, which was able to decrease ethanol concentration by 3. 5 % ( v / v ), i. e. from 15. 7 % v / v to 12. 2 % v / v, when fermenting chardonnay and cabernet sauvignon musts. we developed an awri fact sheet with recommendations and opportunities for grapegrowers and winemakers on a range of approaches that may be used to adjust alcohol concentration. what this means for grapegrowers and winemakers the gm prototype leads the way for us to develop non - gm wine yeasts with similar performance. winemakers will know the effects on wine flavour and aroma from lowering alcohol in wine by using low - alcohol yeast. growers and winemakers can evaluate the recommendations described in the awri fact sheet in order to produce wines with lower concentrations of alcohol. project leader : dr paul chambers project team members : varela, c., kutyna, d., stanley, g. a., henschke, p., chambers, p. 2010. yeast provides a lower alcohol pathway. aust. n. z. grapegrower winemaker 561 : 80 - 83 ( click here to order ). varela, c., chambers, p. j., coulter, a., dry, p. r., francis, i. l., gawel, r., muhlack, r., henschke, p. a., stockley, c. s., herderich m. j. & pretorius, i. s. 2010. controlling the highs and the lows of alcohol in wine. aust. n. z. wine ind. j. ( 2010 ) 25 ( 4 ) : 14 - 19 ( click here to order ). coulter, a., stockley, c., varela, c., francis, i. l., chambers, p. j., henschke, p. a., dry, p., gawel, r., muhlack, r. reducing alcohol levels in wine. 2010. awri technical review 186 : 11 - 15. chambers, p., borneman, a., schmidt, s., hack, j., varela, c., mercurio, m., curtin, c., cozzolino, d., ugliano, m., herderich m. & pretorius, i.


hack, j., varela, c., mercurio, m., curtin, c., cozzolino, d., ugliano, m., herderich m. & pretorius, i. s. 2009. the dawn of a new paradigm for wine yeast strain development. aust. n. z. wine ind. j. 24 ( 3 ) : 16 - 18 ( click here to order ). varela, c., kutyna, d., henschke, p., chambers, p., herderich, m., pretorius, i. s. 2008. taking control of alcohol. aust. n. z. wine ind. j. 23 ( 6 ) : 41 - 43 ( click here to order ). chambers, p., bellon, j., schmidt, s., varela, c., pretorius, i. s. 2007. non - gm approaches to isolating and generating novel yeasts for industrial applications. in diversity and potential biotechnological applications of yeasts. eds : g. kunze and t. satyanarayana. ( click here to order ). bartowsky, e., bellon, j., borneman, a., chambers, p., cordente, a., costello, p., curtin, c., forgan, a., henschke, p., kutyna, d., macarthy, j., macintyre, o., schmidt, s., tran, t., swiegers, h., ugliano, m., varela, c., willmott, r., pretorius, i. s. 2007. not all wine yeasts are equal. microbiology australia 28 : 55 - 58 ( click here to order ). chambers, p., varela, c., henschke, p. 2006. persuading wine yeast to make less alcohol. awri technical review 161 : 8 - 10. 864 eglinton, j. m., heinrich, a. j., pollnitz, a. p., langridge, p., henschke, p. a., de barros lopes, m. a. 2002. decreasing acetic acid accumulation by a glycerol overproducing strain of saccharomyces cerevisiae


bse ( ' mad cow disease ' ) and vcjd “ mad cow disease ” actually refers to bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( bse ), a disease first described in 1996 in cattle, which is related to a disease in humans called variant creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( vcjd ). both disorders are universally fatal brain diseases caused by a prion - - a protein particle that lacks nucleic acid ( dna ) and is believed to be the cause of various infectious diseases of the nervous system. the link between the agent that causes human deaths from vcjd and outbreaks of bse in cattle appears to be dietary consumption of infected cattle products, including beef. nonvariant forms of creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( cjd ), which was described before 1996, still exist and may have one of three causes : unknown ( sporadic form ) ; genetic mutation ; or contaminants introduced during a medical procedure ( conventional sterilization methods may not remove the prion that transmits the infection ). according to the world health organization, less than 5 percent of nonvariant cjd cases are introduced through medical procedures. nonvariant cjd is also universally fatal. what is bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( mad cow disease )? bse is a progressive, fatal neurological disorder of cattle resulting from infection by a prion. a total of 217 patients with vcjd have been identified since 1996. the majority are from the united kingdom ( 170 ) and other countries in europe ( 41 ). three have been reported in the u. s., but all three are thought to have acquired the disease overseas. in addition to the cases of bse reported in the united kingdom ( 78 percent of all cases were reported there ) and the u. s., cases have also been reported in other countries, including france, spain, netherlands, portugal, ireland, italy, japan, saudi arabia, and canada. public health control measures have been implemented in many of the countries to prevent potentially bse - infected tissues from entering the human food chain. these preventative measures appear to have been effective. for instance, canada believes its prevention measures will eradicate the disease from its cattle population by 2017. what is variant creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( vcjd )? creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( cjd ) is a rare, fatal brain disorder that causes a rapid, progressive dementia (


cattle population by 2017. what is variant creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( vcjd )? creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( cjd ) is a rare, fatal brain disorder that causes a rapid, progressive dementia ( deterioration of mental functions ), as well as associated neuromuscular disturbances. the disease, which in some ways resembles bse, traditionally has affected men and women between the ages of 50 and 75. the variant form, however, affects younger people ( the median age of onset is 28 ) and has atypical clinical features as compared with cjd. what is the current risk of acquiring vcjd from eating beef and beef products produced from cattle in europe? currently this risk appears to be very small, perhaps fewer than one case per 10 billion servings - - if the risk exists at all. travelers to europe who are concerned about reducing any risk of exposure can avoid beef and beef products altogether, or can select beef or beef products, such as solid pieces of muscle meat, as opposed to ground beef and sausages. the solid pieces of beef have a reduced opportunity for contamination with tissues that may harbor the bse agent. milk and milk products are not believed to transmit the bse agent. you cannot acquire vcjd or cjd by direct contact with a person who has the disease. three cases acquired during transfusion of blood from an infected donor have been reported in the united kingdom. consult your doctor for more information.


cirrhosis is a serious condition that replaces normal liver tissue by scar tissue ( fibrosis ). it tends to progress slowly and often causes no symptoms in its early stages. however, as liver function gradually becomes worse, serious problems can develop. in the uk, the two most common causes of cirrhosis are alcohol abuse and hepatitis c infection treatments may vary, depending on the cause. if cirrhosis becomes severe, a liver transplant may be the only option. on this page - what does the liver? - what is cirrhosis? - what causes cirrhosis? - how common is cirrhosis? - what are the symptoms of cirrhosis? - how is cirrhosis diagnosed? - what is the treatment for cirrhosis? - cirrhosis can be prevented? - what is the outlook ( prognosis )? - more help and information what does the liver? the liver in the right upper abdomen. it has many features including : - glycogen storage ( fuel for the body ) made from sugars. when required, the glycogen is broken down into glucose that is released into the bloodstream. - helping to process fats and proteins from digested food. - the production of proteins that are essential for blood clotting ( coagulation factors ). - processing many medicines you can take. - helping to remove or process alcohol, poisons and toxins from the body. - making bile which passes from the liver to the intestine to help digest fats. what is cirrhosis? cirrhosis is a condition in which normal liver tissue replaced by scar tissue ( fibrosis ). scarring is usually a gradual process. the scar tissue affects the normal structure and regeneration of liver cells. liver cells are damaged and die as scar tissue develops gradually. therefore, the liver gradually loses its ability to function well. scar tissue may also affect the flow of blood through the liver that can cause back pressure in the blood vessels that carry blood towards the liver. this counter is called portal hypertension. what causes cirrhosis? there are many causes of cirrhosis. in the uk the most common causes are excessive alcohol consumption and infection with hepatitis c. liver cells metabolize alcohol, but excess alcohol can damage the liver cells. as a general rule, the heavier your drinking, the more their risk of developing cirrhosis. however, alcoholic cirrhosis is not only a condition of alcoholics. people who are social drinkers also may develop


can damage the liver cells. as a general rule, the heavier your drinking, the more their risk of developing cirrhosis. however, alcoholic cirrhosis is not only a condition of alcoholics. people who are social drinkers also may develop cirrhosis. around 1 in 10 heavy drinkers will eventually develop cirrhosis. it tends to occur after 10 or more years of heavy drinking. it is unclear why some people are more prone to liver cells damaged by alcohol and the development of cirrhosis. there may be a genetic tendency. women who drink excessively seem more prone to cirrhosis than men. hepatitis c and cirrhosis chronic ( persistent ) infection with the hepatitis c virus causes a prolonged inflammation in the liver. this eventually can lead to scarring of the liver and cirrhosis. up to 1 in 5 people with chronic hepatitis c develop cirrhosis, but this usually takes about 20 years or longer since the initial infection. other causes of cirrhosis less common causes include : - chronic infection with hepatitis b. worldwide, this is the most common cause of cirrhosis ( but alcohol and hepatitis c are the most common in the uk ). - autoimmune hepatitis. the immune system normally makes antibodies to attack bacteria, viruses and other germs. in people with autoimmune diseases, the immune system produces antibodies against the part ( s ) of the body. something triggers the immune system to trigger these autoantibodies but not known. in autoimmune hepatitis, immune system produces antibodies against liver cells, which can lead to damage and cirrhosis. - the diseases that cause blockage of the bile ducts can cause back pressure and damage to the liver cells. for example, primary biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, and congenital bile duct. - nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ( nash ). this is a condition that causes the accumulation of fat in the liver. this can lead to scarring and cirrhosis. overweight / obesity increases the risk of developing nash. - severe reactions to certain drugs. - some poisons and environmental toxins. - certain infections caused by bacteria and parasites that are normally found only in tropical countries. - severe heart failure can cause the pressure of the blood and liver congestion. - some rare inherited diseases that can cause damage to the liver cells. for example : - hemochromatosis. this is a condition that causes an abnormal accumulation of iron in the liver and


