daily antisepctic baths reduce the risk of bloodstream infections in critically ill children daily baths with an ordinary antibacterial cleanser can safely reduce the risk of bloodstream infections in critically ill children, according to a trial conducted in five pediatric hospitals and led by investigators at the johns hopkins children ' s center. according to a press release from johns hopkins medicine, a report on the findings was published in the lancet the study compared standard soap baths with antiseptic baths with diluted chlorhexidine gluconate ( chg ). children bathed with the antiseptic solution had a 36 % lower risk of bloodstream infections, compared with those given soap - and - water baths. " daily bedside baths with an antiseptic solution may be an easy, quick and relatively cheap way to cut the risk of a potentially life - threatening infection in these vulnerable children, " said lead investigator aaron milstone, md, mhs, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at johns hopkins children ' s center. bloodstream infections, a common occurrence among critically ill patients, can lead to serious complications, including organ damage and death. each infection can cost up to $ 39, 000 in additional treatment. during the study, most children experienced no side effects to the daily baths ; 12 children had mild reactions to the solution, such as skin irritation. the research was funded by sage products inc., with additional support from the national institutes of health. sage manufactures the prepackaged pre - soaked, one - time washcloths used in the study. two of the study authors have received grant support from sage products inc. ( chg is not manufactured by sage. it is produced by multiple manufacturers and is available over the counter. )


dvds & videos what is ntsc or pal? world tv, vhs video, and dvd formats both vhs videos and dvds are produced in either ntsc or pal format. only dual - standard video and dvd players will handle both formats. therefore you must order the correct format for your country. many dvd players for sale now are dual - standard, and will play both formats, providing a suitable television set is used. dual - standard vcr ' s are also available, they are much more expensise than a standard vcr. you will know if you have this type of vcr. all of our dvds are region free. if you live in north american, you want to order ntsc format. for all other countries, please check the listing below. ntsc stands for national television system committee, which devised the ntsc television broadcast system in 1953. ntsc is also commonly used to refer to one type of television signal that can be recorded on various tape formats such as vhs, 3 / 4 " u - matic and betacam. ntsc countries are : usa, antigua, bahamas, barbados, belize, bermuda, bolivia, burma, canada, chile, colombia, costa rica, cuba, dominican republic, ecuador, el salvador, greenland, guam, guatemala, guyana, honduras, jamaica, japan, south korea, mexico, netherlands antilles, nicaragua, panama, peru, philippines, puerto rico, st. vincent & the grenadines, st. kitts, saipan, samoa, surinam, taiwan, tobago, trinidad, venezuela, virgin islands. pal is the most widely used standard for video and is used in the following countries : united kingdom, europe ( except france ), australia, new zealand, and some countries of south america. for more countries that use the pal format see the list blow. pal stands for phase alternation by line, and was adopted in 1967. it has 625 horizontal lines making up the vertical resolution. 50 fields are displayed and interlaced per second, making for a 25 frame per second system. an advantage of this system is a more stable and consistent hue ( tint ). pal - m is used only in brazil. it has 525 lines, at 30 frames per second. pal countries include : afghanistan, algeria, argentina ( pal - n ), australia, austria, bahrain, bangladesh, belgium, brunei, cameroon, canary islands, china, cyprus, denmark, finland, germany, ghana, gibralter, greece, hong kong, iceland, india, indonesia


argentina ( pal - n ), australia, austria, bahrain, bangladesh, belgium, brunei, cameroon, canary islands, china, cyprus, denmark, finland, germany, ghana, gibralter, greece, hong kong, iceland, india, indonesia, ireland, israel, italy, jordan, kenya, north korea, kuwait, liberia, luxembourg, madeira, new zealand, nigeria, norway, oman, pakistan, paraguay ( pal - n ), portugal, qatar, saudi arabia, siera leone, singapore, south africa, spain, sri lanka, sudan, swaziland, tanzania, thailand, turkey, uganda, united arab emirates, united kingdom, uruguay ( pal - n ), yeman ( the former yeman arab republic was pal, and the former people ' s democratic republic of yeman was ntsc ), yugoslavia, zambia, zimbabwe. secam stands for systeme electronique couleur avec memoire, which was adopted in 1967. it has 625 lines and 25 frames per second. secam countries include : albania, benin, bulgaria, congo, former czechosolvakia, djibouti, egypt, france, french guiana, gabon, greece ( also pal ), guadeloupe, haiti, hungary, iran, iraq, ivory coast, lebanon, libya, luxembourg ( also pal ), madagascar, martinique, mauritius, monaco ( also pal ), mongolia, morocco, new caledonia, niger, poland, reunion, romania, saudi arabia ( also pal ), senegal, syria, tahiti, togo, tunisia, former ussr, viet nam, zaire. the above was gathered from various older sources, so discrepencies in spelling or political changes are unintentional.


