race, \" this event is important not only for raising needed funding, but also for raising awareness of breast cancer. \" evans ' first wife, noel, lost her battle with breast cancer in 2003. this october is the 28th annual breast cancer awareness month. in addition to participating in alexandria ' s major october breast cancer event, you might be able to find help fighting breast cancer and other types of cancers at your local grocery store and fitness centers, according to the research findings of dr. marian neuhouser, ph. d, rd. dr. neuhouser is a nutritional epidemiologist with a background in nutritional sciences. she is an investigator at seattle \u2019 s fred hutchinson cancer research center. her research is focused on lifestyle factors such as nutrition and physical activity. some factors may prevent breast and prostate cancer and improve survivorship in those diagnosed with cancer. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, each year, more than 200, 000 american women are diagnosed with breast cancer and more than 40, 000 american women will die from breast cancer. dr. neuhouser \u2019 s research has found that for postmenopausal women in particular, being overweight or obese may increase the risk for breast cancer. dr. neuhouser explains, \u201c after menopause, estrogens are synthesized by adipose tissue \u2014 the more adipose a woman has, the more estrogen she will make. adipose cells also synthesize inflammatory factors, which have been linked to breast cancer. \u201d one of the most important things a woman at risk for breast cancer can do, says dr. neuhouser, is to \u201c maintain a healthy weight. \" given what the research indicates, dr. neuhouser says, \u201c one of the most important things is that if a woman is overweight or obese, she should be advised to lose weight and maintain a healthy weight. daily physical activity and following healthy eating habits with plentiful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4178152969883984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00fc3f43-4901-472f-aaea-10478addfeee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.006779"}
{"text": "neuhouser says, \u201c one of the most important things is that if a woman is overweight or obese, she should be advised to lose weight and maintain a healthy weight. daily physical activity and following healthy eating habits with plentiful fruits and vegetables and minimal empty calories and fried foods will help achieve these goals. \u201d dr. neuhouser says while it can be challenging to lose weight, \u201c small changes can add up and make a big difference. \" when it comes to getting active, dr. neuhouser says, \" if someone is not used to physical activity, try a five to ten minute walk and gradually increase the time. having physical activity partners or walking partners always helps. i know my soccer team will be waiting for me on the field, so even if i am tired or busy, i still show up. \" the 3 - day, 60 - mile komen walk usually requires some training and preparation ; registration will open later this fall for next year ' s walk ( scheduled for oct. 11 - 13, 2013 ). for an earlier challenge, you may consider setting a goal for yourself for motivation, like participating in the avon walk for breast cancer in may in washington, d. c. when it comes to food, dr. neuhouser says, \" start with making one new food change each week. instead of eating two cookies, eat just one. \u201d if you are concerned about your weight, dr. neuhouser suggests getting the support you need by asking your doctor for \u201c a referral to a reputable weight loss program. \u201d for nutrition advice, dr. neuhouser recommends asking your personal physician for a referral to a registered dietitian.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42645454067032873, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00fc3f43-4901-472f-aaea-10478addfeee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.007626"}
{"text": "change detection, in the remote sensing discipline, is the analytical process that aims to detect changes - - over time and space - - of the land cover or / and land use. pca as a change detection technique among the most common and successful change detection practices, is the application of principal components analysis ( pca ) on bi - or multi - temporal multi - dimensional data ( lu et al., 2003 ). what is pca? principal components analysis ( pca ) is a multi - dimensional linear transformation algorithm. it reconstructs a multivariate data set in a way that the first variables, called principal components ( pcs ), contain most of the original data variance. thus, pca provides the potential to describe or represent reliably a multi - dimensional data set by using fewer dimensions than the ones that compose the initial data set ( jolliffe, 2002 ). how does it work? pca redirects the highest variances of the original data set, which mainly resemble unchanged landscape characteristics, in the first components. it is the user ' s responsibility to then extract changes by means of advanced digital image processing operations, i. e. image ( segmentation and ) classification. pca - based change detection using ( g ) foss pca is implemented in grass - gis ( i. pca module ), r ( princomp ( ) and prcomp ( ) functions ), orfeotoolbox, saga - gis and probably more ( free & ) open source applications. an example in - depth work, from which most of the above text has been extracted, demonstrates how to map burned areas - - which is essentially a change detection analysis - - based on pca and gfoss. please, refer to this work for an extensive list of references upon the subject. on the use of grass - gis and r to perform pca, there is a dedicated grass - wiki page titled principal components analysis. jolliffe, i. t. ( 2002 ). principal component analysis. springer, 2nd edition. 28 illustrations. lu, d., mausel, p., brondizio, e., and moran, e. ( 2003 ). change detection techniques. international journal of remote sensing, 25 ( 12 ) : 2365.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5364842455347362, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b59e89b8-be02-434e-8014-16cca7434883>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.011343"}
{"text": "the crest is the official signature of the united church of canada, placed on legal documents, ordination and commissioning certificates, and licences to perform the sacraments. designed by the rev. dr. victor t. mooney ( a treasurer of the united church ), it was officially adopted in 1944 by the 11th general council. for our church members, this insignia is a spiritual and historic reminder. its oval shape is derived from the outline of a fish, a symbol of identity by early christians. the initials of the words \" jesus christ, son of god, saviour \" spell the greek word for fish. the crest is designed in the form of a st. andrew ' s cross with an insignia in each of the four corners. the \" x \" at the centre, the first letter of the greek word for christ, is a traditional symbol for christ. in the four corners of the crest are symbols, three of which are particularly associated with the three communions \u2014 congregational, methodist, and presbyterian \u2014 that united to form the united church of canada in 1925. - the open bible represents the congregational churches with their emphasis upon god ' s truth that makes people free. from this communion we have a heritage of liberty in prophesying, love of spiritual freedom, awareness of the creative power of the holy spirit, and clear witness for civic justice. - the dove is emblematic of the holy spirit ( mark 1 : 10 ) whose transforming power has been a distinctive mark of methodism. here our heritage is one of evangelical zeal, concern for human redemption, warmth of christian fellowship, the testimony of spiritual experience, and the ministry of sacred song. - the burning bush is the symbol of presbyterianism. it refers to the bush that burned and was not consumed ( exodus 3 : 2 ), and symbolizes the indestructibility of the church. from presbyterianism we have received a heritage of high regard for the dignity in worship, the education of all people, the authority of scripture, and the church as the body of christ. - the symbols alpha and omega in the lower quarter are the first and last letters of the greek alphabet. they symbolize the eternal living god, in the fullness of creation ( revelation 1 : 8 ). the latin words ut omnes unum sint that surround the symbols on the crest mean that all may be one and are taken from john 17 : 21. they are a reminder that we are both a \" united \" and \" uniting \" church. in 1980, a french translation of the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46356591030188893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ff4982c-b29d-4443-aea4-2c51a44b341e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.016414"}
{"text": "friday, feb. 17 ( healthday news ) - - autism itself seems to be responsible for the problems children with the disorder have in developing motor skills such as running, throwing a ball and learning to write, according to a new study. previously, it wasn ' t clear whether these motor skill difficulties ran in families or were linked to autism, said the researchers at the washington university school of medicine in st. louis. the investigators studied children from 67 families that had at least one child with autism spectrum disorder and a sibling in the same age group. twenty - nine families had two children with autism, including six identical twins, and 48 families had only one child with the disorder. the children were asked to perform a range of motor skills, including push - ups, running, throwing a ball, placing pegs in a pegboard, imitating movements, cutting with scissors and copying forms. the test results showed that 83 percent of the children with an autism spectrum disorder were below average in motor skills, while their siblings without the disorder generally scored in the normal range, according to the study released online in advance of publication in an upcoming print issue of the journal autism. identical twins had similar scores. non - twin siblings who each had autism had similar scores. but scores were markedly different in sibling pairs in which one child had autism and the other did not, the researchers found. \" from our results, it looks like motor impairments may be part of the autism diagnosis, rather than a trait genetically carried in the family, \" lead author claudia list hilton, an assistant professor in occupational therapy and an instructor in psychiatry, said in a university news release. \" that suggests that motor impairments are a core characteristic of the diagnosis. \" and, she said, \" the data suggests that genes play a role in the motor impairments observed in those with autism spectrum disorder. this is further evidence that autism spectrum disorder is a largely genetic disorder. \" among children with autism, the lower their motor skills ' score, the greater their degree of social impairment and severity of autism. \" kids who have difficulty with motor skills might have trouble with what we think are simple things like brushing their teeth, buttoning, snapping or starting a zipper - - things that are so basic to being independent, but would cause other problems at school, \" hilton said. \" they would need to have an aide or someone helping them, and that would set them off as different from the other kids. \" while the study uncovered an association between autism and motor impairments, it did not prove a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48002035133970966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25d7086a-ad55-4a8b-a325-627a2c94b3d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.020603"}
{"text": "cardiovascular health is defined as the health of your heart and blood vessels. blood vessels are responsible for the transportation of the blood to ( and from ) the heart. as a result, it is crucial that they function properly. in order to perform well, these blood vessels need to be irrigated constantly, and kept unclogged. physical activity ( in addition to healthy eating ) is one of the surest ways to maintain proper cardiovascular health. unfortunately, the lack of physical activity claims several hundred thousand lives every year in the united states alone, thru cardiovascular diseases. in contrast, studies have revealed that there is a direct correlation between the increase in physical activity, and the reduction in risk of hypertension, diabetes and high blood pressure. however, despite this evidence, the vast majority of american adults continue to lead sedentary lives, with very little inclusion of physical activity. benefits of physical activity according to the american heart association ( aha ), a sedentary lifestyle makes up the list of one of the key risk factors for cardiovascular disease. so it \u2019 s critically important that we incorporate physical activities ( such as exercising ) in our daily lives. there are several health benefits to exercising on a regular basis ( ideally 4 to 6 times per week ). exercising regularly contributes to weight reduction, and helps lower your blood pressure as well as your level of bad cholesterol ( also called ldl cholesterol ). as ldl cholesterol is lowered, hdl cholesterol ( the good cholesterol ) is boosted. besides the biological benefits of exercising listed above, there is also a plethora of physiological advantages to exercising. for example, when you boost your level of physical activity you will see an improvement in your muscle functions and an increased ability for your body to consume more oxygen. the more oxygen in your blood stream, the less likely your blood vessels are to clog up. also, when your oxygen intake increases you feel less fatigued after performing simple daily physical tasks. this is particularly beneficial for those with cardiovascular diseases, whose exercise capacity is generally limited due to their lower level of oxygen. there is also scientific evidence suggesting that exercising causes the blood vessels to dilate, allowing the blood to irrigate our major organs much more generously ( contributing to major health benefits ). as a result, patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease, show a decrease in stress and anxiety level, following an exercise program over a period of time. how to begin exercising? to start with, answer these questions : are you currently over the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4837137512574816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:085a0ccf-d73d-4cb9-800b-10e6f2d8cbb7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.026669"}
{"text": "benefits ). as a result, patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease, show a decrease in stress and anxiety level, following an exercise program over a period of time. how to begin exercising? to start with, answer these questions : are you currently over the age of 45 and do you have two or more of the following risk factors : ( 1 ) close family member with cardiovascular disease, ( 2 ) do you smoke cigarette daily ( 3 ) do you have high blood pressure ( 4 ) are your cholesterol levels abnormal ( 5 ) do you suffer from diabetes, ( 6 ) do you lead a sedentary lifestyle, ( 7 ) are you clinically obese. if you respond yes to a few of these questions, then you must consult with your physician before starting any exercise program. if you do not belong to the category listed above, then you should set aside about 30 minutes daily ( 4 to 6 times a week ) to exercise. you do not necessarily need a gym membership in order to work out. you can have a full - blown workout session right at home. however, if you know that you have a tendency to slack off on your exercising, then it \u2019 s best to either have a personal trainer, or a workout partner to motivate you. if your days are absolutely jam - packed and you can \u2019 t find a half - hour slot to insert your workout session, then break it up in 2 or 3 sessions. for example, as soon as you wake up, do 10 minutes of jump rope. then when you get back from work, perform some mountain climbers and squat jumps for instance for another 10 to 15 minutes, or run around the block. some exercise is always better than no exercise. keep in mind that exercising doesn \u2019 t always have to be done at home or with a personal trainer. if you commute to work, you may decide to park several blocks from the office and walk from ( and to ) your car. also, a time spent at the park on a saturday afternoon can be turned into an afternoon of volleyball or soccer session, or even bike riding or rollerblading. anything that can get your heart rate up is tremendously beneficial for your cardiovascular health. as you can see, there is overwhelming evidence pointing to the benefits of exercising as it relates to cardiovascular health. just as we take care of our homes and cars and other personal properties, we have the responsibility to take care of your body. and that includes engaging in regular physical activities, and eating healthy. so, get your body moving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4374192726230345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:085a0ccf-d73d-4cb9-800b-10e6f2d8cbb7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.029210"}
{"text": "tomorrow, people around the world will celebrate a very unusual happening on a jewish festival some 2000 years ago. read the account here. but let \u2019 s back up a bit. one can read the old testament as the story of a tribal religion. by \u201c tribal \u201d i mean proprietary \u2013 belonging to a specific group of people. the religion of the descendants of abraham came to them in their language, it is full of their stories about their god. there are many tribal religions which also belong to people of a common ancestry, who share the same customs and usually the same language. most tribal religions respect other peoples who have their own gods and religious practices. a careful reading of the old testament shows that god had universal ambitions when he choose to start with abraham and his descendants. which brings us to the first festival of pentecost after jesus was crucified. something happened there which shook to the core the idea that jesus had come to fulfill the aspirations of only a limited group of people \u2013 everyone started hearing about the glory of god proclaimed in their own language. tribal religions are almost always locked up in one language. here was something different. from that day, christianity has been a religion which is not tied to one culture or one language. instead, it permeated roman society and the greek language, breaking free from any tribal identity. other events, such as those peter experienced with cornelius came along to confirm and seal the breakout. the apostle paul wrote against those who wanted to tie christianity to tribal roots. occasionally some try again to make christianity a tribal religion \u2013 attempting to tie it to a particular language, nation and / or customs. but it never lasts. there are two ways to be a universal religion. one is to assimilate everyone into your tribe. in this method, everyone will eventually have the same customs, perhaps speak the same language, have the same religious practices, and believe the same religious teachings. the other is the path god has taken christianity where the person at the heart of the religion, jesus, comes into languages and cultures and they develop an allegiance to him while continuing to speak their languages and practice their culture \u2013 building houses as they did, singing the same kind of music they always did, being proud of their people \u2019 s history and achievements, and so on. christianity does not seek to assimilate all cultures, even if some of its proponents sometimes mistakenly try to do that. christianity translates itself into the languages and cultural forms of people. christianity does not erase culture, but weaves itself into the culture to create a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5025504551441793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8cfc79db-54d0-4f24-9f02-f78f148aaab2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.032561"}
{"text": "heinlein society - scholastic / academic articles robert a. heinlein ' s novel : red planet red planet - blue pencil by jane davitt in 1949 robert heinlein submitted a juvenile called ' red planet ' to scribners. they published it only after many cuts and changes in the plot and this is the version referred to as the 1949 edition in this article. after heinlein ' s death the book as heinlein originally submitted it, with no cuts or alterations, was printed by del rey. this is referred to as the restored edition in this article. additional text found only in the restored book is shown in italics. additional text found in the 1949 publication but not the restored book is enclosed in [ brackets ]. where text in the 1949 publication was in italics and need to be referred to for purposes of comparison, it is shown in upper case to avoid confusion. when a page reference is given, the first page number refers to the restored edition, the second to the 1949 book. it is entirely appropriate that the first altered text in red planet was the phrase, \" shut up. \" when heinlein was forced by editorial pressure to make changes in his 1949 juvenile he was indeed silenced and the thrust of his message blunted and warped. as he phrased it in a letter to alice dalgleish, one of scribner ' s editors, ' i have made great effort to remove my viewpoint from the book and to incorporate yours, convincingly \u2013 but in so doing i have been writing from reasons of economic necessity something that i do not believe. i do not like having to do that. ' this should, incidentally, serve as a caution to those who insist on interpreting heinlein ' s personal beliefs from his fiction \u2026. it is not always a reliable source. young readers a half century later, who will in all probability be reading the restored edition, complete with all its additional text, should find little in its pages to shock them, nor would they perhaps appreciate how galling it was for heinlein to make the changes that resulted in the original publication. they will simply enjoy the story, smile at willis ' s antics and be thrilled by jim and frank ' s adventures as they race across a planet to save their families from bureaucratic treachery and the hardships of a martian winter. so what difference do the changes make? a word for word comparison of the two texts reveals changes in every chapter, some major, covering significant plot and philosophical areas, some minor, yet cumulative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4300727897649962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.072440"}
{"text": "treachery and the hardships of a martian winter. so what difference do the changes make? a word for word comparison of the two texts reveals changes in every chapter, some major, covering significant plot and philosophical areas, some minor, yet cumulative, as slang and ' inappropriate ' concepts are tidied away. perhaps the most puzzling editing comes in the deletion of dozens of single, innocuous words and phrases which, when reinstated, give the text more depth of detail. unless text length was a burning issue it is difficult to understand why these particular changes were made. it is possible to identify several major areas targeted or affected by the editing ; the characters of jim marlowe and dr macrae, the sub plot concerning the sex of willis, the historical and philosophical rationale behind the gun laws on mars, the use of contemporary slang and the sometimes significant deletion of single words or phrases. to a certain extent, these areas both overlap and impinge on one another ; for example the changes in the way gun ownership is treated result in two very different portrayals of jim marlowe. so, why were the changes made at all? it is difficult to judge if alice dalgleish was tailoring the book to suit the sensibilities of the library list out of the knowledge that it would otherwise be rejected, or applying her own, rather narrow, standards to the story and finding it lacking. a little of both perhaps. the end of the 1940 ' s was still a time when writing for children was hedged about with many restrictions ; it would be at least two more decades before the rigid distinctions between fiction intended for children and that aimed at adults were eased. during the discussions of the changes needed in ' red planet ', heinlein pointed out to miss dalgleish that the content of the scribner adult catalogue contained much that would conceivably shock to a young reader, turning 18 who had previously been, ' \u2026 sealed in cellophane, sterile in vitro, ' and then exposed to the full gamut of adult reading. ' of all biological phases, adolescence surely is the one in which bodily experiences are of paramount importance ; yet for reasons of convention, squeamishness, and the idea that their audience was in need of moral guidance at every level, children ' s authors until recently have been prohibited from mentioning many of its most fundamental aspects. ' this is certainly borne out in the 1949 publication, where jim is unable to advise his mother, as he does in the restored", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4593036272123301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.073422"}
{"text": "moral guidance at every level, children ' s authors until recently have been prohibited from mentioning many of its most fundamental aspects. ' this is certainly borne out in the 1949 publication, where jim is unable to advise his mother, as he does in the restored edition, that, ' \" uh, there ' s a toilet right across the hall, \" ' when he takes her to his old room at the school to rest. it is also useful to consider the position of ' red planet ' within the body of heinlein ' s work. it was his third juvenile, following closely on the heels of ' rocket ship galileo ' ( 1947 ) and ' space cadet ' ( 1948 ) but it represents a significant shift in approach in a few short years. ' rocket ship galileo ' has its fans but most would consider it to be somewhat lacking in originality and rather formulaic. ' space cadet ' had livelier characters but was still based around a familiar plot : the training of young men in a military organization. ' red planet ' on the other hand was different ; an attempt to depict a whole new way of life on a strange planet complete with mysterious aliens but written in such a way that the reader feels at home almost at once. heinlein had found his balance, targeted his audience and was all set to produce some of the most memorable works in his oeuvre. the sanitized conversation of the 1949 publication does have both positive and negative effects ; it detracts from the colourful personality of the doctor and it makes jim and frank seem unnaturally polite at times but it does mean that the 1949 publication seems less old fashioned than the restored book. nothing dates as fast as colloquialisms and some of the expressions the two boys use in the restored edition have a quaint tang to them. perhaps in this area, the editor unwittingly did the book a service. that said, the prissiness that alters ' bellyache ' to ' tummy ache ' and ' deuce ' to ' dickens ' tends to grate when one considers the intended audience of teenage boys, not renowned for the purity of their language! some of the humour is lost too ; phyllis, jim ' s sister, is a marginal character in both books but in the restored edition she seems less two dimensional ; akin to other young, independent heinlein females with irritating brothers. part of the excised dialogue between the siblings is so realistic that it is a pity to lose it, ' phyllis said, \" take the charges out of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4564892954077898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.074531"}
{"text": "less two dimensional ; akin to other young, independent heinlein females with irritating brothers. part of the excised dialogue between the siblings is so realistic that it is a pity to lose it, ' phyllis said, \" take the charges out of your gun, jimmy, and let me practice with it. \" \" you ' re too young for a gun. \" \" pooh! i can outshoot you. \" this was very nearly true and not to be borne ; phyllis was two years younger than jim and female besides. \" girls are just target shooters. if you saw a water - seeker, you ' d scream. \" \" i would, huh? we ' ll go hunting together and i ' ll bet you two credits that i score first. \" \" you haven ' t got two credits. \" \" i have, too. \" \" then how was it you couldn ' t lend me a half credit yesterday? \" phyllis changed the subject. ' p12 / p15. the alterations of dialogue do not just affect the two boys or their friends ; doctor macrae is censored even more than they are. this is because he tends to use a very idiomatic style of speech ; for instance when he wants to advise kelly, waiting at the school, that it is safe to emerge he says, ' \" okay. you \u2013 \" macrae grabbed one of his squad by the arm. \" - tear back and tell kelly that allee allee out ' s in free. \" ' this reference to a children ' s game was evidently deemed too obscure for readers. he also uses the phrase ' \" little red schoolhouse \" ', when he is alerting dr rawlings to the hostage situation at the school. this is a reference to the single room schoolhouses common in nineteenth century america ; perhaps this was altered to simply, ' school house ' for the sake of overseas readers. in his case the slang adds an aura of antiquity to his personality, something that may be of significance in the restored book where his lifespan seems longer than his appearance warrants. the doctor is fond of blunt speech, and uses the one expletive of the book, deleted, naturally, in the 1949 publication, ' \" the company hates the expense of moving us, but more important they are bloody anxious to move more immigrants in here faster than we can take them ; they think they see a cheap way out by keeping north and south colony filled up all the time, instead of building more buildings. \" ' p 145 / p 130.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4720260795470075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.076381"}
{"text": "are bloody anxious to move more immigrants in here faster than we can take them ; they think they see a cheap way out by keeping north and south colony filled up all the time, instead of building more buildings. \" ' p 145 / p 130. his scathing denunciation of gibbs is likewise diluted, ' \" i might mention in passing [ add ] that i was a man grown when this gibbs party was still wetting his diapers [ drooling on his bib ] \u2013 \" ' yet it is clear that he is an educated man ; his speech has an almost theatrical sound to it at times, as if he is, as james gifford comments in his recent book on robert heinlein, ' \u2026 a virtual caricature of the crusty old frontier doctor. ' there is also a tendency to confine the references of the 1949 book to those that would be familiar to young readers, understandable from one perspective but limiting in educational value. for instance, when smitty discusses the terms of his loan to the boys, a reference to shakespeare ' s shylock is deleted from the original edition, ' \" i ' ll have both of yours, on one i. o. u., at six per cent \u2013 per month. the security will be the pound of flesh nearest your heart. \" ' was it really thought that the readers would not pick up the allusion? in a similar way there is an amendment of doctor macrae ' s praise of frank ' s idea about using the martians to help them, ' \" it just might work. it ' s worth a whirl. that notion of making use of martian immunity is positively machiavellian [ brilliant ], frank ; you should go into politics. \" ' heinlein preferred not to talk down to his readers ; these changes must have irritated him. in considering the deletion of individual words, it is interesting to see how much of a difference the small changes can make. for instance, during the negotiations between mr. marlowe and beecher we are told that, ' beecher seemed excessively pleased with himself. ' the inclusion of ' excessively ' gives us a clearer picture of beecher as somewhat unbalanced ; he is gloating rather than simply satisfied that the plans of the colonists are not going well. similarly, when frank is defending his career choice of rocket pilot to doctor macrae, he says, ' \" why not? ' francis answered doggedly. \" i might make it. \" ' the extra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.442978335905588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.077512"}
{"text": "plans of the colonists are not going well. similarly, when frank is defending his career choice of rocket pilot to doctor macrae, he says, ' \" why not? ' francis answered doggedly. \" i might make it. \" ' the extra word, ' doggedly ' adds much emphasis ; we can see that frank is truly determined, even in the face of disapproval from a respected mentor. this makes his actions in leaving the school to warn the colony and thereby risking that career even more laudable. we also lose much that hints, however faintly, of a criticism of authority, be it parental or scholastic. when jim invites frank and the doctor for dinner at the start of the book, frank declines on the grounds that his mother thinks he spends too much time at jim ' s house. the doctor replies, ' \" my mother, if she were here, would undoubtedly say the same thing, \" admitted the doctor. \" fortunately i am free of her restraining influence. call your mother, jim. \" ' later, when the boys are at school and are discussing howe ' s sweeping changes in the school routine, they are told by a cynical older boy, ' \" get wise to yourself kid. a man wouldn ' t go into school teaching if he didn ' t enjoy exercising cheap authority. it ' s the natural profession of little napoleon ' s. \" \" stoobie wasn ' t like that! \" \" stoobie was an exception. most of them like rules just for the sake of rules. it ' s a fact of nature, like frost at sundown. you have to get used to it. \" ' p 50 / p 47. it is not just words like ' stinker ' that are targeted in the 1949 edition ( deleted at least three times from descriptions of howe ) but anything that hints even faintly at sex, including a change in the clothing habits of the colonists. at the start of the book we are given a description of the doctor from willis ' s point of view, ' the mars creature saw an elderly male earthman almost completely covered with wiry grey - and - white hair. the hair was thin on top, thick on chin and cheeks, moderately thick to sparse on chest and arms and back and legs. the middle portion of this strange, unmartian creature was concealed in snow - white shorts [ and shirt ]. ' notice that although in the restored edition jim is described as being appropriately clad for indoors in bright red jockey shorts, the doctor in the 1949 publication wears a shirt. the doctor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4648576975689176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.078689"}
{"text": "of weapons is controlled and subject to approval from a governing body. to heinlein this was anathema. he roundly informed miss dalgleish in a letter that, in his opinion, the right to bear arms is the basis of all human freedom ; a remark that he later puts into jim ' s mouth, as a quotation from dr macrae. he was also opposed to the licensing of guns and disliked the fact that, in order to make the book suitable for publication he had to, ' build up the licensing into a complicated ritual, involving codes, oaths, etc. \u2013 a complete reversal of evaluation. ' in the restored edition there is still a form of licensing ; when phyllis asks to be allowed a gun of her own, her father suggests that mrs marlowe take her to city hall to be licensed. the difference is that the necessity for such licensing is not approved of by mr marlowe and is attacked strongly by dr macrae, ' \" sir, it is not the natural limitations of this globe that i object to ; it is the pantywaist nincompoops who rule it - these ridiculous regulations offend me. that a free citizen should have to go before a committee, hat in hand, and pray for permission to bear arms \u2013 fantastic! arm your daughter, sir, and pay no attention to petty bureaucrats. \" jim ' s father stirred his coffee. \" i ' m tempted to. i really don ' t know why the company set up such rules in the first place. \" ' p13 restored edition. in the 1949 publication, phyllis is never shown to be a gun user, neither is her mother, although one of the reasons she gives for wanting a gun is to be able to help her mother by taking on the duty of protecting her younger brother when he plays outside ; the martian fauna containing some dangers. later in the story, when the colonists are trapped inside the school we are told that, ' men and women, boys and girls, t [ t ] he colony listed hundreds of licensed gun wearers \u2013 and yet a handful of gun fighters outside, as few as two, could keep them holed up. ' notice how the reference to an entire colony of armed citizens is deleted ; the implication being that such a widespread gun ownership was not an acceptable part of a story for teenagers. the journey of james marlowe the character of jim, or rather its development, is drastically affected by the cuts. in the 1949 publication he and frank are quite similar. jim tends to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4457976193649167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.080942"}
{"text": "gun ownership was not an acceptable part of a story for teenagers. the journey of james marlowe the character of jim, or rather its development, is drastically affected by the cuts. in the 1949 publication he and frank are quite similar. jim tends to be more likely to speak without thinking, as he does when he defends his home and family against howe ' s disparaging comments but generally, when willis is not involved, he and frank are much alike. in the restored edition jim initially takes on a far more aggressive personality, in sharp contrast to frank ' s more sensible and pragmatic attitude. this cannot be simply put down to gun ownership by someone too young to be responsible ; in both versions jim has a weapon and has been trained in how to use it, in both stories we see him firing it at water seekers and at a sniper. the difference is that in the restored edition jim seems to have no qualms about threatening to use his gun whenever he perceives there to be a danger to himself or willis. the undeniable fact that in most, if not all, of the cases, using his weapon would increase rather than decrease the problem or danger makes this reaction seem immature, even foolhardy. the reason for having an apparently flawed hero is of course to provide an object lesson. it is a common theme in a heinlein juvenile to have the hero learn and grow from the events he experiences during the course of the book. in jim ' s case he is apparently only given a short time in which to mature ; the period from howe ' s confiscation of willis to the end of the book is a scant thirteen days. heinlein manages to sidestep this potential weakness in the plot by making those days count by cramming them with hardship and difficult decisions and with the interlude in which jim watches months and months of willis ' s memories. this strange vision or trance enables jim to evaluate a long period of time in a few short hours. it is a pivotal event in the changes in his personality, changes that can perhaps be mapped by his various reactions to the idea of losing willis. jim still has moments of impetuousness but this experience seems to begin the process of stabilizing his emotional responses. at the start of the book no amount of well meaning advice from friends or family will persuade him to let willis hibernate or remain in familiar surroundings. he reacts emotionally to the temporary loss of willis in the school ; tears pouring down his face as he vows vengeance on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47296913696383946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.081999"}
{"text": "the book no amount of well meaning advice from friends or family will persuade him to let willis hibernate or remain in familiar surroundings. he reacts emotionally to the temporary loss of willis in the school ; tears pouring down his face as he vows vengeance on howe. later, when he and frank are resting with the martians and gekko tells him that willis cannot be returned to him he goes on a disruptive rampage through the building, searching for his friend, ' jim would no more have disturbed a martian in a trance, ordinarily, than an american western frontier child would have teased a grizzly \u2013 but he was in no shape to care or notice ; he shouted in there, too, thereby causing an unheard - of and unthinkable disturbance. the least response was violent trembling ; one poor creature was so disturbed that he lifted abruptly all of his legs and fell to the floor. ' p 114 / p 102. when gekko manages to catch up with jim he picks him up and holds him like a child and it is as a child that jim responds, ' jim sobbed and beat on the martian ' s hard thorax with both his fists. gekko endured it for a moment, then wrapped a third palm flap around jim ' s arms, securing him. jim looked wildly up at him. \" willis, \" he said in his own language, \" i want willis. you ' ve got no right! \" ' the 1949 publication lacks a description of jim ' s reaction to the loss of willis at the end of the story. the doctor remarks that he is going to break the news to jim and mr marlowe replies that jim won ' t like it. in the restored book we are actually shown jim ' s reaction and see that he has mellowed considerably, ' jim took it well. he accepted macrae ' s much expurgated explanation and nodded. \" i guess if willis has to hibernate, well, that ' s that. when they come for him, i won ' t make any fuss. it ' s just that howe and beecher didn ' t have any right to take him. \" ' to fully appreciate the growth in jim that allows him to be so reasonable at the end of the story, it is necessary to examine his earlier actions in the restored book. the 1949 publication deletes or waters down jim ' s aggressive responses and the changes in his personality are lacking. the jim we meet at the start of the book is little different than the one at the end. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45820265425263873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.082960"}
{"text": "actions in the restored book. the 1949 publication deletes or waters down jim ' s aggressive responses and the changes in his personality are lacking. the jim we meet at the start of the book is little different than the one at the end. the restored book benefits from the inclusion of the incidents because they provide a benchmark against which jim ' s emotional growth can be measured. the changes begin at the point where he and frank leave for their new school. the journey is broken at cynia where they meet up with a martian, gekko, who picks up willis. the martian was meditating so the boys carefully stepped round him ; willis then attracted his attention by rubbing against his legs and letting out some ' mournful croaks ' ; probably an attempt to communicate in martian. what he said is not translated but it may even have been a request to be picked up. the martian emerged from his trance, bent down and scooped up willis. jim reacts strongly to this fairly innocent action in the restored book, ' \" tell him to put willis down! or, so help me, i ' ll burn his legs off! \" \" oh, now, jim, you wouldn ' t do anything like that. it would get your whole family in trouble. \" \" if he hurts willis, i sure will! \" \" grow up [ relax ]. martians never hurt anybody. \" ' throughout the book much is made of the fact that the martians are sacrosanct ; jim and frank even use this as a way of resolving the siege at the end of the story. ' every human who set foot on mars had it thoroughly drummed into him that the natives must not be interfered with, provoked, nor their customs violated \u2013 nor, above all things, hurt. ' jim knows this, has been brought up with it and yet he is prepared to break the taboo simply because willis has been picked up, possibly at his own request. his instinctive reaction is to use his weapon to protect his friend ; we do not know if he would have carried through his threat but that he made it at all is indicative both of his impetuous nature and the degree to which he feels responsible for willis. when frank manages to communicate with the martian, jim is picked up and carried towards the city with willis. he again wants to reach for his gun, but is physically too tangled up to do so, ' he cradled willis in one arm ; his other two arms came snaking down suddenly and enclosed jim, one palm flap cr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4694846995047955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.083936"}
{"text": "the city with willis. he again wants to reach for his gun, but is physically too tangled up to do so, ' he cradled willis in one arm ; his other two arms came snaking down suddenly and enclosed jim, one palm flap cradling him where he sat down, the other slapping him across the belly. jim was unable to get to his gun, which was just as well. ' yet, moments later, after gazing into the martian ' s eyes, jim is overwhelmed by a feeling of trust and friendship. this sudden change in attitude is underlined by jim ' s physical reaction to the martian ' s odour, ' worse, the little supercharger on the top of jim ' s mask compressed not only the thin air, but also he body odor of the native ; the stench was overpowering. ' strong words and ones that frank evidently agrees with ; when he is picked up a few moments later he says, rather rudely, ' \" judas - what a smell! pew! \" ' however by this time, the martian has managed to calm jim down to such an extent that not only is he no longer bothered by the, ' stink of his kind ', he has already forgotten that he ever was bothered, ' \" smell? don ' t be a sissy. he smells better than you do. \" ' this part of the book was probably deleted for the same reason that three references to howe being a \" stinker \" are deleted ; it was perhaps felt to be in bad taste. yet the deletion costs us not only a significant hint about the mental powers of the martians but also a link to the 1956 book, double star in which lorenzo smythe has a similar reaction to the smell of martians, cured in his case by hypnosis. the demonstration of gekko ' s control is impressive. all of jim ' s hostility drains away in moments. it could also provide an explanation of his excessively protective feelings about willis, a younger martian but with talents of his own. this nuance is missing in the book as it first appeared. it could be argued that it is interaction with the martians that speeds up jim ' s maturation rather than the actual adventures he and frank experience. certainly gekko and the water sharing experiences play their part in opening jim ' s eyes to feelings which he would normally have buried and ignored. during the first water sharing alone he changes his attitude quite radically. ' he was acutely aware of the presence of the martians, of each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4792485446603006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.085222"}
{"text": "experiences play their part in opening jim ' s eyes to feelings which he would normally have buried and ignored. during the first water sharing alone he changes his attitude quite radically. ' he was acutely aware of the presence of the martians, of each individual martian, and was becoming even more aware of them with each drifting minute. he had never noticed before how beautiful they were. \" ugly as a native \" was a common phrase with the colonials ; jim recalled with surprise that he had even used it himself, and wondered why he ever had done so. he was aware, too, of frank beside him and thought about how much he liked him. staunch \u2013 that was the word for frank, a good man to have at your back. he wondered why he had never told frank that he liked him. ' p 35 / p 34. after the \" growing together \" ceremony with their new friends, the boys resume their journey to school. the arrival of mr. howe, the new headmaster is the cause of much disturbance as he makes sweeping changes in the way the school is organized. after he discovers and confiscates willis, he makes the most significant changes ; the abolition, in the original book, of the student council and the post of student armourer in charge of weapons. neither the council nor the armourer is mentioned in the restored book ; this seems to be another attempt by the editor to stress that weapons are not readily available to the students and are closely monitored. in both books the headmaster is to be in charge of all the guns in the future, including those belonging to licensed gun owners. frank thinks that the primary reason for the change is that when mr. howe confiscated willis, jim ' s reaction was so extreme that he feared for his own safety : ' \" there was murder in your eye and he saw it. \" ' this is a fair comment ; as howe left their room with willis, jim had tears streaming down his face. he turned to frank and said, ' \" i should have burned him, \" he muttered. \" i should have burned him down where he stood. \" \" suppose you did? want to spend the rest of your life in an asylum? \" [ frank went on ] don ' t let him get your goat, fellow ; if he gets you angry, you ' ll do something silly and then he ' s got you. \" ' p 53 / p 50. again there is no overt threat to willis ; jim has dug himself into a hole by his insistence that willis is a free", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49062064816974393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.088030"}
{"text": "you angry, you ' ll do something silly and then he ' s got you. \" ' p 53 / p 50. again there is no overt threat to willis ; jim has dug himself into a hole by his insistence that willis is a free agent and not a pet. incidentally, this is not borne out by the events in the book ; jim seems to treat willis exactly as one would a pet, albeit a pet that can talk. like john thomas and lummox in ' the star beast ' the balance of power is ostensibly weighted on the side of the human. if he had carried out his threat it is difficult to see how the situation would have been improved. could jim really think that after killing his headmaster he would be allowed to keep willis? next day jim reads the notice about surrendering weapons and says, ' \" i ' m not going to give up my gun. dad wouldn ' t want me to. i ' m sure of that. anyhow, i ' m licensed and i don ' t have to. [ i ' m a qualified marksman, i ' ve passed the psycho tests, and i ' ve taken the oath ; i ' m as much entitled to wear a gun as he is. ] \" ' p 54 / p 51. it has to be remembered here that in the restored edition where jim expresses the wish to shoot howe, there are no ' psycho tests '. if there were it seems debatable as to whether jim would have passed them at this point in his life. when jim visits the headmaster to retrieve willis and send him home, there is, in the restored book, a section dealing with howe trying to get jim to hand over his gun ( hidden by smitty \u2013 for a price ) and jim evading his questions in an attempt not to tell an outright lie about where his gun is. jim certainly confirms howe ' s belief that he is dangerous ; when howe accuses him of lying ( and jim is lying by omission ), he is told, ' \" you know that i have no gun, or you wouldn ' t dare say that. \" ' the implication seems to be that jim would have shot howe for calling him a liar. as frank and jim discuss plans for leaving, jim once again has to be calmed down by his clearer headed friend, ' \" i ' ll wait until daylight and just walk out. if howe tries to stop me, so help me, i ' ll blast him. \" \" the idea, \" frank said dryly, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4945860993363539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.089028"}
{"text": "be calmed down by his clearer headed friend, ' \" i ' ll wait until daylight and just walk out. if howe tries to stop me, so help me, i ' ll blast him. \" \" the idea, \" frank said dryly, \" is to get away, not to stir up a gun battle. what you want to do is pull a sneak. \" ' during all of this melodrama, frank remains the voice of reason but he must be getting a little worried about jim ' s emotional stability. this is not to say that frank is a man of peace but he waits until the true perfidy of the non migration plan is exposed by willis to make a stand, ' \" that fat slug, \" frank said softly, \" i wonder how he would like to tackle a winter at charax? maybe he ' d [ he ' d ] like to stay inside for eleven or twelve months at a time \u2013 or go outside when it ' s a hundred below. i ' d like to see him freeze to death \u2013 slowly. \" ' frank then goes on to discuss getting the money they need, ' \" we ' ll get it out of smitty. \" \" we ' ll get it. i ' ll tear off his arm and beat him over the head with it if i have to. let ' s go. \" ' frank ' s threats are more rhetorical, whereas jim ' s involve using a gun with which he is expert and are thus both more believable and more dangerous. at least jim agrees with frank that guns were not an option when it comes to the scene at the scooter station where the driver leaves without them. jim blames himself for getting out of the scooter to eat but frank points out, ' \" can you imagine us shooting it out with a couple of innocent bystanders and hijacking the scooter? i can ' t. \" \" uh \u2013 no. i guess you ' re right. \" ' an interesting comment found in both versions of the book occurs when the two boys are with their martian friends for the second time and jim is told that willis cannot be returned to him. ' it is not important that jim did not have his gun with him ; gekko could not inspire the hatred in him that howe did. ' this seems to imply that jim needs to know and dislike someone to be able to threaten them with his gun but as has been shown this is not really the case. consider his reaction later on in the story when his father", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4549136884082741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.090021"}
{"text": "him that howe did. ' this seems to imply that jim needs to know and dislike someone to be able to threaten them with his gun but as has been shown this is not really the case. consider his reaction later on in the story when his father, not fully comprehending the situation, advises him to surrender. there is no one present who could conceivably be considered an enemy or a threat yet, ' his right hand, almost instinctively, was hovering around the place where his holster ordinarily hung. ' his father, if he had noticed this, must have been even more worried a few moments later when he tells him of the charges howe has made against him and jim responds, ' \" i ' ll ' theft ' him! if he ever shows up around me, i ' ll burn him down! \" \" well, i will! \" ' mr. marlowe is obviously taken aback at his son ' s attitude but it is interesting that when mr. sutton shows up with frank a few moments later, he too, has a similar reaction to threats, ' \" pop told them that if they touched me he ' d burn their legs off [ make them sorry ] \", frank said proudly, \" and he would too. \" jim caught his father ' s eye. mr. marlowe looked away. ' the reader is being encouraged to approve of a supportive father, mr. sutton, even though he is, at this point, behaving in a manner that seems far from exemplary. one can sympathise with jim and understand frank ' s pride but at the same time feel that perhaps such bellicose threats are an over reaction. if the martians and their mental powers play a significant part in jim ' s growth it must also be remembered that jim is accompanied by a human role model : his friend, frank. frank is the peacemaker, in many ways the most rational of the pair. he is the one who constantly reminds jim of the consequences of his actions. it is noticeable that frank does not approve of jim ' s, often wild, threats ; at one point he literally wrestles jim to the ground and sits on him in an effort to calm him down. frank could be viewed as a shadowy figure in the book ; a sidekick rather than a co lead character but in fact he is an example of what jim needs to become in order to be an asset to the colony rather than an immature child. jim tends to model himself on doctor macrae, quoting his words and turning to him in times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48065264203531166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.090925"}
{"text": "co lead character but in fact he is an example of what jim needs to become in order to be an asset to the colony rather than an immature child. jim tends to model himself on doctor macrae, quoting his words and turning to him in times of crisis but frank is in many ways a more suitable mentor. frank undergoes many hardships himself in the course of the book ; worry over his mother if the migration does not take place, a physically exhausting journey when he is ill and yet does not seem to change much. given his importance in the book this can be taken as an indication that he is already on the right track and needs no significant alterations in his character. the combination of frank ' s influence as a peer and a friend and the mystical forces used by the martians serve to divert jim from his rather reckless behavior patterns and onto the road to adulthood. in the restored book this is a significant part of the story : in the 1949 publication it is not stressed as much due to the deletion of jim ' s aggressive threats. dr macrae, back seat driver or eminence grise? the complex character of dr macrae dominates the book, though his influence over frank and jim seems greater in the restored edition. he is, by virtue of his age, the senior member of the colony ( some even speculate that he is the senior in disguise \u2026. that theory, enticing though it would be to explore, is however outside the scope of this article! ) but his adventurous attitude, ' [ salty comments and outrageous observations ] ' make him both a mentor and an ally to the boys. they turn to him, rather than their own parents, confide in him, trust him and quote his words constantly throughout the book. for example, jim, in discussing smitty ' s business like approach to howe ' s new rules remarks, ' \" he reminds me of something doc used to say ' every law that was ever written opened up a new way to graft. ' \" \" that ' s not necessarily so. my old man says doc ' s a crackpot. come on. \" ' this rapport is shown in the opening pages, as he attempts to dissuade frank from his chosen career as rocket pilot, a passage missing from the 1949 publication that also gives a hint at the difference between the society on earth and that on mars, paving the way for the later conflict. ' \" see here, frank, do you really want to live a life bound around with rules and regulations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46107391850250484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.091881"}
{"text": "the 1949 publication that also gives a hint at the difference between the society on earth and that on mars, paving the way for the later conflict. ' \" see here, frank, do you really want to live a life bound around with rules and regulations and discipline? \" \" mmmm \u2026 i want to be a pilot. i know that. \" \" on your head be it. me, i left earth to get away from all that nonsense. earth has gotten so musclebound with laws that a man can ' t breathe. so far, there ' s still a certain amount of freedom on mars. when that changes \u2013 \" ' p 6 / p 11. the character of dr macrae is a real scene stealer in both books but in the restored edition he is even more intriguing, rather carelessly dropping clues about his past that, if true, would make him practically an old one himself. it is possible that heinlein was laying the foundations for the doctor being a member of the howard families and thus tying in his juvenile series to the future history timeline that he had developed. it is equally possible that scribners would have frowned on this link between one of their juveniles and ' methuselah ' s children ' which at this point had only appeared in the ' pulps '. miss dalgleish viewed these early science fiction magazines with some scorn as being rather ' cheap '. heinlein may also have decided that setting all of his stories, especially full - length books intended for younger readers, within the future history framework was too restrictive. the different versions of aliens and earth itself that occur in the juveniles would tend to indicate that he preferred them to stand alone. the first hint that the doctor is older than he appeared comes at the dinner party with jim ' s family, ' \" tell me, sir, do you know what television was used for when it first came out? ' \" no. how would i? \" \" well, i didn ' t see it myself of course, but my father told me about it. it seems \u2013 \" \" your father? how old was he? when was he born? \" \" my grandfather then. or it may have been my great grandfather. that ' s beside the point. \" ' p 15 / p 17. later when the boys are sent to him to be checked over after their journey and they are discussing jim ' s strange experience with the old martian, invisible to frank, he again lets something slip, ' \" sure you did \u2013 because seeing takes place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4572072294885393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.093625"}
{"text": ". later when the boys are sent to him to be checked over after their journey and they are discussing jim ' s strange experience with the old martian, invisible to frank, he again lets something slip, ' \" sure you did \u2013 because seeing takes place in the brain and not in the eye. i can close my eyes and ' see ' the great pyramid shimmering in the desert heat. i can see the donkeys and hear the porters yelling at the tourists. see ' em? shucks, i can smell ' em \u2013 but it ' s just my memory. \" jim looked thoughtful but frank looked incredulous. \" say, doc, what are you talking about? you never saw the great pyramid ; it was blown up in world war iii. \" frank was, of course, correct as to his historical facts ; the eastern allies should never have used the pyramid of cheops as a place to store atomic bombs. dr macrae looked annoyed. \" can ' t you permit a man a figure of speech? \" ' p 135 / 6 / p 121. he continually uses expressions that stand out as being somewhat old fashioned and heinlein uses this subtly at times to show how far ahead in the future red planet is set ; for example, the doctor is old yet he refers to, ' \" way back when women wore skirts, \" ' as if that change in fashion was long in the past. to the modern reader it may seem that this small reference was deleted because what is there to marvel at in a woman not wearing a skirt? it is more likely that it was deleted in the 1949 publication because the widespread fashion for women ' s trousers was relatively new. in britain, ' women took to wearing trousers when working in factories, civil defence or turning out at night into their air - raid shelters. if the war can be credited with producing any fashion in women ' s clothes it was the popularizing of trousers for women of all ages. ' it is probable that american women also found that trousers were a liberating, useful addition to their wardrobe but this change was viewed with some horror by traditionalists who felt that trousers were both unfeminine and immodest. donning a pair of slacks in a story set in the 1940 ' s was often used as a metaphor for a female character shedding inhibitions. consider for example this quotation from a novel set in wartime britain and written in 1960, ' she bought two woolen jerseys and a pair of stout walking - shoes, and \u2013 most daring and exciting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5166312690772723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.095018"}
{"text": "metaphor for a female character shedding inhibitions. consider for example this quotation from a novel set in wartime britain and written in 1960, ' she bought two woolen jerseys and a pair of stout walking - shoes, and \u2013 most daring and exciting of all \u2013 she bought a pair of navy - blue trousers and a polo jersey. ' later, when she wears the trousers for the first time she discovers that, ' the trousers were not as comfortable as she had expected \u2013 there was a strange flappy feeling about the legs \u2013 but whether they were comfortable or not she was determined to wear them, for they were symbolic of her new life. '. the doctor also has a slightly subversive effect on the boys. he makes no bones about encouraging them to deceive their parents in both versions of the book. jim and frank approach him with a plan for escaping the siege at the school and ask what his opinion is, only to be told, ' \" however, about the other stunt \u2013 the garbage can paratrooper act \u2013 if you ask your father, he ' ll veto it. \" \" can ' t you ask him? he ' ll listen to you. \" \" i said ' if you ask your father, ' you idjut. do i have to wipe your nose for you? \" ' p 166 / p 148. in the aftermath of the fight we get another indication of dr macrae ' s original views as he comments that beecher is clearly paranoid. dr rawlings agrees and says that beecher will need to be hospitalized but macrae has other ideas, ' \" certainly, certainly, \" agreed macrae, \" but speaking non - professionally, i ' d rather see the no - good so - and - so hang. paranoia is a disorder only contracted by those of fundamentally bad character. \" \" now, doctor, \" protested rawlings. \" that ' s my opinion, \" insisted macrae and i ' ve seen a lot of cases, in and out of hospital. \" ' p 183 restored edition. it is somewhat amusing that in the 1949 publication this section is replaced by an attempt by mr marlowe to get macrae to take over the headmastership of the school until a replacement for howe can be appointed. the suitability of macrae for such a position is debatable but it ' s a moot point ; he refuses vehemently and we lose the chance to see him in control of the school, a situation which might have had far longer lasting effects on the pupils than howe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5086583589702651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.096145"}
{"text": "such a position is debatable but it ' s a moot point ; he refuses vehemently and we lose the chance to see him in control of the school, a situation which might have had far longer lasting effects on the pupils than howe ' s petty restrictions. another major revision in the plot, linked again to what seems excessive prudery on the part of the editors, occurs when the boys are recuperating with the martians and wake up to discover that willis has apparently laid eggs during the night. this entire sub plot was excised from the 1949 publication, much to the detriment of the story. the fact that willis has done something extraordinary makes the martians ' anger at those who would harm him more believable. without it we never really appreciate why he is important though both versions speculate that he is a baby martian, a caterpillar to their butterfly. we are given a clear picture of the imperturbable martians, who wait long minutes before speaking, being jarred out of their normally calm behaviour, ' neither of the boys had ever seen a martian hurry before, nor show any signs of excitement. gekko let out a deep snort and left the room at once, to return promptly with as many companions as could crowd into the room. they all talked at once and paid no attention to the boys. ' the story closes with the deaths, one could say the executions, of beecher and howe and the tense negotiations between the martians and the colonists, represented by the ubiquitous doctor, which end with a tenuous peace between the two races. in the restored edition we also get confirmation that willis is not all he seems, ' \" that ' s the trouble. it ' s very complicated and i don ' t know where to start. willis is important and it does matter that he ' s a she. \" ' ( one wonders incidentally, why it was initially assumed that willis was male ; because he used jim ' s voice as his own perhaps? ) we are then told that willis ' s martian name means, ' \" in whom the hopes of a world are joined \" ' mr. marlowe comments, \" sounds like a name for a messiah, not a bouncer \" ' it is tempting for readers to make a connection between this comment and the plot of ' stranger in a strange land ' especially as the martians in both books appear to be the same ; ' red planet ' though written first is of course set later than the events of ' stranger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48644544639557524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.097203"}
{"text": "to make a connection between this comment and the plot of ' stranger in a strange land ' especially as the martians in both books appear to be the same ; ' red planet ' though written first is of course set later than the events of ' stranger '. red planet is one of four heinlein books reissued in a restored form. the reasons for the editing are not the same in each case and each version has its fans and critics. ' podkayne of mars ' has perhaps the least amount of new or changed words but the alteration of the ending has a profound effect on the rest of the book. ' stranger in a strange land ' is unchanged as far as plot goes but is enriched ( or encumbered ) by hundreds of tiny additions to the text. perhaps the most similar case to ' red planet ' is ' the puppet masters ' which, although unquestionably an adult book was divested of much of its darker and more adult themes. the difference is that the cuts were made in an effort to create a book that was more suitable for serialization in a magazine : length, rather than content was the primary factor. certainly heinlein was willing to make those changes as they did not result in a book that endorsed views contrary to his own. it is partly because ' red planet ' as it first appeared was not written the way that heinlein wanted it to be written that the restored edition is more valuable to a heinlein reader who also enjoys the sometimes dangerous, always exhilarating, hobby of analyzing the stories. there is less point in analyzing the 1949 book ; it was so altered that heinlein seriously put forward the suggestion that miss dalgleish should be named as a co - author. that is not to say that the 1949 publication has no merits but weighed against the loss of heinlein ' s intended message it cannot be viewed as superior or preferable. the reader may not endorse the message but it is authentic heinlein, not watered down or twisted heinlein. if we are to have a target to aim at, let it be a valid one. it is also weakened by the lack of emphasis on jim ' s growth and the references to the importance of willis as a hope for the future. what then is the message or theme of ' red planet '? it seems to be an exploration of a frontier society and the need for a return to the values of the past which served america so well as the vast land was tamed. echoes of even more distant history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4850228716634333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.098218"}
{"text": "message or theme of ' red planet '? it seems to be an exploration of a frontier society and the need for a return to the values of the past which served america so well as the vast land was tamed. echoes of even more distant history are evoked in the tension between the earth based company and the mars based colony, resolved once more in favour of the colonists and their fight for independence. it is interesting to note several passing references in the book which link the martian colony to america ' s past. for instance, when jim disturbs meditating martians, this is described as being akin to an american child of the frontier taunting a grizzly. i have mentioned doctor macrae ' s use of the term, ' little red schoolhouse. ' earlier in the book, when macrae and marlowe are discussing gun licensing, the doctor also mutters, ' something that combined ' danegeld ' and the ' boston tea party ' in the same breath. ' on a less serious note, when phyllis asks for an explanation of the term, ' folk dancing ', the doctor mentions an important tradition of the pioneering families, ' \" these kids are missing something. i think i ' ll organize a square - dancing club. i used to be a pretty good caller, once upon a time. \" ' when the colonists meet to discuss the recording that willis has made about the migration, doctor macrae makes a direct link between the situation in which the colonists find themselves and that of the americans before the war of independence, ' \" the question is not whether or not we can last out a polar winter ; the eskimo caretakers do that every season. it isn ' t just a matter of contract ; it ' s a matter of whether we are going to be free men, or are we going to let our decisions be made for us on another planet, by men who have never set foot on mars! \" just a minute \u2013 let me finish! we are the advance guard. when the atmosphere project is finished, millions of others will follow. are they going to be ruled by a board of absentee owners on terra? is mars to remain a colony of earth? now is the time to settle it! \" there was dead silence, then scattered applause. marlowe said, \" is there more debate? \" mr. sutton got up. \" doc has something there. it was never in my blood to love absentee landlords. \" kelly called out, \" right you are, pat! \" ' p 145 / p 130", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48584376973893745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.099271"}
{"text": "is there more debate? \" mr. sutton got up. \" doc has something there. it was never in my blood to love absentee landlords. \" kelly called out, \" right you are, pat! \" ' p 145 / p 130. later, doctor macrae spells it out again in another impassioned speech to the colonists as they debate their options in the school, ' \" now as i see it, this is a frontier society and any man old enough to fight is a man and must be treated as such \u2013 and any girl old enough to cook and tend babies is an adult, too. whether you folks know it yet or not you are headed into a period where you ' ll have to fight for your rights. the youngsters will do most of the fighting ; it behooves you to treat them accordingly. twenty - five may be the right age for citizenship in a moribund, age - ridden society like that back on earth, but we aren ' t bound to follow customs that aren ' t appropriate to our needs here. \" ' p 158 / p 141 the story ends with doctor macrae ' s vision for the future a real possibility after the negotiations with the martians and there is a final nod to history, ' \" is the proclamation of autonomy written? did the folks go for it? \" \" yes, it ' s written \u2013 we cribbed a good deal from the american declaration of independence i ' m afraid, but we wrote one. \" in this milieu, with the dangers from the martian fauna ( and indeed the martians themselves ) weapons and a trained, armed citizenry are seen by heinlein to be essential. the changes that were made in the text militated against this vision ; it is implied that only men were armed and the restrictions applied to gun ownership would have been seen as unnecessary by heinlein. as he remarked in a letter to miss dalgleish, ' i am aware of the dangers of guns, but i do not agree that those dangers can be eliminated nor even ameliorated by coercive legislation \u2013 and i think that my experience entitles me to my opinion at least as much as school teachers and librarians are entitled to theirs. ' and there indeed lies the heart of the matter and the reason to prefer the restored edition ; we may want to disagree with heinlein or we may be in profound agreement but no matter what our views, we want to apply them to the story as written by heinlein. 1. '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4607655136024036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.100243"}
{"text": "and the reason to prefer the restored edition ; we may want to disagree with heinlein or we may be in profound agreement but no matter what our views, we want to apply them to the story as written by heinlein. 1. ' grumbles from the grave ' p 62 [ return ] 2. ' grumbles from the grave ' p 77 [ return ] 3. ' you ' re a brick, angela! ' p 97 [ return ] 4. ' robert a heinlein a reader ' s companion p 158 [ return ] 5. ' green hills of earth ' p 63 [ return ] 6. ' green hills of earth p 80 [ return ] 7. ' grumbles from the grave p 62 [ return ] 8. ' grumbles from the grave ' p 53 [ return ] 9. ' you ' re a brick, angela! ' p 284 [ return ] 10. ' spring magic ' p 35 [ return ] 11. ' spring magic ' p 46 [ return ] 12. ' grumbles from the grave ' p 64 [ return ] ' red planet ' robert a heinlein victor gollancz ltd 1963 ' red planet ' robert a heinlein ballantine books 1990 ' robert a. heinlein a reader ' s companion ' james gifford. nitrosyncretic press 2000. isbn 0 - 967987 - 1 - 5 ' spring magic ' d. e. stevenson. fontana books 1960. ' you ' re a brick, angela! ' mary cadogan and patricia craig. victor gollancz ltd 1976 isbn 0 575 02061 x ' grumbles from the grave ' robert a. heinlein edited by virginia heinlein. a del rey book ballantine books december 1990. isbn 0 - 345 - 36941 - 6 ' the green hills of earth ' robert a heinlein. pan books 1956. isbn 0 330 10679 1 there are two editions of red planet referred to in this article. the original 1949 publication was published by scribners. the edition i used was published in 1967 by pan books ltd 4th printing 1978 isbn 0 330 107127. the restored book is a del rey book published by arrangement with charles scribner ' s sons. first revised edition january 1990. isbn 0 345 34039 6. \u00a92001 - 2010 the heinlein society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4602331754864978, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c61c38e0-89d4-407b-bff5-9eab05944550>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.101121"}
