and the abundant white - tailed deer are found throughout various regions, along with the bison and musk ox in the central and northern plains, respectively. three species of bear, several subspecies of wolf, and various other carnivores such as raccoons, skunks, and cats including cougars and lynxes are widely distributed. the family mustelidae is well represented, including badgers, otters, ferrets, and wolverines. numerous species of squirrels and other rodents, such as beavers and muskrats, can be found in virtually every region of the continent. central america has adapted sloths, anteaters, and armadillos. other animals includes the condor, among the heights of the andes, the parrots and the monkeys of tropical forests, the humming bird, rattlesnake, alligator, and cayman of the banks of the streams, the electric eel in the tropical waters, and swarms of mosquitoes on the wide plains. mining and petroleum rocky mountains the rocky mountain region is known for vast resources and rich mineral deposits including copper, lead, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, and zinc. coal, petroleum and natural gas are mineral fuels found. old mine tailings are present in the rocky mountain landscape. agriculture and forestry agriculture and forestry are two major industries. agriculture includes arid land and irrigated farming and livestock grazing. livestock are often moved between high - elevation summer pastures and low - elevation and winter pastures. the sierra nevada and cascade mountain ranges run along the entire pacific coast, acting as a barrier to the humid winds that sweep in from the ocean. the rising topography forces this air upwards, causing moisture to condense and fall in the form of rain on the western slopes of the mountains, with some areas receiving more than 70 inches ( 1. 8 m ) of rainfall per year. as a result, the air has lost much of its moisture and becomes hot and dry when it reaches the areas east of the coastal mountain ranges. these arid conditions are, in some instances, exacerbated in regions of extremely low altitude ( some near or below sea level ) by higher air pressure, resulting in drier conditions and adiabatic heating effects, some of these pocket deserts exist in valleys well north of the canadian border in interior british columbia. what precipitation does fall generally does not last long, lost primarily to evaporation, as well as rapid runoff and efficient water uptake and storage by native vegetation. see also - central america - geographic centers of the united


border in interior british columbia. what precipitation does fall generally does not last long, lost primarily to evaporation, as well as rapid runoff and efficient water uptake and storage by native vegetation. see also - central america - geographic centers of the united states - geography of canada - geography of mexico - geography of puerto rico - geography of the united states - mountain peaks of north america - south america - transportation in north america - " deserts of america ". the golden treasury of knowledge. 4, book 13. fratelli fabbri. 1961. pp. 1008 – 1091. 61 - 10594. - " geography of north america ". universal world reference encyclopedia. 11, book 1. v. s. thatcher. 1964. pp. 231 – 233. 64 - 12955. - " geographic guide - images of north america ". retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11. - " americas " standard country and area codes classifications ( m49 ), united nations statistics division - " north america " atlas of canada - north america atlas national geographic - " united plates of america ". smithsonian museum of natural history. retrieved on 2009 - 01 - 31. - thompson, andrea ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ). " oldest rocks on earth found ". msnbc. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - o ' neil, jonathan ; carlson, richard w. ; francis, don ; stevenson, ross k. ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ). " neodymium - 142 evidence for hadean mafic crust ". science 321 ( 5897 ) : 1828 – 1831. doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1161925. - brahic, catherine ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ). " discovery of world ' s oldest rocks challenged ". newscientist. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - " rodinia " ( 2005 ). palæos. retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 01. - jones, steve. " north america ' s geology and geography ". usa today. retrieved 2006 - 08 - 19. - " historical & cultural significance " ( 1995 ). bering land bridge natural preserve. - " encyclozine - north america ". retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11. - " elevations and distances in the united states " ( online edition ). 1995. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05. " no marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of the 50 states, the conterminous united states, or the


united states " ( online edition ). 1995. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05. " no marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of the 50 states, the conterminous united states, or the north american continent. " - " north america climate ". retrieved 2006 - 08 - 19. - " private tutor ". infoplease. com. 2004 - 04 - 11. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30. - " fact monster - north america : resources and economy ". retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11. map and aerial photos - north america map - physical map - map of the great lakes - north american map - north america political map - oldest human remains in north america found - t. h. clark and c. w. stearn, the geological evolution of north america ( 1968 ) - w. p. cumming et al., the discovery of north america ( 1972 ) - r. c. west et al., middle america : its lands and peoples ( 3d ed. 1989 ) - t. l. mcknight, regional geography of the united states and canada ( 1992 ) - s. birdsall, regional landscapes of the united states and canada ( 4th rev. ed. 1992 ) - t. flannery, the eternal frontier : an ecological history of north america and its peoples ( 2001 ) - a. taylor, american colonies ( 2001 ).


an ideal is a principle or value that one actively pursues as a goal. ideals are particularly important in ethics, as the order in which one places them tends to determine the degree to which one reveals them as real and sincere. it is the application, in ethics, of a universal. it is roughly similar to the relative intrinsic values. someone who claims to have an ideal of honesty but is willing to lie to protect a friend is demonstrating that not only does he hold friendship as an ideal, but, that it is a more important one than honesty. thus ideals can be seen to be similar to values. however, the - ism of ideals is slightly contrasted with idealism ( which is the doctrine that ideas, or thought, make up either the whole or an indispensable aspect of any full reality, so that a world of material objects containing no thought either could not exist as it is experienced, or would not be fully " real. " ) in applied ethics in some theories of applied ethics, such as that of rushworth kidder, there is importance given to such orders as a way to resolve disputes. in law, for instance, a judge is sometimes called on to resolve the balance between the ideal of truth, which would advise hearing out all evidence, and the ideal of fairness. in politics in politics ideals play a pivotal role. during the french revolution, the principles of " liberty, equality, brotherhood " were raised to the status of ideals. the ten key values of the green party are likewise raised to such status today. in fact, most political movements have a certain set of ideals. however, in many cases, one can easily find instances where ideals were " not lived up to " - some of which are cases where one simply proved to outweigh another for some specific decision, or where all were compromised simply to retain the power to continue to pursue them. idols and heroes a different form of ideal is an idol or hero, who is held up as a moral example. since this is an actual person or fictional character, it is too complex and multi - faceted to be considered an ideal in the abstract sense. however, when they are encountered in the form of a story, with only a few traits on display, they are a simplified archetype from which one can very easily derive stereotypes or mimicry. in islam, for instance, the life of muhammad is held up as " ideal ", but must be interpreted for believers through the tale of his life, or sira, and his many sayings


one can very easily derive stereotypes or mimicry. in islam, for instance, the life of muhammad is held up as " ideal ", but must be interpreted for believers through the tale of his life, or sira, and his many sayings, the hadith. ideal and virtue given the complexity of putting ideals into practice, and resolving conflicts between them, it is not uncommon to see them reduced to dogma. one way to avoid this, according to bernard crick, is to have ideals that themselves are descriptive of a process, rather than an outcome. his political virtues try to raise the practical habits useful in resolving disputes into ideals of their own. a virtue, in general, is an ideal that one can make a habit. relative ideal in formal axiology, robert s. hartman contended that being ideal means that something is the best member of the set of all things of that class. for example, the ideal student is the best member of the set of all students in exactly the same way that the ideal circle is the best circle that can be imagined of the class of all circles. since we can define the properties that the ideal member of a class should have, the value of any actual object can be empirically determined by comparing it to the ideal. the closer an object ' s actual properties match up to the properties of the ideal, the better the object is. for example, a bumpy circle drawn in the sand is not as " good " as a very smooth one drawn with a compass. in the world in general, each particular object ought to become more like its ideal. in ethics, by analogy, each person should attempt to become more of an ideal person, and a person ' s morality can actually be measured by examining how close they live up to their ideal self. see also - rescher, nicholas ( 1987 ). ethical idealism : an inquiry into the nature and function of ideals. berkeley and los angeles, california : university of california press. isbn 0520078888. | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : idealism |


king edward ' s school, birmingham | motto | | dieu et mon droit ( god and my right ) | type | | independent day school | | chief master | | john claughton | | founder | | king edward vi | | location | | edgbaston park road | dfe urn | | 103584 tables | | former pupils | | old edwardians | king edward ' s school ( kes ) is an independent day school for boys in edgbaston, an area of birmingham, england. founded by king edward vi in 1552, it is part of the foundation of the schools of king edward vi in birmingham, and is widely regarded as one of the most academically successful schools in the country, according to various league tables. it was ranked 7th for a - level results and 20th for gcse results, out of all schools in england in 2004. it is a boys ' school, although it shares the site, and is twinned, with king edward vi high school for girls ( kehs ), also one of the most academically successful schools in the uk. whilst the two schools are run completely separately, dramatic arts, societies, music and other events are often shared. the foundation was created on 2 january 1552 by royal charter of king edward vi together with £20 per annum returned by the crown for educational purposes. five years earlier in 1547 the act of suppression, part of the wider dissolution of the monasteries, provided for the confiscation of all assets of religious guilds except an amount of land with an annual income of £21 ( two thirds of the original lands ) if the guild supported a school. the guild of the holy cross in birmingham had no school, but persuaded the earl of northumberland ( also the lord of the manor of birmingham ) to release the land for the creation of a school. the charter of the free grammer schole of king edward vi was issued on 2 january 1552, and the school came into being in the former guild building on new street. by the 1680s there were neer 200 boys in the school and a petty school ( a feeder school ) had been established by the foundation. the affairs of the school in the early part of the 18th century were dominated by a quarrel between a governor and the headmaster, but this notwithstanding, a new georgian inspired building was built on the new street site between 1731 and 1734. in the latter part of the 18th century four separate elementary schools and a girls ' school were set up by the foundation