“ disengage, avoid, and withhold support from whatever abuses, degrades and humiliates humanity. ” ( alice walker, b : 1944 ) the siege of leningrad is still considered the most lethal siege in world history, a shocking “ racially motivated starvation policy ”, described as : “ an integral part of nazi policy in the soviet union during world war 11. ” the 872 day siege began on 8th september 1941 and was finally broken on 27th january 1944. it is described as : “ one of the longest and most destructive sieges in history and overwhelmingly the most costly in casualties. ” some historians cite it as a genocide. due to record keeping complexities the exact number of deaths resultant from the blockade ’ s deprivations are uncertain, figures range from 632, 000 to 1. 5 million. sieges now extend to entire countries, they have become the torture before the destruction. and they are not counted in long days, but in long years. iran thirty three years, iraq thirteen - plus years. ironically the disparity in the deaths in iraq resultant from that siege, mirror near exactly what was considered a “ genocide ” in leningrad. syria has been subject to eu “ restrictions ” since 2011, ever more strangulating, with near every kind of financial transaction made impossible by may 2011 - when “ restrictions ” were also placed on president assad himself, all senior government officials, senior security and armed forces heads. the list of that denied is dizzying ( i. ) by february 2012, assets of individuals were frozen, as those of the central bank of syria. cargo flights by syrian carriers to the eu were also barred, as was trade in gold, precious metals and diamonds – anything which might translate in to hard cash, without which neither individuals or countries can purchase the most basic essentials. by july 2012 syrian arab airlines and even syria ’ s cotton marketing organisation had joined the eu ’ s victims. america of course, had been way ahead of the game, with the syria accountability and lebanese sovereignty act ( ii ) signed in to law on 12th december 2003, the year of iraq ’ s comprehensive us - led destruction. thus the mighty usa ’ s personal siege on under twenty one million people, is now entering its tenth year. by last august, as with iraq before it, the inability to trade meant that, as ever, the now nobel peace prize winning eu and the policies of the nobel peace prize winning us president, were targeting syria ’ s most vulnerable. many pharmaceutical companies had closed, resulting


as with iraq before it, the inability to trade meant that, as ever, the now nobel peace prize winning eu and the policies of the nobel peace prize winning us president, were targeting syria ’ s most vulnerable. many pharmaceutical companies had closed, resulting in severe shortages of medication for chronic diseases and the casualties of the insurgency, according to the world health organisation ( iii. ) prior to the us - uk - eu - nato supported insurgency, syria had produced ninety percent of its drugs and medication needs. however : “ … production has been hit by the fighting, lack of raw materials, impact of sanctions and higher fuel costs. ” further, near all pharmaceutical plants were located in areas of heaviest fighting, aleppo, homs and damascus provinces and have suffered “ substantial damage. ” the result is : “ a critical shortage of medicines ”, according to who spokesman tarik jasarevic. “ drugs for tuberculosis, hepatitis, hypertension, diabetes and cancer are urgently needed, as well as haemodialysis for kidney diseases. ” “ the health facilities that have stopped functioning are located in the most affected areas where the urgent need for medical and surgical interventions is the most prominent, ” jasarevic said. the syrian health ministry reported that it “ lost ” – stolen or destroyed – two hundred ambulances in a few weeks through june and early august 2012. banks run out of cash and the 2012 wheat harvest is likely to have been wrecked because of the shortage of labour, according to u. n. agencies. in the middle east bread is still truly the “ staff of life. ” these all mirrors iraq, even down to the wheat harvest – in iraq those bombing the country over thirteen years until the invasion, dropped flares on the harvested wheat and grains, reducing tentative bread security to ashes. syria struggles to meet it ’ s annual grain imports of around four million tons, because of a superb sleight of hand by the siege imposers. essential foods are exempt from sanctions, but moneys are frozen, thus the wherewithal to trade. the country is ever potentially hours away from a bread crisis. in 2011 syria ’ s own harvest was hit by blight, water shortages and conflict. in december 2012 iran sent consignments of flour to syria, temporarily easing the bread crisis, but the siege under which iran struggles is also of enormity – and shamefully under reported in the west. as iran shipped flour to syria, iran ’ s health ministry was approaching india for a life saving list of denied medications, for the most


but the siege under which iran struggles is also of enormity – and shamefully under reported in the west. as iran shipped flour to syria, iran ’ s health ministry was approaching india for a life saving list of denied medications, for the most critical conditions in patients. vital items denied included : “ drugs to treat lung and breast cancers ; brain tumours ; heart ailments ; infections after kidney, heart and pancreas transplants ; meningitis in hiv patients ; arthritis ; bronchitis and respiratory distress in newborns ; and epilepsy. ” ( iv ) and here again is that sleight of hand : “ although trade in medicine is exempt from international sanctions imposed by the un security council and the unilateral sanctions announced by the us and eu, western banks have been declining to handle transactions. ” ( emphasis mine. ) targeting the sick is the action of the criminally insane. for targeting the newborn surely no expression has been conceived, except by madeleine albright when referring to iraq ’ s sanctions related, half million child deaths : “ … we think the price is worth it. ” it was not a slip of the tongue, it was clearly to be the new world order. this partial list of medications unobtainable by iran should be put on a wall of shame in washington and all those nobel winning eu capitol cities : “ denied include chemotherapy ; drugs used to prevent infections in kidney, heart and pancreas transplant patients and in aids treatment. treatments for colon cancer ; cell lung cancer ; cancerous brain tumours ; chemotherapy drugs for lung, ovarian and testicular cancer ; treatment for non - hodgkin ’ s lymphona. ” “ treatment for breast cancer therapy ; a range of chemotherapy drugs ; treatment for life threatening recurring heart conditions ; specific meningitis treatments ; drugs for respiratory distress in the new born ; anti - convulsion treatments for epileptic seizures ; wide spectrum treatment for heart ailments. ” “ nitroglycerine for angina and coronary artery disease ; treatment for septicaemia and bacterial meningitis ; medication to reduce risk of premature birth ; treatments for acute bronchitis, pneumonia, bone infections, gynaecological infections and those of urinary tract. ” nimidopine which reduces the risk of damage after bleeding inside the head, is also on the list. how fortunate madam clinton did not suffer her alleged brain - adjacent clot in iran. last october iran ’ s head of