{"text": "flamenco mantons are associated with the port of manila ( philippines ), where there was an important spanish colony of merchants who brought goods from the far east during the sixteenth century. actually the origin of this piece is in china. the first mantons were made of silk and generally had beautiful hand embroidered flowers or birds. at first were decorated with dragons, pagodas and bamboo designs ( typical chinese decorations ). they were really big pieces in the beginning. they were supposed to cover both arms, going around them, and covered the whole torso. the light fabric made them more comfortable to wear, in spite of their big dimensions. they would not disturb dancers and performers when performing movements or figures, and advantage which became noteworthy for flamenco dancers in the centuries to come. the manila shawl is strongly associated with flamenco and andalusian folklore, but complements the dress worn by the singers also and also at certain times, has been used as an everyday garment. as a matter of fact, it is not unusual to see haute couture models wearing some sort of manila shawls. china is the place of origin of this type of embroidery shawl. the first embroidered shawls and other clothing, and kimonos, cushions or tables were made of silk and hand embroidered with floral motifs of nature such as flowers, birds, and chinese motifs : pagodas, dragons \u2026 all set in the eastern landscape. although its origins lie in china, manila is the point from where the popularity of the manton spread throughout the world. manila is the capital city of the philippines, a former spanish colony. in the spanish imperial era ( sixteenth century ) maritime trade takes shape in several routes : one is the route from manila to veracruz ( mexico ) and sevilla ( andalucia ). this is how flamenco mantons landed in sevilla, their new adoptive fatherland.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4021746528445287, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb6db9ae-8089-4cfc-858d-cb0add0480c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.103218"}
{"text": "chapter ix. scientific knowledge among the romans. but the greeks, after all, were the only people of antiquity who elevated astronomy to the dignity of a science. they however confessed that they derived their earliest knowledge from the babylonian and egyptian priests, while the priests of thebes asserted that they were the originators of exact astronomical observations. [ footnote : diod., i. 50. ] diodorus asserts that the chaldeans used the temple of belus, in the centre of babylon, for their survey of the heavens. [ footnote : diod., ii. 9. ] but whether the babylonians or the egyptians were the earliest astronomers, it is of little consequence, although the pedants make it a grave matter of investigation. all we know is, that astronomy was cultivated by both babylonians and egyptians, and that they made but very limited attainments. the early greek philosophers, who visited egypt and the east in search of knowledge, found very little to reward their curiosity or industry ; not much beyond preposterous claims to a high antiquity, and an esoteric wisdom which has not yet been revealed. they approximated to the truth in reference to the solar year, by observing the equinoxes and solstices, and the heliacal rising of particular stars. plato and eudoxus spent thirteen years in heliopolis for the purpose of extracting the scientific knowledge of the priests, but they learned but little beyond the fact that the solar year was a trifle beyond three hundred and sixty - five days. no great names have come down to us from the priests of babylon or egypt. no one gained an individual reputation. the chaldean and egyptian priests may have furnished the raw material of observation to the greeks, but the latter alone possessed the scientific genius by which indigested facts were converted into a symmetrical system. the east never gave valuable knowledge to the west. it gave only superstition. instead of astronomy, it gave astrology ; instead of science, it gave magic and incantations and dreams - poison which perverted the intellect. [ footnote : sir g. g. lewis, hist. of anc. astron., p. 293. ] they connected their astronomy with divination from the stars, and made their antiquity reach back to two hundred and seventy thousand years. there were soothsayers in the time of daniel, and magicians, exorcists, and interpreters of signs. [ footnote : dan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5011013243795508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11095b76-1507-4c28-9106-84b2bbf0b29a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.106153"}
{"text": "during their embryonic development, all chordates pass through a stage called the pharyngula [ view ] with these features : there are three subdivisions of the chordates : - a dorsal, tubular nerve cord ( \" 1 \" ) running from anterior to posterior. at its anterior end, it becomes enlarged to form the brain. - a flexible, rodlike notochord ( \" 2 \" ) that runs dorsal to the digestive tract and provides internal support. in vertebrate chordates, it is replaced by a vertebral column or backbone long before maturity. - pairs of gill pouches. these lateral outpocketings of the pharynx are matched on the exterior by paired grooves. in aquatic chordates, one or more pairs of gill pouches break through to the exterior grooves, forming gill slits ( \" 3 \" ). these provide an exit for water taken in through the mouth and passed over the gills. - a tail that extends behind the anus the cephalochordates and tunicates never develop a vertebral column. they are thus \" invertebrates \" and are discussed with the other invertebrates. [ link ] the vast majority of chordates have a skull enclosing their brain, eyes, inner ear, etc. ). all but one group of these ( the hagfishes ) also convert their notochord into a vertebral column or backbone thus qualifying as vertebrates. although hagfishes, never replace their notochord with a vertebral column, and thus might seem not to qualify as vertebrates, they share a number of other features with other vertebrates and certainly should be classified with them. still uncertain is whether they represent the most primitive vertebrates or are simply degenerate vertebrates ( probably the latter ). all the other members of the craniata convert their notochord into a vertebral column or \" backbone \" ( even though in some it is made of cartilage not bone ). they also differ from all other animals in having quadrupled their hox gene cluster ; that is, they have 4 different clusters of hox genes ( on 4 separate chromosomes ). perhaps this acquisition played a key role in the evolutionary diversity that so characterizes the vertebrates. the vertebrates are subdivided into the - jawless vertebrates ( agnatha ) and the - jawed vertebrates ( gnathostomata ) lampreys and hagfish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4740417797213369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db17c627-2bc4-43a0-b14d-2d4ed651cb57>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.119344"}
{"text": "that so characterizes the vertebrates. the vertebrates are subdivided into the - jawless vertebrates ( agnatha ) and the - jawed vertebrates ( gnathostomata ) lampreys and hagfishes are the only jawless vertebrates to survive today. they both have a round mouth and for this reason are often referred to as cyclostomes. they are the most primitive of the vertebrates. by \" primitive \", a biologist means that they are the least changed from the first vertebrates. besides lacking jaws, - they have no paired pectoral ( shoulder ) or pelvic ( hip ) fins. - their notochord persists for life, never being completely replaced by a backbone even in the lampreys. - they have no scales. - the axons of their neurons are unmyelinated ( like those of all invertebrates ). - lampreys have both an innate immune system and an adaptive immune system, but the latter is entirely different from that found in the jawed vertebrates. the photo ( courtesy of the carolina biological supply company ) is of the west coast lamprey. note the gill slits and the absence of paired pectoral and pelvic fins. as well as having jaws, all the members of this group have fossils of cartilaginous fishes become abundant in deposits dating to the devonian period. they were very much like the sharks of today. the group, which today is made up of some 800 species of gets its name from the fact that their skeleton is made of cartilage, not bone. - myelin sheaths around the axons of their neurons. this permits much more rapid transmission of nerve impulses \u2014 a trait probably as important for active vertebrates as their jaws. - an adaptive immune system backing up their innate immune system. with their gills exposed to sea water, all marine fishes are faced with the problem of conserving body water in a strongly hypertonic environment. sea water is about 3. 5 % salt, over 3 times that of vertebrate blood. the cartilaginous fishes solve the problem by maintaining such a high concentration of urea in their blood ( 2. 5 % \u2014 far higher than the ~ 0. 02 % of other vertebrates ) that it is in osmotic balance with \u2014 that is, is isotonic to \u2014 sea water. this ability develops late in embryology, so the eggs of these species cannot simply be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48528058946423624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db17c627-2bc4-43a0-b14d-2d4ed651cb57>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.120380"}
{"text": "the ~ 0. 02 % of other vertebrates ) that it is in osmotic balance with \u2014 that is, is isotonic to \u2014 sea water. this ability develops late in embryology, so the eggs of these species cannot simply be released in the sea. two solutions are used : - enclose the egg in an impervious case filled with isotonic fluid before depositing it in the sea. - retain the eggs and embryos within the mother ' s body until they are capable of coping with the marine environment. both these solutions require internal fertilization, and the cartilaginous fishes were the first vertebrates to develop this. the pelvic fins of the male are modified for depositing sperm in the reproductive tract of the female. as their name indicates, the skeleton in this group is made of bone. the group is subdivided into the - ray - finned fishes ( actinopterygii ) and - lobe - finned fishes ( sarcopterygii ) - their fins are thin and supported by spines. - there are over 30, 000 species ( representing more than half of all living vertebrates ). - they are an important part of the human diet in many areas of the world and, in affluent nations, support a large sports fishing industry. although the earliest bony fishes may have appeared late in the silurian period, their fossils become abundant in freshwater deposits of the devonian period. in addition to gills, these fishes had a pair of pouched outgrowths from the pharynx which served as lungs. they were inflated with air taken in through the mouth and may have provided a backup gas exchange organ when the water became too warm and stagnant to carry enough dissolved oxygen. their kidneys were adapted for the hypotonic environment in which they lived. [ illustrated discussion ] these animals diversified through the remainder of the devonian period ( which is often called the \" age of fishes \" ). some migrated to the oceans. in this more stable environment, their lungs became transformed into a swim bladder with which they could alter buoyancy. their kidneys became transformed as well adapting them to their new \u2014 hypertonic \u2014 surroundings. [ link to discussion ] the only ones to survive today are : - two species of coelacanths. coelacanths were long thought to have become extinct at the end of the mesozoic era, some 70 million years ago. but in december 1938, a living coelacanth, la", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.459081451213868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db17c627-2bc4-43a0-b14d-2d4ed651cb57>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.121328"}
{"text": "- two species of coelacanths. coelacanths were long thought to have become extinct at the end of the mesozoic era, some 70 million years ago. but in december 1938, a living coelacanth, latimeria chalumnae, was pulled up from the depths of the ocean off the east coast of africa. since then, over 200 additional specimens have been caught. - several species of lungfish found in africa, south america, and australia. the nostrils of bony fishes open only to the outside and are used for smelling. some of the lobe - finned fishes developed internal openings to their nostrils. this made it possible to breath air with the mouth closed as modern lungfishes do. judging from present - day lungfishes, two other significant adaptations evolved in this group : - two atria and a partial septum in the ventricle of the heart ( similar to the frog heart ). this permitted a partial separation of oxygenated blood returning from the lung ( s ) and the deoxygenated blood returning from the rest of the body. - an enzyme system to convert ammonia into the less toxic urea. this mechanism is highly - developed in the african and south american lungfishes. while in the water, these fishes excrete their waste nitrogen as ammonia, just as most ray - finned fishes do. in time of drought, these animals burrow in the mud and switch to urea production. these rare modern lobe - finned fishes are the sole survivors of once - flourishing groups that also gave rise to the tetrapods \u2014 the four - legged vertebrates. in the devonian ( perhaps as early as 395 million years ago ), the paired fins of some sarcopterygians moved under the body and developed limbs ( complete with digits ). this enabled them to venture out on land. so once again, evolution was opportunistic giving rise to the first land vertebrates, the amphibians. the figure shows the relationship between the bones of two tetrapod forelegs and the pectoral fin of a sarcopterygian. with their bony limbs and lungs inherited from their lobe - finned ancestors, amphibians were so successful during the carboniferous ( mississippian and pennsylvanian periods ) that these periods are known as the age of amphibians. the carboniferous was followed by the permian, when the earth became colder and dryer. the fortunes of the amphibians began to decline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4475038228744439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db17c627-2bc4-43a0-b14d-2d4ed651cb57>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.122281"}
{"text": "( mississippian and pennsylvanian periods ) that these periods are known as the age of amphibians. the carboniferous was followed by the permian, when the earth became colder and dryer. the fortunes of the amphibians began to decline until only three groups \u2014 totaling about 6500 species \u2014 remain today : as the name suggests, amphibians are only semiterrestrial : - frogs and toads ( anura ) ( the one pictured is rana pipiens, the leopard frog. ) - salamanders and newts ( urodela ) - caecilians ( apoda ), which are rare, limbless, tropical animals. - their skin is soft and moist so they are at risk of desiccation in dry surroundings. - their eggs have no waterproof covering so - they must be laid in water ( which makes them useful animals for studying embryonic development ) where they are fertilized or - placed within the mother ' s body ( some use a pouch in the skin, some use their mouth, some even use their stomach \u2014 which stops secreting acid and enzymes for the duration! ) after external fertilization. some 310 million years ago ( in the pennsylvanian ), some amphibians evolved the ability to lay shelled, yolk - filled eggs. the embryo developing within the egg produces 4 extraembryonic membranes : the | link to descriptions of the heart and kidneys of amphibians. | - amnion, which surrounds the embryo with a fluid as watery as the pond water around a frog ' s egg ( and accounts for the name amniota ) ; - chorion, which serves for gas exchange ; - allantois, which serves both for gas exchange and to store metabolic wastes ; - yolk sac, which supplies the embryo with food. a shelled egg is just as impervious to sperm as to water, so its arrival coincided with the development of internal fertilization. the early aminotes soon diverged into two major lines of descent : - the synapsids ( the ancestors of the mammals ) and the with the arrival of the cold, dry permian, reptiles were well - adapted to survive because of their development of a shelled, yolk - filled egg which could be deposited on land without danger of drying out. the photo ( courtesy of the carolina biological supply company ) shows an american chameleon emerging from its egg. other adaptations that enabled the reptiles to flourish for the next 220 million years were : beginning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4437491760750192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db17c627-2bc4-43a0-b14d-2d4ed651cb57>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.123230"}
{"text": "could be deposited on land without danger of drying out. the photo ( courtesy of the carolina biological supply company ) shows an american chameleon emerging from its egg. other adaptations that enabled the reptiles to flourish for the next 220 million years were : beginning late in the paleozoic era and exploding in the triassic period, the reptiles underwent a remarkable adaptive radiation producing the diapsids. - a dry, water - impermeable skin ; - lungs inflated by expansion of the rib cage [ view ] ; - a partial septum in the ventricle reducing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood [ link to illustrated discussion. ] this group developed the ability to convert their nitrogenous waste into uric acid. uric acid is almost insoluble in water so its excretion involves little loss of water. ( it is the whitish paste that pigeons leave on statues. ) this modification largely freed the diapsids and their descendants from a dependence on drinking water ; the water in their food is usually sufficient. diapsid evolution soon produced : thecodonts were able to run fast by rising up on their hind legs, which became larger than their front legs, and using their long tail for balance. the group diversified into : - lizards and snakes ( squamata \u2014 some 6, 300 species survive today ) ; - crocodiles and alligators ( crocodilia \u2014 22 species survive today ) ; - an extraordinary array of dinosaurs from some of which evolved today ' s birds. the dominance of the reptiles during the mesozoic era has giving it the name, the age of reptiles. feathers are the feature that most clearly distinguishes the birds from their dinosaur ancestors. these scaly skin outgrowths provide other adaptations are : - a light, strong surface for the wings ; - heat insulation, making it possible to be small but still warm - blooded. all of these adaptations help birds to fly ( to escape predators and find suitable food and nesting sites ). almost 10, 000 species are known today. the early synapsids had their legs under, rather than at the sides of, the body. this permitted more rapid running on land. - hollow bones ; - a single gonad ( in females ), which becomes enlarged and active only during the breeding season ; - no teeth ( their function is replaced by the gizzard ) ; - powerful breast muscles attached to an enlarged sternum ; - a four - chambered heart. - soon a group of small, active land - dwelling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.438375428444774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db17c627-2bc4-43a0-b14d-2d4ed651cb57>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.124268"}
{"text": "during the breeding season ; - no teeth ( their function is replaced by the gizzard ) ; - powerful breast muscles attached to an enlarged sternum ; - a four - chambered heart. - soon a group of small, active land - dwelling therapsids evolved from these and, by the jurassic, they had produced the mammals first appeared early in the mesozoic. by ~ 220 million years ago, they had diverged into the - milk secreted from mammary glands ; - hair ; conserves body heat permitting even tiny mammals to be warm - blooded ; - teeth specialized for cutting ( incisors ), tearing ( canines ) and grinding ( molars ) their food ; - some 5, 400 species living today. the only prototheria to survive until now are the monotremes : the duckbill platypus and three species of spiny anteaters ( echidnas ). these animals retain several traits of their therapsid ancestors including - prototheria ( \" first beasts \" ) and although the therians diverged into the - a cloaca \u2014 the final segment of the digestive tract into which both the urinary and reproductive tracts empty ( monotreme = single hole ) ; - lay shelled eggs. some 190 million years ago, it was not until the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the cretaceous ( ~ 66 million years ago \u2014 link ) that they began to diversify into the various orders that we see today. - marsupials ( marsupialia ) and - placental mammals ( placentalia ) their amniotic egg has no shell and develops for only a brief time within the reproductive tract of the mother. during this time they receive some nourishment from the yolk sac which grows into the wall of the uterus. they are born at such an early stage of development [ view ] that they must crawl into a pouch on the mother ' s abdomen, attach themselves to one of her milk - dispensing nipples, and complete development there. outside of australia, the only marsupials found today are the opossums \u2014 one species in north america, some 69 species in south america. in australia, however, where they were protected far longer from an influx of placental mammals, there is still an broad array of marsupials. [ view, for example, the wombat. ] the placental mammals, with some 4, 500 species living today, retain their shell - less amnio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47343761495454195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db17c627-2bc4-43a0-b14d-2d4ed651cb57>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.125136"}
{"text": "an influx of placental mammals, there is still an broad array of marsupials. [ view, for example, the wombat. ] the placental mammals, with some 4, 500 species living today, retain their shell - less amniotic egg within the mother. the egg contains little yolk, but the extraembryonic membranes form an through which the young secure nourishment ( and oxygen ) from their mother until they are well - developed and ready to be born. - umbilical cord and the table shows the orders of placental mammals and representatives of each. the members of orders shown with the same color belong to a single clade ; that is, they are more closely related to each other than to the mammals in any other orders. these clades are based on the most recent analysis of dna sequences of several genes \u2014 both nuclear and mitochondrial \u2014 and the building of phylogenetic trees from these data. | | lemurs, new world monkeys, old world monkeys, great apes ( hominoids ), humans | | rats, mice, squirrels, beaver | | dogs, cats, lion, skunk, walrus, sea lion | horse, zebra, rhinoceros ( even - toed ungulates and | cow, sheep, pig giraffe, hippopotamus and whales, dolphins, porpoises the 5 orders shown in yellow are found in africa. they appear to be the most primitive of the placental mammals. the 2 orders shown in red ( armadillos, sloths, giant anteaters ) probably arose in the part of gondwana that today is south america. the hugely - successful glires ( rodents and rabbits ) form a clade ( light blue ) that is so closely related to the clade ( dark blue ) that includes the tree shrews, the flying lemurs, and all our primate relatives, that they are grouped together. [ link to page on primate evolution. ] these 6 orders, shown in green, have been assigned to the laurasiatheria because they are first found in the supercontinent of laurasia. [ map and discussion ] the even - toed ungulates and the cetaceans turn out to be so closely related that they are placed in a single order the cetartiodactyla. in fact, hippos appear to be more closely related to the cetaceans than they are to the other even - toed ungulates. 23 april 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42880245237799325, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db17c627-2bc4-43a0-b14d-2d4ed651cb57>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.126911"}
{"text": "the anti - trafficking in persons especially women and children act was first filed in the ninth congress of the philippines and was passed on the third reading in the house of representatives in the eleventh congress. the senate of the philippines passed on third and final reading an urgent measure penalizing trafficking against women. the proposed anti - trafficking act has been pending since the 9th congress. various government agencies and nongovernmental organizations have faithfully and vigilantly monitored the movement and progress of this measure, driven by the goal to eliminate and suppress trafficking activities. philippines ratified the united nations protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children supplementing the united nations convention on transnational organized crime on september 30, 2001. the definition of trafficking in persons in the philippines ' bill is very similar to that of the protocol. the version of the bill on anti - trafficking passed in the house of representatives defines trafficking in persons as \" the recruitment, transportation, transfer or harboring or receipt of persons with or without the victim ' s consent or knowledge through legal or illegal means within or across national borders by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of position, taking advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or, the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal or the sale of organs. \" 1 the enactment of the bill will address the cases against sex trafficking among women and children. the bill would prohibit the trafficking of women and children for prostitution and forced labor purposes, stop sex tours in the country, criminalize the use of the internet to promote prostitution and sexual exploitation, and define the roles of the various government agencies in the campaign against trafficking of women and children. furthermore, the bill proposes the creation of an inter - agency mechanism to : 1 ) apprehend illegal recruiters, pimps and others who facilitate the trade ; 2 ) protect and support trafficked persons ; and 3 ) initiate bilateral agreements between sending and receiving countries for legal and logistical support. it also imposes still penalties for the perpetrators and decriminalizes victims by removing culpability from them. 2 senate president franklin m. drilon will introduce key amendments the week of march 17, 2003 to the bill in order to give it more teeth and ensure its effective implementation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4747474174581727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04bfced6-57e0-4bd9-9079-f38fbafcbffb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.131953"}
{"text": "perpetrators and decriminalizes victims by removing culpability from them. 2 senate president franklin m. drilon will introduce key amendments the week of march 17, 2003 to the bill in order to give it more teeth and ensure its effective implementation once it is enacted into law. he mentioned in a news release issued from his office that he wants to tighten language of the bill so that prosecution of offenders or the women traffickers will be easier and more effective. furthermore, he mentioned that he would like to plug all legal loopholes in order to ensure government law enforcers are given adequate powers to curb trafficking. 3 the national commission on the role of filipino women ( ncrfw ) is requesting the office of the president through the presidential legislative liaison office ( pllo ) to certify the bill as urgent. 2press release. \" ncrfw launches 16 - day campaign against gender - based violence, urges senate to pass anti - trafficking bill. \" november 25, 2003. http : / / www. ncrfw. gov. ph / 3news release. office of senate president franklin m. drilon. \" drilon amendments to give more teeth to anti - trafficking bill. \" march 18, 2003. http : / / www. senate. gov. ph / press _ rel / drilon2 _ mar18. htm search the entirety of the site for resources or updates.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4345766023098454, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04bfced6-57e0-4bd9-9079-f38fbafcbffb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.132552"}
{"text": "in tarantino \u2019 s vision, slavery \u2019 s definitive injustice was its gratuitous and sadistic brutalization and sexualized degradation. malevolent, ludicrously arrogant whites owned slaves most conspicuously to degrade and torture them. apart from serving a formal dinner in a plantation house \u2014 and tarantino, the chance the gardener of american filmmakers ( and best original screenplay? really? ) seems to draw his images of plantation life from birth of a nation and gone with the wind, as well as old warner brothers cartoons \u2014 and the mandingo fighters and comfort girls, tarantino \u2019 s slaves do no actual work at all ; they \u2019 re present only to be brutalized \u2026. django unchained trivializes slavery by reducing it to its most barbaric and lurid excesses. slavery also was fundamentally a labor relation. it was a form of forced labor regulated \u2014 systematized, enforced and sustained \u2014 through a political and institutional order that specified it as a civil relationship granting owners absolute control over the life, liberty, and fortunes of others defined as eligible for enslavement, including most of all control of the conditions of their labor and appropriation of its product. historian kenneth m. stampp quotes a slaveholder \u2019 s succinct explanation : \u201c \u2018 for what purpose does the master hold the servant? \u2019 asked an ante - bellum southerner. \u2018 is it not that by his labor, he, the master, may accumulate wealth? \u2019 \u201d that absolute control permitted horrible, unthinkable brutality, to be sure, but perpetrating such brutality was neither the point of slavery nor its essential injustice. the master - slave relationship could, and did, exist without brutality, and certainly without sadism and sexual degradation. in tarantino \u2019 s depiction, however, it is not clear that slavery shorn of its extremes of brutality would be objectionable. it does not diminish the historical injustice and horror of slavery to note that it was not the product of sui generis, transcendent evil but a terminus on a continuum of bound labor that was more norm than exception in the anglo - american world until well into the eighteenth century, if not later. as legal historian robert steinfeld points out, it is not so much slavery, but the emergence of the notion of free labor \u2014 as the absolute control of a worker over her person \u2014 that is the historical anomaly that needs to be explained. django unchained sanitizes the essential injustice of slavery by not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44241322540758177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecb7d80f-3a46-43cc-90c5-57e09bbf1d00>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.135996"}
{"text": "much slavery, but the emergence of the notion of free labor \u2014 as the absolute control of a worker over her person \u2014 that is the historical anomaly that needs to be explained. django unchained sanitizes the essential injustice of slavery by not problematizing it and by focusing instead on the extremes of brutality and degradation it permitted, to the extent of making some of them up, just as does the help regarding jim crow. as another condemning review pointed out, you hardly if at all see actual slaves working in fields in django ( and that it takes a white guy named dr. king to free slaves [ and even includes a scene w / white dr. king telling a metaphorical story of travelling to the mountaion top \u2026 ] ) this won a writing award at the oscars, didn \u2019 t it? yo, but for how fucking long has this been painfully evident and repeated ad nauseum? 30 years? i know that \u2019 s pulling from a pretty pathetic pool, but there \u2019 s gotta be a creme de la crap, right? i \u2019 m guessing it \u2019 s either ari kohen or squashed. listen, electoral politics is horseshit, i \u2019 ve grown to despise talking about it even tangentially, but this is a pretty decent reminder of why that \u2019 s so. it \u2019 s just so you know / keep in mind that this is what underlies all that \u201c the economy is recovering / showing good signs \u201d talk and why \u201c vote for x because y is bad for the economy \u201d talking points are for suckers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4444535313191422, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecb7d80f-3a46-43cc-90c5-57e09bbf1d00>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.136638"}
{"text": "skip to main content your organization might have access to this article on the publisher ' s site. to check, click on this link : http : / / dx. doi. org / + 10. 1063 / 1. 1148044 a highly sensitive gas sensor for detection and analytical identification of hazardous gases was developed, by depositing partially crystalline powder from an aqueous suspension of cds powder on an alumina substrate. when the deposited layers were promoted with catalysts from pt - group metals, they exhibited high sensitivity to different gas molecules upon modulation with light of certain frequency, depending on catalyst and impurity concentration. dark resistance and photosensitivity of the sensors were monitored against gas concentration, sensor temperature, and frequency of the modulating light. depending on the gas and its concentration, a change of up to 100 % in sensor response was observed. variation of photosensitivity with dark resistance showed different slopes for different molecules. variation of the low frequency phase angle with photosensitivity at different concentrations also produced different slopes, depending on the type of molecule. this differentiation likely comes about by different interactions of gas molecules with surface recombination centers, depending on the nature of physisorption and / or chemisorption on the surface. thus, in addition to detecting the gas, it can be identified from their slopes of variation with light frequency, and the sensor can be used as an analytical tool. \u00a9 1997 american institute of physics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6046371785061271, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84d65305-63c9-4286-901e-23cbc8b13829>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.138365"}
{"text": "the meat industry has long been hailed as one of the most significant factors driving global warming \u2014 and this is in addition to being damaging to your health. however, chinese scientists are looking to change all that, and they have cloned a genetically modified lamb that instead of producing the unhealthy fat commonly found in lambs, creates a healthy fat that contains high levels of the omega - 3 fatty acids found in fish and nuts. the lamb called peng peng was created in a beijing genomics institute ( bgi ) laboratory in xinjiang, western china. there scientists introduced a gene from a roundworm into a donor cell taken from the ear of a small chinese merino sheep. once implanted into an unfertilized egg, it was fertilized and the resultant embryo was implanted into the womb of a surrogate sheep. the scientists, led by dr yutao du, of the bgi in shenzhen, hope the breakthrough will reduce the emissions caused by livestock as well as producing a healthier alternative to organic lamb. \u201c the gene was originally from the c. elegans roundworm which has been shown to increase unsaturated fatty acids, which is very good for human health, \u201d dr. du said in an interview to the telegraph. he added that omega - 3 fatty acids not only protect against heart disease, but could even boost brainpower. he also noted that the bgi was now \u201c ready for the industrial - scale development \u201d of gm sheep. however, before you start worrying about peng peng ending up on your dinner plate in the near future, rest easy. currently, no gm animal has been approved for human consumption anywhere in the world, and china is no exception. \u201c the chinese government encourages transgenic projects, but we need to have better methods and results to prove that transgenic plants and animals are harmless and safe for consumption ; that is crucial, \u201d he said. peng peng is not the first gm - modified cloned animal to make the headlines recently. last month a rare himalayan goat was cloned in order to produce a specific type of wool, and us firm aquabounty have patented a gm atlantic salmon that contains a gene from another fish allowing it to grow twice as quickly. it is rumored to be the first \u2018 transgenic \u2019 animal will be approved by the us food and drug administration this summer. while gm crops are commonplace these days, there is something, to say the least, worrying about a cloned animal being created for consumption. however, it is better than the artificial meat currently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4465514550142693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e47f7032-a17c-4790-9ddc-ac7934a9ab65>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.142453"}
{"text": "motorcycle accidents : overview motorcycle riders are in a unique position on the road. they enjoy the freedoms that come with their chosen form of transportation, but they are also left exposed to dangers not met by automobile drivers and other motorists. the lack of any substantial protective barriers between a motorcycle and the road, as well as the difficulty that other motorists may have in anticipating and seeing a motorcycle, leave riders prone to serious injury in the event of an accident. motorcycle riders, therefore, must be aware of their legal rights and remedies if they are involved in a traffic accident. the insurance laws in your state may be very different with respect to motorcycles versus automobiles ; consequently, it is very important to consult with an attorney regarding the applicable laws in your state. the risks of the road for motorcycle riders the risks that motorcycle riders face, and the need to protect their rights of recovery after an accident, become readily apparent through a review of the following statistics : - in two - thirds of motorcycle accidents involving another vehicle, the driver of the other vehicle violated the motorcycle rider ' s right of way and caused the accident. - motorcyclists are about 26 times more likely to die in a crash than someone riding in a passenger car, and are 5 times as likely to be injured. - per mile traveled in 1998, motorcyclists were about 16 times more likely than passenger car occupants to die, and about 3 times as likely to be injured, in a motor vehicle crash. some of the unique problems faced by motorcycle riders on the road include : - visual recognition : motorcycles make smaller visual targets, which are more likely to be obscured by other vehicles, or by road and weather conditions. this is an issue especially at intersections, where approximately 70 percent of motorcycle - versus - vehicle collisions occur. - road hazards : hazards that are minor irritations for an automobile can be a major hazard for a motorcycle rider. these include potholes, oil slicks, puddles, debris, or other objects on the roadway, ruts, uneven pavement, and railroad tracks. - speed \" wobble \" accidents : especially at higher speeds, the front end of a motorcycle may become unstable and begin to shake or \" wobble. \" this problem may be due to a misalignment of the front and rear tires of the motorcycle. if an accident is caused by such a high - speed wobble, the manufacturer of the motorcycle might be held financially responsible for any resulting injuries, under a product liability theory. - riding skills ; familiarity : a motorcycle requires much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4184404379451367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d544e4e2-c1cf-42c2-957e-9a9c5301dddd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.149034"}
{"text": "tires of the motorcycle. if an accident is caused by such a high - speed wobble, the manufacturer of the motorcycle might be held financially responsible for any resulting injuries, under a product liability theory. - riding skills ; familiarity : a motorcycle requires much more skill and physical coordination to operate than a car. many motorcycle accidents are caused in whole or in part by a rider ' s lack of basic riding skills, or failure to appreciate the inherent operating characteristics and limitations of the motorcycle. determining legal responsibility for a motorcycle accident like most motor vehicle accident cases, motorcycle accident claims are almost always governed by the legal concept of negligence. go here to learn more about the law of negligence and personal injury. defective motorcycle design or manufacture motorcycles lack crashworthiness and occupant protection. unlike a car, a motorcycle is lightweight ; it has no door, no roof, no airbags, and no safety belts. a motorcycle is less stable than a car because it only has two wheels. although several factors can contribute to a motorcycle accident, especially operator inexperience and failure to appreciate the limitations of a motorcycle, a defect in a motorcycle ' s design or manufacture should be considered as a potential cause of an accident, especially one where only the motorcycle rider is involved. an experienced personal injury attorney will be familiar with any relevant product liability issues or recalls involving certain motorcycle models, and can help determine whether you have a claim against the motorcycle manufacturer. getting legal help for a motorcycle accident if you or a loved one have been injured in a motorcycle accident, the most important step in protecting your legal rights is to meet with a skilled attorney to discuss your case. issues in your potential claim, including compliance with traffic laws, motor vehicle regulations, medical treatment issues, and liability determinations, all require the expertise of an attorney who is experienced in the area of motorcycle accident liability. in light of legal deadlines for filing injury claims, meeting with an attorney to evaluate your case as soon as possible is recommended. go here to learn more about the role of an attorney in a motor vehicle accident case. click here to locate an experienced motor vehicle accident attorney near you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44273325197096436, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d544e4e2-c1cf-42c2-957e-9a9c5301dddd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.150034"}
{"text": "illinois learning standards stage c - fine arts \u2014 music students who meet the standard understand the sensory elements, organizational principles, and expressive qualities of the arts. - distinguish between loud / soft, high / low sounds. - distinguish between fast / slow music. - distinguish between same and different tone colors ( timbres ) of voices, classroom instruments, and environmental sounds. - distinguish between long and short sounds. - echo a rhythm pattern. - replicate the beat in a musical composition. - identify simple music forms ( e. g. rondo, ostinato ) when - identify different sensory elements that create a mood, emotion, or idea in a simple musical selection. students who meet the standard understand the similarities, distinctions, and connections in and among the arts. - compare sensory elements, organizational principles, and expressive qualities shared among several art forms that express a similar idea ( e. g. beginning, middle, and end in music, dance, and drama ). - compare the use of sound, movement, action, or visual images to express similar ideas ( e. g., subject matter such as night, ocean ; emotions / moods such as sad, scary ). students who meet the standard understand processes, traditional tools, and modern technologies used in the arts. - distinguish between the sounds of two different voices ( e. g., man and child ). - distinguish between the sounds of two different environmental sounds ( e. g., pencil sharpener and chalkboard ). - distinguish between the sounds of two different classroom instruments ( e. g., tambourine and drum ). - identify orchestral / band instruments visually. - use appropriate vocal timbre and volume when singing classroom - use correct technique ( e. g., holding mallets, striking drums ) when playing classroom instruments. - echo, read, and / or write accurately rhythm patterns with whole, half, quarter, and eighth notes and rests in 2 / 4, 3 / 4, 4 / 4 meter signatures. - sing or play accurately simple pitch notation in the treble clef using a symbol system ( e. g., icons, syllables, numbers, students who meet the standard can apply skills and knowledge necessary to create and perform in one or more of the arts. - sing on pitch or play on classroom instruments songs of various cultures in rhythm, with appropriate timbre and maintaining a steady tempo. - improvise rhythmic and melodic accompaniments for songs of various cultures. - create short songs or instrumental pieces within specified students who meet the standard can analyze", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5018616361173149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e59bfa48-3fef-4180-a2cb-e2b4b5dc02fc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.154065"}
{"text": "classroom instruments songs of various cultures in rhythm, with appropriate timbre and maintaining a steady tempo. - improvise rhythmic and melodic accompaniments for songs of various cultures. - create short songs or instrumental pieces within specified students who meet the standard can analyze how the arts function in history, society and everyday life. - distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate audience - react to performances / art works in a respectful, constructive, and supportive manner. - match the types of occupations with their art form ( e. g., actor, director, playwright, designer with drama ). - compare ways the arts are used in a celebration ( e. g., masks, costumes, banners, songs, dances ). - list the things that artists make or do when they communicate through the arts ( e. g., pictures, songs, advertisements, stories, movements, buildings ). - point out ways the arts are used for personal time and enrichment ( e. g., concerts, plays, exhibits, broadcasts, social dances, choirs, lessons ). - describe occupations that are related to the arts ( e. g., photographer, illustrator, composer, playwright, choreographer, students who meet the standard understand how the arts shape and reflect history, society and everyday life. - identify cultural characteristics of a work of art. - describe how the arts inform viewers about people and events from history. - name significant artists in dance, drama, music, or visual return to fine arts classroom assessments and performance descriptors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4972564804888633, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e59bfa48-3fef-4180-a2cb-e2b4b5dc02fc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.154702"}
{"text": "why wait ( ), notify ( ) and notifyall ( ) must be called from synchronized block or method in java most of java developer knows that wait ( ), notify ( ) and notifyall ( ) method of object class must have to be called inside synchronized method or synchronized block in java but how many times we thought why? recently this questions was asked to in java interview to one of my friend, he pondered for a moment and replied that if we don ' t call wait ( ) or notify ( ) method from synchronized context we will receive illegalmonitorstateexception in java. he was right in terms of behavior of language but as per him interviewer was not completely satisfied with the answer and wanted to explain more about it. after the interview he discussed the same questions with me and i thought he might have told about race condition between wait ( ) and notify ( ) in java that could exists if we don ' t call them inside synchronized method or block. let \u2019 s see how it could happen : we use wait ( ) and notify ( ) or notifyall ( ) method mostly for inter - thread communication. one thread is waiting after checking a condition e. g. in producer consumer example producer thread is waiting if buffer is full and consumer thread notify producer thread after he creates a space in buffer by consuming an element. calling notify ( ) or notifyall ( ) issues a notification to a single or multiple thread that a condition has changed and once notification thread leaves synchronized block, all the threads which are waiting fight for object lock on which they are waiting and lucky thread returns from wait ( ) method after reacquiring the lock and proceed further. let \u2019 s divide this whole operation in steps to see a possibility of race condition between wait ( ) and notify ( ) method in java, we will use produce consumer thread example to understand the scenario better : 1. the producer thread tests the condition ( buffer is full or not ) and confirms that it must wait ( after finding buffer is full ). 2. the consumer thread sets the condition after consuming an element from buffer. 3. the consumer thread calls the notify ( ) method ; this goes unheard since the producer thread is not yet waiting. 4. the producer thread calls the wait ( ) method and goes into waiting state. so due to race condition here we potential lost a notification and if we use buffer or just one element produce thread will be waiting forever and your program will hang. now let ' s think how does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4237172807451468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86f8b432-2bb3-48d1-af4d-d4d85a904118>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.158287"}
{"text": "the wait ( ) method and goes into waiting state. so due to race condition here we potential lost a notification and if we use buffer or just one element produce thread will be waiting forever and your program will hang. now let ' s think how does this potential race condition get resolved? this race condition is resolved by using synchronized keyword and locking provided by java. in order to call the wait ( ), notify ( ) or notifyall ( ) methods in java, we must have obtained the lock for the object on which we ' re calling the method. since the wait ( ) method in java also releases the lock prior to waiting and reacquires the lock prior to returning from the wait ( ) method, we must use this lock to ensure that checking the condition ( buffer is full or not ) and setting the condition ( taking element from buffer ) is atomic which can be achieved by using synchronized method or block in java. i am not sure if this is what interviewer was actually expecting but this what i thought would at least make sense, please correct me if i wrong and let us know if there is any other convincing reason of calling wait ( ), notify ( ) or notifyall method in java. just to summarize we call wait ( ), notify ( ) or notifyall method in java from synchronized method or synchronized block in java to avoid : 1 ) illegalmonitorstateexception in java which will occur if we don ' t call wait ( ), notify ( ) or notifyall ( ) method from synchronized context. 2 ) any potential race condition between wait and notify method in java. some of my other favorite interview discussions are why string is immutable or final in java, how hashmap works in java and what are differences between hashmap and hashtable in java is.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4806205630893434, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86f8b432-2bb3-48d1-af4d-d4d85a904118>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.160411"}
{"text": "which places are growing? seven trends from 2010 census mandated by the u. s. constitution and administered every 10 years, the u. s. census is used to determine apportionment of federal funds to local communities, as well as the distribution of state seats in the house of representatives. the data provided in the government \u2019 s report, released again march 2011, provides ample opportunities for journalists to identify and explore local trends. a 2011 report from the harvard kennedy school of government \u2019 s rappaport institute for greater boston and taubman center for state and local government, \u201c which places are growing? seven notable trends from 2010 census data \u201d ( pdf ), examines trends within the income and population data. the report \u2019 s findings include : - counties with higher income as of 2000 experienced higher population growth. - counties with higher average january temperatures experienced higher population growth than those with lower temperatures. - population growth was greater in counties close to a coastal or inland port than in those located farther from ports. - the least dense quarter of counties experienced population loss while the most dense quarter of counties experienced population growth. - more highly educated counties ( as measured by the proportion of the adult population with a college degree ) experienced higher population growth. - counties with a large share of employment in manufacturing experienced less population growth. - limits to housing supply limit the amount of population growth experienced by a county.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45220067708243294, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b920066-02f6-471e-8eaa-ccf896c92746>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.161911"}
{"text": "what judaism means to me gertrude weil, 1879 - 1971 weil ' s commitment to social justice was strongly rooted in her concept of judaism. she often commented that her religion taught that \" justice, mercy, goodness were not to be held in a vacuum, but practiced in our daily lives. \" believing judaism to be \" a religion of this world, \" one that emphasizes the \" expression of righteousness in the here and now, \" she argued that \" every... act should be an expression of the god, or goodness, in us. \" her work for social reform emerged out of this long jewish tradition of tikkun olam and prophetic justice. for decades, weil was a mainstay of jewish life in goldsboro. she taught sunday school, conducted adult bible study groups and presided over the temple sisterhood. once, local officials had to reveal that she was the recipient of the town ' s distinguished citizen ' s award in order to convince her to attend the ceremonial dinner, held on a friday evening when she would normally have been at services. as she grew older, weil became increasingly serious in her own study of jewish history and religion. unlike most southern reform jews, weil, her mother, and her siblings were strong zionists. henrietta szold, hadassah ' s founder, was a personal friend of mina weil ; gertrude and mina were founding members of goldsboro ' s hadassah chapter and gertrude served as president of both the local and regional groups. she also presided over the north carolina association of jewish women, sat on the board of the north carolina home for the jewish aged, worked for the national federation of temple sisterhoods, and helped to raise money for numerous jewish charities. in the 1930s and 1940s, she and her mother devoted much time and effort to rescuing jewish refugees from persecution in europe. in her widespread jewish activities, weil demonstrated the same energy and active commitment as she did in her work in the broader community. - quotations from gertrude weil, \" talk at beth or temple, sisterhood sabbath, \" may 12, 1944, in gertrude weil papers at the north carolina office of archives and history. - additional information from mrs. n. a. edwards, \" in love with life, \" draft of article for american jewish times, october 1956, in the north carolina collection at the university of north carolina at chapel hill and elna c. g. grissom, \" jewish relief and other philanthropies of the weil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5037327024271143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb0b2a64-f3e3-40b4-9c3b-29a5bf7c306c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.164493"}
{"text": "do you sweat, chew your pencil, and feel butterflies in your stomach as your teacher hands out a test? a lot of people ( adults included ) get freaked out when it ' s time to take a test. it ' s natural to feel some stress about taking tests. in fact, sometimes a little adrenaline ( a hormone made by your body during times of excitement or stress ) is a good thing to jump - start you. here are some tips for taking tests : first, be sure you ' ve studied properly. it sounds like a no - brainer, but if you ' re sure of the information, you ' ll have less reason to be worried. get enough sleep the night before the test. your memory recall will be much better if you ' ve had enough rest. in a scientific study, people who got enough sleep before taking a math test did better than those who stayed up all night studying. listen closely to any instructions. as the teacher hands out the test, be sure you know what ' s expected of you. read the test through first. once you have the test paper in front of you, read over the entire test, checking out how long it is and all the parts that you are expected to complete. this will allow you to estimate how much time you have for each section and ask the teacher any questions. if something seems unclear before you start, don ' t panic : ask. focus on addressing each question individually. as you take the test, if you don ' t know an answer, don ' t obsess over it. instead, answer the best way you can or skip over the question and come back to it after you ' ve answered other questions. relax. if you ' re so nervous that you blank out, you might need a mini - break. of course you can ' t get up and move around in the middle of a test, but you can wiggle your fingers and toes, take four or five deep breaths, or picture yourself on a beach or some other calm place. as we all know, it can be easy to forget things we know well \u2014 like a locker combination. the difference is we know we ' ll remember our locker combination because we ' ve used it hundreds of times, so we don ' t panic and the combination number eventually comes back. during a test, if you blank out on something and start to get tense, it suddenly becomes much more difficult to remember. finished already? although most teachers will let you hand a test in early, it ' s usually a good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4610141765483912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:778e2c6c-74db-410f-8150-ae1305769669>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.167288"}
{"text": "everybody ' s talking about money these days : house prices are going down ; more families are facing foreclosure on their mortgages ; gas prices, energy prices, and grocery bills are all going up \u2014 and uncertainty over when things will take a turn for the better is making everyone tighten their belts. but how do parents explain this to their fashion - conscious middle - school kids? how about teens with dreams of out - of - state college or a new car? what to say be honest with your children \u2014 but don ' t tell them more than they need to know. avoid overloading older kids with too many details or worries that might scare them. stick to brief explanations and be clear about changes made to the family budget. even young kids are brand - and consumer - aware these days, so don ' t expect them to volunteer to scale back on their treats or activities right away. but if you want to encourage budgeting behavior, offer incentives to get kids on board. knowing what you want to say, what changes will be made \u2014 and how those changes will affect each child \u2014 can help make this a little easier. talking to younger kids ali is 6. her best friend just got a new doll for her birthday \u2014 the expensive kind that you know you can ' t afford. ali starts to whine, \" i never get anything i want. it ' s not fair... \" it ' s hard to keep your cool when you ' re working hard to keep the family afloat or stressed out because the bank has threatened foreclosure. take a deep breath and stay calm. if necessary, tell your child that you ' ll talk about it later, then be sure to set aside time to do so. remind yourself that it ' s ok to reject pleas and set limits. you ' re not depriving your children \u2014 you ' re teaching them important lessons about delaying gratification, earning treats and rewards, and how family finances work. after all, food and rent come before toys. when you ' re ready, tell your child that you cannot buy new toys right now, but perhaps the toys can be put on a wish list for the next birthday, christmas, hanukkah, or other gift - giving occasion. if you can afford it, offer a small reward in exchange for good behavior or keeping the bedroom straight. short - term rewards, such as stickers or tokens, can keep younger kids motivated. financial incentives can help older kids earn money toward their goals while teaching them valuable lessons about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4400791252830446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e033a3a4-2e28-404f-9556-051915d796d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.172380"}
{"text": "a small reward in exchange for good behavior or keeping the bedroom straight. short - term rewards, such as stickers or tokens, can keep younger kids motivated. financial incentives can help older kids earn money toward their goals while teaching them valuable lessons about saving. catelyn, 11, is going to another birthday party. it ' s a sleepover and she ' s given you a list \u2014 birthday gift for her friend, new pajamas, and a new sleeping bag. she insists her friends will all laugh at her if she brings the old sleeping bag again \u2014 it ' s so last year. and 12 - year - old brandon wants a new skateboard and those cool new skate shoes. how do you tell them that your family can ' t afford all of these new things without scaring them? kids this age may not be interested in the global economy or why money is tight, but they can be told that there is a limited amount of money in the family budget. do not cave into their every whim, and instead encourage kids to plan ahead for new purchases. preteens are old enough to save money from a weekly allowance or earn it by doing chores around the house, raking leaves, or shoveling snow around the neighborhood. when talking to your kids, let them know that they ' re not alone in their desires. say how you feel when you see something that you want, but can ' t purchase it right away. explain that everyone in the family has to cut down on spending \u2014 including you \u2014 and remind them that, if they ' re motivated, you can work together to help them try to earn money and work toward their goals. talking to teenagers jaime, 16, needs a car to drive to school. or does he? he may roll his eyes when you tell him that you walked or rode a bus to school, but challenging him to find a cost - effective, environmentally friendly way to get around town may appeal to his ambition of living a more \" green \" lifestyle. likewise, suggesting that he save up for that big - ticket item \u2014 and seeing his goal through \u2014 will help him feel more empowered as he moves toward adulthood. through part - time jobs or regular babysitting, teens can earn money outside the home and cover many of their own expenses. making rules stick family meetings are a great way to establish these new rules, even if they ' re temporary until family finances are in better shape. explain the new rules and also new opportunities for earning privileges and treats. make it fun : challenge kids to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4951277800666106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e033a3a4-2e28-404f-9556-051915d796d8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.173383"}
{"text": "making rules stick family meetings are a great way to establish these new rules, even if they ' re temporary until family finances are in better shape. explain the new rules and also new opportunities for earning privileges and treats. make it fun : challenge kids to come up with family - friendly, cost - effective activities that everyone will enjoy. once you ' ve had \" the talk \" with your kids, keep a list posted \u2014 perhaps on the refrigerator door \u2014 of the new house rules so that everyone knows what is expected of them. manage stress levels. get support \u2014 yours is not the only family going through hard times. try joining a support group or other social network in your area. support groups are offered through local hospitals, churches, synagogues, libraries, and schools. if you feel that stress or anxiety is really starting to take its toll, tell your doctor, who may be able to put you in touch with counselors or suggest therapeutic strategies \u2014 such as relaxation techniques, exercise, or yoga \u2014 that can help you feel better and learn to manage your stress. learn to say \" no. \" sometimes parents say \" yes \" to their kids before figuring out how they ' ll afford a new expense. even if you agreed to something, you can explain that you made a mistake and \u2014 in order to be a financially responsible family \u2014 everyone must forego certain treats for a while. explore fun, low - cost activities. challenge your family to create memories without visiting a mall or a store. some ideas : bike riding together, going to a park, visiting yard sales, free movie nights, concerts, library events, museums and other local art, cultural, or sporting events. get kids involved. do kids get an allowance they can save up? can they earn money or points toward back - to - school items? older kids might look into helping pay for college by saving money or applying for scholarships, loans, or grants. encouraging kids to find creative ways to save or make money not only helps them feel empowered \u2014 it helps them feel like they ' re doing their part to help out.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4465660660519648, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e033a3a4-2e28-404f-9556-051915d796d8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.174268"}
{"text": "the flu is caused by the influenza virus ( say : vy - rus ). a virus is a microorganism ( say : my - kroh - or - guh - niz - uhm ), which means it ' s so small that you can ' t see it without a strong microscope. kids older than 9 need one shot the flu vaccine is available as a shot ( injected through the skin ) or as a spray mist ( into the nostrils ). most kids older than 2 can get the spray mist. the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) recommends the flu vaccine for all people age 6 months and older. if you ' re a kid, that means you! kids older than 9 need only one dose. if you are younger than 9, you will need one or two flu shots. it depends on whether you had the flu shot before and when you received those vaccinations. if you are younger than 9, you will need only one shot if you have had two doses of flu vaccine since july 2010. ( your parents and doctor can look this up and figure out if you did or not. ) if you are younger than 9, you will get two flu shots if : you are getting the flu vaccine for the first time you have had the flu shot before, but you have not had two doses of the flu vaccine since july 2010 if you need two shots, you ' ll get one shot and then come back at least a month later to get the second one. certain people are at higher risk of complications from the flu, including : kids younger than age 5 people age 65 and older people of any age who have long - term health conditions so if you ' re a kid who has asthma, diabetes, or another health problem, it ' s especially important that you get the flu vaccine. flu vaccines are usually given in the fall, before flu season starts. flu season \u2014 the months of the year when a lot of people have the flu and it ' s easy to catch it \u2014 usually starts in october and ends in may. if you get the flu vaccine, by nose spray or shot, it will protect you from getting a bad case of the flu. you either won ' t get the flu at all or, if you do get it, you will have only mild symptoms and you should get better pretty quickly. you might wonder why you have to get a flu shot every year. here ' s why : there are lots of different flu viruses. each year, researchers choose the three viruses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4822555420649888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e3a2ca3-418a-42f0-8356-3d6c27d9e67b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.179120"}
{"text": ", you will have only mild symptoms and you should get better pretty quickly. you might wonder why you have to get a flu shot every year. here ' s why : there are lots of different flu viruses. each year, researchers choose the three viruses most likely to cause trouble. the flu vaccine includes protection against those three, which vary from year to year. how does the flu spread? this virus gets around in little drops that spray out of an infected person ' s mouth and nose when he or she sneezes, coughs, or even laughs. you can catch the flu from someone who has it if you breathe in some of those tiny flu - infected drops. you can also catch the flu if those drops get on your hands and you touch your mouth or nose. no wonder people are always saying to cough or sneeze into your elbow. and while you ' re at it, wash your hands! what if you get the flu? if your doctor thinks you might have the flu, sometimes he or she will use a long cotton swab to get a sample of the gunk in your nose. testing this sample in a lab can determine if you have the flu. but usually this isn ' t necessary. based on your symptoms and how you look during the visit, your doctor can usually tell if you have the flu, especially during times when a lot of flu is going around your town. once your doctor says you have the flu, start taking these steps to feel better : rest in bed or on the couch. drink lots of liquids, like water, chicken broth, and other fluids. take the medicine your mom or dad gives you to ease your fever, aches, and pains. tell your mom or dad if you have trouble breathing, if you are feeling worse instead of better, or if you aren ' t peeing as much as usual. these are signs you may need to see the doctor again. most of the time, you ' ll feel better in about a week. until then, you ' ll have to stay home from school and take it easy. we hope you ' re flu - free this year, but if you do get the flu, now you know what to do!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43235122862856123, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e3a2ca3-418a-42f0-8356-3d6c27d9e67b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.180072"}
{"text": "have you ever gone to school when you didn ' t feel so well? everyone has probably done it, but if you think you have the flu, it ' s very important to stay home from school. here ' s why : influenza flu is an illness that could make some people very sick. so we want to do our best to keep it from spreading around. symptoms of the flu are a fever plus one or more of these : some people with the flu also might have diarrhea or vomiting. if you have flu - like symptoms, home is where you should be. by staying home from school ( and away from crowds in general ), you make it less likely that you will make other people sick. and if it turns out you do have the flu, rest at home is what you need to get better. what to do take these steps if you feel sick : tell your mom or dad, so they can check you out. they might want to call your doctor to talk about whether you have the flu or some other sickness. stay home from school and other crowded places. also, try not to make other people in your family sick. do that by washing your hands often, coughing and sneezing into a tissue or your elbow \u2014 not into your hands! \u2014 and keeping your distance. get rest, drink plenty of fluids, and feel better fast. be sure to tell your mom or dad how you ' re feeling so they can take good care of you. return to school only when you ' re feeling better, no longer coughing / sneezing, and you haven ' t had a fever for at least 24 hours.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47260535863388303, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d36eb60-9f0d-461d-a056-399e2f9ba562>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.181730"}
{"text": "celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by an intolerance to gluten. it ' s also known as celiac sprue, gluten - sensitive enteropathy, and non - tropical sprue. gluten is the general name of the proteins found in wheat, rye, and barley and other grains derived from them. in kids with celiac disease, gluten damages villi, the finger - like projections in the small intestine responsible for absorbing nutrients from food. when the villi are damaged, the body can ' t absorb nutrients the body needs to grow. if that happens, a child can become malnourished. celiac disease can lead to a wide variety of symptoms in different people. infants may fail to gain weight and height as expected ( a condition called failure to thrive ). in older kids, the condition can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain and bloating, weight loss, fatigue, or painful skin rashes. some people who have celiac disease experience no symptoms at all. doctors don ' t know for sure what triggers the immune system to react to gluten in people who have celiac disease. there is no cure, although researchers are working on developing enzyme pills to help with the digestion of the toxic part of gluten that causes intestinal damage. but if your child is diagnosed with celiac disease, there are ways to minimize symptoms and any damage to the intestines. symptoms of celiac disease can occur at any time in a child ' s life. some kids experience symptoms the first time they are exposed to gluten, while others develop symptoms later in life after consuming gluten products without a problem for years. a first sign that an infant might have celiac disease can occur shortly after the introduction to solid foods such as cereals. an infant who ' s started consuming foods that contain gluten might have diarrhea and stomach pains, and stop gaining weight at a healthy pace. skin rashes also might appear, especially around the elbows, buttocks, and knees. over time, the child might develop anemia and mouth sores, and become withdrawn or irritable. the causes of celiac disease are unknown. it has been linked to other health conditions, including down syndrome, williams syndrome, thyroid disorder, and selective immunoglobulin iga deficiency. celiac disease tends to run in families, so if there is a family history of celiac disease, your child", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48132352908986586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41382a7d-572c-43d4-b57f-bd74acba0bb0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.191132"}
{"text": "to other health conditions, including down syndrome, williams syndrome, thyroid disorder, and selective immunoglobulin iga deficiency. celiac disease tends to run in families, so if there is a family history of celiac disease, your child may have a higher risk of developing it. if one child is diagnosed with celiac disease, his or her siblings, parents, and grandparents should be tested too, as they may have the disease but be symptom free. and celiac disease that goes undiagnosed in adults for a long time can lead to serious health problems. diagnosing celiac disease usually begins with a simple blood test that measures the level of antibodies to gluten and other proteins in the lining of the intestine. if high levels of these antibodies are found, the doctor will likely order a of the small intestine and send it to a laboratory for testing. doctors take this tissue sample by inserting a long, thin tube called an endoscope through the mouth and stomach into the small intestine. a child is usually moderately sedated or put to sleep under general anesthesia for the procedure. if celiac disease is diagnosed, the doctor will give you guidance on which foods your child can eat and which to avoid. because these changes will greatly affect your family ' s everyday life and your child ' s diet, the doctor may suggest that you meet with a nutritionist for additional advice. wheat, barley, rye, and related grains should be eliminated from your child ' s diet. but because there ' s no law requiring food manufacturers to list gluten on food labels, this can be difficult. in general, if your child has celiac disease, it ' s wise to stay away from foods that contain these gluten - related ingredients : bouillons and broths breading ( such as the coating on breaded chicken cutlets, etc. ) brown rice syrup ( often made from barley ) cake flour ( made from wheat ) caramel color ( occasionally made from barley ) creamed or breaded vegetables dextrin ( a rare ingredient that may be made from wheat ; maltodextrin is ok ) dry roasted nuts ( processing agents may contain wheat flour or flavorings ) french fries ( if they ' ve been coated in flour ) gravies and sauces ( including some tomato and meat sauces ) imitation bacon, crab, or other seafood luncheon and processed meats malt or malt flavoring ( usually made from barley ) modified", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4434560251740634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41382a7d-572c-43d4-b57f-bd74acba0bb0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.198492"}
