a whispering gallery is usually a circular, hemispherical, elliptical or ellipsoidal enclosure, often beneath a dome or a vault, in which whispers can be heard clearly in other parts of the gallery. such galleries can also be set up using two parabolic dishes. sometimes the phenomenon is detected in caves. a whispering gallery is most simply constructed in the form of a circular wall, and allows whispered communication from any part of the internal side of the circumference to any other part. the sound is carried by waves, known as whispering - gallery waves, that travel around the circumference clinging to the walls, an effect that was discovered in the whispering gallery of st paul ' s cathedral in london. the extent to which the sound travels at st paul ' s can also be judged by clapping in the gallery, which produces four echoes. other historical examples are the gol gumbaz mausoleum in bijapur and the echo wall of the temple of heaven in beijing. a hemispherical enclosure will also guide whispering gallery waves. the gallery may also be in the form of an ellipse or ellipsoid, with an accessible point at each focus. in this case, when a visitor stands at one focus and whispers, the line of sound emanating from this focus reflects directly to the focus at the other end of the gallery, where the whispers may be heard. in a similar way, two large concave parabolic dishes, serving as acoustic mirrors, may be erected facing each other in a room or outdoors to serve as a whispering gallery, a common feature of science museums. egg - shaped galleries, such as the golghar granary at bankipore, and irregularly shaped smooth - walled galleries in the form of caves, such as the ear of dionysius in syracuse, also exist. | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( january 2012 ) | united kingdom - st paul ' s cathedral in london is the place where whispering - gallery waves were first discovered by lord rayleigh c. 1878. - the library of dollar academy in scotland. - the entrance gallery of the aston webb great hall at the university of birmingham. united states - the battle house hotel in mobile, alabama has a whispering arch in the front lobby. - cincinnati museum center at union terminal. - grand central terminal in new york city — the gallery in front of the oyster bar restaurant. - the mapparium at the mary baker eddy library in boston allows visitors to enter the interior of a reflecting


. - cincinnati museum center at union terminal. - grand central terminal in new york city — the gallery in front of the oyster bar restaurant. - the mapparium at the mary baker eddy library in boston allows visitors to enter the interior of a reflecting surface forming a nearly complete sphere. - a whispering gallery can be found on the main floor of the museum of science and industry ( chicago ). - statuary hall in the united states capitol. - salt lake tabernacle in salt lake city, utah. - the rotunda at san francisco ' s city hall. - curved stone benches on either side of the smith memorial arch in fairmount park. - centennial fountain in front of green library at stanford university in california - the rotunda of the texas capitol and the missouri state capitol. rest of the world - barossa reservoir, williamstown, south australia. - cathedral of brasilia in brazil. - martello towers. - the echo wall in the temple of heaven in beijing. - the gol gumbaz in bijapur, india. - the golghar granary in bankipore, india. - the victoria memorial in kolkata. - masjed - e imam in esfahan, iran. - basilica of st. john lateran, rome. - santa maria del fiore, florence cathedral. - the church of the holy sepulcher, jerusalem. - leaning tower of nevyansk, sverdlovsk oblast. - selimiye mosque in edirne, turkey. - st. peter ' s basilica in the vatican city. - monument to the negev brigade in beersheba, israel. - the salle de cariatides in the louvre, paris, france. - the treasury of atreus, greece - secret ' s chamber in el escorial in madrid, spain. - the whispering gallery in the alhambra in granada, spain. - cleopatra ' s bath in the siwa oasis, egypt. - ear of dionysius cave in syracuse, sicily. - mestrovic pavilion in zagreb, croatia see also - lord rayleigh, the problem of the whispering gallery, philos. mag. 20, 1001, 1910. - o. wright, gallery of whispers, physics world 25, no. 2, feb. 2012, p. 31. - c. k. raman, on whispering galleries, proc. indian ass. cult. sci. 7, 159, 1921 - 1922. - w. c. sabine,


| moon wrasse, thalassoma lunare, a typical wrasse | the wrasses are a family, labridae, of marine fish, many of which are brightly colored. the family is large and diverse, with over 600 species in 82 genera, which are divided into nine subgroups or tribes. they are typically small fish, most of them less than 20 centimetres ( 7. 9 in ) long, although the largest, the humphead wrasse, can measure up to 2. 5 metres ( 8. 2 ft ). they are efficient carnivores, feeding on a wide range of small invertebrates. many smaller wrasses follow the feeding trails of larger fish, picking up invertebrates disturbed by their passing. juveniles of some representatives of the genera bodianus, cirrhilabrus, and oxycheilinus hide among the tentacles of the free - living mushroom coral heliofungia actiniformis. wrasses inhabit the atlantic, indian, and pacific oceans, usually in shallow water habitats such as coral reefs and rocky shores where they live close to the substrate. wrasses have protractile mouths, usually with separate jaw teeth that jut outwards. many species can be readily recognized by their thick lips, the inside of which is sometimes curiously folded, a peculiarity which gave rise the german name of " lip - fishes " ( lippfische. ) and the dutch name of " lipvissen ". the dorsal fin has 8 – 21 spines and 6 – 21 soft rays, usually running most of the length of the back. wrasse are sexually dimorphic. many species are capable of changing sex. juveniles are a mix of males and females ( known as initial phase or ip individuals ) but the largest adults become territory - holding ( terminal phase or tp ) males. the wrasses have become a primary study species in fish - feeding biomechanics due to their jaw structure. the nasal and mandibular bones are connected at their posterior ends to the rigid neurocranium, and the superior and inferior articulations of the maxilla are joined to the anterior tips of these two bones, respectively, creating a loop of 4 rigid bones connected by moving joints. this " four - bar linkage " has the property of allowing numerous arrangements to achieve a given mechanical result ( fast jaw protrusion or a forceful bite ), thus decoupling morphology from function. the actual morphology of wrasses reflects this, with many lineages


linkage " has the property of allowing numerous arrangements to achieve a given mechanical result ( fast jaw protrusion or a forceful bite ), thus decoupling morphology from function. the actual morphology of wrasses reflects this, with many lineages displaying different jaw morphology that results in the same functional output in a similar or identical ecological niche. reproductive behavior most labroids are protogynous hermaphrodites within a haremic mating system. hermaphroditism allows for complex mating systems. labroids exhibit three different mating systems : polygynous, lek - like, and promiscuous mating systems. group spawning and pair spawning occur within mating systems. the type of spawning that occurs depends on male body size. labroids typically exhibit broadcast spawning, releasing high amounts of planktonic eggs, which are broadcast by tidal currents ; adult labroids have no interaction with offspring. wrasse of a particular subgroup of the labridae family labrini do not exhibit broadcast spawning. broodcare behavior of labrine tribe the subgroup labrini arose from a basal split within family labridae during the eocene period. subgroup labrini is composed of eight genera, wherein 15 out of 23 species exhibit broodcare behavior. broodcare behavior ranges from simple to complex parental care of spawn ; males build algae nests or crude cavities, ventilate eggs, and defend nests against conspecific males and predators. in species that express this behavior, eggs cannot survive without parental care. species of symphodus, centrolabrus, and labrus genera exhibit broodcare behavior. cleaner wrasse cleaner wrasse are the best - known of the cleaner fish. they live in a cleaning symbiosis with larger, often predatory fish, grooming them and benefiting by feeding on what they remove. " client " fish congregate at wrasse cleaning stations and wait for the cleaner fish to remove gnathiid parasites, even swimming into their open mouths and gill cavities. cleaner wrasses are best known for feeding on dead tissue and scales and ectoparasites, although they are also known to ' cheat ', consuming healthy tissue and mucus, which is energetically costly for the client fish to produce. the bluestreak cleaner wrasse, labroides dimidiatus is one of the most common cleaners found on tropical reefs. few cleaner wrasses have been observed being eaten by predators, possibly because parasite removal is more important for predator survival than the short - term gain of eating


labroides dimidiatus is one of the most common cleaners found on tropical reefs. few cleaner wrasses have been observed being eaten by predators, possibly because parasite removal is more important for predator survival than the short - term gain of eating the cleaner. significance to humans yellowtail coris wrasse, coris gaimardi is being cleaned by labroides phthirophagus. the picture was taken in hawaii bluehead wrasse, belize barrier reef humphead wrasse, cheilinus undulatus, melbourne aquarium bluestreak wrasse, labroides dimidiatus six - line wrasse ( pseudocheilinus hexataenia ) subgroups and tribes | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( november 2008 ) | - cowman, p. f. ; d. r. bellwood and l. van herwerden. " dating the evolutionary origins of wrasse lineages ( labridae ) and the rise of trophic novelty on coral reefs ". molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52 : 621 – 631. doi : 10. 1016 / j. ympev. 2009. 05. 015. pmid 19464378. - choat, j. h. & bellwood, d. r. ( 1998 ). in paxton, j. r. & eschmeyer, w. n. encyclopedia of fishes. san diego : academic press. p. 211. isbn 0 - 12 - 547665 - 5. - bos, arthur r ( 2012 ). " fishes ( gobiidae and labridae ) associated with the mushroom coral heliofungia actiniformis ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the philippines ". coral reefs 31 : 133. doi : 10. 1007 / s00338 - 011 - 0834 - 3. - " wrasse | define wrasse at dictionary. com ". dictionary. reference. com. retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28. - wainwright et al. ( 2005 ). " many - to - one mapping of form to function : a general principle in organismal design? ". integrative & comparative biology 45 : 256 – 262. - chisholm, hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). " wrasse ". encyclopædia britannica ( 11th ed. ). cambridge university press. - robertson, d. r. ; r. r. warner. " sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of