disability. ’ ” as the new year was celebrated across europe and the “ land of the free ”, the syrian upper mesopotamia archbishop, jaques behnan hindo, was writing an urgent appeal to the presidency of the united nations food and agriculture organisation. in a situation which he warned : “ could soon become catastrophic ”, he said supply routes were halted and : “ every economic activity appears paralyzed ( causing ) depletion of vital goods, and soaring prices. “ the lack of fuel prevents heating homes and leads to the complete closure of all agricultural activities, just as the planting season begins. “ the grain silos were looted and wheat was sold to turkish traders who conveyed it in turkey, under the gaze of the turkish customs officers. ” it is impossible not to reflect that nato ally turkey is the equivalent of the bombing flame droppers on the iraqi harvests. in addition to the plundered, grain, the archbishop denounced the gradual disappearance of other vital products including, as iraq, baby milk. archbishop hindo also sent an appeal to iraq ’ s prime minister nuri al - maliki : “ please help us as quickly as possible, by sending 600 fuel tanks, 300 tanks of gasoline and some tons of flour. “ the first victims are the children. you experience in your body, in your soul – and in the children all the injustice ”, caused by draconian, life threatening, illegal, collective punishment on a nation ’ s people, yet again starting with the unborn, the newborn, and the barely crawling. at the end of wwii, leningrad ( now saint petersberg ) was awarded the status of hero city for collective unwavering courage, resistance and inventiveness under nazi atrocities. the world is surely in need of the status of hero country for those who exhibit the same courageous qualities against those nations who emulate the same atrocities. barack obama ’ s executive order : authorizing the implementation of certain sanctions set forth in the iran threat reduction and syria human rights act of 2012 and additional sanctions with respect to iran filed under : politics, syria, war crimes, death - destruction, dandelion salad featured writers, dandelion salad posts news politics and - or videos 2, iran on dandelion salad tagged : | arbuthnot - felicity, sanctions, human rights on dandelion salad, meet the new boss the same as the old boss, syria on dandelion salad


plugins are special modules that are exposed to the user through the workbench gui. this is typically done using the main menu, or the context - sensitive menu. much of the mysql workbench functionality is implemented using plugins ; for example, table, view, and routine editors are native c + + plugins, as are the forward and reverse engineering wizards. the administrator facility in mysql workbench is implemented entirely as a plugin in python. a plugin can be a simple function that performs some action on an input, and ends without further interaction with the user. examples of this include auto - arranging a diagram, or making batch changes to objects. to create a simple plugin, the function must be located in a module and declared as a plugin using the plugin decorator of the plugins can have an indefinite runtime, such as when they are driven by the user through a graphical user interface. this is the case for the object editors and wizards within mysql workbench. although the wizard type of plugin must be declared in the usual way, only the entry point of the plugin will need to be executed in the plugin function, as most of the additional functionality will be invoked as a result of the user interacting with the gui. reloading a plugin requires mysql workbench to be restarted. declare a plugin using this syntax : @ moduleinfo. plugin ( plugin _ name, caption, [ input ], [ groups ], [ pluginmenu ] ) these parameters are defined as follows : plugin _ name : a unique name for the plugin. it may contain only alphanumeric characters, dots, and underscores. caption : a caption to use for the plugin in menus. input : an optional list of input arguments. groups : optional list of groups the plugin belongs to. recognized values are : context menu in the model overview. model / utility : the menu for diagram plugins menu in the main menu. pluginmenu : optional name of a submenu in the plugins menu where the plugin should appear. for example, catalog, utilities. this is equivalent to menu / < category > in the


norway country brief the kingdom of norway occupies the western and northern portions of the scandinavian peninsula in europe, bordered by sweden, finland, and russia. it also shares sea borders with the uk and denmark. a rugged country of mountains, fjords, and glaciers, norway covers an area of 385, 155 square kilometres including the territories svalbard ( spitzbergen ) and jan mayen. norway also holds sovereignty over bouvet island in the south atlantic ocean. norway has a population of 4. 8 million of which approximately 80, 000 are sami, an indigenous people living in norway, sweden, finland and russia. sami settlements are located mainly in the north of the country. having one of the world ' s highest per capita incomes, norwegians enjoy a high standard of living, life expectancy, and overall health and housing standards. norway is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy with legislative powers vested in the storting ( parliament ). the head of state is h. m. king harald v, who acceded to the throne in 1991. the storting is made up of 169 members directly elected for four - year terms by proportional representation. parliamentary elections are mandatory every four years at specific dates. the next elections are scheduled to be held in 2013. a constitutional amendment passed by the storting in february 2007, which took effect following the 14 september 2009 elections, means that the storting now functions as a unicameral parliament, rather than dividing into two chambers to consider legislation as was previously the case. the governing centre - left coalition ( labour, socialist left, and centre parties ) was elected to government in 2005, and was re - elected for another four years on 14 september 2009, winning 86 seats in the storting. the government is led by prime minister jens stoltenberg. the labour party, which has dominated the political scene in norway since the 1930s, continues to be the largest party in the parliament with 38 per cent of the seats. norway is not a member of the eu, having voted twice ( 1972 and 1994 ) not to join. successive governments have, however, tried to establish the closest links possible with the eu through the european economic area ( eea ) agreement. norway has good access to the eu single market for most of its products through the eea agreement and participates in regular consultations with the eu on a range of political, trade and security related issues. nato is the cornerstone of norway ' s security policy. norway has an open economy with a floating exchange rate. the international monetary