a governor and the headmaster, but this notwithstanding, a new georgian inspired building was built on the new street site between 1731 and 1734. in the latter part of the 18th century four separate elementary schools and a girls ' school were set up by the foundation of the schools of king edward vi. the school remained relatively stagnant after this until francis jeune was appointed headmaster in 1835. he erected a new building on the same site, in the gothic style of architecture. this was designed by charles barry, who employed augustus welby northmore pugin for aspects of the interior design, generally held to be big school and, less certainly, the decorative battlements. ( barry, again employing pugin, subsequently designed the present palace of westminster ). from within this new landmark building came several changes in the curriculum and ethos of the school. sports became an important feature, through games afternoons, and the dominance of classics was lessened by the introduction of mathematics and science. by 1936 the old building on new street had become a fire risk, and plans were made by the governors and the then headmaster, edwin thirlwall england, to move to a new site at edgbaston park road / bristol road, in edgbaston, along with the girls ' school. ironically, the temporary buildings erected on the new site in 1936 burnt down. the school was forced to move, if only for a short time, to the university of birmingham ' s great hall and surrounding buildings until new temporary buildings could be erected. the move was complicated by the outbreak of the second world war, and the subsequent evacuation of the pupils to repton school for a short period. by 1940 enough of the new buildings designed by holland w. hobbiss had been built for the school to begin lessons. in 1945 the schools became direct grant grammar schools, which meant that the governors had to relinquish some control over the running of the school. the schools were finally completed around 1948, although the 1950s saw a period of expansion under the chief master ronald g. lunt, appointed 1952, including the construction of a swimming pool and the building of a chapel from a specially salvaged portion of the upper corridor of the new street building. in 1976 the two schools became, once again, independent schools, due to the termination of the direct grant scheme by the then prime minister harold wilson. the school remains independent and is still on the edgbaston site. school buildings the chapel the chapel, a grade ii * listed building, was originally part of


due to the termination of the direct grant scheme by the then prime minister harold wilson. the school remains independent and is still on the edgbaston site. school buildings the chapel the chapel, a grade ii * listed building, was originally part of the upper corridor of the 1838 new street school ( built by charles barry ). it was moved brick by brick to edgbaston ( 1938 – 1940 ) by holland w hobbis, and renovated and rebuilt in the 1950s. the chapel is used for services every wednesday morning, when the eucharist is celebrated by the school chaplain. another glory of the school, the great desk of the headmaster, with ' sapientia ' inscribed over it " survives from barry ' s new street school, and is still in daily use in big school. this too is generally thought to be the work of pugin. the school buildings have been used in several film and television productions. they were used in the 1986 film clockwise, starring john cleese, supposedly as the university of east anglia. the school featured briefly in the 2006 ray winstone channel 4 tv film all in the game. the school has also been used in several episodes of the bbc medical drama doctors. the school grounds were used in 2000 to film a feature on the mazda mx - 5 sports car for clarkson ' s car years, presented by jeremy clarkson, against a background of boys in the shells playing rugby on a rainy day. school structure unlike state secondary schools and in common with many independent schools, king edward ' s does not use modern year group names habitually, e. g. year 11, year 12, etc. the table below attempts to clarify the names of forms used for the different years : | name of form | | year | | upper middles ( ums ) | | 9 | | fourths ( ivs ) | | 10 | | first year of gcse study | | fifths ( vths ) | | 11 | | second year of gcse study | | divisions ( divs ) | | 12 | | first year of ib study | | sixths ( vis ) | | 13 | | final year of ib study | the house system | cary gilson | | cg | | light blue | | robert cary gilson | | gifford | | g | | purple | | edwin hamilton gifford | | prince lee | | pl | | pink | | james prince lee | | vardy | | v | | dark blue | | albert vardy | king edward ' s


| | gifford | | g | | purple | | edwin hamilton gifford | | prince lee | | pl | | pink | | james prince lee | | vardy | | v | | dark blue | | albert vardy | king edward ' s has a house system, instigated in 1902 by the then headmaster, robert cary gilson. originally, there were four houses, using the colours blue, green, red and yellow, but the houses were known simply by the name of the housemaster at any one time ( " mr soandso ' s house " ), involving a change of name whenever the housemaster changed. in 1951 the number of houses was enlarged to eight, and it was decided that they should have permanent names. six were called after former headmasters, and two after assistant masters ( rawdon levett and c. h. heath ). the colours of each house are shown on this table, though that for levett was formerly brown. the houses compete against one another every year to win the cock house trophy. there are many events that boys take part in and get points for. these points are totalled up at the end of the year, and the house with the most points is declared the cock house champion. each house has a distinctive set of ' colours ', which are awarded to students for merit and commitment in representing the house in house matches. each house also has its own ' house tie ', the tie ' s pattern comprising stripes of the house colour on a black background. some houses award it for subjective merit, while others use a points system to award the tie. only boys in the fourths and above may wear a house tie. the most successful house on record is gifford, with 11 cock house trophy wins in 32 years, their most recent win being in 2009. the longest ever run of victories is 6 years in a row, achieved by heath house 1998 – 2004. in reporting sport events the house names are often shortened to one or two letters, as indicated above. extracurricular activities there are two main sports at kes ; rugby in the winter and cricket in the summer. hockey is available as an option from first year ( shells ) onwards. in the first and second years ( shells and removes ), there are up to six fully coached rugby teams, but from the third year there are only three. other boys practise hockey, basketball, fencing, swimming and other sports. on rare occasions, where boys are especially talented in several fields, they play those sports they excel


fully coached rugby teams, but from the third year there are only three. other boys practise hockey, basketball, fencing, swimming and other sports. on rare occasions, where boys are especially talented in several fields, they play those sports they excel in, as well as their chosen sport. the rugby match against kes ' s main rival, bromsgrove school, is the highlight of the rugby season, has been played annually since 1875, and is the oldest annual schools fixture in england. kes is also a keen rival of solihull school and warwick school, both fixtures dating back a hundred or more years. the school runs a rugby tour to a major rugby - playing country every two years, the tour being open only to the 1st and 2nd teams of that year. water polo is the most successful sport at king edward ' s. the team has won the english schools under - 19 water polo competition in 2002 and 2008, the latter win being accompanied by the warwickshire cup, making the most successful season in recent times. numerous players have been called to the city of birmingham youth squad and english schools water polo teams. the house system encourages participation in sport outside the weekly sports sessions. with autumn and winter competitions in rugby, hockey, tennis etc., pupils have the opportunity to participate in team competitions. in the summer, house activities such as the school ' s athletics competition, cross country races and house swimming allow further sporting pursuits. the school makes use of its extensive sporting facilities, which include a swimming pool, astroturf pitches ( shared with kehs ), tennis courts, numerous rugby and cricket pitches ( including additional training areas ), an athletics track, a sports hall, squash courts and eton fives courts. the school also competes in national competitions of a more intellectual nature including chess, general challenges and debating. although association football is not played as a sport in the school, the astroturf pitches, school parade ground and chapel wall are used by boys at lunchtime for " parade ground football ". music and drama there is a separate building on site housing the music department, with facilities including a recital / rehearsal auditorium and a computer laboratory equipped with keyboard input. in addition, the school supports two full orchestras ( in association with king edward ' s high school for girls ), conducted by peter bridle, mbe, the more advanced of which has performed such works as dvorak ' s symphony no. 9, " from the new world ". there are also two wind / brass ensembles in association with kehs,


conducted by peter bridle, mbe, the more advanced of which has performed such works as dvorak ' s symphony no. 9, " from the new world ". there are also two wind / brass ensembles in association with kehs, and the senior members of both schools can join the choral society, a choir of 80 - 100 people which has sung such works as carl orff ' s carmina burana and leonard bernstein ' s chichester psalms. kes also has its own choir, which sings at the founder ' s day prizegiving, the christmas carol service held in st. philip ' s cathedral in the centre of birmingham, and at the christmas and summer concerts. the school holds four concerts every year : two at the adrian boult hall, one at the town hall and one at the symphony hall, birmingham. the drama society at kes / kehs performs a junior play, senior play or musical, and syndicate play ( organised solely by pupils ) and participates in the shakespeare schools festival ( for pupils in the fourths and fifths ). in 2011, the senior production was les miserables and the junior production 13 mathering end, which was written by the cast. most recently, in 2012 the school built a new performing arts cente, hosting a grand hall, a drama studio and many practice rooms. commisioned by sir paul ruddock, the facility was officially opened by the rt hon michael gove on the 13th of april, 2012. visits and expeditions in the shells boys take part in a three - day camping trip in staffordshire, cooking their own evening meals. in the removes each form has a five - day youth hostel visit in the lake district or snowdonia. this is alongside individual department field trips, such as annual geography, history and biology field trips along with exchanges with foreign students. there are also a few hill - walking, caving and climbing trips for boys in the lower years. the annual expeditions programme includes cycle tours, visits to jordan, ardeche adventure weeks in france, ski and snow - shoeing trips, and visits to normandy and the bay of naples. the school has operated annual cycle tours since 1995. past tours have included sustrans routes such as the coast to coast and hull to felixstowe. the school has toured on three occasions from land ' s end to john o ' groats. cycle tours abroad include the kingfisher trail in ireland, a tour in normandy, the golden circle in the netherlands, and most recently from dunkerque in