1911 ). " wrasse ". encyclopædia britannica ( 11th ed. ). cambridge university press. - robertson, d. r. ; r. r. warner. " sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the western caribbean ii : the parrotfishes ( scaridae ) ". smithsonian contributions to zoology 255 : 1 – 26. - kazancioglu, e. ; s. h. alonzo. " a comparative analysis of sex change in labridae supports the size advantage hypothesis ". evolution 64 : 2254 – 2264. doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1558 - 5646. 2010. 01016. x. pmid 20394662. - colin, p. l. ; l. j. bell. " aspects of the spawning of labrid and scarid fishes ( pisces, labroidei ) at enewetak atoll, marshall islands with notes on other families ( corrected reprint. ) ". environmental biology of fishes 33 : 330 – 345. doi : 10. 1007 / bf00005881. - hanel, r. ; m. w. westneat and c. sturmbauer ( december 2002 ). " phylogenetic relationships, evolution of broodcare behavior, and geographic speciation in the wrasse tribe labrini. ". journal of molecular evolution 55 ( 6 ) : 776 – 789. doi : 10. 1007 / s00239 - 002 - 2373 - 6. pmid 12486536. - taborsky, m. ; b. hudde and p. wirtz. " reproductive - behavior and ecology of symphodus ( crenilabrus ) ocellatus, a european wrasse with 4 types of male - behavior. ". behaviour 102 : 82 – 118. - trivers, r. l. 1971 - " sea lice ". scottish salmon producers ' organisation. retrieved 8 june 2011. - sepkoski, jack ( 2002 ). " a compendium of fossil marine animal genera ". bulletins of american paleontology 364 : p. 560. retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18. | look up wrasse in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | | wikimedia commons has media related to : labridae |


sometime between now and the middle of november, the trees in north america ' s eastern broadleaf forests will reach their full fall glory. from vermont ' s northeast kingdom and new hampshire ' s white mountains to the shenandoah valley and beyond, leaf peepers will bring traffic to a standstill on beautiful fall weekends. by the carful and busload, they ' ll come to gawk at the beautiful countryside. but what will they be seeing? to begin with, leaf color arises from various chemicals within trees. it ' s the strength as well as the presence or absence of compounds like tannins, xanthophylls, and carotenes that determines fall hues in the scores of tree species found in the east. back in the spring and summer, when the millions of trees in these same woodlands were busily growing and producing food, their leaves were chock full of chlorophyll, and it was the chlorophyll that colored the forests varying shades of green. but chlorophyll is a mask, and once trees sense the change in the weather and start to stop chlorophyll production, the mask drops and the other colors of the leaves come to the forefront. the fall colors can be so distinctive in some tree species that it ' s possible to identify these trees from a distance merely by noting their hues. the brilliant red leaves belong to the red maple, american mountain ash, and black tupelo, plus sumacs, blueberries, and virginia creeper in the understory. richer red foliage is typical of red oak, scarlet oak, and white oak. birches and beeches sparkle with bright yellow foliage, while witch hazel and striped maple are a less intense yellow, and walnuts, hickories and aspens attain a truly golden glow. of course, not all trees settle on a single color. sugar maples, for example, blaze in green, yellow, orange, and startling red, and sassafras comes in various shades of red, orange, yellow, and purple. if you want to enjoy the fall colors yourself, plan ahead and, if possible, venture out during the week as opposed to on a crowded weekend. no matter when you go, though, spend a little time outside your car. the trees are even prettier close - up, along a quiet trail or down a less traveled side road.


alternate name : water moccasin family : viperidae, pit vipers view all from this family description thick, heavy body. brown, olive to grayish / black. flat - topped head. vertical pupils on eyes. juveniles have a strong pattern. keeled scales in rows of 25. dimensions 50. 8 - 189. 2cm. ( 20 - 74 1 / 2 " ) warning do not disturb or attempt to handle! the cottonmouth ' s bite is far more serious than that of the copperhead and can be fatal. when annoyed, the cottonmouth tends to stand its ground and may gape repeatedly at an intruder, exposing the light " cotton " lining of its mouth. cottonmouths, copperheads, and rattlesnakes belong to a group of snakes known as pit vipers. these dangerous snakes have a heat - sensitive sensory organ on each side of the head that enables them to locate warm - blooded prey and strike accurately, even in the dark. the curved, hollow fangs are normally folded back along the jaw. when a pit viper strikes, the fangs rapidly swing forward and fill with venom as the mouth opens. the venom is a complex mixture of proteins that acts primarily on a victim ' s blood tissue. if you hear a rattlesnake shaking its rattle, back away. the snake is issuing a warning, and if the warning is ignored it may bite. there are many factors ( temperature being the most important ) that determine how a snake will react when confronted by a human. venomous snakes should always be observed from a safe distance. pit vipers are never safe to handle. even dead ones can retain some neurological reflexes, and " road kills " have been known to bite. how to avoid and treat snakebites subspecies eastern - undefined cheek stripe. virginia, north & south carolina, georiga to alabama. florida - distinct cheek stripe. alabama, georgia and florida. western - no markings. kentucky, tennessee, alabama, missouri, oklahoma, texas. breeding live young. breeds spring through fall. 1 - 5 young. 18 - 33cm ( 7 - 13 " ) long when born. breeds on alternate years, mature at 3 years. habitat swamps, lakes, rivers and canals. also mountain streams. range virginia to florida keys. missouri, oklahoma, texas. discussion aggression has been exaggerated but breeding males are vicious to any intruders. when it swims head is out of water. active at night but often seen during the day. fish, frogs, small snakes and birds form


proverbs and phrases of biblical origins - i believe that the obligation of every translator is to find an equivalent of the phrase ( provided the use of the phrase contextually agrees with its biblical meaning ) that is normally used in the target language. that is why a simple word - for - word translation sometimes doesn ' t help and can be absolutely incomprehensible to the target audience. this is especially true for russian proverbs, which come from the old slavic translations of the greek version of the bible. russian proverbs and often - used phrases from the bible contain some old slavic words, which are not understandable to modern russian people, except in the context of the full proverb and may be absolutely unknown to non - russian translators. for example, the russian equivalent of the phrase like a lamb ( in the biblical meaning of the context ) is аки агнец, where both words are rarely used in modern russian ; they can be found together in contemporary russian literature but only in this phrase and often have a humorous connotation. the english phrase " to keep smth. as the apple of his eye " ( deuteronomy 32. 10. ) will be translated in russian as " беречь как зеницу ока " or literally " to keep as the pupil of his eye ". the word " greek " in the phrase " here there cannot be greek and jew " ( colossians 3. 11. ) becomes in the russian equivalent not in the modern word " грек " ( greek ) but in the old slavic " эллин " ( hellene ), which is hardly used in the russian language today. the same situation can be observed when comparing the english biblical proverbs and phrases with german ones. for example, such phrases as " in the fullness of one ' s heart " ( luke 6. 45. ) in english and " aus dem guten schatz seines herzens " in german or " do not judge by appearances " ( john 7. 24. ) and " richtet nicht nach dem, was vor augen ist " are not word - for - word translations. in all these cases i emphasize only the difficulty in translating proverbs and constant phrases of biblical origin from english into the target language, without touching on the matter of translation of the scriptures into different languages. this is a topic in itself, which has been discussed for the past two


record companies and recording artists, as well as the writers and publishers, all make money based on the sale of recordings of their songs. how those royalties are calculated, however, is about as intricate and controversial as everything else in the music industry. writer / publisher mechanical royalties first, there is the calculation of mechanical royalties for writers and publishers. these royalties are paid by the record company to the publisher. the publisher then pays the writer a share of the royalty ( typically split 50 / 50 ). in the united states, the royalties are based on a " statutory rate " set by the u. s. congress. this rate is increased to follow changes in the economy, usually based on the consumer price index. currently, the statutory rate is $. 08 for songs five minutes or less in length or $. 0155 per minute for songs that are over five minutes long. so, for example, a song that is eight minutes long would earn $. 124 for each recording sold. as in most areas in the business world, however, there is room for negotiation. it is not uncommon - - in fact, it is more the norm - - for record companies to negotiate a deal to pay only 75 % of the statutory rate, particularly when the writer is also the recording artist. ( see the " controlled composition clause " below. ) although there is a statutory rate, there is no law against negotiating a deal for a lower one. sometimes it is in the best interest of all parties to agree to a lower rate. recording - artist mechanical royalties recording - artist royalties ( and contracts ) are extremely complex and a hotbed of debate in the music world. from the outside, the calculation appears fairly simple. artists are paid royalties usually somewhere between 8 % and 25 % of the suggested retail price of the recording. exactly where it falls depends on the clout of the artist ( a brand new artist might receive less than a well - known artist ). from this percentage, a 25 % deduction for packaging is taken out ( even though packaging rarely costs 25 % of the total price of the cd or cassette ). that sounds simple enough, but there are many more issues that affect what a recording artist actually makes in royalties. - free goods - recording artists only earn royalties on the actual number of recordings sold - - not those that are given away free as promotions. rather than discounting the price to distributors, many record companies give a certain number away for free ( about 5 % to 10 % depending on the artist ). recording companies also give away many


- - not those that are given away free as promotions. rather than discounting the price to distributors, many record companies give a certain number away for free ( about 5 % to 10 % depending on the artist ). recording companies also give away many copies to radio stations as " promo " copies. there is also a reduction in royalties made for copies of the recording sold through record clubs. - return privilege - recordings in the form of cds or cassettes have a 100 % return privilege. this means that record stores don ' t have to worry about being stuck with records they can ' t sell. most other businesses don ' t work this way, but the music industry has to be more flexible and timed to demand. what ' s hot today may be forgotten tomorrow... this leads us to reserves. the recording company may hold back a portion of the artist ' s royalties for reserves that are returned from record stores. ( usually about 35 % is held back. ) - 90 % - back in the days of vinyl records, there was a lot of breakage when record albums were shipped out for distribution. because of this, recording companies only paid artists based on 90 % of the shipment, assuming that 10 % would be broken. even as vinyl was phased out, this practice continued. today it is gone for the most part, but there are still a few holdouts. so, here is how it looks so far. let ' s say a cd sells for $ 15. right away we deduct 25 % from that for packaging, which makes the royalty base $ 11. 25. now let ' s say our artist has a 10 % royalty rate and that his cd sells one million copies. that sounds great! the artist would earn $ 1, 125, 000! except 10 % of those were actually freebies, so we really have to calculate that royalty based on 900, 000, which makes the royalty $ 1, 012, 500, and of course, there are few costs we haven ' t talked about yet. advances and recoupment typically, when recording artists sign a recording contract or record a song ( or album ), the record company pays them an advance that must be paid back out of their royalties. this is called recoupment. in addition to paying back their advance, however, recording artists are usually required under their contract to pay for many other expenses. these recoupable expenses usually include recording costs, promotional and marketing costs, tour costs and music video production costs, as well as other expenses.