the eea agreement and participates in regular consultations with the eu on a range of political, trade and security related issues. nato is the cornerstone of norway ' s security policy. norway has an open economy with a floating exchange rate. the international monetary fund ( imf ) forecast in october 2009 that real gdp in norway would contract by 1. 9 per cent in 2009, before returning to positive annual growth of 1. 3 per cent in 2010. the imf expected annual inflation to fall from 2. 3 per cent in 2009 to 1. 8 per cent in 2010, but predicted a rise in unemployment from 3. 3 per cent in 2009 to 3. 8 per cent in 2010. norway ' s emergence as a major oil and gas producer in the mid - 1970s transformed its economy. norway ' s per capita income is one of the highest in the world due to the large influx of investment capital into its north sea oil and gas fields and its substantial oil revenues. the petroleum sector contributes over half of norway ' s total export revenue. all production activities take place off - shore in the north sea and the norwegian sea. to insure against the eventual depletion of its oil and gas resources, norway has created the norwegian government pension fund global. the fund manages some 2. 7 trillion nkk ( a $ 506 billion ), derived from royalties on the country ' s oil and gas reserves. the fund is already about the size of the national economy. according to the norwegian government, norway is the world ' s eleventh largest producer of oil and second largest exporter of natural gas. it has approximately half of the remaining reserves of oil and gas in europe and globally, is the third - biggest oil exporter, behind saudi arabia and russia. it supplies 15 per cent of europe ' s gas needs and, within a few years, is expected to increase gas exports dramatically to account for 30 per cent of european gas imports. australia and norway enjoy warm bilateral relations. as one of the three european antarctic claimants, norway is an important interlocutor for australia on antarctic issues. a bilateral working holiday maker arrangement came into effect in august 2001, and is a popular means for young australians and norwegians to experience each other ' s country. a reciprocal health agreement came into effect in 2003. a bilateral social security agreement came into effect in january 2007. a revised bilateral double taxation agreement entered into force in september 2007 ( further information is available on the australian taxation office website ). the only significant areas of disagreement between australia and norway are whaling and


a bilateral social security agreement came into effect in january 2007. a revised bilateral double taxation agreement entered into force in september 2007 ( further information is available on the australian taxation office website ). the only significant areas of disagreement between australia and norway are whaling and norway ' s high levels of agricultural protection. it is estimated that approximately 10, 000 norwegians live in australia, and over 17, 000 australians claim norwegian heritage. australia is also a very popular tourist destination for norwegians. the total annual number of arrivals from norway is growing and stood at around 20, 500 in the financial year 2008 – 09. the minister for resources, energy and tourism, the hon. martin ferguson am mp visited norway in may 2009, and then foreign minister, the hon. stephen smith mp visited in december 2008. the norwegian minister for the environment and development cooperation, mr erik solheim visited australia in may 2008. other visits from high level norwegian officials include : former prime minister, kjell magne bondevik in march 2005 ; former minister for education, ms kristin clemet in october 2004 ; and former minister for education, youth and ecclesiastical affairs, mr trond giske in september 2000. australia ' s ambassador to norway is based in copenhagen, and there is an honorary consul in oslo. norway maintains an embassy in australia and there are consulates in all states and in the northern territory. bilateral economic and trade relationship major australian merchandise exports to norway ( a $ 67 million in 2009 ) include nickel ores and concentrates and alcoholic beverages. imports from norway in 2009 were worth a $ 407 million. two - way trade in services was valued at a $ 499 million in the financial year 2008 – 09. norwegian students are important to the australian education sector with some 2, 099 student enrolments in 2008. norway and australia share common expertise in various industrial sectors, including clean energy, oil and gas, mining, chemicals, and marine and shipping. this indicates a receptive market for australian technology and expertise in these sectors. there are a number of significant norwegian companies with direct investments in australia. these include the aker group ( oil and gas ), norsk hydro ( fertilisers and aluminium production ), wilhelm wilhelmsen ( shipping ) and dyno wesfarmers ( explosives ). in june 2009, kongsberg defence and aerospace, a norwegian defence supplier, was awarded an australian tactical interface military contract to support the delivery of australia ' s hobart class destroyers. updated 4 march 2010.


i obtain f3 ( french ; sardinian, burusho ) = - 0. 002652 ( z = - 13. 541 ) on the basis of 446, 917 snps. this is the strongest signal of admixture in the french that involves a population that is high on the " west _ asian " component whose influence i have been investigating. i thus carried out rolloff analysis using the french as a target population and the sardinians and burusho as reference populations. the exponential fit can be seen below : the jackknife gives 239. 556 + / - 50. 553 generations for this admixture, which corresponds ( assuming a generation length of 29 years ) to 6, 950 + / - 1, 470 years. analysis of autosomal dna from the tyrolean iceman and a neolithic trb farmer from sweden have revealed an absence of the west asian ancestral component and a sardinian - like neolithic population c. 5ka in europe. this population may have extended to at least to the balkans in space and down to the iron age in time. in my opinion, the simplest explanaton for the evidence is that the admixture picked up by rolloff took place in west asia itself c. 7ka, and then this population begun its movement into europe at some post - 5ka time period. importantly, the k = 12 caucasus component appears as a mixture of the k = 7 west _ asian and southern components. the former ( west _ asian ) is the most important one in the burusho, and the latter ( southern ) is the most important one in sardinians. european neolithic farmers, of presumably west asian origin only possessed y - haplogroup g2a out of the wide variety of haplogroups found in west asia today. they also lacked the west _ asian component which is modal in west asia today. there is also physical anthropological evidence from greece and anatolia, for an introduction of new population elements during the bronze age. these facts combine to make me believe that there were population movements across west asia which preceded the indo - european invasion of europe during late pre - history. that event is then best seen as an extension of a broader eurasian phenomenon that affected substantially both the western parts of asia and europe. taking all the evidence into account, i hypothesize that : - a " southern " / " atlantic _ med " / sardinian - like population substratum existed in west asia, and