can cause the pressure of the blood and liver congestion. - some rare inherited diseases that can cause damage to the liver cells. for example : - hemochromatosis. this is a condition that causes an abnormal accumulation of iron in the liver and other body parts. - wilson ' s disease. this is a condition that causes an abnormal accumulation of copper in the liver and other body parts. - other rare disorders. how common is cirrhosis? an estimated 30, 000 people living with cirrhosis in the uk and at least 7, 000 new cases diagnosed each year. the number of people living with both alcoholic cirrhosis and cirrhosis related to alcohol seem to be increasing. what are the symptoms of cirrhosis? in the initial stages of the disease, often there are no symptoms. you can get by with a small number of liver cells work. however, as more and more liver cells die and scar tissue accumulates increasingly, liver : - not obtain enough protein such as albumin that help regulate the composition of the fluid in the bloodstream and body. - fails to make enough chemicals necessary for blood clotting. - is able to process less waste chemicals in the body, such as bilirubin. thus, they can accumulate in the body. - is less able to process drugs, toxins and other chemicals, which may then accumulate in the body. therefore, symptoms may develop include : - tiredness and weakness. - fluid leaking from the bloodstream and accumulates in the legs ( edema ) and abdomen ( ascites ). - loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting. - weight loss ( although it can gain weight if you retain much liquid ). - the tendency to bleed and bruise easily. - jaundice ( yellowing leaves ) due to a buildup of bilirubin. - itching due to an accumulation of toxins. - mental health changes may develop in severe cases as toxins accumulate in the bloodstream and affect the brain. this can cause changes in personality and behavior, confusion, forgetfulness and difficulty concentrating. over time it can lead to unconsciousness and hepatic coma. these changes are known as hepatic encephalopathy. moreover, scar tissue restricts the flow of blood through the liver. as cirrhosis worse, this causes the pressure in the portal vein ( known as portal hypertension ). the portal vein is the vein that carries blood from the intestine to the liver – it contains digested food. increased


the liver. as cirrhosis worse, this causes the pressure in the portal vein ( known as portal hypertension ). the portal vein is the vein that carries blood from the intestine to the liver – it contains digested food. increased pressure in this vein can cause inflammation ( varices ) to develop the branches of the vein in the lining of the esophagus ( gullet ) and stomach. these veins have a tendency to bleed easily in the gut. if bleeding occurs, may vomit blood or pass blood in the stool ( feces ). how is cirrhosis diagnosed? a doctor may suspect your symptoms and a physical examination, you have cirrhosis. ( for example, a doctor may find that your liver is enlarged, or that you are retaining fluid. ) a doctor might consider cirrhosis as the cause of your symptoms if you have a history of alcohol abuse or have had an episode prior hepatitis. blood tests may show abnormal liver function. ( see separate leaflet called ' blood – liver function tests. for details ) ultrasound ( or ct scan or mri ) can show that you have a damaged liver. to confirm the diagnosis, a biopsy ( small sample ) of the liver can be taken for examination under a microscope. ( see separate leaflet called ' biopsy – liver. for details ) the liver scarring and damage to the liver cells can be seen in a biopsy. if the underlying cause of cirrhosis is not clear, then other tests may be done to clarify the cause. for example, to test for antibodies against hepatitis virus, to test for antibodies that can be targeted to liver cells, to search a blood sample to excess iron or copper, etc. what is the treatment for cirrhosis? cirrhosis tends to progressively worsen if the underlying cause persists and untreated. in general, once the damage is done healing can not invest. therefore, the objective of treatment is, if possible, to prevent subsequent scarring liver, or slow the progression of the healing process. the treatments may be advised include the following. stop drinking alcohol whatever the cause of cirrhosis, stop drinking alcohol completely. alcohol consumption increases the rate of progression of cirrhosis from any cause. be careful when taking medications always tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have cirrhosis you take prescription drugs or over the counter. some medications that are processed in the liver may be necessary to adjust the dose if you have liver problems, or even not be used at all.


doctor or pharmacist if you have cirrhosis you take prescription drugs or over the counter. some medications that are processed in the liver may be necessary to adjust the dose if you have liver problems, or even not be used at all. the treatment of the underlying causes some of the underlying causes of cirrhosis can be treated. this can slow or stop the progression of cirrhosis. for example : - do not drink alcohol if alcohol is the cause. - interferon and other medicines may be used to treat viral hepatitis. - steroid medicines or other immunosuppressive drugs can be used to treat autoimmune diseases that cause liver damage. - regular elimination half - liter or less of the blood can remove excess iron that occurs in hemochromatosis. treatment to relieve symptoms and prevent complications several treatments may be advised, depending on the severity of cirrhosis and symptoms that develop. for example : - adequate food intake ( including calories and protein ) and regular exercise are important to avoid excessive weight loss and muscle wasting. - a low - sodium diet or diuretics ( tablets ) to reduce the accumulation of fluid in the body. - medications to reduce itching. - zinc deficiency is common in cirrhosis and zinc supplements can be used. - vaccination to protect against hepatitis a, influenza and pneumococcal infections. - osteoporosis may occur and thus the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is important. - medications can help reduce portal hypertension. - the drainage of liquid which accumulates on the abdomen ( ascites ). treatment of bleeding varices variceal hemorrhage ( described above ) is a medical emergency. seek medical help immediately if you have cirrhosis and vomit blood or pass blood in the stool, or if your stools become black. various surgical techniques can be used to stop bleeding and to help reduce the risk of further bleeding. in severe cases, where the scar is wide and liver can function only after a liver transplant may be the only option. until recently the healing process was thought cirrhosis irreversible. however, recent research has led to a greater understanding of the healing process. some research suggests that the drugs may be able to develop that can reverse the process of healing. stem cells or liver cells aimed at restoring liver function is also being investigated. this investigation continues. cirrhosis can be prevented? the most common cause of cirrhosis in the united kingdom is the excessive


develop that can reverse the process of healing. stem cells or liver cells aimed at restoring liver function is also being investigated. this investigation continues. cirrhosis can be prevented? the most common cause of cirrhosis in the united kingdom is the excessive consumption of alcohol. the most important way to prevent the development of cirrhosis is drinking within recommended safe limits. that is : - men should not drink more than 21 units of alcohol per week, no more than four units in a single day, and have at least two alcohol - free days a week. - women should not drink more than 14 units of alcohol per week, no more than three units in a single day, and have at least two alcohol - free days a week. - pregnant women. advice from the department of health states that … " pregnant women or women trying to conceive should not drink alcohol at all. if they do choose to drink, to minimize the risk to the baby should not drink more than 1 - 2 units of alcohol once or twice a week and should not get drunk. " where are these recommendations? - the department of health recommends that men should not regularly drink more than 3 - 4 units of alcohol a day and women should not regularly drink more than 2 - 3 units a day. " regularly " means drinking every day or most days of the week. and if you do drink more than that on any day, within 48 hours without alcohol after to let your body recover. - the royal college of physicians ( rcp ) recommends no more than 21 units per week for men and 14 units per week for women. but also, have 2 - 3 days off alcohol a week to allow time for the liver to recover after drinking anything but the smallest amount of alcohol. a quote from the rcp … " in addition to quantity, safe limits alcohol also should consider the frequency. there is an increased risk of liver disease for those who drink daily or near - daily compared with those who drink periodically or intermittently. " - the house of commons science and technology committee advised that people should have at least two alcohol - free days a week. - some might argue that the upper limits of the recommendations are too high. for example, one study found that more than two units a day for men and more than one unit per day for women significantly increases the risk of developing certain cancers. in general, the more you drink above these limits, alcohol is more harmful it can be. one unit of alcohol is approximately equal to : - a pint of normal beer strength,


per day for women significantly increases the risk of developing certain cancers. in general, the more you drink above these limits, alcohol is more harmful it can be. one unit of alcohol is approximately equal to : - a pint of normal beer strength, cider or beer. - as pub liquor ( 25 ml ), or fortified wine, sherry as ( 50 ml ). - a small glass ( 125 ml ) of wine containing 8 % alcohol by volume. note : using the above guide is easy to underestimate the amount of alcohol in a drink. this is because many are now strong beers, and wines are often served in 175 ml glasses. many wines are also stronger than the standard ( some contain 12 - 14 % alcohol by volume ). however, you should not drink alcohol at all if you have already developed cirrhosis early or have chronic hepatitis and other liver problems. some causes of cirrhosis are due to infectious diseases that can be prevented. for example, people who inject illegal drugs are at risk for hepatitis b and c if they use dirty needles or injection equipment. these infections can also be transmitted through unprotected sex. hepatitis b is preventable through immunization offered to those at risk, such as health workers, drug users and people with multiple sexual partners. what is the outlook ( prognosis )? the prognosis depends on factors such as the underlying cause, how early the condition is diagnosed, and how early treatment is given. many people with cirrhosis that is not too long to live a normal life for a number of years. in some cases, the progression of cirrhosis can be stopped or slowed by treatment. the outlook is not so good if there are a lot of liver damage, especially if you have alcoholic cirrhosis and non stop drinking. cirrhosis can cause death from variceal bleeding, or entering a coma from liver failure. people with cirrhosis are also at increased risk of developing serious infections. if you have cirrhosis, you have a higher risk of developing liver cancer ( hepatocellular carcinoma ). the risk varies according to the cause of cirrhosis. the greatest risk is cirrhosis caused by hepatitis c, followed by cirrhosis caused by hereditary hemochromatosis. the risk of developing liver cancer is lower in those with alcoholic cirrhosis. if you have cirrhosis, should have regular checkups to make sure there are no signs of developing liver cancer. more help and information british liver