{"text": "' ve been coated in flour ) gravies and sauces ( including some tomato and meat sauces ) imitation bacon, crab, or other seafood luncheon and processed meats malt or malt flavoring ( usually made from barley ) modified food starch ( most food manufacturers now specify the source of this ingredient ; e. g., modified cornstarch, which is ok, or modified wheat starch, which is not ) seasonings ( pure spices are ok, but check seasoning mixes for gluten - containing additives ) some herbal teas and flavored coffees soup mixes and canned soups soy sauce and soy sauce solids ( they may be fermented with wheat ; don ' t use them unless you verify they ' re ok with a dietitian ) spreads, soft cheeses, and dips wheat - free products ( many wheat - free cookies and breads contain barley or rye flour, which contain gluten, and other gluten - containing ingredients ) yogurts with wheat starch it is generally safe for a child with celiac disease to consume oats, as long as the oats come from an uncontaminated source. that means that the oats have been processed in a mill that doesn ' t process grains that contain gluten on the same equipment. the label on the package of oats should clearly state if that ' s the case. to avoid gluten \u2014 and prevent triggering your child ' s celiac symptoms \u2014 it ' s important to carefully read the labels of all foods before you buy them or let your child consume them. and help your child learn to do it too. when in doubt, the safest thing to do is to assume the product contains gluten and leave it out. in the united states, all foods must be clearly labeled if they contain any of the top eight food allergens, including wheat. however, wheat free doesn ' t mean gluten free as some wheat - free products may have gluten - containing grains like barley and rye in them. lawmakers are working to make labels easier for people with celiac disease by requiring companies to identify other components, such as hidden ingredients and barley and rye. people with celiac disease aren ' t limited to eating at home. with experience and knowledge, you ' ll be able to figure out which dishes at restaurants or friends ' homes contain gluten. your local support group may be able to provide a list of restaurants where the chef is familiar with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43341570190860707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41382a7d-572c-43d4-b57f-bd74acba0bb0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.199745"}
{"text": "eating at home. with experience and knowledge, you ' ll be able to figure out which dishes at restaurants or friends ' homes contain gluten. your local support group may be able to provide a list of restaurants where the chef is familiar with the gluten - free diet. some restaurants now offer gluten - free dishes on their menus \u2014 be sure to ask. sometimes, no matter how well prepared you are, you might not be able to find out if a particular food is gluten free. when in doubt, order something else for your child to eat! here are some tips to remember when choosing foods : start with the foods your child can eat. foods and ingredients that someone with celiac disease can eat and use in cooking include : foods made with the flours of corn, rice, buckwheat, sorghum, arrowroot, garbanzo beans ( chickpeas ), quinoa, tapioca, teff, and potato ( provided other ingredients in your recipe do not contain gluten ). also ok are all plain meats, fish, chicken, legumes, nuts, seeds, oils, milk, cheese, eggs, fruits, and vegetables. be on the lookout for possible cross - contamination. even when eating or preparing foods that are gluten free, if these foods come into contact with foods that contain gluten, there is a risk of cross - contamination. for example, crumbs from regular wheat bread can find their way into jams, spreads, or condiments if people aren ' t careful to use a fresh knife or utensil each time. keeping condiments in squeezable bottles and using separate jams and spreads for people with celiac disease is a great idea. it ' s also wise to keep a separate toaster for gluten - free bread. if you bake with products that contain gluten, thoroughly clean appliances, utensils, and work surfaces before preparing gluten - free products. remember to wash your hands thoroughly and often when you ' re cooking and preparing food. in restaurants, tell the server or the kitchen staff about your child ' s condition and make sure that they know that it ' s important that your child ' s food not contain any gluten or related ingredients. most grocery stores carry some gluten - free bread, cereal, baking mixes, cookies, crackers and other products. health food stores and natural food markets may have wider selections", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40968662768157293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41382a7d-572c-43d4-b57f-bd74acba0bb0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.201394"}
{"text": "child ' s food not contain any gluten or related ingredients. most grocery stores carry some gluten - free bread, cereal, baking mixes, cookies, crackers and other products. health food stores and natural food markets may have wider selections of these foods. it ' s not a good idea to use gluten - free products from bulk food bins because of the risk of cross - contamination. even if you take precautions, chances are your child may accidentally ingest gluten at some point. that ' s ok \u2014 a single small amount of gluten ingestion may cause mild inflammation in the gut but probably won ' t cause any immediate symptoms. normally, the lining of small intestine completely renews itself every 3 - 4 days, so after a single incident the damaged cells are quickly replaced with new ones. however, repeated exposure to gluten will lead to ongoing damage of the intestinal lining. what experts know about celiac disease is developing so rapidly that many books and websites are out of date. to make sure you always have the most current and accurate information, consider joining one of the national celiac organizations. there are even gluten - free summer camps and special support groups just for kids and teens. if your child has celiac disease, it ' s important to educate the other adults in your child ' s life \u2014 teachers, school nurses, camp counselors, babysitters, and friends ' parents \u2014 about the condition, and to explain the importance of keeping foods with gluten away from your child. teach older kids not to accept foods they ' re offered unless they ' re from someone who is known to be diligent about ensuring the food is gluten free. it may be difficult for your child to adapt to a gluten - free diet and, at first, it may be challenging for you to make all the right accommodations. but over time, you and your child will get to know which foods are safe and which are off - limits, making it easier to find meals, snacks, and ingredients that won ' t cause celiac symptoms. many kids with symptoms who are diagnosed with celiac disease feel better quickly after gluten is eliminated from their diet and make a smooth transition to gluten - free eating. but when symptoms are mild or absent, kids may have a more difficult time with dietary changes. in such cases, strong family support is especially important. it also helps to find support groups, many of which have special events for kids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40931948032793786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41382a7d-572c-43d4-b57f-bd74acba0bb0>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.203684"}
{"text": "the biggest full moon of the year will rise saturday ( may 5 ) as earth \u2019 s only satellite swings into its perigee, or closest approach to earth. this so - called \u201c supermoon \u201d will appear extra big and extra bright. in honor of the moon \u2019 s big show, we \u2019 re dispelling a few myths about the earth \u2019 s rocky satellite : myth 1 : the moon makes us crazy the word lunacy traces its roots to the word \u201c lunar, \u201d and plenty of people, from nurses to police officers, will tell you that things get wild around the full moon. but this non - supernatural equivalent of the werewolf myth doesn \u2019 t hold water. a 1985 review of the literature on the timing of mental illness and the moon found that the folklore that links the full moon with mental breakdowns, criminal behavior and other disturbances has no basis in scientific data. myth 2 : the supermoon can cause disasters the reason we have supermoons is because the moon \u2019 s orbit is not perfectly circular. when it swings closer to earth on its elliptical path, the moon does exert a bit more of a gravitational pull on our planet. but it \u2019 s nothing earth can \u2019 t handle. myth 3 : the moon landing was a hoax as thinly sourced as it is, the hoax theories can be frustrating to those who risked their lives to get to the moon. in 2002, buzz aldrin, one of the members of the original 1969 apollo 11 mission, was dogged by conspiracy theorist bart sibrel at an event. when sibrel blocked aldrin \u2019 s path and called him a \u201c coward \u201d and a \u201c liar, \u201d the then - 72 - year - old astronaut punched sibrel in the face. what other myths about the moon have you encountered? feel free to share them with us! source : yahoo news image : science & myth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43558677437517, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67758a8a-2804-4c2f-9405-48de15544bf2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.208486"}
{"text": "wed february 22, 2012 is einstein right? error could account for faster - than - light neutrinos originally published on wed february 22, 2012 4 : 25 pm remember last year, when we reported that italian scientists claimed to have broken the speed of light? remember the mystical implications of that? the possibility that einstein was wrong? that our very basic idea of physics was challenged? the idea that you could be shot before a bullet left a gun? then you also remember that our friend and astrophysicist adam frank warned that these results should be looked at with great suspicion. it turns out the results from the experiment called opera ( oscillation project with emulsion - tracking apparatus ) could have been affected by a problem with the gps system used to time the neutrinos. a spokesman for the european organization for nuclear research confirmed the error to the associated press today. the ap reports that james gillies says only other experiments planned for later this year will confirm whether the problem affected the results. science magazine reported the issue earlier today. the reported : \" according to sources familiar with the experiment, the 60 nanoseconds discrepancy appears to come from a bad connection between a fiber optic cable that connects to the gps receiver used to correct the timing of the neutrinos ' flight and an electronic card in a computer. after tightening the connection and then measuring the time it takes data to travel the length of the fiber, researchers found that the data arrive 60 nanoseconds earlier than assumed. since this time is subtracted from the overall time of flight, it appears to explain the early arrival of the neutrinos. new data, however, will be needed to confirm this hypothesis. \" so the bottom line is more experiments are needed to discard the findings for sure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5855282438259088, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8052ba0f-8977-40bd-905d-e2da40b9be6c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.212888"}
{"text": "about half a year ago, stephen little ( curator and head, chinese and korean art ) and i both arrived to the museum. our first mission was to bring lacma \u2019 s collection of chinese art back on display. as of this past weekend, approximately forty objects are now on view. the reinstalled gallery is designed to tell the history of art in china, with each dynasty distinguished by examples that reflect the aesthetics, technology, and ideology of their time period. to achieve this goal, nothing is more illuminating than our best - known pieces. one of the most celebrated early chinese artworks from lacma \u2019 s collection is a cauldron called ding from the zhou dynasty ( 1046 \u2013 256 bc ). this ding is from a set that would include more vessels of different shapes and sizes. called mingqi in chinese, meaning \u201c spirit objects, \u201d such sets were used during burial rituals and ceremonies conducted for ancestors, and demonstrate the importance of ancestral worship in the early times of chinese civilization. equally famous is a seated buddha carved of marble. the buddha has been part of lacma \u2019 s chinese art display since the 1940s as a long - term loan, until officially entering the museum \u2019 s permanent collection in 2007. with a serene face and gracefully proportioned body, the buddha exemplifies the highest achievement of buddhist art in china. while showcasing these masterpieces of different time periods and medium, i also wanted to convey the continuity of art making in china. chinese culture has always valued and revered history and tradition. imitating the past is considered the necessary first step of learning and is a source for creativity. archaism is a reoccurring theme over centuries. on display is a longquan - ware vase in the shape of a cong, not far different from a jade cong of the neolithic period. cong refers to the geometric shape that combines a circle and a square. the circle symbolizes heaven and the square symbolizes earth in early civilization. together they present the dual - system of yin and yang that is still important in chinese philosophy and ideology today. a jade disk from the middle ming dynasty ( 1368 \u2013 1644 ) is decorated with dragons on one side and raised bosses with spirals on the other. its design \u2014 the donut - like shape and the raised spirals \u2014 is also inspired by a neolithic piece. we are very glad to have lacma \u2019 s outstanding chinese collection back in the galleries. more treasures will be put on display in the rotations in the coming months. christina yu yu, assistant curator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4691764937983934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd940117-d0af-4a5a-b396-5155d2cb26e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.215859"}
{"text": "remembering two bright stars of music ; ' to the arctic ' read, listen and learn english with this story. double - click on any word to find the definition in the merriam - webster learner ' s dictionary. june simms : welcome to american mosaic in voa special english. i \u2019 m june simms. this week on our program, we remember two music greats, chuck brown and donna summe \u2026 but, first, we visit the northern most part of the earth and the creatures who live there in the movie, \u201c to the arctic. \u201d \" to the arctic \" june simms : few people can visit the arctic. but soon people all over the world will be able to feel like they have made the trip. a new movie, \u201c to the arctic, \u201d explores the life and environment in the wilderness area, especially the condition of its polar bears. barbara klein has our story. barbara klein : \u201c to the arctic \u201d is forty - five minutes long. but the film was shot in eight months over a four year period. the director is greg macgillivray. he and his brother shaun produced the film. it was made for release on the huge imax theater screens. \u201c to the arctic \u201d also is 3 - d, or three dimensional, giving theater goers the sensation of being part of the action. the film tells the story of a mother polar bear and her two cubs. through their struggle to survive, theatergoers see the results of rising temperatures on the arctic and its animals. the bears are central to the film because they cannot survive anywhere else. and, the movie says their environment is warming two thirds faster than anywhere else on earth. academy award winner meryl street narrates the film. \u201c to the arctic \u201d is part of an international campaign to save the polar bears and their home. scientists say there are only twenty thousand polar bears alive today. and, they say, their long term existence is at risk. nature photographer florian schulz has produced a book to go along with the movie. he says the purpose of both works is to educate people about what is happening in earth \u2019 s extreme north. florian schulz : \u201c the polar bears won \u2019 t be able to survive without the ice, and, right now, scientists are predicting that by two thousand and forty or two thousand and fifty, somewhere in between, the sea ice in the summer will completely go away. \u201d mr. shultz spent eighteen months in the arctic. he lived in a tent and would get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45686336804244587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b77bafed-96ef-44f0-8b1d-d7b7fec6cd89>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.223003"}
{"text": "are predicting that by two thousand and forty or two thousand and fifty, somewhere in between, the sea ice in the summer will completely go away. \u201d mr. shultz spent eighteen months in the arctic. he lived in a tent and would get around on a special vehicle powered by the sun \u2019 s energy. the extreme cold presented some interesting problems for the work. florian schulz : \u201c you have to let your equipment completely freeze and then it will stay frozen. you can \u2019 t take it inside your sleeping bag or inside your tent because then the condensation will go on top of it, and then the ice will build and then you don \u2019 t get rid of the ice anymore. \u201d florian schultz says there were also some dangerous incidents with wildlife. like a bear that showed interest in a camera. the animal got within seven meters of the photographer. florian schulz : \u201c we then shot with a flare gun at the ground level so the bang was closer to the ground and the bear understood that he should move on. that was definitely a scary moment. \u201d the movie and book are part of a larger campaign to save polar bears and the arctic. suzanne apple is with the world wildlife fund. suzanne apple : \u201c this area that we are focused on called the last ice area in northern canada, greenland and denmark. our research shows that this is the ice that will persist the longest. so we are hoping to protect and preserve that. \u201d \u201c to the arctic \u201d is getting mixed reviews from critics. although most praise the extraordinary images, several critics say the writing is weak. remembering chuck brown and donna summer june simms : america lost two major entertainers this week. chuck brown was considered the \" godfather of go - go \" music. donna summer was the \" queen of disco. \" chuck brown died wednesday at johns hopkins in baltimore, maryland. the musician had developed the blood infection sepsis during treatment for pneumonia. he was seventy - five. the singer was born in north carolina but moved to the american capital when he was eight. the city remained his home, and it was where he invented the music known as go - go. chuck brown grew up poor. he was raised by his mother, lyla louise brown. he never knew his father. chuck stopped going to school soon after the family moved to washington. he worked instead. he held jobs including shining shoes and selling newspapers. chuck brown got into trouble as a teenager. he spent eight years in a prison near washington. he started playing guitar while there. when chuck", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47272949754217325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b77bafed-96ef-44f0-8b1d-d7b7fec6cd89>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.224083"}
{"text": "soon after the family moved to washington. he worked instead. he held jobs including shining shoes and selling newspapers. chuck brown got into trouble as a teenager. he spent eight years in a prison near washington. he started playing guitar while there. when chuck brown gained his freedom he did not look back. he moved back to washington. he began playing his guitar and singing at events in the area. in his late twenties, brown joined some local bands. within two years he had formed his own. chuck brown and the soul searchers found a new sound that combined funk, jazz and rhythm and blues music. the bouncy beat of go - go music was especially popular in the washington area. but it influenced music in many other areas. the nineteen seventy - eight song \u201c bustin \u2019 loose \u201d is probably the most widely recognized go - go recording. it was chuck brown and the soul searchers \u2019 biggest hit. chuck brown was considered a hero to many in washington, dc. the city loves him so much it named a street block for him. hundreds gathered outside the howard theater on chuck brown way wednesday to remember the musician. june simms : disco singer donna summer died thursday. the sixty - three - year - old had battled lung cancer. christopher cruise remembers her life and her work. christopher cruise : donna summer was born ladonna gaines to a large family in boston, massachusetts, in nineteen forty - eight. she sang in church as a child. as a teenager she began forming musical groups. summer \u2019 s voice was clear, high and powerful. her first big hit came in nineteen seventy - five with \u201c love to love you, baby. \u201d she was in her twenties at the time. in nineteen seventy - nine donna summer had three number - one hits. one of them, \u201c hot stuff, \u201d won a grammy. donna summer was married twice. she had two children. her last album \u201c crayons \u201d was released in two thousand eight. donna summer won numerous awards during her career including five grammys. we leave you with donna summer performing her hit song \u201c last dance. \u201d june simms : i \u2019 m june simms. this program was written and produced by caty weaver. zulima palacio provided additional reporting. join us again next week for music and more on american mosaic in voa special english.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4256152899189021, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b77bafed-96ef-44f0-8b1d-d7b7fec6cd89>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.225042"}
{"text": "this week we celebrated earth day by learning about our earth, recycling and ways we can take care of our planet. we also learned about night and day and the earth ' s rotation. we made these lovely tie dyed coffee filter earths to decorate our classroom door by using markers to color coffee filters then used eyedroppers to drop water on them to make the colors bleed together. we often use coffee filters to color, then use a spray bottle, so this was a little different for us. it turns out that mastering the eyedropper is a little tricky, but great for our fine motor muscles. we needed some extra fine motor practice and thankfully, i was able to find lots of ways to incorporate these skills into our theme. one morning, we tore blue and green construction paper into little pieces and glued them to paper plates to make the earth. another activity we did to work on fine motor skills was making mobiles of the sun, moon, earth and stars. the friends traced different sized lids to make the sun and earth and used large lacing buttons to trace and cut stars and a moon. we decided to move wee world to a shady spot so the friends can play where it ' s cool and reclaimed the little patch outside our classroom door for our garden. we spent the week cleaning out the bed ( the friends had transported lots of sand and rocks into wee world ) and getting it ready for planting. i ' ve said before that i am extremely challenged when it comes to flowers and plants. honestly, the garden doesn ' t stand a chance, but i try every year. maybe this year will be the miracle year where something sprouts! ( fingers crossed! ) finally, on thursday, we planted a ton of seeds in the patch. the kids had a lot of fun sprinkling seeds and covering them up. we went on a \" garbage hunt \" to clean up any litter we could find. our large group activities were a lot of fun this week. one day i had a giant poster sized sun in the middle of the rug. we faced the sun for day time, then turned with our backs to the sun for night. this quickly became a game of \" night and day \", similar to red light green light. i ' ve mentioned before that we really don ' t do worksheets in our class. there are, however, some really great ones out there, so i ' ve found creative ways to use the ones i really like. sometimes i ' ll make file folder games or learning centers from them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4820798407386023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0981741d-0b16-4e99-a9ad-32a6c81760d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.235976"}
{"text": "t do worksheets in our class. there are, however, some really great ones out there, so i ' ve found creative ways to use the ones i really like. sometimes i ' ll make file folder games or learning centers from them. this worksheet i found in my files, collected from somewhere in internetland was designed for the kids to cut the little boxes and place them in the appropriate column. i enlarged it, put it on bulletin board paper and gave the friends the cards. one by one they each got to come up and determine whether the item could be recycled. we the class had to agree or disagree. this turned out to be pretty fun and the kids were really using their thinking caps! on another day, i placed a large paper pond in the middle of the rug. we filled it with fish and turtle manipulatives to simulate pond life. i then walked around the pond like i was having a big picnic and began throwing \" clean \" garbage onto the pond. soon, the pond was fully covered in garbage and we couldn ' t see any of the animals. we talked about how this was harmful and how quickly the pond got very dirty even though it was only a few pieces of garbage. each friend got to pick up a piece of trash to help clean our pond. soon the pond was clean and the friends decided the fish and turtles were happy again! our show and tell this week was quite impressive. i understand the importance of show and tell, but i struggle with the \" toy \" issue. i encourage the friends to bring in something theme related other than a toy, but often that ' s all that shows up. i have participated in several good discussions this year and really plan to work on this next year, but with only a few weeks left, i ' m just resigned to letting it go. i do, however, really try to promote ( not really brainwashing : ) bringing in something to share that relates to our theme. this week, a few friends really got creative. a few brought in recyclables like paper towel rolls and newspapers and that sort of thing. one friend brought this really cool shopping bag made from recycled plastics. we read the tag and talked about how the trash was made into something that is earth friendly, all because someone took the time to recycle. we also talked about the images on the bag and why they are earth friendly symbols. one of the friends made this really cool music shaker from a milk jug and rice! and one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5238002822806367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0981741d-0b16-4e99-a9ad-32a6c81760d9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.237308"}
{"text": "a depressing opinion article in the new york times last week highlighted a study showing low access to books among poor children in philadelphia, as well as a nonprofit organization called first book that tries to put new books in poor children \u2019 s hands. the study shows that there aren \u2019 t many books for sale near poor children in philadelphia, and that if there were a lot of families couldn \u2019 t afford them. it also demonstrates that even when there are school and public libraries around, they have many fewer books than such libraries in philadelphia \u2019 s wealthier parts of town. in other words, a lot of time and expense went into proving that poor kids don \u2019 t have as much of anything as rich kids. this kind of thing might be truly surprising to tenured professors at big research universities, but not to anyone else. a paragraph from the report shows just how blinkered much literacy research is : research in early literacy, however, has tended to focus on the immediate setting \u2013 the relation of family characteristics, book reading habits. instructional features in the school, and their impact on children \u2019 s early literacy development \u2013 not on the larger contexts, both formal and informal, that may affect events within the immediate settings. for example, it is assumed that middle - class parents \u2019 book reading habits with young children are a key factor in children \u2019 s early literacy preparation, and not merely a proxy for all the other events and activities that involve children in literacy in the larger community. similarly, it is assumed by school districts, as well as society at large, that individual schools in high - socioeconomic status areas produce children who excel in school achievement. but rarely is it recognized that these children generally have higher skills to begin with due to advantages outside school, and not on what the school necessarily provides. if it \u2019 s \u201c rarely recognized \u201d that children from richer families have higher skills because they have more advantages outside school, then the researchers haven \u2019 t spent much time watching rich kids or poor kids. rich kids have camps and vacations and museums and tutors and parents who push them to succeed in the ways rich people find valuable. poor kids have television and street gangs. though i applaud any groups, including librarians, who try to get books into the hands of children, studies of poverty and education are mostly pointless, because they diagnose problems that won \u2019 t be solved, even if they possibly could be solved. philadelphia is a good example, but many other cities could stand in, such as baltimore or detroit. large pockets of such cities are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4628211390113182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6b8059f-1614-4875-bd0f-17ccd5f2f1ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.246536"}
{"text": "mostly pointless, because they diagnose problems that won \u2019 t be solved, even if they possibly could be solved. philadelphia is a good example, but many other cities could stand in, such as baltimore or detroit. large pockets of such cities are wastelands of poverty, the kind of poverty most of us don \u2019 t see unless we go there, and we don \u2019 t go there. it \u2019 s easy to talk about all the opportunities for education in philadelphia. there are plenty of museums, one ivy league university, a large midlevel state university, a lot of historical buildings, monuments, and organizations. i enjoy conferencing in philadelphia because there \u2019 s a lot to do, and in a relatively compact area. go to north philly, and you find block after block of destitution, drugs, and crime. one neighborhood in north philly was this list \u2019 s 16th most dangerous neighborhood in america. high school graduation rates hover at 50 - 60 % in much of the city, and much less in certain schools. what does this have to to with libraries? not much, i suppose. libraries usually don \u2019 t go out of their way to put books in the hands of children. the children have to come to them. even then, the books are only borrowed, when a good predictor of children \u2019 s literacy is access to a home library. the founder of first book \u201c saw that children \u2019 s eyes lit up when they were given a book of their own, particularly a new book with an attractive cover. \u201d i wonder how many new books with attractive covers there are in libraries in poor sections of philadelphia. libraries can \u2019 t be the problem, but they \u2019 re not part of the solution, at least not in philadelphia. the philadelphia free library map of locations shows three libraries open near that dangerous neighborhood. they \u2019 re not open in the evenings, and only two are open saturday during the day, and none of them have book drops, according to the website. i assume that means that not only do you have to check out books during business hours, but return them as well. the study mentioned chestnut hill, a wealthier part of town, and its branch of the free library is open until 9pm two nights a week as well as all day saturday, plus it has a book drop. one city, 50 + libraries, unequal access. the gap increases when wealthy suburbs are compared with inner city or rural libraries and schools. the difference in opportunities between that dangerous north philly neighborhood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48184447800712504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6b8059f-1614-4875-bd0f-17ccd5f2f1ad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.248181"}
{"text": "all day saturday, plus it has a book drop. one city, 50 + libraries, unequal access. the gap increases when wealthy suburbs are compared with inner city or rural libraries and schools. the difference in opportunities between that dangerous north philly neighborhood and, say, one of the wealthy main line suburbs is staggering. or it would be, if enough people cared, but they don \u2019 t. what \u2019 s the point of more studies that point out the obvious? oh, sure, you care, of course, and i care, but not enough to start an organization like first book, or enough to organize politically, or anything else that had any potential to be effective. it wouldn \u2019 t be effective anyway. we elect politicians who don \u2019 t keep their promises because they can \u2019 t. there \u2019 s no political will to really help the poor anyway, even if we knew effective ways of doing so. a permanent underclass exists, contained and forgotten by most of us. what can librarians do about all this? nothing at all. some of comments in the times suggested libraries as a solution to literacy problems, but the libraries are already there, for now. libraries are mostly for middle class people to indulge their leisure reading habits, though, so when it comes to the very poor, you can build a library, but they might not come. people who don \u2019 t read don \u2019 t use libraries, and neither do their children. maybe the ala can make a new read poster or something to make us all feel better.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4545150523533934, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6b8059f-1614-4875-bd0f-17ccd5f2f1ad>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.250204"}
{"text": "every ten years when the census is complete, federal law requires that state and local governing bodies begin the process of redistricting if there have been significant shifts in population since the last census due to deaths, births, and migrations. the census bureau has an april 1 deadline for sending data to the states and then on to local levels. once the data is received, each governing body will begin its work of recreating districting plans, which must be complete in time for the next election. the lwvus promotes four essential principles to assure representative government : 1. an accurate and complete count in census 2010, and all future censuses, is an building block for all redistricting effort ; 2. the process used for redistricting must be transparent to the public ; 3. the redistricting process, at all levels of government, must provide data, tools and opportunities for the public to have direct public input into specific plans under consideration by the redistricting body ; 4. in order to achieve representative democracy, redistricting plans must be drawn in a manner that allows elected bodies to reflect the diversity of the populace, especially racial and ethnic diversity. in michigan, the state legislature will draw lines for us congressional districts and the state legislature. in wayne county, an apportionment commission will be appointed ; they have sixty days to come with a districting plan and to decide how many districts there will be. once the plan is complete, it must then be presented for public comment. facts that will influence michigan \u2019 s districts what are the guidelines for drawing districts? 1. all districts are to be single - member districts and should have as close to equal population as possible. 2. all district lines must be contiguous. 3. all districts must be compact and nearly square in shape as is practical, depending on the geography of the county area involved. 4. no township or part of a township can be combined with any city or part of a city to create a single district, unless necessary to meet the population standard. 5. townships, villages, and cities can be divided only, if necessary to meet the population standard. 6. precincts can only be divided if necessary to meet the population standard. 7. residents of state institutions who are ineligible to vote, such as prison inmates, must be excluded from representation. 8. districts cannot be drawn to result in partisan representation. one principle of a democratic government is one man, one vote. the voter \u2019 s rights act prohibits states from imposing any \u201c voting qualifications or prere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44375769176387314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:504377ea-a9dd-4918-ae8c-8b3082bed97a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.255228"}
{"text": "inmates, must be excluded from representation. 8. districts cannot be drawn to result in partisan representation. one principle of a democratic government is one man, one vote. the voter \u2019 s rights act prohibits states from imposing any \u201c voting qualifications or prerequisites to voting, or standard practice or procedure to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the us to vote on account of race or color. this act was passed in 1965 - it was sent to congress by president johnson. why does it matter? from a pamphlet written by the michigan redistricting collaborative they state \u201c today in michigan, the districts are drawn by elected officials, whose interests are different than the interests of voters as a whole. the districts are often drawn to provide an advantage to the political party in control of the process. this issue isn \u2019 t a republican or democratic matter - both parties do it equally when they have the opportunity. this means voters \u2019 voices are often limited. after reviewing election results from 2000 to 2010, the center for michigan reported that \u2018 only about one in seven michigan residents live in what could be deemed a consistently competitive swing district. in the michigan house, only 25 of 110 districts changed party control over the past decade ; in the senate only 6 of 38. \u2019 in 2006, only 45 percent of michigan voters supported republican candidates for the state senate. yet due to skillful map drawing, republicans won 55 percent of the seats in the senate, and were able to control the body. similar actions in wayne county, for instance, result in democrats winning 14 of 15 seats - 94 percent - despite taking 72 percent of the vote. many districts are drawn with a goal of helping elect one partisan politician, or at least to benefit one party or the other. the process of redistricting is typically heavily influenced by lobbyists and pacs and other partiese with vested interests. this is not good for democracy, in which voters - not partisan leaders or lobbyists - are supposed to be in charge! \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45435197611573613, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:504377ea-a9dd-4918-ae8c-8b3082bed97a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.256145"}
{"text": "what is hair growth? while many of us may wish for long, luscious, healthy hair, we are not always that lucky. growing your hair requires time, effort and patience! often people who have dry, damaged or very thin, limp hair struggle to grow their hair. this may partly be due to a poor diet, underlying diseases, hormonal changes, certain medications, hair treatments such as bleaching, dyeing, tight braiding, blow drying, straightening or hot curlers. most people are not even aware that the hair on their heads has a lifespan of their own and that shedding of hair is normal, natural and healthy. to understand how your hair works, you firstly have to understand the anatomy of hair and how hair grows. anatomy of hair hair is composed of two basic structures \u2013 the follicle which is found in the skin and the hair shaft lies above the skin. the follicle consists of several layers and each layer has its own specific functions. at the base of the follicle is a stocking - like structure called papilla which contain capillaries and supply blood to the cells. surrounding the bottom part of papilla is a structure known as the bulb. the follicle is surrounded by two sheaths \u2013 inner and outer sheaths. there primary function is to protect the hair shaft and to help shape it so that it grows in the correct direction. the inner sheath runs next to the hair shaft, ending at the sebaceous gland. the outer sheath runs next to the gland, ending at the erector pili muscle \u2013 hair stand on end when this muscle contracts. the hair shaft is made up of three layers of dead, hard protein called keratin. the innermost layer is called the medulla and may not always be present in the hair shaft. the cortex is situated in the second layer and makes up most of the hair shaft \u2013 this is part of the hair that provides bounce and curl. pigment cells that are spread throughout the cortex determine the color of your hair. the outermost layer is known as the cuticle and is responsible for the hair \u2019 s luster and sheen. hair growth cycle there are three phases of the hair growth cycle \u2013 anagen, catagen and telagen phases. anagen ( growing ) phase is defined as the growing or the \u2018 on \u2019 phase where the hair cells grow faster - hair cells divide and new hair growth occurs. the anagen phase normally lasts for approximately 1000 days, as long as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.497482836321525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:960bb59c-7119-4170-8c82-856d658db508>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.263113"}
{"text": "- education, training & outreach - patients & caregivers - for investigators - dementia in the news - media room usa today ( december 30, 2009 ) : ginkgo biloba has no effect on alzheimer ' s, dementia the popular botanical ginkgo biloba does not improve memory nor does it prevent cognitive decline in older people, according to the largest and longest scientific study ever undertaken to look at the supplement. an extract derived from the gingko tree, gingkgo biloba has been touted since the 1970s by the supplement industry and others as an aid to improving memory, cognitive decline, dementia and alzheimer ' s disease. ginkgo extract has been used in traditional chinese medicine for more than 500 years, according to the american botanical council. the study finding is \" disappointing news, \" says steven dekosky, dean of the university of virginia school of medicine and the study ' s senior author. the only positive thing the researchers found is that ginkgo appears to be safe, he says. the results are from the ginkgo evaluation of memory study, funded by the national center for complementary and alternative medicine, a center of the national institutes of health. the randomized, double - blind and placebo - controlled study was conducted at six medical centers and involved more than 3, 000 people between ages 72 and 96 for seven years. the report is in today ' s journal of the american medical association.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.466885495927612, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86710e3d-8572-44b0-8d95-b939cf361616>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.266160"}
{"text": "newt gingrich is the current front runner in the gop primary. he has been noted to have a \u201c commanding \u201d lead in the polls. yet there are so many problems that newt would face in the general election, that it seems unlikely that he could sustain this lead.. however in a recent interview, gingrich has promoted perhaps the most offensive, deranged, bigoted suggestion for solving the tragedy of child poverty in this country. calling child labor laws \u201c tragic \u201d and \u201c stupid \u201d, gingrich explained that america \u2019 s child labor laws have \u201c done more to create income inequality in the u. s. than any other single policy. \u201d in an unprecedented moment of inspiration, gingrich suggested we eliminate janitors in public schools, and allow children to take pride in their schools by cleaning their toilets. newt \u2019 s plan would result in encouraging kids to take pride in the sparkling of a toilet bowl, instead of the amorphous sense of accomplishment of winning a football game, becoming a national merit scholar, being inducted in the national honor society, or winning a spelling bee. instead of striving to win a national debate tournament, our kids could set their sights on the high that comes from inhalation of bathroom cleaning products. childhood poverty is a huge problem in the united states. fifteen million children, 21 % of all children in the u. s., live below the federal poverty level. poverty has been shown to impede a child \u2019 s ability to learn. both mental and physical health problems are associated with childhood poverty. poverty is the single greatest threat to a child \u2019 s well - being. more than 23 % of the nation \u2019 s children have at least one foreign - born parent. immigrant families are disproportionately likely to experience poverty. while immigrant families have high employment rates, they are more likely to receive low wages, and are less likely to benefit from government work supports. thus newt gingrich believes that the solution is to teach the children of these immigrants to perform menial labor, such as janitorial work. in this way the country promotes a culture of ignorance and ensures that we will continue to have a work force of children constantly available. here in the united states, especially near the mexican border, children of all ages work with their migrant parents in vegetable fields. perhaps as many as 800, 000 kids pick vegetables by hand in america. sixty - five percent drop out of school before their high school graduation. thus immigrant children might be available to clean bathrooms in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45133928401868095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:831e2a28-31e5-415c-b4d7-506cf6d3a5c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.269176"}
{"text": "in my earlier post on the meaning of understanding, i describe understanding of mathematics as making connections : to understand is to make connections. these connections are not done in random. concepts are linked with other concepts in order to create a richer image for the new concept that is being learned. to understand therefore is to form concept image. and a concept image is not formed by defining the concept. the definition of a concept is different from the concept image. let me share with you a an excerpt from my paper which discusses this idea. you can view the references here. understanding the definition does not imply understanding the concept. in order to understand a concept one must have a concept image for it. one \u2019 s concept image includes all the non - verbal entities, visual representations, impressions and experiences that are created in our mind by a mention of a concept name ( vinner, 1992 ). vinner stressed that the concept definition is not the first thing that is learned in understanding a concept but the experiences associated with it, which becomes part of one \u2019 s concept image. vinner believes that in carrying out cognitive tasks, the mind consults the concept image rather than the concept definition. vergnaud ( 1997 ) also noted, \u201c it is misleading, even in mathematics [ despite its precision in defining ], to consider that the properties of a concept are self - contained in its definition \u201d ( p. 5 ). to study and understand how mathematical concepts are develop in students \u2019 minds through their experience both in and outside school, vergnaud proposed that one needs to consider a concept c as a three - uple of three sets : c = ( s, i, r ) s : the set of situations that make the concept useful and meaningful. i : the set of operational invariants that can be used by individuals to deal with these situations. r : the set of symbolic representations, linguistic, graphic or gestural that can be used to represent invariants, situations and procedures ( p. 6 ) what are these telling us mathematics teachers? well, firstly, that it is not a good practice to start with concept definitions and secondly that it is important to design learning experiences that will create and enrich the concept image because it is then and only then when students can relate to the definition. definitions are already an abstraction of the concept. for example, if you give the child the definition of a dog, do you think he \u2019 d recognize one if he sees one? kidding. in order to be suitable to learners, a definition must consist of concepts known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6508845510288463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1bc267a-503c-46ba-b15b-b771e36a114d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.273735"}
{"text": "health care providers can learn to communicate better with patientsdecember 19th, 2012 in health medical students, doctors and nurses can be taught to use a more holistic, patient - centered approach during medical consultations, focusing on the person and not just their medical complaint, finds a new review in the cochrane library. furthermore, short term training ( less than 10 hours ) was as effective as longer - term training. patient - centered care, which figures prominently in the new u. s. healthcare reform bill, is being promoted for its potential to encourage good health behavior and health outcomes, and to possibly reduce healthcare costs. \" our study showed that healthcare providers can be trained effectively to involve patients in those patients ' own health decisions. providers, including those still in training, can acquire skills to enhance their communication with patients about their concerns and treatment options, \" wrote review authors francesca dwamena, m. d. and robert smith, m. d., of the college of medicine at michigan state university and gelareh sadigh, m. d., of the university of michigan medical center. the 43 studies reviewed involved teaching clinicians how to share control of the medical consultation process and health care decision - making by focusing on patients ' personal preferences. health care providers and patients who participated in the patient - centered interventions reported small improvements in patient satisfaction, the health care consultation process and health status. john f. p. bridges, ph. d., associate professor in the department of health policy & management at the johns hopkins school of public health commented that though the review was accurate, implementation of the findings about the promotion of promote patient - centered care is limited by the lack of a detailed understanding of what actually constitutes patient - centeredness. \" there ' s a general lack of understanding of what patients truly desire from health care, \" bridges notes. \" successfully designing and implementing interventions to promote patient - centeredness in the absence of such a comprehensive understanding of the needs and wants of patients is like trying to design modern drugs in the absence of an understanding of biology. how much of these things should we be doing, and what nature of things? where? and what is it worth? \" more information : dwamena f, holmes - rovner m, gaulden cm, jorgenson s, sadigh g, sikorskii a, lewin s, smith rc, coffey j, olomu a. interventions for providers to promote a patient - centred approach in clinical consultations. cochrane database of systematic reviews.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47742720130313426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b550b1fd-a019-440d-80f9-6c864780af1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.282040"}
{"text": "imagine having hands so sensitive to cold that each winter they would swell and split open, so that just grabbing a carton of milk out of the refrigerator makes them whiten and throb with pain. then imagine learning to raise the temperature in your hands so that you could hold the carton of milk and do it without any pain. this is an example of what biofeedback training is attempting to accomplish for certain medical problems, such as raynaud ' s disease, a circulatory disorder that can cause its victims extreme discomfort and debilitation. for raynaud ' s disease, this therapy has not been found to be clearly effective, but there may be benefits for some other conditions. currently, incomplete but encouraging evidence suggests that biofeedback may indeed offer at least modest benefits for a variety of conditions, including anxiety, low back pain, insomnia, and female stress incontinence. there is mixed evidence as to whether biofeedback helps with migraine and tension headaches. the major advantages of biofeedback are that it is noninvasive, has virtually no side effects, and is possibly effective over the long - term. the major disadvantage for some is that it requires effort, commitment, and involvement on the part of patients. how biofeedback works every time you scratch an itch, grab a snack when you ' re hungry, or use the bathroom when you feel the urge, you are responding to biofeedback cues from your body about your physiological state. with biofeedback training, however, you are cued by sensors attached to your body. these sensors measure heart rate, the temperature of your extremities, the muscle tension in specific muscle groups, or, in neurofeedback, the kinds of brain waves you are emitting. this information is conveyed by visual displays or sounds. using imagery and mental exercises, you learn to control these functions, using the feedback provided by the sensors as a gauge of success. with practice, you can learn to \" tune in \" without instrumentation and control these functions at will during ordinary life. for example, in a biofeedback training session for headache, temperature sensors would be attached first to your hands, then to your feet, and finally to your forehead, if needed. your goal would be to increase blood flow away from the brain by raising the temperature in your hands and feet and eventually lowering it in your temples. other sensors might monitor your electrodermal or galvanic skin response", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5303933543377123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed843a53-3adf-4646-97a8-d0af35f62ec1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.287983"}
{"text": "to your forehead, if needed. your goal would be to increase blood flow away from the brain by raising the temperature in your hands and feet and eventually lowering it in your temples. other sensors might monitor your electrodermal or galvanic skin response, how easily you sweat or get goose bumps, because this affects your ability to alter your skin temperature. to warm up your hands and feet, you might imagine basking in the sun on a beach while listening to a script like \" i feel warm \u2026 my hands are growing warm and heavy \u2026 \" both the image and the script would be tailored to you personally to evoke a vivid and relaxing mental image. after your training session, you would be sent home with an audio version of the script and small thermometers to use for your daily practice. who needs to be involved with biofeedback? any biofeedback treatment program should involve your primary healthcare provider and relevant specialists, such as urologists, cardiologists, or neurologists. the training is often most effective when integrated with other types of therapy, such as medicine or cognitive - behavioral therapy. neurofeedback, also called eeg feedback, is the most controversial form of biofeedback therapy, largely because so few controlled clinical trials have been able to assess its efficacy. neurofeedback is the \" retraining \" of brainwave patterns. although controversial, it is experiencing a resurgence of interest in the treatment of a variety of disorders, including depression, fibromyalgia, attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ), and alcoholism. in a neurofeedback training session, several sensors that measure your brain ' s electrical activity are attached to your scalp. you relax and play a video game, which is controlled just by your brain waves and responds favorably to brain waves of the desired pattern. as you play the game, your trainer observes your electroencephalogram ( eeg ), transmitted to a separate video terminal. most practitioners recommend at least 20 sessions to obtain significant, long - lasting results, although improvement is usually noted early on if the treatment protocol is right for you. a note of caution : be sure that the practitioner that you choose to work with has training and experience in using neurofeedback. ask lots of questions and talk with your primary care doctor before starting a treatment program. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 12 / 2011 - - update date : 12 / 28 / 2011 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5198791542477812, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed843a53-3adf-4646-97a8-d0af35f62ec1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.289038"}
{"text": "aero thermal & mechanical systems niskayuna, ny usa more than 50 years ago, richard feynman urged the pursuit of micro and nano scale devices. this pursuit has brought significant advances in micro and nano electronics made possible by the transistor. more recently, mems devices, built from similar materials and leveraging the same tools set at silicon based electronics, have made their way into existence. there is even an industry group dedicated to advancing mems. just a few weeks back, the managing director of the mems industry group stopped by our research center to learn more about our ongoing research. about 15 years ago, the new york times published an article about the future of an exciting technology called mems. we are living the realization of mems technology and today, ge is on the verge of enabling a whole new revolution in mems applications. but i digress. first of all, you are probably wondering what mems devices are. mems stands for micro electromechanical systems and are tiny ( smaller than the width of your hair ) microscopic sensors and actuators that most of us use every day without ever realizing it. if you are reading this blog post from a smart phone, you are using mems inertial sensing devices right now to control your screen orientation. if you drove a car to work today, a mems accelerometer was protecting you in your car \u2019 s airbag sensor. some of the very first mems devices were ink - jet print heads and pressure sensors. later today when you de - stress from a long work day playing your favorite wii game, you will encounter mems again. the mems accelerometers and gyroscopes in the game controller are what senses your motion and is what makes these games possible. yes, mems devices are all around us! be sure to check out the short clip below where i explain how mems devices are used in different parts of a car including the engine, tires and the airbags. our mems team is developing an entirely new class of devices that will span across numerous applications from consumer to commercial and industrial products. this device platform is enabled by novel materials that deliver orders of magnitude improvement to device performance. we \u2019 re excited to soon share with all of you what ge researchers are doing with mems technology. next week, we will take you inside our cleanroom where much of our mems work is done. and two weeks from now, we will reveal some of revolutionary applications we are working to enable.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5801650408421652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb46a39-8fe7-47b6-a88d-9138c90d8586>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.295346"}
{"text": "minn., wis. wolf hunts show different approaches to managementby stephanie hemphill, minnesota public radio st. paul, minn. \u2014 minnesota ' s first - ever regulated hunting season for wolves opens this weekend. wisconsin ' s wolf hunt has been under way for almost two weeks. when it comes to wolves, minnesota and wisconsin have a lot in common - - in fact, wisconsin ' s wolves probably migrated from minnesota. but differences in the hunts point up divergent approaches to wolf management. and some observers worry about whether both hunts will disrupt wolf packs enough to cause more problems than before. the big question is : how many wolves can people kill before they start to put the overall population at risk? minnesota has about 3, 000 wolves ; wisconsin has about 850. the minnesota dnr ' s target kill for this year is 400 wolves, or about 13 percent of the population. wisconsin plans to allow 201 wolves to be killed, or about 24 percent. in wisconsin, 85 licenses are reserved for native americans and are unlikely to be used. researchers say a wolf population can handle human - caused deaths of about 30 percent of the population. wisconsin ' s 24 percent target comes close to that. but wolves also die from causes other than hunting : cars and poaching and depradation control. they can take out betweeen 8 and 33 percent of the population in any given year. in theory, people could kill 57 percent of wisconsin wolves this year and 46 percent of minnesota ' s wolves. but wildlife managers in both states do not believe the kill will come close to those levels. the wisconsin dnr ' s land division administrator, kurt thiede, said some of the wolves that hunters and trappers kill might have died from something else. \" it ' s the old argument of whether it ' s compensatory or additive mortality, \" thiede said, \" and that ' s one of the things we ' ll be learning this year in this first season. \" minnesota has not set a goal for a maximum wolf population, while wisconsin has. it wants to reduce the number of wolves to 350 and keep it there. timothy van deelen, a wolf expert at the university of wisconsin, said the state will have a hard time managing such a small population. he said that even minor mistakes can be destabilizing and lead to uncontrolled population growth or collapse. \" that ' s the issue that i think the managers and the decision makers don ' t fully appreciate, is just how difficult", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4397705491755257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51522bf1-0f92-4f24-b934-669397610477>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.313023"}
{"text": ". he said that even minor mistakes can be destabilizing and lead to uncontrolled population growth or collapse. \" that ' s the issue that i think the managers and the decision makers don ' t fully appreciate, is just how difficult it is to have sustainability - - to have stability - - at that low population size, \" he said. there is a lot that researchers do not know about the impact of hunting on wolf populations. for example, no one knows what might happen to wolf packs if the pack ' s leaders are killed. some research suggests removing breeding males or females can reduce pup survival. young wolves need these pack leaders to teach them how to hunt. randy jurewicz, a retired wildlife ecologist for the wisconsin dnr, worried about losing the strong, savvy wolves in packs. \" there is a possibility that if you take out the biggest and best deer - killing wolves out of a pack, \" jurewicz said, \" you may turn the rest of that pack into depredators. \" it ' s easier to go kill a sheep than it is to run down a deer. \" but the minnesota dnr ' s large carnivore specialist, dan stark, disagreed. he said wolf packs have a high turnover rate, and there are always wolves around to take over key roles. stark said that minnesota ' s goal in this first season is not to reduce the population or to kill problem wolves, though that might be tried in future seasons. \" this year it ' s just to gather information about hunting and trapping wolves in the state, \" he said, \" and allow a harvest of wolves that ' s going to be sustainable. both states ' natural resource agencies are working from a script written by their respective legislatures. wisconsin ' s law permits the use of dogs to hunt wolves, but a coalition of animal welfare groups persuaded the court to stop that, at least for this season. in minnesota, the dnr wanted to delay the wolf season until after deer season closed, but the legislature decreed the hunt would begin on the opening day of rifle deer season on saturday. both states hope to learn a lot from the first season and will probably tweak wolf hunting in future years. \u2022 follow stephanie hemphill on twitter : http : / / www. twitter. com / mpr _ hemphill - morning edition, 10 / 29 / 2012, 8 : 45 a. m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.427033175153882, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51522bf1-0f92-4f24-b934-669397610477>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.314881"}
{"text": "scientists have designed a brain implant that sharpened decision making and restored lost mental capacity in monkeys, providing the first demonstration in primates of the sort of brain prosthesis that could eventually help people with damage from dementia, strokes or other brain injuries. the device, though years away from commercial development, gives researchers a model for how to support and enhance fairly advanced mental skills in the frontal cortex of the brain, the seat of thinking and planning. the new report appeared thursday in the journal of neural engineering. in just the past decade, scientists have developed brain implants that improve vision or allow disabled people to use their thoughts to control prosthetic limbs or move computer cursors. the new paper, led by researchers at wake forest baptist medical center and the university of southern california, describes a device that improves brain function internally, by fine - tuning communication among neurons. previous studies have shown that a neural implant can do this for memory in rodents, but the new report extends that work significantly, experts said \u2014 into brains that are much closer to those of humans. in the study, researchers at wake forest trained five rhesus monkeys to play a picture - matching game. the monkeys saw an image on a large screen \u2014 of a toy, a person, a mountain range \u2014 and tried to select the same image from a larger group of images that appeared on the same screen a little while later. the monkeys got a treat for every correct answer. after two years of practice, the animals developed some mastery, getting about 75 percent of the easier matches correct and 40 percent of the harder ones, markedly better than chance guessing. the monkeys were implanted with a tiny probe with two sensors ; it was threaded through the forehead and into two neighboring layers of the cerebral cortex, the thin outer covering of the brain. the two layers, called l - 2 / 3 and l - 5, are known to communicate with each other during decision making of the sort that the monkeys were doing when playing the matching game. the device recorded the crackle of firing neurons during the animals \u2019 choices and transmitted it to a computer. researchers at u. s. c., led by theodore berger, analyzed this neural signal, and determined its pattern when the monkeys made correct choices. to test the device, the team relayed this \u201c correct \u201d signal into the monkeys \u2019 brains when they were in the middle of choosing a possible picture match, and it improved their performance by about 10 percent. the researchers then impaired the monkeys \u2019 performance deliberately, by dosing them with cocaine. their scores", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5205523743283322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa5e6000-2d56-42f8-b2c7-88299f5a4609>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.318682"}
{"text": "correct \u201d signal into the monkeys \u2019 brains when they were in the middle of choosing a possible picture match, and it improved their performance by about 10 percent. the researchers then impaired the monkeys \u2019 performance deliberately, by dosing them with cocaine. their scores promptly fell by 20 percent. \u201c but when you turn on the stimulator, they don \u2019 t make those errors ; in fact, they do a little better than normal, \u201d said robert e. hampson of wake forest, a study author. his co - authors were sam a. deadwyler, ioan opris and lucas santos, all of wake forest ; dr. berger, vasilis marmarelis and dong song of u. s. c. ; and greg a. gerhardt of the university of kentucky. the technology used in the study could easily be contained on an implantable chip, dr. deadwyler said, and it is possible to envision a system that could help people with brain damage. \u201c the whole idea is that the device would generate an output pattern that bypasses the damaged area, providing an alternative connection \u201d in the brain, he said. many hurdles remain. decision making, like memory, is a multifaceted process that involves many neural circuits, depending on the decision being made. a device focused on just one circuit is likely to be very limited. but not long ago, even a simple neural prosthesis would have seemed like science fiction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5303167249791427, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa5e6000-2d56-42f8-b2c7-88299f5a4609>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.319199"}
{"text": "one more word december 7, 2000 in last month ' s column, i talked about the basics of working with microsoft word documents programmatically, and discussed how to work with the contents of a document using the range object. i got a lot of interesting feedback on that column, along with requests for some additional information. specifically, readers asked about working with documents using the selection object and working with bookmarks programmatically. so, this month i will talk about the selection object, provide some information on the differences between the selection object and the range object, and give you some information on programmatically working with bookmarks in word documents. working with the selection object the selection object represents the currently selected text in a word document. the selection object is always present in a document ; if no text is selected, it represents the insertion point. unlike the range object, there can only be one selection object at a time. you can use the selection object ' s type property to get information about the state of the current selection. for example, if there is no current selection, the selection object ' s type property returns wdselectionip. the type property will return one of nine values represented by the wdselectiontype enumerated constants. you use the selection property to return a selection object. the selection property is available from the application, window, and pane objects. however, because the selection property is global, you can refer to it without referencing another object first. for example, the following sample code illustrates how you use the selection property to get information about the currently selected text : sub selectioncurrentinfo ( ) dim strmessage as string with selection if. characters. count > 1 then strmessage = \" the selection object in ' \" _ & activedocument. name & \" ' contains \" _ &. characters. count & \" characters, \" _ &. words. count & \" words, \" &. sentences. count _ & \" sentences, and \" &. paragraphs. count _ & \" paragraphs. \" msgbox strmessage end if end with end sub the next example shows how you can use the range property of the selection object to replace currently selected text : sub changeselectedtext ( ) dim rngdoccontent as word. range dim strnewtext as string if selection. type = wdselectionip then msgbox \" please select a word to replace before running \" _ & \" this procedure. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5486105255868011, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83cac2ce-dccb-48cd-8cc4-6989d529af14>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.333098"}
{"text": "dim rngdoccontent as word. range dim strnewtext as string if selection. type = wdselectionip then msgbox \" please select a word to replace before running \" _ & \" this procedure. \" exit sub else strnewtext = inputbox ( \" enter text to replace ' \" _ & selection. text & \" '. \", \" replace existing text \" ) if len ( strnewtext ) = 0 then exit sub end if set rngdoccontent = selection. range rngdoccontent. text = strnewtext end sub when it comes to manipulating text, the selection and range objects have many methods and properties in common. however, the selection object has a unique set of methods for manipulating text. these are the typetext, typeparagraph, and typebackspace methods. you use these methods to enter or remove text, and to insert paragraph marks in a selection object. in order to get the results you expect, there are a few things you need to understand about these methods. the typemethodname methods may delete existing text, depending on the value of the options object ' s replaceselection property. the replaceselection property returns the value of the typing replaces selection option on the edit tab in the options dialog box. when the replaceselection property is true, using any of the typename methods will result in the currently selected text being replaced. when the replaceselection property is false, the typetext and typeparagraph methods add text or a paragraph mark to the beginning of the current selection. in addition, when the replaceselection property is false, the typebackspace method behaves the same as the collapse method of a range or selection object when the wdcollapsestart constant is specified in the direction argument. the collapse method collapses a range or selection so that its starting point and ending point are the same. comparing the selection object and the range object in many ways, the selection object is like a range object. the selection object represents an arbitrary portion of a document. it has properties that represent characters, words, sentences, paragraphs, and other objects in a word document. the main difference is that when you use the range object, it ' s not necessary to first select the text. in addition, there can be only one selection object at a time, but the number of range objects you can create is unlimited. the selection object and the range object have many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4967119516360161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83cac2ce-dccb-48cd-8cc4-6989d529af14>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.334179"}
{"text": "the range object, it ' s not necessary to first select the text. in addition, there can be only one selection object at a time, but the number of range objects you can create is unlimited. the selection object and the range object have many common methods and properties, and it is easy to return a range object from a selection object or to create a selection object from a range object. however, most things you can do with a selection object, you can do even faster with a range object. there are two main reasons for this : - the range object typically requires fewer lines of code to accomplish a task. - manipulating a range object does not incur the overhead associated with word having to move or change the selection \" highlight \" in the active document. in addition, you can do much more with a range object than you can with a selection object : - you can manipulate a range object without changing what the user has selected in the document. practically speaking, you could save the original selection by using a range object variable, manipulate the selection object programmatically, then use the saved range object ' s select method to display the original selection. but there is rarely a good reason to show the user that the selection is changing. some wordbasic developers relied on changing the selection to indicate to the user that the code was still running. but this is not the right way to convey information to a user. an operation that takes a long time to execute should signal its progress by using a progress meter or by posting status messages to the status bar. - you can maintain multiple range objects in your code, and, where necessary, store those objects in a custom collection object. you cannot do these two things by using only the selection object. working with bookmarks in many ways, a bookmark object is similar to a selection or range object in that it represents a contiguous area in a document. it has a starting position and an ending position, and it can be as small as the insertion point or as large as the entire document. however, a bookmark object differs from a selection or range object because you can give the bookmark object a name and it does not go away when your code stops running or when the document is closed. in addition, although bookmarks are normally hidden, you can make them visible by setting the view object ' s showbookmarks property to true. you use bookmarks to mark a location in a document or as a container for text in a document. the following examples illustrate these uses : - you can use book", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4643929882273937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83cac2ce-dccb-48cd-8cc4-6989d529af14>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.335920"}