university library, university of oklahoma, norman, oklahoma the year 1975 witnessed publication of the fifty - fifth volume of the oklahoma academy of science proceedings. the fifty - five volumes constitute a record of the activity of its members and a primary source of information about all phases of science of interest both within the state and beyond its borders. as the quantity of material has increased, four cumulated indexes of the contents of the proceedings have been compiled. the latest of these has recently been produced by the authors of this article at the university of oklahoma using computer - based informational systems to form a powerful new tool to be used wherever the proceedings are consulted. this article is a description of the latest index together with its three predecessors. the oklahoma academy of science is the premier scientific society in the state. it was organized in december, 1909, by a group of twenty - one scientists from various schools and colleges throughout the state meeting in oklahoma city. according to an account of the early history of the academy ( 1 ), ten papers were delivered at that organizational meeting although no record exists of their titles or contents. subsequent meetings have been held each year except 1914, 1918, and 1919 and proceedings of the meetings have been published annually beginning in 1921. the first volume of the proceedings includes not only papers presented at the 9th annual meeting held that year, but also lists of titles of papers presented at each of the previous meetings which had been held since the founding except the first. a selected group of papers from those eight earlier meetings is also published in that first volume. through the year 1975 over 4000 papers had been presented, most of which were published in the proceedings. in the first volume no attempt was made to arrange articles by subject, but beginning in 1923 the table of contents was divided into the four subject areas of biology, geology, physics, and psychology. variations on these categories have been followed throughout the ensuing years. one can gain an appreciation for the wide range of interest of members of the academy by an examination of the contents pages of various volumes of the proceedings from across the years. in more recent years that variety of interest can be seen in the newer subject headings of science education, geography ( 1953 ), and conservation ( 1959 ), which have been added to the previous divisions. the annual volumes of proceedings have thus become a storehouse of information on all aspects of science in the state. it is on account of this magnitude of material and the diversity of subject matter covered across the years that cumulated indexes are useful. many volumes since 1957 contain memorial notes


thus become a storehouse of information on all aspects of science in the state. it is on account of this magnitude of material and the diversity of subject matter covered across the years that cumulated indexes are useful. many volumes since 1957 contain memorial notes for recently deceased members of the academy and thus provide biographical material that is often otherwise difficult to obtain. this information is also readily accessible through the more recent indexes. while much of the information pertaining to the so - called " hard sciences " is accessible through special subject indexes, for example chemical abstracts and biological abstracts, the large amounts of literature in other disciplines such as geography, education, business, and history are not adequately indexed elsewhere. at the same time, the proceedings indexes are especially convenient for use in obtaining information about oklahoma in the fields of biology, geology, geography, and social sciences. it is in providing access to information related to oklahoma that the major subject - oriented indexes are usually least adequate and for which proceedings indexes serve the greatest need. the first index, covering volumes one through ten, was published in 1931 as a bulletin of the university of oklahoma. it is both an author index and a conventional subject index ( 2 ). the second, published in 1942 with volume 22 of the proceedings, cumulates volumes 11 through 20, 1931 - 1940 ( 3 ). it includes a subject index which arranges material under five broad science headings each of which is further subdivided several times. the third, a vicennial index, covers the next twenty years of the proceedings, volumes 21 through 40, and was published as part of the latest of these volumes in 1960 ( 4 ). it too is arranged by broad subject headings as is its immediate predecessor. it includes a necrology index of the same twenty - year period. the fourth index was produced primarily from information on the contents pages of each of the first fifty - five volumes of the proceedings. however, an examination of contents sheets, especially those of earlier volumes of the proceedings, reveals that much of the information on the contents pages is inaccurate and incomplete. in some instances, a title on the contents page is not exactly the same as it appears at the head of the article within the volume. where such discrepancies occur, the title as it appears at the head of the article, rather than as it appears in the table of contents, was selected to be used in the index. at the same time, page numbers were added to the table of contents where they had been omitted in the earlier volumes.


the head of the article, rather than as it appears in the table of contents, was selected to be used in the index. at the same time, page numbers were added to the table of contents where they had been omitted in the earlier volumes. in this collation process, it was discovered that some articles which had been published in the proceedings had not been listed on the tables of contents. during this collation process, these titles were inserted into the tables of contents for inclusion in the index. each volume of the proceedings was examined from cover to cover to be sure that the information pertaining to titles and page numbers, as it was contained within the volume, was correctly recorded on the title page. when this verification and collation process had been completed this information was transferred to punch cards from which the machine - readable print - out of the index was created. the index itself consists of three sections. the first section, an entry index, is an alphabetical list by first author of each of the titles which appears in the proceedings between 1920 and 1975. articles with joint authorship appear in the entry index only under the name of the first author. each entry includes the author ( s ) ' name, full title of the article, volume, date, and page numbers. the entry index is the only section of the index which includes full bibliographical description of articles within the proceedings. articles which are listed in the contents but for which no text was printed in the proceedings are noted as being " by title " in each part of the cumulated index the same way they are designated in the tables of contents themselves. each entry within this entry list is also assigned a number to which reference can be made from citations in either the author index section or the key - word - in - context ( kwic ) subject index section which follow. the second part is an author index in which all of the authors of papers, both single and joint, are listed. the bibliographical citation beside each author ' s name in this index includes volume number and page description. included here also is the entry number which has been assigned to the particular article as it appears in the entry index. by means of this author index and by referring to the entry index, the user may determine the full title and bibliographical description of each of the papers which appears in the proceedings. the final part of the index is the kwic subject index. this index is constructed by the computer using titles of all the articles in the proceedings as its base.