plants flower faster than climate change models predict scientific models are failing to accurately predict the impact of global warming on plants, says a new report. researchers found in long - term studies that some are flowering up to eight times faster than models anticipate. the authors say that poor study design and a lack of investment in experiments partly account for the difference. they suggest that spring flowering and leafing will continue to advance at the rate of 5 to 6 days per year for every degree celsius of warming. the results are published in the journal nature. for more than 20 years, scientists have been carrying out experiments to mimic the impacts of rising temperatures on the first leafing and flowering of plant species around the world. end quote this rutishauser oeschger centre for climate change research the bottom line is that the impacts might be bigger than we have believed until now ” researchers had assumed that plants would respond in essentially the same way to experimental warming with lamps and open top chambers as they would to changes in temperatures in the real world. very little has been done to test the assumption until this study lead by dr elizabeth wolkovich, who is now at the university of british columbia in vancouver. with her colleagues she studied the timing of the flowering and leafing of plants in observational studies and warming experiments spanning four continents and 1, 634 plant species. according to dr wolkovich, the results were a surprise. " what we found is that the experiments don ' t line up with the long term data, and in fact they greatly underestimate how much plants change their leafing and flowering with warming, " she said. " so for models based on experimental data, then we would expect that plants are leafing four times faster and flowering eight times faster in the long term historical record than what we ' re using in some of the models. " ' consistent message ' observational data have been gathered by scientific bodies for many years. in the uk, the systematic recording of flowering times dates back to 1875, when the royal meteorological society established a national network of observers. since then, data has also been recorded by full - time biologists and part - time enthusiasts, and in recent years there have been mass - participation projects such as bbc springwatch. this new research suggests that these observations of flowering and leafing carried out in many different parts of the world over the past thirty years are remarkably similar according to dr wolkovich. " in terms of long term observations, the records are very coherent and very consistent and they suggest for


observations of flowering and leafing carried out in many different parts of the world over the past thirty years are remarkably similar according to dr wolkovich. " in terms of long term observations, the records are very coherent and very consistent and they suggest for every degree celsius of warming we get we are going to get a five - to six - day change in how plants leaf and flower. " she argues that the difficulties in mimicking the impacts of nature in an artificial setting are much greater than many scientists estimate. the team found that in some cases the use of warming chambers to artificially raise temperatures can sometimes have the opposite effect. " in the real world, we don ' t just see changes in temperature - we see changes in precipitation and cloud patterns and other factors - so certainly when you think about replicating changes in clouds, we are very, very far away from being able to do that. " i guess we will never get to perfectly match nature, but i am hopeful as scientists we can do much, much better, given funding resources. " the team found that the greater investment in the design and monitoring of experiments, the more accurate the result. " we have a very consistent message from the long - term historical records about how plants are changing, but we need to think more critically about how we fund and invest in and really design experiments, " said dr wolkovich. " we do need them in the future, they are the best way going forward to project how species are changing but right now what we ' re doing isn ' t working as well as i think it could. " other researchers were equally surprised by the results. dr this rutishauser is at the oeschger centre for climate change research at the university of bern in switzerland. he says that in light of this work scientists will have to rethink the impacts of global warming. " the bottom line is that the impacts might be bigger than we have believed until now. that ' s going to provoke a lot of work to probably revise modelling results for estimations of what ' s going to happen in the future for food production especially. " dr wolkovich agrees that if the models are so significantly underestimating the real world observations, there could be also be impacts on water the world over. " if a whole plant community starts growing a week earlier than we expect according to these experiments, it ' s going to take up a lot more water over the growing season and if you add to that many years of the model projections, you


if you are sorting content into an order, one of the most simple techniques that exists is the bubble sort technique. in essence you start at one end of the list, move one by one to the other end of the list, and if you ever reach a situation where two items are out of order, you swap them. this is one of the most simple sort techniques that exists, that is taught in any basic programming course. let ' s say you have an array of grades ( 5 ). you want to sort them so that the highest grade is at the beginning of the list, and that the lowest grade is at the end of the list. note that this is not real code. this is an example of the concept, that you can apply to any language. so you would fill grades ( 5 ) with the values. then you would say - for ctr = 1 to 4. for ctr2 = ctr + 1 to 5.. if grades ( ctr ) < grades ( ctr2 ) then... temp = grades ( ctr )... grades ( ctr ) = grades ( ctr2 )... grades ( ctr2 ) = temp so in essence you have the outer loop stepping through each item but the very last one. the inner loop steps through every untried item from whereever you are in the outer loop, going forward. the two are compared and if the higher number is not " on top ", the are swapped. let ' s say your array is 90 70 80 100 60 on the first time through the loop, you begin with 90 ( value 1 ) and compare it with the others, in order. is 90 < 70? no. nothing happens. is 90 < 80? no. is 90 < 100? yes. the 100 takes spot 1, and the 90 takes spot 4. is 100 < 60? no. now we have guarantee that spot # 1 is definitely the largest number in the entire array. now we work on the second largest number. we move on to stop 2. is 70 < 80? yes, they swap spots. is 80 < 90? yes, they swap spots. is 90 < 60? no, so the 90 stays in spot 2. and so it goes, until the entire array is settled in proper order. you can of course arrange the array in ascending or descending order just by switching the < to a >!


guest author - debra kelly the normal body temperature of a dog is 101. 5 fahrenheit, and a dog will regulate this by panting. the action of panting cools the air that touches the surfaces of their mouth and tongue, and the evaporation of the moisture there acts in a way similar to the evaporation of humans ' sweat. this process can be terribly inefficient when a dog is left in a situation such as a hot car or taken on a long, grueling walk in the sun. some dogs - - especially brachycephalic dogs with short noses and flat faces - - have an even harder time regulating their body temperature in this way and are even more adversely impacted by high temperatures. dogs like these - - and others - - can easily overheat when left in cars or even when left outside with no shade. there are a number of things you can do to make sure your pup stays cool - - and safe - - during the summer. always make sure there is plenty of fresh, clean water available. this might mean leaving several water dishes around, preferably in shady areas. change the water often, as water left standing can be a haven for mosquitoes and other bug larvae. dogs with light - colored or short coats can easily become burned when exposed to long periods of sun. be sure there is always a shady spot for them to retreat to, and apply sunblock as an added precaution. many lotions made for people will protect dogs just as well. for those dogs that rely on their daily walks for exercise, take these in the cooler parts of the day and never at midday - - not only is the temperature higher, but the hot pavement can burn delicate paws. consider an alternative to walking for exercise. set up a sprinkler in the yard, or fill a plastic kids ' pool with water. while it might be tempting to introduce your dog to the full - size family pool, remember that prolonged exposure to chlorine and other chemicals can irritate their skin and dry their coat ; be sure to bathe them after swimming in this kind of environment. an offering of some frozen treats will never go amiss, either. freeze yogurt in an ice cube tray, or offer just some plain ice cubes as a combination of toys to chase across the back patio and a cool snack. for fashionistas who don protective clothing or bandanas, wetting these items before putting them on your dog can help keep them cool when


early church fathers 10 iliad, xx. 66 ( from lord derby ' s translation ). 11 i. e., these teachers. 12 literally, " those who knew. " 13 mona / da kai \ th \ n a! riston dua / da. one, or unity, was considered by pythagoras as the essence of number, and also as god. two, or the indefinite binary, was the equivalent of evil. so plutarch, de placit. philosoph., c 7 ; from which treatise the above opinions of the various sects are quoted, generally verbatim. 14 ametoxa kenou : the void being that in which these bodies move, while they themselves are of a different nature from it. 15 or, accord and discord, attraction and repulsion. 16 or, " is of a fiery nature. " 17 see the republic, x. 2. by the platonic doctrine, the ideas of things in the mind of god were the realities ; the things themselves, as seen by us, were the images of these realities ; and poetry, therefore, describing the images of realities, was only at the third remove from nature. as plato puts it briefly in this same passage, " the painter, the bed - maker, god - these three are the masters of three species of beds. " 18 iliad, xv. 192. 19 i. e., from homer ; using homer ' s words as suggestive and confirmatory of his doctrine. 20 iliad, xiv. 246. 21 to logikon, to qumikon, to epiqumhtikon, - corresponding to what we roughly speak of as reason, the heart, and the appetites. 22 entelexeia, - the completion or actuality to which each thing, by virtue of its peculiar nature ( or potentiality, dunamij ), can arrive. 23 literally, " unbegotten. " 24 or, " liable to destruction. " 25 literally, " the art of words. " 26 literally, " clean, " free from other influences. 27 [ the diversities of christian theology are to be regretted ; but justin here shows the harmony and order of truths, such as are everywhere received by christians, to be an inestimable advantage. ] 28 the incongruity in this sentence is justin ' s. 29 [ authochthones ]. that is, sprung from the soil ; and hence the oldest inhabitants,


description of test you will lie down on a table. a technician will place electrodes on your chest. your resting blood pressure and ecg readings will be taken. an iv ( hollow needle and thin tube ) will be placed in your arm. you will be hooked up to a heart monitor that will record your heart ’ s activity. your blood pressure and heart rate will be checked often. a small amount of chemical will be injected through the iv and into your body. depending on which chemical is used, your heart will beat faster and / or the blood vessels near your heart will open wider. an ecg may also be done at this time. if you have chest pain, trouble breathing, dizziness, or any other symptoms, tell your doctor or technician right away. the test may need to be stopped. changes in the ecg may also be a reason to stop the test. if you are getting nuclear imaging, the technician will inject a mildly radioactive chemical through your iv. thirty to sixty minutes after the chemical injection, a special camera or an mri will be used to track the flow of the chemical through and around your heart. images will be taken to find areas of the heart that may not be getting enough blood or are blocked. if you are getting a stress echocardiogram, an ultrasound will be taken at specific time points. the doctor will compare the pictures of your heart under stress with pictures of your heart at rest. your blood pressure, heart rate, and ecg will be monitored until levels return to normal. you will be able to leave after the test is done. your doctor may discuss some of the results on the same day as the test. it may take 2 - 3 days for the full results to be ready. one or more of the following are considered a positive stress test : - ecg changes that show low oxygen supply to the heart - significant blood pressure drops or rhythm changes - you have chest pain or trouble breathing, especially if linked with ecg changes - stress test pictures that show areas of your heart having low blood flow or abnormal movements a positive test may mean that you have cad. not everyone tests positive for it. based on your results, your doctor may recommend more tests or care.