has toured on three occasions from land ' s end to john o ' groats. cycle tours abroad include the kingfisher trail in ireland, a tour in normandy, the golden circle in the netherlands, and most recently from dunkerque in france to ijmuiden in the netherlands. ccf and duke of edinburgh ' s award king edward ' s school has had a combined cadet force ( ccf ) since 1906 ( originally officers training corps, then junior training corps, 1940 – 48 ) ; it is a voluntary organisation. the ccf comprises three sections : the royal navy section, the army section, and the royal air force section. the ccf conduct their training on friday afternoons, and expeditions take place throughout the year. the rn section is currently affiliated to hms daring, along with several other organisations in the midlands. the raf section is currently affiliated with no. 8 air experience flight which is based at raf cosford. the contingent is part of 143 west midlands brigade, and the contingent are represented at the brigade competitions by members of all three sections. in 2006 the contingent won all the matches at the ccf skill at arms competition, the military skills competition and various first aid titles. the ccf is closely linked with the duke of edinburgh ' s award scheme within the school. in 2006 kes ccf celebrated its centenary review ; the inspecting officer was the then second sea lord, vice admiral adrian johns. previously, the school operated the duke of edinburgh ' s award at bronze, silver and gold level ; since september 2012, only the gold award is offered and only for senior students. instead the school holds their own awards scheme - the kes expeditions award. clubs and societies there is a range of around 40 groups, clubs and societies at the school, including : the agora society ( philosophy ), the parliamentary society ( politics ), greek reading, the graphic universe ( sci - fi appreciation ), warhammer society, living history re - enactment, junior and senior debating societies, literary society, dramatic society, amnesty international society, classic film society, bollywood society, programming society, model railway society, classic rock society, scientific society, book club and archery. there are also several school choirs and a string orchestra. the mentoring society, with the aim of helping students in their studies, runs weekly under the supervision of the learning support co - ordinator. boys can also compete in the schools challenge competition, with king edward ' s having won the national competition in 2011. king edward ' s has flourishing debating teams which participate


studies, runs weekly under the supervision of the learning support co - ordinator. boys can also compete in the schools challenge competition, with king edward ' s having won the national competition in 2011. king edward ' s has flourishing debating teams which participate in competitive tournaments at venues like the oxford, cambridge and durham unions. it was the first ( and so far only ) school to retain the cambridge union schools ' debating title ( 2000 and 2001 ). historical re - enactment one of the school ' s smaller and most unusual societies is the living history group. it is made up of some thirty boys and girls from the king edward ' s foundation, led by several members of staff. it is the only school - based re - enactment of its kind in the country. the group focuses on presenting life around the years 1392 and 1552, the former being the date of the foundation of the gild of the holy cross from which the school was founded in 1552. it presents aspects of civilian life as well as military skills. archery is a core skill in the group but swordsmanship and drill are also practised. as a civilian group they represent an english woollen or spice merchant ' s household. a few years ago, the group has designed a portable counterweight powered trebuchet, one of only two in the country. the group is well known throughout england ' s ' re - enactor network ', and participates in many well established public events a year as well as numerous educational events in other schools, normally local to or in birmingham. in addition, the group have travelled to denmark in 2008 and 2010 to participate in the activities at the danish middle ages centre and plan to return again in the next few years. school songs - king edward ' s school song - written by alfred hayes, o. e. ( 1857 – 1936 ) ; composed by a. somervell and first sung by jerome o ' neill in 1937. - a rousing song, sung mainly at the end of term, usually with high - spirited boys placing particular emphasis on the line " some to failure, some to fame! ". king edward ' s school song where the iron heart of england throbs beneath its sombre robe, stands a school whose sons have made her great and famous round the globe, these have plucked the bays of battle, those have won the scholar ' s crown ; old edwardians, young edwardians, forward for the school ' s renown. forward where the knocks are hardest, some to failure, some to fame ;


, these have plucked the bays of battle, those have won the scholar ' s crown ; old edwardians, young edwardians, forward for the school ' s renown. forward where the knocks are hardest, some to failure, some to fame ; never mind the cheers or hooting, keep your head and play the game. here ' s no place for fop or idler ; they who made our city great feared no hardship, shirked no labour, smiled at death and conquered fate ; they who gave our school its laurels laid on us a sacred trust ; forward therefore, live your hardest, die of service, not of rust. here no classic grove secludes us, here abides no cloistered calm ; not the titled, nor the stranger, wrestles here to gain the palm ; round our smoke - encrusted precincts labour ' s turbid river runs ; builders of this burly city temper here their strenuous sons. forward where the scrimmage thickens ; never stop to rub your shin ; cowards count the kicks and ha ' pence, only care to save their skin. oftentimes defeat is splendid, victory may still be shame ; luck is good, the prize is pleasant but the glory ' s in the game. - the quatercentenary song - written in latin by roger dunt ( 1900 – 63 ), senior classics master ; composed by dr. willis grant ( 1907 – 81 ), music master - sung at founder ' s day, the annual commemoration in october of king edward ' s birthday, and at the school ' s speech day. it is also sung at various other award ceremonies. an extra verse was written for the visit of hm queen elizabeth ii on 3 november 1955 ( replacing a visit planned for the quatercentenary year 1952 by his late majesty, king george vi ). king edward ’ s in modern literature in the mid - 20th century the school produced two authors who used their time at school as the basis for autobiographical work. both had close associations with north worcestershire and the south - western areas of birmingham, and these associations are reflected in their work. david rudkin ' s tv film penda ' s fen alludes frequently to aspects of school life in the early 1950s. this includes dwelling on the chief master ’ s rostrum “ sapientia ” ( see above ) and the direct use of some personal surnames of staff and pupils from that period. scenes involving the combined cadet force, a central theme in the film


includes dwelling on the chief master ’ s rostrum “ sapientia ” ( see above ) and the direct use of some personal surnames of staff and pupils from that period. scenes involving the combined cadet force, a central theme in the film, recreate the atmosphere of the school at that time. rudkin ( oe c1947 - 1954 ) has published ambivalent views of his time at the school. jonathan coe ’ s novel the rotters ' club can be said to have an axis along the bristol road from the city out to cofton park via the longbridge car factory of the 1970s. again, specific references clearly identify king edward ’ s, thinly disguised this time as ‘ king william ’ s ’. coe ( oe c1972 - 1979 ) has said that he has set out to geographically identify birmingham as a specific place, something which he claims is never done in english literature for places other than london. notable old edwardians - harry boot, physicist, co - developer of the cavity magnetron. - richard ewen borcherds, mathematician ; winner of the 1998 fields medal for the proof of the monstrous moonshine conjecture. - henry cary, translator of dante. - john hawthorne, philosopher, waynflete professor of metaphysical philosophy at oxford university. - alfred hazel, principal of jesus college, oxford. - frank horton frs professor of physics at royal holloway college and vice - chancellor of the university of london 1939 - 45 - alfred edward housman, classicist and poet. author of a shropshire lad and holder of kennedy professorship of latin at cambridge university. - alfred radcliffe - brown, social anthropologist. - julian roberts, librarian and bibliographer. - j. r. r. tolkien, merton professor of english language and literature ; author of the lord of the rings and the hobbit. - sir john vane, 1982 nobel laureate in physiology or medicine. - maurice wilkins, 1962 nobel laureate in physiology or medicine. - ernest william barnes, mathematician ; fellow of the royal society, bishop of birmingham, 1924 – 1952 - edward white benson, theologian ; archbishop of canterbury, 1882 – 1896 - ivor colin docker, 2nd bishop of horsham, 1975 – 1991 - joseph barber lightfoot, theologian ; bishop of durham, 1879 – 1889 - brooke foss westcott, theologian ; bishop of durham, 1890 – 1901 the arts - rich batsford, musician - sir edward burne - jones, pre - raphaelite painter - lee child, novelist,


bishop of durham, 1879 – 1889 - brooke foss westcott, theologian ; bishop of durham, 1890 – 1901 the arts - rich batsford, musician - sir edward burne - jones, pre - raphaelite painter - lee child, novelist, author of the popular " jack reacher " series - jonathan coe, novelist, ( one novel, the rotters ' club, was based on his time at kes ) - laurence james, author, science fiction novelist of the deathlands series. - gavin lyall, author of espionage thrillers - h. v. morton, journalist and travel writer - james david rudkin, playwright - kenneth tynan, theatre critic and writer - max carlish, documentarist ; bafta winner - robin duval, film censor - dave haslam, hacienda dj during the ' madchester ' years - mr hudson, musician - david munrow, musician - stanley myers, composer, most famous for the deer hunter theme, and other film scores. - bill oddie, obe, television birdwatcher, former goodie - richard wattis, actor - godfrey winn, journalist known as a columnist, and also a writer and actor. - peter bennett mp ( conservative ) for birmingham, edgbaston, 1st baron bennett of edgbaston - sir alfred bird mp ( conservative ) for wolverhampton west, custard manufacturer - william john gunnell mp ( labour ) for morley & leeds south ; morley & rothwell ; conscientious objector - sir alan haselhurst mp ( conservative ) for saffron walden ; deputy speaker - john hemming mp ( liberal democrat ) for birmingham yardley - sir alfred hickman mp ( conservative ) for wolverhampton west - enoch powell mp ( conservative ) and ulster unionist party - david willetts mp ( conservative ) for havant - aidan burley mp ( conservative ) for cannock chase - sir neville bosworth, conservative leader of birmingham city council - vikram banerjee, first class cricket, ( cambridge university, gloucestershire ) - miles benjamin, professional rugby player for worcester warriors - john claughton, first class cricket, ( oxford university ( captain ) ), warwickshire ccc ) - anurag singh, first class cricket, cambridge university captain ( 1997 and 1998 ), warwickshire, worcestershire and nottinghamshire - alan smith, england test cricketer ( england, warwickshire and oxford university ), first ceo of the test and county cricket board ( tccb ) now known as the ecb. - mark wagh, first class cricket