bibliographical description of each of the papers which appears in the proceedings. the final part of the index is the kwic subject index. this index is constructed by the computer using titles of all the articles in the proceedings as its base. all principal words in the titles themselves serve as subject descriptors of the material within the articles. those principal words are printed in the subject index in alphabetical order with their context words printed before and after on the same line of the index. thus not only do the key words in the title appear in the subject index, but the context in which each key word occurs is also presented in this kwic subject index. biographical articles such as necrologies appear in the kwic index under names of the biographees the same as they appear in the tables of contents. bibliographical information included with the subject entry is the volume number and pages of the article to which the sub - ject entry refers. each line in this subject list also includes the entry number that identifies the article in the entry index where full bibliographical information is available. the three older indexes to the proceedings have been and continue to be valuable tools in gaining access to this literature. this is especially true of the vicennial index published in 1959 with its arrangement by author names under broad subject headings corresponding to the main divisions of the academy itself. the most obvious advantage of the 55 - year cumulated index is the access it provides to all of the literature published since 1959. this is done by means of a complete author index including all joint authors. the kwic subject index provides greater in - depth access also to information in the proceedings. and then, of course, the fifty - five year cumulation provides the same thoroughness and depth of access to the older literature which has heretofore been available in a more limited way by its three predecessors. besides these immediate benefits, there is the added one which may be realized in the future. to the existing data base of computerized information from which this latest index was produced can easily be added author and subject information of each future volume as it is published. with relatively small investment in time and money, this latest index can itself be kept up - to - date for quick, convenient and thorough coverage of the proceedings as soon as they are published. the tape of this fourth index in its present form is currently stored at the computer center at the university of oklahoma. queries for copies of the print - out may be directed to the


the purpose of screening is early diagnosis and treatment. screening tests are usually administered to people without current symptoms, but who may be at high risk for certain diseases or conditions. blood tests — cholesterol levels are checked with a blood test. a blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm. you may need to fast for several hours before your blood is taken. the test measures levels of : - total cholesterol - ldl ( bad ) cholesterol - hdl ( good ) cholesterol the national cholesterol education program recommends screening for lipid disorders at least once every five years starting at age 20. more frequent or earlier testing may be recommended if you have a family history of elevated lipid levels or other risk factors or conditions known to increase lipid levels, or if your doctor finds a complication that could have resulted from elevated lipid levels. screening is not recommended in children under 2 years old. screening is recommended for children age 9 - 11 years old and children 17 - 21 years old. for children of other ages, screening is only suggested if they have an increased risk. this may include any of the following : - have family history of heart disease or stroke in family members < 55 years old in males or < 65 years old in females - have parents with total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg / dl ( 6. 2 mmol / l ) or lipid disorder - have diabetes, hypertension, overweight or obesity - smoke cigarettes - have moderate - or high - risk medical condition - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 10 / 2012 - - update date : 10 / 11 / 2012 -


rosacea has a variety of symptoms and signs. they vary from one person to another. you may have only one or two of the following symptoms : flushing, redness — at first, you flush and blush a lot. it may look like a blush or sunburn, and gradually it becomes more noticeable and permanent. your facial skin may get very dry. pink bumps or pimples — small, red, solid bumps or pus - filled bumps, like acne, appear on your face as the disease progresses. this is sometimes referred to as “ adult acne. ” red lines, small blood vessels on the face — you may notice small, thin red lines on your face, particularly your cheeks. these lines are called telangiectasia, which are dilated ( enlarged ) blood vessels just under your skin. your skin may become slightly swollen and warm. redness, burning, and tearing of the eyes — you may experience redness, burning, tearing, and the sensation of a foreign body or sand in your eyes. your eyelids may become infected, inflamed, and swollen. some people complain of blurry vision. in severe cases of rosacea a person ’ s vision may become impaired. nasal bumps — if rosacea is left untreated, some people ( especially men ) may develop knobby bumps on the nose or an enlarged bulbous nose — the so - called rhinophyma. - reviewer : purvee s. shah, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 91 / 2012 -


the spice that helps prevent cancer – now being used to repair stroke damage by dr. mercola, march 02, 2011 scientists have created a new molecule from curcumin, the key chemical component of the spice turmeric. in laboratory experiments, the molecule was shown to affect the mechanisms that protect and regenerate brain cells after a stroke. the new curcumin compound, called cnb - 001, actually repairs stroke damage at the molecular level. physorg reports : “ those who cook indian, thai, malay and persian dishes know turmeric well for its zesty flavor, use in curries and for the rich color it imparts to food. turmeric also has a long history of use in ayurvedic and chinese traditional medicine. ” curcumin — the pigment that gives the curry spice turmeric its yellow - orange color — is a natural compound that should be on your health radar for a number of reasons. both the ancient chinese and indian systems of medicine have recognized curcumin ’ s beneficial properties for thousands of years, and modern research suggests it may be one of nature ’ s most powerful potential healers. as you ’ ll see, its health benefits are far - reaching and are now entering the arena of emergency medicine. in this article i will also review several natural strategies for preventing stroke, as there are other lifestyle and dietary factors that play a massive role. you really don ’ t want to wait until a stroke happens, regardless of how effectively drugs might help to keep you alive. so what is a stroke? strokes are sometimes referred to as “ brain attacks ” ( instead of “ heart attacks ” ) because they occur when a blood clot blocks an artery or blood vessel, cutting off blood flow to your brain. as a result, brain cells die and brain damage can occur. strokes can be particularly devastating because they often occur without warning, and the longer your brain goes without oxygen, the greater your risk of lasting damage. this is one area where emergency medicine excels, as emergency medications can dissolve the clot that is blocking blood flow to your brain. in order to be effective, however, you typically need to get help within one hour. so if you notice any of these signs of stroke, you should get help right away : - sudden trouble walking ( dizziness, loss of balance, etc. ) - sudden confusion - sudden numbness or weakness ( especially on one side of your body only ) - sudden trouble seeing - sudden severe headache curcumi