what is oregon grape used for today? | what is the scientific evidence for oregon grape? | safety issues the roots and bark of the shrub ( also called oregon grape ) have traditionally been used both orally and topically to treat skin problems. they were also used for other conditions such as gastritis, fever, hemorrhage, jaundice, gall bladder disease, and cancer. in addition, was used as a bitter tonic to improve appetite. according to some experts, is identical to the plant named, but others point to small distinctions., commonly called, is a close relative of these herbs, but is not identical. what is oregon grape used for today? oregon grape is primarily used today as a topical treatment for. growing evidence suggests that it may help reduce symptoms, although it does not seem to be as effective for this purpose as standard medications. oregon grape has been proposed as a treatment for other skin diseases, such as fungal infections ( such as however, the evidence is either extremely preliminary or inconclusive. for example, a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 88 people with eczema tested a cream containing extracts of the results failed to show benefit overall. many studies have been performed on purified berberine, a major chemical constituent of oregon grape and other herbs such as goldenseal, but it is not clear whether their results apply to the whole herb. in addition, impossibly high dosages of the herb would be required to duplicate the amount of berberine used in many of these studies. ( for more information, see the article on what is the scientific evidence for oregon grape? evidence from two studies and one comparative trial suggest that cream made from the herb oregon grape may help reduce symptoms of psoriasis, although it does not seem to be as effective as standard medications. in a double - blind study published in 2006, two hundred people were given either a cream containing 10 % oregon grape extract or placebo twice a day for 3 months. the results indicate that the people using oregon grape experienced greater benefits than those in the placebo group, and the difference was statistically significant. the treatment was well tolerated, though in a few people it caused rash or burning sensation. benefits were also seen in a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 82 people with psoriasis. however, the study design had a significant flaw : the treatment salve was darker in color than the placebo, possibly allowing participants to guess which was which. another study found that dithranol


controlled study of 82 people with psoriasis. however, the study design had a significant flaw : the treatment salve was darker in color than the placebo, possibly allowing participants to guess which was which. another study found that dithranol, a conventional drug used to treat psoriasis symptoms, was more effective than oregon grape. regrettably, the authors fail to state whether this study was double - blind. forty - nine participants applied one treatment to their left side and the other to their right for 4 weeks. skin biopsies were then analyzed and compared with samples taken at the beginning of the study. the physicians evaluating changes in skin tissue were unaware which treatments had been used on the samples. greater improvements were seen in the dithranol group. in which 443 participants with psoriasis used oregon grape topically for 12 weeks found the herb to be helpful for 73. 7 % of the group. group, it ’ s not possible to know whether oregon grape was truly responsible for the improvement seen, but the trial does help to establish the herb ' s safety and tolerability. ( see safety issues below. ) laboratory research suggests oregon grape has some effects at the cellular level that might be helpful in psoriasis, such as slowing the rate of abnormal cell growth and reducing inflammation. topical ointments or creams containing 10 % oregon grape extract are generally applied 3 times daily to the affected areas. oregon grape appears to be safe when used as directed. in the large open study described above, only 5 of the 443 participants reported side effects of burning, redness, and itching. however, because oregon grape contains berberine, which has been reported to cause uterine contractions and to increase levels of bilirubin, oral consumption of oregon grape should be avoided by pregnant women. safety in young children, nursing women, or people with severe liver or kidney disease has not been established. there is an additional concern regarding the berberine content of oregon grape. one study found that berberine impairs metabolism of the drug cyclosporine, thereby raising its levels. this could potentially cause toxicity.


anti - clotting drug plavix may help treat lupusjune 7th, 2012 by admin french scientists have discovered that lupus patients have excess blood cells called platelets - small cell fragments that circulate in the blood, clumping together to form clots. these excess and overly - active platelets trigger production of inflammation - promoting proteins called interferons. tests on mice given anti - platelet medication showed reduced lupus symptoms and increased life expectancy. the results suggest that anticoagulant drugs like clopidogrel ( plavix ) could prevent lupus flare ups in people, and the scientists hope to start clinical trials on humans soon. lupus is a chronic, incurable auto - immune disease where the body ' s immune system turns on itself, attacking its own tissue. the resulting inflammation causes pain and damages organs, particularly the kidneys. the most common symptoms include rashes, fever, hair loss, fatigue, aches and pains, and inflammation of the arteries and veins, tendons, brain, kidney and the membrane surrounding the lungs. serious cases can be life threatening, with patients suffering kidney failure and out of control infections. about one - and - a - half million americans have lupus, which can be diagnosed with blood tests. it effects nine times more women than men, and usually strikes between the ages of 15 and 50. its cause has not yet known, although researchers have identified genetic, hormonal and environmental factors. some lupus patients have only mild and / or transitory flare ups which may go undiagnosed, while others are debilitated by a more aggressive form of the disease. nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs and antimalarial medications are used to treat milder cases, while more serious attacks are treated with immune system suppressing medications and corticosteroids. there has not been a new medication for the treatment of lupus in 50 years. current treatments are not 100 percent effective, and can have side effects. the anti - clotting medication plavix is the second highest - selling drug in the world ( behind the cholesterol - lowering drug lipitor ). it makes platelets less " sticky " and likely to clump together to form clots, which can lodge in the heart, lungs or brain and cause a heart attack or stroke. anti - clotting drugs, also called blood thinners, are widely prescribed as a preventative measure for persons who have experienced a heart attack or


jean - vincent d ’ abbadie de saint - castin on fort william henry at pemaquid in new england. damours commanded his own vessel in this expedition, and after the capture of pemaquid he took the garrison to boston. in october of that same year a new england force led by hathorne made a raid along the saint john. although damours was absent in france at the time, his buildings, crops, and livestock – constituting probably the largest farm of that time in the area – were spared thanks to a note from gyles to the commander requesting that he do so. gyles was later freed by damours for this act of loyalty. owing to damage caused to his property by a high freshet in 1701 and the decision of governor de brouillan [ monbeton ] to abandon defences on the saint john, damours determined to move to port - royal. brouillan appealed to the court for aid for damours, as the latter was in serious financial straits. it was also about this time that his wife died. with france and england at war in acadia once more, damours joined the french forces and was taken prisoner in 1703. he spent slightly more than two years as a captive in boston, returning to port - royal in 1706, where he died two years later. he was aptly termed by brouillan “ the mainstay of the inhabitants and the savages ” during his years as a seigneur on the saint john river. an, col., b, 16, ff. 41 – 42 ; 19, f. 37 ; c11d, 2, ff. 244, 244v, 246, 277, 278 ; 3, ff. 18, 157v ; 4, ff. 62, 144v, 214v, 323v ; 5, ff. 112, 282v ; section outre - mer, depot des fortifications des colonies, carton 2, no. 56. coll. de manuscrits relatifs a la n. - f., i, 386 ; ii, 96, 183, 190, 215, 302, 389, 390, 408, 455, 463. [ john gyles ], memoirs of odd adventures... ( boston, 736 ; repr., cincinnati, 1869 ). jug. et delib., iii, 399, 547, 555, 562, 783. a. roy, inv. gref