, warwickshire, worcestershire and nottinghamshire - alan smith, england test cricketer ( england, warwickshire and oxford university ), first ceo of the test and county cricket board ( tccb ) now known as the ecb. - mark wagh, first class cricket — oxford university captain ( 1997 ), warwickshire - ossie wheatley, first class cricket ( cambridge university, warwickshire and glamorgan ), former test selecter and chairman of the tccb. - niels de vos, chief executive, uk athletics - hugh alexander, chess player and codebreaker. - charles freer andrews, disciple of, and advocate for, mohandas gandhi - herbert tudor buckland, arts and crafts architect, b. 1869, d. 1951 - j. a. chatwin, architect of many churches and buildings in birmingham - sir colin figures, head of mi6 - john augustus conolly, crimean war lieutenant colonel, won the victoria cross at sevastopol, only winner of the vc from the school - francis galton, victorian polymath - john henry godfrey, admiral - robert furneaux jordan, architect and detective novelist - edmund " evoe " george valpy knox, editor of punch - denis hills, soldier, adventurer. - alan nunn may physicist and traitor who supplied atom secrets to the soviet union - tony miles, first british - born chess grandmaster. - percival perry, 1st baron perry, first chairman of ford of britain - ian plenderleith, deputy governor of the south african federal reserve ; member of bank of england ' s monetary policy committee. - sir peter singer, high court judge - william slim, 1st viscount slim, world war ii field marshal, commander of the successful burma campaign against the japanese - mark steyn, internationally syndicated columnist chief masters - 1561 - 1583 thomas buther - 1583 - 1599 william woodall - 1599 - 1637 richard billingsley - 1640 - 1645 john barton - 1645 - 1649 john thompson - 1654 - 1685 nathaniel brokesby - 1685 - 1692 john hickes - 1693 - 1722 james parkinson - 1722 - 1726 john hausted - 1726 - 1746 edward mainwaring - 1746 - 1759 john wilkinson - 1759 - 1766 thomas green - 1766 - 1775 john brailsford - 1776 - 1797 thomas price - 1797 - 1834 john cooke - 1834 - 1838 francis jeune - 1836 - 1848 james prince lee - 1848 - 1862 edward hamilton gifford - 1862 - 1872 charles evans - 1872 - 1900 albert richard vardy - 1900 - 1929 robert cary gilson - 1929 -


- 1834 john cooke - 1834 - 1838 francis jeune - 1836 - 1848 james prince lee - 1848 - 1862 edward hamilton gifford - 1862 - 1872 charles evans - 1872 - 1900 albert richard vardy - 1900 - 1929 robert cary gilson - 1929 - 1941 edwin thirlwall england - 1942 - 1948 charles richard morris - 1948 - 1952 thomas edward brodie howarth - 1952 - 1974 ronald geoffrey lunt - 1974 - 1982 francis george robson fisher - 1982 - 1991 martin j. w. rogers - 1991 - 1998 hugh wright - 1998 - 2005 roger dancey - 2006 – john claughton - " education league tables secopndary schools ". bbc. retrieved 09 - 07 - 2007. - trott, pictoral history of school, a brief history ( chapter 1 ) - king edward ' s school birmingham 1552 - 1952, t w hutton ( 1952 ) ; blackwell, oxford - no place for fop or idler p. 79 - 91 - no place... chap 8, p. 92 - 103 - no place... p. 109 - 114 - no place... p. 121 - " kes website ". king edwards school. retrieved 10 - 07 - 2007. - kes. interaweb. com international baccalaureate - venn, j. ; venn, j. a., eds. ( 1922 – 1958 ). " levett, rawdon ". alumni cantabrigienses ( 10 vols ) ( online ed. ). cambridge university press. - king edward ' s school birmingham ( 1964 ) basil blackwell, oxford - thomas winter hutton, king edward ' s school, birmingham, 1552 - 1952, blackwell, 1952. p. 148 " the first bromsgrove game was in 1875, and 121 games have been played — two in a season at one period. " - " hms daring — affiliations ". royal navy. retrieved 2007 - 11 - 20. - the old edwardians gazette, december 2005 - waterhouse, rachel ( 1983 ). king edward high school birmingham 1883 - 1983. - trott, anthony ( 1992 ). no place for fop or idler ; the story of king edward ' s school, birmingham. james and james ( publishing ) ltd. isbn 0 - 907383 - 31 - 9. - trott, tony ( 2007 ). images of england : king edward ' s school birmingham. tempus publishing ltd. isbn 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2448 - 4. - king


| | this article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. ( march 2012 ) | | | this article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. ( march 2012 ) | soffit ( from french soffite, formed as a ceiling ; directly from suffictus for suffixus, latin suffigere, to fix underneath ), in architecture, describes the underside of any construction element. examples of soffits include : - the underside of an arch or architrave ( whether supported by piers or columns ), - the underside of a flight of stairs, under the classical entablature, - the underside of a projecting cornice, or side of chimney - the underside of a ceiling to fill the space above the kitchen cabinets, at the corner of the ceiling and wall, - the exposed undersurface of any exterior overhanging section of a roof eave. - the wall into which loudspeakers are mounted in a recording studio. - a drop - down box used to mount a kitchen ventilation hood under a sloped or high ceiling. in popular use, soffit most often refers to the material forming a ceiling from the top of an exterior house wall to the outer edge of the roof, i. e., bridging the gap between a home ' s siding and the roofline, otherwise known as the eaves. when so constructed, the soffit material is typically screwed or nailed to rafters known as lookout rafters or lookouts for short. soffit exposure profile ( from wall to fascia ) on a building ' s exterior can vary from a few centimetres ( 2 - 3 inches ) to 3 feet or more, depending on construction. it can be non - ventilated or ventilated for cooling non livable attic space. in recording studios, historically, monitor speakers were either soffit mounted, i. e. attached to the wall, tight to the underside of the ceiling, or free standing. mounted to the ceiling, the speaker radiates into quarter - space ( π / 2 steradians ), and so achieves greater efficiency than its free - standing equivalent. the nomenclature has since been habitually used to denote any arrangement where the loudspeaker radiates into less than full space, most notably including flush mounting the speaker into a false wall constructed specifically for the purpose, to radiate into half - space ( π steradians ). the term


i was always taught that one of the primary uses of a comma is for when you ' re divvying up unnecessary parts of sentences ( i ' ll just go ahead and assume that was right ). so, when i ' m constructing sentences i will read the sentence without the sections that have been sectioned off by commas and, if it makes sense, i will proceed on to the next sentence. one thing i have noticed, though, ( particularly with the word " but " ) is that people tend to construct certain sentences like this : " i ' m not particularly one for this type of music, but i love this song. " now, in this case, the first part of the sentence is the unnecessary part. so, without the first part, it would read : " but i love this song. " this obvious makes no sense, as it is out of context and was not a reply to anything. were it me, i would have constructed it like this : " i ' m not particularly one for this type of music but, i love this song. " this way, without the first part it would read " i love this song. " which, obviously, makes more sense. so, which way of constructing the sentence is " right "?


a study of the relationship between students ' teachers ' and principals ' perceptions of effective teaching with today ' s emphasis on excellence, accountability and effectiveness, there have been numerous studies, not only on how to excel but also on how to measure effectiveness. education like other businesses has its fair share of criticism, and its scholars have sought the causes and made recommendations to improve the state of our schools today. yet, there is one area where very little investigation has been done, and that is in acquiring formally the perceptions and opinions of the elementary and middle school students about effective teaching. the students, by being the actual recipients of classroom interaction, should be as able to perceive teacher effectiveness as outside observers, yet rarely are their assessments sought. a reason cited for this lack of involvement has been the reliability of students ' perceptions. the thrust of this investigation was to address the accuracy of students ' perceptions on teacher effectiveness. using an instrument entitled our class and its work, data were collected from 40 teachers, 7 principals, and 332 students, enrolled in public and private metropolitan milwaukee schools from grades 3 through 8. to some extent the students population represented various race / ethnic groupings. the instrument measures teaching behaviors related to student learning. an extension to the instrument was made by the investigator to measure communication, content and the integrity of the teacher, aspects which ernest boyer ( 1985 ) projected as necessary for effective teaching. the results of the study yielded a significant difference in perceptions of students and those of teachers and principals on aspects of communication and teaching behaviors. however, no differences were found between the three groups on one dimension of teaching behaviors, task orientation. significant differences were also found between students ' and teachers ' perceptions on content and integrity. students, however, did not differ among themselves either by gender nor by race / ethnic groups. the only aspect where a slight discrepancy was found was between grade levels on integrity. the four aspects of effective teaching, as identified by boyer, did not predict students ' reading achievement. jennifer carol mendez, " a study of the relationship between students ' teachers ' and principals ' perceptions of effective teaching " ( january 1, 1986 ). dissertations ( 1962 - 2010 ) access via proquest digital dissertations.