their advance, however, recording artists are usually required under their contract to pay for many other expenses. these recoupable expenses usually include recording costs, promotional and marketing costs, tour costs and music video production costs, as well as other expenses. the record company is making the upfront investment and taking the risk, but the artist eventually ends up paying for most of the costs. while all of this can be negotiated up front, it tends to be the norm that the artists pay for the bulk of expenses out of their royalties. let ' s see what these recoupable expenses do to our artist ' s $ 1, 012, 500 royalty we calculated earlier. suppose the recording costs were $ 300, 000 ( 100 % recoupable ), promotion costs were $ 200, 000 ( 100 % recoupable ), tour costs were $ 200, 000 ( 50 % recoupable ), and a music video cost $ 400, 000 ( 50 % recoupable ). that comes out to : $ 300, 000 + $ 200, 000 + $ 100, 000 + $ 200, 000 = $ 800, 000 suddenly our artist isn ' t making a million plus, he ' s making $ 212, 500. but don ' t forget there is also a manager to be paid ( usually 20 % ), as well as a producer and possibly several band members. the artist won ' t see any royalty money until all of these expenses are paid. so far, it sounds like the money isn ' t in making the music, it ' s in writing it. while this is a true statement, controlled - composition clauses make it less fair to folks who are both the songwriter and recording artist of a song. a controlled composition is a song that has been written and / or is owned by the recording artist. because mechanical royalties paid to songwriters and publishers are not recoupable by the record company, meaning the record company can ' t deduct any expenses from them, record companies usually negotiate into the singer / songwriter ' s contract that the mechanical royalty rate he will receive as the songwriter / publisher will be 75 % of the usual amount. in other words, as the writer of a song you record yourself, you get 25 % less royalty money than you would get for writing a song that someone else records. but you ' ll get performance royalties when the song is played on the radio, tv, etc. with the explosion of the internet and the ease of downloading music onto your computer, a


you would get for writing a song that someone else records. but you ' ll get performance royalties when the song is played on the radio, tv, etc. with the explosion of the internet and the ease of downloading music onto your computer, a whole new royalty arena has opened up in recent years. record companies usually treat downloads as " new media / technology, " which means they can reduce the royalty by 20 % to 50 %. this means that rather than paying artists a 10 % royalty on recording sales, they can pay them a 5 % to 8 % rate when their song is downloaded from the internet. in the case of downloaded music, although there is no packaging expense, many record company contracts still state that the 25 % packaging fee will be deducted. an alternative to this royalty payment method also exists for internet music sales. while it is most often used by internet record labels, it may still catch on as recording artists begin to push harder for it in their contracts. this other method creates an equal split of the net dollars made on music downloads between the record label and the artist. this net figure is arrived at after the costs have been deducted, including costs of the sale, digital rights management costs, bandwidth fees, transaction fees, mechanical royalties to songwriters / publishers, marketing costs, etc.


- year published : 1883 - language : english - country of origin : england - source : stevenson, r. l. ( 1883 ). treasure island. london, england : cassell and co. - flesch – kincaid level : 7. 0 - word count : 2, 008 stevenson, r. ( 1883 ). part three : my shore adventure, chapter 14 : the first blow. treasure island ( lit2go edition ). retrieved may 22, 2013, from stevenson, robert louis. " part three : my shore adventure, chapter 14 : the first blow. " treasure island. lit2go edition. 1883. web. < >. may 22, 2013. robert louis stevenson, " part three : my shore adventure, chapter 14 : the first blow, " treasure island, lit2go edition, ( 1883 ), accessed may 22, 2013,. i was so pleased at having given the slip to long john that i began to enjoy myself and look around me with some interest on the strange land that i was in. i had crossed a marshy tract full of willows, bulrushes, and odd, outlandish, swampy trees ; and i had now come out upon the skirts of an open piece of undulating, sandy country, about a mile long, dotted with a few pines and a great number of contorted trees, not unlike the oak in growth, but pale in the foliage, like willows. on the far side of the open stood one of the hills, with two quaint, craggy peaks shining vividly in the sun. i now felt for the first time the joy of exploration. the isle was uninhabited ; my shipmates i had left behind, and nothing lived in front of me but dumb brutes and fowls. i turned hither and thither among the trees. here and there were flowering plants, to me ; here and there i saw snakes, and one raised his head from a ledge of rock and hissed at me with a noise not unlike the spinning of a top. little did i suppose that he was a deadly enemy and that the noise was the famous rattle. then i came to a long thicket of these oaklike trees — live, or evergreen, oaks, i heard afterwards they should be called — which grew low along the sand like brambles, the boughs curiously twisted, the foliage compact, like thatch. the thicket stretched down from the top of one of the sandy knolls, spreading and


afterwards they should be called — which grew low along the sand like brambles, the boughs curiously twisted, the foliage compact, like thatch. the thicket stretched down from the top of one of the sandy knolls, spreading and growing taller as it went, until it reached the margin of the broad, reedy fen, through which the nearest of the little rivers soaked its way into the anchorage. the marsh was steaming in the strong sun, and the outline of the spy - glass trembled through the haze. all at once there began to go a sort of bustle among the bulrushes ; a wild duck flew up with a quack, another followed, and soon over the whole surface of the marsh a great cloud of birds hung screaming and circling in the air. i judged at once that some of my shipmates must be drawing near along the borders of the fen. nor was i deceived, for soon i heard the very distant and low tones of a human voice, which, as i continued to give ear, grew steadily louder and nearer. this put me in a great fear, and i crawled under cover of the nearest live - oak and squatted there, hearkening, as silent as a mouse. another voice answered, and then the first voice, which i now recognized to be silver ’ s, once more took up the story and ran on for a long while in a stream, only now and again interrupted by the other. by the sound they must have been talking earnestly, and almost fiercely ; but no distinct word came to my hearing. at last the speakers seemed to have paused and perhaps to have sat down, for not only did they cease to draw any nearer, but the birds themselves began to grow more quiet and to settle again to their places in the swamp. and now i began to feel that i was neglecting my business, that since i had been so foolhardy as to come ashore with these desperadoes, the least i could do was to overhear them at their councils, and that my plain and obvious duty was to draw as close as i could manage, under the favourable ambush of the crouching trees. i could tell the direction of the speakers pretty exactly, not only by the sound of their voices but by the behaviour of the few birds that still hung in alarm above the heads of the intruders. crawling on all fours, i made steadily but slowly towards them, till at last, raising my head to an aperture among the leaves, i could


but by the behaviour of the few birds that still hung in alarm above the heads of the intruders. crawling on all fours, i made steadily but slowly towards them, till at last, raising my head to an aperture among the leaves, i could see clear down into a little green dell beside the marsh, and closely set about with trees, where long john silver and another of the crew stood face to face in conversation. the sun beat full upon them. silver had thrown his hat beside him on the ground, and his great, smooth, blond face, all shining with heat, was lifted to the other man ’ s in a kind of appeal. “ mate, ” he was saying, “ it ’ s because i thinks gold dust of you — gold dust, and you may lay to that! if i hadn ’ t took to you like pitch, do you think i ’ d have been here a - warning of you? all ’ s up — you can ’ t make nor mend ; it ’ s to save your neck that i ’ m a - speaking, and if one of the wild uns knew it, where ’ d i be, tom — now, tell me, where ’ d i be? ” “ silver, ” said the other man — and i observed he was not only red in the face, but spoke as hoarse as a crow, and his voice shook too, like a taut rope — ” silver, ” says he, “ you ’ re old, and you ’ re honest, or has the name for it ; and you ’ ve money too, which lots of poor sailors hasn ’ t ; and you ’ re brave, or i ’ m mistook. and will you tell me you ’ ll let yourself be led away with that kind of a mess of swabs? not you! as sure as god sees me, i ’ d sooner lose my hand. if i turn agin my dooty — ” and then all of a sudden he was interrupted by a noise. i had found one of the honest hands — well, here, at that same moment, came news of another. far away out in the marsh there arose, all of a sudden, a sound like the cry of anger, then another on the back of it ; and then one horrid, long - drawn scream. the rocks of the spy - glass re - echoed it a score of times ; the whole troop of marsh - birds rose again, darkening heaven, with a simultaneous whirr ; and long after that


one horrid, long - drawn scream. the rocks of the spy - glass re - echoed it a score of times ; the whole troop of marsh - birds rose again, darkening heaven, with a simultaneous whirr ; and long after that death yell was still ringing in my brain, silence had re - established its empire, and only the rustle of the redescending birds and the boom of the distant surges disturbed the languor of the afternoon. tom had leaped at the sound, like a horse at the spur, but silver had not winked an eye. he stood where he was, resting lightly on his crutch, watching his companion like a snake about to spring. “ john! ” said the sailor, stretching out his hand. “ hands off! ” cried silver, leaping back a yard, as it seemed to me, with the speed and security of a trained gymnast. “ hands off, if you like, john silver, ” said the other. “ it ’ s a black conscience that can make you feared of me. but in heaven ’ s name, tell me, what was that? ” “ that? ” returned silver, smiling away, but warier than ever, his eye a mere pin - point in his big face, but gleaming like a crumb of glass. “ that? oh, i reckon that ’ ll be alan. ” and at this point tom flashed out like a hero. “ alan! ” he cried. “ then rest his soul for a true seaman! and as for you, john silver, long you ’ ve been a mate of mine, but you ’ re mate of mine no more. if i die like a dog, i ’ ll die in my dooty. you ’ ve killed alan, have you? kill me too, if you can. but i defies you. ” and with that, this brave fellow turned his back directly on the cook and set off walking for the beach. but he was not destined to go far. with a cry john seized the branch of a tree, whipped the crutch out of his armpit, and sent that uncouth missile hurtling through the air. it struck poor tom, point foremost, and with stunning violence, right between the shoulders in the middle of his back. his hands flew up, he gave a sort of gasp, and fell. whether he were injured much or little, none could ever tell. like enough, to judge from the sound, his back was broken on the spot.