... ( boston, 736 ; repr., cincinnati, 1869 ). jug. et delib., iii, 399, 547, 555, 562, 783. a. roy, inv. greffes not., vii, 37. p. - g. roy, inv. concessions, iv, 2 – 3, 57 ; inv. contrats de mariage, ii, 120. webster, acadia. tanguay, dictionnaire, i, iii. azarie couillard despres, histoire des seigneurs de la riviere - du - sud et leurs allies canadiens et acadiens ( saint - hyacinthe, que., 1912 ), 108 – 11. w. o. raymond, the river st john, its physical features, legends and history from 1604 to 1784, ed. j. c. webster ( sackville, n. b., 1943 ). ganong, “ historic sites in new brunswick. ” p. - g. roy, “ mathieu damours de chauffours, ” brh xxxii ( 1926 ), 385 – 92. north america, north america - - canada, north america - - canada - - new brunswick, north america - - canada - - nova scotia, north america - - canada - - nova scotia - - mainland, north america - - united states of america


an ombudsman is a government official charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints reported by individual citizens. the term arose from its use in sweden, with the parliamentary ombudsman instituted in 1809 to safeguard the rights of citizens by establishing a supervisory agency independent of the executive branch. the word ombudsman and its specific meaning has since been adopted in to english as well as other languages, and ombudsmen has been instituted by other governments and organizations such as the european union. the origin of the word is found in old norse and the word umbuds man, meaning representative. the first preserved use in swedish is from 1552. it is also used in the other scandinavian languages such as the icelandic " umboðsmaður ", the norwegian " ombudsmann " and the danish " ombudsmand ". an ombudsman doesn ' t necessarily have to be appointed by government, but an ombudsman of an non - governmental organization, whether working only for the own members or for the general public, does obviously not carry any special powers or sanction abilities. in 1713 king charles xii of sweden, preoccupied with fighting the great northern war, was residing in bendery and had not set foot in sweden in over a decade. in order to reestablish the domestic administration, which had fallen into disarray, he instituted the office of his majesty ' s supreme ombudsman. the role of the king ' s ombudsman was to ensure that judges and public officials acted in accordance with the laws, proficiently discharged their tasks, and if not he could initiate legal proceedings for dereliction of duty. the autocratic rule of gustav iii of sweden, that ended half a century of parliamentary supremacy in 1772, prompted the riksdag of the estates to institute an ombudsman who was independent of the executive power when his son gustav iv adolf of sweden was deposed in 1809. the king ' s ombudsman, who in 1719 had been given a new title ; chancellor of justice, was to be accompanied by a parliamentary ombudsman. the office of the parliamentary ombudsman was established by the instrument of government of 1809 and its role preserved in the new instrument of government in 1974. apart from this there are also a number of more specialized ombudsmen that operate under the authority of the government of sweden : - swedish ombudsman for equal opportunities, or jamstalldhetsombu


instrument of government in 1974. apart from this there are also a number of more specialized ombudsmen that operate under the authority of the government of sweden : - swedish ombudsman for equal opportunities, or jamstalldhetsombudsmannen ( jamo ) - swedish ombudsman for children, or barnombudsmannen. observes matters affecting the rights and interests of children and young people. - swedish disability ombudsman, or handikappombudsmannen. monitors issues relating to the rights and interests of persons with disabilities. - swedish ombudsman against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, or ombudsmannen mot diskriminering pa grund av sexuell laggning ( homo ) - swedish ombudsman against ethnic discrimination, or ombudsmannen mot etnisk diskriminering the director - general of the swedish consumer agency is also designated as a consumer ombudsman. the european ombudsman was established by the maastricht treaty, the treaty establishing the european union. the office of ombudsman was set up under the terms of the ombudsman act, 1980. the ombudsman, who is appointed by the president of ireland upon the nomination of both houses of the oireachtas, deals with complaints against government departments, local authorities, health boards and an post. the spanish laws translate " ombudsman " as defensor del pueblo ( " people ' s defender " ). there is a general defensor del pueblo for issues with the spanish administration, and regional ones for the autonomous communities of spain : the spanish defensor can start processes at the constitutional court. in the united kingdom a post of ombudsman is attached to the westminster parliament with additional posts at the scottish parliament, the welsh assembly and other government institutions. list of all ombudsman in the united kingdom - estate agents ombudsman, financial ombudsman service, financial services ombudsman scheme for the isle of man, health service ombudsman - england,, health service ombudsman - wales, housing ombudsman service ( hos ), independent police complaints commission, legal services ombudsman, local government ombudsman - england, local government ombudsman - wales, northern ireland ombudsman, northern ireland police ombudsman, parliamentary ombudsman, welsh administration ombu


u. s. department of the interior bureau of land management news release upper missouri river breaks national monument | release date : 08 / 16 / 10 | pallid sturgeon : our living missouri river dinosaur – a struggle for survival imagine if all people born in 1968 grew to adulthood and never had children ; ever. what would happen to our population? this is the same situation faced by the remaining pallid sturgeon in the upper missouri river today. it ’ s a perplexing scenario and on thursday, august 26, at 7 : 00 p. m. the bureau of land management ’ s missouri breaks interpretive center ( 701 7th street in fort benton, mt ) will host an entertaining program about the pallid sturgeon ’ s status in the upper missouri river. mr. bill gardner, a fisheries biologist with the montana fish, wildlife and parks ( mfwp ), will present an informative 30 - 40 minute program about pallid sturgeon and will answer questions following the presentation. admission for the program is free. biologists think there are about 125 wild pallid sturgeon remaining in montana. today the pallid sturgeon is a montana species of concern and it was federally listed as an endangered species in 1990. biologists say no wild juvenile fish have joined the existing population in the past 30 to 50 years largely due to changes in the yellowstone and missouri rivers that have altered pallid sturgeon habitat and obstructed their reproductive processes. the pallid sturgeon has plied the waters of the upper missouri river for 70 million years and can live to be 50 - 60 years old, grow to six feet in length and weigh up to 80 pounds. biologists have been studying and learning about this little - known fish, searching for ways to keep it from going the way of the dinosaurs – total extinction. bill gardner has studied the pallid sturgeon for 20 years with mfwp and has been on the pallid sturgeon recovery team for more than 10 years, working with other scientists to learn more about our unique population of this ancient fish. once again, all interested are encouraged to attend a free program about the pallid sturgeon, featuring bill gardner, on thursday, august 26, at 7 : 00 p. m. at the missouri breaks interpretive center in fort benton. the blm manages more than 245 million acres of public land, the most of any federal agency. this land, known as the national system of public lands, is primarily located in 12 western states, including alaska. the blm


in fort benton. the blm manages more than 245 million acres of public land, the most of any federal agency. this land, known as the national system of public lands, is primarily located in 12 western states, including alaska. the blm also administers 700 million acres of sub - surface mineral estate throughout the nation. in fiscal year ( fy ) 2011, recreational and other activities on blm - managed land contributed more than $ 130 billion to the u. s. economy and supported more than 600, 000 american jobs. the bureau is also one of a handful of agencies that collects more revenue than it spends. in fy 2012, nearly $ 5. 7 billion will be generated on lands managed by the blm, which operates on a $ 1. 1 billion budget. the blm ' s multiple - use mission is to sustain the health and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. the bureau accomplishes this by managing such activities as outdoor recreation, livestock grazing, mineral development, and energy production, and by conserving natural, historical, cultural, and other resources on public lands. upper missouri river breaks national monument 920 ne main lewistown, mt 59457 | last updated : 06 - 28 - 2012 | | usa. gov | no fear act | doi | disclaimer | about blm | notices | social media policy |


- tools & workshop > - basic grinding 101 basic grinding 101 follow the three steps necessary to sharpen a chisel or similar tool with a grinding wheel. - photo : donaldson. com i ' ve never seen the guy so angry : his wife used a favorite chisel to open a paint can and my friend dominick took it personally. the big nick in the edge of that chisel was, well, just about criminal in his eyes. ordinarily, a chisel or plane iron needs little more than an occasional honing on a water - or oilstone - unless, of course, it ' s been abused. a nick or other significant imperfection in its edge as the result of an encounter with a nail ( or a paint can ) or another tool will mean a more difficult sharpening job. the bench grinder is the tool of choice for such tasks. one advantage the grinding wheel has is speed : it ' s quicker than using a coarse whetstone. another is its shape : the tiny arc the wheel grinds into the tool is a hollow - grind, which means that the tool is likely to retain its sharpness for many honings. to return a tool to usability, three steps are required to sharpen a chisel or a plane iron. 1. square the cutting edge. set the tool rest so that its top surface points directly along the radius of the wheel. the front edge of the rest should be approximately an eighth of an inch from the wheel. put on your eye protection, start the machine, and, when it ' s up to speed, gently but firmly slide the chisel back and forth across the wheel. 2. grind the bevel. matching the original angle ground onto the edge is essential ( note that the angle varies from tool to tool ). one way to transfer the angle from the tool to the grinder is by using a bevel gauge to set the tool rest to the right angle. another option is to use a grinding attachment that is set at the proper angle. now, with goggles on and your machine at full speed, move the blade back and forth across the wheel. do it gently. and don ’ t forget to bathe the tip of the tool in a water or oil bath. a blade that has been allowed to get blue hot loses its “ temper, ” namely, the hardness or resiliency of its manufacture. in practice, the loss of temper means the tools will not hold a sharp edge, dulling quickly with minimal use. so dip the


allowed to get blue hot loses its “ temper, ” namely, the hardness or resiliency of its manufacture. in practice, the loss of temper means the tools will not hold a sharp edge, dulling quickly with minimal use. so dip the blade frequently in a water or machine oil bath while grinding. 3. hone the tool. now that the shape of the tool has been restored, hone it on a oil - or waterstone. squaring a driver edge. a chipped or rough - edged screwdriver is easily sharpened on a bench grinder. the steps are the reverse of those for a chisel. start by grinding the broad, flat edges of the driver tip, holding the shaft of the driver so that it is tangential to the blade. this grinds a slight convex curve into the tool ( again, a " hollow grind " ). after hollow grinding, reset the tool rest so that the shaft of the tool points at the center of the wheel. grind the tip square, gently by firmly sliding the tip back and forth across the flat edge of the wheel. in talking grinding, there are three key words that will help you get what you want. grit. wheels consist of bonded abrasives, particles called " grit. " grain size. the " grain size " of that grit identifies whether the wheel is coarse, medium, fine, or some gradation in between. the larger the grain, the coarser the wheel. grade. the hardness of the bond between the grains of grit determines the hardness of the wheel. hard wheels are used for grinding soft materials, and soft wheels for harder materials. - 10 popular driveway options to welcome you home - 12 hobbit houses to make you consider moving underground - 12 wow - worthy woods for kitchen countertops - 15 ways to make a small bathroom big - 20 clever ideas for repurposed storage - 10 new ways to store kitchen necessities - 12 " expert picks " for fail - safe colors - 10 " neat " garage storage solutions - 10 reasons to love architectural salvage - 10 design inspirations for mudrooms and entryways - painted cabinets : 10 reasons to transform yours now - kitchen flooring : 8 popular choices - 10 " dream - worthy " swimming pools - paint guide : 10 essentials for successful house painting - murphy beds : 9 hide - away sleepers - 10 low - cost ways to improve your home security - 12 ways to put your home on an energy diet - 13 easy ways to repurpose antique armoires -