{"text": "make them visible by setting the view object ' s showbookmarks property to true. you use bookmarks to mark a location in a document or as a container for text in a document. the following examples illustrate these uses : - you can use bookmarks to mark areas in a document that will contain data supplied by the user or obtained from an outside source. for example, a business letter template may have bookmarks marking the locations for name and address information. your visual basic for applications ( vba ) code could obtain the data from the user or from a database, then insert it in the locations marked by bookmarks. once a location is marked, navigating to that location is as simple as navigating to the bookmark. you can determine whether a document contains a specific bookmark by using the bookmarks collection ' s exists method. you display a bookmark location by using the bookmark object ' s select method. once a bookmark is selected, the selection object and the bookmark object represent the same location in the document. - if you have a document that contains boilerplate text that you need to modify in certain circumstances, you can use vba code to insert different text in these specified locations, depending on whether certain conditions are met. you can use a bookmark object ' s range property to create a range object, then use the range object ' s insertbefore method, insertafter method, or text property to add or modify the text within a bookmark. once you understand the subtleties associated with adding or changing text through vba code, working with bookmarks can be a powerful way to enhance your custom solutions in word. you add a bookmark by using the bookmarks collection ' s add method. you specify the bookmark ' s location by specifying a range or selection object in the add method ' s range argument. when you use the insertbefore method, the insertafter method, or the text property, a range object automatically expands to incorporate the new text. as you will see in the next few examples, a bookmark does not adjust itself as easily, but making a bookmark as dynamic as a range is a simple exercise. when you use the range object ' s insertbefore method to add text to a bookmark, the text is added to the start of the bookmark and the bookmark expands to include the new text. for example, if you had a bookmark named customeraddress on the following text ( the brackets appear when the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4749074434850348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83cac2ce-dccb-48cd-8cc4-6989d529af14>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.336857"}
{"text": "a bookmark, the text is added to the start of the bookmark and the bookmark expands to include the new text. for example, if you had a bookmark named customeraddress on the following text ( the brackets appear when the showbookmarks property is set to true ) : [ seattle, wa 12345 ] you could add the street address to this bookmark by using the following vba code : dim rngrange as word. range set rngrange = activedocument. bookmarks ( \" customeraddress \" ). range rngrange. insertbefore \" 1234 elm drive # 233 \" & vbcrlf as you might expect, the bookmark expands to include the additional address information : [ 1234 elm drive # 233 seattle, wa 12345 ] now suppose you wanted to use the insertafter method to add text to the end of a bookmark that contains the street address, and you want to add the city, state, and zip code information by using this code : dim rngrange as word. range set rngrange = activedocument. bookmarks ( \" customeraddress \" ). range rngrange. insertafter vbcrlf & \" seattle, wa 12345 \" note that when you use the insertafter method to add text to the end of a bookmark, the bookmark does not automatically expand to include the new text : [ 1234 elm drive # 233 ] seattle, wa 12345 this behavior could create problems if you were unaware of it. but now you are aware of it, and the solution is quite easy. the first part of the solution results from the benefits achieved when you use the selection and range objects together. the second part results from another aspect of bookmarks that you need to know : when you add a bookmark to a document in which the bookmark already exists, the original bookmark is deleted ( but not the text it contained ) when the new bookmark is created. the following sample code uses the insertafter method to add text to the end of the customeraddress bookmark. it then uses the range object ' s select method to create a selection object that covers all the text you want to bookmark. finally, it uses the bookmarks collection ' s add method to add a new bookmark that has the same name as the original bookmark, then uses the selection object ' s range property to specify the location of the bookmark : dim rngrange", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4307904964757082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83cac2ce-dccb-48cd-8cc4-6989d529af14>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.337808"}
{"text": ", it uses the bookmarks collection ' s add method to add a new bookmark that has the same name as the original bookmark, then uses the selection object ' s range property to specify the location of the bookmark : dim rngrange as word. range set rngrange = activedocument. bookmarks ( \" customeraddress \" ). range with rngrange. insertafter vbcrlf & \" seattle, wa 12345 \". select end with activedocument. bookmarks. add \" customeraddress \", selection. range if you use the range object ' s text property to replace the entire contents of a bookmark, you run into a similar problem : the text in the bookmark is replaced, but in the process, the bookmark itself is deleted. the solution to this problem is the same solution we used for the insertafter method in the preceding example. you insert the new text, use the range object ' s select method to select the text, then create a new bookmark that has the same name as the original bookmark. where to get more info the techniques discussed in this column should go a long way toward making you more productive when you work with the content of a word document programmatically. for additional information, check out the following resources : - for more information on working with the word object model, see the word technical articles section. - for more information about differences between how the selection and range objects work when using the find and replacement objects, see http : / / msdn. microsoft. com / library / default. asp? url = / library / en - us / modcore / html / deovrthefindreplacementobjects. asp. - to see the word object model diagram, see http : / / msdn. microsoft. com / library / default. asp? url = / library / en - us / odeomg / html / deovrmicrosoftword2000. asp. - as always, check in regularly at the office developer center for information and technical articles on office solution development. david shank is a programmer / writer on the office team specializing in developer documentation. rumor has it he lives high in the mountains to the east of redmond and is one of the few native northwesterners who still lives in the northwest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4540716882421979, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83cac2ce-dccb-48cd-8cc4-6989d529af14>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.338662"}
{"text": "metropolis and soa governance richard veryard and philip boxer service oriented architecture ( soa ) summary : in the service economy, we expect service - oriented systems to emerge that are increasingly large and complex, but that are also capable of behaviors that are increasingly differentiated. as we shall see, this is one of the key challenges of service oriented architecture ( soa ), and is discussed in this article. ( 20 printed pages ) from time to space the defining technology of the past thousand years was the clock, and the prevailing technological imperative has been to save time, to make things go faster or better than before. see box 1. box 1. chronarchy. the power of the clock. \" i was your slave, now you are mine : i am time. \" ( incredible string band ) modern mechanical clocks with falling weights were invented around a thousand years ago. the invention is often attributed to pope sylvester ii, who was an accomplished mathematician and scientist before becoming pope. under the rule of st. benedict, mediaeval monasteries used the clock to regulate labor and prayer. lewis mumford traces the origins of the industrial revolution to the rule of st. benedict, and to the domination of the clock. charlie chaplin ' s film modern times shows ( in exaggerated form ) the relentless power of the clock over the production line worker. business process engineering in the late twentieth century was focused on reducing cycle time, eliminating waiting. the key slogan : just - in - time. of course, it is too early to say what the defining technology of the next thousand years will turn out to be. but there are already some signs of a shift from an emphasis on time towards an emphasis on difference. the internet, for example, creates new kinds of difference in the relationships between people and organizations ; business organizations operate as differentiated nodes or clusters within complex networked ecosystems ; social and institutional cohesion is mapped against the coordinates of complex abstract dimensions of difference. our understanding of complexity itself rests upon the recognition that once we go beyond a certain threshold of difference in the behaviors of systems, it becomes impossible to predict their composite behavior. thus in the service economy, we expect service - oriented systems to emerge that are increasingly large and increasingly complex, but that are also capable of behaviors that are increasingly differentiated. as we shall see, this is one of the key challenges of service oriented architecture ( soa ). the city or metropolis is another large complex system, which many of us encounter in our everyday lives, and which we typically experience as differentiated in its behavior. our familiarity with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5040769001504821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.371819"}
{"text": "this is one of the key challenges of service oriented architecture ( soa ). the city or metropolis is another large complex system, which many of us encounter in our everyday lives, and which we typically experience as differentiated in its behavior. our familiarity with cities makes the metropolis a good starting place for working out the best approach to building and governing such large complex systems. furthermore, many of the key issues for the design and governance of large complex service - oriented systems arise also in the field of urban design, where they have been debated for decades ( although without reaching consensus ). as it happens, the latest heavyweight contribution to the debate on physical architecture and urban design comes from christopher alexander, whose long - awaited work on the nature of order has finally been published. alexander has had a profound influence on software engineering for many years \u2014 his early work on the synthesis of form influenced the structured methods of yourdon and demarco, while his middle work on patterns was taken up enthusiastically by large numbers of software engineers, especially in the oo world. from cities to soa in the twentieth century, two of the best writers on the nature of cities were lewis mumford and jane jacobs. mumford thought a well - ordered city needed central planning and infrastructure, while jacobs took a more anarchist position. box 2. soa governance questions from pat helland here are some of the issues raised in the city debate : adaptability : in nineteenth century england, manchester was highly adapted to the cotton industry, but failed to adapt to later waves of industrialization. meanwhile, birmingham was far more adaptable, and this enabled it to accommodate a series of industrial innovations. complexity : a city contains a vast quantity of social and commercial interaction. a living city allows for many different levels of such interaction, and for meaningful clusters and subclusters to emerge, which form an abstract hierarchy. governance : city planning requires orchestration of developments large and small, balancing local initiative and autonomy against global coherence. there are some strong parallels between town planning and service - oriented architecture, which make it reasonable to translate ideas and experience from urban design into the soa domain. the distribution of design : detailed design decisions are taken within different organizations, each following its own agenda ( commercial or political goals, for example ). the constancy of change : elements of the whole are constantly being redesigned and reconfigured, and new elements are constantly being added. structures must evolve in robust ways. the need for progressive improvement : each design increment should not only make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4902563269698549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.372919"}
{"text": "pavement. it is a question for city governance to decide what should / may go under the pavement. the articulation of a complex system into two layers ( one homogeneous, one heterogeneous ) is an architectural question. obviously there are companies with a significant commercial stake in this question. it is therefore worth being suspicious of an articulation that is presented as given by some historical tradition or technical imperative. apparently pure technocratic architectural judgments often conceal a commercial agenda. one of the functions of governance is to maintain a \" level playing field \" between different commercial agendas. for this reason, regulators often aspire to intervene at the architectural level. it is conceivable that something could look homogeneous from the supply side and heterogeneous from the demand side, or vice versa, so the boundary is itself relative to some supply / demand formulation. technology is constantly creating homogeneous / heterogeneous splits \u2014 for example, voice over ip technology creates a split between devices that care whether a bitstream represents voice or data ( and therefore regard the traffic as heterogeneous ), and devices that don ' t care ( and therefore regard the traffic as homogeneous ). one plausible basis for articulation of layers is the differential rate of change. it may appear to make sense to standardize and regulate the slow - moving layer, and allow greater diversity in the fast - moving layer. but an ecological perspective informs us that the slow - moving dominates the fast - moving. this entails a new role for architecture : - to maintain appropriate stratification of layers and coupling between elements within and across layers, and - to operate at a higher level of abstraction, implementing evidence - based design policies. existing approaches to defining architectures may not work very well, even for the homogenous bits. they certainly don ' t work for the heterogeneous bits, and they also don ' t help with defining the boundary between the homogeneous layer ( s ) and the heterogeneous layer ( s ). a consequence of our argument is that the boundary between homogeneous and heterogeneous ( as illustrated above ) is a proper focus of attention for architecture. we shall come back to what this means in practice. we cannot avoid the commoditization of our lives \u2014 but we should be wary of its dangers. fortunately, we no longer have to put up with one - size - fits - all software. situated software \u2014 software designed in and for a particular social situation or context \u2014 resists the traditional software engineering pressure towards generalization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5438840903815678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.375156"}
{"text": "be wary of its dangers. fortunately, we no longer have to put up with one - size - fits - all software. situated software \u2014 software designed in and for a particular social situation or context \u2014 resists the traditional software engineering pressure towards generalization, and apparently disregards the economics of scale / scope. instead, it works solely within a collaborative socio - technical system ( the \" community \" ) ; the conditions for the success of the software ( including meaning and trust ) are co - created by the members of the community. one of the earliest forms of situated software was the spreadsheet. power users built themselves complicated structures using visicalc or lotus 123 or excel. these were essentially non - transferable artifacts with many hidden assumptions, but they served a useful purpose within a given context. this illustrates the fact that situated software is assisted by the existence of tools and platforms that provide generalized support for situated software. the overwhelming success of the spreadsheet was due to the fact that it performed a useful function, while leaving the user free to create context - specific meanings. but the spreadsheet was also limited by the fact that these meanings were private and undocumented, and attempts to turn spreadsheets into shared artifacts typically failed. this is where the software factory comes in. there is a great opportunity here to produce software tools capable of supporting a rich diversity of end - user demand. a domain specific language ( dsl ) can be a way of bridging and holding open the gap between the general / public and the context - specific / private, and maintain the dynamic interaction between supply and demand. this dynamic needs to be driven by the way the end - user defines the relationship between domains and their business as a whole. the service economy is a complex ecosystem. service - oriented solutions are essentially systems of systems, and their composition should be mindful of complex systems theory. to maintain requisite variety ( and therefore survival of the fittest ) in such an ecosystem, we need diversity at all levels of abstraction. concentration of power the wal - mart economic system is unsustainable. it destroys the fabric of small shops on which a rich urban life depends. cities are somewhat paradoxical. on the one hand, a city is itself already a concentration of human activity. but the concentration processes are unstable, and can result in highly dysfunctional urban forms. historically, cities have had walls to keep out unwanted visitors. elsewhere, helland has advocated the fortress model of computing. but here, he seems to be envisioning a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5678506348619057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.377435"}
{"text": "concentration processes are unstable, and can result in highly dysfunctional urban forms. historically, cities have had walls to keep out unwanted visitors. elsewhere, helland has advocated the fortress model of computing. but here, he seems to be envisioning a continuous metropolitan fabric, where one city fades into the next ( as manchester merges into salford ). helland ' s plea for central investment ( the lewis mumford position ) provides a justification for corporate central planning and investment in it. many large and small organizations attempt to impose central it planning. however, in many organizations this is a losing battle. the actual situation of the it industry emerges from millions of small procurement decisions, and is closer to the idea of anarchic procurement ( the jane jacobs position ). salingaros draws on alexander to describe how the mumford and jacobs dispute can be resolved \u2014 but by adopting an approach that goes beyond simply attempting to reconcile the top - down with the bottom - up. preservation of the \" sacred \" a modern version of the sacred may be found in borgmann ' s notion of focal things and practices. the role of urban / system governance would be to create / preserve a space in which these focal things and practices can be developed and honored. in an agile demand economy, the source of the sacred is demand. this contrasts with a supply - side logic based on a presumption of symmetric demand, in which markets are defined to reflect the supplier, so that formations of demand are symmetrical to the formations of supply. in talking about virtual enterprises, helland writes : \" you have to consider the context in which the part will be used. is weight or ruggedness the principle concern? \" helland argues that standards are the key to enabling component providers to leverage the cost of optimization across a broader market, and this can be understood as supply - side logic. however, this issue goes beyond standardization ( here extended to business component models, enabling them to be encapsulated as component capabilities and orchestrated as a part of larger assemblies of processes ) and opens up the granularity of component capabilities with respect to each other. that is, what is the repertoire of alternative component capabilities available. this needs to be understood from the demand - side, as well. in considering business process, this argument is extended by analogy to the need for standardization and interchangeability in data and operations : \" people cheerfully accept standard stuff and customization is rare and expensive. but business process is still largely hand - crafted. there are poor standards \u2026 \" and so the argument goes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5822783182397226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.378541"}
{"text": "by analogy to the need for standardization and interchangeability in data and operations : \" people cheerfully accept standard stuff and customization is rare and expensive. but business process is still largely hand - crafted. there are poor standards \u2026 \" and so the argument goes for standardization providing a basis of extending a supply - side logic deeper into the provision of services, with business process becoming the driving force that dictates the shape and form of applications \" as surely as wal - mart drives the standards for many, many manufactured goods. \" this doesn ' t meet the challenge of the above retail cycle. this cycle describes the emergence of a new form of supply - demand relationship ( destination ), which expands to become a new form of offering alongside others ( comparison ), before it becomes commoditized ( cost ), and ultimately embedded into the user ' s context ( custom ). from here, the ground is prepared for a new cycle ( the transitional cusp ), and so on. this cycle is a dynamic process, in which the supply - side is constantly learning new forms of supply in response to a demand which is always evolving \u2014 and never fully satisfied. asymmetric demand describes the demand in its particular context - of - use, and this something - always - left - to - be - desired is a structural deficit that is always there driving the development of markets. commoditization is only the supply - side part of the story, the real issue being the way the dynamics of the formation of demand itself has to be supported. nature of order for several decades, christopher alexander has been exploring alternatives to conventional architectural practice. his latest work, the nature of order, was published last year. box 4. the nature of order. christopher alexander ' s manifesto figure 1. capability requirement according to alexander, large complex systems cannot be produced by a conventional design process \u2014 either top - down or bottom - up. instead, they emerge from an extended and collaborative ( evolutionary ) process. order and coherence come from the rules that govern this evolutionary process. this evolutionary process can be broken down into discrete steps, which may either preserve structure and wholeness, or destroy it. structure and wholeness is articulated as a recursive system of centers. services can easily be considered as centers of value. services can be composed into composite services, with service orchestration ( hopefully ) yielding coherence between recursive levels. a service - oriented enterprise can then be understood as a continuous corporate web of services. the architectural properties of this enterprise depend on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5466975287485374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.379646"}
{"text": "can be composed into composite services, with service orchestration ( hopefully ) yielding coherence between recursive levels. a service - oriented enterprise can then be understood as a continuous corporate web of services. the architectural properties of this enterprise depend on the numerous collaborating processes that bring about its composition. if these are appropriately structure - preserving, then the enterprise can become both increasingly differentiated and increasingly integrated, without loss of coherence. alexander is highly critical of the conventional governance over city planning and urban design, and highly critical of the inflexible and inhuman results of directed composition. his ideas on design and order are, we believe, consistent with the needs of collaborative composition, as outlined in this paper. a business or value chain is composed in a geometric structure. in soa, we design a business or value chain as a network of services. this is a powerful geometrical pattern. but there may be many possible network geometries capable of satisfying a given business requirement, all of which count as satisfying the principles of soa. for example : hub / spoke or peer / peer. a key characteristic of soa is stratification. a business process is composed of services from a set of lower - level services, presented as a platform. a good example of a business platform is the set of retail services offered by amazon and ebay. other service providers have built further retail / logistical services on top of the amazon / ebay platforms. each platform is in turn built upon even lower services. at the lower levels, there may be collections of it - based services, known as an enterprise service bus ( esb ). there may also be socio - technical service platforms, such as call centers. some of these lower layers of the stack may appear to be purely technical services ; however, a more complete picture should reveal the existence of an it organization maintaining the platform, in other words it, too, is a socio - technical platform that includes its administrators and programmers. thus we have a stratified geometry, in which a person tackling a problem at a given level is presented with a collection of available services, formed into a virtual platform. this can be thought of as a business stack, with one platform stacked on top of another. and while the soa principles may provide some geometrical guidance, and mandate certain geometrical patterns, there is still a design job to determine the form of geometry most appropriate to supporting the service demanded. this design job may be easy when the requirement is trivial, but gets harder as the complexity increases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.587889735497427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.380816"}
{"text": "geometrical guidance, and mandate certain geometrical patterns, there is still a design job to determine the form of geometry most appropriate to supporting the service demanded. this design job may be easy when the requirement is trivial, but gets harder as the complexity increases. in many situations, the demand side has more variation than a human designer ( or design team ) can accommodate. ( we characterize this as an asymmetry of demand, which calls for a process of asymmetric design. ) under these circumstances, we need to go still further and start thinking about variable geometry solutions, where the geometry itself can be adapted on - demand. for example, in the past we have assumed that granularity has to be fixed at design time. but we can conceive of a web service platform that detects patterns of demand - side composition, defines new component services automatically, describing and publishing these new services in real time, and notifies likely users of the new service, complete with an incentive to switch to new ways of orchestrating them in support of demand - side composition. we can conceive of such a web service platform analyzing the message content of a certain service, and producing a substitute service with a smaller footprint that would satisfy most of the uses in a more elegant way. we use the term value landscape to refer to the distribution of cost, benefit, and know - how across a complex market ecosystem, such as the insurance industry, for a given level of risk. technology ( including soa ) influences business geometry, because it not only affects transaction costs, but also the way know - how can be leveraged in relation to demand. the shape of the value landscape changes ( has already started to change ) as the result of b2b, b2c, p2p, and bpo. companies that once occupied safe market positions may find their commercial advantage slipping away, or they may find themselves cut off from their former customers or supply chains. let ' s suppose an insurance company has the following strategic aims : - profitability, short - term viability. to deliver the maximum service value as cost - effectively as possible, using available input services and technologies as efficiently as possible, with minimum costs / risks of change. - adaptability, medium - term viability. to understand and respond to changing demand for insurance services, and to trends in cost and risk, both internally and across the industry. to develop and deploy new services to exploit new business opportunities and avoid emerging business threats. - survival, long - term viability.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5358991367692412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.383400"}
{"text": "and respond to changing demand for insurance services, and to trends in cost and risk, both internally and across the industry. to develop and deploy new services to exploit new business opportunities and avoid emerging business threats. - survival, long - term viability. making sure the core business proposition remains valid, and doesn ' t get eroded by more agile players. taking strategic action in relation to structural changes in the insurance industry. if we are doing business geometry for an insurance company, we need to think about the insurance industry as an evolving ecosystem. we need an as - is model of the present ecosystem ( largely based on pre - soa technologies ) and a to - be model of an emerging ecosystem ( based on the effects of soa ). we can expect the pre - soa ecosystem to evolve into some form of post - soa ecosystem, although we may not have much idea which of the possible changes is going to happen first. to satisfy all three strategic aims, an insurance company needs to exploit the pre - soa ecosystem, and prepare for the post - soa ecosystem. note that this situation may force the insurance company to implement a variable geometry across its business stack, both in the organizational platform and in the underlying it platform. otherwise, it will either have to operate suboptimally for an extended period, or incur significant organization costs and it costs every time the industry takes another step towards soa. variable geometry involves a dynamic collaboration ( collaborative composition ) between an efficient supply side and a variable ( asymmetric ) demand side, as shown in figure 2. asymmetry of demand asymmetry means that the forms of demand are increasingly specific to the context in which they arise. the first asymmetry involves separating out technology from the supply of specific products. figure 2. collaborative composition in the insurance value chain ( based on microsoft ivc ) 7 this requires modeling of possible behaviors that can be supported ( so microsoft or car manufacturing has to modularize itself in support of families of technology use ). the second asymmetry requires separating out business models that can organize supply from the solutions that are on offer. this requires modeling of the possible forms of business geometry ( so rail maintenance or retail services have to use a franchise model to allow the variation n in business organization to accommodate the variety of ways in which the service needs to be implemented ). and the third asymmetry requires separating out the different contexts of use. this requires modeling of the possible forms of demand ( so that financial or care services are having to take up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5210028537399256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.384635"}
{"text": "the variety of ways in which the service needs to be implemented ). and the third asymmetry requires separating out the different contexts of use. this requires modeling of the possible forms of demand ( so that financial or care services are having to take up the way the through - time wealth / conditions are managed in a way that responds to different forms of context - of - use ). figure 3. three asymmetries of demand these asymmetries are summarized in figure 3, and it is worth considering what happens if they are ignored. in the first asymmetry, this means defining the product by the technology. this is typical of the early stages in the emergence of new technologies. ( do you remember how we used to have to use mobile phones? ). in the second asymmetry, this means defining the solution for the customer by the way the business is organized. ( do you remember how large businesses used to relate to their customers before crm? ). and in the third asymmetry, the solution to the problem presented by the customer is assumed to be what the customer actually needs. ( have you ever received a prescription from the doctor that turns out only to treat the symptom? ). we see the major competitive impact of soa being that it changes what the supplier can afford to ignore from the customer ' s perspective. to become better at capturing asymmetric forms of demand, an organization needs leadership that will enable it to do two things : - take power to the edge of the organization : the people at the edge of the organization with the relationship to the asymmetric demand must be able to organize the business model they need to capture that demand. - develop an agile infrastructure : providing business services that can be orchestrated and composed at the edge in response to the particular forms of demand they are targeting. this then allows the supply - side of a business to extract economies of scale or scope when providing support across multiple business models. asymmetry in the variety of conditions that people have, and the ways in which they reveal themselves in people ' s lives over time, is ever increasing. meanwhile, hospitals and clinics are having to become ever more efficient in how they administer particular care pathways. we see this challenge particularly in relation to conditions that are chronic. thus patients don ' t produce conditions that fit the treatments that are available, while organizing acute care systems around the treatment of chronic conditions becomes exorbitantly expensive. patients ' conditions are relentlessly asymmetric from the point of view of the medical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5188242876305473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.385654"}
{"text": "thus patients don ' t produce conditions that fit the treatments that are available, while organizing acute care systems around the treatment of chronic conditions becomes exorbitantly expensive. patients ' conditions are relentlessly asymmetric from the point of view of the medical specialists trying to care for them. for example, acute surgery can often be traced to an earlier failure to provide timely prophylactic treatment. getting power to the edge in healthcare means the funding following the patient, and the doctors having the ability to craft a treatment plan that is particular to the patient ' s condition. this creates a double challenge for healthcare provision. not only must it increase the flexibility with which its component services may be made available to patients, but also the doctors have to have a much greater involvement in formulating whole - life strategies of healthcare provision that can be tailor - made to a patient ' s condition over time, and for the delivery of which they can be held accountable. where this can be done, the total cost of care is reduced. a healthcare purchasing and supplies agency ( pasa ) was responsible for the supplies of equipment to a clinical service. they were concerned about the side - effects of minimizing the costs of these supplies \u2014 reduced investment in the industry and a vicious circle of decline in the quality of the clinical service itself. they decided that the conventional symmetric design wasn ' t working for them ; in an attempt to improve the quality of the clinical service itself, they decided to consider developing an approach that addressed the asymmetric nature of the clinic ' s demands. they conducted an initial pilot study to establish the feasibility of an asymmetric design process. what pasa accepted was that they needed to address the demand - side of the clinic, and establish how best to satisfy its needs. within this context - of - use, they could then address the question of the costs of supply. a national process was set up by the modernization agency. this process ran six pathfinder projects, each of which aimed to establish how to effect change in each context. it was the national project ' s task to secure long - term support and funding for the change process in the light of the learning and results of the pathfinders. this ultimately involved modeling the regional and national impact of the changes on nhs and social services budgets. from the point of view of the supply to the clinics, the demand - side modeling was of the referral pathways and the services offered by each clinic in response to the demands arising from those referral pathways. the supply - side modeling was of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5296474568764993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.386641"}
{"text": "from the point of view of the supply to the clinics, the demand - side modeling was of the referral pathways and the services offered by each clinic in response to the demands arising from those referral pathways. the supply - side modeling was of the organization of the clinic itself, together with its use of suppliers, in order to establish how the one was aligned to the other. where this \" cut \" came between the supply - side and demand - side was a function of who the client was, and what their change agenda was. nevertheless, in examining the referral pathways and the particular ways in which they themselves had been \" colonized \" by suppliers, further questions were raised about the organization of primary care itself. these questions were left, however, to be taken up by a different client system at a later time \u2014 and which would have to address the interests of the strategic health authorities. the key challenge was to give the clinicians \" design control \" over how the clinics operated ( that is, power at the edge ). fundamental to this was to grasp on the supply - side the chronic multi - episode nature of the conditions being treated by the clinic, and on the demand - side the processes of delegation and / or teaming of clinical responsibility for patients ' conditions. the clinicians lacked the means of defining the different characteristics of the former, and managing the complexities of the latter. furthermore, without the means of doing these things, there was no practical way of holding the clinicians accountable for the clinical performance of their clinic. the solution was to build a reporting platform that could support the doing of these things. this modeling involved defining the referral pathways and their actual characteristics. from this emerged the requirement to change the way the clinic was relating to demand. this modeling involved defining the service propositions and clinical business models needed. in the former case, this meant establishing episode protocols for different conditions, and in the latter, changing the workflow processes between the clinic and front and back office processes in support. no realignment of the supply infrastructures was attempted, considerable gains being available simply through the way the alignment of suppliers to the demand was managed. the reporting platform built provided the means of achieving this. the platform allowed the clinic to define its own treatment protocols in relation to its own definitions of referred conditions. the back end of the platform was able to lift data out of the nhs environment on patients, appointments, and so on. figure 4 shows a typical roadmap for the service - based business as it responds to the competitive impact of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5180630830825605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.387830"}
{"text": "referred conditions. the back end of the platform was able to lift data out of the nhs environment on patients, appointments, and so on. figure 4 shows a typical roadmap for the service - based business as it responds to the competitive impact of soa. the business tackles each form of asymmetry in turn : - it uses a \" service wrap \" to decouple the product from the technology. this includes defining a different object model for the demand side, separating \" raw \" data from what we might call \" cooked \" data. - it uses a \" solution wrap \" to decouple the solution from the business. this includes defining different rules for the demand side, separating the business logic from the orchestration of different solutions. - it uses an \" experience wrap \" to decouple the ongoing customer experience from the particular solutions bought by the customer at any one time. this includes new forms of process modeling to understand the customer experience of solutions within their particular contexts of use. figure 4. supply - demand roadmap the point about this progression is that it confronts the supplying business with the need to manage increasing complexity ( and concurrency ) in the way the value chain relates to the customer. hence the competitive significance of soa. box 6. implications of asymmetry \u2014 the three dilemmas breaking the three symmetries with the first symmetry, the business only needs one model, because demand can be inferred from supply ( or so it seems at the time! ). when this symmetry is broken, two models are needed : one to manage the technology, and the other to manage the business. how many times has an investor of venture capital had to teach this to a start - up business? figure 5. the stratification of models if the full potential of a business proposition is to be realized, the second symmetry must also be broken ( this is something that every marketing mba learns ). now there are three models : one to manage the technology, one to manage the business, and one to manage the market solution. thus, in the railway example in box 6, you need to separate out how you deliver the service because you cannot derive the output - side service levels for the train operating companies purely from the input - side service requirements of the rail infrastructure ( unless, that is, you are prepared to service to the highest level of quality under all circumstances ). but what effect does breaking the third symmetry have? what crm tells us is that the ' market solution ' is also a customer relationship. but in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.550728191225387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.388989"}
{"text": ", that is, you are prepared to service to the highest level of quality under all circumstances ). but what effect does breaking the third symmetry have? what crm tells us is that the ' market solution ' is also a customer relationship. but in breaking the third symmetry we have to learn that each customer incorporates the solution into a context - of - use that is different. thus in healthcare, it is no longer just a question of delivering particular treatments cost - efficiently, but also of delivering the right treatment at the right time within the context of an evolving patient condition \u2014 like old age, for example! thus in the pharmaceutical case, you cannot derive the output - side knowledge ( what the gps and pharmacists need to know about the patient ' s condition ) from the input - side knowledge. you need at least two models because you cannot infer the effects of the treatments purely from your knowledge of interactions between the prescription and the situation as it presents itself when you prescribe \u2014 it requires a model of the dynamic effects of the prescription within its context - of - use. overall, then, the breaking of symmetries requires six different levels of model to be separated out ( see figure 5 ). even though each of these strata may contain many different levels within it, the agility of the infrastructure will depend on how much variability they will allow in the geometry of how they can be composed. role of the it architect in soa what, then, does all this require of the \" it architect \" in support of these new forms of agility? our main argument is that there is no single right level of granularity. there is a supply - side versus demand - side dilemma that needs to be addressed by an organic method ( c. f. alexander ) in which the level of stratification at which a change is made must always also address its impact on the levels above and below. as a result, a trade - off has to be made between two types of pressure on any given layer of stratification, one standardizing and the other requiring greater diversity. this places a different kind of demand on the role for architecture. we may think of the role of architecture as the making of certain kinds of ( structural ) judgement. we see architecture as something that emerges from a collaborative process, which may ( but doesn ' t have to ) involve people with the word \" architect \" in their job title. we may refer to these people as professional architects, although in systems and software engineering there is no professional body granting any official", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5619841768830531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.390029"}
{"text": "collaborative process, which may ( but doesn ' t have to ) involve people with the word \" architect \" in their job title. we may refer to these people as professional architects, although in systems and software engineering there is no professional body granting any official status to this job title. these judgments belong in an asymmetric design regimen. we can then separate the products and processes of architectural activity from the professional responsibilities of suitably qualified architects. the structural properties of a city depend on a complex collaborative process, in which the professional judgments of architects are pitted against a broad range of commercial and political interests. professional architects rarely dominate the design of cities, although they may sometimes exert some influence. and we may note a similar situation within it. although there are numerous people in the it industry calling themselves \" architect, \" the structural properties of large it systems often depend largely on decisions taken elsewhere. for example, the degree of coupling between two modules may have a significant impact on the structural cohesion and flexibility of a large system, but this may be determined by fairly low level development choices that are not even visible to the software architects. in many organizations, software architects can be outmaneuvered and marginalized by coalitions of developers and users. and as outsourcing increases, the position of the software architect may become weaker yet \u2014 especially in those instances where contractual specifications focus on the functional requirements and under - specify the structural properties ; and where there are inadequate mechanisms for the architects to verify the structural properties of the delivered software. ( for example, hidden coupling that compromises the intended flexibility of a software artifact. ) so the challenge for software architects is to remain relevant to an soa world, to a world of distributed production of distributed services, by paying attention to the real structural issues emerging in this \" on - demand \" world. otherwise, they will be unable to contribute anything of value to the design and management of on - demand systems of systems. this leads to a need for forms of analysis that support an asymmetric design regimen, and can enable explicit consideration to be given to implicit choices being made concerning geometry. conclusions and next steps we have seen some vendors recognising the supply - side issues of reconciling multiple web services ( ibm rational, for example ), while other platform vendors are creating the conditions for an explosion in the numbers of ( behavioral ) domains needing to be brought into relation with each other ( microsoft, for example ). in both cases, the service - oriented business is configured as a continuous fabric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5498468176586739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.391065"}
{"text": "while other platform vendors are creating the conditions for an explosion in the numbers of ( behavioral ) domains needing to be brought into relation with each other ( microsoft, for example ). in both cases, the service - oriented business is configured as a continuous fabric of services \u2014 \" the corporate web. \" but this can never be achieved in one large ambitious project. it has to be achieved progressively through a continuous stream of small and medium projects. in the collaborative planning approach, order and coherence emerge from distributed activity, with no central design authority. each unit of procurement, development, or maintenance activity has to be regarded as a project, with project outputs being constituted as services. thus each project contributes something positive to the emerging corporate web of services. so what form of governance is needed to maintain architectural order? soa governance is required to ensure that each project satisfies the global demands of the corporate web, and to ensure that there is a well - balanced mix of projects \u2014 different types as well as different scales ( large, medium and small ). what our discussion in part i has outlined is the limitations of a supply - side approach to soa governance \u2014 directed composition is limited in its capacity to respond to the full heterogeneity of demand. it leaves too great a value deficit in relation to demand which is increasingly heterogeneous, asymmetric, and spatially as well as temporally differentiated. so we need to take governance to the edge of the organization, acknowledging that we are engaged in processes of asymmetric design, and prepare to meet the twenty - first century on its own terms. in part 2 of this article, we shall open up the question of what taking governance to ' the edge ' means for the design of soa infrastructures as well as for the relation to demand. christopher alexander, the nature of order. 4 volumes. the center for environmental structure, 2002 - 2004. albert borgmann, technology and the character of contemporary life. chicago, 1984. philip boxer & bernie cohen, triple articulation. brl working paper, revised 2004. andrew coward & nikos salingaros, the information architecture of cities, journal of information science, volume 30 no. 2 ( 2004 ), pp. 107 - 118. reprinted in salingaros 2005. jack greenfield & keith short, software factories ( wiley, 2004 ). pat helland, metropolis. microsoft architects journal, april 2004. available at http : / / msdn. microsoft. com / architecture / journ / jane jacobs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5269183054320565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.392005"}
{"text": "2005. jack greenfield & keith short, software factories ( wiley, 2004 ). pat helland, metropolis. microsoft architects journal, april 2004. available at http : / / msdn. microsoft. com / architecture / journ / jane jacobs, the death and life of great american cities ( vintage books, new york, 1961 ). lewis mumford, the culture of cities. ( secker & warburg, 1938 ). richard c. murphy, centers : the architecture of services and the phenomenon of life. ftp online march 2004. http : / / www. ftponline. com / special / soa / murphy / nikos salingaros, principles of urban structure. delft university press, delft, holland, 2005, in press. http : / / www. math. utsa. edu / ~ salingar / urbanstructure. html richard veryard, component - based business ( springer 2001 ). richard veryard & david sprott, the service based business ( cbdi journal, 2003 ). soa governance and business driven soa ( cbdi journal, 2004 ). thanks to bernie cohen, pat helland and nikos salingaros for comments on earlier drafts. - for a useful summary, see coward & salingaros. - pat helland, metropolis. microsoft architects journal, april 2004. available at http : / / msdn. microsoft. com / architecture / journ - practical example \u2014 phone companies would like to regard the location of mobile phone masts as mere infrastructure, to be decided on technical grounds and requiring no public consultation. however, people are becoming concerned about the radiation from these masts, especially near homes and schools, and this politicizes the location of masts. - a possible reconciliation of commoditization with human values is provided by albert borgmann. - for a version of this cycle as it applies to health care see \" triply articulated modelling of the anticipatory enterprise \" by p boxer and prof b. cohen, proceedings of the international conference on complex systems, boston 2004. - see article by murphy. - picture taken from report on service - based business in insurance, cbdi forum november 2004. - this example is derived from work done for pasa. http : / / www. pasa. nhs. uk / orthotics / orthotic _ pathfinder _ report _ july _ 2004. doc - we use judgement here as defined by vickers, to include appreciation and value judgement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5227383627939596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:296f4d2a-45ae-4a91-85b4-efc6a44cb0df>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.393497"}
{"text": "according to statistics released by the us department of agriculture earlier this month, 31 percent of the managed honeybee colonies died in the winter. since fruiting is dependent on fertilization, a result of pollination, honeybee decline can impact agriculture. we can directly link honeybees to one out of every three bites of food that we put on our table. western nations rely heavily on managed honeybees \u2014 the \u201c moveable force \u201d of bees that ride in trucks from farm to farm \u2014 to keep commercial agriculture productive. about a third of our foods ( some 100 key crops ) rely on these insects, including apples, nuts, all the favorite summer fruits ( like blueberries and strawberries ), alfalfa ( which cows eat ), and guar bean ( used in all kinds of products ). in total, bees contribute more than $ 15 billion to u. s. crop production, hardly small potatoes. the us department of agriculture ( usda ) explains that colony collapse disorder ( ccd ) is a hive condition where \u201c very low or no adult honey bees present in the hive but with a live queen and no dead honey bee bodies present. \u201d according to interviews of beekeepers in the documentaries, this condition can occur within a matter of a few hours. the usda further suggests that possible causes of colony decline could be due to unusually warm winter, bee diet ( ie : protein, in particular ), or cyclic disease, but also states that scientific connections are lacking for the theories. while the european commission ( eu ) has \u201d has banned the pesticides associated with colony collapse disorder in bees, \u201d the us has not done so yet. oddly, the report contains this statement : a comprehensive and sensitive analytical survey was done for the presence of 200 pesticides in bee, comb, and pollen samples from 23 states. no specific pattern of pesticide residues emerged that correlates with honey bee deaths march 2010 to be precise, the study linked in the statement says this : the 98 pesticides and metabolites detected in mixtures up to 214 ppm in bee pollen alone represents a remarkably high level for toxicants in the brood and adult food of this primary pollinator. this represents over half of the maximum individual pesticide incidences ever reported for apiaries. while exposure to many of these neurotoxicants elicits acute and sublethal reductions in honey bee fitness, the effects of these materials in combinations and their direct association with ccd or declining bee health remains to be determined. will we fund or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4819711000416123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ede7b2e-c0da-480c-a92c-7fc52cbe06a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.402232"}
{"text": "many of these neurotoxicants elicits acute and sublethal reductions in honey bee fitness, the effects of these materials in combinations and their direct association with ccd or declining bee health remains to be determined. will we fund or ignore the \u201c remains to be determined \u201d part? would it surprise you at all to learn that yesterday, three large agrichemical pesticide companies came forward with plans to fund research for bee decline? bayer and sygenta \u201c produce neonicotinoids, \u201d and monsanto uses the pesticides to coat seeds. these pesticides have been banned in europe, as mentioned above. from wiki : \u201c neonicotinoids are a class of neuro - active insecticides chemically related to nicotine. the development of this class of insecticides began with work in the 1980s by shell and the 1990s by bayer. \u201d leo tolstoy said, \u201c the closer we examine the honeybee, the more we realize the workings of a beehive encompass territories beyond our comprehension. \u201d usda bee laboratory scientist dr. jeffrey pettis explains in vanishing of the bees that ccd is difficult to study because there are no bee corpses to examine when a colony literally vanishes. ( video at 15 : 30 ). so far, scientists have investigated, and eliminated as possibilities, several microbial and viral suspects. haunting how accurate tolstoy \u2019 s quote really was. but what is maybe even more haunting is that the beehive workings will be studied with funds that have direct interest in the outcome of the research. one of the scientists in the documentary reveals other suggestions for honeybee decline, that he has received in his email, including cell phones, the rapture, outer space, and the \u2018 russians - have - implanted - genes - and - they - are - beaming - them - from - satellite. \u2019 while the scientist is confident that the persistent cell phone tower rumor is now known nonsense, he does say that the issue of genetically modified crops, while scientists have observed no direct evidence, deserves a bit more attention. what saddens in the documentary is that we have exploited the honeybee, with factory farming practices such as feeding the bees empty sugar calories, killing the queens and replacing them with younger queens introduced in cages, and artificial insemination, with the likes of a scientist \u2019 s backward after - remark, \u201c she looks a little rough, but she \u2019 ll come around. \u201d there have been only too few, it seems, efforts at returning the bees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45396038906204517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ede7b2e-c0da-480c-a92c-7fc52cbe06a8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.403324"}
{"text": "return to physics index monegain, louise j. park manor 1 ) students will learn basic understanding of inertia. 2 ) students will demonstrate some activities illustrating inertia. 3 ) students will develop a basic understanding of newton ' s laws of motion. balls various sizes, pie pans with one fourth slice removed, pennies, heavy paper circle, checkers, skate board, stuffed animal, glass, two eggs ( one boiled, one raw ), cloth napkin, glass of water and straws. students should have prior knowledge of speed, force, acceleration, gravity and friction. demonstrate inertia by snatching a cloth napkin from under a glass of water, and a paper circle from under a checker so that the checker falls into the glass and spinning the two eggs. group students into cooperative groupings to carry out the following activities : activity 1 - place a ball in the pie pan and spin the ball. repeat this activity using two balls of different mass. activity 2 - put a ball in motion and try to blow it off of its path with a straw. repeat this activity using balls of various masses. activity 3 - stack five checkers one on top of the other. using your fore - finger flick another checker sharply against the bottom checker of the stack to move it from pile keeping pile undisturbed. discuss newton ' s first law of motion with students. have students answer these three questions : 1 ) how does the pie pan and ball activity help prove the first law of motion? 2 ) which ball was the hardest to move off of the straight path? 3 ) does inertia increase with mass?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5838379027921582, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36e6f5ef-921e-4991-8a06-69f079752c70>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.405244"}
{"text": "in a few short days, this country will witness history in the making. it will be the first time that a black president has been inaugurated for a second term. in this year we celebrate milestones that helped our nation achieve this feat. two of those milestones happened in washington, dc where the latest historical moment will also take place. the emancipation proclamation was signed by president abraham lincoln 150 years ago, abolishing slavery and making blacks free. just 50 years ago, african americans from across the country descended on the nation \u2019 s capital for the march on washington for jobs and freedom. during this march, dr. martin luther king delivered his infamous, \u201c i have a dream \u201d speech where he outlined his dream of what this nation could become. in a lifetime, this nation has become a place where a black man could live in the white house, not for one term, but two. when president obama takes his oath for the second time, he will continue to tie together the legacy of these three great men as he uses president lincoln \u2019 s bible and dr. king \u2019 s bible for the public swearing in ceremony on the national king holiday while facing the lincoln monument. while the representation of all that these men fought for seems to be achieved, there is still much work to do. dr. king \u2019 s dream is no more fulfilled than it was 50 years ago. that is not to say that there has not been progress in working toward the dream, but we are very much a nation still divided along lines of race and class ; adding to that, there still exist gender and homosexual biases and bigotry. we have a long way to go before we can proclaim we \u2019 ve achieved the dream. since the president was elected, there has been a rise in hate groups. members of congress have been called racial slurs and we have seen the president hung in effigy on numerous occasions. the dream of having equal rights in public spaces and accommodations has been achieved, but the question must be asked, have we achieve the dream referenced when dr. king said in his iconic speech, \u201c we can never be satisfied as long as the negro is the victim of unspeakable horrors of police brutality \u2026 we cannot be satisfied as long as the negro \u2019 s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. \u201d have we achieved the dream when blacks suffer from greater health disparities, obesity, rates of hiv / aids? the dream has not been achieved when black children continue to lag behind others in reading, math and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4266520907410385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7356658f-7822-4c6f-8d6b-81b8958f62a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.412574"}
{"text": "ghetto to a larger one. \u201d have we achieved the dream when blacks suffer from greater health disparities, obesity, rates of hiv / aids? the dream has not been achieved when black children continue to lag behind others in reading, math and science and exceed others in high school dropout rates. there is still more to dream about, to work towards, to fight for. the dream has not been achieved. in the same month that blacks were freed from the bondage of slavery and on a day that observes the life and work of a man who helped blacks achieve a greater level of equality, we must not allow the work that remains to be diminished by what we have accomplished. we should not allow ourselves to romanticize the gains that have been made and allow ourselves to tell the story that the work is done. barack obama will become the first black president to be elected to a second term, but our story doesn \u2019 t end there. until we can say that our children receive quality education, that our communities are flourishing with fulfilling jobs, that blacks are treated fairly in the criminal justice system, that we are healthy and thriving ; until we can say that our wealth can effectively pass from one generation to the next, until our children can walk the streets without fearing for their lives or safety, until we can say that we \u2019 ve achieved all these things and more we should all keep working to achieve the dream.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45944420294587335, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7356658f-7822-4c6f-8d6b-81b8958f62a8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.413193"}
{"text": "inflammation is the body \u2019 s basic response to injury. conditions that have \u201c itis \u201d and \u201c osis \u201d at the end of their names are all some form of inflammation. inflammation is a process in which white blood cells and chemicals protect the body from infection, and repair injury. the immune system, sensing inflammation or irritation, creates a protein chain called cic ( circulating immune complex ) which is tagged specifically to that irritation. with inflammation, white blood cells are released to protect the body from injury. these white blood cells have chemicals within them that, when leaked, induce swelling. if the injury occurs near the surface of the skin, the damaged area will throb and become red and warm. blood flow also increases during inflammation. inflammation can also affect internal organs, displaying a variety of symptoms depending upon the organ involved. the most common symptom of inflammation is pain. more and more research is also finding a significant link between inflammation and a host of seemingly unrelated diseases that have begun to be epidemic in western cultures, such as asthma, diabetes, obesity, depression, heart disease, arthritis, alzheimer \u2019 s disease, osteoporosis, and other aging diseases. additional information about inflammation - common symptoms of inflammation - common causes of inflammation - natural and alternative treatments for inflammation - dietary and lifestyle recommendations that may help in the treatment of inflammation - conventional or prescription medications used in the treatment of inflammation - additional reading for inflammation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5227457494112431, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5a875f0-381e-4e4d-a375-3474839bf2a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.414865"}
{"text": "may 21, 2013 nchs has put out a new report that presents selected prevalence estimates for five key health behaviors among adults \u2014 alcohol use, cigarette smoking, leisure - time physical activity, body mass index, and sufficient sleep. the report is based on a total of 76, 669 completed interviews with a sample of adults aged 18 and over covering the period 2008 - 2010. key findings from the report : - about 6 in 10 ( 64. 9 % ) u. s. adults were current drinkers in 2008 \u2013 2010 ; about 1 in 5 adults ( 20. 9 % ) were lifetime abstainers. - about one in five adults ( 20. 2 % ) were current smokers and over one - half of adults ( 58. 6 % ) had never smoked cigarettes. less than one - half of current smokers ( 45. 8 % ) attempted to quit smoking in the past year. - nearly one - half ( 46. 1 % ) of adults met the federal guidelines for aerobic physical activity, about one - quarter ( 23. 0 % ) of adults met the federal guidelines for muscle - strengthening physical activity, and about one in five adults ( 19. 4 % ) met both guidelines. - about 6 in 10 adults ( 62. 1 % ) were overweight or obese ( bmi \u2265 25 ), with about 4 in 10 ( 36. 1 % ) adults being of healthy weight ( 18. 5 \u2264 bmi < 25 ). - about 7 in 10 adults ( 69. 7 % ) met the healthy people 2020 objective for sufficient sleep, defined as at least 8 hours for adults aged 18 \u2013 21 and at least 7 hours for adults aged 22 and over on average during a 24 - hour period. data representing the u. s. civilian noninstitutionalized population were collected using computer - assisted personal interviews. nhis is a general purpose in - person household survey, collecting basic health, health care utilization, and demographic information on all household members with the family questionnaire. health behavior questions are asked in the sample adult survey component. may 21, 2013 though cdc \u2019 s national center for health statistics does not have specific data on tornado deaths, we do have data from our mortality database on deaths from \u201c cataclysmic storms, \u201d which includes tornado deaths ( international classification of diseases code x - 37 ). this specific icd code includes blizzards, hurricanes and tornadoes, but doesn \u2019 t separate deaths by tornadoes alone. below is a chart from our wonder database that shows how many deaths", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45786535114457827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb29c188-7ea8-4bbe-abcd-86e83397c26a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.422736"}
{"text": "includes tornado deaths ( international classification of diseases code x - 37 ). this specific icd code includes blizzards, hurricanes and tornadoes, but doesn \u2019 t separate deaths by tornadoes alone. below is a chart from our wonder database that shows how many deaths occurred under icd code x - 37 from 1999 to 2010. there are a few things to observe from these data : first, according the national oceanic atmospheric association, the spike in deaths in 1999 was a result of 93 tornado deaths. there was also another spike in x - 37 deaths which occurred in 2005 during hurricane katrina and hurricane rita, the notorious storms that devastated the gulf coast. finally, the 2008 spike in deaths was a result of 125 tornado fatalities that year. may 6, 2013 allergic conditions are among the most common medical conditions affecting children in the united states. an allergic condition is a hypersensitivity disorder in which the immune system reacts to substances in the environment that are normally considered harmless. food or digestive allergies, skin allergies ( such as eczema ), and respiratory allergies ( such as hay fever ) are the most common allergies among children. nchs has put out a report that presents recent trends in the prevalence of allergies and differences by selected sociodemographic characteristics for children under age 18 years. among children aged 0 \u2013 17 years, the prevalence of food allergies increased from 3. 4 % in 1997 \u2013 1999 to 5. 1 % in 2009 \u2013 2011. the prevalence of skin allergies increased from 7. 4 % in 1997 \u2013 1999 to 12. 5 % in 2009 \u2013 2011. there was no significant trend in respiratory allergies from 1997 \u2013 1999 to 2009 \u2013 2011, yet respiratory allergy remained the most common type of allergy among children throughout this period ( 17 % in 2009 \u2013 2011 ). skin allergy prevalence was also higher than food allergy prevalence for each period from 1997 \u2013 2011 key findings from the report : - the prevalence of skin allergies decreased with age. in contrast, the prevalence of respiratory allergies increased with age. - hispanic children had a lower prevalence of food allergy, skin allergy, and respiratory allergy compared with children of other race or ethnicities. non - hispanic black children were more likely to have skin allergies and less likely to have respiratory allergies compared with non - hispanic white children. - food and respiratory allergy prevalence increased with income level. children with family income equal to or greater than 200 % of the poverty level", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45917638774574576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb29c188-7ea8-4bbe-abcd-86e83397c26a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.423955"}
{"text": "to have skin allergies and less likely to have respiratory allergies compared with non - hispanic white children. - food and respiratory allergy prevalence increased with income level. children with family income equal to or greater than 200 % of the poverty level had the highest prevalence rates. data source and methods prevalence estimates for allergic conditions were obtained from the health data interactive ( hdi ) table, \u201c allergic conditions, ages 0 \u2013 17 : u. s., 1997 \u2013 2011, \u201d available from the health data interactive website. nhis data were used to estimate the prevalence of allergic conditions for this hdi table. may 1, 2013 increased consumption of added sugars, which are sweeteners added to processed and prepared foods, has been linked to a decrease in intake of essential micronutrients and an increase in body weight. the dietary guidelines for americans, 2010 recommends limiting total intake of discretionary calories, including both added sugars and solid fats, to 5 % \u2013 15 % per day. recent analyses indicate that children and adolescents obtain approximately 16 % of their total caloric intake from added sugars. nchs has put out a new report that presents results for consumption of added sugars among u. s. adults for 2005 \u2013 2010. key findings from the report : - approximately 13 % of adults \u2019 total caloric intakes came from added sugars between 2005 and 2010. - the mean percentage of total calories from added sugars decreased with increasing age and increasing income. - non - hispanic black men and women consumed a larger percentage of their total calories from added sugars than non - hispanic white and mexican - american men and women. - more of the calories from added sugars came from foods rather than beverages. - more of the calories from added sugars were consumed at home rather than away from home. the somewhat counter - intuitive finding in this report is that most calories from added sugars come from foods rather than beverages. however, other research has shown that when looking at individual items \u2013 either specific food items or specific beverages \u2013 regular sodas are the leading food source of added sugars for adults aged 18 - 54. april 23, 2013 hyattsville, md \u2013 the director of cdc \u2019 s national center for health statistics ( nchs ), dr. edward j. sondik, has announced that he will be leaving nchs at the end of april. charles j. rothwell, currently the center \u2019 s director of vital statistics, began as acting director of nchs on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4632612987585159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb29c188-7ea8-4bbe-abcd-86e83397c26a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.425115"}
{"text": "), dr. edward j. sondik, has announced that he will be leaving nchs at the end of april. charles j. rothwell, currently the center \u2019 s director of vital statistics, began as acting director of nchs on april 1, 2013, as cdc searches for a permanent director. dr. sondik started his career by studying electrical engineering for control systems, computers, and operations research while earning a doctorate degree at stanford university. in the 1970 \u2019 s, he joined the national institutes of health to work on clinical trial policy for the national heart, lung and blood institute. in 1982, he joined the national cancer institute ( nci ). here, he held a number of positions, including serving as deputy director of the division of cancer prevention and control, where among other duties, he oversaw the pioneering surveillance, epidemiology, and end results cancer registry. he also served as acting director of nci for a period of time prior to coming to cdc. rothwell takes over after earning the distinction as a top leader in federal service as director of the division of vital statistics at nchs. prior to working with cdc, he served more than a decade as the first director of north carolina \u2019 s center for health statistics. in addition, rothwell helped develop the national science foundation \u2019 s digital government initiative and served on a peer review team for the library of congress \u2019 national digital information infrastructure and preservation program. april 18, 2013 infant mortality is an important indicator of the health of a nation. a new nchs report describes the recent decline in the u. s. infant mortality rate from 2005 through 2011. changes in infant mortality rates over time are examined by age at death, maternal race and ethnicity, cause of death, and state. in 2011, the u. s. infant mortality rate was 6. 05 infant deaths per 1, 000 live births ( based on preliminary data ), 12 % lower than the rate of 6. 87 in 2005, but not significantly lower than 6. 15 in 2010. key findings from the report : - following a plateau from 2000 through 2005, the u. s. infant mortality rate declined 12 % from 2005 through 2011. declines for neonatal and postneonatal mortality were similar. - from 2005 through 2011, infant mortality declined 16 % for non - hispanic black women and 12 % for non - hispanic white women. - infant mortality declined for four of the five leading causes of death during the 2005 \u2013 2011 period. - infant mortality rates declined most rapidly among some,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44363811650128115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb29c188-7ea8-4bbe-abcd-86e83397c26a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.428389"}