middle of his back. his hands flew up, he gave a sort of gasp, and fell. whether he were injured much or little, none could ever tell. like enough, to judge from the sound, his back was broken on the spot. but he had no time given him to recover. silver, agile as a monkey even without leg or crutch, was on the top of him next moment and had twice buried his knife up to the hilt in that defenseless body. from my place of ambush, i could hear him pant aloud as he struck the blows. i do not know what it rightly is to faint, but i do know that for the next little while the whole world swam away from before me in a whirling mist ; silver and the birds, and the tall spy - glass hilltop, going round and round and topsy - turvy before my eyes, and all manner of bells ringing and distant voices shouting in my ear. when i came again to myself the monster had pulled himself together, his crutch under his arm, his hat upon his head. just before him tom lay motionless upon the sward ; but the murderer minded him not a whit, cleansing his blood - stained knife the while upon a wisp of grass. everything else was unchanged, the sun still shining mercilessly on the steaming marsh and the tall pinnacle of the mountain, and i could scarce persuade myself that murder had been actually done and a human life cruelly cut short a moment since before my eyes. but now john put his hand into his pocket, brought out a whistle, and blew upon it several modulated blasts that rang far across the heated air. i could not tell, of course, the meaning of the signal, but it instantly awoke my fears. more men would be coming. i might be discovered. they had already slain two of the honest people ; after tom and alan, might not i come next? instantly i began to extricate myself and crawl back again, with what speed and silence i could manage, to the more open portion of the wood. as i did so, i could hear hails coming and going between the old buccaneer and his comrades, and this sound of danger lent me wings. as soon as i was clear of the thicket, i ran as i never ran before, scarce minding the direction of my flight, so long as it led me from the murderers ; and as i ran, fear grew and grew upon me until it turned into a kind


clear of the thicket, i ran as i never ran before, scarce minding the direction of my flight, so long as it led me from the murderers ; and as i ran, fear grew and grew upon me until it turned into a kind of frenzy. indeed, could anyone be more entirely lost than i? when the gun fired, how should i dare to go down to the boats among those fiends, still smoking from their crime? would not the first of them who saw me wring my neck like a snipe ’ s? would not my absence itself be an evidence to them of my alarm, and therefore of my fatal knowledge? it was all over, i thought. good - bye to the hispaniola ; good - bye to the squire, the doctor, and the captain! there was nothing left for me but death by starvation or death by the hands of the mutineers. all this while, as i say, i was still running, and without taking any notice, i had drawn near to the foot of the little hill with the two peaks and had got into a part of the island where the live - oaks grew more widely apart and seemed more like forest trees in their bearing and dimensions. mingled with these were a few scattered pines, some fifty, some nearer seventy, feet high. the air too smelt more freshly than down beside the marsh. and here a fresh alarm brought me to a standstill with a thumping heart.


a silver halide is one of the compounds formed between silver and one of the halogens - silver bromide ( agbr ), chloride ( agcl ), iodide ( agi ), and two forms of silver fluorides. as a group, they are often referred to as the silver halides, and are often given the pseudo - chemical notation agx. although most silver halides involve silver atoms with oxidation states of + 1 ( ag + ), silver halides in which the silver atoms have oxidation states of + 2 ( ag2 + ) are known, of which silver ( ii ) fluoride is the only known stable one. the light - sensitive chemicals used in photographic film and paper are silver halides. silver halides are used in photographic film and photographic paper, as well as radiographic film and paper, where silver halide crystals in gelatin are coated on to a film base, glass or paper substrate. the gelatin is a vital part of the emulsion as the protective colloid of appropriate physical and chemical properties. gelatin may also contain trace elements ( such as sulfur ) which increase the light sensitivity of the emulsion, although modern practice uses gelatin without such components. when absorbed by an agx crystal, photons cause electrons to be promoted to a conduction band ( de - localized electron orbital with higher energy than a valence band ) which can be attracted by a sensitivity speck, which is a shallow electron trap, which may be a crystalline defect or a cluster of silver sulfide, gold, other trace elements ( dopant ), or combination thereof, and then combined with an interstitial silver ion to form silver metal speck. silver bromide and silver chloride may be used separately or combined, depending on the sensitivity and tonal qualities desired in the product. silver iodide is always combined with silver bromide or silver chloride, except in the case of daguerreotype production where a daguerreotype ( one of the oldest photographic processes ) is developed with pure red light instead of mercury vapors ( a method known as the bequerelle method, named for the inventor who discovered the phenomenon ). silver fluoride is not used in photography. when a silver halide crystal is exposed to light, a sensitivity speck on the surface of the crystal is turned into a small speck of metallic silver ( these comprise the invisible or latent image ). if the speck of silver contains approximately four or more atoms, it is rendered develop


light, a sensitivity speck on the surface of the crystal is turned into a small speck of metallic silver ( these comprise the invisible or latent image ). if the speck of silver contains approximately four or more atoms, it is rendered developable - meaning that it can undergo development which turns the entire crystal into metallic silver. areas of the emulsion receiving larger amounts of light ( reflected from a subject being photographed, for example ) undergo the greatest development and therefore results in the highest optical density. silver halides, except for silver fluoride, are extremely insoluble in water. silver nitrate can be used to precipitate halides ; this application is useful in quantitative analysis of halides. the precipitation of silver halides via silver nitrate is also useful for abstracting halide leaving groups. however, close attention is necessary for other compounds in the test solution. some compounds can considerably increase or decrease the solubility of agx. examples of compounds that increase the solubility include : cyanide, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, thiourea, amines, ammonia, sulfite, thioether, crown ether. examples of compounds that reduces the solubility include many organic thiols and nitrogen compounds that do not possess solubilizing group other than mercapto group or the nitrogen site, such as mercaptooxazoles, mercaptotetrazoles, especially 1 - phenyl - 5 - mercaptotetrazole, benzimidazoles, especially 2 - mercaptobenzimidazole, benzotriazole, and these compounds further substituted by hydrophobic groups. compounds such as thiocyanate and thiosulfate enhance solubility when they are present in a sufficiently large quantity, due to formation of highly soluble complex ions, but they also significantly depress solubility when present in a very small quantity, due to formation of sparingly soluble complex ions. see also : argentometry. scientists from tel aviv university are experimenting with silver halide optical fibers for transmitting mid - infrared light from carbon dioxide lasers. the fibers allow laser welding of human tissue, as an alternative to traditional sutures.


olympics were a defining moment in korean history : many would argue that they were the pivotal point when south korea finally emerged victorious over north korea in the international arena seoul ' s bid was expected to win from the get - go. asia had not hosted an olympic games since the 1964 tokyo olympics, and the only other bid from asia was that of nagoya. south korea beat the living hell out of its japanese competition, buttering up international olympic committee officials with ambitious stadium designs and gorgeous korean women. they couldn ' t lose, and indeed, they didn ' t lose. the first real stumbling block was north korea itself. at first, the north korean government wanted to co - host the games, with half of the competitions in pyongyang and half in seoul. after extensive negotiations, they were offered the cycling and gymnastics events, which they turned down. kim il sung responded to the move by building a gigantic 200, 000 - seat may day stadium in pyongyang, which opened by hosting a seven - nation marathon run. next, the north tried to put pressure on the ussr, china, and other communist bloc countries to boycott the games, as the soviet bloc had boycotted the previous l. a. olympics. mikhail gorbachev, however, was wary of such a move, and the russian olympic authorities were determined not to sit out two successive olympic games. so the russians ended up going to seoul, and the chinese followed them. the games marked the beginning of relations between south korea and the soviet union, and also marked the beginning of the end of north korea ' s beneficial relationship with moscow. soviet journalists went to seoul for the first time, and gave people throughout the eastern bloc an unprecedented glimpse at the success of capitalism in the south. indeed, after the games were over, the soviet officials were allowed to take their western computers, electronics, and other goodies home with them : two years later, gorbachev and roh tae woo met in the first state - level conference between the two countries. north korea didn ' t let this loss go by without a fight. two secret agents, reportedly dispatched by the young kim jong il, posed as japanese tourists and planted a bomb on a korean air jetliner departing from abu dhabi. apparently, their intent was to scare people planning on visiting south korea during the olympics. unfortunately for kim jong il, his terrorists were caught in bahrain shortly afterwards : one managed to bite his cyanide in time, but the other was caught, sent to the national intelligence service for questioning, and


ever since the creation of affirmative action, there has been an incredible amount of controversy surrounding it. affirmative action is the acceptance of one person over another based on his or her ethnicity, race, gender, or anything else that places the person in a minority. most of the controversy, however, is about the creation of quotas in universities and workplaces for woman and people of color. it is true that people from these minorities have less of a chance to gain opportunities than others, but i think that another method should be devised. when aa is discussed in some circles, a question that is often asked is " what about bill cosby ' s kids? " it is true that in this day and age, race and sex is becoming less and less of a determinant in acceptance of one individual over another. bill cosby, for example, is black, but is also wealthy ; should his kids be subjected to aa? i think not. a more efficient way to use aa is to use class rather than any other factor in deciding who goes where. class and wealth are a much decisive in who goes to which job or college. in the 21st century, the united states has minorities that have become fantastically rich and we have caucasians that are poor. instead of using a diminishing basis such as race and sex, the us should use class. that way, more and more people from lower income families will have the chance to experience a college education. also, much less controversy will surround aa because i doubt i would find many people who are unwilling to send poor people to college. i believe that the united states should rethink its stance on aa and perhaps adopt a policy that is more beneficial to the country.