the authoritative source of information about all types of bottled waters, ibwa members include u. s. and international bottlers, distributors and suppliers. ibwa represents our industry ’ s uncompromising commitment to the safety and availability of bottled water worldwide. bottled water companies work hard to protect the environment, and play an important role in promoting recycling of plastic containers and groundwater management. the bottled water industry is one of thousands of food, beverage and commercial water users. bottled water companies actively support comprehensive ground water management practices that are science - based, treat all users equitably, multi - jurisdictional, and provide for future needs of this important resource. learn more. bottled water is a safe, healthy, and convenient packaged food product, which is comprehensively regulated at both the federal and state level. strictly regulated as a packaged food product by the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ), bottled water is a safe, refreshing, convenient, and consistently reliable beverage choice. did you know that by mandate of federal law, the fda regulations governing the safety and quality of bottled water must be as stringent as the epa regulations which govern tap water? learn more. myth : bottled water isn ' t as regulated as tap water. fact : by federal law, the fda regulations governing the safety and quality of bottled water must be as stringent as the epa regulations which govern tap water. to suggest in any way that bottled water is less stringently regulated than tap water is simply not true...


sale of children & child labor the international labour organization ( ilo ) in 1996 estimated a global figure of 250 million child workers worldwide, of which 140 million were boy workers and 110 million girl workers. the statistics and monitoring program in child labour, the statistical unit of the international programme on the elimination of child labour ( ilo / ipec ) in its 2002 report estimates that globally there were 211 million children aged 5 – 14 at work in economic activity in the year 2000. the total economically active child population between 5 – 17 is estimated at 352 million children. the largest number of child workers live in the asia - pacific region, though sub - saharan africa has the largest incidence rate : almost 30 % of all children in africa between the ages to 5 – 14 are economically active. the convention on the rights of the child and the optional protocol to the convention on the rights of the child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography recognize the right of the child to be protected from “ economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child ' s education, or to be harmful to the child ' s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. ” the demand for child labor is immense not only because it is cheap but also because children are naturally more docile, easier to discipline than adults, and too frightened to complain. their small build and nimble fingers are considered particularly well suited to certain kinds of work. with a view to achieving the total abolition of child labor, the ilo convention 138 : minimum age convention was adopted in 1973. this convention remains the fundamental international standard on child labor and has had a profound influence on national law and practice. however, growing international consensus recognized that eliminating child labor would take time and that there were certain kinds of child labor that required immediate action. the new standard, the ilo convention 182, was adopted in 1999 ; it focuses on children in slavery, prostitution, pornography, illicit activities, and hazardous work. children in all countries, no matter the level of development, are now to be legally protected from such extreme forms of child labor. - ilo convention 138 : minimum age convention adopted in 1973 - the un convention on the rights of the child ( 1989 ), which stipulates that under international law, anyone under 18 is a child. - ilo convention 182 : worst forms of child labor convention ( 1999 ) - most countries also have domestic legislation. - global march against child labor - ipec : international programme on the elimination


continental congressarticle free pass continental congress, in the period of the american revolution, the body of delegates who spoke and acted collectively for the people of the colony - states that later became the united states of america. the term most specifically refers to the bodies that met in 1774 and 1775 – 81 and respectively designated as the first continental congress and the second continental congress. in the spring of 1774 the british parliament ’ s passage of the intolerable ( coercive ) acts, including the closing of the port of boston, provoked keen resentment in the colonies. the first continental congress, convened in response to the acts by the colonial committees of correspondence, met in philadelphia on september 5, 1774. fifty - six deputies represented all the colonies except georgia. peyton randolph of virginia was unanimously elected president, thus establishing usage of that term as well as “ congress. ” charles thomson of pennsylvania was elected secretary and served in that office during the 15 - year life of the congress. to provide unity, delegates gave one vote to each state regardless of its size. the first continental congress included patrick henry, george washington, john and samuel adams, john jay, and john dickinson. meeting in secret session, the body rejected a plan for reconciling british authority with colonial freedom. instead, it adopted a declaration of personal rights, including life, liberty, property, assembly, and trial by jury. the declaration also denounced taxation without representation and the maintenance of the british army in the colonies without their consent. parliamentary regulation of american commerce, however, was willingly accepted. in october 1774 the congress petitioned the crown for a redress of grievances accumulated since 1763. in an effort to force compliance, it called for a general boycott of british goods and eventual nonexportation of american products, except rice, to britain or the british west indies. its last act was to set a date for another congress to meet on may 10, 1775, to consider further steps. before that second continental congress assembled in the pennsylvania state house, hostilities had already broken out between americans and british troops at lexington and concord, massachusetts. new members of the second congress included benjamin franklin and thomas jefferson. john hancock and john jay were among those who served as president. the congress “ adopted ” the new england military forces that had converged upon boston and appointed washington commander in chief of the american army on june 15, 1775. it also acted as the provisional government of the 13 colony - states, issuing and borrowing money, establishing a postal service, and creating a navy. although the congress for


heavenarticle free pass in some traditions, heaven seems to recede into the background. native american cultures, for example, are oriented toward the totality of earth, sky, and the four directions rather than toward heaven alone. although heaven is not typically the abode of the blessed dead in native american mythology, the stars, sun, moon, clouds, mountaintops, and sky - dwelling creators figure significantly. the christian - influenced prophetic visions characteristic of revitalization movements such as the 19th - century ghost dance and the religion of handsome lake are fervently millenarian, proclaiming the advent of an eschatological paradise to be accompanied by the return of the dead and the restoration of tribal life. new models of heaven in the modern west have been influenced by ideals of progress, evolution, social equality, and domestic tranquility. the 19th - century spiritualist movement, adapting the doctrines of the swedish scientist and theologian emanuel swedenborg and of the german physician franz anton mesmer, mixed clairvoyance with science to describe heavenly spheres, radiant with luminiferous ether, where the spirits worked for causes such as abolition, temperance, feminism, and socialism and pursued opportunities for self - improvement. utopian communities sought to bring this progressive heaven to practical realization on earth. consolation literature, epitomized in the united states by elizabeth stuart phelps ’ s novel the gates ajar ( 1868 ), portrayed heaven as an intimate realm of family reunions. belief in heaven persists despite age - old criticisms : that it is an irrational, wish - fulfilling fantasy, a symptom of alienation, and an evasion of responsibility for bettering the real world. defenders of the doctrine insist, on the contrary, that belief in heaven has a morally invigorating effect, endowing life with meaning and direction and inspiring deeds of heroic self - sacrifice. whatever be the case, familiarity with the iconography of heaven is indispensable to understanding western literature and art, including the poetry of dante, edmund spenser, william shakespeare, john milton, john donne, george herbert, henry vaughan, thomas traherne, john bunyan, and william blake, as well as the paintings of fra angelico, luca signorelli, sandro botticelli, correggio, jan van eyck, and stefan lochner. much the same can be said for other cultures : in every historical period, depictions of heaven provide a revealing index of what a society regards as the highest


killdeerarticle free pass killdeer, ( charadrius, sometimes oxyechus, vociferus ), american bird that frequents grassy mud flats, pastures, and fields. it belongs to the plover family of shorebirds ( charadriidae, order charadriiformes ). the killdeer ’ s name is suggestive of its loud insistent whistle. the bird is about 25 centimetres ( 10 inches ) long, with a brown back and a white belly, and it has two black breast bands ( instead of one, as in other ringed plovers ). in flight it shows a black and white wing pattern and a brown tail. killdeers breed throughout north america and in northwestern south america ( and a few regularly visit iceland and western europe ). they migrate only to escape snow, returning in spring before most songbirds. killdeers are the ecologic equivalent of the lapwings of europe. they eat beetles, grasshoppers, dragonflies, and other insects. the nest is a scrape in the ground lined with pebbles. the male makes several such nests, and the female selects one of them. the eggs are four in number, grayish in colour, with black marks. the parents take turns incubating. hatching takes place in 24 days. both parents tend the chicks, which walk and feed themselves soon after hatching. intruders are lured away from the nesting area by a “ broken wing ” distraction behaviour, in which a parent bird limps or flutters along the ground, appearing to be injured. what made you want to look up " killdeer "? please share what surprised you most...