{"text": "mortality declined 16 % for non - hispanic black women and 12 % for non - hispanic white women. - infant mortality declined for four of the five leading causes of death during the 2005 \u2013 2011 period. - infant mortality rates declined most rapidly among some, but not all, southern states from 2005 through 2010. despite these declines, states in the south still had among the highest rates in 2010. rates were also high in 2010 in some states in the midwest. april 9, 2013 in 2011, americans spent $ 45 billion out - of - pocket on retail prescription drugs. some adults reduce prescription drug costs by skipping doses and delaying filling prescriptions ; however, some cost - reduction strategies used by adults have been associated with negative health outcomes. for example, adults who do not take prescription medication as prescribed have been shown to have poorer health status and increased emergency room use, hospitalizations, and cardiovascular events a new report from nchs analyzes different strategies used by u. s. adults to reduce their prescription drug costs, by age, health insurance status, and poverty status, using data from the 2011 national health interview survey. key findings from the report : - adults aged 18 \u2013 64 and those aged 65 and over were equally likely to have asked their doctor for a lower - cost medication to save money on prescription drugs ( 19. 8 % and 20. 3 %, respectively ). - adults aged 18 \u2013 64 were twice as likely to not have taken medication as prescribed to save money ( 12. 6 % ) compared with adults aged 65 and over ( 5. 8 % ). - among adults aged 18 \u2013 64, uninsured adults ( 23. 1 % ) were more likely than those with medicaid ( 13. 6 % ) or those with private coverage ( 8. 7 % ) to not have taken medication as prescribed to save money. - among adults aged 65 and over, those with only medicare coverage were more likely to ask their doctor for a lower - cost medication to save money ( 24. 9 % ) compared with those who had private coverage ( 20. 1 % ) and those with medicare and medicaid ( 14. 7 % ) coverage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42096504108353894, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb29c188-7ea8-4bbe-abcd-86e83397c26a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.429300"}
{"text": "| epidemiological profiles of neglected diseases and other infections related to poverty in lac | latin america and the caribbean ( lac ) continue to suffer from the fact that an exorbitant number of people \u2014 nearly 50 million \u2014 live in a state of extreme poverty ( with an income of less than one dollar a day ). beyond numbers and averages, the lives and hopes of each of these individual men, women, and children are what keep us awake at night in their appeal for us to make ever greater efforts to improve their health and quality of life. the majority of these people live in conditions favoring a greater burden of disease, many of which are neglected for a variety of reasons. usually, these neglected diseases affect uncared - for populations and vulnerable groups such as indigenous populations, rural inhabitants, the elderly, women living in poverty, and children. this situation needs to be changed for the better. this paho study contains epidemiological profiles on the major neglected diseases affecting the americas, using secondary data from the countries. by providing data disaggregated by first subnational level showing maps of areas within the countries, it puts forth the unfinished agenda for certain diseases that should no longer exist as a public health problem in the region \u2014 showing epidemiological ' hot spots ' and how these diseases overlap in specific areas where greater efforts and integrated actions could be targeted. with this work, we hope to contribute to achieving cost - effective actions focused specifically on the most vulnerable populations and groups and directed in a concrete way at fighting diseases related to poverty that, albeit continuing to cause great damage and enormous harm in terms of human suffering, as well as a huge financial burden, are euphemistically categorized under the heading of \u2018 forgotten \u2019 or \u2018 neglected. in latin america and the caribbean, some 127 million people live in a state of poverty ( under two dollars per day ), and 50 million in extreme poverty ( under one dollar per day ). the majority of these people \u2014 including traditionally vulnerable groups such as indigenous populations, rural inhabitants, the elderly, and impoverished women and children \u2014 live in conditions that favor a greater burden of disease. a number of these diseases exist with high possibilities for achieving their reduction to levels that no longer represent a public health problem \u2014 a reason that merits additional efforts towards their elimination. the availability of new technologies and strategies and the improvement of the health service infrastructure \u2014 particularly rising support for primary care \u2014 make their control and eventual elimination feasible. the objective of this study is to explore which countries in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45100185778839774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff1df8a7-9791-445a-9206-c4db2823830d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.434702"}
{"text": "merits additional efforts towards their elimination. the availability of new technologies and strategies and the improvement of the health service infrastructure \u2014 particularly rising support for primary care \u2014 make their control and eventual elimination feasible. the objective of this study is to explore which countries in the region \u2014 and, if possible, which geopolitical units at the first subnational level \u2014 show evidence of the presence of selected poverty - related diseases, as well as the overlapping of these diseases ; gather and synthesize the available epidemiological information and existing plans for control ; and identify where information gaps exist. this study was done using secondary data. regional profiles were developed that included geo - process mapping of the selected diseases, showing all countries of the region. according to the availability of information at the time of the study, some diseases were analyzed at the first subnational level ( lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, trachoma, and human rabies transmitted by dogs ) ; and others, at country level ( soil - transmitted helminths, chagas disease, leprosy, congenital syphilis, and neonatal tetanus ). this study allows us to view where we may find the diseases that constitute the unfinished agenda in the region, such as lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and human rabies transmitted by dogs. also, the study suggests where information gaps exist and further studies are needed \u2014 such as for trachoma, where endemic regions border on non - endemic countries. country profiles provide information on the epidemiology of the diseases and the coverage status of primary strategies. these were developed for all countries with evidence of the presence of one or more of the following neglected diseases : lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and trachoma ( 11 countries ) \u2014 as well as paho \u2019 s priority countries, as defined by their socioeconomic status, for a total of 14 countries in all. due to time constraints, these diseases were prioritized, however a further study could be done to include other diseases. while a considerable amount of information is available, further epidemiological information is needed to establish better baselines for many of the selected diseases. there is a disparity among the information available on country websites. most of the strategies encountered for the control of these diseases included drug administration and intersectoral approaches. an overlapping analysis was conducted for five diseases (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4751147611419627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff1df8a7-9791-445a-9206-c4db2823830d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.435604"}
{"text": "for many of the selected diseases. there is a disparity among the information available on country websites. most of the strategies encountered for the control of these diseases included drug administration and intersectoral approaches. an overlapping analysis was conducted for five diseases ( lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, trachoma, and human rabies transmitted by dogs ), for which information was available at the first subnational level throughout the region. considering the population of latin america and the caribbean \u2014 some 580 million people \u2014 it is noteworthy that almost half ( 230 million ) live in areas at the first subnational level ( states / departments / provinces ) where at least one of these five diseases is present. of the total of 275 administrative units included in the study, one unit was found to contain four of the five selected diseases, two units were found to contain three of the five selected diseases ( all in brazil ) ; 33 units were found to have two of the five diseases ; and 66 of the 275 units reported only one of the selected neglected diseases. in the overlapping maps it can be observed that each disease is present in the administrative unit. the overlapping analysis suggests that many subnational units exist with more than one of the selected diseases present, implying that these areas could be considered a priority ( as \u2018 hot spots \u2019 ) and an integrated approach could be applied. it should also be taken into consideration that only five diseases were chosen for the overlapping study, but that the other neglected diseases \u2014 such as soil - transmitted helminths \u2014 are likely to be present throughout the region. in conclusion, a considerable amount of information exists for most of the diseases studied, particularly those for which there are established elimination targets and easily identifiable symptoms. however, for diseases with goals of achieving prevalence levels where they are no longer considered a public health problem, or diseases for which it is more difficult to measure prevalence, there is a great need for further studies on the epidemiological situation of these diseases \u2014 ones that are up - to - date, contain information at the local level, and use standardized criteria. areas of work project of medicines and health technologies regional office for the americas of the world health organization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.472506565054713, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff1df8a7-9791-445a-9206-c4db2823830d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.436459"}
{"text": "st. kate ' s to host international science education meeting the national center for stem elementary education at st. catherine university will host the 16th annual globe partners meeting, \" building a global community of citizen scientists, \" july 15 - 20. the global learning and observations to benefit the environment ( globe ) program is a worldwide hands - on, primary and secondary school - based science and education program. more than 100 educators from all over the world will be attending the meeting and for the first time, their students will have the opportunity to share their research projects in a student science symposium during the poster sessions of the meeting. st. catherine university \u2019 s st. paul campus and the crowne plaza hotel in nearby bloomington will be the hubs for a week of innovative training, sharing discoveries and expanding the globe community. more about globe. gov the globe is an inter - agency organization funded by the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ), the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) and the national science foundation ( nsf ). it is building a global community of citizen scientists by connecting educators and students with innovative teaching techniques, hands - on activities and emerging protocols from scientists. the national center for stem elementary education has received funding for this program from 3m and the national science foundation ( nsf ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4872327090732371, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99822e85-cd7c-4bbe-ad9c-bf3056491b45>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.437891"}
{"text": "at harbin siberian tiger park, feeding time is a spectator sport. now home to more than 1, 000 tigers, the park, located in northern china, is one of the world \u2019 s largest and most successful conservation parks for the endangered animals. the park, which was intended to be a sanctuary and breeding center, now is a stop for many excited tourists. ( photos : animals that can think ) at the park, patrons can now ( for a fee ) watch siberian tigers be fed live animals. on a visit, patrons are able to choose from a menu \u2014 the animals they wish to see fed to the tigers. current rates according to the today show, run $ 8 usd for a chicken, $ 90 for a sheep and $ 300 for a cow. the graphic scenes of tigers feeding on live prey have become popular on youtube, amplifying awareness of this particular practice. park patrons view the scene from what the park calls the \u201c number one adventure bus. \u201d one incident this past january resulted in the death of one of the bus drivers. the driver was killed after being dragged off by one of the park \u2019 s tigers in an attempt to check the bus \u2019 s engine. reactions have varied from praise for the park \u2019 s efforts to protect the endangered tigers ( there remain approximately 20 in the wild in china ) to outrage on the part of those who question whether or not the harbin siberian tiger park is making a spectacle out of conservation. ( videos : 12 bizarre animal friendships )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4231797688395365, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48e7e408-70c2-4c7f-9a02-269488284ead>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.439493"}
{"text": "nih research matters july 23, 2012 stabilizing vaccines and antibiotics with silk researchers developed a way to use silk to store and distribute vaccines and antibiotics without having to keep them cold. by eliminating the need for refrigeration, the technique can lower costs and help expand the use of these lifesaving medical tools around the world. most vaccines and antibiotics need to be refrigerated to remain effective. their chemical structures break down when they ' re exposed to heat or humidity, making them less potent. these compounds are currently handled by \u201c cold chain \u201d distribution networks, which keep temperatures down during transport, storage and handling. the process is expensive, accounting for up to 80 % of the cost of vaccines. the cold chain system severely limits the availability of vaccines and medicines in developing nations. billions of dollars worth of drugs and nearly half of all global vaccines are lost annually due to high temperatures and humid conditions. a research team led by dr. david l. kaplan at tufts university investigated whether silk protein could increase the shelf life of vaccines and antibiotics at higher temperatures. silk fibers purified from silkworm cocoons are highly resistant to changes in moisture and temperature. previous studies have found that the fibers can form a mesh - like environment that helps to immobilize molecules and stabilize their structures. the team developed a new silk - based film and tested it with the live measles, mumps and rubella ( mmr ) vaccine as well as the antibiotics penicillin and tetracycline. the mmr vaccine quickly loses potency above the recommended storage temperature of 2 to 8 \u00b0c ( about 35 to 46 \u00b0f ). penicillin and tetracycline also break down quickly when unrefrigerated. the study was funded by nih \u2019 s national institute of biomedical imaging and bioengineering ( nibib ), national eye institute ( nei ) and national institute of dental and craniofacial research ( nidcr ). it appeared on july 9, 2012, in the online edition of proceedings of the national academy of sciences. the researchers found that immobilizing the mmr vaccine in the silk film greatly enhanced its stability. even after storage at 45 \u00b0c ( 113 \u00b0f ) for 6 months, the vaccine retained more than 80 % of its potency. typically, the mmr vaccine would rapidly lose all its potency under those conditions. immobilizing antibiotics in silk greatly increased their stability, too. tetracycline lost only 20 % of its activity when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5421028928577625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:649731b8-543e-4f96-94b2-920d074bf411>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.444397"}
{"text": "% of its potency. typically, the mmr vaccine would rapidly lose all its potency under those conditions. immobilizing antibiotics in silk greatly increased their stability, too. tetracycline lost only 20 % of its activity when stored in silk at temperatures as high as 60 \u00b0c ( 140 \u00b0f ) for 4 weeks. these conditions would normally eliminate all its activity. penicillin lost no detectable activity when stored in silk at 60 \u00b0c for 30 days. typical storage of the drug under those conditions would bring a 20 % loss of activity. the ability to store vaccines and medications at high temperatures for long periods of time would enable much more effective distribution. this technique could have a significant impact on the health of people in developing nations. \u201c we have already begun trying to broaden the impact of what we \u2019 re doing to apply to all vaccines, \u201d says kaplan. \u201c this could potentially eliminate the need for the cold - chain system, greatly decreasing costs and enabling more widespread availability of these life - saving drugs. \u201d - computer method predicts drug side effects : - new uses for existing medicines : reference : proc natl acad sci u s a. 2012 jul 9. [ epub ahead of print ]. pmid : 22778443 nih research matters bldg. 31, rm. 5b64a, msc 2094 bethesda, md 20892 - 2094 about nih research matters harrison wein, ph. d., editor vicki contie, assistant editor nih research matters is a weekly update of nih research highlights from the office of communications and public liaison, office of the director, national institutes of health.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5094504399703255, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:649731b8-543e-4f96-94b2-920d074bf411>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.445213"}
{"text": "newborn screening is an essential preventive public health function, used to identify at risk infants in the first few days of life, so that early treatment can be implemented to prevent mental retardation, chronic disability or death. the new jersey department of health has a long standing and effective program that assures testing, case follow - up tracking, and the provision of appropriate health care management of all infants detected as presumptively at risk for one of the specific conditions in the mandated screening panel. the state \u2019 s newborn screening ( nbs ) laboratory is mandated to screen for a total of fifty - four ( 54 ) metabolic and genetic disorders. forty - three ( 43 ) disorders, the amino acid disorders, the fatty acid oxidation disorders, the organic acidemias, and the urea cycle disorders, are screened using tandem mass spectrometry. other technology is used to screen for nine ( 9 ) other disorders, specifically biotinidase deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital hypothyroidism, cystic fibrosis, galactosemia and two ( 2 ) variants, also sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies. the nbs laboratory is responsible for specimen analysis, record keeping, quality control of laboratory methods and notification of results to hospitals, practitioners and the newborn screening follow - up program. the state \u2019 s newborn screening and genetic services follow - up program is responsible for tracking abnormal screening results, assuring that affected infants are referred for appropriate care and collecting final diagnoses on referred infants. the program collects and analyzes incidence data, and serves to disseminate information about newborn screening disorders to practitioners, parents and consumers. the unit is also the source of funding for specialized care centers. the purpose of newborn screening is to identify infants at risk for disorders, which if left untreated may result in mental retardation and / or other disabilities. the results of screening tests do not establish a diagnosis, but rather serve to identify patients who require further testing. the state nbs laboratory screens for the classical forms of disorders ; some variant forms may not be detected. transfusions can lead to false negative results. it is critical that practitioners be aware that newborn screening may not reveal all affected infants and does not replace a physician \u2019 s clinical awareness and diagnostic capability for the diseases screened and not screened. it is essential for health care providers to remain watchful for any sign or symptom of these conditions in their patients. a screening result should not be considered diagnostic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4875144043643847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07834173-044e-48d8-b116-eff7b2b38731>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.448191"}
{"text": "the whooping crane is an endangered bird native to north america. before europeans settled in the new world, there were an estimated 10, 000 of them. by the late 1800s, that number fell to about 1, 500. in 1941, there were twenty - three \u2014 two in captivity and just under two dozen in the wild. joe duff wanted to fix that. to do so, he and his colleagues decided to dress up kind of like the whooping cranes they wanted to save. duff is the co - founder and ceo of a not - for - profit organization called operation migration. the whooping crane population is at risk mostly due to habitat loss \u2014 the areas they have been migrating to and from, for generations, have slowly been eroded away as people have moved in. each subsequent generation of cranes learns the migratory path by following their parents, and unfortunately, the parents were going into a long - destroyed habitat, and many did not survive the season. without parents to guide them, the younger cranes were lost, and they, too, perished. to combat this, operation migration uses a development from the 1980s and 1990s. a canadian ultralight aircraft enthusiast named bill lishman \u2014 who would later become duff \u2019 s co - founder \u2014 theorized that certain waterfowl could be trained to follow such a plane to a different migratory destination. in 1993, lishman successfully led a group sixteen of canada geese from ontario to virginia. thirteen of the sixteen returned to ontario the next year \u2014 without needing a human guide. lishman \u2019 s innovation centered on the fact that waterfowl, soon after their birth, imprint upon the first creature they see. typically, this is their birth mother, but in a controlled environment, it could be basically any animal \u2014 including a person, if conditions are right. duff, in an interview with npr \u2019 s talk of the nation, explained : \u201c whooping cranes are hatched in the nest, in a marsh on the ground, basically, and they leave the nest almost immediately and follow their parents out to forage for food. and if they don \u2019 t follow their parents, they \u2019 re lost. so that natural instinct to imprint is there, and we just substitute parent for pilot and make sure they imprint on us. \u201d the pilots wear the above - seen costumes so that the whooping cranes, when reintroduced to the wild, are not familiar with humans. duff does not want them to learn that other people they come across are going to coddle and care for them because, simply, they won", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4485698109181069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:290b6409-19d1-4ed8-8a0f-d90572040b1d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.451700"}
{"text": "- seen costumes so that the whooping cranes, when reintroduced to the wild, are not familiar with humans. duff does not want them to learn that other people they come across are going to coddle and care for them because, simply, they won \u2019 t. once the cranes are able \u2014 assuming they \u2019 ve learned to follow the pilot \u2014 operation migration continues their conditioning, training them to follow the ultralight aircraft, as seen below. according to an interview duff did with vetstreet. com, there are now roughly 500 whooping cranes in the wild \u2014 a roughly twenty - fold increase in just a few generations, although there is a long way to go. and there are unexpected problems along the way. as reported by the sierra club, toward the end of 2011 and into 2012, the federal aviation administration temporarily grounded operation migration \u2019 s aircraft due to an unclear rule requiring the organization to obtain a special waiver before they took flight again. they are working with the faa on a permanent solution to allow the flights to go off without further problems. bonus fact : for researchers and similar types, dressing up like the animals you are studying is not all that rare. in china, researchers transporting pandas into a wildlife reserve often don panda suits, as seen here. from the archives : going the distance : the tale of the incredibly long migratory path of the bar - tailed godwit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4018266041205909, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:290b6409-19d1-4ed8-8a0f-d90572040b1d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.452319"}
{"text": "layered magnetic structures : evidence for antiferromagnetic coupling of fe layers across cr interlayers grunberg, p., schreiber, r., pang, y., brodsky, m. b., & sowers, h. ( 1986 ) layered magnetic structures : evidence for antiferromagnetic coupling of fe layers across cr interlayers. phys. rev. lett. 57, 2442. essay about this article in albert fert \u2019 s thinking that lead to a realization of gmr, it was necessary to have an antiferromagnetic coupling between layers so that an external magnetic field could switch them to parallel alignment. it took another 20 years to achieve antiferromagnetically aligned magnetic layers sandwiched between non - magnetic metallic spacers. this achievement was due largely to a parallel development in multilayers that used semiconducting elements, in this case heterostructures. semiconducting elements have a lower affinity to interdiffuse at the interfaces between layers than do metallic elements ; therefore one was able to grow heterostructures by 1980. by following the recipe used for semiconductors several groups were able to achieve a controlled growth for metallic multilayers that demonstrated antiferromagnetic coupling between magnetic layers. notably peter grunberg grew fe / cr and fe / au double layers consisting of two fe layers separated by a thin spacer layer of cr or au, and demonstrated that the alignment between the fe layers was antiparallel before applying an external magnetic field. to determine the alignment and evaluate the interlayer coupling between the iron layers grunberg used the brillouin light scattering technique, in which light either excites or absorbs spin wave modes [ small deviations of the magnetization of the iron layers from their equilibrium positions ], and thereby either lowers or raises the frequency of the light. to ascertain the alignment of the iron layers grunberg noted whether an applied field shifted the light \u2019 s frequency. no shift indicated the magnetizations of the iron layers were parallel because either there is no coupling or a ferromagnetic coupling between layers. by varying the thickness of the spacer layer between a few and 20 a he identified the thicknesses where the alignments were antiparallel in zero field ; in particular he found that the coupling was definitively antiferromagnetic for 8 a of chromium. with this feat peter grunberg provided the material, a fe / cr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5728138864882315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5541a716-0938-428c-9d5b-67e15601db30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.458404"}
{"text": "the alignments were antiparallel in zero field ; in particular he found that the coupling was definitively antiferromagnetic for 8 a of chromium. with this feat peter grunberg provided the material, a fe / cr multilayer, to test the idea of albert fert on gmr. parenthetically, the origin of the exchange coupling between magnetic layers across a nonmagnetic metallic spacer layer is similar to the ruderman - kittel - kasuya - yosida [ rkky ] interaction. that is, a magnetic moment immersed in a fermi sea of electrons creates a local polarization in the gas ; as only the electrons at the fermi level can produce the polarization, due to the availability of empty electron states to rearrange the electron distribution in the vicinity of the local moment, the induced magnetic polarization oscillates between being parallel and opposite to the local magnetic moment. this is reminiscent of the charge oscillations induced in a fermi sea of electrons by an added charge, which is known as friedel oscillations. when a second magnetic moment is in the proximity of the first it feels the magnetic polarization induced by it, i. e., it senses a local magnetic field, and aligns itself in its direction ; hence one establishes an indirect exchange interaction between the two moments through the metal \u2019 s electron gas. when a magnetic layer [ iron ] is in contact with a nonmagnetic metallic spacer it polarizes the electron gas in the spacer and provides the exchange field to couple to the magnetization of the magnetic layer at the opposite end of the spacer. this interlayer exchange coupling between magnetic layers is sizeable only for thin spacers of the order of a few nanometers, and oscillates between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic coupling due to the rkky or \u201c friedel \u201d oscillations. it should be mentioned that an interlayer exchange coupling was found about the same time as grunberg \u2019 s demonstration on fe / cr. groups at bell labs and at the university of illinois found an oscillatory coupling in multilayers containing rare - earth metals, e. g., dysprosium - yttrium [ dy - y ], where dy is magnetic and y nonmagnetic. after the discovery of gmr in magnetic multilayers there was tremendous interest in interlayer exchange coupling. stuart park", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5915590432171678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5541a716-0938-428c-9d5b-67e15601db30>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.460575"}
{"text": ", published, or sold in whole or part, without prior written permission from the american physical society. select articles citing this paper himpsel, f. j., j. e. ortega, et al. ( 1998 ). \" magnetic nanostructures. \" advances in physics 47 ( 4 ) : 511 - 597. bruno, p. ( 1995 ). \" theory of interlayer magnetic coupling. \" physical review b 52 ( 1 ) : 411 - 439. unguris, j., r. j. celotta, et al. ( 1991 ). \" observation of 2 different oscillation periods in the exchange coupling of fe / cr / fe ( 100 ). \" physical review letters 67 ( 1 ) : 140 - 143. parkin, s. s. p., z. g. li, et al. ( 1991 ). \" giant magnetoresistance in antiferromagnetic co / cu multilayers. \" applied physics letters 58 ( 23 ) : 2710 - 2712. parkin, s. s. p., n. more, et al. ( 1990 ). \" oscillations in exchange coupling and magnetoresistance in metallic superlattice structures - co / ru, co / cr, and fe / cr. \" physical review letters 64 ( 19 ) : 2304 - 2307. binasch, g., p. grunberg, et al. ( 1989 ). \" enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic - structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange. \" physical review b 39 ( 7 ) : 4828 - 4830. baibich, m. n., j. m. broto, et al. ( 1988 ). \" giant magnetoresistance of ( 001 ) fe / ( 001 ) cr magnetic superlattices. \" physical review letters 61 ( 21 ) : 2472 - 2475.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5773008768778854, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5541a716-0938-428c-9d5b-67e15601db30>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.462270"}
{"text": "adapting the universal signals of traffic lights to food packaging david leonhardt \u2019 s \u201c budgets behaving badly \u201d column from yesterday \u2019 s new york times is a must - read for nudge enthusiasts interested in how behavioral economics can be applied to public policy. one of the ideas in the column, also discussed in nudge, is the redesign of fuel economy stickers. another potential area for redesigned labels is food packaging, which one nudge reader thought could benefit from a traffic light theme. the cancer council of new south wales in australia is currently pushing the traffic light idea to help people make better nutritional decision making, following some field tests and surveys involving breakfast cereal, crispbread, and lasagna. ( hat tip to stephen laniel for pointing us to the study, which is here. ) researchers created a simple traffic light system ranking for levels of total fat, saturated fat, sugar and sodium. they compared these labels against other more detailed and complicated labels, which provided specific information on the percentage daily intake of bad items like fat and sodium, and good items like protein and fiber found in each food item. some of the daily intake labels used a traffic light color coding as well. the various labels are shown below. each label was attached to two versions of each food product, one healthy and one unhealthy. ( people weren \u2019 t told which. ) after observing the food package, consumers were asked to identify the healthy product. in the end, simpler turned out to be better. consumers using the traffic light system were five times more likely to correctly identify healthier food products compared to the monochrome % di system, and three times more likely to correctly identify the healthier products compared to the colour - coded % di system. there were no significant differences in consumers \u2019 ability to use the traffic light and the traffic light + overall rating systems, therefore including this additional overall rating information on front - of - pack labels may not be necessary. consumers reported that they could compare the healthiness of food products the fastest when using the traffic light and the traffic light + overall rating labelling systems, with significantly more consumers reporting they could make product comparisons using these systems at a glance, compared to consumers using the monochrome % di and colour - coded % di systems. what is most interesting about the survey is that consumers initially thought the traffic light labeling would be less useful than the daily intake percentage labels. before seeing the products, just 14 percent thought the traffic light label would be the most helpful, compared to 41 percent for the color - coded daily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4821884544362738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04f75634-bb82-4a1b-bf96-316c58e35a3a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.465418"}
{"text": "frequently asked questions what are the different types of sleep disorders? snoring is very common but it may be a sign that something is seriously wrong with your breathing during sleep. when you snore the airway is not fully open and air has to be forced through the narrowed passageway. approximately 10 to 30 percent of adults snore and for the most part, there are no serious medical consequences. however, habitual snoring may be an indication of obstructive sleep apnea, a potentially life - threatening disorder. - sleep apnea sleep apnea is a disorder of breathing during sleep that is typically accompanied by loud snoring. apnea during sleep consists of brief periods throughout the night in which breathing stops. people with sleep apnea do not get enough oxygen during sleep. there are two major types. obstructive sleep apnea is the most common type and is due to an obstruction in the throat during sleep. bed partners notice pauses approximately 10 to 60 seconds between loud snores. the narrowing of the upper airway can be a result of several factors including inherent physical characteristics, excess weight, and alcohol consumption before sleep. central sleep apnea is caused by a delay in the signal from the brain to breathing. with both obstructive and central apnea you must wake up briefly to breathe, sometimes hundreds of times during the night. usually there is no memory of these brief awakenings. trouble falling asleep or staying asleep is known as insomnia. one in three americans suffer from insomnia, which afflicts people of all ages. many factors can contribute to insomnia, such as stress, stimulants ( i. e. caffeine or nicotine ) taken near bedtime, environmental factors such as noise, late hours or shift work, medications, and physical illness. although insomnia can last from a few days to a few weeks for some people it can last for months or years and seriously affect their day - to - day lives. - narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia narcolepsy is defined as undesirable sleepiness at inappropriate times. this disorder includes one or a combination of the following : excessive daytime sleepiness ; cataplexy, or brief loss of muscle control ; sleep paralysis ; and hallucinations or vivid dreamlike experiences that occur during drowsy episodes. while the exact cause of narcolepsy is unknown it is believed to come from the part of the central nervous system that controls sleep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.490650058895838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da79842a-bd52-436d-baa4-bd2b6b3cbc22>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.471316"}
{"text": "muscle control ; sleep paralysis ; and hallucinations or vivid dreamlike experiences that occur during drowsy episodes. while the exact cause of narcolepsy is unknown it is believed to come from the part of the central nervous system that controls sleep and wakefulness. parasomnias refer to a wide variety of disruptive sleep - related events such as confusional arousals, night terrors, teeth grinding, sleepwalking and sleep talking, among others. although usually infrequent and mild, these events may occur often enough to require medical attention. - restless legs and periodic limb movement disorder people experiencing twitching in the legs or arms during the night suffer from periodic limb movement disorder ( plmd ). these muscle jerks may occur infrequently or as often as once or twice each minute. plmd seldom awakens the sleeper. however, it interferes with sound sleep and many people suffering from plmd suffer from insomnia and feel excessively sleepy during the day. in addition, people who have plmd may also have restless leg syndrome when awake. this syndrome causes a peculiar crawling sensation in the calves or thighs that occurs when the patient is sitting or lying down. how much does a sleep study cost? - most insurance companies and managed care plans cover the cost of evaluating, testing, and treating sleep disorders. the center \u2019 s staff can assist you and your doctor in obtaining the necessary pre - authorizations from your health plan. the edythe kurz center for sleep medicine at nyack hospital participates with most major insurance companies. under special circumstances individual payment plans can be arranged. don \u2019 t let cost cause a delay in diagnosis and treatment. call today for the care you need. are sleep disorders serious? consider these interesting facts : - sleepiness is a contributing factor to many motor vehicle accidents. four percent of all traffic fatalities and as many as 30 percent of fatalities on high - speed boring stretches of highway result from a driver falling asleep at the wheel. - sleepiness has been implicated as a contributing factor to major industrial accidents and environmental disasters such as the exxon valdez oil spill. - loud snoring can create a severe strain on a relationship. imagine sleeping next to a buzz saw every evening. - sleep apnea \u2013 when a person actually stops breathing \u2013 is closely associated with a number of serious medical conditions including hypertension, coronary artery disease and stroke. - untreated, chronic insomnia may lead to depression. - tiredness diminishes concentration and interest and saps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5130002826984084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da79842a-bd52-436d-baa4-bd2b6b3cbc22>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.472324"}
{"text": "breathing \u2013 is closely associated with a number of serious medical conditions including hypertension, coronary artery disease and stroke. - untreated, chronic insomnia may lead to depression. - tiredness diminishes concentration and interest and saps the enjoyment from life. - each year sleep disorders, sleep deprivation, and sleepiness add an estimated $ 15. 9 billion to america \u2019 s healthcare bill. what is a polysomnogram? a polysomnogram or sleep study is a non - invasive overnight test which records your sleep pattern, breathing, oxygen level, heart rate and rhythm, and muscle tone while you sleep in a private hotel - like room at our center. how are sleep disorders diagnosed and treated? diagnosis begins with recognition of the possibility of a sleep disorder by patient bed, partner, or doctor. for some disorders such as insomnia or restless leg syndrome, history, sometimes supplemented by other testing or the maintenance of sleep diaries, reveals the problem. for other disorders such as sleep apnea or narcolepsy, the disorder must be confirmed by a sleep study or polysomnogram. for narcolepsy and occasionally other conditions, this study is followed the next day by a similar test performed during brief naps ( multiple sleep latency test ). sleep apnea may be treated by one or a combination of these therapies : surgery, dental appliance, weight loss and / or a breathing device called nasal cpap. narcolepsy and restless leg syndrome are treated with medications. insomnia is treated primarily by behavioral approaches including a re - learning of sleep habits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5055510434576302, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da79842a-bd52-436d-baa4-bd2b6b3cbc22>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.473011"}
{"text": "to select their class projects, students review and vote their interest among a set of design challenges. these are short project proposals compiled by d - lab staff, based on criteria including community partner interest, past d - lab activity, and overall value. voting happens with the project selection form, which also helps the instructors create teams with an appropriate mix of skills, backgrounds and interests. - project selection form ( pdf ) the following table lists the six design challenges selected by the spring 2010 class to become class projects, followed by brief summaries of the other candidates not selected by the class. | topics | | summaries | | design challenges | | selected design challenges | | bamboo pencil maker | | process for easy manufacturing of bamboo pencils that are comparable to pencils made from wood. | | compiled descriptions ( pdf ) | | chlorine generation | | using locally run electrolysis for a do - it - yourself approach to chlorine generation. | | plastic bottle recycling | | device that granulates and cleans used plastic bottles into reusable flakes. | | portable bicilavadora \u2021 | | pedal - powered washing machine that easily transports from house to house. | | spiral pine needle cookstove \u2021 | | cookstove for burning pine needles as an alternative fuel source in india. | | vegetable cutter | | mechanized device for dicing large volumes of potatoes for an orphanage in peru. | | other candidates ( not selected ) | | braille typewriter | | low - cost braille typewriter that can be manufactured and distributed among blind and partially sighted individuals | | these design challenge descriptions are not available | | charcoal briquette maker | | faster briquette - making devices to improve the feasibility of producing charcoal from agricultural waste as an income generating activity in haiti | | clay molder | | device that helps women in brong - ahafo, ghana to mold clay more quickly into the appropriate shapes for selling | | forestry growth management | | sms integrated device to measure and record tree growth for forestry management in vietnam | | low co stove | | a fuel - efficient charcoal stove with low carbon monoxide emissions | | maize sheller attachment | | redesigning a component of a bicycle attachment to remove maize kernels from the cob so that the entire device can be made locally in tanzania | | paper bag maker | | improving the production process for recycled paper bags at a women ' s shelter in kolkata, india | | straw chopper | | chopping straw to use as a substrate for growing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5146174491282519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:091f6ab4-2e85-4b60-8fbf-505faa388621>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.478120"}
{"text": "the entire device can be made locally in tanzania | | paper bag maker | | improving the production process for recycled paper bags at a women ' s shelter in kolkata, india | | straw chopper | | chopping straw to use as a substrate for growing mushrooms, to supplement income in assam, india | | water siting | | low - cost tools to accurately locate groundwater before labor - intensive manual well drilling in ghana | \u2021 for the portable bicilavadora and the spiral pine needle cookstove, the design review presentations and final reports are presented at the end of this page. the design packet describes the sequence of process steps and milestones to be followed by the design teams. the earlier steps serve as homework assignments, leading into a final phase of prototype fabrication, testing, and evaluation. complete design packet ( pdf ) for ease of use and website cross referencing, the design packet is also presented in this sequence of four webpages. sample project results these final project reports are presented courtesy of the students and used with permission. movilavadora ( portable bicilavadora ) ( pdf - 2. 8mb ) spiral pine needle cookstove ( pdf - 1. 7mb ) project follow - up survey ( pdf ) many d - lab projects continue through multiple years of testing and refinement. see the d - lab website for the latest information on recent projects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47118822865849946, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:091f6ab4-2e85-4b60-8fbf-505faa388621>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.478660"}
{"text": "timeline of church history ( new testament era ) | timeline of church history | | this article forms part of the series | | holy scripture | the symbol of faith | the holy trinity | | god the father | the holy spirit | edit this box | the history of the church is a vital part of the orthodox christian faith. orthodox christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of jesus christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever - dynamic holy tradition of the orthodox church. new testament era - 168 bc - 70 ad late second temple period : the main internal struggles amongst the jews were between the pharisees and the sadducees, as well as the essenes and zealots. - 168 bc martyrdom of the holy seven maccabees, their mother solomonia, and their teacher eleazar. - 167 - 160 bc revolt of the maccabees under judas maccabeus. - 165 bc restoration of jewish worship at the temple in jerusalem ; the temple is purified and the idols erected there by antiochus iv are destroyed ; the reconsecration of the temple becomes an annual feast of dedication in the jewish calendar, hanukkah ( the wicks of the menorah miraculously burned for eight days, even though there was only enough sacred oil for one day ' s lighting ). - 63 bc judea becomes a roman client kingdom ( iudaea province by 6 ad ). - 46 bc julius caesar institutes julian calendar. - 40 the idumean herod the great, son of antipater, was designated \" king of the jews \" by the roman senate. - 27 bc - 180 ad pax romana. - 20 bc herod the great begins a massive renovation and expansion of the second temple complex ; treaty between rome and persia fixes boundary between the two empires along the euphrates. - ca. 4 bc christ is born in bethlehem ; 14, 000 holy innocents slain in bethlehem. - 1 assumption of moses, jewish apocrypha written. - 6 census of quirinius ; iudaea province created under direct roman administration with capital at caesarea, as the romans annex samaria, idumea, and judea ( corresponding to the region of the ancient kingdom of judah ). - 18 - 37 caiaphas becomes the high priest of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39394986005698795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a284aba-e1b8-4f75-9a96-a035dc5bccc8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.487954"}
{"text": "under direct roman administration with capital at caesarea, as the romans annex samaria, idumea, and judea ( corresponding to the region of the ancient kingdom of judah ). - 18 - 37 caiaphas becomes the high priest of the jews. - ca. 25 - 26 death of joseph the betrothed. - 26 - 36 pontius pilate is appointed the roman prefect of judaea province. - ca. 28 john the baptist began his ministry in the \" 15th year of tiberius \" ( luke 3 : 1 - 2 ), preaching \" repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near \" ( matt 3 : 1 - 2 ), baptized christ in the jordan ( mark 1 : 4 - 11 ), was arrested and beheaded by herod antipas, tetrarch of galilee. - ca. 28 - 30 three year ministry of jesus christ, including : temptation ; appointment of the twelve apostles ; sermon on the mount ; miracles performed ; rejection ; transfiguration ; triumphal entry into jerusalem ; driving out the temple money changers ; cursing the fig tree ; giving the great commandment ; anointing ; mystical supper ; arrest ; sanhedrin trial ; before pilate ; passion ; crucifixion on good friday ; entombment by pharisees joseph of arimathea and nicodemus of the sanhedrin ; harrowing of hell ; resurrection on easter sunday ; appearances to various people over the next forty days ; giving the great commission ( matt. 28 : 16 - 20 ) ; and ascension. - ca. 30 martyrdom of stephen the deacon, the first christian martyr. - 30 conversion of apostle paul on road to damascus. - some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately. - the division of church history into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events. - this timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the orthodox church, though a number of non - orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to orthodoxy or for reference. - new testament - timeline of orthodoxy in america - timeline of orthodoxy in australia - timeline of orthodoxy in china - timeline of orthodoxy in greece - timeline of orthodoxy in new zealand - timeline of orthodoxy in japan - timeline of orthodox church and roman catholic relations the following are published writings that provide an overview of church history : from an orthodox perspective - schmemann, alexander.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38582011136425787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a284aba-e1b8-4f75-9a96-a035dc5bccc8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.489398"}
{"text": "of orthodoxy in greece - timeline of orthodoxy in new zealand - timeline of orthodoxy in japan - timeline of orthodox church and roman catholic relations the following are published writings that provide an overview of church history : from an orthodox perspective - schmemann, alexander. the historical road of eastern orthodoxy. - ware, timothy. the orthodox church : new edition. ( isbn 0140146563 ) - tsai, kathryn ( dr ). a timeline of eastern church history. divine ascent press, ca, 2004. isbn 0971413924 from a heterodox perspective - boer, harry r. a short history of the early church. ( isbn 0802813399 ) - cairns, earle e. christianity through the centuries : a history of the christian church. ( isbn 0310208122 ) - chadwick, henry. the early church. ( isbn 0140231994 ) - eusebius pamphilus ; cruse, c. f. ( translator ). eusebius ' ecclesiastical history. ( isbn 1565633717 ) - gonzalez, justo l. a history of christian thought, volume 1 : from the beginnings to the council of chalcedon. ( isbn 0687171822 ) - gonzalez, justo l. the story of christianity, volume 1 : the early church to the reformation. ( isbn 0060633158 ) - hall, stuart g. doctrine and practice in the early church. ( isbn 0802806295 ) - hastings, adrian, ed. a world history of christianity. ( isbn 0802848753 ) - hurtado, larry w. ( dr ). lord jesus christ : devotion to jesus in earliest christianity. wm. b. eerdmans publishing, 2005. ( isbn 9780802831675 ) - jones, timothy p. christian history made easy. ( isbn 1890947105 ) - schaff, philip. history of the christian church. ( isbn 156563196x ) - wace, henry ; piercy, william c., ed. a dictionary of christian biography : literature to the end of the sixth century a. d. with an account of the principal sects and heresies. ( isbn 1565630572 ) - walton, robert c. chronological and background charts of church history. ( isbn 0310362814 ) - history of orthodox christianity ( quicktime movies ) - timeline of patriarchal history. order of st", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4400495784683741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a284aba-e1b8-4f75-9a96-a035dc5bccc8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.490319"}
{"text": "| excel orthopaedics and sports medicine 2801 north decatur road decatur, ga 30033 usa your shoulder is the most flexible joint in your body. it allows you to place and rotate your arm in many positions in front, above, to the side, and behind your body. this flexibility also makes your shoulder susceptible to instability and injury. depending on the nature of the problem, nonsurgical methods of treatment often are recommended before surgery. however, in some instances, delaying the surgical repair of a shoulder can increase the likelihood that the problem will be more difficult to treat later. early, correct diagnosis and treatment of shoulder problems can make a significant difference in the long run. the ball at the top end of the arm bone fits into the small socket ( glenoid ) of the shoulder blade to form the shoulder joint ( glenohumeral joint ). the socket of the glenoid is surrounded by a soft - tissue rim ( labrum ). a smooth, durable surface ( articular cartilage ) on the head of the arm bone, and a thin inner lining ( synovium ) of the joint allows the smooth motion of the shoulder joint. the upper part of the shoulder blade ( acromion ) projects over the shoulder joint. one end of the collarbone is joined with the shoulder blade by the acromioclavicular ( ac ) joint. the other end of the collarbone is joined with the breastbone ( sternum ) by the sternoclavicular joint. the joint capsule is a thin sheet of fibers that surrounds the shoulder joint. the capsule allows a wide range of motion, yet provides stability. the rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that attach your upper arm to your shoulder blade. the rotator cuff covers the shoulder joint and joint capsule. the muscles attached to the rotator cuff enable you to lift your arm, reach overhead, and take part in activities such as throwing or swimming. a sac - like membrane ( bursa ) between the rotator cuff and the shoulder blade cushions and helps lubricate the motion between these two structures. bursitis or tendinitis bursitis or tendinitis can occur with overuse from repetitive activities, such as swimming, painting, or weight lifting. these activities cause rubbing or squeezing ( impingement ) of the rotator cuff under the acromion and in the acromioclavicular joint. initially, these problems are treated by modifying the activity which causes the symptoms of pain and with a rehabilitation program for the shoulder.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4548350943628973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf1f828c-ce0c-4190-a115-c11abd52508e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.502285"}
{"text": "impingement ) of the rotator cuff under the acromion and in the acromioclavicular joint. initially, these problems are treated by modifying the activity which causes the symptoms of pain and with a rehabilitation program for the shoulder. impingement and partial rotator cuff tears the conservative nonsurgical treatment is modification of activity, light exercise, and, occasionally, a cortisone injection. nonsurgical treatment is successful in a majority of cases. if it is not successful, surgery often is needed to remove the spurs on the underside of the acromion and to repair the rotator cuff. full - thickness rotator cuff tears if pain continues, surgery may be needed to repair full - thickness rotator cuff tears. arthroscopic techniques allow shaving of spurs, evaluation of the rotator cuff, and repair of some tears. both techniques require extensive rehabilitation to restore the function of the shoulder. the two basic forms of shoulder instability are subluxations and dislocations. a subluxation is a partial or incomplete dislocation. if the shoulder is partially out of the shoulder socket, it eventually may dislocate. even a minor injury may push the arm bone out of its socket. a dislocation is when the head of the arm bone slips out of the shoulder socket. some patients have chronic instability. shoulder dislocations may occur repeatedly. patients with repeat dislocation usually require surgery. open surgical repair may require a short stay in the hospital. arthroscopic surgical repair is often done on an outpatient basis. following either procedure, extensive rehabilitation, often including physical therapy, is necessary for healing. fractured collarbone and acromioclavicular joint separation fractured head of the humerus ( arm bone ), or proximal humerus fracture osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis - a medical history to gather information about current complaints ; duration of symptoms, pain and limitations ; injuries ; and past treatment with medications or surgery. - a physical examination to assess swelling, tenderness, range of motion, strength or weakness, instability, and / or deformity of the shoulder. - diagnostic tests, such as x - rays taken with the shoulder in various positions. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) may be helpful in assessing soft tissues in the shoulder. computed tomography ( ct ) scan may be used to evaluate the bony parts of the shoulder. some surgical procedures require hospitalization for a number of days. your doctor may discuss planning for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4780605226459589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf1f828c-ce0c-4190-a115-c11abd52508e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.504618"}
{"text": ") may be helpful in assessing soft tissues in the shoulder. computed tomography ( ct ) scan may be used to evaluate the bony parts of the shoulder. some surgical procedures require hospitalization for a number of days. your doctor may discuss planning for the period after surgery. you may need to either stay in an extended care facility or have someone help you when you return home. - no food or drink after midnight before surgery. - discuss with your doctor what to do about medications taken in the morning. - an hour before surgery, you will be assessed in the preoperative area by a nurse anesthetist or anesthesiologist. you may be given the option to have an arthroscopic procedure or an open surgical procedure. recovery and rehabilitation is related to the type of surgery performed inside the shoulder, rather than whether there was an arthroscopic or open surgical procedure. there are always some risks with any surgery, even arthroscopic procedures. these include possible infection, and damage to surrounding nerves and blood vessels. however, modern surgical techniques and close monitoring have significantly minimized the occurrence of these problems. after surgery, some pain, tenderness, and stiffness are normal. you should be alert for certain signs and symptoms that may suggest the development of complications. - fever after the second day following surgery - increasing pain or swelling - redness, warmth, or tenderness which may suggest a wound infection - unusual bleeding ( some surgical wound drainage is normal and, in fact, desirable - numbness or tingling of the arm or hand it is important that you continue a shoulder exercise program with daily stretching and strengthening. in general, patients who faithfully comply with the therapies and exercises prescribed by their orthopaedic surgeon and physical therapist will have the best medical outcome after surgery. your orthopaedic surgeon is a medical doctor with extensive training in the diagnosis and nonsurgical and surgical treatment of the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves. the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons 6300 n. river road rosemont, il 60018", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42761053717007247, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf1f828c-ce0c-4190-a115-c11abd52508e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.507761"}
{"text": "for those of you who already recycle and are looking to further reduce your environmental impact, composting can be a fun and rewarding activity. it \u2019 s also a resourceful way to feed your houseplants or garden. but what if you don \u2019 t live in a house or have a yard for big composting bins? if you have extra space in a closet or a cabinet, have a balcony or are allowed on the roof of your apartment building, you can still compost effectively. compost can be made up of almost everything you throw away in your kitchen. fruit scraps, vegetable waste, paper napkins and even coffee grounds can make for a suitable compost fertilizer, according to the environmental protection agency. to get started, you can use a few five - gallon buckets to make your own compost bin. you can also buy special indoor bins from hardware and gardening stores or purchase them online. backyard bins can be bought from the los angeles county department of public works for $ 40 each. the los angeles county department of public works will hold a composting workshop at the botanic garden in palos verdes june 15 from 9 : 30 - 11 a. m. the workshop will provide hands - on instruction in composting and sustainable gardening. the epa offers a few tips on how to create an effective compost mixture : - browns - this includes materials such as dead leaves, branches, and twigs. - greens - this includes materials such as grass clippings, vegetable waste, fruit scraps, and coffee grounds. - water - having the right amount of water, greens, and browns is important for compost development. your compost pile should have an equal amount of browns to greens. you should also alternate layers of organic materials of different - sized particles. the brown materials provide carbon for your compost, the green materials provide nitrogen, and the water provides moisture to help break down the organic matter. for the adventurous, adding worms to your heap can help make your mixture a richer fertilizer. worms will aerate your mixture while burrowing for food and they excrete a natural substance that contains more nutrients than topsoil. do you compost? are you planning on starting? share some of your tips or experiences in the comments below.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40651257951245245, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e526801-7324-4c55-b2bb-e4d85decf710>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.520737"}
{"text": "george lopez got serious yesterday when talking about bullying, and he had a lot to say on the subject. here ' s george on protecting kids from being bullied : \u201c we all were bullied. here \u2019 s what we have to understand : we cannot live in the past. we were all bullied as kids. i had the biggest hair and the darkest skin. what we have to do now is save the kids who are being bullied on computers and bullied in school and bullied by friends and bullied on facebook. \u201d george on how he protects his own daughter from bullying : \u201c i am a parent. i do not allow my daughter to have a facebook page or a myspace page or twitter. if you \u2019 re looking for positive, don \u2019 t look to twitter, and for us who are older, let \u2019 s not go into the past and talk about our bullying, but help kids now. \u201d more from george on his how to stop bullying : \u201c we focus our attention on computers and parents being parents in their own home, not allowing their child to dress provocatively, to not allow facebook and myspace and to have text messages. you have to eliminate the electronics because it \u2019 s almost like a weapon that kids aren \u2019 t supposed to have. \u201d social networking websites have certainly been a source of controversy when it comes to bullying. we ' re not sure how realistic it would be to try to completely ban kids from using these sites, but if they are to use them, parents should definitely engage in open dialogues about the sites with their kids. do u think kids shouldn ' t be allowed to use social networking sites? what about text messaging? [ image via wenn. ] tags : banned, bullying, computers, electronics, facebook, george lopez, kids, myspace, text messages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4521471367685693, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44b3ebee-f3bc-4554-afe8-ea1253336620>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.524454"}
{"text": "researchers on thursday challenged a tenet of modern medicine that higher levels of \" good \" cholesterol automatically boost cardiovascular health. in a study published in the lancet, investigators said they found no evidence to back the belief that higher levels of high - density lipoprotein ( hdl ) cholesterol routinely reduce the risk of a heart attack. high concentrations of hdl are one of the big markers for blood tests. they are monitored as much as low levels of \" bad \" cholesterol ( low - density lipoprotein, or ldl ) as a yardstick of dangerously clogged arteries. the paper used a method called mendelian randomisation to compare heart - attack risk among people who inherited known genetic variants that gave them higher hdl levels. according to conventional wisdom, these individuals would have a lower risk of a coronary. but the study, which looked at nearly 12, 500 people with a history of a heart attack and over 41, 000 otherwise healthy counterparts, found this was not always the case. the results are important because of the use of drugs, sometimes inflicting side effects, which are administered to boost hdl cholesterol levels. \" these results show that some ways of raising hdl cholesterol might not reduce risk of myocardial infarction [ heart attack ] in human beings, \" said sekar kathiresan of massachusetts general hospital and harvard medical school. \" therefore, if an intervention such as a drug raises hdl cholesterol, we cannot automatically assume that risk of myocardial infarction will be reduced. \" in contrast, the study said \" bad \" cholesterol remained an accurate marker of cardiac risk. separately, a study, also carried in thursday ' s lancet, confirmed the benefits of ldl - lowering statins for protecting people with no previous history of cardiovascular disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.411031692241813, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b35200a3-d56d-485c-adbb-405876720b3d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.533239"}
{"text": "| abstract | | a \u201c we are always already thrown into concrete factual circumstances, facing possibilities that we need to come to grips with. by choosing some we exclude others, thus making them no longer possible. a what we are thrown into is the past and present, and the possibilities loom ahead of us, though we may try to turn our back on them. a the future is the home of the possibilities while the present and past define the circumstances in which we make our choices, circumstances we can no longer affect. a \u201d a or so we might say, and there is something right about this way of talking. a our basic conception of ourselves as agents is radically temporally asymmetric. and so we adopt asymmetric metaphors for time : we talk of time having a direction, as flowing from the future, through the present, to the past, closing possibilities that once were open ; or perhaps we think of time as a measure of our own movement from the past to the future. such metaphors are of very limited value. a to think of time as having a direction spatializes time ; a to think of time as flowing or of ourselves as moving in time is to invite the question of how fast it is flowing or how fast we are moving ( at one second per second, perhaps, one might quip, thereby inviting the question of why it cannot flow at two seconds per second instead ). a a a a a a a a a a a a although the metaphors are flawed, we need to come to grips with an inextricable asymmetry between past and future in them. as agents, we deliberate about the future, while the past we can only bewail or rejoice over. we know the future not only through theoretical knowledge, but also through the intentional knowledge that the agent has of the effects she intends to produce. a we think a life that started in years of sorrow but ended in great joy is preferable to one that started with a great joy and ended in years of sorrow.. | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | only published papers are available at libraries | similar books and articles rupert read ( 2011 ). why there cannot be any such thing as \u201c time travel \u201d. philosophical investigations 35 ( 2 ) : 138 - 153. leena kakkori ( forthcoming ). education and the concept of time. educational philosophy and theory. kristie miller ( 2008 ). backwards causation, time, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5848844425997359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6833855-56e2-48dd-aebe-1513c564edd9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.541727"}
{"text": "travel \u201d. philosophical investigations 35 ( 2 ) : 138 - 153. leena kakkori ( forthcoming ). education and the concept of time. educational philosophy and theory. kristie miller ( 2008 ). backwards causation, time, and the open future. metaphysica 9 ( 2 ) : 173 - 191. michael tooley ( 2000 ). time, tense, and causation. oxford university press. bradford skow ( 2012 ). why does time pass? nous 46 ( 2 ) : 223 - 242. matthew h. slater ( 2005 ). the necessity of time travel ( on pain of indeterminacy ). the monist 88 ( 3 ) : 362 - 369. marta somogyvari ( 2009 ). time and responsibility. world futures 65 ( 5 ) : 342 - 355. tydings hall, honors 229f the problem of time : puzzles about time in philosophy, literature, and film tuth 11 - 12 : 15. craig bourne ( 2006 ). a future for presentism. oxford university press. pierre uzan ( 2007 ). the arrow of time and meaning. foundations of science 12 ( 2 ). d. h. mellor ( 1998 ). real time ii. routledge. eric olson ( 2009 ). the passage of time. in robin le poidevin ( ed. ), the routledge companion to metaphysics. routledge. etienne klein ( 2007 ). about the confusion between the course of time and the arrow of time. foundations of science 12 ( 3 ). added to index2010 - 12 - 22 total downloads29 ( # 42, 388 of 549, 087 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 4 ( # 19, 228 of 549, 087 ) how can i increase my downloads?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5963536422803016, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6833855-56e2-48dd-aebe-1513c564edd9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.544059"}
{"text": "researchers at rensselaer polytechnic institute have created a razor - like material that is truly on the \u201c cutting edge \u201d of nanotechnology. called nanoblades, these first - of - their - kind magnesium nanomaterials challenge conventional wisdom about nanostructure growth, and could have applications in energy storage and fuel cell technology. the discovery is detailed in the september 2007 issue of the journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology. the sharp nanometer - scale surface is vastly different from any other nanomaterial that has been created before using oblique angle deposition, according to lead researcher gwo - ching wang, professor and head of physics, applied physics, and astronomy at rensselaer. the team \u2019 s nearly two - dimensional structure changes the traditional understanding of oblique angle deposition, which was previously thought to always create cylindrical structures like nanorods or nanosprings. unlike three - dimensional springs and rods, nanoblades are extremely thin, with very large surface areas. they also are surprisingly spread out for a uniform nanomaterial, with one to two micron meters in between each blade, according to wang. the materials could be extremely useful for energy storage, particularly hydrogen storage, wang said. in order to store hydrogen, a large surface area is needed to provide room for the material to expand as more hydrogen atoms are stored. the vast surface area of each nanoblade, coupled with the large spaces between each blade, could make them ideal for this application. to create the nanoblades, the researchers used oblique angle vapor deposition. this widely used fabrication technique builds nanostructures by vaporizing a material \u2014 magnesium in this case \u2014 and allowing the vaporized atoms to deposit on a surface at an angle. as the deposition angle changes, the structure of the material deposited on the surface also changes. when the researchers deposited the magnesium straight onto a surface at zero degrees, the blades resembled a handful of cornflakes \u2014 flat, flakey structures overlapping one another. it wasn \u2019 t until the deposition angle was increased that the blade - like nature of these new nanomaterials became apparent. as the magnesium deposition angle was increased, the researchers were surprised that the structures first tilted away from the magnesium vapor source instead of the expected inclination toward the source. the blades then quickly curved upward to form nearly vertical structures resembling nano - scale razorblades. the blades also become ultra thin. from the side, the nanoblades resemble an overgrown lawn with thin, blade - like spires. at a 75 degree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5804649362187306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3eadd7d3-7aed-41e4-aab1-8148f112d57f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.548748"}
{"text": "blades then quickly curved upward to form nearly vertical structures resembling nano - scale razorblades. the blades also become ultra thin. from the side, the nanoblades resemble an overgrown lawn with thin, blade - like spires. at a 75 degree angle, the nanoblades had a thickness of as little as 15 nanometers and a width of a few hundred nanometers. researchers at rensselaer are now looking at ways to coat the magnesium nanoblades with metallic catalysts to trap and store hydrogen. the researchers monitored the blades as they were growing using a reflection high - energy electron diffraction ( rheed ) technique to create a surface pole figure or image. the new technique, created at rensselaer, is different from other diffraction techniques such as x - rays because it monitors the surface structure of the material as it grows. x - rays and other technologies measure the entire material, from the tip of the new growth straight through the substrate that the material is growing on. tracking the surface evolution of the material provides insight into how the structure evolves over time and helps scientists understand the mechanism of nanostructure formation, allowing engineers to later recreate ideal nanomaterials in the future. the creation of surface pole figures was particularly important in understanding the growth of nanoblades, as the surface morphology changed vastly over time. the surface pole figure technique was first outline by fu tang, a postdoctoral research associate in wang \u2019 s group, in a 2006 issue of applied physics letters. in that paper, surface pole figures were created for nanorod growth. the researchers are now working to analyze nanoblade growth to provide additional insight into the growth patterns of these new nanomaterials. other rensselaer researchers involved with the project are toh - ming lu, the r. p. baker distinguished professor of physics ; gaann fellow tom parker ; and postdoctoral research associate huafang li. source : rensselaer polytechnic institute explore further : researchers develop method to inkjet print highly conductive, bendable layers of graphene", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5736776046634999, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3eadd7d3-7aed-41e4-aab1-8148f112d57f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.549571"}