influence is also a term from the game of go ). it is very commonly used, but difficult to explain. the idea is basically this : go is a game of territory. whoever has the most territory at the end wins. when a stone is played on the goban ( board ), it influences the area around it, and ( usually ) makes it more likely that the points nearby will end up under the control of the person who played the stone. generally, the more stones there are in a region, the stronger the influence. certain shapes of stones have more influence than others, and can direct their influence in a specific direction. for instance, a wall ( several stones in a row ) radiates influence perpendicular to itself. learning how to use your influence is crucial in go. having a lot of influence nearby can greatly change the balance in a local fight, provided the player knows how to apply his influence. every game of go involves lots of trade - offs of various sorts, but one of the most common is the trade of influence and territory. this generally happens when two players are building walls up against one another, near the edge of the board. the person whose wall is on the outside ( closer to the edge ) will get secure territory between the wall and the edge, while the person whose wall is on the inside ( closer to the center ) will gain influence over the center of the board. here is an example ( the corner of the board is in the bottom left, marked by # # # ) : the corner territory belongs to white ( o ), while black ( x ) has considerable influence over the bottom side of the board ; fights there will favor black ( unless white also has strong influence from somewhere else ). whom this favors depends on what other stones there are on the bottom of the board. if it is white ' s turn, white might consider playing at the point a. this would most likely elicit a black response at b. white would enlarge her territory by about 3 points, while black ' s influence would be expanded. a move like a or b, extending a wall which is up against the opponent ' s, is called a push. after the a - b exchange, white and black might continue to push, trading white territory for black influence, but at some point, one player or the other will decide that it is no longer in his or her best interest to continue the pushing battle and will try something different, or play tenuki ( temporarily abandon the local situation and start something elsewhere )


what is air pollution? in its great magnitude has existed in the 20th century from the coal burning industries of the early century to the fossil burning technology in the new century. the problems of air pollution are a major problem for highly developed nations whose large industrial bases and highly developed infrastructures generate much of the air every year, billions of tonnes of pollutants are released into the atmosphere ; the sources include power plants burning fossil fuels to the effects of sunlight on certain natural materials. but the air pollutants released from natural materials pose very little health threat, only the natural radioactive gas radon poses any threat to health. so much of the air pollutants being released into the atmosphere are all results of man ’ s activities. in the united kingdom, traffic is the major cause of air pollution in british cities. eighty six percent of families own either one or two vehicles. because of the high - density population of cities and towns, the number of people exposed to air pollutants is great. this had led to the increased number of people getting chronic diseases over these past years since the car ownership in the uk has nearly trebled. these include asthma and respiratory complaints ranging through the population demographic from children to elderly people who are most at risk. certainly those who are suffering from asthma will notice the effects more greatly if living in the inner city areas or industrial areas or even near by major roads. asthma is already the fourth biggest killer, after heart diseases and cancers in the uk and currently, it affects more than three point four million in the past, severe pollution in london during 1952 added with low winds and high - pressure air had taken more than four thousand lives and another seven hundred in 1962, in what was called the ‘ dark years ’ because of the dense dark polluted air. is also causing devastation for the environment ; many of these causes are by man made gases like sulphur dioxide that results from electric plants burning fossil fuels. in the uk, industries and utilities that use tall smokestacks by means of removing air pollutants only boost them higher into the atmosphere, thereby only reducing the concentration at their site. these pollutants are often transported over the north sea and produce adverse effects in western scandinavia, where sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from uk and central europe are generating acid rain, especially in norway and sweden. the ph level, or relative acidity of many of scandinavian fresh water lakes has been altered dramatically by acid rain causing the destruction of entire fish populations. in the uk, acid rain formed by subsequent sulphur


rain, especially in norway and sweden. the ph level, or relative acidity of many of scandinavian fresh water lakes has been altered dramatically by acid rain causing the destruction of entire fish populations. in the uk, acid rain formed by subsequent sulphur dioxide atmospheric emissions has lead to acidic erosion in limestone in north western scotland and marble in northern england. in 1998, the london metropolitan police launched the ‘ emissions controlled reduction ’ scheme where by traffic police would monitor the amount of pollutants being released into the air by vehicle exhausts. the plan was for traffic police to stop vehicles randomly on roads leading into the city of london, the officer would then measure the amounts of air pollutants being released using a co2 measuring reader fixed in the owner ' s vehicle ' s exhaust. if the exhaust exceeded the legal amount ( based on micrograms of pollutants ) the driver would be fined at around twenty - five pounds. the scheme proved unpopular with drivers, especially with those driving to work and did little to help improve the city air quality. in edinburgh, the main causes of bad air quality were from the vast number of vehicles going through the city centre from west to east. in 1990, the edinburgh council developed the city by - pass at a cost of nearly seventy five million pounds. the by - pass was ringed around the outskirts of the city where its main aim was to limit the number of vehicles going through the city centre and divert vehicles to use the by - pass in order to reach their destination without going through the city centre. this released much of the congestion within the city but did little very little in solving the city ’ s overall air quality. to further decrease the number of vehicles on the roads, the government promoted public transport. over two hundred million pounds was devoted in developing the country ' s public transport network. much of which included the development of more bus lanes in the city of london, which increased the pace of bus services. introduction of gas and electric powered buses took place in birmingham in order to decrease air pollutants emissions around the centre of the city. because children and the elderly are at most risk to chronic diseases, such as asthma, major diversion roads were build in order to divert the vehicles away from residential areas, schools and elderly institutions. in some councils, trees were planted along the sides of the road in order to decrease the amount of carbon monoxide emissions. other ways of improving the air quality included the restriction on the amounts of air pollutants being released into the atmosphere by industries ; tough regulations were


as suggested by the catalog description ( below ), this course bridges the major strands of secondary mathematics through a study of applications of rates of change. topics include difference equations, curve - fitting, parameter - based simulation, and discrete and continuous dynamics. for detailed information and policies, please read the math 5329 syllabus. a study of rates of change through modeling. direct applications of rates of change to number concepts, algebra, geometry, probability, and statistics. what are we doing? » for the full details, check out the working course calendar. | 12 | | 11 / 21 | | project work time | | ( no required class meeting ) | | | 13 | | 11 / 28 | | modeling and number theory | | 3 student presentations, quiz # 5 | | | 14 | | 12 / 5 | | course synthesis | | summary, key points, conclusions | | 15 | | 12 / 12 | | comprehensive | | final exam at 7 : 15 - 9 : 45pm | by shermane king interested math teachers, see the " downloads " section in the sidebar → description the activity is a general worksheet that can be utilize in any secondary mathematics classroom. at the beginning of the worksheet students are given a scenario that will be followed by 10 questions. the questions range from developing equations to calculating real - world … like many great works, this sample final exam was collaboratively produced by a bunch of smart people who would rather have not done it : ) sample math 5329 final exam - fall 2011 by gwendolyn walbey & christopher whiteneck interested math teachers, see the " downloads " section in the sidebar → » all information and corrections made in this document were updated as of 11 - 6 - 2011. the following guidelines are resource to instructors with objectives pertaining to : spreadsheet usages to create, analyze, and use data tables and graphs for linear, exponential or polynomial … interested math teachers, see the " downloads " section in the sidebar → by paul rodriguez and vanessa garza sequence for modeling real automobile data create a table using the data provided. use the table to create a scatter plot. use graph paper to plot the coordinates. create appropriate intervals. label the x - and y - axis. title your … by brittney martinez & amanda raiborn interested math teachers, see the " downloads " section in the sidebar → teacher ' s guide for speedy delivery route the activity! this particular activity uses an algorithm called dijkstra ’ s algorithm – or the shortest path algorithm


martinez & amanda raiborn interested math teachers, see the " downloads " section in the sidebar → teacher ' s guide for speedy delivery route the activity! this particular activity uses an algorithm called dijkstra ’ s algorithm – or the shortest path algorithm. it takes a problem of delivery routes and solves for the quickest route from one point … interested math teachers, see the " downloads " section in the sidebar → teacher ' s guide for choosing an apartment description : individually, students will decide on four to six important criteria for selecting an apartment to live in once they graduate high school. students will then select an appropriate amount ( three to five ) of local apartments to use for … for all the math teachers, see the " downloads " section in the sidebar → teacher ’ s guide to does this line ever move? description individually or group work, student ( s ) will work on arm - and - a leg tickets activity. students will struggle thru the assignment, thus you will have to guide each group or individual ’ s when they reach that point. goal / objectives … this collaborative quiz asks teachers to make sense of a recursively defined sequence that leads to the famous collatz problem. the main task of the quiz is to connect the sequences to the secondary mathematics classroom by using the collatz problem as part of a lesson plan. download quiz 5 : cycles and chaos related links … during an in - class activity on modeling world population, groups of mathematics teachers found data related to factors influencing population change. the spreadsheet generated during the activity is available below. quiz 4 on modeling world population world population spreadsheet by teachers the world population recently hit 7 billion people... or did it? the goal of this extended activity for math teachers is basic : work as a group to develop a single mathematical model for the world population and use it to independently estimate the date when the world population equals 7 billion. constraints the model must …


space - based tool offers early forest warning changing climate conditions are stressing forest areas, nasa and u. s. forest service team up to tackle the problem. published : apr 11, 2012 warmer winters, dryer conditions, changing pest challenges - all are signs of altered climate conditions. recently the u. s. forest service unveiled a product that helps natural resource managers rapidly detect, identify and respond to unexpected changes in the nation ' s forest using web - based tools. the satellite - based monitoring and assessment tool - called forwarn - recognizes and tracks potential forest disturbances caused by insects, diseases, wildfires, extreme weather and other natural or human - caused events. whether its climate change or other factors, this system helps the forest service track problems. forwarn was developed by the usda forest service ' s eastern forest and western wildland environmental threat assessment centers, nasa stennis space center, and other federal and university partners. nasa ' s satellite imagery is the backbone of forwarn, which provides maps of forest change throughout the lower 48 states every eight days that users can explore and share. maps archived since 2010 provide deeper insight into disturbance and forest recovery. super map : forwarn maps normal forest conditions as blue and change from normal as shades that range from green to red. this map shows that the greater part of texas and oklahoma were experiencing severe forest stress in late september of 2011 from the effects of drought and wildfire. " this tool literally puts space - age technology into the hands of forest resource professionals, " says danny c. lee, director of the eastern threat center. " the tool helps them to better identify and react to environmental disturbances. " federal and state natural resource managers throughout the country are currently using forwarn which complements efforts of other more specialized forest monitoring programs. the tool is intended to generate time and cost savings, and, ultimately, a new network of users working together to sustain the health of the nation ' s forest resources. visit www. forwarn. forestthreats. org to learn more. permalink : click here