- titter ( v. ) - 1610s, " giggle in a suppressed or covert way, " probably of imitative origin. related : tittered ; tittering. the noun is first recorded 1728. - titties ( n. ) - 1746 ( plural ) ; see tit ( n. 1 ) + - ie. - tittle ( n. ) - late 14c., " small stroke or point in writing, " representing latin apex in late latin sense of " accent mark over a vowel, " borrowed ( perhaps by influence of provencal titule " the dot over - i - " ) from latin titulus " inscription, heading " ( see title ( n. ) ). - titular ( adj. ) - 1590s, perhaps by influence of middle french titulaire, from latin titulus ( see title ). - tix ( n. ) - short for tickets, by 1947, originally headlinese. - tizzy ( n. ) - 1935, american english colloquial, of uncertain origin, perhaps related to slang tizzy " sixpence piece " ( 1804 ), a corruption of tester, a name for the coin ( see tester ( n. 2 ) ). - by 1953 as an abbreviation of tender loving care. - indian group in alaska and canada, the people ' s word for themselves, literally " human beings. " - 1570s, from greek tmesis " a cutting, " related to temnein " to cut, " tome " a cutting " ( see tome ). the separation of the elements of a compound word by the interposition of another word or words ( e. g. a whole nother ). - 1915, abbreviation of trinitrotoluene ( 1908 ). - to ( prep. ) - old english to " in the direction of, for the purpose of, furthermore, " from west germanic * to ( cf. old saxon and old frisian to, dutch too, old high german zuo, german zu " to " ), from pie pronomial base * do - " to, toward, upward " ( cf. latin donec " as long as, " old church slavonic do " as far as, to, " greek suffix - de " to, toward, " old irish do, lithuanian da - ). in old english, the preposition ( go to town ) leveled with the adverb ( the door slammed to ) except where the


, to, " greek suffix - de " to, toward, " old irish do, lithuanian da - ). in old english, the preposition ( go to town ) leveled with the adverb ( the door slammed to ) except where the adverb retained its stress ( tired and hungry too ) ; there it came to be written with - oo ( see too ). the nearly universal use of to with infinitives ( to sleep, to dream, etc. ) arose in middle english out of the old english dative use of to, and it helped drive out the old english inflectional endings ( though in this use to itself is a mere sign, without meaning ). commonly used as a prefix in middle english ( to - hear " listen to, " etc. ), but few of these survive ( to - do, together, and time references such as today, tonight, tomorrow - - chaucer also has to - yeere ). to and fro " side to side " is attested from mid - 14c. phrase what ' s it to you " how does that concern you? " goes back a long way : huæd is ðec ðæs? [ john xxi : 22, in lindisfarne gospel, c. 950 ] - particle expressing separation, from west germanic * ti - ( cf. old frisian ti -, old high german zi -, german zer - ), from proto - germanic * tiz -, cognate with latin - derived dis -. some 125 compound verbs with this element are recorded in old english ; their number declined rapidly in middle english and disappeared by c. 1500 except as conscious archaisms. - to - do ( n. ) - 1570s, from the verb phrase to do, from old english to don " proper or necessary to be done " ( see to ). meaning " disturbance, fuss " is first recorded 1827. - toad ( n. ) - old english tadige, tadie, of unknown origin and with no known cognates outside english. - toadstone ( n. ) - " stone or stone - like object, supposedly magical ( with healing or protective power ) and found in the heads of certain toads, " is attested from 1550s, from toad + stone ( n. ). translating greek batrakhites, medieval latin bufonites ; cf. also french crapaudine ( 13c. ), german krotenstein. -


, " is attested from 1550s, from toad + stone ( n. ). translating greek batrakhites, medieval latin bufonites ; cf. also french crapaudine ( 13c. ), german krotenstein. - toadstool ( n. ) - late 14c., apparently just what it looks like : a fanciful name from middle english tadde " toad " ( see toad ) + stole " stool " ( see stool ). toads themselves were regarded as highly poisonous, and this word is popularly restricted to inedible or poisonous fungi, as opposed to mushrooms ( e. g. toad - cheese, a poisonous fungi ). - toady ( n. ) - " servile parasite, " 1826, apparently shortened from toad - eater " fawning flatterer " ( 1742 ), originally referring to the assistant of a charlatan, who ate a toad ( believed to be poisonous ) to enable his master to display his skill in expelling the poison ( 1620s ). the verb is recorded from 1827. related : toadied ; toadying. - toast ( v. 1 ) - " to brown with heat, " late 14c., from old french toster " to toast or grill " ( 12c. ), from vulgar latin * tostare ( source of italian tostare, spanish tostar ), frequentative of latin torrere ( past participle tostus ) " to parch " ( see terrain ). related : toasted ; toasting. - toast ( v. 2 ) - " to propose or drink a toast, " 1700, from toast ( n. 1 ). this probably is the source of the jamaican and u. s. black word meaning " extemporaneous narrative poem or rap " ( 1962 ). related : toasted ; toasting. - toast ( n. 1 ) - " a call to drink to someone ' s health, " 1700 ( but said by steele, 1709, to date to the reign of charles ii ), originally referring to the beautiful or popular woman whose health is proposed and drunk, from the use of spiced toast ( n. 2 ) to flavor drink, the lady regarded as figuratively adding piquancy to the wine in which her health was drunk. - toast ( n. 2 ) - " a toasted piece of bread, " early 15c., from toast ( v. 1 ) ; slang meaning " a goner, person or thing


to the wine in which her health was drunk. - toast ( n. 2 ) - " a toasted piece of bread, " early 15c., from toast ( v. 1 ) ; slang meaning " a goner, person or thing already doomed or destroyed " is recorded by 1987, perhaps from notion of computer circuits being " fried, " and with unconscious echoes of earlier figurative phrase to be had on toast ( 1886 ) " to be served up for eating. " - toaster ( n. ) - 1580s, agent noun from toast ( v. 1 ). electrical type is from 1913. in reference to a person who proposes or pledges a drinking toast, from 1704 ( from toast ( v. 2 ) ). - toasty ( adj. ) - " warm and comfortable, " 1890, from toast ( v. 1 ) + - y ( 2 ). related : toastiness. - tobacco ( n. ) - 1580s, from spanish tabaco, in part from an arawakan ( probably taino ) language of the caribbean, said to mean " a roll of tobacco leaves " ( according to las casas, 1552 ) or " a kind of pipe for smoking tobacco " ( according to oviedo, 1535 ). scholars of caribbean languages lean toward las casas ' explanation. but spanish tabaco ( also italian tabacco ) was a name of medicinal herbs from early 15c., from arabic tabbaq, attested since 9c. as the name of various herbs. so the word may be a european one transferred to an american plant. cultivation in france began 1556 with an importation of seed by andre thevet ; introduced in spain 1558 by francisco fernandes. tobacco road as a mythical place representative of rural southern u. s. poverty is from the title of erskine caldwell ' s 1932 novel. - tobacconist ( n. ) - " dealer in tobacco, " 1650s, from tobacco + - ist + abnormal inserted consonant ; earlier meaning was " person addicted to tobacco " ( 1590s ). - masc. proper name, from late latin tobias, from greek tobias, from hebrew tobhiyyah, literally " the lord is my good, " from hebrew tobh " good. " toby is a short form. - toboggan ( n. ) - " long, flat - bottomed sled, " 1829, from canadian french tabagane, from algonquian ( probably micmac ) tobakun "


is a short form. - toboggan ( n. ) - " long, flat - bottomed sled, " 1829, from canadian french tabagane, from algonquian ( probably micmac ) tobakun " a sled. " the verb is recorded from 1846. as american english colloquial for a type of long woolen cap, it is recorded from 1929 ( earlier toboggan cap, 1928 ), presumably because one wore such a cap while tobogganing. - familiar form of masc. proper name tobias, in various colloquial usages, e. g. " jug " ( 1840 ), " drinking mug in the form of a stout old man ; " as a type of collar ( 1882 ) it refers to that worn by the dog toby in the 19c. punch and judy shows. also in toby show ( by 1942, american english ) " comedy act based on the stock character of a boisterous, blundering yokel. " - word used for the letter t in radio communication, 1898. - toccata ( n. ) - 1724, from italian toccata, from toccare " to touch. " a composition for keyboard instrument, intended to exhibit the touch and technique of the performer, and having the air of an improvisation. - in reference to an extinct people and indo - european language of chinese turkestan, 1927, from french tocharien, from greek tokharoi ( strabo ), name of an asiatic people who lived in the oxus valley in ancient times. earlier tocharish ( 1910 ), from german tocharisch. the identification of this culture with the people named by strabo was suggested in 1907 by f. w. k. muller and " is obviously erroneous " ( klein ). - tocsin ( n. ) - " alarm bell, " 1580s, from middle french toquassen " an alarm bell, the ringing of an alarm bell " ( late 14c. ), from old provencal tocasenh, from tocar " to strike " ( from vulgar latin * toccare " strike a bell ; " see touch ) + senh " bell, bell note, " from late latin signum " bell, ringing of a bell, " in latin " mark, signal. " the current english spelling is from 1794, adopted from modern french. - today ( n. ) - old english todæge, to


" from late latin signum " bell, ringing of a bell, " in latin " mark, signal. " the current english spelling is from 1794, adopted from modern french. - today ( n. ) - old english todæge, to dæge " on ( the ) day, " from to " at, on " ( see to ) + dæge, dative of dæg " day " ( see day ). generally written as two words until 16c., after which it usually was written to - day until early 20c. similar constructions exist in other germanic languages ( cf. dutch van daag " from - day, " danish and swedish i dag " in day " ). german heute is from old high german hiutu, from proto - germanic * hiu tagu " on ( this ) day, " with first element from pie pronomial stem * ki -, represented by latin cis " on this side. " - masc. proper name, also a surname ( late 12c. ), from middle english todde " fox, " a northern english word of unknown origin. - toddle ( v. ) - " to run or walk with short, unsteady steps, " c. 1600, scottish and northern british, of uncertain origin, possibly related to totter ( 1530s ) ; an earlier sense of " to toy, play " is found c. 1500. related : toddled ; toddling. - toddler ( n. ) - 1793, agent noun from toddle. - toddy ( n. ) - 1610s, alteration of taddy ( 1610s ), tarrie ( c. 1600 ) " beverage made from fermented palm sap, " from hindi tari " palm sap " ( in which the - r - sounds close to an english - d - ), from tar " palm tree, " from sanskrit tala - s, probably from a dravidian language ( cf. kannada tar, telugu tadu ). meaning " beverage made of alcoholic liquor with hot water, sugar, and spices " first recorded 1786. - toe ( n. ) - old english ta ( plural tan ), contraction of * tahe ( mercian tahæ ), from proto - germanic * taikhwo ( cf. old norse ta, old frisian tane, middle dutch te, dutch teen, old high german zecha, german zehe " toe " ), probably originally meaning " fingers " as