get help right away : - sudden trouble walking ( dizziness, loss of balance, etc. ) - sudden confusion - sudden numbness or weakness ( especially on one side of your body only ) - sudden trouble seeing - sudden severe headache curcumin drug may help regenerate brain cells after stroke contrary to the clot - busting drug currently used on stroke victims, the curcumin - hybrid compound, called cnb - 001, does not actually dissolve the blood clot. rather it repairs the damage incurred by the lack of oxygen, at the molecular level, by influencing the mechanism responsible for regeneration of neurons ( brain cells ). this offers future stroke victims new hope for greater recovery, as it may reduce lasting damage. the research was presented at the american heart association international stroke conference in los angeles on february 9. now, although curcumin itself has been found to have great healing potential, including in the treatment of brain injury, it has drawbacks that makes it unsuitable for emergency treatment of stroke. physorg reports : “ [ curcumin ] is not well absorbed in the body, fails to reach its target in high concentrations, becomes depleted quickly, and is blocked from entering the brain by a natural protective mechanism called the blood - brain barrier. “ the curcumin - derived compound cnb - 001, however, does cross the blood brain barrier and “ moderates several critical mechanisms involved in neuronal survival, ” according to lead researcher dr. lapchak, phd. what this means is that if you ’ re having signs of stroke, do not reach for the spice jar or a turmeric supplement. seek immediate emergency medical attention! turmeric cannot be used as a make - shift home - remedy for a stroke. the hybrid spice - drug compound may however help save lives in an emergency setting later on. according to physorg ’ s report : “ the drug reduced stroke - caused “ motor deficits ” — problems of muscle and movement control — in this laboratory study. it was effective when administered up to an hour after stroke, which correlates with about three hours in humans, the same time frame for which tpa is currently approved. ” there ’ s a time and place for conventional medicine, and stroke is one of those times when a drug can save your life. that said, considering how devastating ( not to mention life threatening ) a stroke can be, it would be in your best interest to adjust your lifestyle to prevent it from ever happening in the first


one of those times when a drug can save your life. that said, considering how devastating ( not to mention life threatening ) a stroke can be, it would be in your best interest to adjust your lifestyle to prevent it from ever happening in the first place. this common vitamin deficiency doubles your risk of stroke! what vitamin could this possibly be? if you guessed vitamin d, you ’ re absolutely correct. this was the impressive finding of a study presented on november 15 last year at the american heart association ’ s ( aha ) annual scientific sessions in chicago. it adds weight to research released earlier last year, which found that vitamin d deficiency is associated with arterial stiffness ; a risk factor for heart disease and stroke. a separate study from finland also found that those with the lowest vitamin d levels had a 25 percent higher risk of dying from heart disease or stroke, and when only stroke was evaluated, those with the lowest levels had twice the risk as those with the highest vitamin d levels. in the past couple of years, research into the health benefits of vitamin d and the serious ramifications of deficiency has exploded. the evidence that vitamin d is a key player in your health is just overwhelming. for example, optimizing your vitamin d levels can also slash your risk of diabetes and cancer in half! and that ’ s still just the tip of the iceberg. what other drug or nutrient do you know of that can cut your risk of three of the most dangerous chronic diseases by 50 percent?! it ’ s abundantly clear that if you want optimal health, you need to pay attention to your vitamin d levels. ideally, you ’ ll want to increase your levels through safe sunshine exposure year - round. not only is this the way you were designed to produce vitamin d naturally, but it also eliminates the risk of overdosing. you can also use a safe tanning bed if you can ’ t get sufficient amounts of sun exposure outdoors. if neither of those options are available to you, consider taking a vitamin d3 supplement, but be sure to get your vitamin d levels tested regularly to make sure you ’ re staying within therapeutic limits, as you ’ re circumventing your body ’ s built - in regulatory mechanism. other stroke prevention strategies up to 80 percent of strokes are preventable, according to the national stroke association, so i strongly encourage you to take control of your health to reduce your risk. conventionally speaking, many of the same risk factors that increase your risk of heart disease also increase your risk of stroke,


preventable, according to the national stroke association, so i strongly encourage you to take control of your health to reduce your risk. conventionally speaking, many of the same risk factors that increase your risk of heart disease also increase your risk of stroke, such as : - high blood pressure - high triglycerides and elevated homocysteine levels - low levels of hdl ( good ) cholesterol and high levels of ldl ( bad ) cholesterol so, as with your heart, eating unprocessed, natural foods, exercising, getting regular sun exposure, and maintaining a healthy weight will help to reduce your risk of stroke. also high up on the list of keys to preventing a stroke is to get a handle on your stress levels as the more stressed you are, the greater your risk. as an example, a study published in the journal neurology found that psychological distress will greatly increase your risk of suffering a stroke. the researchers actually found that for every notch lower a person scored on their well - being scale, their risk of stroke increased by 11 percent. not surprisingly, the relationship between psychological distress and stroke was most pronounced when the stroke was fatal. so while optimizing your vitamin d levels and leading a healthy lifestyle with nutritious food and regular exercise are important, you ’ ll want to be sure you tend to your emotional health as well. more health benefits of curcumin now that we ’ ve reviewed the strategies that can help prevent you from becoming another stroke statistic, let ’ s get back to curcumin, because this spice compound – which is also available in supplement form – has many other potent health benefits. most notably, curcumin is known for its potent anti - inflammatory properties, and chronic inflammation is the hallmark of most chronic disease, including diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease, just to name a few. the compound has been shown to influence more than 700 genes, and it can inhibit both the activity and the synthesis of cyclooxygenase - 2 ( cox2 ) and 5 - lipooxygenase ( 5 - lox ), as well as other enzymes that have been implicated in inflammation. but that ’ s not all. other health benefits include : - strengthening and improving your digestion - supporting healthy liver function and detoxification - purifying your blood further, evidence suggests turmeric may play a beneficial role in the following diseases : - cystic fibrosis - type 2 diabetes - inflammatory bowel disease, crohn ’