boreal owl - aegolius funereus state rank reason ( see state rank above ) very little is known about population size or population trends and there is concern over the impacts of forest disease, fire, and timber harvest because the species is dependent on mature spruce / fir forests. - details on status ranking and review scoreu - unknown scoref - 20, 000 - 200, 000 km squared ( about 8, 000 - 80, 000 square miles ) comment144, 902 square kilometers based on natural heritage program range maps that appear on the montana field guide. area of occupancy scoreu - unknown scoreu / e - unknown, but believed to be relatively stable ( ±25 % change ) commentbna account reports long - term trends as unavailable. scoreu / e - unknown, but believed to be stable with population, range, area occupied, and / or number or condition of occurrences unchanged or remaining within ±10 % fluctuation commentno trend data available. scoreb - moderate and imminent threat. threat is moderate to severe and imminent for a significant proportion ( 20 - 60 % ) of the population or area. commentfire, disease, and timber harvest probably represent the greatest threats to the species since it is dependent on mature spruce / fir forests. severitymoderate - major reduction of species population or long - term degradation or reduction of habitat in montana, requiring 50 - 100 years for recovery. commentmature forests require more than 50 years to regenerate after fire, disease, or timber harvest. scopemoderate - 20 - 60 % of total population or area affected comment > 20 % of mature sprucke / fir forests in western montana are being impacted or threatened by disease, fire, or timber harvest. immediacymoderate - threat is likely to be operational within 2 - 5 years. scorec - not intrinsically vulnerable. species matures quickly, reproduces frequently, and / or has high fecundity such that populations recover quickly ( < 5 years or 2 generations ) from decreases in abundance ; or species has high dispersal capability such that extirpated populations soon become reestablished through natural recolonization ( unaided by humans ). scoreb - narrow. specialist. specific habitat ( s ) or other abiotic and / or biotic factors ( see above ) are used or required by the element, but these key requirements are common and within the generalized range of the species within the area of interest. commentassociated with boreal spruce / fir


species associations with ecological systems, please contact bryce maxell at email @ example. com or ( 406 ) 444 - 3655. suggested uses and limitations species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape - level planning. these potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species ( this information can be requested at : http : / / mtnhp. org / requests / default. asp ) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists. users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales. land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade. thus, particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas ( e. g., evaluations of public land survey sections ). finally, although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range, portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species ’ known geographic range. - adams, r. a. 2003. bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history, ecology, and conservation. boulder, co : university press of colorado. 289 p. - dobkin, d. s. 1992. neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains. usda forest service, northern region. publication no. r1 - 93 - 34. missoula, mt. - foresman, k. r. 2001. the wild mammals of montana. special publication no. 12. lawrence, ks : the american society of mammalogists. 278 p. - hart, m. m., w. a. williams, p. c. thornton, k. p. mclaughlin, c. m. tobalske, b. a. maxell, d. p. hendricks, c. r. peterson, and r. l. redmond. 1998. montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates. montana cooperative wildlife research unit, university of montana, missoula, mt. 1302 p. - hutto, r. l. and j. s. young. 1999. habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region, usda forest service, rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32. 72 p


1302 p. - hutto, r. l. and j. s. young. 1999. habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region, usda forest service, rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32. 72 p. - maxell, b. a. 2000. management of montana ’ s amphibians : a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history, and the status and conservation of individual species. report to u. s. forest service region 1. missoula, mt : wildlife biology program, university of montana. 161 p. - werner, j. k., b. a. maxell, p. hendricks, and d. flath. 2004. amphibians and reptiles of montana. missoula, mt : mountain press publishing company. 262 p. - commonly associated with these ecological systems forest and woodland systems open water / wetland and riparian systems - occasionally associated with these ecological systems forest and woodland systems open water / wetland and riparian systems predominately small mammals, with a few birds and insects. the red - backed vole is the main prey species in id and co. other vole species taken when available along with other small rodents, birds, and insects ( palmer and ryder 1984, hayward 1989 ). small mammals constitute 79 % of their prey ( hayward and verner 1994 ). boreal owls roost at sites scattered throughout their home range, rarely in the same stand on consecutive nights or the same tree more than 2x per year ; they selected cool micro - sites in summer ( hayward 1989 ). they roost alone, usually far from their nest and mate. owls use a sit - and - wait hunting method ( hayward 1989 ). marten are the most important predator of owlets and adult females at the nest site ; red squirrel predation upon eggs is also suspected in idaho ; large range : both winter and summer average over 1000 ha ( hayward and verner 1994 ). young boreal owls frequently disperse long distances from natal sites ; in finland, median distances of 88 and 21 km between juvenile male and juvenile female banding sites were reported ; 20 % of recoveries for owls marked as nestlings exceed 100 km in west germany and 51 % in finland ( hayward and verner 1994 ). begins nesting in late march or april. nests in woodpecker holes or possibly natural cavities. clutch size two to six. incubation


. - carlson, j. 1991. boreal owl surveys on the jefferson division of the lewis and clark national forest. unpubl. rep., montana natural heritage program, helena. 33 pp. - carlson, j. 1991. results of boreal owl surveys on the jefferson division of the lewis and clark national forest. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. 33 pp. - casey, d. 2000. partners in flight draft bird conservation plan montana. 281 pp. - ehrlich, p., d. dobkin, and d. wheye. 1988. the birder ’ s handbook, a field guide to the natural history of north american birds. simon and schuster inc. new york. 785 pp. - escano, r. 1984. boreal owl survey summary. wildlife and fish habitat relationships program, northern region, usfs, missoula. 8 pp. - fairman, l. m., d. l. genter, and c. jones. 1990. an overview of the ecology of the boreal owl ( aegolius funereus ). unpublished report. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. 32 pp. - flathead national forest. u. s. forest service., 1993, wildlife landscape evaluation, swan valley. draft report. - hayward, g. 1989. boreal owl habitat relationships : a report to region 1, u. s. forest service. 30pp. - hayward, g. d. 1989. habitat use and population biology of boreal owls in the northern rocky mountains, usa. ph. d dissertation. univ. idaho. 113 pp. - hayward, g. d. and p. h. hayward. 1991. body measurements of boreal owls in idaho and a discriminant model to determine sex of live specimens. wilson bulletin 103 : 497 - 500. - hayward, g. d., and j. verner, tech. eds. 1994. flammulated, boreal, and great gray owls in the united states : a technical conservation assessment. gen. tech. rep. rm - 253. u. s. d. a. forest service, rocky mountain forest and range experiment station. fort collins, co. 214 pp. 3 maps. - hayward, g. d., and p. h. hayward. 1993. boreal owl ( aegolius funereus ). species account number 063. the birds of north america online ( a. poole, ed


3 maps. - hayward, g. d., and p. h. hayward. 1993. boreal owl ( aegolius funereus ). species account number 063. the birds of north america online ( a. poole, ed. ). ithaca, ny : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database : http : / / bna. birds. cornell. edu / bna / - hayward, g. d., hayward, p. h. and e. o. garton. 1987. habitat requirements and distribution of the boreal owl in central idaho. dept. fish and wildlife resources, univ. of idaho, moscow, id 83843. annual progress reports for ' 84, ' 85, ' 86, ' 87 - hayward, g. d., p. h. hayward and e. o. garton. 1986. habitat requirements and distribution of the boreal owl in central idaho. annual progress report, u. of idaho, moscow. - hayward, g. d., p. h. hayward and e. o. garton. 1987. movements and home range use by boreal owls in central idaho. pp 175 - 184 in : biology and conservation of northern forest owls : symposium proceedings, feb. 3 - 7, winnepeg, manitoba. gen. tech. rep. rm - 142. fort collins, usda, forest service. - hayward, g. d. 1997. forest management and conservation of boreal owls in north america. j. raptor res. 31 ( 2 ) : 114 - 124. - hayward, g. d. and e. o. garten. 1983. first nesting record of the boreal owl in central idaho. condor 85 : 501 - hayward, g. d. and p. h. hayward. 1993. boreal owl ( aegolius funereus ). in the birds of north america, no. 63 ( a. poole and f. gill, eds. ) philadelphia : the academy of natural sciences ; washington, dc : the american ornithologist ' s union. 20 pp. - hayward, g. d., e. o. garton, and p. h. hayward. 1984. habitat requirements of the boreal owl in central idaho. a progress report to the north american bluebird society, i5 p. - hayward, g. d., p. h. hayward and e.