from proto - germanic * taikhwo ( cf. old norse ta, old frisian tane, middle dutch te, dutch teen, old high german zecha, german zehe " toe " ), probably originally meaning " fingers " as well ( many pie languages still use one word to mean both fingers and toes ). the old english plural tan survived in southwestern england to 14c. to be on ( one ' s ) toes " alert, eager " is recorded from 1921. - toe ( v. ) - " touch or reach with the toes, " 1813, from toe ( n. ). first recorded in expression toe the mark, which seems to be nautical in origin. the chief mate... marked a line on the deck, brought the two boys up to it, making them ' toe the mark. ' [ r. h. dana, " two years before the mast, " 1840 ] related : toed ; toeing. - toenail ( n. ) - also toe - nail, 1735, from toe ( n. ) + nail ( n. ). - toff ( n. ) - lower - class british slang for " stylish dresser, member of the smart set, " 1851, said to be probably an alteration of tuft, formerly an oxford university term for a nobleman or gentleman - commoner ( 1755 ), in reference to the gold ornamental tassel worn on the caps of undergraduates at oxford and cambridge whose fathers were peers with votes in the house of lords. - toffee ( n. ) - 1825, tuffy, toughy, southern british dialectal variant of taffy. modern spelling first recorded 1862. - tofu ( n. ) - soy bean curd, 1880, from japanese tofu, from chinese doufu, from dou " beans " + fu " rotten. " - tog ( n. ) - 1708, " any outer garment, " shortened from togman " cloak, loose coat " ( 1560s ), thieves ' cant word, formed from french togue " cloak, " from latin toga ( see toga ). middle english toge " toga " ( 14c. ) was also a cant word for " coat. " - toga ( n. ) - c. 1600, from latin toga " cloak or mantle, " related to tegere " to cover " ( see stegosaurus ). the outer garment of a roman citizen in time of peace ; toga pr


( n. ) - c. 1600, from latin toga " cloak or mantle, " related to tegere " to cover " ( see stegosaurus ). the outer garment of a roman citizen in time of peace ; toga prætexta had a broad purple border and was worn by children, magistrates, persons engaged in sacred rites, and later also emperors ; toga virilis, the " toga of manhood, " was assumed by boys at puberty. breeches, like the word for them ( latin bracae ) were alien to the romans, the dress of persians, germans and gauls, so that bracatus " wearing breeches " was a term in roman geography meaning " north of the alps. " college fraternity toga party popularized by movie " animal house " ( 1978 ), but this is set in 1962. - old english togædere, from to ( see to ) + gædere " together " ( adv. ), apparently a variant of the adverb geador " together, " related to gadrian ( see gather ). german cognate zusammen substitutes second element with old high german verbal cognate of english same ( old english also had tosamne " together " ). adjective meaning " self - assured, free of emotional difficulties " is first recorded 1966. - togetherness ( n. ) - 1650s, " state of being together, " from together + - ness. sense of " fellowship, fellow - feeling, " is from 1930. - toggery ( n. ) - " clothes collectively, " 1812, from tog + - ery. - toggle ( n. ) - 1769, " short pin passed through the eye of a rope, " a nautical word of uncertain origin, perhaps a frequentative form of tog " tug. " meaning " a kind of wall fastener " is recorded from 1934. toggle bolt is from 1794 ; toggle switch first attested 1938. - toggle ( v. ) - 1836, from toggle ( n. ). related : toggled ; toggling.


eurogroup policy areas euro area member states coordinate their economic policies in order to ensure coherence and stability in the euro area. euro area members share a single monetary policy. responsibility for this policy lies with the european central bank, together with national central banks within the euro area ' s " eurosystem ". although member states remain in charge of their economic policies, they are coordinated in order to ensure coherence and stability in the euro area. areas of coordination a set of rules to ensure the sustainability of public finances was agreed on during the process of establishing the euro area in 1997. this became known as the stability and growth pact. these rules, which apply to budgetary policies, are reinforced through two economic governance legislative packages, the " six - pack " in 2011 and the " two - pack " which is expected to be adopted in 2013. the " six - pack " furthermore extended the coordination to other areas, such as broader macroeconomic policies. these reforms are expected to bear fruit in the long run. at the same time, immediate challenges to stability in the euro area were addressed by providing financial assistance to member states facing financing difficulties. a continuing process of reinforcement the process of reinforcing economic policy coordination is ongoing. treaty on stability, coordination and governance builds on and goes beyond the stability and growth pact. in december 2012, the european council agreed on a roadmap towards genuine economic and monetary union. for more details on individual policy areas see : last updated : 22 / 01 / 2013


on thursday evening, december 31, 1891, the s. s. nevada arrived in new york harbor. among its passengers were 14 year - old annie moore of cork county, ireland, and her two younger brothers, anthony and phillip. they had sailed to america to join their parents in new york city ’ s lower east side. on the morning of january 1, 1892, annie ’ s 15th birthday, a barge transported the three moores and the 145 other steerage passengers to a brand new federal immigration center called ellis island, where the rosy - cheeked annie became the first immigrant of the twelve million who would enter the united states through its doors. “ as soon as the gangplank was run ashore, annie tripped across it and was hurried into the big building that almost covers the entire island. by a prearranged plan she was escorted to a registry desk which was temporarily occupied by mr. charles m. hendley … ” “ landed on ellis island ” ny times 1 / 2 / 1892 ( pdf ) over 100 million americans — roughly a third of the u. s. population — can trace their roots back to the immigrants of ellis island, starting with annie moore. that first day, ellis island welcomed three steamships and 700 passengers. nothing to compare with the thousands who would soon be entering the country through the island each day. april 17 ( ellis island family history day ) marks the anniversary of the date in 1907 when more immigrants passed through ellis island than on any other day : 11, 747, more than twice the usual number. 1907 alone saw the arrival of over a million immigrants. though the first immigrants were irish, about half of all those who passed through ellis island in its heyday were of german descent. the “ statue of liberty enlightening the world ” ( the statue ’ s official name ) was completed four year prior to ellis island ’ s opening. the statue was the first glimpse of america for the millions of immigrants who sailed into new york harbor on the way to ellis island between 1892 and 1924. after 1924, quotas and restrictions greatly reduced emigration to america. still, ellis island served as an entry point for war refugees and displaced persons until its closure in 1954. the island reopened as a museum in 1990 which is now run by the national park service as part of the statue of liberty national monument. it generally took arrivals three to five hours to go through the immigration process, longer for those suspected of or diagnosed as being ill. hopefuls had to pass literacy tests and “ examinations as to moral and


writ " er (? ), n. [ as. writere. ] one who writes, or has written ; a scribe ; a clerk. they [ came ] that handle the pen of the writer. judg. v. 14. my tongue is the pen of a ready writer. ps. xlv. 1. one who is engaged in literary composition as a profession ; an author ; as, a writer of novels. this pitch, as ancient writers do report, doth defile. a clerk of a certain rank in the service of the late east india company, who, after serving a certain number of years, became a factor. writer of the tallies eng. law, an officer of the exchequer of england, who acted as clerk to the auditor of the receipt, and wrote the accounts upon the tallies from the tellers ' bills. the use of tallies in the exchequer has been abolished. wharton ( law. dict. ) - - writer ' s cramp, palsy, ∨ spasm med., a painful spasmodic affection of the muscles of the fingers, brought on by excessive use, as in writing, violin playing, telegraphing, etc. called also scrivener ' s palsy. - - writer to the signet. see under signet. © webster 1913.


a gravure printing technique similar to etching or mezzotint. unlike etching, where image texture is simulated using lines or hatching, aquatints use rosin and acid to produce color tones on the plate. the traditional method for achieving this effect is to first dust the plate with powdered rosin, then dip it in an acid bath to remove parts of the plate not protected by the rosin. to make the rosin adhere, the plate must be heated ; this can occur either before or after the rosin is applied. of course, mixing powder and heat can be dangerous. breathing large amounts of rosin isn ' t healthy, either. the result is a rough surface covered with tiny rings that will hold ink in the same way an etched line does. the texture, which can range from a light, subtle gray to nearly black, depends on the amount of time the plate is left in the acid and the density of the rosin particles. to create a full image, the printer uses a protective stop - out varnish on the areas he wishes to remain light ( i. e., non - printed ). this is followed by an application of the rosin and the acid bath. the printer then applies more varnish as a " stop " over finished areas. this process is repeated until the plate is done. one of the masters of this technique was francisco goya.