{"text": "the drug allopurinol, which lowers uric acid levels, appears to reduce blood pressure in adolescents with newly diagnosed hypertension, according to a preliminary report in the august 27 issue of jama. hypertension is commonly associated with hyperuricemia ( elevated blood level of uric acid, a by - product of normal chemical processes in the body and found in the urine and blood ). early research suggested uric acid had a causal role in hypertension, but an elevation of uric acid in hypertension could be a consequence of several factors, and hyperuricemia is not considered a true risk factor for hypertension, according to background information in the article. recent studies have challenged this belief, including evidence supporting a causal role of uric acid in hypertension, as indicated from experimental studies in laboratory animals. daniel i. feig, m. d., ph. d., of the baylor college of medicine, houston, and colleagues conducted a randomized, placebo - controlled \" crossover \" trial to determine whether lowering uric acid levels with the drug allopurinol would reduce blood pressure ( bp ) in hyperuricemic adolescents ( age 11 - 17 years ) with newly diagnosed hypertension. thirty patients were randomly assigned to receive either allopurinol or placebo, twice daily for four weeks. this was followed by a two week \" washout \" period during which the patients received neither allopurinol nor placebo, after which they received the other therapy ( allopurinol or placebo ) they had not received earlier, for four more weeks. allopurinol treatment was associated with a significant decrease in casual and ambulatory systolic and diastolic bp. the average decrease in casual bp during allopurinol treatment was \u22126. 9 mm hg for systolic and \u22125. 1 mm hg for diastolic bp ; for placebo, the respective changes were \u22122. 0 and \u22122. 4. the average changes in 24 - hour ambulatory bp during allopurinol were \u22126. 3 mm hg, systolic ; \u22124. 6, diastolic bp. systolic bp increased slightly during the placebo phase by 0. 8 mm hg and diastolic bp slightly decreased by 0. 3. the decrease in ambulatory bp directly correlated with allopurinol treatment. twenty of the 30 participants achieved normal bp by casual and ambulatory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4778490251881595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2e10d30-507b-468a-8b9e-947396ccceda>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.557320"}
{"text": "by 0. 8 mm hg and diastolic bp slightly decreased by 0. 3. the decrease in ambulatory bp directly correlated with allopurinol treatment. twenty of the 30 participants achieved normal bp by casual and ambulatory criteria during the allopurinol phase, whereas only 1 of 30 achieved normal bp during the placebo phase. \" the results of this study represent a potentially new therapeutic approach, that of control of a biochemical cause of hypertension, rather than nonspecifically lowering elevated bp. although not representing a fully developed therapeutic strategy, this study raises an alternative strategy that may prove to be more effective than currently available options, \" the authors write. \" despite these findings, this clinical trial is a small one and allopurinol is not indicated for the treatment of hypertension in adolescents or other populations. the potential adverse effects of allopurinol, including gastrointestinal complaints and especially stevens - johnson syndrome [ a severe, allergic reaction ], make allopurinol an unattractive alternative to available antihypertensive medications. more clinical trials are needed to determine the reproducibility of the data and whether it can be generalized to the larger hypertensive population. nevertheless, the observation that lowering uric acid can reduce bp in adolescents with newly diagnosed hypertension raises intriguing questions about its role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, \" the researchers conclude. source : jama and archives journals explore further : researchers find genetic risk factor for pulmonary fibrosis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48520606704646313, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2e10d30-507b-468a-8b9e-947396ccceda>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.558594"}
{"text": "scientists in the united kingdom and russia are reporting identification of a long - sought chink in the armor of the parasite that causes african sleeping sickness, a parasitic disease that kills at least 50, 000 people each year. their study appears in the current edition of acs chemical biology. in the study, michael ferguson and colleagues cite an \" urgent \" need for new treatments for the disease, which is spread by the tsetse fly and also affects cattle \u2014 a precious possession that represents a bank account on four feet to impoverished people in sub - sahara africa. current treatments for african sleeping sickness, ferguson says, are not only difficult to administer, but also expensive and toxic. their research identified the first compound to impede a key step in an essential biochemical pathway in the sleeping sickness parasite. blocking this pathway disrupts the production of a key glycolipid that anchors protective proteins to the surface of the parasite. the analysis also revealed notable differences between pathways of parasitic and human cells, which could reveal insight into possible therapeutic targets. article : \" probing enzymes late in the trypanosomal glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthetic pathway with synthetic glycosylphosphatidylinositol analogues \" dx. doi. org / 10. 1021 / cb800143w explore further : conservationists release manual on protecting great apes in forest concessions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4879349498795344, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f1e23d1-c891-423c-a1cb-a61e00c12ee9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.562449"}
{"text": "major section : guard most users can probably profit by avoiding dealing with guards most of the time. if they seem to get in the way, they can be ` ` turned off ' ' using the command nil ; for more about this, see set - guard - checking. for more about guards in general, see guard. the guard on a function symbol is a formula about the formals of the function. to see the guard on a function, use the keyword command args. see args. to specify the guard on a function at defun - time, use the xarg. see xargs. guards can be seen as having either of two roles : ( a ) they are a specification device allowing you to characterize the kinds of inputs a function ` ` should ' ' have, or ( b ) they are an efficiency device allowing logically defined functions to be executed directly in common lisp. briefly : if the guards of a function definition are ` ` verified ' ' ( see verify - guards ), then the evaluation of a call of that function on arguments satisfying its guard will have the following property : all subsequent function calls during that evaluation will be on arguments satisfying the guard of the called function. the consequence of this fact for ( a ) is that your specification function is well - formed, in the sense that the values returned by this function on appropriate arguments only depend on the restrictions of the called functions to their intended domains. the consequence of this fact for ( b ) is that in the acl2 system, when a function whose guards have been verified is called on arguments that satisfy its guard, then the raw lisp function defined by this function ' s defunevent is used to evaluate the call. note however that even when the user - supplied defunis not used, acl2 uses a corresponding ` ` executable counterpart ' ' that generally performs, we expect, nearly as well as the raw lisp function. see comp to see how compilation can speed up both kinds of execution. let us turn next to the issue of the relationship between guards and evaluation. see guards - and - evaluation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4933837282433457, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77483d75-14c4-4f9d-b535-1878ce526457>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.566860"}
{"text": "what really defines the middle class these days? during this presidential primary season, it is clear that the democrats consider an income of $ 250, 000 as marking the upper end of being \" middle class. \" that seems high, but maybe it is not. i would have said something in the $ 85, 000 to $ 150, 000 range or say $ 100, 000 or $ 125, 000 to pick a single number. i suppose it depends on how you characterize the quality of life that comes with being middle class. does it mean that you can afford to send three kids to \" some \" college, or send all three to the top ivy league universities? to me, being middle class is more a matter of a sense of security than what you can technically afford. by my definition, very few people have truly secure streams of income. so many people who may have incomes above $ 100, 000 today may be one pink slip away from falling a dozen rungs down the ladder. i think we do need to distinguish at least lower - middle, middle - middle, and upper middle class. sure, a couple of attorneys or professors might well be \" struggling \" on $ 200, 000 per year, but that is an entirely different \" class \" of struggle than a household with an income of $ 35, 000 and three kids. and each of these tiers probably has three sub - tiers. i would suggest that the middle - middle class ranges from $ 50, 000 to $ 100, 000, with some clear distinctions in lifestyle and choices between the $ 50, 000 to $ 65, 000 range, the $ 65, 000 to $ 85, 000 range, and the $ 85, 000 to $ 100, 000 range. i freely admit that some people would insist that the $ 85, 000 to $ 100, 000 range should be considered upper - middle class. now, the question becomes whether the upper - middle class extends only from $ 100, 000 to $ 125, 000, to $ 150, 000, to $ 175, 000, to $ 200, 000, to $ 225, 000, to $ 250, 000, or even beyond. if we read the wikipedia article on middle class, we find that the defining characteristics are no income or spending per se, but degree of economic independence and degree of social influence and power. the lower class has no economic independence and no social influence or power. the upper class has both economic independence and social influence and power. the middle class has a degree of economic independence but not a great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4647487879083394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:49363b71-1965-4420-a281-0e25628f2908>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.575307"}
{"text": "economic independence and degree of social influence and power. the lower class has no economic independence and no social influence or power. the upper class has both economic independence and social influence and power. the middle class has a degree of economic independence but not a great deal of social influence or power. i would draw the line between middle class and upper class as whether a household has to spend most ( more than 75 % ) of its energy focusing on maintaining economic independence. if the household income is high enough, the household can spend most ( more than 75 % ) of its energy either on other pursuits such as charity, social causes, etc. or pursuing additional income not because it is needed for economic independence but simply for the satisfaction or power that comes with it. my 75 % threshold is arbitrary. it could be 80 % or 90 % or 60 % or even 50 %. i would note that even households with very modest incomes manage to squeeze in some amount of non - economic social efforts such as volunteering, church, youth activities, charities, social organizations, etc. the issue is whether the household income is sufficient so that the household can choose to reduce income in favor of non - economic activities without feeling any significant financial pinch. one could take the approach of defining upper class as a household than absolutely does not need to work to maintain its economic independence. so - called \" trust babies \" would fit this bill. otoh, there are plenty of households which have very high incomes but do not have the wealth to support a middle - class life style solely on income from wealth and investments. they may in fact be on a path to the upper class, but they have not yet arrived. i have argued that you need $ 50 million to be comfortably wealthy. maybe we need another category called working wealthy which covers households which are clearly capable of living the lifestyle of the upper class, but only because they are working a very - high - paying jobs. so, i am torn here by using the criteria of not needing to work for upper class while households with very - high incomes of $ 500, 000 or more clearly do not have the same issues as the true middle class ( e. g., whether they can afford to send their kids to top - tier universities or even private schools ). for now, i am going to suggest that my working wealthy should in fact be categorized as upper class. alas, that still does not finish the job. what about households earning between $ 150, 000 and $ 500, 000? where do you draw the line? $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47699127121006435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:49363b71-1965-4420-a281-0e25628f2908>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.577308"}
{"text": "going to suggest that my working wealthy should in fact be categorized as upper class. alas, that still does not finish the job. what about households earning between $ 150, 000 and $ 500, 000? where do you draw the line? $ 250, 000 seems rather arbitrary. i will suggest that the primary criteria is the extent to which the household shares the common middle class issues. i suggest that you are no longer even upper - middle class if you meet at least a few of these criteria : - you can afford to send your kinds to private school - you can afford to send three kids to top - tier universities without any financial strain - you never worry about the cost of health care - you can afford to own or at least rent a yacht - you can afford to give each of your kids a high - end automobile - you live comfortably enough on a single income that having significantly higher income from a second income in the household is not a significant incentive to do so it is possible for investment bankers and hedge fund managers and high - end attorneys and doctors and professors to reach those levels of income that allow them to live a lifestyle comparable to those who are truly wealthy, but an average attorney or professor could well fail to meet more than one or two of my criteria for being working wealthy and hence on the bottom rungs of the upper class. so, if we have a household with two attorneys or two professors earning over $ 150, 000, the question is whether they really do need most of that income to maintain basic economic independence. there is a vast gray area since obviously they may \" need \" the income to afford a summer house and two high - end automobiles, but maybe they could live just as comfortably with a more modest summer cottage and mid - range automobiles. the extent to which they can freely choose to spend money on high - end luxuries gradually begins to phase the household from middle class to upper class. if they can only afford the luxuries with two earners, that says that maybe they are still middle class, but that they may simply be straddling the fence between middle class struggling to make ends meet for non - luxuries and upper class \" struggling \" to decide which luxuries to choose from. in the end, i think it all comes down to degree of choice that a household feels that it has. the threshold for entering the middle class is that you have sufficient income to afford what a person with common sense would consider basic necessities for a modern household, such as not worrying how to pay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.470313874390143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:49363b71-1965-4420-a281-0e25628f2908>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.578433"}
{"text": "degree of choice that a household feels that it has. the threshold for entering the middle class is that you have sufficient income to afford what a person with common sense would consider basic necessities for a modern household, such as not worrying how to pay for food, access to basic health care, can afford basic amenities such as cable tv, internet access, annual vacation, etc. i would define the upper class as having the flexibility to take on a fair amount of non - financial activities without putting their financial independence at risk. i am tempted to define yet another category that is not clearly middle class or upper class or even working wealthy. i will call it the working near - wealthy, where the households are clearly spending a lot of money on luxuries or other discretionary expenses or charities but not quite to the level of a truly wealthy household, and maybe they are only able to support this level of near - wealth by having two incomes. now the question becomes whether the working near - wealthy are in fact the highest rung of the middle class or the lowest rung of the upper class. maybe they are in fact both, depending on the context of the question. i am tempted to define the working near - wealthy as the range $ 150, 000 to $ 350, 000. i do not think a household earning $ 125, 000 would be considered \" wealthy \" by almost any metric and i think that a household earning close to $ 400, 000 would clearly be considered in the working wealthy category. again, these numbers are quite rough and arbitrary. it so happens that the midpoint of my working near - wealthy range is $ 250, 000. that seems like a good compromise. after all of this, i am still not sure where to draw the line between middle class and upper class, or between middle class and the working wealthy, other than that it is somewhere between $ 150, 000 and $ 350, 000. otoh, this issue has only come up in the context of government tax policy. the issue seems to be that the lower tiers of the working wealthy, the working near - wealthy, very much resent being treated as if they were the same as those several rungs higher on the ladder. and the people at those higher rungs still have enough of a \" work \" mentality that they are happy to keep a few more of their bucks all because politicians want to salve the resentments of the lower rungs of the working wealthy ( the working near - wealthy. ) the democrats seem to understand the economics here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4820343733376415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:49363b71-1965-4420-a281-0e25628f2908>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.579539"}
{"text": "a risk factor is something that increases your likelihood of getting a disease or condition. you can develop autism with or without the risk factors listed below. however, the more risk factors you have, the greater your chance of developing autism. there is no known way to change your child ' s risk for autism. genetics is believed to play a role in the risk of autism. this is because the condition is more common in : - identical twins recent studies have linked deletions in a section of chromosome 16. this chromosome abnormality may account for a small percentage of autism cases. caucasian males are more likely to be affected by autism than females. but, when girls are affected, they may have more profound symptoms. age of parents older parents, such as a woman over age 35, may have a higher risk of having a child with autism. autism occurs more frequently in children with rare genetic disorders or other medical conditions, including : - tuberous sclerosis \u2014 a rare, multi - system genetic disease. it causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs. the organs include the kidneys, heart, eyes, and skin. it commonly affects the central nervous system. this results in a combination of symptoms. these include seizures, developmental delay, behavioral problems, skin abnormalities, and kidney disease. - fragile x syndrome \u2014 a hereditary disorder of the x chromosome. it is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability. - neurofibromatosis \u2014 a genetic disorder of the nervous system. it causes tumors to grow on the nerves in any part of the body. neurofibromatosis can also produce other abnormalities. these include changes in the skin and deformed bones. - phenylketonuria ( pku ) \u2014 a genetic disorder of the enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine. phenylalanine is an amino acid found in certain foods. without a proper diet, pku can lead to intellectual disability. - problems during pregnancy or delivery, including rubella \u2014 rubella is a mild, highly contagious illness that is caused by a virus. the symptoms are a rash, swollen glands, and joint pain. if a pregnant woman has rubella, it can cause birth defects in her baby. other possible risk factors include breech delivery and birth at less than 35 weeks gestation. - epilepsy \u2014 this term refers to any disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. a seizure can have many symptoms. you may lose consciousness, stare into space, have abnormal jerking of the muscles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5198593944098489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc9811d2-0e9e-4cd7-8d06-0034cf07da3f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.583036"}
{"text": "delivery and birth at less than 35 weeks gestation. - epilepsy \u2014 this term refers to any disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. a seizure can have many symptoms. you may lose consciousness, stare into space, have abnormal jerking of the muscles, or experience abnormalities of sensation or emotion. - tourette \u2019 s syndrome - newborn encephalopathy \u2014 this is a syndrome of disturbed brain function. it results in breathing difficulties, problems with reflexes, seizures, and other symptoms. - moebius syndrome, cytomegalovirus, herpes encephalitis \u2014 these are sometimes listed as associated conditions. - birth defects \u2014 birth defects may also make a child more likely to develop autism. - fetal alcohol syndrome \u2014 caused when a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy. it can cause birth and developmental defects in the child. - angelman syndrome \u2014 a genetic disorder that affects the nervous syndrome and causes delayed development, intellectual disability, speech problems, and problems with movement and balance. - rett syndrome \u2014 a problem with the development of the nervous syndrome. it is most common in girls. - smith - lemli - opitz \u2014 a metabolic disorder caused by a gene mutation. people with the disorder cannot make enough cholesterol. - west syndrome \u2014 causes a specific type of seizure seen in an epilepsy syndrome of infancy and childhood. there has been much attention around a link between vaccines and autism. this is partly because of a vaccine preservative called thimerosol. but, studies have not found an association between vaccines and the development of autism.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4865367786533872, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc9811d2-0e9e-4cd7-8d06-0034cf07da3f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.583687"}
{"text": "isaac, joseph, and moses the western most window in the st anne chapel, malvern priory, has twelve scenes depicting the story of isaac, joseph, and moses. it is dated to between 1440 - 1450 and was probably the gift of isabel despenser and richard de beauchamp, 13th earl of warwick. and isaac came from the way of the well lahairoi ; for he dwelt in the south country. and isaac went out to meditate in the field at the eventide : and he lifted up his eyes, and saw, and, behold, the camels were coming. and rebekah lifted up her eyes, and when she saw isaac, she lighted off the camel. for she had said unto the servant, what man is this that walketh in the field to meet us? and the servant had said, it is my master : therefore she took a vail, and covered herself. and the servant told isaac all things that he had done. and isaac brought her into his mother sarah ' s tent, and took rebekah, and she became his wife ; and he loved her : and isaac was comforted after his mother ' s death. and they said one to another, behold, this dreamer cometh. come now therefore, and let us slay him, and cast him into some pit, and we will say, some evil beast hath devoured him : and we shall see what will become of his dreams. and reuben heard it, and he delivered him out of their hands ; and said, let us not kill him. and reuben said unto them, shed no blood, but cast him into this pit that is in the wilderness, and lay no hand upon him ; that he might rid him out of their hands, to deliver him to his father again. \u201d and it came to pass, when joseph was come unto his brethren, that they stript joseph out of his coat, his coat of many colours that was on him ; and they took him, and cast him into a pit : and the pit was empty, there was no water in it. and they sat down to eat bread : and they lifted up their eyes and looked, and, behold, a company of ishmeelites came from gilead with their camels bearing spicery and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to egypt. and the woman conceived, and bare a son : and when she saw him that he was a goodly child, she hid him three months.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3973630772380795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82706b8a-ec00-442e-a32e-c5fa4f093a95>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.588423"}
{"text": "camels bearing spicery and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to egypt. and the woman conceived, and bare a son : and when she saw him that he was a goodly child, she hid him three months. and when she could not longer hide him, she took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch, and put the child therein ; and she laid it in the flags by the river ' s brink. and his sister stood afar off, to wit what would be done to him. and the daughter of pharaoh came down to wash herself at the river ; and her maidens walked along by the river ' s side ; and when she saw the ark among the flags, she sent her maid to fetch it. and when she had opened it, she saw the child : and, behold, the babe wept. and she had compassion on him, and said, this is one of the hebrews ' children. then said his sister to pharaoh ' s daughter, shall i go and call to thee a nurse of the hebrew women, that she may nurse the child for thee? and pharaoh ' s daughter said to her, go. and the maid went and called the child ' s mother. and pharaoh ' s daughter said unto her, take this child away, and nurse it for me, and i will give thee thy wages. and the women took the child, and nursed it. and when the people saw that moses delayed to come down out of the mount, the people gathered themselves together unto aaron, and said unto him, up, make us gods, which shall go before us ; for as for this moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of egypt, we wot not what is become of him. and aaron said unto them, break off the golden earrings, which are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them unto me. and all the people brake off the golden earrings which were in their ears, and brought them unto aaron. and he received them at their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf : and they said, these be thy gods, o israel, which brought thee up out of the land of egypt. and when aaron saw it, he built an altar before it ; and aaron made proclamation, and said, to morrow is a feast to the lord. and they rose up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4004967662182082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82706b8a-ec00-442e-a32e-c5fa4f093a95>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.589329"}
{"text": "gods, o israel, which brought thee up out of the land of egypt. and when aaron saw it, he built an altar before it ; and aaron made proclamation, and said, to morrow is a feast to the lord. and they rose up early on the morrow, and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings ; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play. and the lord said unto moses, go, get thee down ; for thy people, which thou broughtest out of the land of egypt, have corrupted themselves : they have turned aside quickly out of the way which i commanded them : they have made them a molten calf, and have worshipped it, and have sacrificed thereunto, and said, these be thy gods, o israel, which have brought thee up out of the land of egypt. then moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said, who is on the lord ' s side? let him come unto me. and all the sons of levi gathered themselves together unto him. and he said unto them, thus saith the lord god of israel, put every man his sword by his side, and go in and out from gate to gate throughout the camp, and slay every man his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his neighbour. and the children of levi did according to the word of moses : and there fell of the people that day about three thousand men. for moses had said, consecrate yourselves today to the lord, even every man upon his son, and upon his brother ; that he may bestow upon you a blessing this day. and it came to pass on the morrow, that moses said unto the people, ye have sinned a great sin : and now i will go up unto the lord ; peradventure i shall make an atonement for your sin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38320017666620165, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82706b8a-ec00-442e-a32e-c5fa4f093a95>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.590003"}
{"text": "political divisions within the black community are extremely rare. not only do the overwhelming majority of black americans vote democratic in presidential races, but a majority also express fairly uniformly liberal views. yet when president bush nominated black conservative clarence thomas to the supreme court, early opinion polls showed blacks uncharacteristically divided. and when anita hill ' s allegation of sexual harassment became public, even more blacks came to favor thomas. by the end of the special hearings, not only did opinion polls show that a majority of black americans as well as whites believed thomas over hill, but blacks also sided with whites in favor of thomas ' s confirmation. in the thomas hearing, black opinion carried perhaps more weight than usual. in the final 52 - 48 vote, a number of his swing southern democratic backers in the senate attributed much of their decision to thomas ' s strong support in the black community. black women ' s opinions were also crucial here. had black women turned against thomas, feminist supporters of anita hill might have had more influence in the outcome. why did black americans, the vast majority of whom are liberal, support thomas? why did hill ' s charges actually strengthen black support for thomas? and why were black women not as believing of hill as other groups? evidently, hill appeared neither more credible nor more heroic to black women than to black men or to whites. observers have offered a variety of explanations. perhaps black women, a majority of whom are working class, could not identify personally with professor hill or her ordeal, since many such black women themselves had experienced and survived even worse sexual assaults in the workplace. another theory holds that black women are not particularly sympathetic to feminism ; or that they ascribed to hill jealousy of thomas ' s white wife ; or that black women ' s general protectiveness of black men explained their surprisingly unsupportive reaction to hill. the real story is tangled, complex, and revealing. the black majority ' s liberal interests and its stakes in the judicial process would have predicted an almost uniform opposition to thomas. blacks, after all, had been opposed to robert bork, whom both civil rights and feminist organizations viewed as a dangerously extreme conservative. in a 1987 gallup poll, while 34 percent of whites thought that bork should have been confirmed, only 14 percent of blacks thought so. moreover, in contrast to most whites, a majority of blacks desire a more liberal supreme court. another 1987 gallup poll found that 53 percent of blacks surveyed favored a more liberal supreme court, compared to less than 30 percent of the white respondents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47377030996192127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4f159f-596f-4bc6-9476-f7b8fccd3323>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.611127"}
{"text": "so. moreover, in contrast to most whites, a majority of blacks desire a more liberal supreme court. another 1987 gallup poll found that 53 percent of blacks surveyed favored a more liberal supreme court, compared to less than 30 percent of the white respondents. blacks have rarely supported black conservatives in the voting booth, and surveys show a majority opposed in principle to racial voting. black republicans have obtained no more than a quarter of the black vote in statewide or national races. bill lucas, a black republican who ran for governor of michigan in 1985, got only 21 percent of the black vote. black republicans have tended to do better in working - class and poor black areas, however. for example, alan keyes, another black republican, received 41 percent of the vote in the majority - black city of baltimore in his 1988 senate bid compared to bush ' s 25 percent. however, he received only 30 percent of the vote in prince george ' s county, a middle and lower - middle - class suburb of washington that is half black. but thomas was not running for office, and there was no opposition candidate to him. rather, he faced an up or down vote of confirmation to the supreme court. and this reality apparently led to greater black ambivalence toward thomas than had he run for an elected office. in the absence of concerted black opposition, thomas undoubtedly did better among blacks than most black conservatives. the naacp was the only civil rights group to oppose him. the southern christian leadership conference favored his confirmation, while the national black urban league remained neutral. thomas had also distanced himself from some of his more controversial past policy statements, maintaining that speeches made in the past were political statements, not declarations of judicial outlook or philosophy. many blacks nursed the hope that despite his conservatism, thomas, as the lone black on the court would not forget his humble origins from pin point, georgia, his roots, and most of all, his race. others simply viewed thomas ' s confirmation as perhaps the only opportunity to maintain black representation on the supreme court, with thurgood marshall stepping down. in the end, the symbolism of having a black on the supreme court greatly outweighed other considerations for many blacks, including thomas ' s conservative record. the thomas - hill confrontation took an emotional toll on americans generally. in spite of some analysts ' assertions of silver linings, few actually saw anything good in the event ; an abc - washington post survey that 58 percent had considered the proceedings a public embarrassment. but for black americans, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4310760858777438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4f159f-596f-4bc6-9476-f7b8fccd3323>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.622555"}
{"text": "toll on americans generally. in spite of some analysts ' assertions of silver linings, few actually saw anything good in the event ; an abc - washington post survey that 58 percent had considered the proceedings a public embarrassment. but for black americans, the event was especially painful. to paraphrase one black commentator, here were two upstanding, attractive, and articulate black professionals \" beating up one another \" in a publicly televised forum. hill ' s allegations about thomas were graphic and disturbing. but in the end, the issue boiled down to credibility and evidence. in the absence of definitive proof - - of tape - recorded conversations and eye witnesses to the fact - - most people based their opinions on prior judgments about thomas ' s fitness to be on the supreme court, their beliefs about the fairness of the confirmation process, and their views about the pervasiveness and social relevance of the issue of sexual harassment. the centrality of race throughout the thomas hearings, race remained a pervasive factor, sometimes implicit, sometimes explicit. race was a central issue in thomas ' s qualification for the position - - was he selected merely because he was black? race was made an issue in confirmation proceedings - - featured most prominently in thomas ' s \" lynching \" remark, but also evident in the uneasy, even gentle, way liberal interests attacked the nominee and the exultant and sly way conservative interests rallied around him. even the sexual harassment charge was racialized. hill ' s allegation of sexual harassment was complicated by the fact that she, a black woman, had been harassed by a black man, a charge that would have altered public opinion dramatically if it had been made by a white woman of hill ' s professional stature and personal history. white opinion might not so readily have condoned the sexual debasement of a white woman by a black man, while the debasement of a black woman could be passed off by many as an aspect of the black subculture. in those circumstances, blacks would have rallied to thomas ' s defense. moreover, faced with a hotter, more racially polarized conflict, the committee might well have insisted on a dosed session. race, therefore, permeated every aspect of the proceedings, visibly, from beginning to end. it most critically affected black opinions of the process and accounts for thomas ' s high level of black support. thomas received roughly equal support from black women and black men, even after hill ' s accusations were publicized. the absence of a gender gap in the black community and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4534001512267753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4f159f-596f-4bc6-9476-f7b8fccd3323>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.634409"}
{"text": "black opinions of the process and accounts for thomas ' s high level of black support. thomas received roughly equal support from black women and black men, even after hill ' s accusations were publicized. the absence of a gender gap in the black community and the lack of majority support for hill led some analysts took to suggest black indifference, if not hostility, to feminists, who had emerged as hill ' s principal defenders. the notion of black anti - feminism is sometimes carried to an extreme by feminists and anti - feminists alike. supposedly, black american women have no need for women ' s liberation, having better rapport and relations with their male counterparts than do middle - class white males and females. orlando patterson, for example, a black sociologist at harvard, suggested in the new york times that the brand of sexual harassment raised by hill - - a supervisor talking dirty to a subordinate and suggesting a sexual relationship - - reflected unrepresentative preoccupations of white feminists from the professional class, and was not a primary concern for most black people or for the working class generally. hill ' s complaint, patterson wrote, reflected a \" legalistic, neo - puritanical and elitist model of gender relations promoted by the dominant school of american feminists. \" thomas was merely practicing a \" down - home style of courting... \" yet countless opinion polls have shown that a majority of black women do support feminist objectives. most black women consider sex discrimination to be a pressing problem. in a 1984 national telephone survey of black americans, 69 percent of the female respondents felt that sex discrimination was a serious problem for women today, while only 27 percent felt that it was not. moreover, data gathered by political scientist jane mansbridge show that black women, in fact, are more likely than white women to identify themselves as feminists. for example, in a 1986 gallup survey, 69 percent of the black women polled identified themselves as feminists in contrast to 55 percent of the white women. and when asked in a 1989 yankelovitch survey, \" do you consider yourself to be a feminist? \" 42 percent of the black women respondents said \" yes, \" as opposed to 31 percent of the white women respondents. the paradox of the black superwoman it seems clear enough that black women do not reject feminism. rather, a better partial explanation of black public opinion on thomas and hill is the myth of the black matriarch or black superwoman. black matriarchy has often been characterized as an unfortunate or negative trait, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49162240272579666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4f159f-596f-4bc6-9476-f7b8fccd3323>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.642347"}
{"text": "women do not reject feminism. rather, a better partial explanation of black public opinion on thomas and hill is the myth of the black matriarch or black superwoman. black matriarchy has often been characterized as an unfortunate or negative trait, as in the controversial 1965 report by daniel patrick moynihan. but lately the view of black women as matriarchal has been seized upon in some quarters as a source of strength : black women, supposedly, are \" super - tough \" and generally can take care of themselves. they know how to survive and endure. some black women are flattered by the myth, and they can drastically overestimate their individual strengths relative to men. given the presumed strength of black women - - as illustrated by hill ' s own cool dignity - - many people simply could not understand why hill, as a strong black professional woman, had not reported thomas at the beginning. as orlando patterson wrote : my own daughter, barbara, a post - feminist young woman brought up by two feminists who came of age in the 60 ' s, believes along with her friends that judge thomas did say those raunchy things, should have been told at once what a \" dog \" he was and reported to the authorities by professor hill if his advances had continued to annoy her. among some blacks, hill apparently lost personal credibility because of her ten - year silence, since a \" real \" black woman would have taken the necessary steps to put a stop to her harassment. some have speculated that black working - class women, subjected to far cruder and more physical forms of harassment, were scornful of hill and her belated claims of virtue wronged. yet, paradoxically, the framing of the issue as the strong black female against the more vulnerable black male tilted public sympathy away from hill toward thomas. hill, after all, was now a tenured law professor at a large state university, while if her charges stuck, thomas would suffer - - in his words - - a fate worse than death. as patterson remarked : \" there is no evidence that she suffered any emotional or career damage, and the punishment she belatedly sought was in no way commensurate with the offense. \" despite their mixed feelings about thomas, few in the black community really wanted to see him \" shamed \" in this way. the myth of the greatly advantaged, black super - female versus the greatly disadvantaged and besieged black male has particular resonance today since public and scholarly attention has contrasted the plight of black males with the apparent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4841741481748763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4f159f-596f-4bc6-9476-f7b8fccd3323>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.645242"}
{"text": "to see him \" shamed \" in this way. the myth of the greatly advantaged, black super - female versus the greatly disadvantaged and besieged black male has particular resonance today since public and scholarly attention has contrasted the plight of black males with the apparent success of black professional women. black men currently have unemployment rates twice that of white men and life expectancy rates significantly lower than white men. black men are over - represented in the prisons and more likely to be on death row. but even for those not in trouble, the 1980 census revealed that black men take home to their families about 62 percent of what white men take home. concern in the black community over the plight of black males has recently led to the idea of separate schools for black boys in milwaukee and detroit. however, the american civil liberties union ( aclu ) successfully challenged the constitutionality of publicly funded schools for black boys - - and it was a black woman who filed the suit with the aclu. that woman apparently wanted the city to work to improve the educational opportunities for her daughter in the public school system, but in doing so, blocked the new educational opportunities for black boys. it is a tragedy that this issue of the educational needs of black children has pitted black females against black males, but the fact remains that black girls are as badly educated in detroit ' s public school system, and have equally high drop - out rates, as black boys. furthermore, while black males indeed face the genuine, not imagined, threat of social annihilation given their high rates of incarceration and homicide, black females also face serious problems linked to their gender and race that often sentence them to a lifetime of poverty and welfare dependency. still, the public has accepted the myth that black women are generally economically secure whereas black men are not. many black people, therefore, felt it especially important to side with thomas given the vulnerable position of black males in this country even if they found hill to be credible. as one black woman said in an interview with a new york times reporter : i ' ve got a husband and two sons. as a woman, i can relate to anita hill. god knows we ' ve all been subjected to some form of sexual harassment in our lives. but as a mother and wife, i know this society has a history of mistreatment and abuse toward black men. you have to wonder, what if my son is accused of this. is he going to get a fair shake? what gives the myth of black women ' s economic prosperity its credibility are published analyses that began", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44212954911711433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4f159f-596f-4bc6-9476-f7b8fccd3323>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.647708"}
{"text": "mistreatment and abuse toward black men. you have to wonder, what if my son is accused of this. is he going to get a fair shake? what gives the myth of black women ' s economic prosperity its credibility are published analyses that began with the 1980 census. these analyses indicate that relative to white women, black women ' s economic situation improved during the 1970s, while black men ' s economic situation relative to white men has not. one highly publicized finding based on the 1980 census is that college - educated black women now take home slightly higher average annual salaries than college - educated white women. such findings taken out of context are very misleading since significant race differences remain between black and white women. most black women, of course, do not go to college. black women ' s unemployment rates remain higher than those for white women, and in some instances, twice that of white women ' s. moreover, as heads of households, black women are often the ones in poverty. nonetheless, because of the image of black women ' s improving economic status ( relative to white women ), rarely do they enter public policy debates nowadays. in the few instances when they do appear in policy discussions, black women are likely to be stigmatized as welfare queens and vaguely implicated in the problems black men face in the inner - city ghettos. it is revealing that during the confirmation process, few liberals took much notice of the way judge thomas characterized and then belittled his own sister as a hardcore welfare recipient. ( see article below. ) in the 1991 fall issue of tikkun, kimberle crenshaw, a black ucla law professor, faulted white liberals and feminists for missing the way that gender and race interact in the black community to the particular detriment of black women. when the supposed cure for social problems in the black community is \" strong men \" and \" loyal, subservient women, \" wrote crenshaw, there is a special kind of oppression that even white feminists fail to perceive. although surveys show that the majority of black women are concerned about sex discrimination, their support of feminist causes is limited by their mistrust of white feminists, partly for historical reasons stemming from white women ' s participation in the larger system of racial oppression. furthermore, many white feminists tend to heighten that mistrust by overstating the similarities between the conditions and status of white and black women, ignoring what black women perceive to be their more marginal position in society as a result of the double negative associated with being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47557317330112026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4f159f-596f-4bc6-9476-f7b8fccd3323>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.648955"}
{"text": "feminists tend to heighten that mistrust by overstating the similarities between the conditions and status of white and black women, ignoring what black women perceive to be their more marginal position in society as a result of the double negative associated with being female and being black. ( in this respect, patterson has identified a genuine split, though he wrongly attributes it to the \" puritanism \" of feminism and his claim that some forms of harassment don ' t really bother ordinary women. ) the narrow framing of women ' s issues on the part of some white feminists has also worked against the development of a viable feminist union between black and white women. indeed, throughout and even after the thomas hearings, sexual harassment was articulated by some prominent white feminists as a \" special problem \" of women professionals. for example, in a washington post op - ed column, naomi wolf, a white feminist activist, maintained that women professionals had \" the most to lose \" in sexual harassment battles. however, sexual harassment is a concern of every working woman, not the exclusive domain of professional women. working - class women, not professional women, may well have the most to lose in such matters. working - class women today face declining job opportunities. at the entry level and for positions requiring limited skills, they are the most expendable. furthermore, the incomes working - class women bring home are often critical for their family ' s survival. as the 1980 census revealed, a majority of black women are the sole economic providers for their family. in addition, research has shown that even black professionals often misidentify themselves as working class, presumably because their middle class status is precarious. but in illustrating sexual harassment, women reporters often portrayed professional women of their own social class, and the media picture of sexual harassment as predominantly a professional women ' s issue probably kept a large proportion of black women from identifying with hill. many black women found it easier to believe the three women who testified on thomas ' s behalf - - and this was undoubtedly a calculation in the decision by thomas ' s \" handlers \" to give them prominence. race trumps gender in the thomas hearings, the focus on race and racism overwhelmed and diminished the black gender issues. thomas ' s \" lynching \" remark made the actual substance of hill ' s charges seem irrelevant just as attention to the urgent plight of black men has shifted public focus from the multiple economic and social problems black women also face. thomas ' s impassioned opening statement during the second round of the judicial hearings, in which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4788525465308081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4f159f-596f-4bc6-9476-f7b8fccd3323>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.650352"}
{"text": "' s charges seem irrelevant just as attention to the urgent plight of black men has shifted public focus from the multiple economic and social problems black women also face. thomas ' s impassioned opening statement during the second round of the judicial hearings, in which he accused the senate of participating in a \" high - tech lynching, \" was pivotal for his majority - black support. his choice of the lynch metaphor could hardly have been more devastatingly effective, for the lynching of black men has come to symbolize the sum total of black people ' s oppression in the united states. michele wallace, reflecting on this history in black macho and myth of the superwoman, writes : \" obsession with the lynchings of the black man seems to leave no room in the black male consciousness for any awareness of the oppression of black women. \" the lynch metaphor, therefore, subtly reinforced the popular view of black men ' s greater vulnerability relative to black women. moreover, although few commentators have dared to discuss the relevance of thomas ' s white wife, undoubtedly her visible position behind thomas throughout the proceedings lent a degree of authenticity to his lynching claim since few watching could fail to comprehend ( consciously or unconsciously ) that most black men had been lynched because of alleged affections or intimacies with white women. in interviews given after the confirmation, thomas and his wife disclosed that they had greatly feared being attacked during the hearings because of their interracial marriage. rather than disapprobation, thomas may have gained sympathy from the black community, who could well believe that an \" uppity \" black man might be resented and suffer professionally for having a white wife. thomas ' s cry of foul play generated sudden but deep sympathy from most people in the black community, a community that has long experience with injustice. few wanted to be associated with such an injustice. however, the political significance of the thomas - hill confrontation lies not with the question of whether thomas should have been confirmed in light of hill ' s charge of sexual harassment, but how his use of the lynching symbol was able to transform the hearings into a race loyalty test for blacks, concealing the significance of sexual harassment in the process. the event revealed the way black women ' s interests can be and have been sacrificed for the sake of the race and how easily the stakes of black women in the promotion of gender equality can be ignored. ironically, although tens of millions of americans were introduced through anita hill to the world of the black professional woman, the hill - thomas hearings in the end under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4981713664088672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4f159f-596f-4bc6-9476-f7b8fccd3323>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.651843"}
{"text": "race and how easily the stakes of black women in the promotion of gender equality can be ignored. ironically, although tens of millions of americans were introduced through anita hill to the world of the black professional woman, the hill - thomas hearings in the end underscored the political invisibility of black women today. as rosemary bray, a black editor, wrote in the new york times, \" as credible, as inspiring as she was, most people who saw her had no context in which to judge her. the signs and symbols that might have helped to place hill were long ago appropriated by officials of authentic ( male ) blackness, or by representatives of authentic ( white ) womanhood. quite simply, a woman like anita hill couldn ' t possibly exist. \" during this event, black civil rights activists, mostly men, not only kept silent regarding hill ' s rights in this matter but maintained their silence on the larger issue of sex discrimination as it affects black women and, therefore, the black community. in this silence, feminists, mostly white, presented the sexual harassment issue as uniquely their concern. not only were the gender concerns of black women unrepresented throughout, but the thomas - hill hearings probably helped to reinforce that old and dangerous stereotype of black women, that black women ( like hill ) have \" remarkable strength and courage. \" the hearings reinforced the popular belief of black women ' s \" uniqueness, \" their ability to absorb a host of injustices against them rooted in class, gender, and race, without crying out. clarence thomas ' s invisible sister clarence thomas presented himself to the american public as a self - made man. his journey from poverty in pin point, georgia to prominence in washington, d. c., was held up as an example of bootstrap social mobility that makes government equal opportunity programs unnecessary. there was only one little problem with the story : how to explain his sister, emma mae martin, who still lives in a dilapidated frame house with a hole in the roof in pin point, georgia. many successful african - american professionals have a sibling who exemplifies the \" other \" america. some do what they can to help, perhaps sending money. some try to forget, and cut off all contact. i don ' t know whether thomas did try to help, but he certainly did not forget. he excoriated his sister publicly and used her to exemplify the perversity of the liberal welfare system. \" she gets mad when the mailman is late with her welfare check. that '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4594176211473739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4f159f-596f-4bc6-9476-f7b8fccd3323>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.653022"}
{"text": "help, but he certainly did not forget. he excoriated his sister publicly and used her to exemplify the perversity of the liberal welfare system. \" she gets mad when the mailman is late with her welfare check. that ' s how dependent she is, \" thomas told a san francisco audience. \" what ' s worse is that now her kids feel entitled to the check, too. they have no motivation for doing better or getting out of that situation. \" this is an appallingly callous statement and contrary to the facts. as reported in the los angeles times on july 5, judge thomas ' s father deserted the family when the children were small. the mother supported the family by picking crabs at five cents a pound. when a fire destroyed their home and belongings, the mother, who could no longer support the children cleaning houses at $ 15 a week, sent the boys - - not the girls - - to live with their grandfather, an independent small - business man. judge thomas ' s sister, emma mae, stayed home and graduated from high school. she got married and had children, and then her husband deserted her. while the judge was attending yale law school, she supported her family with two minimum - wage jobs. her mother worked as a nurse ' s aide at the local hospital, and an aunt took care of the children. then the aunt suffered a stroke, and emma mae martin had to quit work to take care of her. this was when she went on welfare, where she remained for about four and a half years. now she works as a cook at the local hospital, reporting to work at 3 a. m. she has three children. one works as a carpenter ; one was just laid off, and the fifteen - year - old is in school. this is hardly a story of welfare dependency. the women of this household worked hard at low - paying jobs, took care of one another, and raised their children. it is a story not only of race and poverty, but also of sexism - - desertion by husbands, lack of child support, giving boys, not girls, the opportunities to get ahead. and when the elderly aunt needed care, the adult female relative, not the man - - again, typical - - assumed the burdens and at that point went on welfare. what was she to do? can you imagine the long - term care that might have been available to an elderly african - american woman in rural georgia? ms. martin has since left welfare, again works hard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3965952923308772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4f159f-596f-4bc6-9476-f7b8fccd3323>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.654491"}
{"text": "##s and at that point went on welfare. what was she to do? can you imagine the long - term care that might have been available to an elderly african - american woman in rural georgia? ms. martin has since left welfare, again works hard, and her three children are in the labor market or in school. in other words, in the face of great odds, she did exactly what charles murray and other conservatives have asked : she completed school, she worked, she got married. she has suffered because of irresponsible men, male preferences, lack of an effective child - support system, lousy jobs, and a lousy health care system. what can we say about her brother? he had the advantages. yet he cruelly distorted her situation and publicly humiliated her and her children. is this the kind of person we want as justice of the supreme court? in contrast, emma mae martin has retained her dignity, tolerance, and generosity - - qualities one would like to see in a justice. she holds no malice toward her brother. nor does she blame her poor family or the government or anybody else for her life situation. \" you make your life choices for yourself. i had the opportunity to go to college if i wanted to, but i made the choice. i took care of the older people. \" it ' s too bad she was not nominated for the court. - - joel f. handler you need to be logged in to comment. ( if there ' s one thing we know about comment trolls, it ' s that they ' re lazy )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4159049587327427, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4f159f-596f-4bc6-9476-f7b8fccd3323>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.656938"}
{"text": "description : in oracle, you can create an autonumber field by using sequences. a sequence is an object in oracle that is used to generate a number sequence. this can be useful when you need to create a unique number to act as a primary key. once you ' ve created a sequence object, to retrieve the next value in the sequence order you need to use nextval. language : pl / sql highlight mode : plsql last modified : march 14th, 2009 create sequence < sequence _ name > maxvalue < integer > / nomaxvalue minvalue < integer > / nominvalue cycle / nocycle cache < # > / nocache order / noorder ; - - basic autonumber with sequence : insertinto < table _ name > ( < column _ name > ) values ( < sequence _ name >. nextval ) ; - - basic autonumber with sequence demo. - - these insert statements will insert 2 new records into - - the ' test _ bed ' table. the user _ id field would be assigned - - the next number from the seq _ _ user _ id sequence. create sequence seq _ user _ id ; select seq _ user _ id. nextvalfrom dual ; insertinto test _ bed ( user _ id, class _ type, room _ location ) values ( seq _ user _ id. nextval, ' underwater basketweaving ', ' rm1205 ' ) ; select * from test _ bed ; insertinto test _ bed ( user _ id, class _ type, room _ location ) values ( seq _ user _ id. nextval, ' creative anarchy ', ' rm3111 ' ) ; select * from test _ bed ; sql university. net courses meet the most demanding needs of the business world for advanced education in a cost - effective manner. sql university. net courses are available immediately for it professionals and can be taken without disruption of your workplace schedule or processes. compared to traditional travel - based training, sql university. net saves time and valuable corporate resources, allowing companies to do more with less. that ' s our mission, and that ' s what we deliver.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48208310007583277, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52e97a82-5b3b-4a6b-9318-9e823f04d72a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.659918"}
{"text": "the study involved 66 spider - phobic women who watched a video of a spider 14 times. the participants were randomly divided into different groups to either watch the video every two hours or every 12 hours, and either in the morning or evening, or after spending a night sleeping or a full day awake. the researchers also sounded off a loud noise during some of the videos and then measured the participants \u2019 palm sweat in response. overall, women who managed to get a good night \u2019 s sleep after watching the spider videos \u2014 before being shown the spiders again \u2014 were less likely to rate the spider high on a scale of \u201c fearfulness, disgust, and unpleasantness, \u201d according to the harvard gazette. on the other hand, subjects who stayed awake for 12 hours after watching the spider videos and were then shown the videos again at the end of the day exhibited a stronger stress response. there was no evident difference in reaction between participants who viewed the spider videos in the morning or the evening. \u201c thus, sleep following exposure therapy may promote retention and generalization of extinction learning, \u201d the researchers wrote in the study. the researchers added that rem sleep in particular could be responsible for the effect. recently, a proceedings of the national academy of sciences study showed that severely arachnophobic adults who participated in just one session of therapy experienced brain changes that allowed them to hold a tarantula in their hands. the effect lasted six months after the therapy session. \u201c before treatment, some of these participants wouldn \u2019 t walk on grass for fear of spiders or would stay out of their home or dorm room for days if they thought a spider was present, \u201d study researcher katherina hauner, ph. d., postdoctoral fellow in neurology at northwestern university feinberg school of medicine, said in a statement. \u201c but after a two or three - hour treatment, they were able to walk right up and touch or hold a tarantula. and they could still touch it after six months, \u201d hauner said. the study is published in the journal of psychiatric research. source : journal of psychiatric research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.466176054179234, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e8a6bdb6-961b-44c2-8a74-f1329ca39adf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.665676"}
{"text": "woods hole, ma - - in a study published in the december 24, 2004 issue of the journal science, michael moore and greg early at the woods hole oceanographic institution ( whoi ) have documented bone lesions in the rib and chevron bones of sperm whales, most likely caused by tissue damage from nitrogen bubbles that form when the animals rise to the surface. the whoi biologists found that the lesions grow in severity with age, and are found in animals from the pacific and the atlantic oceans. the lesions were found in animals that died up to 111 years ago, and there appears to be no increase in the lesion prevalence since the oceans were industrialized. moore and early studied sixteen partial or complete sperm whale skeletons from the pacific and atlantic oceans that had been archived in museums. they found a series of changes in bones attached to the backbone, namely rib bones, and other small bones in the sperm whale ' s tail region. the changes are patches of bone death as a result of obstructed blood supply to the joint surfaces of the bone. the team found evidence of comparable bone damage to be present with increasing severity as the size of the individual whale increased. only the calves appeared normal. in looking at the potential causes of the lesions observed, the biologists concluded that such a wide distribution in time and space made nitrogen gas bubbles from a decompression sickness - like syndrome the most likely explanation. they suspect that sperm whales normally manage their surfacing behavior to minimize problems with such bubbles. they conclude that if such normal behaviors are interrupted by, for instance, noxious acoustic stimuli ( such as sonar or seismic survey guns ), there is the risk of acute problems from nitrogen emboli, as has been reported in beaked whales exposed to mid - frequency sonar. this study was supported in part by the noaa fisheries john h. prescott marine mammal rescue assistance program. the story behind the study in june 2002, a sperm whale died on a beach on the northeast corner of nantucket island off the coast of massachusetts. it was towed to new bedford, ma, and trucked to the city landfill, for a postmortem examination, or necropsy, and to recover the skeleton for display at the new bedford whaling museum. during the necropsy it became apparent that there was a series of changes in some of the bones. the lesions were bilateral and asymmetrical, and had the appearance of progressive patchy bone death in the bone underlying certain joint surfaces. intrigued by these findings, moore and early decided to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.497187835528465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39d586a1-3a0e-47e3-9112-6ab2d106ee3a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.671157"}
{"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | neuromuscular disease is a very broad term that encompasses many diseases and ailments that either directly ( via intrinsic muscle pathology ) or indirectly ( via nerve pathology ) impair the functioning of muscle. it tends to be particularly associated with human muscle, although most pathologies apply to animal muscle in general. neuromuscular diseases are those that affect the muscles and / or their nervous control. in general, problems with nervous control can cause spasticity or paralysis, depending on the location and nature of the problem. a large proportion of neurological disorders leads to problems with movement, ranging from cerebrovascular accident ( stroke ) and parkinson ' s disease to creutzfeldt - jakob disease. symptoms of muscle disease may include weakness or spasticity / rigidity, myoclonus ( twitching, spasming ) and myalgia ( muscle pain ). diagnostic procedures that may reveal muscular disorders include testing creatine kinase levels in the blood and electromyography ( measuring electrical activity in muscles ). diseases of the motor end plate include myasthenia gravis, a form of muscle weakness due to antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor, and its related condition lambert - eaton myasthenic syndrome ( lems ). tetanus and botulism are bacterial infections in which bacterial toxins cause increased or decreased muscle tone, respectively. the myopathies are all diseases affecting the muscle itself, rather than its nervous control. inflammatory muscle disordersedit - polymyalgia rheumatica ( or \" muscle rheumatism \" ) is an inflammatory condition that mainly occurs in the elderly ; it is associated with giant - cell arteritis. it often responds dramatically to glucocorticoids ( e. g. prednisolone ). - polymyositis, dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis are autoimmune conditions in which the muscle is affected. tumors of muscle include : - smooth muscle : leiomyoma ( benign, very common in the uterus ), leiomyosarcoma ( malignant, very rare ) - striated muscle : rhabdomyoma ( benign ) and rhabdomyosarcoma ( malignant ) - both very rare - metastasis from elsewhere ( e. g. lung cancer ) smooth muscle has been implicated to play a role in a large number of diseases affecting blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4830500284108057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8303b2d-9b5f-49b1-b342-2e2e0f8d8aa8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.675046"}
{"text": "massive issues around the environment, social change, and worldwide economies feel intractable. where do we even begin? \u201c sustainable network \u201d author sarah sorensen sees things differently. she believes solutions to our biggest problems can be found in something many of use every day : the global communications network. in the following interview, sorensen explains how the network shapes connections and opportunities far beyond technology. what is a sustainable network? sarah sorensen : every network can be a sustainable network because it has the ability to be a sustainable platform for change. unlike any technology that has come before it, the network is able to permeate all parts of the globe and establish new links and relationships between people, governments and economies. every network is also self - sustaining. in the book i call this the \u201c the sustainable network law, \u201d which states that : the more broadband that is made available, the faster network innovation occurs, the greater the opportunity is for creating change, and the greater the need is for even more bandwidth. is \u201c network \u201d synonymous with \u201c internet, \u201d or are you talking about something larger? sarah sorensen : when i say the \u201c network, \u201d i \u2019 m talking about the world \u2019 s global communications infrastructure, which supports connections from all types of computing devices. it : - establishes relationships between people, things, governments and economies. - provides a capacity to build and develop relationships, which perpetuates its growth. the more we use it, the more uses we find for it. - represents the best platform we have for sustainable progress and action. in a broader context, the network is a part of the information and communications technology ( ict ) industry, which is the full range of devices and applications that play a role in digital communication. this goes from monitors and cell phones to pcs, storage devices, and all the different applications and hardware that enable the sharing or use of information. it stretches from the smallest home office to the largest global network. can you point to examples of the network creating positive change? sarah sorensen : the network can create a lot of connections that create positive change. kiva. org, which connects micro - lenders with entrepreneurs, is a great example of the network providing resources that can improve the opportunities of an individual, business or community. also, look at the role the network plays when disaster and tragedy hit. in haiti, after the earthquake, within minutes we saw photos and news of the devastation and calls for aid from philanthropic organizations. the network served as the main source of information, providing critical links to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5077168551684437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b24f875-e3fa-4b3b-9cdf-eb1189e80b2e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.682814"}
{"text": "the role the network plays when disaster and tragedy hit. in haiti, after the earthquake, within minutes we saw photos and news of the devastation and calls for aid from philanthropic organizations. the network served as the main source of information, providing critical links to family and friends around the world. of course, this is nothing new. relief and aid organizations have been using online sites to link people to humanitarian needs for years, but the use of social media to mobilize groups is becoming more sophisticated and effective. this is the promise and hope of the network. if it can help people band together and get involved, even in small ways, there \u2019 s the opportunity to ultimately make a big difference or solve big problems. what should be done to protect and grow the network? sarah sorensen : we need to roll out broadband to as many people as possible. this not only takes real investment in the infrastructure, but also a political environment that recognizes the link between broadband and economic prosperity. restrictive regulation could hinder the roll out, which is one reason why there is concern about the fcc \u2019 s potential proposal to reclassify broadband as a title ii service. how does the network affect individuals? sarah sorensen : the potential is limitless, which is critical since we are facing some of the toughest challenges yet. collectively, we need to make changes to our consumptive habits, adjust our resource dependencies, and create more sustainable social, economic and political models. on an individual level, we can use the network to be more efficient, reduce waste and get involved. it will take everyone, so we all must understand it. this is where the book comes in \u2014 it strives to help people recognize the network \u2019 s role in the world around them, replacing vague notions of 3g, 4g, broadband and malware with a concrete understanding of how the network is relevant to their personal, business and civic lives. just look at recent headlines : u. s. lags in high - speed broadband access ; google pulls out of china ; court ruling on the fcc \u2019 s ability to regulate net neutrality. these highlight the broadband investments, cybersecurity risks, privacy issues, and political and ideology battles taking place right now that will affect the ability of the network to improve our lives in the future. we need everyone to understand what \u2019 s at stake and participate in the dialogue to shape the changes we want to see. we are just at the beginning \u2014 we can \u2019 t even imagine the innovations to come \u2014 and it necessitates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4822276624415519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b24f875-e3fa-4b3b-9cdf-eb1189e80b2e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.684318"}