the jewel tower, or ‘ king ’ s privy wardrobe ’, was built c. 1365 to house edward iii ’ s treasures. one of only two buildings of the original palace of westminster to survive the fire of 1834, the tower features a 14th - century ribbed vault. it displays parliament past and present, a fascinating exhibition about the history of parliament. the second floor now includes illustrated panels, telling the story of this small but important building. it also contains a case holding a few of the old imperial weights and measures as the jewel tower was home to the weights and measures office between 1869 and 1938. the centrepiece of the display is eleven bronze measures from 1 / 4 gill to one bushel all dated between 1883 and 1895. there are also three george iv ( 1824 ) measures for one pint, a quart and a gallon. other items in the case include a case of apothecary ’ s measures pipettes and standards for one cubic inch, a troy pound, a 2lb weight and the very tiny grain weights in their original wooden box. more items of interest on this floor include various items that have been retrieved from our moat over the years, including wine bottles, a bowl and some jars. the palace of westminster sword can also been seen, which dates back to the early 9th century and was discovered during renovations just after the second world war. the remains of a moat and medieval quay are still visible outside. abingdon street, westminster, london, sw1p 3jx tel : 020 7222 2219 times : april – october, daily, 10. 00 – 17. 00 november – march, saturday & sunday, 10. 00 – 16. 00


published on brock university ( http : / / www. brocku. ca ) a brock university professor, a physician and a bracing specialist are teaming up on research to expand our knowledge of bone strength as well as re - think how we design back braces for people with scoliosis. and they ’ re inviting women across the niagara peninsula to take part in the project. the researchers are seeking young women, aged 18 - 30 years, who have or have had scoliosis, and who used a scoliosis brace during their adolescence. scoliosis is a medical condition characterized by curvature and rotation of the spine. bareket falk, a researcher in brock ’ s department of kineseology, is undertaking the project with partners alan rigby of the private - sector business niagara prosthetics and orthotics, and dr. matt greenway of the michael degroote school of medicine. falk said the researchers want to study how bracing may affect bone during the growing years, and whether flexible scoliosis braces are more effective than the rigid braces traditionally used by patients with scoliosis. importantly, the researchers are interested in examining how nutrition and exercise can be used to alleviate some of the potential effects of bracing. read the full story on the brock news for more information about bareket falk ' s research visit her faculty profile


housepost, one of pair figurative posts often support the verandas of distinguished places such as important shrines or the dwellings of kings, titled elders, and priests. just as a post supports the house, the carved figures represent the individuals who support and uphold the leader in his office. this text refers to these objects : ' 82. 154. 2 ; 82. 154. 1 - culture : yoruba - medium : wood, pigment - place made : nigeria - dates : late 19th or early 20th century - dimensions : 64 x 9 1 / 4 x 6 in. ( 162. 6 x 23. 5 x 15. 2 cm ) ( show scale ) - collections : arts of africa - museum location : this item is on view in south gallery, 1st floor - accession number : 82. 154. 1 - credit line : gift of allen a. davis - rights statement : creative commons - by - caption : yoruba. housepost, one of pair, late 19th or early 20th century. wood, pigment, 64 x 9 1 / 4 x 6 in. ( 162. 6 x 23. 5 x 15. 2 cm ). brooklyn museum, gift of allen a. davis, 82. 154. 1. creative commons - by - catalogue description : carved wood figurative housepost painted red - brown, and composed of a seated female figure holding a child at the top. she wears a necklace, ear plugs, and a skirt, and is seated on a circular platform. beneath her is a figure of an equestrian figure, wearing a baldric, armrings and holds the handle of a flywhisk in his left hand. his cap painted blue. the whisk hangs over his left shoulder. he is seated on a saddle. the horse wears a bridle and stirrups. condition : there is an old break through the neck of the female figure that has been repaired, but area is still weak and must be handled with care. there are eroded portions throughout post and checking from age and wear. right arm of rider is missing. - record completeness : best ( 87 % )


if we had a functional government, america would address three “ cliffs ” posing far larger dangers to us than the fiscal one : the child poverty cliff. between 2007 and 2011, the percentage of american school - age children living in poor households grew from 17 to 21 percent. last year, according to the agriculture department, nearly 1 in 4 young children lived in a family that had difficulty affording sufficient food at some point in the year. yet federal programs to help children and lower - income families — food stamps, aid for poor school districts, pell grants, child health care, child nutrition, pre - and post - natal care, and medicaid — are being targeted by the republican right. over 60 percent of the cuts in the gop ’ s most recent budget came out of these programs. even if these programs are preserved, they don ’ t go nearly far enough. but the obama administration doesn ’ t talk about reducing poverty in america. it talks only about preserving the middle class. yet unless we focus on better schools, better health, and improved conditions for these poor kids and their families, in a few years america will have a significant population of under - educated and desperate adults. the baby - boomer health care cliff. health care costs are already 18 percent of gdp. between now and 2030, when 76 million boomers join the ranks of the elderly, those costs will soar. this is the principal reason why the federal budget deficit is projected to grow. the affordable care act offers a start but it isn ’ t nearly adequate to limit these rising costs. the president and the democrats have to lead the way in using medicare and medicaid ’ s bargaining power over providers to get lower costs and to move from a fee - for - service system to a fee - for - healthy outcomes system of health care. but we can ’ t avoid the fact we have the most expensive and least effective system of health care in the world that ’ s spending 30 percent more on paperwork and administration than on keeping people healthy. the real health care cliff can only be avoided if we adopt a single - payer health care system. the environmental cliff. global emissions of carbon dioxide jumped 3 percent in 2011 and are expected to jump another 2. 6 percent this year according to scientists, putting the human race perilously close to the tipping point when ice caps irretrievably melt, sea - levels rise, and the amount of available cropland in the world becomes dangerously small. yet republicans ( and their patrons, such as charles and


if the print dialog box does not automatically appear, open the file menu and choose print. article published march 2, 2013 heed nature warnings theodore l. kneupper, ph. d. slippery rock township a recent scientific study found that the current rise of global temperatures of 1. 5 degrees could release from the siberian permafrost an additional trillion tons of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere as early as 2030. that addition would further accelerate climate change, particularly if we continue on the current level of using fossil fuels for energy, like petroleum, coal, fracked gas ( which has been found to release large amounts of escaped methane ), and tar sands oil that corporate leaders are so bent on extracting and profiting from. we already have been given the serious warnings by nature in terms of extensive droughts, storms and fires that have devastated many parts of the united states and other parts of the planet. i wonder whether the correct name for our species should be homo sapiens ( man being wise ) or, simply, “ homo sap ” ( man fool ). science has made possible the current condition of the planet through the technology it led to. that same science is telling us that our current way is moving toward conditions that very likely will be catastrophic, even possibly leading to our own extinction. the irony is that such a scenario is not necessary. while some are preaching that we are heading to the “ end times, ” science is warning only that this need not be if we reflect on the consequences of our behavior as individuals, as a nation, and as a species, and act with intelligence that understands how to avoid widespread suffering and possibly even our collective death. by our choices and actions, we will merit either the name “ homo sapiens ” or “ homo sap. ”


according to the u. s. lightning detection network ( usldn ), the vast majority of states experience enough lightning activity each year to warrant consideration in your school ' s safety procedures. once the data is mapped, it ' s clear that the midwest and southeast are at greatest risk. however, truly any campus in many areas of states like colorado, nevada, utah, wyoming, montana, the dakotas, new york, pennsylvania, new jersey - - and even states in new england - - should prepare. lightning strikes kill 42 people per year at this point, the professionals in hazard analysis are probably asking themselves, " yes, lightning occurs in my locale, but what are the consequences? " consider this : according to the national weather service ( nws ), lightning has killed an average of 42 people per year over the last 10 years ( see chart ). run the numbers over the past 30 years, and that average is higher at 58. that number essentially ties the 30 - year average for annual fatalities due to tornadoes ; and solidly trumps the annual average of 48 hurricane deaths. so, from a life - safety perspective, is the amount of preparedness you invest into tornadoes and / or hurricanes commensurate to the risk of fatalities? as we dive into history, it is also important to note that the average annual fatality count from lightning has dropped significantly in recent decades. in the 1940s, an average in excess of 300 people died due to lightning strikes. that number dropped to 150 in the 1960s ; and 75 in the 1980s. that begs the question : why have the numbers decreased so significantly? is there less lightning? certainly not. is there new technology to protect against lightning? perhaps. are people better educated? we certainly hope so. let ' s take another look at the lightning fatality rate for 2000 to 2009. when you weight the number of fatalities by state population, a new and interesting trend arises. it ' s no surprise that among the top 10 deadliest states per capita are florida, alabama, mississippi and south carolina ( see cloud - to - ground lightning incidents in the continental united states chart ). however, there is another cluster of states : colorado, utah, montana, and south dakota. most notably, however, is the highlight on vermont and maine ( see lightning fatality rate chart ). based upon the cloud - to - ground lightning incidents chart, we could have almost eliminated new england completely from this discussion. however, throw in rhode island, and you have three of the highest fatality


maine ( see lightning fatality rate chart ). based upon the cloud - to - ground lightning incidents chart, we could have almost eliminated new england completely from this discussion. however, throw in rhode island, and you have three of the highest fatality rates in the united states per state population. " when thunder roars, head indoors " a common misconception is that lightning is a highly localized phenomenon. there have been numerous cases of " blue sky " lightning strikes, where the individual thought he or she was far enough away or had enough time ahead of a thunderstorm to perhaps take in one more hole on the course. lightning can strike as far away as 10 miles. in some extreme cases, distances of up to 20 miles have been reported. coincidentally, this is also the approximate distance from which you can hear thunder. this is why the nws preaches, " when thunder roars, head indoors. " if you can hear thunder, you are close enough to be struck by lightning. the threat can also last well after it has stopped raining. this is the second half of what the nws calls the " 30 - 30 rule. " wait 30 minutes or more after hearing the last clap of thunder before leaving safe shelter. " half an hour since thunder roars, now okay to go outdoors " is a good saying for kids to remember. ncaa takes lightning safety seriously lightning also does not discriminate. who gets struck the most? of those killed by lightning in florida from 2000 - 2009 : - 98 percent were outdoors - 89 percent were male - 30 percent were 10 - 19 years old - 20 percent were 20 - 29 years old - 25 percent were standing under a tree - 25 percent occurred on or near a water body in line with these statistics, it is no surprise that the national collegiate athletic association ( ncaa ) takes lightning safety seriously. most lightning - related fatalities occur in children, teenagers and athletes who are outdoors. the ncaa has developed " guideline 1d : lightning safety " ( july 1997, revised june 2007 ). however, just like most guidelines, they are considered more recommendations than hard and fast rules. it is incumbent upon each institution to develop its own lightning safety program, policies, and procedures. it is also a self - monitored program, with the exception of post - season tournaments.