italy civil registration - vital recordsedit this page from familysearch wiki civil registration records are the vital records made by the government. records of births, marriages, and deaths are commonly referred to as vital records because they refer to vital events in a person ’ s life. civil registration records [ registri dello stato civile ] are an excellent source for accurate information on names as well as dates and places of births, marriages, and deaths. in addition, civil registration may include documents required for marriage, miscellaneous records ( such as stillbirths ), deaths occurring in other cities or countries, and legitimations or parental acknowledgments [ ricognizioni ]. civil authorities began registering births, marriages, and deaths in 1809 in many areas ( 1820 in sicilia ). by 1866 civil registration became law. after this date, virtually all individuals who lived in italy were recorded. because they cover most of the population and because they are usually indexed and mostly accessible, civil registration records are one of the most important sources for genealogical research in italy. for birth, death, and marriage records before 1809 or 1820, see " church records ". general historical background napoleonic records ( 1806 – 1815 ) the earliest vital records in italy were kept by the churches. in 1806 napoleon, emperor of france, annexed large parts of italy, including roma, venezia, and the piemonte region. he also initiated civil record keeping at that time. as he gained control of most of italy, he enforced new laws that required local civil registration. papal states. in the area formerly known as the papal states — which included from what is now molise, lazio, umbria, and marche to emilia - romagna — napoleonic records cover the period of 1810 to 1814. veneto and lombardia. napoleonic records began about 1806 and ended in 1814 or 1815. piemonte. napoleonic records cover 1804 to 1814. these records do not exist for areas that napoleon never ruled such as sardegna, sud tirol, and sicilia. later records ( 1815 – present ) after napoleon ’ s defeat in 1815, many areas discontinued civil registration. regno di napoli ( comprising most of southern italy from napoli and campania down to calabria and puglia ), toscana, and the abruzzo region. these areas continued to keep civil registration records after napoleon ’ s defeat. ducato di savoia. this area in piemonte began keeping records again in 1839. in trento - alto


toscana, and the abruzzo region. these areas continued to keep civil registration records after napoleon ’ s defeat. ducato di savoia. this area in piemonte began keeping records again in 1839. in trento - alto - adige parish priests took over the civil registration. sicilia. the island of sicilia began civil registration in 1820 using a format nearly identical to the napoleonic records. italian civil registration began officially as italy became a unified country between 1860 and 1870. in most areas, the civil records began in 1866 and continue to the present. civil authorities did not record many of the births, marriages, and deaths that happened between the end of the napoleonic era and the time when the italian government began keeping civil registration records. you must rely on church records as your main source for these years. information recorded in civil registers birth, marriage, and death records are the most important civil registration records for italian research. most of these records retained the basic format introduced by napoleon in the early 1800s. the registers are divided into separate volumes for each year. records kept in the south used standardized forms. many records in the north are handwritten, although they contain basically the same information. the records were almost always kept in italian, except for records kept during the rule of foreign powers such as france and austria. in the northern regions, many records are in french and german, and given names were often written in the " ruling " language even though the person ’ s name was italian. for example, giuseppina bertaldo may have been recorded as josephine bertaldo. some church records were transcribed into civil registration records. this transcription usually happened to meet documentation requirements for marriages [ processetti or allegati ]. transcribed church records are in latin, and each volume is usually indexed. birth records generally give the child ’ s name, sex, birth date, and birthplace, and the parents ’ names. many of the early records and all of the later records provide additional details, including the parents ’ birthplaces, ages, and occupations and the mother ’ s maiden name. the baptism date is usually included with the civil birth record. births were generally registered within a day or two of the child ’ s birth, usually by the father of the family or by the attending midwife. corrections to a birth record may have been added as a marginal note. in later records, marginal notes are frequently found, providing marriage and death information. see a translation one of the printed forms. after 1809 napoleonic law required that the marriage ceremony be


. corrections to a birth record may have been added as a marginal note. in later records, marginal notes are frequently found, providing marriage and death information. see a translation one of the printed forms. after 1809 napoleonic law required that the marriage ceremony be performed first by a civil authority and then, if desired, by a church authority. it was then recorded in the civil records. at first, some people resisted this law and had their marriages performed by church authority only. later when it became legally necessary for their children to be recognized as legitimate, a civil ceremony was performed. in rare cases, you may find a marriage record for a couple in their 50s who were actually married 30 years earlier. in most cases you may find marriages recorded in both civil and church records. marriages were usually performed and recorded where the bride lived. in some provinces, these records date from 1809 or from 1820. the early civil marriage records may include more information than the church records. when available, search both the civil and church records of marriage. if you believe a marriage took place but cannot find a record of the marriage, search records of intent to marry. marriage banns [ pubblicazioni, notificazioni, memorandum ]. you may find records that show a couple ’ s intent to marry in addition to or instead of actual marriage records. the following are various records that may have been created to show a couple ’ s intent to marry. proclamation, allegations, or banns [ notificazioni, pubblicazioni, memorandum ]. these notifications were made a few weeks before a couple planned to marry. the couple may have been required to announce their intended marriage to give other community members the opportunity to raise any objections to the marriage. if one member of the bridal party lived elsewhere, banns were posted in that community also. if you know that a marriage took place but cannot find it in the marriage records of the community, search the marriage banns. it may be posted there and lead you to the community where the marriage actually took place. supporting documents [ processetti or allegati ]. these documents were often filed by the bride and groom in support of their intent or " solemn promise " to marry. records proving their births and their parents ’ births and deaths and sometimes documentation on earlier generations may be included. the names of former spouses and their death dates are also provided. you may find the following records that document the legal completion of the marriage. certificates [ certificati ]. the individual


and sometimes documentation on earlier generations may be included. the names of former spouses and their death dates are also provided. you may find the following records that document the legal completion of the marriage. certificates [ certificati ]. the individual who performed the ceremony or the civil office where the ceremony was recorded may have given the couple a certificate of marriage. this may be in the possession of the family, and the civil registrar may have copies. usually, however, when writing for information and requesting a certificate, you will receive only a transcription of the most pertinent information. extracts [ estratti ] will give you the complete information. marriage registers [ registri dei matrimoni ]. civil officials recorded the marriages they performed in registers, usually preprinted forms bound in a book and kept in the civil office. marriage registers give the date of the marriage and the names of the bride and groom. they also indicate whether the bride and groom were single or widowed and give the names of witnesses. they often include other information about the bride and groom, such as age, birthplace, residence, occupation, name of person giving consent, and names of parents. in cases of second and later marriages, the marriage registers may include the names of previous spouses and their death dates. the registers usually include the date of the church ceremony. there are two types of printed forms found when researching italian civiil marriages. the first is a " solemn promise " to marry - a document created when a couple appeared at the city offices and promised they would marry one another ( the banns had already been posted by this time ). this document is usually found in pre - unification records ( 1866 - 1871 ). the second is a post - unification record and is the actual marriage document. see translations of these pre - printed forms. before 1970 divorces were illegal in italy. divorce records are not open to the public. the family history library does not have any italian divorce records. death records are especially helpful because they may provide important information about a person ’ s birth, spouse, and parents. civil death records often exist for individuals for whom there are no birth or marriage records. deaths were usually registered within a day of the death in the town or city where the person died. early death records generally give the person ’ s name and death date and place. after about 1815, death registers usually include the age, place of birth, residence or street address, occupation, burial information, and the informant ’ s name ( often a relative ).


generally give the person ’ s name and death date and place. after about 1815, death registers usually include the age, place of birth, residence or street address, occupation, burial information, and the informant ’ s name ( often a relative ). they usually provide the names of spouses and parents and whether or not they were still living. information about the deceased ’ s parents, birth date, and birthplace may be inaccurate since the informant may not have had the correct information. stillbirths are recorded in separate registers entitled nato morto. in later records they are included in the allegati. they were not recorded in either the birth or death records. if an infant died within hours after birth, the birth and death records should both be found. state of the family [ stato di famiglia ] a civil record unique to italy is the stato di famiglia, or state of the family certificate. the comune keeps a record of each family and updates each change, including births, marriages, deaths, and emigration. all individuals in a household are included. some households include more than one family. historical states of the family [ stato di famiglia storico ] are kept at the provincial archive [ ufficio dello stato civile ]. these records document past generations of families. not all areas have kept this record, but where they exist, they are a valuable research tool. finding civil registration records civil registration records were and are kept at the local registrar ’ s office [ anagrafe ] in each town or city. therefore, you must determine the town where your ancestor lived before you can find the records. your ancestor may have lived in a village that belonged to a nearby, larger town. large cities may have many civil registration districts. a copy of each record is sent to the procura della repubblica — which is similar to a district court in the united states — in the provincial capital. because the civil records are legal documents and needed for government purposes, such as military draft, the duplicate is held by the tribunale ( district court ). you may need to use maps, gazetteers, and other geographic references to identify the place where your ancestor lived and the civil registration office that served that place. see italy maps and italy gazetteers for information on how to find civil registration offices. in addition to the town, you need to know at least an approximate year in which the birth, marriage, or death occurred. annual indexes are usually found in each town ’ s


italy gazetteers for information on how to find civil registration offices. in addition to the town, you need to know at least an approximate year in which the birth, marriage, or death occurred. annual indexes are usually found in each town ’ s civil registration. indexes to civil registration records births, marriages, and deaths were written in the civil registration records as they occurred and thus are arranged chronologically. where available, indexes can help you find your ancestor more easily. annual indexes. some years have an annual index. these indexes usually include dates, names of parents ( including the mother ’ s maiden name ), and the page number or record number of the entry. many times the record was an entire page and the page number corresponded with the record number. in some indexes no number appears at all and you must use the date that is provided to find the record. in many areas during the earliest years of civil registration, records were indexed by the given names. therefore, you must search every entry in the index to make sure you find every individual who had a certain surname. eventually, however, indexes were alphabetized by surname. women are always found in the indexes under their maiden names. ten - year indexes. ten - year indexes [ indici decennali ] are common. they usually began the year when civil registration became the law and cover ten - year periods. ten year indexes typically exist from 1866 to 1875, 1876 to 1885, 1886 to 1895, and 1896 to 1905. they include the date and register number but do not contain names of parents. ten - year indexes are kept at the town level and are not separate records in the family history library catalog. they will be included with the records of the town they index and a note will be in the catalog entry reflecting that fact. wiki articles describing online collections are found at : - italy births and baptisms ( familysearch historical records ) - italy deaths and burials ( familyserach historical records ) i - italy, bologna, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy marriages ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, agrigento civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, catanzaro, civil registration ( state archive ), ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, montova, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, caltanissetta civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, caserta, civil registration ( familysearch


( familysearch historical records ) - italy, montova, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, caltanissetta civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, caserta, civil registration ( familysearch historical records - italy, catania, caltagirone, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, catania, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, catanzaro, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, cuneo civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, genova, civil registration ( familyserach histoarical records ) - italy, l ' aquila, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, salerno civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, mantova civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy marriages ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, messina, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, messina, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, messina, tribunal di patti, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, acerra civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, ischia, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, lacco ameno civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, monti di procida, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, mugnano, civil registration, ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, serrara fontana, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, napoli, torre annuniziata, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, nuoro, civi registration ( familysearch histaorical records ) - italy, nuoro province civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, padova, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, pistoia, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, ravenna, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) - italy, salerno, padula, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) records at the family history library the family history library has microfilmed the civil registration records of hundreds of towns and provinces up to 1866 and many towns up to 1910.