p. h. hayward. 1984. habitat requirements of the boreal owl in central idaho. a progress report to the north american bluebird society, i5 p. - hayward, g. d., p. h. hayward and e. o. garton. 1987. revised breeding distribution of the boreal owl in the northern rocky mountains. condor 89 : 431 - 432. - hayward, g. d., p. h. hayward, and e. o. garton. 1993. ecology of boreal owls in the northern rocky mountains, usa. wildl. monogr. 124. 59 pp. - holt, d. and d. ermitanger. 1939. first confirmed nest of boreal owls in montana. northwest naturalist 70 : 27 - 31 - holt, d. w. 1987. boreal owl survey results, lolo national forest. unpubl. rep., usda forest service, missoula. - holt, d. w. and d. ermatinger. 1989. first confirmed nest site of boreal owls in montana. northwest. nat. 70 : 27 - 31. - holt, d. w. 1986. 1986. boreal owl survey results on the lolo national forest, missoula, montana. u. s. forest service intermountain range and exp. sta. rep., missoula, montana, 4p. - holt, d. w., and j. m. hillis. 1987. current status and habitat associations of forest owls in western montana. pages 281 - 288 in : biology and conservation of northern forest owls : symposium proceedings, feb. 3 - 7, winnepeg, manitoba. gen. tech. rep. rm - 142. fort collins, co. usda, forest service. - johnsgard, p. a. 1986. birds of the rocky mountains with particular reference to national parks in the northern rocky mountain region. colorado associated university press, boulder. xi + 504 pp. - korpimaki, e. 1981. on the ecology and biology of tengmalmfs owl ( aegolius funereus ) in southern ostrobothnia and suomenselka, western finland. acta univ. ouluensis 118 : 1 - 84. - lenard, s., j. carlson, j. ellis, c. jones, and c. tilly. 2003. p. d. skaar ' s montana bird distribution, 6th


. ouluensis 118 : 1 - 84. - lenard, s., j. carlson, j. ellis, c. jones, and c. tilly. 2003. p. d. skaar ' s montana bird distribution, 6th edition. montana audubon : helena, mt, 144 pp. - mullen, p. d. 1990. boreal owl surveys in southwestern montana, 1989. unpubi. rep., montana natural heritage program, helena. 16 pp. - mullen, p. d. 1990. status report on boreal owl surveys in southwestern montana, 1989. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. 16 pp. - o ' connell, m. w. 1987. occurrence of the boreal owl in northeastern washington. pp. 185 - 188 in : nero, r. w., et al., ( eds ). biology and conservation of northern forest owls. usda for. serv., gen. tech. rep. rm - 142. - palmer, d. a. 1987. annual, seasonal, and nightly variation in calling activity of boreal and northern saw - whet owls. pp. 162 - 168 in nero, r. w., et al., eds. biol. & cons. of n. forest owls. u. s. for. serv., gen. tech rep. rm - 142. - palmer, d. a. 1986. habitat selection, movements and activity of boreal and saw - whet owls. m. s. thesis, colo. state univ., fort collins. 101 pp. - palmer, d. a., and r. a. ryder. 1984. the first documented breeding of the boreal owl in colorado. condor 86 : 215 - 217. - ryder, r. a., et al. 1987. distribution and status of the boreal owl in colorado. pages 169 - 174 in nero, r. w., et al., eds. biology and conservation of northern forest owls. usda for. serv., gen. tech. rep. rm - 142. - u. s. forest service. 1991. forest and rangeland birds of the united states : natural history and habitat use. u. s. department of agriculture, forest service agricultural handbook 688. 625 pages. - wright, p. l. 1996. status of rare birds in montana, with comments on known hybrids. northwestern nat. 77 ( 3 ) : 57 - 85


i love this document. it ' s a survey of property allotted to hassanamisco nipmuc sarah robins who married peter muckamaug. though native, peter was not from hassanamesit so the land could not be allotted to ( or owned by ) him. when sarah robins died, the land passed to her children. the muckamaug allotment was originally 106 acres. the land came from the division of the hassanamisco praying plantation. praying plantations, or towns, were the colonial massachusetts equivalent to today ' s reservation system. the praying town at hassanamesit was 8000 acres. in 1728, the ma bay government allowed those 8000 acres to be divided up between 40 english proprietors and 7 native families. land was also set aside for a native church and school and stipulations made for a minister and teacher. the 7 native families received 1200 acres in separate parcels. the rest was sold to the 40 proprietors and monies from the sale deposited for use by the hassanamiscos. since it was not believed that native people could control their own resources, guardians were appointed to oversee their assets. native people throughout massachusetts could not sell their land or spend even the interest on their money without asking their guardians to petition the legislature until 1869. another map from the collections of american antiquarian society showing part of the 1728 allotments. this was posted on a grafton, ma town webpage. part of the muckamaug allotment is now owned by the town of grafton and is preserved as " hassanamesit woods ". the fiske center for archaeological research is conducting an archaeological dig in hassanamesit woods where the muckamaug ' s great - granddaughter ' s house stood from at least 1790 to 1923 when it was bulldozed over. the story of 4 generations of nipmuc women living on this land will be coming to this blog soon! ( you may have noticed that sometimes i write hassanamisco and sometimes hassanamesit. hassanamesit refers to the land and means " the place of many small stones ". hassanamisco refers to the people of that land. ) until next time,


" 1912. " army aviation, college park. tests of curtiss plane for army. " " 1912. " navy aviation. commodore j. c. gillmore in curtiss headless plane, dual control, at college park army flying field. lieutenant milling, right. " " " 1917. " langley, samuel pierpont. secretary, smithsonian institute. experimental tandem biplane on potomac embodying langley principles. " " submarine plane 1923 " january 19, 1925. loening amphibian plane. maj. henry clagett, gen. william mitchell, grover loening at bolling field " " january 18, 1922. fort mcnair, washington, d. c. " naval curtiss bombing plane at war college. " " may 8, 1925. washington, d. c. " ' yorktown. ' christening of sikorsky plane. " that ' s igor sikorsky himself third from the left in the homburg ( his personal trademark ). smithsonian institute museum circa 1921 " september 25, 1923. brigadier general william mitchell in washington, d. c. an important figure in the development of military aviation, " billy " mitchell is regarded as the father of the u. s. air force. his criticism of army and navy leaders after the crash of the airship shenandoah in 1925 led to a court - martial and subsequent resignation. when it came to clothes, cars and horses, he was a connoisseur of the good life. " " feb. 20, 1925. rep. p. b. o ' sullivan, gen. billy mitchell and maj. henry b. clagett with biplane ( " plover " ) at bolling field. "


this week ushers in the beginning of the holiday season with turkey and all the trimmings, including stuffing. but there ’ s another form of stuffing that may be going on — eating so much that you feel your sides are going to burst. it ’ s not unusual for many to overindulge during thanksgiving or other holidays, but there ’ s more at stake than indigestion and feeling bloated. loading up on the turkey, mashed potatoes and gravy, stuffing, cranberry sauce, rolls and butter, pumpkin pie and other foods — binge - style — can increase risk for heart attack, gallbladder pain and dangerous drowsiness when driving home. on average, americans consume about 4, 500 calories and 229 grams of fat ( mostly unhealthy fat ) on thanksgiving day, says the calorie control council. dr. pamela peeke, assistant clinical professor at the university of maryland ’ s school of medicine, remarks that the typical thanksgiving meal is “ like a tsunami of fat coming into the body. ” interestingly, when food travels through the body, it releases digestive fluids, chemicals and hormones along the way. an average meal takes 1 to 3 hours to leave the stomach, but a large meal like the thanksgiving meal may take 8 to 12 hours to leave the stomach. and speaking of the stomach … did you know that the average stomach capacity is about 8 cups, but can range from 4 to 12 cups? that ’ s a lot of stomach room — and many people fill up their tummies over the holidays. interestingly, after about 1, 500 calories in one sitting, the gut releases a hormone that causes nausea so most folks may begin to slow their eating — although many push those limits and keep eating. the stomach isn ’ t the only thing that ’ s stretched during a big meal, though. the body becomes stressed and has to work harder, too. the extra digestion required makes the heart pump more blood to the stomach and intestines — which can stress the heart. consuming larger amounts of unhealthy fatty foods can also cause the blood to clot more easily, says dr. francisco lopez - jimenez, a researcher at the mayo clinic college of medicine. that could result in higher heart attack risk. in fact, dr. lopez - jimenez conducted a study which showed a four - fold increase in heart attack risk in the two hours following eating a large meal. in a separate study, israeli researchers said that there is a seven


when an animal cell encounters a bacterial or chemical toxin, it needs to respond to ensure its survival, but how it does this is still poorly understood. now, two independent studies clarify the involvement of the c - jun n - terminal kinase ( jnk ) and p38 mitogen - activated protein kinase ( mapk ) signalling pathways in these responses in caenorhabditis elegans. both jnk and p38 are well known mediators of stress responses in mammalian cells, and in c. elegans, these proteins, other components involved in their signalling pathways, and their involvement in stress responses are conserved. the two new papers, reported in the july 12 issue of proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa, together reveal an evolutionarily interconnected mechanism for responding to bacterial stress. " mapks appear to be one of the most ancient defense pathways known from plants, yeasts, and animals, " said hinrich schulenburg, from the university of munster, and who was not involved in the two pnas studies. " these two studies now provide evidence for the role of two different mapk pathways in the worm ' s defense against pathogens, " schulenburg told the scientist. in the first report, danielle huffman, raffi aroian, and their colleagues analyzed how c. elegans responded to cry5b, a bacterial pore - forming toxin made by bacillus thuringiensis ( proc natl acad sci usa 2004, doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 0404073101 ). " twenty - five percent of all known bacterial virulence factors are pore - forming toxins... we asked the question of whether animals cells have evolved a defense mechanism against this kind of an attack, " said aroian, from university of california, san diego. to begin tackling this question, huffman, aroian, and colleagues fed c. elegans bacteria expressing cry5b and then determined what effect this had on gene expression through the use of microarrays. they found over 1000 genes that changed in response to cry5b exposure, two of which were members of p38 and jnk pathways, namely the mapk kinase gene sek - 1 and the jnk - like gene kgb - 1, respectively. the elimination of either the sek - 1 or kgb - 1 gene resulted in worms that were highly sensitive to cry5b. in addition, the authors found that inhibiting the p