{"text": "role of feral pig ( sus scrofa ) in the dissemination of phytophthora cinnamomi in south - western australia li, andrew ( 2012 ) role of feral pig ( sus scrofa ) in the dissemination of phytophthora cinnamomi in south - western australia. phd thesis, murdoch university. | pdf - front pages | download ( 212kb ) | preview | pdf - whole thesis | download ( 6mb ) | preview phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil - borne plant pathogen that causes dieback, a disease that devastates many native vegetation ecosystems in australia, particularly in south - west western australia. feral pigs have long been implicated as vectors in the spread of this introduced plant pathogen due to their contact with infested soil and foraging habits. this study aimed to investigate the potential for feral pigs to disseminate p. cinnamomi and to determine their role in the spread of dieback. feral pigs trapped in three sampling areas within the northern jarrah ( eucalyptus marginata ) forest of south - west western australia were sampled for the presence of p. cinnamomi. faecal ( n = 208 ) and soil samples ( n = 140 ) were collected from trapped pigs. in addition, 374 faecal and 36 soil samples were also collected from sites frequented by feral pigs. phytophthora cinnamomi was not recovered from any of the faecal or soil samples. however saprophytic pathogens such as mucor and fusarium spp. were detected in the faeces and pythium spp. was also detected in the soil samples, suggesting that feral pigs can act as vectors for the spread of soil - borne pathogens. stomach contents from 100 feral pigs trapped across the three sampling areas were analysed to investigate the proportion of p. cinnamomi susceptible plant matter present in the feral pig diet. a high frequency of plant material ( 85 % ) was found in the pig stomachs, of which 25. 8 % consisted of subterranean plant structures such as roots and tubers. underground fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi belonging to the genus rhizopogon were also a significant food item. there was no statistically significant preference detected for food items by pigs between the three sampling areas, regardless of sex and / or month of capture. however, older and larger pigs consumed significantly more bark ( p = 0. 0002 ). to further investigate the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4431783215725469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c7ff8f-417c-4dc5-99e2-44598a1a4c71>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.689494"}
{"text": "no statistically significant preference detected for food items by pigs between the three sampling areas, regardless of sex and / or month of capture. however, older and larger pigs consumed significantly more bark ( p = 0. 0002 ). to further investigate the potential for p. cinnamomi to survive passage through the pig digestive tract a feeding trial was undertaken. phytophthora cinnamomi inoculated millet ( panicum miliaceum ) seeds, pine ( pinus radiata ) plugs, and banksia leptophylla roots were fed to pigs and subsequently recovered after passage. the viability of p. cinnamomi inoculated plant materials post digestion ranged from 25. 5 % to 98. 3 %. detection for p. cinnamomi presence in the materials via qpcr confirmed a decrease in p. cinnamomi dna with increasing time to passage. these investigations demonstrated that plant material infected with p. cinnamomi can remain viable following passage through the pig digestive tract suggesting that the plant material may provide protection for p. cinnamomi against the adverse conditions of the pig digestive tract. subsequently, plant infection trials using infected pine plugs passaged through the pig digestive tract highlighted that material passaged 7 days after initial consumption was capable of infecting healthy susceptible plants. this provides evidence that feral pigs have the ability to act as a vector for p. cinnamomi through the ingestion of infected plant materials. a species - specific fluorescent in situ hybridization ( fish ) assay was developed to enable the examination of p. cinnamomi within plant tissues. the probe was found to be specific for p. cinnamomi when tested against other phytophthora, pythium and enteric bacteria species. using the fish assay, the location of p. cinnamomi structures were detected within a variety of plant materials such as millet seeds, pine sections and root samples. phytophthora cinnamomi structures such as hyphae and chlamydospores were found in the epidermal layer of millet seeds and within the axial rays of pine that were recovered after passage from the feeding trial. this aided understanding of how viable p. cinnamomi were able to survive passage within these plant materials. in addition, the fish assay was also successfully applied to both laboratory - cultured and naturally infected plant roots enabling detection of the pathogen in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49332364870375944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c7ff8f-417c-4dc5-99e2-44598a1a4c71>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.690962"}
{"text": "aided understanding of how viable p. cinnamomi were able to survive passage within these plant materials. in addition, the fish assay was also successfully applied to both laboratory - cultured and naturally infected plant roots enabling detection of the pathogen in the intracellular and intercellular spaces of roots. the assay has proven to be a useful tool in the detection of p. cinnamomi structures within plant tissues. in conclusion, this study provides evidence that, whilst the potential consequences of pig - vectored dispersal of p. cinnamomi are high, the likelihood of feral pigs dispersing the pathogen through transport of infested soil is low. investigations of their diet composition and the passage of viable p. cinnamomi has established the additional threat that feral pigs could spread ingested p. cinnamomi within organic substrates. this study has also highlighted the fact that there is still much to be learned about the interaction between the feral pig and the plant pathogen. further research is therefore required to ensure that appropriate management decisions for both species can be made. | publication type : | | thesis ( phd ) | | murdoch affiliation : | | school of veterinary and biomedical sciences | | supervisor : | | adams, peter, williams, nari, fenwick, stan and hardy, giles | | item control page |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4831000002400118, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c7ff8f-417c-4dc5-99e2-44598a1a4c71>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.691836"}
{"text": "a commentary, critical, practical, and explanatory on the old and new testaments, by robert jamieson, a. r. fausset and david brown at sacred - texts. com mat 5 : 1the beatitudes, and their bearing upon the world. ( mat. 5 : 1 - 16 ) and seeing the multitudes - - those mentioned in mat 4 : 25. he went up into a mountain - - one of the dozen mountains which robinson says there are in the vicinity of the sea of galilee, any one of them answering about equally well to the occasion. so charming is the whole landscape that the descriptions of it, from josephus downwards [ wars of the jews, 4. 10, 8 ], are apt to be thought a little colored. and when he was set - - had sat or seated himself. his disciples came unto him - - already a large circle, more or less attracted and subdued by his preaching and miracles, in addition to the smaller band of devoted adherents. though the latter only answered to the subjects of his kingdom, described in this discourse, there were drawn from time to time into this inner circle souls from the outer one, who, by the power of his matchless word, were constrained to forsake their all for the lord jesus. mat 5 : 2and he opened his mouth - - a solemn way of arousing the reader ' s attention, and preparing him for something weighty. ( job 9 : 1 ; act 8 : 35 ; act 10 : 34 ). and taught them, saying - - as follows. mat 5 : 3blessed - - of the two words which our translators render \" blessed, \" the one here used points more to what is inward, and so might be rendered \" happy, \" in a lofty sense ; while the other denotes rather what comes to us from without ( as mat 25 : 34 ). but the distinction is not always clearly carried out. one hebrew word expresses both. on these precious beatitudes, observe that though eight in number, there are here but seven distinct features of character. the eighth one - - the \" persecuted for righteousness ' sake \" - - denotes merely the possessors of the seven preceding features, on account of which it is that they are persecuted ( ti2 3 : 12 ). accordingly, instead of any distinct promise to this class, we have merely a repetition of the first promise. this has been noticed by several critics, who by the sevenfold character thus set forth have right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4969949160959276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.751792"}
{"text": "are persecuted ( ti2 3 : 12 ). accordingly, instead of any distinct promise to this class, we have merely a repetition of the first promise. this has been noticed by several critics, who by the sevenfold character thus set forth have rightly observed that a complete character is meant to be depicted, and by the sevenfold blessedness attached to it, a perfect blessedness is intended. observe, again, that the language in which these beatitudes are couched is purposely fetched from the old testament, to show that the new kingdom is but the old in a new form ; while the characters described are but the varied forms of that spirituality which was the essence of real religion all along, but had well - nigh disappeared under corrupt teaching. further, the things here promised, far from being mere arbitrary rewards, will be found in each case to grow out of the characters to which they are attached, and in their completed form are but the appropriate coronation of them. once more, as \" the kingdom of heaven, \" which is the first and the last thing here promised, has two stages - - a present and a future, an initial and a consummate stage - - so the fulfilment of each of these promises has two stages - - a present and a future, a partial and a perfect stage. blessed are the poor in spirit - - all familiar with old testament phraseology know how frequently god ' s true people are styled \" the poor \" ( the \" oppressed, \" \" afflicted, \" \" miserable \" ) or \" the needy \" - - or both together ( as in psa 40 : 17 ; isa 41 : 17 ). the explanation of this lies in the fact that it is generally \" the poor of this world \" who are \" rich in faith \" ( jam 2 : 5 ; compare co2 6 : 10 ; rev 2 : 9 ) ; while it is often \" the ungodly \" who \" prosper in the world \" ( psa 73 : 12 ). accordingly, in luk 6 : 20 - 21, it seems to be this class - - the literally \" poor \" and \" hungry \" - - that are specially addressed. but since god ' s people are in so many places styled \" the poor \" and \" the needy, \" with no evident reference to their temporal circumstances ( as in psa 68 : 10 ; psa 69 : 29 - 33 ; psa 132 : 15 ; isa 61 : 1 ; isa 66 : 2 ), it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5183771378031521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.752865"}
{"text": "\" and \" the needy, \" with no evident reference to their temporal circumstances ( as in psa 68 : 10 ; psa 69 : 29 - 33 ; psa 132 : 15 ; isa 61 : 1 ; isa 66 : 2 ), it is plainly a frame of mind which those terms are meant to express. accordingly, our translators sometimes render such words \" the humble \" ( psa 10 : 12, psa 10 : 17 ), \" the meek \" ( psa 22 : 26 ), \" the lowly \" ( pro 3 : 34 ), as having no reference to outward circumstances. but here the explanatory words, \" in spirit, \" fix the sense to \" those who in their deepest consciousness realize their entire need \" ( compare the greek of luk 10 : 21 ; joh 11 : 33 ; joh 13 : 21 ; act 20 : 22 ; rom 12 : 11 ; co1 5 : 3 ; phi 3 : 3 ). this self - emptying conviction, that \" before god we are void of everything, \" lies at the foundation of all spiritual excellence, according to the teaching of scripture. without it we are inaccessible to the riches of christ ; with it we are in the fitting state for receiving all spiritual supplies ( rev 3 : 17 - 18 ; mat 9 : 12 - 13 ). for theirs is the kingdom of heaven - - ( see on mat 3 : 2 ). the poor in spirit not only shall have - - they already have - - the kingdom. the very sense of their poverty is begun riches. while others \" walk in a vain show \" - - \" in a shadow, \" \" an image \" - - in an unreal world, taking a false view of themselves and all around them - - the poor in spirit are rich in the knowledge of their real case. having courage to look this in the face, and own it guilelessly, they feel strong in the assurance that \" unto the upright there ariseth light in the darkness \" ( psa 112 : 4 ) ; and soon it breaks forth as the morning. god wants nothing from us as the price of his saving gifts ; we have but to feel our universal destitution, and cast ourselves upon his compassion ( job 33 : 27 - 28 ; jo1 1 : 9 ). so the poor in spirit are enriched with the fulness of christ, which is the kingdom in substance ; and when he shall say to them from his great white throne, \" come, ye blessed of my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4949286170625625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.754031"}
{"text": "; jo1 1 : 9 ). so the poor in spirit are enriched with the fulness of christ, which is the kingdom in substance ; and when he shall say to them from his great white throne, \" come, ye blessed of my father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you, \" he will invite them merely to the full enjoyment of an already possessed inheritance. mat 5 : 4blessed are they that mourn : for they shall be comforted - - this \" mourning \" must not be taken loosely for that feeling which is wrung from men under pressure of the ills of life, nor yet strictly for sorrow on account of committed sins. evidently it is that entire feeling which the sense of our spiritual poverty begets ; and so the second beatitude is but the complement of the first. the one is the intellectual, the other the emotional aspect of the same thing. it is poverty of spirit that says, \" i am undone \" ; and it is the mourning which this causes that makes it break forth in the form of a lamentation - - \" woe is me! for i am undone. \" hence this class are termed \" mourners in zion, \" or, as we might express it, religious mourners, in sharp contrast with all other sorts ( isa 61 : 1 - 3 ; isa 66 : 2 ). religion, according to the bible, is neither a set of intellectual convictions nor a bundle of emotional feelings, but a compound of both, the former giving birth to the latter. thus closely do the first two beatitudes cohere. the mourners shall be \" comforted. \" even now they get beauty for ashes, the oil of joy for mourning, the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness. sowing in tears, they reap even here in joy. still, all present comfort, even the best, is partial, interrupted, short - lived. but the days of our mourning shall soon be ended, and then god shall wipe away all tears from our eyes. then, in the fullest sense, shall the mourners be \" comforted. \" mat 5 : 5blessed are the meek : for they shall inherit the earth - - this promise to the meek is but a repetition of psa 37 : 11 ; only the word which our evangelist renders \" the meek, \" after the septuagint, is the same which we have found so often translated \" the poor, \" showing how closely allied these two features of character", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064524090746976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.755012"}
{"text": "psa 37 : 11 ; only the word which our evangelist renders \" the meek, \" after the septuagint, is the same which we have found so often translated \" the poor, \" showing how closely allied these two features of character are. it is impossible, indeed, that \" the poor in spirit \" and \" the mourners \" in zion should not at the same time be \" meek \" ; that is to say, persons of a lowly and gentle carriage. how fitting, at least, it is that they should be so, may be seen by the following touching appeal : \" put them in mind to be subject to principalities and powers, to obey magistrates, to be ready to every good work, to speak evil of no man, to be no brawlers, but gentle, showing all meekness unto all men : for we ourselves were once foolish, disobedient, deceived, serving divers lusts and pleasures... but after that the kindness and love of god our saviour toward man appeared... : according to his mercy he saved us, \" & c. ( tit 3 : 1 - 7 ). but he who had no such affecting reasons for manifesting this beautiful carriage, said, nevertheless, of himself, \" take my yoke upon you, and learn of me ; for i am meek and lowly in heart : and ye shall find rest unto your souls \" ( mat 11 : 29 ) ; and the apostle besought one of the churches by \" the meekness and gentleness of christ \" ( co2 10 : 1 ). in what esteem this is held by him who seeth not as man seeth, we may learn from pe1 3 : 4, where the true adorning is said to be that of \" a meek and quiet spirit, which in the sight of god is of great price. \" towards men this disposition is the opposite of high - mindedness, and a quarrelsome and revengeful spirit ; it \" rather takes wrong, and suffers itself to be defrauded \" ( co1 6 : 7 ) ; it \" avenges not itself, but rather gives place unto wrath \" ( rom 12 : 19 ) ; like the meek one, \" when reviled, it reviles not again ; when it suffers, it threatens not : but commits itself to him that judgeth righteously \" ( pe1 2 : 19 - 22 ). \" the earth \" which the meek are to inherit might be rendered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.456143511880312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.755915"}
{"text": ", it reviles not again ; when it suffers, it threatens not : but commits itself to him that judgeth righteously \" ( pe1 2 : 19 - 22 ). \" the earth \" which the meek are to inherit might be rendered \" the land \" - - bringing out the more immediate reference to canaan as the promised land, the secure possession of which was to the old testament saints the evidence and manifestation of god ' s favor resting on them, and the ideal of all true and abiding blessedness. even in the psalm from which these words are taken the promise to the meek is not held forth as an arbitrary reward, but as having a kind of natural fulfilment. when they delight themselves in the lord, he gives them the desires of their heart : when they commit their way to him, he brings it to pass ; bringing forth their righteousness as the light, and their judgment as the noonday : the little that they have, even when despoiled of their rights, is better than the riches of many wicked ( psa. 37 : 1 - 24 ). all things, in short, are theirs - - in the possession of that favor which is life, and of those rights which belong to them as the children of god - - whether the world, or life, or death, or things present, or things to come ; all are theirs ( co1 3 : 21 - 22 ) ; and at length, overcoming, they \" inherit all things \" ( rev 21 : 7 ). thus are the meek the only rightful occupants of a foot of ground or a crust of bread here, and heirs of all coming things. mat 5 : 6blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness : for they shall be filled - - \" shall be saturated. \" \" from this verse, \" says tholuck, \" the reference to the old testament background ceases. \" surprising! on the contrary, none of these beatitudes is more manifestly dug out of the rich mine of the old testament. indeed, how could any one who found in the old testament \" the poor in spirit, \" and \" the mourners in zion, \" doubt that he would also find those same characters also craving that righteousness which they feel and mourn their want of? but what is the precise meaning of \" righteousness \" here? lutheran expositors, and some of our own, seem to have a hankering after that more restricted sense of the term in which it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4938538658767363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.756813"}
{"text": "they feel and mourn their want of? but what is the precise meaning of \" righteousness \" here? lutheran expositors, and some of our own, seem to have a hankering after that more restricted sense of the term in which it is used with reference to the sinner ' s justification before god. ( see jer 23 : 6 ; isa 45 : 24 ; rom 4 : 6 ; co2 5 : 21 ). but, in so comprehensive a saying as this, it is clearly to be taken - - as in mat 5 : 10 also - - in a much wider sense, as denoting that spiritual and entire conformity to the law of god, under the want of which the saints groan, and the possession of which constitutes the only true saintship. the old testament dwells much on this righteousness, as that which alone god regards with approbation ( psa 11 : 7 ; psa 23 : 3 ; psa 106 : 3 ; pro 12 : 28 ; pro 16 : 31 ; isa 64 : 5, & c. ). as hunger and thirst are the keenest of our appetites, our lord, by employing this figure here, plainly means \" those whose deepest cravings are after spiritual blessings. \" and in the old testament we find this craving variously expressed : \" hearken unto me, ye that follow after righteousness, ye that seek the lord \" ( isa 51 : 1 ) ; \" i have waited for thy salvation, o lord, \" exclaimed dying jacob ( gen 49 : 18 ) ; \" my soul, \" says the sweet psalmist, \" breaketh for the longing that it hath unto thy judgments at all times \" ( psa 119 : 20 ) : and in similar breathings does he give vent to his deepest longings in that and other psalms. well, our lord just takes up here - - this blessed frame of mind, representing it as - - the surest pledge of the coveted supplies, as it is the best preparative, and indeed itself the beginning of them. \" they shall be saturated, \" he says ; they shall not only have what they so highly value and long to possess, but they shall have their fill of it. not here, however. even in the old testament this was well understood. \" deliver me, \" says the psalmist, in language which, beyond all doubt, stretches beyond the present scene, \" from men of the world, which have their portion in this life : as for me, i shall behold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4714578111857129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.757700"}
{"text": "was well understood. \" deliver me, \" says the psalmist, in language which, beyond all doubt, stretches beyond the present scene, \" from men of the world, which have their portion in this life : as for me, i shall behold thy face in righteousness : i shall be satisfied, when i awake, with thy likeness \" ( psa 17 : 13 - 15 ). the foregoing beatitudes - - the first four - - represent the saints rather as conscious of their need of salvation, and acting suitably to that character, than as possessed of it. the next three are of a different kind - - representing the saints as having now found salvation, and conducting themselves accordingly. mat 5 : 7blessed are the merciful : for they shall obtain mercy - - beautiful is the connection between this and the preceding beatitude. the one has a natural tendency to beget the other. as for the words, they seem directly fetched from psa 18 : 25, \" with the merciful thou wilt show thyself merciful. \" not that our mercifulness comes absolutely first. on the contrary, our lord himself expressly teaches us that god ' s method is to awaken in us compassion towards our fellow men by his own exercise of it, in so stupendous a way and measure, towards ourselves. in the parable of the unmerciful debtor, the servant to whom his lord forgave ten thousand talents was naturally expected to exercise the small measure of the same compassion required for forgiving his fellow servant ' s debt of a hundred pence ; and it is only when, instead of this, he relentlessly imprisoned him till he should pay it up, that his lord ' s indignation was roused, and he who was designed for a vessel of mercy is treated as a vessel of wrath ( mat 18 : 23 - 35 ; and see mat 5 : 23 - 24 ; mat 6 : 15 ; jam 2 : 13 ). \" according to the view given in scripture, \" says trench most justly, \" the christian stands in a middle point, between a mercy received and a mercy yet needed. \" sometimes the first is urged upon him as an argument for showing mercy - - \" forgiving one another, as christ forgave you \" ( col 3 : 13 ; eph 4 : 32 ) : sometimes the last - - \" blessed are the merciful : for they shall obtain mercy \" ; \" forgive, and ye shall be forgiven \" (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4685596032353138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.758740"}
{"text": ", as christ forgave you \" ( col 3 : 13 ; eph 4 : 32 ) : sometimes the last - - \" blessed are the merciful : for they shall obtain mercy \" ; \" forgive, and ye shall be forgiven \" ( luk 6 : 37 ; jam 5 : 9 ). and thus, while he is ever to look back on the mercy received as the source and motive of the mercy which he shows, he also looks forward to the mercy which he yet needs, and which he is assured that the merciful - - according to what bengel beautifully calls the benigna talio ( \" the gracious requital \" ) of the kingdom of god - - shall receive, as a new provocation to its abundant exercise. the foretastes and beginnings of this judicial recompense are richly experienced here below : its perfection is reserved for that day when, from his great white throne, the king shall say, \" come, ye blessed of my father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world ; for i was an hungered, and thirsty, and a stranger, and naked, and sick, and in prison, and ye ministered unto me. \" yes, thus he acted towards us while on earth, even laying down his life for us ; and he will not, he cannot disown, in the merciful, the image of himself. mat 5 : 8blessed are the pure in heart : for they shall see god - - here, too, we are on old testament ground. there the difference between outward and inward purity, and the acceptableness of the latter only in the sight of god, are everywhere taught. nor is the \" vision of god \" strange to the old testament ; and though it was an understood thing that this was not possible in the present life ( exo 33 : 20 ; and compare job 19 : 26 - 27 ; isa 6 : 5 ), yet spiritually it was known and felt to be the privilege of the saints even here ( gen 5 : 24 ; gen 6 : 9 ; gen 17 : 1 ; gen 48 : 15 ; psa 27 : 4 ; psa 36 : 9 ; psa 63 : 2 ; isa 38 : 3, isa 38 : 11, & c. ). but oh, with what grand simplicity, brevity, and power is this great fundamental truth here expressed! and in what striking contrast would such teaching appear to that which was then current, in which exclusive attention was paid to ceremonial purification", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46569397780198374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.760354"}
{"text": ". ). but oh, with what grand simplicity, brevity, and power is this great fundamental truth here expressed! and in what striking contrast would such teaching appear to that which was then current, in which exclusive attention was paid to ceremonial purification and external morality! this heart purity begins in a \" heart sprinkled from an evil conscience, \" or a \" conscience purged from dead works \" ( heb 10 : 22 ; heb 9 : 14 ; and see act 15 : 9 ) ; and this also is taught in the old testament ( psa 32 : 1 - 2 ; compare rom 4 : 5 - 8 ; isa 6 : 5 - 8 ). the conscience thus purged - - the heart thus sprinkled - - there is light within wherewith to see god. \" if we say that we have fellowship with him, and walk in darkness, we lie, and do not the truth : but if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with the other \" - - he with us and we with him - - \" and the blood of jesus christ his son cleanseth us \" - - us who have this fellowship, and who, without such continual cleansing, would soon lose it again - - \" from all sin \" ( jo1 1 : 6 - 7 ). \" whosoever sinneth hath not seen him, neither known him \" ( jo1 3 : 6 ) ; \" he that doeth evil hath not seen god \" ( jo3 1 : 11 ). the inward vision thus clarified, and the whole inner man in sympathy with god, each looks upon the other with complacency and joy, and we are \" changed into the same image from glory to glory. \" but the full and beatific vision of god is reserved for that time to which the psalmist stretches his views - - \" as for me, i shall behold thy face in righteousness : i shall be satisfied, when i awake, with thy likeness \" ( psa 17 : 15 ). then shall his servants serve him : and they shall see his face ; and his name shall be in their foreheads ( rev 22 : 3 - 4 ). they shall see him as he is ( jo1 3 : 2 ). but, says the apostle, expressing the converse of this beatitude - - \" follow holiness, without which no man shall see the lord \" ( heb 12 : 14 ). mat 5 : 9blessed are the peacemakers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5096100568267061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.761376"}
{"text": ": 2 ). but, says the apostle, expressing the converse of this beatitude - - \" follow holiness, without which no man shall see the lord \" ( heb 12 : 14 ). mat 5 : 9blessed are the peacemakers - - who not only study peace, but diffuse it. for they shall be called the children of god - - shall be called sons of god. of all these beatitudes this is the only one which could hardly be expected to find its definite ground in the old testament ; for that most glorious character of god, the likeness of which appears in the peacemakers, had yet to be revealed. his glorious name, indeed - - as \" the lord, the lord god, merciful and gracious, long - suffering, and abundant in goodness and truth, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin \" - - had been proclaimed in a very imposing manner ( exo 34 : 6 ), and manifested in action with affecting frequency and variety in the long course of the ancient economy. and we have undeniable evidence that the saints of that economy felt its transforming and ennobling influence on their own character. but it was not till christ \" made peace by the blood of the cross \" that god could manifest himself as \" the god of peace, that brought again from the dead our lord jesus, that great shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of the everlasting covenant \" ( heb 13 : 20 ) - - could reveal himself as \" in christ reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them, \" and hold himself forth in the astonishing attitude of beseeching men to be \" reconciled to himself \" ( co2 5 : 19 - 20 ). when this reconciliation actually takes place, and one has \" peace with god through our lord jesus christ \" - - even \" the peace of god which passeth all understanding \" - - the peace - receivers become transformed into peace - diffusers. god is thus seen reflected in them ; and by the family likeness these peacemakers are recognized as the children of god. in now coming to the eighth, or supplementary beatitude, it will be seen that all that the saints are in themselves has been already described, in seven features of character ; that number indicating completeness of delineation. the last feature, accordingly, is a passive one, representing the treatment that the characters already described may expect from the world. he who shall one day fix the destiny of all men here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5051464479170922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.762562"}
{"text": "of character ; that number indicating completeness of delineation. the last feature, accordingly, is a passive one, representing the treatment that the characters already described may expect from the world. he who shall one day fix the destiny of all men here pronounces certain characters \" blessed \" ; but he ends by forewarning them that the world ' s estimation and treatment of them will be the reserve of his. mat 5 : 10blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness ' sake, & c. - - how entirely this final beatitude has its ground in the old testament, is evident from the concluding words, where the encouragement held out to endure such persecutions consists in its being but a continuation of what was experienced by the old testament servants of god. but how, it may be asked, could such beautiful features of character provoke persecution? to this the following answers should suffice : \" every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. \" \" the world cannot hate you ; but me it hateth, because i testify of it, that the works thereof are evil. \" \" if ye were of the world, the world would love his own : but because ye are not of the world, but i have chosen you out of the world, therefore the world hateth you. \" \" there is yet one man ( said wicked ahab to good jehoshaphat ) by whom we may inquire of the lord : but i hate him ; for he never prophesied good unto me, but always evil \" ( joh 3 : 20 ; joh 7 : 7 ; joh 15 : 19 ; ch2 18 : 7 ). but more particularly, the seven characters here described are all in the teeth of the spirit of the world, insomuch that such hearers of this discourse as breathed that spirit must have been startled, and had their whole system of thought and action rudely dashed. poverty of spirit runs counter to the pride of men ' s heart ; a pensive disposition, in the view of one ' s universal deficiencies before god, is ill relished by the callous, indifferent, laughing, self - satisfied world ; a meek and quiet spirit, taking wrong, is regarded as pusillanimous, and rasps against the proud, resentful spirit of the world ; that craving after spiritual blessings rebukes but too unpleasantly the lust of the flesh, the lust of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5378192470714181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.763542"}
{"text": "quiet spirit, taking wrong, is regarded as pusillanimous, and rasps against the proud, resentful spirit of the world ; that craving after spiritual blessings rebukes but too unpleasantly the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eye, and the pride of life ; so does a merciful spirit the hard - heartedness of the world ; purity of heart contrasts painfully with painted hypocrisy ; and the peacemaker cannot easily be endured by the contentious, quarrelsome world. thus does \" righteousness \" come to be \" persecuted. \" but blessed are they who, in spite of this, dare to be righteous. for theirs is the kingdom of heaven - - as this was the reward promised to the poor in spirit - - the leading one of these seven beatitudes - - of course it is the proper portion of such as are persecuted for exemplifying them. mat 5 : 11blessed are ye when men shall revile you - - or abuse you to your face, in opposition to backbiting. ( see mar 15 : 32 ). and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you, falsely, for my sake - - observe this. he had before said, \" for righteousness ' sake. \" here he identifies himself and his cause with that of righteousness, binding up the cause of righteousness in the world with the reception of himself. would moses, or david, or isaiah, or paul have so expressed themselves? never. doubtless they suffered for righteousness ' sake. but to have called this \" their sake, \" would, as every one feels, have been very unbecoming. whereas he that speaks, being righteousness incarnate ( see mar 1 : 24 ; act 3 : 14 ; rev 3 : 7 ), when he so speaks, speaks only like himself. mat 5 : 12rejoice, and be exceeding glad - - \" exult. \" in the corresponding passage of luke ( luk 6 : 22 - 23 ), where every indignity trying to flesh and blood is held forth as the probable lot of such as were faithful to him, the word is even stronger than here : \" leap, \" as if he would have their inward transport to overpower and absorb the sense of all these affronts and sufferings ; nor will anything else do it. for great is your reward in heaven : for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you : - - that is, \" you do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48639754435144655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.764509"}
{"text": "overpower and absorb the sense of all these affronts and sufferings ; nor will anything else do it. for great is your reward in heaven : for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you : - - that is, \" you do but serve yourselves heirs to their character and sufferings, and the reward will be common. \" mat 5 : 13we have here the practical application of the foregoing principles to those disciples who sat listening to them, and to their successors in all time. our lord, though he began by pronouncing certain characters to be blessed - - without express reference to any of his hearers - - does not close the beatitudes without intimating that such characters were in existence, and that already they were before him. accordingly, from characters he comes to persons possessing them, saying, \" blessed are ye when men shall revile you, \" & c. ( mat 5 : 11 ). and now, continuing this mode of direct personal address, he startles those humble, unknown men by pronouncing them the exalted benefactors of their whole species. ye are the salt of the earth - - to preserve it from corruption, to season its insipidity, to freshen and sweeten it. the value of salt for these purposes is abundantly referred to by classical writers as well as in scripture ; and hence its symbolical significance in the religious offerings as well of those without as of those within the pale of revealed religion. in scripture, mankind, under the unrestrained workings of their own evil nature, are represented as entirely corrupt. thus, before the flood ( gen 6 : 11 - 12 ) ; after the flood ( gen 8 : 21 ) ; in the days of david ( psa 14 : 2 - 3 ) ; in the days of isaiah ( isa 1 : 5 - 6 ) ; and in the days of paul ( eph 2 : 1 - 3 ; see also job 14 : 4 ; job 15 : 15 - 16 ; joh 3 : 6 ; compared with rom 8 : 8 ; tit 3 : 2 - 3 ). the remedy for this, says our lord here, is the active presence of his disciples among their fellows. the character and principles of christians, brought into close contact with it, are designed to arrest the festering corruption of humanity and season its insipidity. but how, it may be asked, are christians to do this office for their fellow men, if their righteousness only exasperate them,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5225405399956617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.765450"}
{"text": "it, are designed to arrest the festering corruption of humanity and season its insipidity. but how, it may be asked, are christians to do this office for their fellow men, if their righteousness only exasperate them, and recoil, in every form of persecution, upon themselves? the answer is : that is but the first and partial effect of their christianity upon the world : though the great proportion would dislike and reject the truth, a small but noble band would receive and hold it fast ; and in the struggle that would ensue, one and another even of the opposing party would come over to his ranks, and at length the gospel would carry all before it. but if the salt have lost his savour - - \" become unsavory \" or \" insipid \" ; losing its saline or salting property. the meaning is : if that christianity on which the health of the world depends, does in any age, region, or individual, exist only in name, or if it contain not those saving elements for want of which the world languishes, wherewith shall it be salted? - - how shall the salting qualities be restored it? ( compare mar 9 : 50 ). whether salt ever does lose its saline property - - about which there is a difference of opinion - - is a question of no moment here. the point of the case lies in the supposition - - that if it should lose it, the consequence would be as here described. so with christians. the question is not : can, or do, the saints ever totally lose that grace which makes them a blessing to their fellow men? but, what is to be the issue of that christianity which is found wanting in those elements which can alone stay the corruption and season the tastelessness of an all - - pervading carnality? the restoration or non - restoration of grace, or true living christianity, to those who have lost it, has, in our judgment, nothing at all to do here. the question is not, if a man lose his grace, how shall that grace be restored to him? but, since living christianity is the only \" salt of the earth, \" if men lose that, what else can supply its place? what follows is the appalling answer to this question. it is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast out - - a figurative expression of indignant exclusion from the kingdom of god ( compare mat 8 : 12 ; mat 22 : 13 ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4815612009660764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.766366"}
{"text": "follows is the appalling answer to this question. it is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast out - - a figurative expression of indignant exclusion from the kingdom of god ( compare mat 8 : 12 ; mat 22 : 13 ; joh 6 : 37 ; joh 9 : 34 ). and to be trodden under foot of men - - expressive of contempt and scorn. it is not the mere want of a certain character, but the want of it in those whose profession and appearance were fitted to beget expectation of finding it. mat 5 : 14ye are the light of the world - - this being the distinctive title which our lord appropriates to himself ( joh 8 : 12 ; joh 9 : 5 ; and see joh 1 : 4, joh 1 : 9 ; joh 3 : 19 ; joh 12 : 35 - 36 ) - - a title expressly said to be unsuitable even to the highest of all the prophets ( joh 1 : 8 ) - - it must be applied here by our lord to his disciples only as they shine with his light upon the world, in virtue of his spirit dwelling in them, and the same mind being in them which was also in christ jesus. nor are christians anywhere else so called. nay, as if to avoid the august title which the master has appropriated to himself, christians are said to \" shine \" - - not as \" lights, \" as our translators render it, but - - \" as luminaries in the world \" ( phi 2 : 15 ) ; and the baptist is said to have been \" the burning and shining \" - - not \" light, \" as in our translation, but \" lamp \" of his day ( joh 5 : 35 ). let it be observed, too, that while the two figures of salt and sunlight both express the same function of christians - - their blessed influence on their fellow men - - they each set this forth under a different aspect. salt operates internally, in the mass with which it comes in contact ; the sunlight operates externally, irradiating all that it reaches. hence christians are warily styled \" the salt of the earth \" - - with reference to the masses of mankind with whom they are expected to mix ; but \" the light of the world \" - - with reference to the vast and variegated surface which feels its fructifying and gladdening radiance. the same distinction is observable in the second pair of those seven parables which our lord", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5345633504161938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.767269"}
{"text": "of the world \" - - with reference to the vast and variegated surface which feels its fructifying and gladdening radiance. the same distinction is observable in the second pair of those seven parables which our lord spoke from the galilean lake - - that of the \" mustard seed, \" which grew to be a great overshadowing tree, answering to the sunlight which invests the world, and that of the \" leaven, \" which a woman took and, like the salt, hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened ( mat 13 : 31 - 33 ). a city that is set on an hill cannot be hid - - nor can it be supposed to have been so built except to be seen by many eyes. mat 5 : 15neither do men light a candle - - or, lamp. and put it under a bushel - - a dry measure. but on a candlestick - - rather, \" under the bushel, but on the lampstand. \" the article is inserted in both cases to express the familiarity of everyone with those household utensils. and it giveth light - - shineth \" unto all that are in the house. \" mat 5 : 16let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your father which is in heaven - - as nobody lights a lamp only to cover it up, but places it so conspicuously as to give light to all who need light, so christians, being the light of the world, instead of hiding their light, are so to hold it forth before men that they may see what a life the disciples of christ lead, and seeing this, may glorify their father for so redeeming, transforming, and ennobling earth ' s sinful children, and opening to themselves the way to like redemption and transformation. mat 5 : 17identity of these principles with those of the ancient economy ; in contrast with the reigning traditional teaching. ( mat. 5 : 17 - 48 ) think not that i am come - - that i came. to destroy the law, or the prophets - - that is, \" the authority and principles of the old testament. \" ( on the phrase, see mat 7 : 12 ; mat 22 : 40 ; luk 16 : 16 ; act 13 : 15 ). this general way of taking the phrase is much better than understanding \" the law \" and \" the prophets \" separately, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5500807606615711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.768211"}
{"text": "the phrase, see mat 7 : 12 ; mat 22 : 40 ; luk 16 : 16 ; act 13 : 15 ). this general way of taking the phrase is much better than understanding \" the law \" and \" the prophets \" separately, and inquiring, as many good critics do, in what sense our lord could be supposed to meditate the subversion of each. to the various classes of his hearers, who might view such supposed abrogation of the law and the prophets with very different feelings, our lord ' s announcement would, in effect, be such as this - - \" ye who tremble at the word of the lord, fear not that i am going to sweep the foundation from under your feet : ye restless and revolutionary spirits, hope not that i am going to head any revolutionary movement : and ye who hypocritically affect great reverence for the law and the prophets, pretend not to find anything in my teaching derogatory to god ' s living oracles. \" i am not come to destroy, but to fulfil - - not to subvert, abrogate, or annul, but to establish the law and the prophets - - to unfold them, to embody them in living form, and to enshrine them in the reverence, affection, and character of men, am i come. mat 5 : 18for verily i say unto you - - here, for the first time, does that august expression occur in our lord ' s recorded teaching, with which we have grown so familiar as hardly to reflect on its full import. it is the expression manifestly, of supreme legislative authority ; and as the subject in connection with which it is uttered is the moral law, no higher claim to an authority strictly divine could be advanced. for when we observe how jealously jehovah asserts it as his exclusive prerogative to give law to men ( lev 18 : 1 - 5 ; lev 19 : 37 ; lev 26 : 1 - 4, lev 26 : 13 - 16, & c. ), such language as this of our lord will appear totally unsuitable, and indeed abhorrent, from any creature lips. when the baptist ' s words - - \" i say unto you \" ( mat 3 : 9 ) - - are compared with those of his master here, the difference of the two cases will be at once apparent. till heaven and earth pass - - though even the old testament announces the ultimate \" perdition of the heavens and the earth, \" in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5165645183091161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.769130"}
{"text": "- - are compared with those of his master here, the difference of the two cases will be at once apparent. till heaven and earth pass - - though even the old testament announces the ultimate \" perdition of the heavens and the earth, \" in contrast with the immutability of jehovah ( psa 102 : 24 - 27 ), the prevalent representation of the heavens and the earth in scripture, when employed as a popular figure, is that of their stability ( psa 119 : 89 - 91 ; ecc 1 : 4 ; jer 33 : 25 - 26 ). it is the enduring stability, then, of the great truths and principles, moral and spiritual, of the old testament revelation which our lord thus expresses. one jot - - the smallest of the hebrew letters. one tittle - - one of those little strokes by which alone some of the hebrew letters are distinguished from others like them. shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled - - the meaning is that \" not so much as the smallest loss of authority or vitality shall ever come over the law. \" the expression, \" till all be fulfilled, \" is much the same in meaning as \" it shall be had in undiminished and enduring honor, from its greatest to its least requirements. \" again, this general way of viewing our lord ' s words here seems far preferable to that doctrinal understanding of them which would require us to determine the different kinds of \" fulfilment \" which the moral and the ceremonial parts of it were to have. mat 5 : 19whosoever therefore shall break - - rather, \" dissolve, \" \" annul, \" or make \" invalid. \" one of these least commandments - - an expression equivalent to \" one of the least of these commandments. \" and shall teach men so - - referring to the pharisees and their teaching, as is plain from mat 5 : 20, but of course embracing all similar schools and teaching in the christian church. he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven - - as the thing spoken of is not the practical breaking, or disobeying, of the law, but annulling or enervating its obligation by a vicious system of interpretation, and teaching others to do the same ; so the thing threatened is not exclusion from heaven, and still less the lowest place in it, but a degraded and contemptuous position in the present stage of the kingdom of god. in other words, they shall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5187301991180711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.770134"}
{"text": "and teaching others to do the same ; so the thing threatened is not exclusion from heaven, and still less the lowest place in it, but a degraded and contemptuous position in the present stage of the kingdom of god. in other words, they shall be reduced by the retributive providence that overtakes them, to the same condition of dishonor to which, by their system and their teaching, they have brought down those eternal principles of god ' s law. but whosoever shall do and teach them - - whose principles and teaching go to exalt the authority and honor of god ' s law, in its lowest as well as highest requirements. the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven - - shall, by that providence which watches over the honor of god ' s moral administration, be raised to the same position of authority and honor to which they exalt the law. mat 5 : 20for i say unto you, that except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and pharisees - - the superiority to the pharisaic righteousness here required is plainly in kind, not degree ; for all scripture teaches that entrance into god ' s kingdom, whether in its present or future stage, depends, not on the degree of our excellence in anything, but solely on our having the character itself which god demands. our righteousness, then - - if it is to contrast with the outward and formal righteousness of the scribes and pharisees - - must be inward, vital, spiritual. some, indeed, of the scribes and pharisees themselves might have the very righteousness here demanded ; but our lord is speaking, not of persons, but of the system they represented and taught. ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven - - if this refer, as in mat 5 : 19, rather to the earthly stage of this kingdom, the meaning is that without a righteousness exceeding that of the pharisees, we cannot be members of it at all, save in name. this was no new doctrine ( rom 2 : 28 - 29 ; rom 9 : 6 ; phi 3 : 3 ). but our lord ' s teaching here stretches beyond the present scene, to that everlasting stage of the kingdom, where without \" purity of heart \" none \" shall see god. \" the spirituality of the true righteousness in contrast with that of the scribes and pharisees, illustrated from the sixth commandment. ( mat 5 : 21 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49486495291211385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.771060"}
{"text": "the kingdom, where without \" purity of heart \" none \" shall see god. \" the spirituality of the true righteousness in contrast with that of the scribes and pharisees, illustrated from the sixth commandment. ( mat 5 : 21 - 26 ). mat 5 : 21ye have heard that it was said by them of old time - - or, as in the margin, \" to them of old time. \" which of these translations is the right one has been much controverted. either of them is grammatically defensible, though the latter - - \" to the ancients \" - - is more consistent with new testament usage ( see the greek of rom 9 : 12, rom 9 : 26 ; rev 6 : 11 ; rev 9 : 4 ) ; and most critics decide in favor of it. but it is not a question of greek only. nearly all who would translate \" to the ancients \" take the speaker of the words quoted to be moses in the law ; \" the ancients \" to be the people to whom moses gave the law ; and the intention of our lord here to be to contrast his own teaching, more or less, with that of moses ; either as opposed to it - - as some go the length of affirming - - or at least as modifying, enlarging, elevating it. but who can reasonably imagine such a thing, just after the most solemn and emphatic proclamation of the perpetuity of the law, and the honor and glory in which it was to be held under the new economy? to us it seems as plain as possible that our lord ' s one object is to contrast the traditional perversions of the law with the true sense of it as expounded by himself. a few of those who assent to this still think that \" to the ancients \" is the only legitimate translation of the words ; understanding that our lord is reporting what had been said to the ancients, not by moses, but by the perverters of his law. we do not object to this ; but we incline to think ( with beza, and after him with fritzsche, olshausen, stier, and bloomfield ) that \" by the ancients \" must have been what our lord meant here, referring to the corrupt teachers rather than the perverted people. thou shall not kill : - - that is, this being all that the law requires, whosoever has imbrued his hands in his brother ' s blood, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5071457119204055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.771955"}
{"text": "here, referring to the corrupt teachers rather than the perverted people. thou shall not kill : - - that is, this being all that the law requires, whosoever has imbrued his hands in his brother ' s blood, but he only, is guilty of a breach of this commandment. and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment - - liable to the judgment ; that is, of the sentence of those inferior courts of judicature which were established in all the principal towns, in compliance with deu 16 : 16. thus was this commandment reduced, from a holy law of the heart - searching god, to a mere criminal statute, taking cognizance only of outward actions, such as that which we read in exo 21 : 12 ; lev 24 : 17. mat 5 : 22but i say unto you - - mark the authoritative tone in which - - as himself the lawgiver and judge - - christ now gives the true sense, and explains the deep reach, of the commandment. that whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment ; and whosoever shall say to his brother, raca! shall be in danger of the council ; but whosoever shall say, thou fool! shall be in danger of hell - fire - - it is unreasonable to deny, as alexander does, that three degrees of punishment are here meant to be expressed, and to say that it is but a threefold expression of one and the same thing. but romish expositors greatly err in taking the first two - - \" the judgment \" and \" the council \" - - to refer to degrees of temporal punishment with which lesser sins were to be visited under the gospel, and only the last - - \" hell - fire \" - - to refer to the future life. all three clearly refer to divine retribution, and that alone, for breaches of this commandment ; though this is expressed by an allusion to jewish tribunals. the \" judgment, \" as already explained, was the lowest of these ; the \" council, \" or \" sanhedrim, \" which sat at jerusalem - - was the highest ; while the word used for \" hell - fire \" contains an allusion to the \" valley of the son of hinnom \" ( jos 18 : 16 ). in this valley the jews, when steeped in idolatry, went the length of burning their children to molech \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4960989395065257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.772872"}
{"text": "\" contains an allusion to the \" valley of the son of hinnom \" ( jos 18 : 16 ). in this valley the jews, when steeped in idolatry, went the length of burning their children to molech \" on the high places of tophet \" - - in consequence of which good josiah defiled it, to prevent the repetition of such abominations ( kg2 23 : 10 ) ; and from that time forward, if we may believe the jewish writers, a fire was kept burning in it to consume the carrion and all kinds of impurities that collected about the capital. certain it is, that while the final punishment of the wicked is described in the old testament by allusions to this valley of tophet or hinnom ( isa 30 : 33 ; isa 66 : 24 ), our lord himself describes the same by merely quoting these terrific descriptions of the evangelical prophet ( mar 9 : 43 - 48 ). what precise degrees of unholy feeling towards our brothers are indicated by the words \" raca \" and \" fool \" it would be as useless as it is vain to inquire. every age and every country has its modes of expressing such things ; and no doubt our lord seized on the then current phraseology of unholy disrespect and contempt, merely to express and condemn the different degrees of such feeling when brought out in words, as he had immediately before condemned the feeling itself. in fact, so little are we to make of mere words, apart from the feeling which they express, that as anger is expressly said to have been borne by our lord towards his enemies though mixed with \" grief for the hardness of their hearts \" ( mar 3 : 5 ), and as the apostle teaches us that there is an anger which is not sinful ( eph 4 : 26 ) ; so in the epistle of james ( jam 2 : 20 ) we find the words, \" o vain ( or, empty ) man \" ; and our lord himself applies the very word \" fools \" twice in one breath to the blind guides of the people ( mat 23 : 17, mat 23 : 19 ) - - although, in both cases, it is to false reasoners rather than persons that such words are applied. the spirit, then, of the whole statement may be thus given : \" for ages ye have been taught that the sixth commandment, for example, is broken only by the murderer, to pass sentence upon whom is the proper business of the recognized tribunal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48293872862947684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.773959"}
{"text": "the spirit, then, of the whole statement may be thus given : \" for ages ye have been taught that the sixth commandment, for example, is broken only by the murderer, to pass sentence upon whom is the proper business of the recognized tribunals. but i say unto you that it is broken even by causeless anger, which is but hatred in the bud, as hatred is incipient murder ( jo1 3 : 15 ) ; and if by the feelings, much more by those words in which all ill feeling, from the slightest to the most envenomed, are wont to be cast upon a brother : and just as there are gradations in human courts of judicature, and in the sentences which they pronounce according to the degrees of criminality, so will the judicial treatment of all the breakers of this commandment at the divine tribunal be according to their real criminality before the heart - searching judge. \" oh, what holy teaching is this! mat 5 : 23therefore - - to apply the foregoing, and show its paramount importance. if thou bring thy gift to the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath aught - - of just complaint \" against thee. \" mat 5 : 24leave there thy gift before the altar, and go thy way ; first be reconciled to thy brother - - the meaning evidently is - - not, \" dismiss from thine own breast all ill feeling, \" but \" get thy brother to dismiss from his mind all grudge against thee. \" and then come and offer thy gift - - \" the picture, \" says tholuck, \" is drawn from life. it transports us to the moment when the israelite, having brought his sacrifice to the court of the israelites, awaited the instant when the priest would approach to receive it at his hands. he waits with his gift at the rails which separate the place where he stands from the court of the priests, into which his offering will presently be taken, there to be slain by the priest, and by him presented upon the altar of sacrifice. \" it is at this solemn moment, when about to cast himself upon divine mercy, and seek in his offering a seal of divine forgiveness, that the offerer is supposed, all at once, to remember that some brother has a just cause of complaint against him through breach of this commandment in one or other of the ways just indicated. what then? is he to say, as soon as i have offered this gift", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.509084135861315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.774923"}
{"text": ", all at once, to remember that some brother has a just cause of complaint against him through breach of this commandment in one or other of the ways just indicated. what then? is he to say, as soon as i have offered this gift i will go straight to my brother, and make it up with him? nay ; but before another step is taken - - even before the offering is presented - - this reconciliation is to be sought, though the gift have to be left unoffered before the altar. the converse of the truth here taught is very strikingly expressed in mar 11 : 25 - 26 : \" and when ye stand praying ( in the very act ), forgive, if ye have aught ( of just complaint ) against any ; that your father also which is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses. but if ye do not forgive, neither will your father which is in heaven forgive you, \" & c. hence the beautiful practice of the early church, to see that all differences amongst brethren and sisters in christ were made up, in the spirit of love, before going to the holy communion ; and the church of england has a rubrical direction to this effect in her communion service. certainly, if this be the highest act of worship on earth, such reconciliation though obligatory on all other occasions of worship - - must be peculiarly so then. mat 5 : 25agree with thine adversary - - thine opponent in a matter cognizable by law. quickly, whiles thou art in the way with him - - \" to the magistrate, \" as in luk 12 : 58. lest at any time - - here, rather, \" lest at all, \" or simply \" lest. \" the adversary deliver thee to the judge, and the judge - - having pronounced thee in the wrong. deliver thee to the officer - - the official whose business it is to see the sentence carried into effect. mat 5 : 26verily i say unto thee, thou shalt by no means come out thence, fill thou hast paid the uttermost farthing - - a fractional roman coin, to which our \" farthing \" answers sufficiently well. that our lord meant here merely to give a piece of prudential advice to his hearers, to keep out of the hands of the law and its officials by settling all disputes with one another privately, is not for a moment to be supposed, though there are critics of a school low enough to suggest this. the concluding words - - \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48105294185475905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.776137"}
{"text": ", to keep out of the hands of the law and its officials by settling all disputes with one another privately, is not for a moment to be supposed, though there are critics of a school low enough to suggest this. the concluding words - - \" verily i say unto thee, thou shalt by no means come out, \" & c. - - manifestly show that though the language is drawn from human disputes and legal procedure, he is dealing with a higher than any human quarrel, a higher than any human tribunal, a higher than any human and temporal sentence. in this view of the words - - in which nearly all critics worthy of the name agree - - the spirit of them may be thus expressed : \" in expounding the sixth commandment, i have spoken of offenses between man and man ; reminding you that the offender has another party to deal with besides him whom he has wronged on earth, and assuring you that all worship offered to the searcher of hearts by one who knows that a brother has just cause of complaint against him, and yet takes no steps to remove it, is vain : but i cannot pass from this subject without reminding you of one whose cause of complaint against you is far more deadly than any that man can have against man : and since with that adversary you are already on the way to judgment, it will be your wisdom to make up the quarrel without delay, lest sentence of condemnation be pronounced upon you, and then will execution straightway follow, from the effects of which you shall never escape as long as any remnant of the offense remains unexpiated. \" it will be observed that as the principle on which we are to \" agree \" with this \" adversary \" is not here specified, and the precise nature of the retribution that is to light upon the despisers of this warning is not to be gathered from the mere use of the word \" prison \" ; so, the remedilessness of the punishment is not in so many words expressed, and still less is its actual cessation taught. the language on all these points is designedly general ; but it may safely be said that the unending duration of future punishment - - elsewhere so clearly and awfully expressed by our lord himself, as in mat 5 : 29 - 30, and mar 9 : 43, mar 9 : 48 - - is the only doctrine with which his language here quite naturally and fully accords. ( compare mat 18 : 30, mat 18 : 34 ). the same subject illustrated from the seventh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.532849906021633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.777738"}
{"text": "30, and mar 9 : 43, mar 9 : 48 - - is the only doctrine with which his language here quite naturally and fully accords. ( compare mat 18 : 30, mat 18 : 34 ). the same subject illustrated from the seventh commandment ( mat 5 : 27 - 32 ). mat 5 : 27ye have heard that it was said - - the words \" by, \" or \" to them of old time, \" in this verse are insufficiently supported, and probably were not in the original text. thou shall not commit adultery - - interpreting this seventh, as they did the sixth commandment, the traditional perverters of the law restricted the breach of it to acts of criminal intercourse between, or with, married persons exclusively. our lord now dissipates such delusions. mat 5 : 28but i say unto you, that whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her - - with the intent to do so, as the same expression is used in mat 6 : 1 ; or, with the full consent of his will, to feed thereby his unholy desires. hath committed adultery with her already in his heart - - we are not to suppose, from the word here used - - \" adultery \" - - that our lord means to restrict the breach of this commandment to married persons, or to criminal intercourse with such. the expressions, \" whosoever looketh, \" and \" looketh upon a woman, \" seem clearly to extend the range of this commandment to all forms of impurity, and the counsels which follow - - as they most certainly were intended for all, whether married or unmarried - - seem to confirm this. as in dealing with the sixth commandment our lord first expounds it, and then in the four following verses applies his exposition ( mat 5 : 21 - 25 ), so here he first expounds the seventh commandment, and then in the four following verses applies his exposition ( mat 5 : 28 - 32 ). mat 5 : 29and if thy right eye - - the readier and the dearer of the two. offend thee - - be a \" trap spring, \" or as in the new testament, be \" an occasion of stumbling \" to thee. pluck it out and cast it from thee - - implying a certain indignant promptitude, heedless of whatever cost to feeling the act may involve. of course, it is not the eye simply of which our lord speaks - - as if execution were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49891105955550935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.779043"}
{"text": "it out and cast it from thee - - implying a certain indignant promptitude, heedless of whatever cost to feeling the act may involve. of course, it is not the eye simply of which our lord speaks - - as if execution were to be done upon the bodily organ - - though there have been fanatical ascetics who have both advocated and practiced this, showing a very low apprehension of spiritual things - - but the offending eye, or the eye considered as the occasion of sin ; and consequently, only the sinful exercise of the organ which is meant. for as one might put out his eyes without in the least quenching the lust to which they ministered, so, \" if thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light, \" and, when directed by a holy mind, becomes an \" instrument of righteousness unto god. \" at the same time, just as by cutting off a hand, or plucking out an eye, the power of acting and of seeing would be destroyed, our lord certainly means that we are to strike at the root of such unholy dispositions, as well as cut off the occasions which tend to stimulate them. for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell - - he who despises the warning to cast from him, with indignant promptitude, an offending member, will find his whole body \" cast, \" with a retributive promptitude of indignation, \" into hell. \" sharp language, this, from the lips of love incarnate! mat 5 : 30and if thy right hand - - the organ of action, to which the eye excites. offend thee, cut it off, and cast it from thee ; for it is profitable, & c. - - see on mat 5 : 29. the repetition, in identical terms, of such stern truths and awful lessons seems characteristic of our lord ' s manner of teaching. compare mar 9 : 43 - 48. mat 5 : 31it hath been said - - this shortened form was perhaps intentional, to mark a transition from the commandments of the decalogue to a civil enactment on the subject of divorce, quoted from deu 24 : 1. the law of divorce - - according to its strictness or laxity - - has so intimate a bearing upon purity in the married life, that nothing could be more natural than to pass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5056047580137648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.780128"}
{"text": "the subject of divorce, quoted from deu 24 : 1. the law of divorce - - according to its strictness or laxity - - has so intimate a bearing upon purity in the married life, that nothing could be more natural than to pass from the seventh commandment to the loose views on that subject then current. whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement - - a legal check upon reckless and tyrannical separation. the one legitimate ground of divorce allowed by the enactment just quoted was \" some uncleanness \" - - in other words, conjugal infidelity. but while one school of interpreters ( that of shammai ) explained this quite correctly, as prohibiting divorce in every case save that of adultery, another school ( that of hillel ) stretched the expression so far as to include everything in the wife offensive or disagreeable to the husband - - a view of the law too well fitted to minister to caprice and depraved inclination not to find extensive favor. and, indeed, to this day the jews allow divorces on the most frivolous pretexts. it was to meet this that our lord uttered what follows : mat 5 : 32but i say unto you, that whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery - - that is, drives her into it in case she marries again. and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced - - for anything short of conjugal infidelity. committeth adultery - - for if the commandment is broken by the one party, it must be by the other also. but see on mat 19 : 4 - 9. whether the innocent party, after a just divorce, may lawfully marry again, is not treated of here. the church of rome says, no ; but the greek and protestant churches allow it. same subject illustrated from the third commandment ( mat 5 : 33 - 37 ). mat 5 : 33again, ye have heard that it hath been said by them of old time, thou shalt not forswear thyself - - these are not the precise words of exo 20 : 7 ; but they express all that it was currently understood to condemn, namely, false swearing ( lev 19 : 12, & c. ). this is plain from what follows. but i say unto you, swear not at all - - that this was meant to condemn swearing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5013139772600629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.781172"}
{"text": "all that it was currently understood to condemn, namely, false swearing ( lev 19 : 12, & c. ). this is plain from what follows. but i say unto you, swear not at all - - that this was meant to condemn swearing of every kind and on every occasion - - as the society of friends and some other ultra - moralists allege - - is not for a moment to be thought. for even jehovah is said once and again to have sworn by himself ; and our lord certainly answered upon oath to a question put to him by the high priest ; and the apostle several times, and in the most solemn language, takes god to witness that he spoke and wrote the truth ; and it is inconceivable that our lord should here have quoted the precept about not forswearing ourselves, but performing to the lord our oaths, only to give a precept of his own directly in the teeth of it. evidently, it is swearing in common intercourse and on frivolous occasions that is here meant. frivolous oaths were indeed severely condemned in the teaching of the times. but so narrow was the circle of them that a man might swear, says lightfoot, a hundred thousand times and yet not be guilty of vain swearing. hardly anything was regarded as an oath if only the name of god were not in it ; just as among ourselves, as trench well remarks, a certain lingering reverence for the name of god leads to cutting off portions of his name, or uttering sounds nearly resembling it, or substituting the name of some heathen deity, in profane exclamations or asseverations. against all this our lord now speaks decisively ; teaching his audience that every oath carries an appeal to god, whether named or not. neither by heaven ; for it is god ' s throne - - ( quoting isa 66 : 1 ) ; mat 5 : 35nor by the earth ; for it is his footstool - - ( quoting isa 66 : 1 ) ; neither by jerusalem for it is the city of the great king - - ( quoting psa 48 : 2 ). mat 5 : 36neither shalt thou swear by thy head, because thou canst not make one hair white or black - - in the other oaths specified, god ' s name was profaned quite as really as if his name had been uttered, because it was instantly suggested by the mention of his \" throne, \" his \" footstool, \" his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4851500575228662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.782112"}
{"text": "- - in the other oaths specified, god ' s name was profaned quite as really as if his name had been uttered, because it was instantly suggested by the mention of his \" throne, \" his \" footstool, \" his \" city. \" but in swearing by our own head and the like, the objection lies in their being \" beyond our control, \" and therefore profanely assumed to have a stability which they have not. mat 5 : 37but let your communication - - \" your word, \" in ordinary intercourse, be, yea, yea ; nay, nay - - let a simple yes and no suffice in affirming the truth or the untruth of anything. ( see jam 5 : 12 ; co2 1 : 17 - 18 ). for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil - - not \" of the evil one \" ; though an equally correct rendering of the words, and one which some expositors prefer. it is true that all evil in our world is originally of the devil, that it forms a kingdom at the head of which he sits, and that, in every manifestation of it he has an active part. but any reference to this here seems unnatural, and the allusion to this passage in the epistle of james ( jam 5 : 12 ) seems to show that this is not the sense of it : \" let your yea be yea ; and your nay, nay ; lest ye fall into condemnation. \" the untruthfulness of our corrupt nature shows itself not only in the tendency to deviate from the strict truth, but in the disposition to suspect others of doing the same ; and as this is not diminished, but rather aggravated, by the habit of confirming what we say by an oath, we thus run the risk of having all reverence for god ' s holy name, and even for strict truth, destroyed in our hearts, and so \" fall into condemnation. \" the practice of going beyond yes and no in affirmations and denials - - as if our word for it were not enough, and we expected others to question it - - springs from that vicious root of untruthfulness which is only aggravated by the very effort to clear ourselves of the suspicion of it. and just as swearing to the truth of what we say begets the disposition it is designed to remove, so the love and reign of truth in the breasts of christ ' s disciples reveals itself so plainly even to those who themselves cannot be trusted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49627460607083274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.783050"}