, salerno, padula, civil registration ( familysearch historical records ) records at the family history library the family history library has microfilmed the civil registration records of hundreds of towns and provinces up to 1866 and many towns up to 1910. most of these records are from the central and southern area of italy, but many records are also available from the northern regions. to find out what records the library has, look in the place search of the family history library catalog italy, [ province ], [ town ] - civil registration the library ’ s collection continues to grow as new records are microfilmed and added to the collection. do not give up if records are not yet available. the family history library catalog is updated regularly, so check it yearly for the records you need. the family history library has records from many towns and provinces. however, the library does not have records that have been destroyed, were never kept, were not available in the registrar ’ s office at the time of microfilming, were not microfilmed, or are restricted from public access by italian law. the library does not issue certificates for living or deceased individuals. the family history library has few provincial and statewide collections. the library does have one large regional record for toscana. this collection includes approximately 250 communities and their frazioni ( hamlets ). the records are arranged by year and are, for the most part, in alphabetical order by the name of each town. most records include the years from 1809 to 1865. to find this collection, look in the author search of the family history library catalog under : toscana ( regione ). ufficio dello stato civile or, look in the place search under : italy, toscana - civil registration ( fill in the search boxes, " toscana ", part of " italy " ) finding records not at the family history library you may be able to find birth, marriage, and death records by contacting or visiting local civil registration offices or archives in italy. to protect the rights of privacy of living persons, most modern records have restrictions on their use and access. italy has no single repository of civil registration records. the present location of records depends on several factors, which are listed below. records may be available from several locations by correspondence. write your request in italian whenever possible. local towns. most civil registration registers are still maintained by the comune. to obtain civil registration records, you can write to the town. civil officials will generally answer your correspondence in italian


from several locations by correspondence. write your request in italian whenever possible. local towns. most civil registration registers are still maintained by the comune. to obtain civil registration records, you can write to the town. civil officials will generally answer your correspondence in italian. your request may be forwarded if the records have been sent to the tribunale or the provincia. provincial archives. copies of the pre - 1866 records are in the provincial archives. many of these records have been microfilmed and are available at the family history library. for records not microfilmed, write to the provincial archives if your request to the comune was not successful. addresses for obtaining civil registration records from the provincial archives are in : - cole, trafford r. italian genealogical records : how to use italian civil, ecclesiastical, and other records in family history research. salt lake city, utah : ancestry, 1997. ( fhl book europe 945 d27c. ) - archivum ; revue internationale des archives publie e avec le concours financier de l ’ unesco et sous les auspices du consil internationale des archives ( international review on archives published by the international council of archives with the financial aid of unesco ). paris, france : presses universitaires de france, 1952. ( fhl book europe ref 020. 5 ar25 v. 38. ) in addition, you can find a complete list of archives and their hours, services, and fees on the internet. for more information about useful internet sites, see the " computer networks and bulletin boards " portion of italy archives and libraries. you may also find archive inventories that describe the record keeping systems and available civil registration records in italy. these and other guides are found in the family history library catalog under : italy - archives and libraries italy, [ province ] - archives and libraries after you have determined what office has jurisdiction over the records you need, write a brief request to the proper office. send the following : - cashier ’ s check or international money order ( in local currency ) or the search fee. - full name and the sex of the person sought. - names of the parents, if known. - approximate date and place of the event. - your relationship to the person. - reason for the request ( family history or medical ). - request for a complete extract of the record - international reply coupon, available from large post offices ( optional ). if your request is unsuccessful, search for duplicate records that may have been filed in other archives or church


( naturalnews ) the more you eat, the lower your risk of certain cancers. beans have more servings of fiber than any other vegetable. one single serving will give you 20 percent of your daily - recommended fiber. researchers in japan did a seven - year study. they studied more than 43, 000 people between the ages of 40 and 79 that had high cancer rates and ate little fiber. the more fiber they got from beans, the lower the risk of colon cancer, especially in men, became. it was the bean fiber that impacted the colon cancer statistics more than any other source of fiber. other research indicates that the fiber in beans like garbanzo ’ s actually keep your body from absorbing carcinogens. when you take in fewer carcinogens, the less damage is done to your cells, tissues, and other organs. less damage equates to lower cancer risk in the long run. it ’ s too bad that the same cannot be said for ingesting flesh foods. beans contain phytochemicals, which naturally fight cancer and free radicals, which ruin your cells and tissues through oxidation. the phytochemicals neutralize the free radicals before they do damage. greek researchers tested extracts from 11 different legumes ( beans are legumes ) and found that all of them neutralized free radicals. not only that, but most of them also protected dna from oxidative damage, which more or less explains the key to beans ’ anti - cancer potential. what about beans helping women thwart breast cancer? in a study of 90, 000 young nurses, the ones who ate beans or lentils at least twice a week were less likely to develop breast cancer. the experts assumed that the flavonols, again phytochemicals, block the free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to the cells, and encourage cancerous cells to die. all you have to do is to work at least two servings of beans and lentils into your weekly diet. we all know there ’ s quite a fad about cutting carbs. if you are concerned, at all, about colon cancer, fagetaboutit. the carbs in beans are a unique kind that the body cannot digest. as such, they wind up fermenting in your colon, thanks to the bacteria living in your gut. the fermentation produces a compound called butyrate that basically squashes inflammation and the abnormal cell growth that can lead to cancer. in addition, the indigestible carbs


in your colon, thanks to the bacteria living in your gut. the fermentation produces a compound called butyrate that basically squashes inflammation and the abnormal cell growth that can lead to cancer. in addition, the indigestible carbs help give beans a low glycymic index, meaning a low risk of colon cancer. this is the super benefit of eating low glycymic index foods. theory leads to subjectivity. the researchers decided to put their theories to work. they took people that previously had colon polyps removed, changed their diets to include more cooked, dry beans, and after four years, those that ate the most beans were 65 percent less likely to see their polyps return. all beans work, be it baked, pinto, kidney, navy, white, black, garbanzo, human ( only kidding ), or lima – all cut colon cancer risk. the more legumes that men eat the less likely they are to get prostate cancer. three major studies found that eating lots of legumes, including beans, lentils, and split peas, dropped prostate cancer risk between 29 and 38 percent. if flesh foods are eliminated altogether, those percentages climb incredibly. another weapon against cancer is the folate found in b vitamins, which beans are a great source of. eating high - folate foods reduces the risk of pancreatic and colon cancer. in addition, the folate helps to build and repair dna. too little leads to dna damage and supplements will not provide the protection that folate - rich foods do. but wait, there ’ s more. bulking up with beans can help with type - 2 diabetes in two ways : 1 - as mentioned earlier, legumes have a lower glycemic index ( gi ). the gi measures how fast your blood sugar rises after eating a food. high gi foods make your blood sugar rise faster, whereas low - gi foods, like beans, cause a slower, more gradual rise. there are over 35 studies showing that diets filled with high - gi foods nearly double the risk of getting type - 2 diabetes and make you 25 percent more likely to develop heart disease. high - gi foods create a spike in your blood sugar, causing your pancreas to release more insulin. so, eating high - gi foods creates a demand on your pancreas to produce more insulin. eventually, the pancreas burns out and stops making insulin. this leads to diabetes. 2 - beans could be the single best food for


insulin. so, eating high - gi foods creates a demand on your pancreas to produce more insulin. eventually, the pancreas burns out and stops making insulin. this leads to diabetes. 2 - beans could be the single best food for weight loss. if you eat more beans despite eating more calories, you will weigh less than someone who does not eat beans and eats lower calories as well. go figga? if you are worried about developing type - 2 diabetes, bear in mind that obesity is a major risk factor for type - 2 diabetes. not only do beans keep you slimmer, but you will get more fiber, more potassium, and you ’ ll eat less fat and added sugar. it ’ s a winning combination all across the nation. but wait, there ’ s even more : high cholesterol, blood clots, insulin resistance, and oxidation all have a hand in heart problems. as an alternative to drugs and supplements, beans pit pennies against dollars. if you took one third of a cup of black beans daily, you could cut your risk of a heart attack by 40 percent. if you ate that same one third of a cup four times a week, instead of one or none, you would be twenty two percent less likely to get heart disease. why would that be? because the complex carbohydrates in beans lower the glycemic load in the meals. then their unique combination of magnesium, copper, fiber, and alpha - linoleic acid will boost your insulin sensitivity, help prevent blood clots, and drop your risk of a heart attack. in addition, beans are an excellent source of protein, which helps to manage your weight. if you have high cholesterol and want to take a walk on the wild side, eating half a cup of beans daily will improve your cholesterol numbers. and, if you are healthy, and you do likewise, you should experience at least a 10 percent drop in your cholesterol as well. remember the talk about phenols? these same phenols may also prevent hardening of the arteries ( atherosclerosis ) because the flavonoids in beans are natural antioxidants. as such, they work against the free radicals before they can attack cholesterol and oxidize it. that ’ s important because oxidized ldl cholesterol contributes to atherosclerosis. the best beans for this are black, red kidney, pinto and lentils. now for a treat