and the jnk - like gene kgb - 1, respectively. the elimination of either the sek - 1 or kgb - 1 gene resulted in worms that were highly sensitive to cry5b. in addition, the authors found that inhibiting the p38 pathway in mammalian baby hamster kidney cells caused hypersensitivity to the bacterial toxin aerolysin. " therefore, the mechanism is conserved from worms to mammalian cells, and reveals that cells can mount defenses to these toxins, " aroian told the scientist. in the second report, dennis kim, frederick ausubel, and their colleagues revealed a link between the c. elegans jnk and p38 mapk pathways with regard to pathogen immunity. they found two components of c. elegans kgb - 1 jnk - like pathway, namely the mapk kinase mek - 1 and the mapk phosphatase vhp - 1, were able to modulate resistance to the pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa by effecting the p38 protein pmk - 1. in fact, in mek - 1 knockout worms, pmk - 1 activation was reduced, and this correlated with increased pathogen susceptibility, whereas reduction of vhp - 1 levels by rna interference increased pmk - 1 activation and could suppress the pathogen susceptibility of mek - 1 knockout worms. these results reveal that components of the c. elegans jnk pathway are also involved in the p38 pathway and " suggest that cells can integrate their stress - regulated pathways under some circumstances, " said kim. " such cross - talk may be pivotal in generating an economic and most efficient response towards environmental offences, " said schulenburg. " without such fine - tuning, an organism may be forced to mount the complete stress response irrespective of the challenge. " alejandro aballay, from duke university, agreed that the two papers provide an " elegant " look at how interacting and intersecting pathways involved in innate immunity are regulated in c. elegans. " i envision more and more works in which dead and live bacteria will be used to address whether a given gene affects innate immunity, " he told the scientist. schulenburg does add that much is still to be learned about how jnk and p38 pathways act, and interact, to regulate stress responses. nevertheless, the new results " should be of immense importance in understanding the complexity of signaling pathways, especially mapk signaling, in living organisms, " he said. proceedings of the national


healthy living can prevent breast cancer research shows good nutrition and exercise can help prevent breast cancer. here are some ideas for georgetown residents to improve their health this fall. hundreds of d. c. residents will be walking in the susan g. komen 3 - day walk in washington on oct. 12 - 14. in june the komen race for the cure took over the national mall. the annual events are aimed at both raising awareness of and research funds for the fight against breast cancer. in a newsletter, ward 2 councilman jack evans said about the komen race, " this event is important not only for raising needed funding, but also for raising awareness of breast cancer. " evans ' first wife, noel, lost her battle with breast cancer in 2003. this october is the 28th annual breast cancer awareness month. in addition to participating in alexandria ' s major october breast cancer event, you might be able to find help fighting breast cancer and other types of cancers at your local grocery store and fitness centers, according to the research findings of dr. marian neuhouser, ph. d, rd. dr. neuhouser is a nutritional epidemiologist with a background in nutritional sciences. she is an investigator at seattle ’ s fred hutchinson cancer research center. her research is focused on lifestyle factors such as nutrition and physical activity. some factors may prevent breast and prostate cancer and improve survivorship in those diagnosed with cancer. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, each year, more than 200, 000 american women are diagnosed with breast cancer and more than 40, 000 american women will die from breast cancer. dr. neuhouser ’ s research has found that for postmenopausal women in particular, being overweight or obese may increase the risk for breast cancer. dr. neuhouser explains, “ after menopause, estrogens are synthesized by adipose tissue — the more adipose a woman has, the more estrogen she will make. adipose cells also synthesize inflammatory factors, which have been linked to breast cancer. ” one of the most important things a woman at risk for breast cancer can do, says dr. neuhouser, is to “ maintain a healthy weight. " given what the research indicates, dr. neuhouser says, “ one of the most important things is that if a woman is overweight or obese, she should be advised to lose weight and maintain a healthy weight. daily physical activity and following healthy eating habits with plentiful


neuhouser says, “ one of the most important things is that if a woman is overweight or obese, she should be advised to lose weight and maintain a healthy weight. daily physical activity and following healthy eating habits with plentiful fruits and vegetables and minimal empty calories and fried foods will help achieve these goals. ” dr. neuhouser says while it can be challenging to lose weight, “ small changes can add up and make a big difference. " when it comes to getting active, dr. neuhouser says, " if someone is not used to physical activity, try a five to ten minute walk and gradually increase the time. having physical activity partners or walking partners always helps. i know my soccer team will be waiting for me on the field, so even if i am tired or busy, i still show up. " the 3 - day, 60 - mile komen walk usually requires some training and preparation ; registration will open later this fall for next year ' s walk ( scheduled for oct. 11 - 13, 2013 ). for an earlier challenge, you may consider setting a goal for yourself for motivation, like participating in the avon walk for breast cancer in may in washington, d. c. when it comes to food, dr. neuhouser says, " start with making one new food change each week. instead of eating two cookies, eat just one. ” if you are concerned about your weight, dr. neuhouser suggests getting the support you need by asking your doctor for “ a referral to a reputable weight loss program. ” for nutrition advice, dr. neuhouser recommends asking your personal physician for a referral to a registered dietitian.


change detection, in the remote sensing discipline, is the analytical process that aims to detect changes - - over time and space - - of the land cover or / and land use. pca as a change detection technique among the most common and successful change detection practices, is the application of principal components analysis ( pca ) on bi - or multi - temporal multi - dimensional data ( lu et al., 2003 ). what is pca? principal components analysis ( pca ) is a multi - dimensional linear transformation algorithm. it reconstructs a multivariate data set in a way that the first variables, called principal components ( pcs ), contain most of the original data variance. thus, pca provides the potential to describe or represent reliably a multi - dimensional data set by using fewer dimensions than the ones that compose the initial data set ( jolliffe, 2002 ). how does it work? pca redirects the highest variances of the original data set, which mainly resemble unchanged landscape characteristics, in the first components. it is the user ' s responsibility to then extract changes by means of advanced digital image processing operations, i. e. image ( segmentation and ) classification. pca - based change detection using ( g ) foss pca is implemented in grass - gis ( i. pca module ), r ( princomp ( ) and prcomp ( ) functions ), orfeotoolbox, saga - gis and probably more ( free & ) open source applications. an example in - depth work, from which most of the above text has been extracted, demonstrates how to map burned areas - - which is essentially a change detection analysis - - based on pca and gfoss. please, refer to this work for an extensive list of references upon the subject. on the use of grass - gis and r to perform pca, there is a dedicated grass - wiki page titled principal components analysis. jolliffe, i. t. ( 2002 ). principal component analysis. springer, 2nd edition. 28 illustrations. lu, d., mausel, p., brondizio, e., and moran, e. ( 2003 ). change detection techniques. international journal of remote sensing, 25 ( 12 ) : 2365.


the crest is the official signature of the united church of canada, placed on legal documents, ordination and commissioning certificates, and licences to perform the sacraments. designed by the rev. dr. victor t. mooney ( a treasurer of the united church ), it was officially adopted in 1944 by the 11th general council. for our church members, this insignia is a spiritual and historic reminder. its oval shape is derived from the outline of a fish, a symbol of identity by early christians. the initials of the words " jesus christ, son of god, saviour " spell the greek word for fish. the crest is designed in the form of a st. andrew ' s cross with an insignia in each of the four corners. the " x " at the centre, the first letter of the greek word for christ, is a traditional symbol for christ. in the four corners of the crest are symbols, three of which are particularly associated with the three communions — congregational, methodist, and presbyterian — that united to form the united church of canada in 1925. - the open bible represents the congregational churches with their emphasis upon god ' s truth that makes people free. from this communion we have a heritage of liberty in prophesying, love of spiritual freedom, awareness of the creative power of the holy spirit, and clear witness for civic justice. - the dove is emblematic of the holy spirit ( mark 1 : 10 ) whose transforming power has been a distinctive mark of methodism. here our heritage is one of evangelical zeal, concern for human redemption, warmth of christian fellowship, the testimony of spiritual experience, and the ministry of sacred song. - the burning bush is the symbol of presbyterianism. it refers to the bush that burned and was not consumed ( exodus 3 : 2 ), and symbolizes the indestructibility of the church. from presbyterianism we have received a heritage of high regard for the dignity in worship, the education of all people, the authority of scripture, and the church as the body of christ. - the symbols alpha and omega in the lower quarter are the first and last letters of the greek alphabet. they symbolize the eternal living god, in the fullness of creation ( revelation 1 : 8 ). the latin words ut omnes unum sint that surround the symbols on the crest mean that all may be one and are taken from john 17 : 21. they are a reminder that we are both a " united " and " uniting " church. in 1980, a french translation of the united


friday, feb. 17 ( healthday news ) - - autism itself seems to be responsible for the problems children with the disorder have in developing motor skills such as running, throwing a ball and learning to write, according to a new study. previously, it wasn ' t clear whether these motor skill difficulties ran in families or were linked to autism, said the researchers at the washington university school of medicine in st. louis. the investigators studied children from 67 families that had at least one child with autism spectrum disorder and a sibling in the same age group. twenty - nine families had two children with autism, including six identical twins, and 48 families had only one child with the disorder. the children were asked to perform a range of motor skills, including push - ups, running, throwing a ball, placing pegs in a pegboard, imitating movements, cutting with scissors and copying forms. the test results showed that 83 percent of the children with an autism spectrum disorder were below average in motor skills, while their siblings without the disorder generally scored in the normal range, according to the study released online in advance of publication in an upcoming print issue of the journal autism. identical twins had similar scores. non - twin siblings who each had autism had similar scores. but scores were markedly different in sibling pairs in which one child had autism and the other did not, the researchers found. " from our results, it looks like motor impairments may be part of the autism diagnosis, rather than a trait genetically carried in the family, " lead author claudia list hilton, an assistant professor in occupational therapy and an instructor in psychiatry, said in a university news release. " that suggests that motor impairments are a core characteristic of the diagnosis. " and, she said, " the data suggests that genes play a role in the motor impairments observed in those with autism spectrum disorder. this is further evidence that autism spectrum disorder is a largely genetic disorder. " among children with autism, the lower their motor skills ' score, the greater their degree of social impairment and severity of autism. " kids who have difficulty with motor skills might have trouble with what we think are simple things like brushing their teeth, buttoning, snapping or starting a zipper - - things that are so basic to being independent, but would cause other problems at school, " hilton said. " they would need to have an aide or someone helping them, and that would set them off as different from the other kids. " while the study uncovered an association between autism and motor impairments, it did not prove a