{"text": "it. and just as swearing to the truth of what we say begets the disposition it is designed to remove, so the love and reign of truth in the breasts of christ ' s disciples reveals itself so plainly even to those who themselves cannot be trusted, that their simple yes and no come soon to be more relied on than the most solemn asseverations of others. thus does the grace of our lord jesus christ, like a tree cast into the bitter waters of human corruption, heal and sweeten them. same subject - - retaliation ( mat 5 : 38 - 42 ). we have here the converse of the preceding lessons. they were negative : these are positive. mat 5 : 38ye have heard that it hath been said - - ( exo 21 : 23 - 25 ; lev 24 : 19 - 20 ; deu 19 : 21 ). an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth - - that is, whatever penalty was regarded as a proper equivalent for these. this law of retribution - - designed to take vengeance out of the hands of private persons, and commit it to the magistrate - - was abused in the opposite way to the commandments of the decalogue. while they were reduced to the level of civil enactments, this judicial regulation was held to be a warrant for taking redress into their own hands, contrary to the injunctions of the old testament itself ( pro 20 : 22 ; pro 24 : 29 ). mat 5 : 39but i say unto you, that ye resist not evil ; but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right check, turn to him the other also - - our lord ' s own meek, yet dignified bearing, when smitten rudely on the cheek ( joh 18 : 22 - 23 ), and not literally presenting the other, is the best comment on these words. it is the preparedness, after one indignity, not to invite but to submit meekly to another, without retaliation, which this strong language is meant to convey. mat 5 : 40and if any man will sue thee at the law, and take way thy coat - - the inner garment ; in pledge for a debt ( exo 22 : 26 - 27 ). let him have thy cloak also - - the outer and more costly garment. this overcoat was not allowed to be retained over night as a pledge from the poor because they used it for a bed covering. mat 5 : 41and whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49647053791414864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.784014"}
{"text": "the outer and more costly garment. this overcoat was not allowed to be retained over night as a pledge from the poor because they used it for a bed covering. mat 5 : 41and whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with him twain - - an allusion, probably, to the practice of the romans and some eastern nations, who, when government despatches had to be forwarded, obliged the people not only to furnish horses and carriages, but to give personal attendance, often at great inconvenience, when required. but the thing here demanded is a readiness to submit to unreasonable demands of whatever kind, rather than raise quarrels, with all the evils resulting from them. what follows is a beautiful extension of this precept. mat 5 : 42give to him that asketh thee - - the sense of unreasonable asking is here implied ( compare luk 6 : 30 ). and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away - - though the word signifies classically \" to have money lent to one on security, \" or \" with interest, \" yet as this was not the original sense of the word, and as usury was forbidden among the jews ( exo 22 : 25, & c. ), it is doubtless simple borrowing which our lord here means, as indeed the whole strain of the exhortation implies. this shows that such counsels as \" owe no man anything \" ( rom 13 : 8 ), are not to be taken absolutely ; else the scripture commendations of the righteous for \" lending \" to his necessitous brother ( psa 37 : 36 ; psa 112 : 5 ; luk 6 : 37 ) would have no application. turn not thou away - - a graphic expression of unfeeling refusal to relieve a brother in extremity. same subject - - love to enemies ( mat 5 : 43 - 48 ). mat 5 : 43ye have heard that it hath been said - - ( lev 19 : 18 ). thou shalt love thy neighbour - - to this the corrupt teachers added, and hate thine enemy - - as if the one were a legitimate inference from the other, instead of being a detestable gloss, as bengel indignantly calls it. lightfoot quotes some of the cursed maxims inculcated by those traditionists regarding the proper treatment of all gentiles. no wonder that the romans charged the jews with hatred of the human race. mat 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5015903001291576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.785050"}
{"text": "that of one who spake as never man spake. mat 5 : 46for if ye love them which love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the same? - - the publicans, as collectors of taxes due to the roman government, were ever on this account obnoxious to the jews, who sat uneasy under a foreign yoke, and disliked whatever brought this unpleasantly before them. but the extortion practiced by this class made them hateful to the community, who in their current speech ranked them with \" harlots. \" nor does our lord scruple to speak of them as others did, which we may be sure he never would have done if it had been calumnious. the meaning, then, is, \" in loving those who love you, there is no evidence of superior principle ; the worst of men will do this : even a publican will go that length. \" mat 5 : 47and if ye salute your brethren only - - of the same nation and religion with yourselves. what do ye more than others? - - what do ye uncommon or extraordinary? that is, wherein do ye excel? do not even the publicans so? - - the true reading here appears to be, \" do not even the heathens the same? \" compare mat 18 : 17, where the excommunicated person is said to be \" as an heathen man and a publican. \" mat 5 : 48be ye therefore - - rather, \" ye shall therefore be, \" or \" ye are therefore to be, \" as my disciples and in my kingdom. perfect - - or complete. manifestly, our lord here speaks, not of degrees of excellence, but of the kind of excellence which was to distinguish his disciples and characterize his kingdom. when therefore he adds, even as your father which is in heaven is perfect - - he refers to that fullorbed glorious completeness which is in the great divine model, \" their father which is in heaven. \" sermon on the mount - - continued.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48395970584363623, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821bf130-c393-48d4-80c2-32cd1a869ab5>", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.786913"}
{"text": "the following content is provided by the colon cancer alliance ( cca ). by andrew spiegel, esquire chief executive officer, colon cancer alliance one in three people 50 years or older has not been screened for colon cancer, yet screening could help save their lives. this statistic is just one of the troubling findings of a national study by the colon cancer alliance, the leading national patient advocacy organization dedicated to increasing screening rates and survivorship, and quest diagnostics, a leading diagnostic testing company. the two organizations recently teamed up to uncover the barriers that prevent people from being tested for colon cancer ( also known as colorectal cancer ), the second leading cause of cancer - related deaths in men and women in the u. s. screening by colonoscopy, fecal immunochemical tests and other methods help identify colon cancer in early stages when it is still highly treatable. for this reason, the american cancer society recommends screening for every man and woman of average risk, beginning at age 50. african americans, smokers and anyone who has a family history or other risk factors should be tested even earlier. yet, the colon cancer alliance study found that many people 50 and over are not being screened. moreover, the barriers to screening ranged from the lack of recommendation for screening by a healthcare professional to time and cost constraints. the study also suggested that fear of the bowel preparation, side effects and anesthesia typically associated with colonoscopy are additional barriers. \u201c any death from colon cancer due to a failure to screen is a tragedy that could have been prevented, \u201d said andrew spiegel, chief executive officer of the colon cancer alliance. \u201c i encourage people to talk to their health care providers about the importance of colon cancer screening, their risk factors for colon cancer, and the different screening tests available. with increased screening rates, deaths from colon cancer may one day be a thing of the past. \u201d colon cancer is the 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths in america, and worldwide. about 50, 000 americans and over 600, 000 people worldwide die each year from what is a very preventable disease. the colon cancer alliance recently partnered with its european equivalent, europacolon to form an international colon cancer advocacy organization, global colon cancer alliance. the goal of the global organization is to teach people worldwide how to advocate for colon cancer screening programs and share some of the successes learned in the us and europe. colon cancer is the most preventable major cancer through screening. there are no excuses for not undergoing a simple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4497281727254493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13168a82-1f61-4dd1-a815-63ee7a26a9c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.789840"}
{"text": "parents today have a lot on their plates. juggling the demands of work, home, and other responsibilities leaves many parents feeling like they do not have enough time with their children. but even small acts of kindness, protection, and caring \u2014 a hug, a kiss, or a smile \u2014 make a big difference to children. research shows that babies who receive affection and nurturing from their parents have the best chance of developing into children, teens, and adults who are happy, healthy, and competent. research also shows that a relationship with a consistent, caring adult in the early years is associated in later life with better academic grades, healthier behaviors, more positive peer interactions, and an increased ability to cope with stress. brain development in infants is positively affected when parents work to understand and meet their basic needs for love and affection or provide comfort when they are hungry, bored, tired, wet, or cold. conversely, neglectful and abusive parenting can have a negative effect on brain development. research shows that a lack of contact or interaction with a caregiver can change the infant \u2019 s body chemistry, resulting in a reduction in the growth hormones essential for brain and heart development. furthermore, the ability to feel remorse and empathy are built on experience. children who lack early emotional attachments or who grow up fearful and expecting to be hurt will have a diffi cult time relating to peers. as children grow, nurturing by parents and other caregivers remains important for healthy physical and emotional development. while physical contact becomes less important, listening and talking become more vital to the relationship. parents nurture their older children by being involved and interested in the child \u2019 s school and other activities, aware of the child or teen \u2019 s interests and friends, and willing to advocate for the child when necessary. when parents spend time and energy discovering and paying attention to their children \u2019 s needs, they are rewarded with positive, open, and trusting relationships with their children. parents who develop the ability to respond sensitively to the needs of their child, no matter what age, will fi nd parenting easier and more enjoyable. exploring strengths and needs regardless of the child \u2019 s age, parents can take advantage of opportunities in their sometimes hectic lives to listen and respond to their child in a nurturing way. even a few minutes of quality time in the car, at the store, or while cooking dinner mean so much to a child. you \u2019 re invited to attend!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5148501490592918, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04d5fe07-a32a-468e-9204-22ee3edb9aee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.794770"}
{"text": "some wonderful things can be done once we get rid of the pesky atmosphere we live in. feathers drop like rocks. bells go silent. water boils at room temperature. balloons inflate themselves. frozen foods dry out but keep their shape. sometimes all you need is a little bit of vacuum to help dry something out, or move a liquid through a tube, or remove gasses from a liquid. in this project, we will make a vacuum pump from common inexpensive plumbing parts. we will then use it to inflate marshmallows to twice their size, remove the air from them, and then shrink them down to a wrinkled, rubbery candy with the density of a gumdrop. if all of the materials are at hand, the pump goes together in about a half hour. to see how the pump works, look at the drawing below. the pump consists of a small diameter pipe ( called the piston ) inserted into a larger diameter pipe ( called the cylinder ). the drawing shows the pump at two points during its operation. the top drawing shows air being drawn into the pipe by pulling out the piston. the bottom drawing shows air exiting the pipe when the piston is pushed back in. at the right end of the pipe is a commercially bought one - way valve. this valve lets air into the pipe, but will not let air out of the pipe. at the end of the piston is a home - made one - way valve. the home - made one - way valve is made using a rubber \" o \" ring that slides up or down on the piston. a hole is drilled into the piston, and two \" stops \" are attached, so the \" o \" ring cannot slide past them. when the piston is being pushed into the cylinder, the \" o \" ring slides back, letting the air in the cylinder exit through the drilled hole, and out through the hollow piston. when the piston is pulled out of the cylinder, the \" o \" ring slides towards the stop at the end of the piston, and blocks the air from getting to the drilled hole. the right end of the piston is closed off ( the pipe is sealed ). the left end is open, to let the air escape. this will all become easier to understand as you see the parts go together in the photos below. the first step is to make the piston. we start by adding the stops that keep the \" o \" ring from sliding. these stops are made from short pieces of the thin - walled \u00be inch tubing. we cut slots", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5565562028421202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08744424-ea72-49a8-979e-c2519064a4a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.802159"}
{"text": "in the photos below. the first step is to make the piston. we start by adding the stops that keep the \" o \" ring from sliding. these stops are made from short pieces of the thin - walled \u00be inch tubing. we cut slots along the length of the thin - wall tuning to allow it to be compressed onto the \u00bd inch piston tube. using liberal amounts of pvc cement, we glue the stops onto the piston, compressing them into place with rubber bands. the stops should be about \u00be inches apart. in the center of the space between the stops, we drill holes in the \u00bd inch pipe. here you see we have drilled three holes, spaced at roughly equal distances around the pipe. the photo below shows several simple steps all completed. the commercial one - way valve has been cemented onto the 1 inch cylinder pipe. make sure that the arrow on the valve is pointing towards the cylinder. a short length of 1 inch pipe is cemented into the other end of the commercial one - way valve, and some reducing fittings are cemented to that so that we end up with a hose barb at the end. i found it convenient to use a right angle reducing fitting, followed by a gray threaded pipe, and a gray hose barb that threads onto the gray pipe. be sure to cement any threaded parts, to ensure a vacuum tight seal. we also cemented on a \u00bd inch \" t \" fitting onto the far left end of the piston pipe, to act as a convenient handle. the next step is to make a thin plastic disk to close off the right end of the piston pipe. we make the thin disk by flattening a small piece of the thin - walled \u00be inch pipe, and then cutting a circle out of it. to flatten the pipe, cut a slot in it lengthwise, and then heat it over a stove to soften the plastic. when the plastic is soft, it can be flattened by pressing it against a heat resistant surface such as a tile countertop, or concrete floor. we used pliers, but fingers inside leather gloves ( to prevent being burned ) will also do the trick. placing the bottom of a drinking glass onto the plastic will flatten it and cool it at the same time. draw a circle on the flat plastic by tracing around a piece of \u00bd inch pipe. cut the circle out of the plastic using tin snips or some other strong cutting tool. now glue the disk onto the end of the piston pipe. be generous with the glue. allow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48149280058470084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08744424-ea72-49a8-979e-c2519064a4a3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.803218"}
{"text": "flat plastic by tracing around a piece of \u00bd inch pipe. cut the circle out of the plastic using tin snips or some other strong cutting tool. now glue the disk onto the end of the piston pipe. be generous with the glue. allow the glue to dry, and then remove the rubber bands. next we slip the \" o \" ring over the stop at the end of the piston, and into the space between the stops, where the holes were drilled. we add a generous amount of petroleum jelly to lubricate the \" o \" ring and ensure a vacuum tight seal. the piston can now be placed into the cylinder. it should be somewhat of a tight fit getting the \" o \" ring into the cylinder, but the petroleum jelly should help lubricate it as it slides down in. the hose can now be attached to the hose barb. to make this easier, place the end of the hose into a cup of very hot water for a few minutes to soften it. it will now fit easily onto the barb, and shrink to fit very tightly. the completed pump is shown below, attached to a vacuum gauge from an automotive parts store. the gauge is showing 23 inches of mercury, although with more pumping we can get up to 26 inches of mercury with this pump. next, we will make a \" bell jar \". this is a jar that we will connect to the pump using the hose. we can put things into the jar, and then pump the air out of the jar. canning jars are best, since they are made to withstand a vacuum. to make the bell jar, we drill a hole in the center of the jar lid, and attach a hose barb. in the photo we used a brass hose barb, and soldered it into the hole. you can use a plastic hose barb if you like, and use epoxy to attach it to the jar lid. the photo above shows a pair of marshmallows we placed in the jar before screwing the top on. when the air is pumped out of the jar, the marshmallows grow to twice their normal size. then they gradually shrink, as the air leaks out of the marshmallow, into the evacuated jar. when we later remove the hose from the jar, air rushes into the jar, and the marshmallows shrink into dense, wrinkled candy with the density of a gumdrop. they feel heavy compared to normal marshmallows, although they weigh the same ( in air ). the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47863644095351265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08744424-ea72-49a8-979e-c2519064a4a3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.804308"}
{"text": "jar, air rushes into the jar, and the marshmallows shrink into dense, wrinkled candy with the density of a gumdrop. they feel heavy compared to normal marshmallows, although they weigh the same ( in air ). the next pump is actually simpler to build ( but more expensive because it uses two factory made one - way valves, and that was the most expensive part of the first pump ). this pump can draw a vacuum like the first, but it can also inflate beach toys and air mattresses, or pump water. whether pumping water or air, the stuff goes in one end and out the other, instead of travelling through a hollow piston like the first pump. to make it a little less expensive, we use \u00be inch valves instead of 1 inch valves. we start by drilling a hole in the end of the wooden dowel just a bit smaller than the wood screw. we also drill a hole in the rubber stopper. we then screw the rubber stopper onto the end of the dowel, as shown below. we can control the thickness of the rubber stopper by tightening the screw to make it fatter if necessary. the stopper must completely block the pipe, yet still be able to slide in and out when lubricated with petroleum jelly. the next step is to glue the pvc pieces together. make sure that the arrows on both one - way valves are going in the same direction! here is a closeup of the one - way valve before gluing. on this valve, the arrow is molded into the plastic to the left of the label. when the glue has dried, liberally grease the stopper with petroleum jelly, and slide it into the pipe. as you slide the stopper in, you will hear air coming out of the valve whose arrow points away from the pump. as you then pull the stopper back out, you will hear air entering through the other valve. this pump is very effective for pumping water. the inside diameter of the pipe is 0. 8 inches. with each 36 inch stroke of the piston, the amount of water pumped is 36 \u03c0 ( 0. 4 ) 2 = 18 cubic inches. that ' s about 10 fluid ounces, or 0. 3 liters. next : a classic propellor toy del. icio. us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4719925090997498, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08744424-ea72-49a8-979e-c2519064a4a3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.805334"}
{"text": "for over a decade, information technologies have significantly affected the banking industry. banks and other financial institutions have improved their functions as a financial intermediary through adopting various information technologies ( chang, 2002 ; gourlay and pentecost, 2002 ; hannan and mcdowell, 1984 ; haynes and thompson, 2000 ; vanhoose, 2003 ). generally, when the information technologies combine with functions of banks and financial institutions, it is called electronic banking. electronic banking technologies have led banks and financial institutions to improve effectiveness of distribution channels through reducing the transaction cost and increasing the speed of service ( chang, 2002 ; vanhoose, 2003 ). globalization of finance, integration, advances in information technologies and financial innovations in the last couple of decades have deeply changed banking business not only in iran but in also other markets and forced the state authorities to deregulate national financial systems. deregulation allowed banks to flourish their businesses and enter into new markets with new technologies involving both individual and institutional costumer interaction ( deyoung et al., 2004 ). in addition, developments of modern computer technology have also enabled banks to lessen the cost of bank transactions by having the client interact with an e - banking facility rather than with a human being. e - banking applications, which include automated teller machine ( atm ), telephone banking, mobile banking, digital television, debit and credit cards, internet banking, etc., became one of the main battlefields of the banking industry. for instance, hanson and kalyanam ( 2007 ) points out that e - banking grew rapidly, atms made costumer visits to a branch less necessary and then in the late 1990s the rapid growth in banking web sites made a wide range of services available from almost everywhere. among various banking technologies, internet banking which is the act of conducting financial intermediation on the internet, is the latest banking technology and the most rapidly diffused banking technology in the iran. internet banking has advantages for banks to maintain competition, to save costs, to enhance mass customization, marketing and communication activities and to maintain and attract consumers ( daniel and storey, 1997 ; mols, 2000 ; read, 1998 ; sheshunoff, 2000 ; tomkin and baden - fuller, 1998 ). the primary advantage of internet banking is to save time and cost. lee and lee ( 2001 ) indicated that internet banking allows consumers easier access to their bank accounts, lower service charges and time saving. moreover, chang ( 2002 ) showed that internet banking had a low transaction cost and a high speed of service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5384701283134681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.833346"}
{"text": "and cost. lee and lee ( 2001 ) indicated that internet banking allows consumers easier access to their bank accounts, lower service charges and time saving. moreover, chang ( 2002 ) showed that internet banking had a low transaction cost and a high speed of service when compared to other banking services. for example, while the cost of transaction for money transfer was 95\u00a2 for checking and 27\u00a2 for atm, while it was only 1\u00a2 for internet ( chang, 2002 ). hence, internet is increasingly becoming a diverse global marketplace with global business opportunities for financial services delivery as well as challenges. financial sector is the spinal cord of sovereign economy of any country. iran is no exception ; the technology adaption in banking operations in iran was a few decades behind that of in developed countries. in terms of international and global comparison, internet usage in iran is still in the infancy stage. presently in iran, an important function of e - commerce is the handling of payment over the internet. most e - commerce involves the exchange of some form of money for goods and services. implementation of payment system currently competes for dominant the results of research could help bank managers to make informed decisions, thereby providing better service to their customer and formulate more efficacious strategies to ensure rapid migration of customers to internet customer satisfaction : early concepts of satisfaction research have typically defined satisfaction as a post choice evaluative judgment concerning a specific purchase decision ( churchill and surprenant, 1992 ; oliver, 1980 ). most researchers agree that satisfaction is an attitude or evaluation that is formed by the customer comparing their pre - purchase expectations of what they would receive from the product to their subjective perceptions of the performance they actually did receive ( oliver, 1980 ). several authors have defined satisfaction in a different way. satisfaction is a persons feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance ( or outcome ) in relation to his or her expectations ( kotler, 2000 ) customer satisfaction is a collective outcome of perception, evaluation and psychological reactions to the consumption experience with a product / service satisfaction formation : in marketing literature ( churchill and surprenant, 1992 ; oliver, 1980 ) as well as in recent information system studies ( mckinney et al., 2002 ), the disconfirmation theory emerges as the primary foundation for satisfaction models. according to this theory, satisfaction is determined by the discrepancy between perceived performance and cognitive standards such as expectation and desires. oliver ( 1980 ) described the process by which satisfaction judgments are reached in the expectancy - disconfirmation framework. buyers form expectations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5750750210762327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.835558"}
{"text": "theory, satisfaction is determined by the discrepancy between perceived performance and cognitive standards such as expectation and desires. oliver ( 1980 ) described the process by which satisfaction judgments are reached in the expectancy - disconfirmation framework. buyers form expectations of the specific product or service before purchase and perceived quality level which is influenced by expectations ( khalifa and liu, 2003 ). customer expectation can be defined as customers pretrial beliefs about a product ( mckinney et al., 2002 ). expectations are viewed as predictions made by consumers about what is likely to happen during impending transaction or exchange ( zeithaml, 1988 ). perceived performance is defined as customers perception of how product performance fulfills their needs, wants and desire ( cadotte et al., 1987 ). perceived quality is the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellence or superiority ( zeithaml, 1988 ). disconfirmation is defined as consumer subjective judgments resulting from comparing their expectations and their perceptions of performance received ( mckinney et al., 2002 ; spreng et al., 1996 ). ho and wu ( 1999 ) identified five antecedents of customer satisfaction to be appropriate for online shopping on the internet. these are logistical support, technical characteristics, information characteristics, home page presentation and product characteristics. eastin ( 2002 ) presented the model that demonstrate the adoption of four ecommerce activities currently available to internet users : ( 1 ) online shopping, ( 2 ) online banking, ( 3 ) online investingand ( 4 ) electronic payment for an internet service ( i. e., access to exclusive sites ). author also explained six attributes common to the model. these are - perceived convenience and financial benefits, risk, previous use of the telephone for a similar purpose, self efficacy and internet use and all six attributes play a significant role in the adoption processes. online service quality : oppewal and vriens ( 2000 ) developed an application for measuring retail banking service quality, which consists of 28 attributes including four service quality dimensions such as : accessibility ; competence ; accuracy and friendliness ; and tangibles. the accuracy and friendliness dimension turned out to be the most important factor out of four determining banking preference, followed by competence, tangiblesand accessibility. kamilia and nantel ( 2000 ) proposed an alternative measure of perceived service quality in retail banking that comprises 31 items with six underlying key dimensions. these dimensions are : effectiveness and assurance, access, price, tangibles, service portfolio and reliability. madu and madhu ( 2002 ) proposed 15 dimensions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5615392861475408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.836941"}
{"text": "alternative measure of perceived service quality in retail banking that comprises 31 items with six underlying key dimensions. these dimensions are : effectiveness and assurance, access, price, tangibles, service portfolio and reliability. madu and madhu ( 2002 ) proposed 15 dimensions of online service quality dimensions based on literature review : performance, features, structure, aesthetics, reliability, storage capacity, serviceability, security and system integrity, trust, responsiveness, product / service differentiation and customization, web store policies, reputation, assurance and empathy. wolfinbarger and gilly ( 2003 ) have found four online retailing service quality dimensions through focus group interviews and an online survey. these are web site design, reliabilityand privacy / security and customer service. they found that reliability and fulfillment is the strongest predictor of customer satisfaction. internet banking : berger ( 2007 ) argued that a sound understanding of client is required for improvement of e - banking. thus, all relevant information about the clients should be taken into account and a client - centric strategy should be developed by confirming berger ( 2007 ). electronic banking research has attracted much attention from marketing researchers about client perception ( maenpa et al., 2008 ), client attitudes ( liao and cheung, 2002 ; mols, 1998 ), client satisfaction ( gonzalez et al., 2004 ) service quality bauer et al. ( 2005 ) but it attracts relatively less attention from the finance and banking researchers about the economic consequences of e - banking. one of the papers that examine the economic outcome of e - banking is that of parker and parker ( 2008 ) who investigated the money velocity in finland following wide spreading of e - banking in finland. their results interestingly show that money velocity has decreased despite the expectations. durukan ( 2003 ) evaluated the impact of internet banking on the performance of turkish commercial banks. adoption, perception and usage of internet banking by consumers is one of the topics heavily examined in e - banking literature. centeno ( 2004 ) argued that speed, the convenience of remote access, 7 / 24 availability and price incentives are the main motivation factors for the consumers to use internet banking. durkin et al. ( 2008 ) noted that the simplicity of the products offered via internet banking facilitates the adoption of internet banking by consumers. calisir and gumussoy ( 2008 ) compared the consumer perception of internet banking and other banking channels and report that internet banking, atm and phone banking substitute each other. maenpaa et al. ( 2008 ) examined the consumer perceptions of internet banking in finland and their findings indicate that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5167030073945116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.838424"}
{"text": "2008 ) compared the consumer perception of internet banking and other banking channels and report that internet banking, atm and phone banking substitute each other. maenpaa et al. ( 2008 ) examined the consumer perceptions of internet banking in finland and their findings indicate that familiarity has a moderating role in the perception. guerrero et al. ( 2007 ) examined the usage of internet banking by europeans and their results indicate that ownership of diverse financial products and services, attitude towards finances and trust in the internet as a banking channel influence clients usage of internet banking. sohail and shanmugham ( 2003 ) documented accessibility of internet, awareness of e - banking and resistance to change are found to be influencing malaysians use of internet banking. another factor that promotes clients usage of internet banking is seller support ( nilsson, 2007 ). while the adoption of e - banking by clients is heavily researched there is less research on the supply side of e - banking. we can list the advantages of e - banking as the competitive advantage, member / client retention, increased revenues and reduced costs ( esser, 1999 ). the woolwich bank case study conducted by shah and siddiqui ( 2006 ) revealed that understanding clients, organisational flexibility, availability of resources, systems security, established brand name, having multiple integrated channels, e - channel specific marketing, systems integration, systematic change management, support from top management and good client services are the factors critical to success in e - banking. aktan and teker ( 2009 ) examined the usage of internet in turkey to make a basic due - diligence investigation for the financial institutions, including banking, stock trading, insurance and provision of financial information within the framework of internet banking by using statistics compiled mostly from the bank association of turkey over the period 2005 and 2008. the findings show that internet usage in turkey with its young population has continued to grow dramatically in financial services. sudha et al. ( 2007 ) studied the banking customers perception towards security concern and internet banking adoption. they research reveals that the customers have much concern about security and privacy issue in adoption of internet banking, whether the customers are adopted internet banking or not. amiri et al. ( 2009 ) investigated the effective factors on improving e - banking by using fuzzy topsis in parsian bank. they present a method at solving mcdm problems in which the weights of criteria are unequal. they results shows factors of operational, technical and strategic have the most effect on improving of e - banking. sarlak et al. ( 2009 ) examined the factors that can speed up the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.526250734319205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.840411"}
{"text": "mcdm problems in which the weights of criteria are unequal. they results shows factors of operational, technical and strategic have the most effect on improving of e - banking. sarlak et al. ( 2009 ) examined the factors that can speed up the successful implementation of electronic banking innovations in the irans country. they research revealed that there is a meaningful and significant relationship between co - structural, content and context factors and the successful implementation of e - banking in iran. pour mirza et al. ( 2009 ) in their study showed an understanding of iranian customers attitude and adoption of internet banking services. they only survey internet banking users and non - users of mellat bank of tehran. the results revealed significant differences between demographic profiles and attitudes of users and non - users groups. the main purpose of this research is to identify the customer preferences towards the online banking and to find out the various service quality dimensions, which affect the customer satisfaction. this study also tried out to find out the relationship between the various demographic variables and satisfaction level of customers. development of hypotheses : researcher developed the hypotheses to identify the relation between age, profession, gender, preferences of bank and satisfaction | | there is no significant relation between age and choice of | | there is no significant relation between profession of customer and preference | | there is no significant relation between gender and number of banks usage | | factors determining satisfaction level of respondents are independent of their age | | factors determining satisfaction level of respondents are independent of their profession | | factors determining satisfaction level of respondents are independent of their gender | | factors determining satisfaction level of respondents are independent of status of usage | | factors determining satisfaction level of respondents are independent of no. of bank usage sampling and sample size : for achieving the objective, a descriptive study was conducted. primary data were collected of six kinds of banks ( saman, parsian, melli, keshavarzi ( agri bank ), tejarat and sepah ) in iran at spring 2010, from internet banking users of public and private banks in tehran district, with the help of structured questionnaire. a sample of 300 respondents who actually use internet banking was selected by following non - probabilistic convenience sampling technique as it is appropriate for exploratory studies. research instrument : questionnaire was designed after reading of servqual. the service quality ( servqual ) scale developed in an attempt to measure the perception of quality of service ( parasuraman et al., 1988 ; zeithaml et al., 2001 ) has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5403520140677789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.845178"}
{"text": "was designed after reading of servqual. the service quality ( servqual ) scale developed in an attempt to measure the perception of quality of service ( parasuraman et al., 1988 ; zeithaml et al., 2001 ) has been gaining momentum in application among various service sectors. still that scale has undergone several revisions, extensionsand modifications to suit different sectors needs. the authors, based on qualitative research, formulated a measure of service quality derived from data on a number of services, instead of counting on early dimension of goods quality in the manufacturing sector. the entire approach was formulated on the tenet that the customers entertain expectations of performance perceptions. the authors defined service quality as the degree of discrepancy between customers normative expectations for the service and their perceptions of the service performance. concept and after interacting with bank employees and customer who generally use internet banking. questionnaire had a list of 21 statements related to efficiency, tangibility, responsiveness, reliability and empathy. respondent has to choose one option of each statement depending on whether he or she is strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, or strongly agree with statement. analysis of data : data presentation and analysis were done with the help of various statistical tools by using spss. percentage, frequencies, cross tabulation and factor analysis methods were used for analysis. for testing of hypotheses, anova and f - test were used. results and discussion demographic profile of respondent : fifty seven percent of respondent are young, having age less than 30 years. majority of respondent ( 84 % ) were men and 85 % respondent belong to service class. 61 % of respondent were using the internet banking from last one year. majority of respondent ( 89 % ) having bank account in 1 bank only, while 11 % respondents have bank account in 2 or more banks ( table 1 ). out of 89 respondent 32 respondents have account in saman bank, 25 in parsian bank, 21 respondents have account in melli bank. preference of customer towards banks : table 2 reveals that there is no specific bank preference of customers of all age groups and in table 3, hypothesis testing also revealed that there is no significant relation between age and preference of banks, thus null hypothesis ( 1 ) is accepted ( sig = 0. 201 > 0. 05 ) and ( f = 36. 741 / 23. 349 = 1. 574 ). | | demographic profile of respondents | source : from primary data | | cross - tabulation between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173169800674876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.846816"}
{"text": "sig = 0. 201 > 0. 05 ) and ( f = 36. 741 / 23. 349 = 1. 574 ). | | demographic profile of respondents | source : from primary data | | cross - tabulation between age and customers preference | | anova and f - test for age and customers preference of | | cross tabulation between profession and customers preference | | anova and f - test for profession and customers preference | | cross tabulation between gender and number of bank usage | | anova and f - test for gender and number of bank usage | | kmo and bartletts test twenty seven percent of service class customers and 5 % of business class customers have account in saman bank ( table 4 ). table 5 reveals that there is no significant relation between profession of customer and preference of banks means null hypothesis ( 2 ) is also accepted ( sig = 0. 922 > 0. 05 ) and ( f = 1. 964 / 24. 204 = 0. 081 ) after doing cross tabulation between gender and number of bank usage ( table 6 ), it was found that most of the customers whether male or female prefer to have account only in one bank. but hypothesis testing ( table 7 ) revealed that there is no significant relation between genders and number of banks usage thus the null hypothesis ( 3 ) is also accepted ( sig = 0. 335 > 0. 05 ) and ( f = 0. 163 / 0. 173 = 0. 94 ). factors determining satisfaction level of customers : factor analysis is applied on responses provided by respondent. factor analysis is a set of techniques, which by analyzing the correlation between variables, reduces their number into few factors, which explain much of the original data, more economically according to table 8 measure of sampling adequacy such as bartlett ' s test of spherecity ( approx. chi - square is 1183. 031, degree of freedom is 210, significance is 0. 000 ) and kaiser - meyer - olkin measure of sampling adequacy ( kmo ) value is 0. 818 showed that data were fit for factor analysis. table 8 indicated the appropriateness of factor analysis i. e., the sample was adequate. similarly, cooper and schindler ( 2003 ) argued that while the correlation coefficients in matrix table is less than 0. 80, the multicollinearity could be ignored. for extracting the factors, principal component analysis was used and 5 factors were retained as their eigen values", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5188145986186541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.848393"}
{"text": "( 2003 ) argued that while the correlation coefficients in matrix table is less than 0. 80, the multicollinearity could be ignored. for extracting the factors, principal component analysis was used and 5 factors were retained as their eigen values is more than 1 ( table 9 ). | | total variance explained | extraction method : principal component analysis | extraction method : principal component analysis. kmo and bartletts sphericity used to test the sample appropriateness. the variables, which had loadings of less than 0. 5, were excluded and dimensions with eigen values of 1 or above ; were retained. thus, five factors have been extracted. extraction communalities are estimates of variance in each variable accounted for by the factors in the factor solution. according to table 10 all the variables are fit well in factor solution as all factors have value more than 0. 40. next task is interpretation and naming of factors. it is done by identifying the variables that have high loading on individual factors. for this purpose, rotated factor matrix ( table 11 ) is used. values close to the 1 represent high loading and close to 0 represent low loading. table 12 show the naming of factors that : factor 1 responsiveness : total variance explained ( table 9 ) has revealed that this factor explained variance of 20. 357 %. 7 variables ( 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and18 ) were loaded on this factor. researcher has named this factor as responsiveness as it includes bank and employees willingness to help the customers. factor 2 reliability : it has been found that 2nd important factor have explained variance of 15. 521 % and 4 variables ( 8, 9, 10 and 11 ) are loaded on this factor. as the variables related to reliability and accuracy of bank websites, are loaded on this factor, thus this factor is named as reliability. factor 3 efficiency : this is 3rd important factor, which accounts for 13. 865 % of the variance and 5 variables were loaded on this factor. as the variables related to speed and efficiency of bank website was loaded on this factor, this factor is named as efficiency. factor 4 privacy of transactional information : 3 variables loaded on this factor and together they account for 11. 573 % of the variance. variables related to collection and security of customers personal information was loaded high on this factor and thus researcher has named it as privacy of transactional information. factor 5 easiness to use : two variables load on this factor and together they account for 6. 365 % of the variance. easy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5275099130823717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.850081"}
{"text": "customers personal information was loaded high on this factor and thus researcher has named it as privacy of transactional information. factor 5 easiness to use : two variables load on this factor and together they account for 6. 365 % of the variance. easy to navigate and easiness to find information on website load high on this factor and thus researcher has named this factor as easiness to use. analysis of variable and f - test between factors and demographic variables comparative age - wise analysis : table 13 indicates that hypothesis ( 4 ) is rejected partially. thus it can be said that all factors determining the satisfaction level of customers except efficiency and privacy of information are independent of age. post - hoc analysis ( table 13a and b ) further revealed that satisfaction level of customers belonging to age group 31 - 50 years are effected by efficiency of bank website and privacy of information as compared to customers of age groups of less than 30 years and above 50 years. | | rotated factor matrix | note : extraction method : principal component analysis. rotation method : varimax with kaiser normalization. a rotation converged in 17 iterations | | naming of factors | | anova and f - test between age and factors comparative customers profession - wise analysis : table 14 indicate hypothesis ( 5 ) is completely accepted. thus it can be said that all the factors determining the satisfaction level of customers are independent of profession. comparative gender - wise analysis : according to table 15, hypothesis ( 6 ) is partially rejected. thus, it can be said that all the factors except easiness to use website, determining the satisfaction level of customers are independent of gender. comparative status of usage analysis : table 16 revealed that hypothesis ( 7 ) is also partially rejected. so it can be said that all the factors except reliability of website, determining the satisfaction level of customers are independent of status of usage. | | post hoc analysis : age and efficiency | note : the mean difference is significant at the 0. 05 level | | post hoc analysis : age and privacy of information | note : the mean difference is significant at the. 05 level. | | anova and f - test between customers profession and factors | | anova and f - test between gender and factors | | anova and f - test between status of usage and factors post - hoc analysis ( table 16a ) further revealed that satisfaction level of customers who are using the internet banking from last 2 years are more satisfied and influenced by the reliability of bank website. comparative status of number of banks usage : table 17 indicates that hypothesis (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5091052280108996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.851405"}
{"text": "hoc analysis ( table 16a ) further revealed that satisfaction level of customers who are using the internet banking from last 2 years are more satisfied and influenced by the reliability of bank website. comparative status of number of banks usage : table 17 indicates that hypothesis ( 8 ) is again partially rejected. thus it can be said that all the factors except responsiveness determining the satisfaction level of customers are independent upon the number of bank usage. the increasingly competitive environment in the financial services market has resulted in pressure to develop and utilize alternative delivery channels. the most recent delivery channel to be introduced is electronic or online banking. the term electronic banking is used to describe the provision of information or services by a bank to its customers, the majority of customers are very comfortable and willing to use ib services. hence, it is very important for iranian banks to have online banking services. it is well - accepted fact that, providing good customer service will increase the number of adopters after a while. several scholars have analyzed the demographic characteristics of ib customers ( pour mirza et al., 2009 ) but emphasis has been placed on analyzing behavioral, attitudinal and social characteristics of the bank clients. the empirical findings of the current study show that these characteristics have effective impacts on adoption of ib services. in terms of personal and social characteristics, this study contributes to this purpose, by identifying the iranian customers attitude toward ib services. finding of demographic characteristics of the research reveals that reliability and efficiency are important factors in level of customers satisfaction and there is a significant relation between these two variables with age and status of usage. this also supports the findings of ramayah et al. ( 2002 ) which found that most of the individuals are reluctant to use internet banking as they concerns over security and privacy issues. this is also supported by the findings of al - sabbagh and molla ( 2004 ), who found that perceived security and trust have emerged as the top issues inhibiting internet banking adoption. the finding about the impact of age on adoption of online banking services indicates that the effect of age is not prominent. therefore, age is not a crucial variable for banks that are planning to offer ib services. gefen and straub ( 2003 ) and pour mirza et al. ( 2009 ) confirm this argument. moreover ( gefen and straub, 2000 ), indicate gender has not been found to have a direct effect on adoption of technology in general, also the results of current study uphold this matter. | | post hoc analysis | note : the mean difference is significant at the. 05 level |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5109972292281708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.853647"}
{"text": "2000 ), indicate gender has not been found to have a direct effect on adoption of technology in general, also the results of current study uphold this matter. | | post hoc analysis | note : the mean difference is significant at the. 05 level | | anova and f - test between number of banks usage and factors the research show, customers do not trust e - banking for some reasons especially due to lack of the security of the system. also ( rotchanakitumnuai and speece, 2003 ; pour mriza et al., 2009 ) revealed that all the customers are very concerned about security in transaction processes. this results is in consistent with the results, which have been reported earlier by other scholar ( black et al., 2001 ; lee and turban, 2001 ; polatoglu and ekin, 2001 ; alam et al., 2007 ). indeed the purpose of this study is to show how the demographic factors are associated with individuals benefits and costs of adopting internet banking. this research have a general results for managers and customers, because researcher surveyed the public and private banks of iran instead of only one bankand therefore can complete other studies of ib in iran. the present study was aimed to identify the customer preferences towards the online banking and to find out the various service quality dimensions, which affect the customer satisfaction. factor analysis, reveals that the five factors that influence the satisfaction level of customers are responsiveness, reliability, efficiencyand privacy of information and easiness to use. hypothesis testing results show that first null hypothesis ( 1 ) is accepted and it can be concluded that there is no significant relation between age and preference of banks. twenty seven percent of service class customers and 5 % of business class customers have account in saman bank. the 2nd null hypothesis stating that there is no significant relation between profession of customer and preference of banks is also accepted. the third hypothesis, stating that there is no significant relation between genders and number of banks usage is also accepted. hypothesis ( 4 ) stating that all factors determining the satisfaction level of customers except efficiency and privacy of information are independent of age is rejected partially. post - hoc analysis revealed that satisfaction level of customers belonging to age group 31 - 50 years are effected by efficiency of bank website and privacy of information as compared to customers of age groups of less than 30 years and above 50 years. that mean customers in the middle age group are more concern about the efficiency of bank website and privacy of their personal information. banks should adopt various tools to improve the efficiency of website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5073022300560899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.856804"}
{"text": "customers of age groups of less than 30 years and above 50 years. that mean customers in the middle age group are more concern about the efficiency of bank website and privacy of their personal information. banks should adopt various tools to improve the efficiency of website. the 5th hypothesis, factors determining the satisfaction level of customers is independent of profession, is completely accepted. the hypothesis ( 6 ) is partially rejected, it can be said that all the factors except easiness to use website, determining the satisfaction level of customers are independent of gender. hypothesis ( 7 ) stating that all the factors except reliability of website, determining the satisfaction level of customers are independent of status of usage is also partially rejected. post - hoc analysis further revealed that satisfaction level of customers who are using the internet banking from last 2 years are more satisfied and influenced by the reliability of bank website. that means the customers who are using the internet banking from less than 2 years have not trust on websites and afraid of using internet banking. the last hypothesis ( 8 ) is again partially rejected. thus it can be said that all the factors except responsiveness determining the satisfaction level of customers are independent upon the number of bank usage. the website is an important element in a banks marketing communications activities and giving better customer experience. it is therefore important to use it in an appropriate way and to provide rich contentand to keep it updated to attract and maintain customers. banks should consider that it is beneficial to spend time on the design because this can help the company attract visitors, which in turn can become customer. banks should conduct surveys and self assessment tests which should be actually related to the product and service line, which would in turn make the customers more educated about the companies offeringsand this could be done just by starting a blog or chat for the customers. banks should create platforms wherein customer can be free to express their opinion or give the feedback to the banks. and it is believed that firms who try to create such interaction are considered to be most successful in business. automated e - mail and instant massage should be used more extensively than it is at present. it is essential to assess the effectiveness of a website. by doing this, banks can improve their site and that helps to provide positive web experience to managers must know that ability and opportunity cost of time have significant impacts in explaining consumers adoption behavior for internet banking. also, consumers benefit and cost associated with attitude should be considered to decide the determinants of internet banking adoption and attend to consumers past consumption pattern, current situationand future expectations influenced internet banking adoption. although managers must", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4900973572936349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.859671"}
{"text": "consumers adoption behavior for internet banking. also, consumers benefit and cost associated with attitude should be considered to decide the determinants of internet banking adoption and attend to consumers past consumption pattern, current situationand future expectations influenced internet banking adoption. although managers must analyzed variables by comparison between individuals benefit and costand find out the nature of each variable is based on the past, presentand future consumption. attention to this matter is essential that all of the various financial institutions can have the same functions in the financial market. therefore, the financial institutions have tried to exert competitive power in the market through various ways such as affiliations with other financial companies, downsizing their physical facilitiesand expanding their service scope. in this situation, internet banking has been attractive to the financial sector. companies can expect to save a lot of the cost of maintaining their large physical distribution systems by adopting internet banking. although many financial companies have realized the advantages of internet banking and launched this service, the companies have not obtained a lot of benefits yet because some consumers have not been ready to adopt internet banking. therefore, financial companies need to make an effort to provide information about internet banking based on accurate customer segmentation. usage of other banking technologies had a significant impact on internet banking adoption. this means that customers, who have mainly depended on traditional banking services such as checks, mail and phone, have lower probabilities to adopt internet banking. therefore, at first, retailers or marketers in banks and other financial companies should focus on customers who have already used other banking technologies to boost usage of internet banking. however, if financial companies have not had various banking services, it is difficult to grasp which consumers have experience of other banking technologies. financial companies need to have various banking services within a consolidated distribution system to grasp and to meet customers needs. if a financial company has only a few functions or a small number of distribution channels, the company will find it difficult to survive in the market. internet banking is growing. affiliations and business alliances can be an efficient way to increase internet banking use because marketers or retailers in the financial companies can segment customer groups more accurately based on customers various use of banking services. in conclusion, the study shows that internet banking is an integral part of web communication and provides a starting point for future studies to explore the issue of web standardization or localization for unity internet banking ( uib ) in the word. this research study encourages managers to understand global consumers perception of internet banking and their preference so as to understand the users psychology and then design uib to target the global audience", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49357152907637813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6872f91d-e319-40f5-93fc-cbcca3266109>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.863752"}
{"text": "the science of motion approach in regard to navicular syndrome reflects the science of motion \u2019 s new level of thinking. in 1752, joseph bridge made the first diagnosis of navicular disease, as a lameness caused by changes in the distal sesamoid bone. no one remembers the name of the author, but everyone knows the title of his study : no foot no horse. in 1982, l. ostblom achieved an histological investigation of navicular bones. the examination revealed no evidence of loss of vitality in the diseased bone areas or in surrounding tissues. a very high rate of bone remodeling was present in all cases. \u201c the findings introduce the thought that navicular disease is not caused primarily by ischaemia and subsequent necrosis, but rather is a consequence of increased activation of bone remodeling due to altered pressure from the deep digital flexor tendon on the bone, as well as increased load on the caudal part of the foot. the disease is, therefore, considered to be reversible and may be alleviated by altering the load on the navicular bone by special shoeing. only secondary lesions such as adhesion and spur formation render the disease irreversible. \u201d ( l. ostblom \u2013 1982 ) proper shoeing is necessary, but not sufficient. the kinematic abnormalities provoking excessive pressure from the deep digital flexor tendon on the back of the distal sesamoid bond need to be corrected. such correction requires a focus on the vertebral column malfunction from which originates the kinematic abnormalities. the science of motion approach examines equine athletic performances, tackles soundness issues, and resolves lameness problems by addressing the source of all the body \u2019 s movements, the bio - kinematics of the vertebral column. since the primary function of the back muscles is to reduce and manage forces created by the rear and front limbs as well as the forces of gravity, inertia forces, and rider \u2019 s movements, the entire reeducation is done in motion, riding the horse. in extreme cases, the reeducation commences working in hand. the problem of this horse, which is recorded here a few years after his recovery, was a back muscles imbalance that was creating early impact of the right foreleg. the kinematics abnormality induced excessive pressure from the deep digital flexor on the distal sesamoid bone. correcting the back muscles imbalance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5239261704011715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5cdb443-4140-4dd8-9c78-e1f039dd1c2d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.869691"}
{"text": "his recovery, was a back muscles imbalance that was creating early impact of the right foreleg. the kinematics abnormality induced excessive pressure from the deep digital flexor on the distal sesamoid bone. correcting the back muscles imbalance, we modify the kinematics abnormality of the right front leg and consequently suppressed abnormal stresses. the horse becomes \u201c functionally sound in a six months period. he was sound when working under the saddle in specific body coordination. another six months were necessary to restore complete soundness as showed here in this short clip recorded in turn out. may be, as ostblom suggested, once abnormal stresses were no longer affecting the navicular bone, the remodeling process lead the horse back to soundness. since this first experiment, twenty eight horses have been reeducated through this approach. twenty seven of them regained soundness returning for many of them in the show ring. the recovery remained incomplete in one horse. the horse was sound working under the saddle but not fully sound in turn out. on the twenty seven horse that regained soundness and active life, jean luc reeducated personally only five horses. the twenty two other horses have been reeducated by their respective riders and trainers. jean luc did the initial analysis and designed the gymnastic program. the daily work was done by the horse \u2019 s rider who was in frequent contact with jean luc. two horses were driving horses and their reeducation has been done driving. no need to say that the driver was extraordinarily good. with experience, the gymnastic program becomes more efficient and the recovery time shortened markedly. although, the recovery time may differs widely form one horse to the other. we do not pretend that the approach is infallible, nor that every horses can be reeducated, the high rate of success is partially due to the fact that jean luc does not advise to attempt the reeducation if after studying the veterinary report, and analyzing the horse movement, jean luc does not feel that it might be possible to help the horse. however, considering that navicular disease is in most instance a career ending if not life ending diagnosis, such practical application of ostblom finding maybe worth to be considered.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5090224054096435, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5cdb443-4140-4dd8-9c78-e1f039dd1c2d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.870978"}
{"text": "the school of earth and space exploration ( sese ) at arizona state university ( asu ) has deployed more than a petabyte of clustered nas storage ernest bowman - cisneros, manager, lroc science operations center at sese, said his team needs to store petabytes of data in a single volume so it can handle the constant flow of images from the moon. his implementation is the type of \" big data \" storage emc executives have been talking about since completing the $ 2. 25 billion isilon acquisition last december. sese switched to isilon last year as the lro began sending data back, and after its previous storage setup choked while the team was digitizing images from the apollo space program. sese runs two 11 - node clusters of isilon nl - series storage with just under 700 tb of capacity on each cluster. the primary cluster is used for active data with a secondary cluster serving as a redundant copy stored in a separate site. sese uses isilon synciq software to synchronize data between the two clusters. bowman - cisneros said sese has published nearly 100 tb of data from the lunar camera in the first year of the project, and he expects it to generate approximately 170 tb a year from now on \u2013 120 tb of published data plus about 50 tb of other data from the spacecraft. the lro is expected to remain in orbit between four and nine years. \" we don ' t need fast i / o performance, but we do need a large storage solution, \" bowman - cisneros said. \" one of our biggest storage requirements was that we would be able to grow to multi - petabyte volumes. if we couldn ' t grow to those large volumes, we would have small pods and we ' d have to have a sufficiently high - speed solution to move data from one volume to the next. we couldn ' t do that with our budget. \" bowman - cisneros said before the lro project, his group began storing data from the apollo scan project undertaken by nasa ' s johnson space center ( jsc ) in 2006 to digitize photographs taken from apollo missions. for the apollo scan project, sese originally used netapp storage running redundant red hat global file system ( gfs ) nodes set up by asu ' s high - performance computing ( hpc ) group. that project gave bowman - cisnero ' s team time to work out any storage problems before the lro cameras began sending back data beginning in 2010. six months into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47446425011807225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17aeefb8-d778-46c6-aae6-764fbc4e7221>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.887023"}
{"text": "by asu ' s high - performance computing ( hpc ) group. that project gave bowman - cisnero ' s team time to work out any storage problems before the lro cameras began sending back data beginning in 2010. six months into the apollo project, the size of the clusters grew too large for sese ' s gfs heads and caused system crashes, bowman - cisneros said. one crash lasted a week. \" according to red hat, we were running one of the largest back - end clusters to gfs, and we hit the limit of that implementation, \" he said. \" the size of the system and the way the system was being accessed freaked out the gfs heads. at one point, we had multiple heads, but after this [ one - week ] outage we had to revert to a single node so we could continue operations and not encounter this problem again. \" he said the lro team never lost data but the crashes caused inconvenient delays. \" that one node tended to lock up if it got very busy, and we ' d have to restart it, which caused minor delays in data processing, \" he said. \" if the load got very high on it, it actually took out the file system, lost state with back - end filers, and the storage solution went away and we ' d have to wait for it to re - start. so while the solution was working, it suffered from this performance problem and we also needed more storage for the next iteration of processing. \" so after four years with his original storage system, bowman - cisneros decided it was time for an upgrade. he said he talked to approximately six nas vendors, and only isilon and ibm said they could fulfill the lro requirements. isilon pitched its nl - series and ibm proposed sonas based on its general parallel file system ( gpfs ). isilon quickly sent out a six - node test system early last december. bowman - cisneros said it \" passed with flying colors \" and lro has had isilon in full product for approximately a month. \" isilon was very aggressive getting us equipment and making sure it was set up correctly, \" he said. \" we had a full implementation of their hardware set up in short order to test all our requirements and some of the issues we were having with the old solution. \" he said the only problem he ' s had with isilon was a software patch that caused some problems with his secondary node but didn ' t impact day -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46108483429250113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17aeefb8-d778-46c6-aae6-764fbc4e7221>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.894467"}
{"text": "alice lesnick ' s resources in designing many of the prompts i wrote, i ( alice lesnick ) have drawn on the philosophy and practices of the institute for writing and thinking at bard college. our approach refuses easy divisions between personal and public meanings, academic and experiential knowledg. at base, the institute \u2019 s approach to writing to learn is based on the premise articulated by paul connolly ( the institute \u2019 s director between 1982 and 1998 ) that to think is to make language choices. learning to think is nourished by ongoing opportunities to write informally and in community. inquiry is playful. writing is revising. thus, the prompts i have crafted to follow each text are deliberately odd - angled, disarming, and playful. they are supposed to be surprising and to yield surprising ways forward. the prompts following each selection are presented in six categories : writing to read ; prompts for collaborative learning ; process writing ; writing back ; writing more ; and breaking media. the purposes of each of this are as follows : writing to read : these prompts are designed to invite readers, in class and outside, to use informal, focused freewritings to engage with the text. a focused freewriting takes about 8 minutes and is undertaken in a spirit of generativity, rather than precision. classmates frequently respond through the simple yet profound act of giving full attention without commentary or evaluation. such focused freewritings can be used as the basis for further writing and / or discussion. process writing : these prompts are designed to stimulate reflection, metacognition, and consideration of language. typical process writing prompts include : what can you notice about the language choices you made and how they further your thinking? what are your questions now? process writing is also a way to make sense of group learning experience : what did you learn from others in your group? how might you change your role in the group in order to learn more? prompts for collaborative learning : usually written as sequences of 3 - 4 questions, these prompts are means to stimulate brief, focused freewritings, of about 5 minutes each, that learners then share in groups of 3 - 4, seeking to discern what about their responses and interpretations they can agree to believe in common and what must remain in doubt. process writing about the experience of sharing responses to the questions in a group may follow and lead into whole - class discussion. writing more : these prompts invite readers to try out a move made by the text \u2019 s author by isolating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.518563252666277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86e7f526-fa30-4c43-89c6-24a67e40abc6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.920170"}
{"text": "in doubt. process writing about the experience of sharing responses to the questions in a group may follow and lead into whole - class discussion. writing more : these prompts invite readers to try out a move made by the text \u2019 s author by isolating a structural or thematic element in the text and inviting the reader to compose in a parallel way. they extend the creative energy of the text and apply it to new writing. writing back : these prompts are designed to foster more formal, analytic, and critical engagement with the text at hand. writers may draw on these as well as on focused freewritings to begin creating direction and material for essay writing. breaking media : these prompts enable readers to respond to the text through media other than writing. through drawing, collage, and constructions, and working with images that will introduce each chapter ( as the proposal as a whole is now introduced with magda wojtyra \u2019 s work ), readers will be able to pursue thinking in an embodied way, and then use the artifacts they fashion as stimuli for further writing. it is important to emphasize that the book \u2019 s size and structure are meant to be invitational, not prescriptive, and to include teachers and writers as creative partners. when i envision the book \u2019 s adoption for a writing / critical thinking seminar, i anticipate that teachers would branch from it to areas of expertise or inquiry of their own. thus, an instructor interested in artificial intelligence might use the book as a take - off point for further work in the course on robots as \u201c breaking \u201d traditional definitions of the human. an anthropologist might pair breaking with a second course text on the role of children in interrupting, not only absorbing, cultural transmission by their elders. for a course given by someone in the arts, breaking could be used as an interpretive lens for experiencing and interpreting performance. the focus on breaking is meant, in its blend of specificity and openness, to serve as a curricular as well as potentially personal scaffold to enable people to reach and change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5423706742938831, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86e7f526-fa30-4c43-89c6-24a67e40abc6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:12:25.922327"}