i am sure that most of you have seen the epic movie zulu and the subsequent movie zulu dawn that depicts the events preceding “ zulu ” the defense of rorkes drift. if you haven ’ t seen these movies i highly recommend them. the battle of isandlwana took place on22 jan 1879 between the british and king cetshwayo ’ s zulu impis. in the space of a few hours over 1200 british troops ( includes loyal natives ) were wiped out. lt melvill was the 1 / 24th ’ s adjutant, he was tasked with saving the battalion ’ s queens colour. lt melvill broke out and as the trail to rorkes drift was blocked by zulu he was forced to make for an alternative ford ( drift ) across the buffalo river, this is now know as fugitive ’ s drift. counter to popular belief, it was only here at the buffalo river that lt coghill joined his brother officer. coghill had already reached the further bank, but he turned back to assist the dismounted melvill, coghill ’ s horse was shot from under him. the two exhausted officers found themselves stranded on “ coffin rock ” in the buffalo river, with the zulus taking pot shots at them. they swam the river ( which was in flood ) and made a last stand on the further bank. the history books tell us they made 200 yds up the further bank. in the movie zulu dawn they are slain on the bank. every one agrees they made their last stand with their backs to a huge rock and that is where thekir tomb stands. the tomb of lt melvill vc and lt coghill vc. this was taken july 2009 with my back to the buffalo river, over the skyline and they would have probably been safe. standing at the tomb looking to their crossing point of the buffalo river my lecia gives the distance to the river as 650 meters! a tough walk under any conditions. a view of fugitives drift, from the cliffs to the shallows in the foreground is where the majority are believed to have crossed. i think “ coffin rock ” is on the sand in the bend of the river, very close to the bank the zulu ’ s held. the trail from the battle field at isandlwana to the drift is dotted with white washed stone cairns marking the grave sites of fallen soldiers. one day i must return to walk that route, truly it is a beautiful place, a fitting place for brave men to be buried.


( from a hebrew meaning " the consoler " ; septuagint, manaem ; aquila, manaen. ) manahem was king over israel, according to the chronology of kautsch ( hist. of o. t. literature, 185 ), from 743 b. c. ; according to schrader, from 745 - 736 b. c. the short reign of manahem is told in 2 kings 15 : 13 - 22. he was " the son of gadi ", maybe a scion of the tribe of gad. josephus ( antiq. jud., ix, xi, 1 ) tells us he was a general of the army of israel. the sacred writer of 2 kings is apparently synopsizing the " book of the words ( hebrew, ' deeds ' ) of the days of the kings of israel ", and gives scant details of the ten years that manahem reigned. when sellum conspired against and murdered zacharias in samaria, and set himself upon the throne of the northern kingdom, manahem refused to recognize the usurper ; he marched from thersa to samaria, about six miles westwards, laid siege to samaria, took it, murdered sellum, and set himself upon the throne. he next destroyed thapsa, which has not been located, put all its inhabitants to death, and treated even pregnant women in the revolting fashion of the time. the prophet osee ( vii, 1 - xiii, 15 ) describes the drunkenness and debauchery implied in the words " he departed not from the sins of jeroboam. " the reign of this military adventurer is important from the fact that therein the assyrian first entered the land of israel. " and phul, king of the assyrians, came into the land, and manahem gave phul a thousand talents of silver " ( 2 kings 15 : 19 ). it is now generally admitted that phul is tiglath - pileser iii of the cuneiform inscriptions. phul was probably his personal name and the one that first reached israel. his reign ( 745 - 728 b. c. ) had begun at most two years before manahem ' s. the assyrians may have been invited into israel by the assyrian party. osee speaks of the two anti - israelitic parties, the egyptian and assyrian ( vii, 11 ). the result of the expedition of tiglath - pileser was an


the assyrians may have been invited into israel by the assyrian party. osee speaks of the two anti - israelitic parties, the egyptian and assyrian ( vii, 11 ). the result of the expedition of tiglath - pileser was an exorbitant tribute imposed upon rezin of damascus and manahem of samaria ( mi - ni - hi - im - mi sa - mi - ri - na - ai ). this tribute, 1000 talents of silver ( about $ 1, 700, 000 ) was exacted by manahem from all the mighty men of wealth. each paid fifty shekels of silver - - about twenty - eight dollars. there were, at the time, then, some 60, 000 " that were mighty and rich " in israel. in view of this tribute, tiglath - pileser returned to assyria. manahem seems to have died a natural death. his son phaceia reigned in his stead. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. in the past century the church has grown both extensively and intensively among english - speaking peoples. their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. browse the catholic encyclopedia by topic copyright © catholic encyclopedia. robert appleton company new york, ny. volume 1 : 1907 ; volume 2 : 1907 ; volume 3 : 1908 ; volume 4 : 1908 ; volume 5 : 1909 ;


what issues affect children and young people today? on our blog, our volunteers, staff, leaders and the young people we work with share their experiences and tackle the issues. let us know what you think – leave a comment or send us a message about what you find on our blog. the state of support for families seeking protection in the uk each year around 20, 000 people, including unaccompanied children, seek asylum in the uk. having fled war and persecution, most of these children and families arrive destitute, having left most of their possessions behind. as a result, they can ' t afford basic essentials, such as accommodation, food, nappies and clothing for their children. while the home office processes a family ' s asylum application the parents are usually not allowed to work or claim standard benefits like income support, child benefit or disability living allowance. instead they receive help from the home office for accommodation and / or subsistence, known as section 95 or section 4 asylum support. asylum support has dropped significantly the level of ' mainstream ' out - of - work benefits available for families with children is insufficient and leaves families living below the poverty line. over the past two decades the level of asylum support provided to children and families has dropped significantly compared to these benefits. before 1996, asylum seekers received 90 % of income support, a comparable ‘ mainstream ’ out - of - work benefit. however, in 2000 this was reduced to 70 % and in 2008 the link with income support was broken completely. as our chart shows, levels of cash support vary for different families. this means that in some cases families on home office support today receive as little as 50 % of the support received by families on income support. asylum - seeking families can fall far below the poverty line these levels of support leave families living far below the poverty line. an asylum - seeking couple with a young child lives on cash support of £5 - 6 a day for each family member, compared to the poverty line, which is around £11 a day for each family member. the government argues that levels of asylum support should be lower because families that receive it have their accommodation and utilities paid for. however, families on income support who have nowhere to live may be able to access additional payments under housing benefit to help cover costs of accommodation. as our chart demonstrates, even when support with utility bills are taken into account, a family on asylum support may receive nearly £40 a week less than a similar family on income support, leaving them further below the poverty line. families with disabled children


. as our chart demonstrates, even when support with utility bills are taken into account, a family on asylum support may receive nearly £40 a week less than a similar family on income support, leaving them further below the poverty line. families with disabled children receive no additional support adult and child asylum seekers are more likely to suffer from physical or mental health problems than the general uk public. the british medical association estimates that two - thirds of refugees have experienced significant mental distress, and one in six arrives in the uk with a physical health problem severe enough to affect their lives. in comparison, around one in every 20 children living in the uk has a disability. although asylum seekers are three times more likely to suffer from a disability than a uk citizen, they do not receive any additional financial support for their disability. ( the ' mainstream ' benefits system provides for the substantial additional costs of living with a disability. this amounts to around an extra £50 for a disabled child, £30 extra for a single disabled adult and £40 extra for a couple with a disabled adult. ) inquiry into levels of asylum support for children and young people on 30 october a panel of mps, peers and other experts, supported by us, launched an inquiry into the levels of asylum support for children and young people. over the next few weeks the panel will hear evidence from affected families, experts and academics. the panel will address whether the amount of support is sufficient, and if gaps are identified, how the system should be improved. the call for written evidence ends on 7 december. for more information please contact nadine ibbetson by email or call 0207 841 4400 ( ext 3016 ). by david hounsell, economic advisor read more and get involved - learn more about the inquiry - read the inquiry launch press release - read about our work with young refugees and migrants


the signature report of the federal interagency forum on child and family statistics, america ' s children : key national indicators of well - being features statistics on children and families in the united states across a range of domains, including family and social environment, economic circumstances, health care, physical environment and safety, behavior, education and health. a working group of 22 federal agencies, the forum fosters coordination, collaboration, and integration of federal efforts to collect, analyze and report data on conditions and trends in issues related to child and family well - being. the forum also has partners in private research organizations. forum members, federal statistical agency representatives, and child development researchers will share current measurement strategies and discuss opportunities for collecting and reporting information about young children ' s social emotional development in the federal statistical system. event agenda 351 kb the progress in international reading literacy study ( pirls ) 2011 is the third administration of this international comparison. pirls is used to compare over time the reading skills of 4th - grade students and is designed to align broadly with reading curricula in the participating countries. more info the trends in international mathematics and science study ( timss ) 2011 is the fifth administration of this international comparative study. timss is used to compare over time the mathematics and science knowledge and skills of fourth - and eighth - graders. more info america ' s children in brief, 2012 was featured on cspan, friday, july 13th. hear the taped video program, featuring forum member dr. ed sondik, director of the national center for health statistics, at http : / / www. c - spanvideo. org / program / wjed