healthy liver function and detoxification - purifying your blood further, evidence suggests turmeric may play a beneficial role in the following diseases : - cystic fibrosis - type 2 diabetes - inflammatory bowel disease, crohn ’ s disease - rheumatoid arthritis - muscle regeneration - alzheimer ’ s disease curcumin – one of the best supplements for many cancers, too! if you want to use curcumin to prevent stroke i believe your best strategy is to use it as a food in the form of turmeric. however if you have a severe illness, like cancer, then it is best to use it as a drug at a much higher dose as described below. dr. william lavalley from austin texas is one of the top natural medicine cancer physicians i know and he recently shared this important information on curcumin, which has the most evidence based literature for use as a cancer support than any other nutrient. curcumin affects more than 100 different pathways once it gets into the cell. interestingly this also includes the metabolite of curcumin and its derivatives, which are also anti - cancer. best of all, curcumin appears to be safe in the treatment of all cancers. in india where turmeric is widely used, the prevalence of four common u. s. cancers — colon, breast, prostate and lung — is 10 times lower. in fact, prostate cancer, which is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in u. s. men, is rare in india and this is attributed, in part, to the curcumin in turmeric. numerous studies have looked into this potential cancer - fighting link, with promising results. for instance, curcumin has been found to : - inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells - inhibit the transformation of cells from normal to tumor - help your body destroy mutated cancer cells so they cannot spread throughout your body - decrease inflammation - enhance liver function - inhibit the synthesis of a protein thought to be instrumental in tumor formation - prevent the development of additional blood supply necessary for cancer cell growth and, according to researchers from the university of texas m. d. anderson cancer center, curcumin blocks a key biological pathway needed for development of melanoma and other cancers. the spice actually stops laboratory strains of melanoma from proliferating and pushes the cancer cells to die by shutting down nuclear factor - kappa b ( nf - kb ), a powerful protein known to induce abnormal inflammatory response that


and other cancers. the spice actually stops laboratory strains of melanoma from proliferating and pushes the cancer cells to die by shutting down nuclear factor - kappa b ( nf - kb ), a powerful protein known to induce abnormal inflammatory response that leads to an assortment of disorders such as arthritis and cancer. to get the full benefits that curcumin has to offer, you will want to look for a turmeric extract with at least 95 percent curcuminoids that contains only 100 percent certified organic ingredients. the formula should be free of fillers, additives and excipients ( a substance added to the supplement as a processing or stability aid ), and the manufacturer should use safe production practices at all stages : planting, cultivation, selective harvesting, and then producing and packaging the final product. details on how to use curcumin the unfortunate challenge at this time is that good formulations of curcumin to use in cancer still aren ’ t available. this is because relatively high doses are required and curcumin is not absorbed that well. typical anticancer doses are up to three grams of good bioavailable curcmin extract, three to four times a day. one work - around for this is to use curcumin powder and make a microemulsion of it by combining a tablespoon of the powder and mixing it into 1 - 2 egg yolks, and a teaspoon or two of melted coconut oil. then use a high - speed hand blender to emulsify the powder. another strategy to increase absorption is to put one tablespoon of the curcumin powder into a quart of boiling water. it must be boiling when you add the powder as it will not work as well if you put it in room temperature water and then heat the water with the curcumin already in it. after boiling it for 10 minutes, you will have created a 12 percent solution, which you can drink once it has cooled down. the curcumin will gradually fall out of solution over time and in about six hours it will be a 6 percent solution, so it is best to drink the water within four hours. it does have a woody taste. one caution to know is that you want to avoid the “ yellow kitchen ” syndrome. curcumin is a very potent yellow pigment and can permanently discolor surfaces if you aren ’ t careful.


that ’ s the conclusion of a new study by astronomers at the california institute of technology ( caltech ) that provides yet more evidence that planetary systems are the cosmic norm. the team made their estimate while analyzing planets orbiting a star called kepler - 32 — planets that are representative, they say, of the vast majority in the galaxy and thus serve as a perfect case study for understanding how most planets form. “ there ’ s at least 100 billion planets in the galaxy — just our galaxy, ” says john johnson, assistant professor of planetary astronomy at caltech and coauthor of the study, which was recently accepted for publication in the astrophysical journal. “ that ’ s mind - boggling. ” “ it ’ s a staggering number, if you think about it, ” adds jonathan swift, a postdoc at caltech and lead author of the paper. “ basically there ’ s one of these planets per star. ” the planetary system in question, which was detected by the kepler space telescope, contains five planets. the existence of two of those planets have already been confirmed by other astronomers. the caltech team confirmed the remaining three, then analyzed the five - planet system and compared it to other systems found by the kepler mission. the planets orbit a star that is an m dwarf — a type that accounts for about three - quarters of all stars in the milky way. the five planets, which are similar in size to earth and orbit close to their star, are also typical of the class of planets that the telescope has discovered orbiting other m dwarfs, swift says. therefore, the majority of planets in the galaxy probably have characteristics comparable to those of the five planets. while this particular system may not be unique, what does set it apart is its coincidental orientation : the orbits of the planets lie in a plane that ’ s positioned such that kepler views the system edge - on. due to this rare orientation, each planet blocks kepler - 32 ′ s starlight as it passes between the star and the kepler telescope. by analyzing changes in the star ’ s brightness, the astronomers were able to determine the planets ’ characteristics, such as their sizes and orbital periods. this orientation therefore provides an opportunity to study the system in great detail — and because the planets represent the vast majority of planets that are thought to populate the galaxy, the team says, the system also can help astronomers better understand planet formation in general. “ i usually try not to call things ‘ rosetta stones, ’ but this is as close to a rosetta stone as anything i ’


populate the galaxy, the team says, the system also can help astronomers better understand planet formation in general. “ i usually try not to call things ‘ rosetta stones, ’ but this is as close to a rosetta stone as anything i ’ ve seen, ” johnson says. “ it ’ s like unlocking a language that we ’ re trying to understand — the language of planet formation. ” one of the fundamental questions regarding the origin of planets is how many of them there are. like the caltech group, other teams of astronomers have estimated that there is roughly one planet per star, but this is the first time researchers have made such an estimate by studying m - dwarf systems, the most numerous population of planets known. to do that calculation, the caltech team determined the probability that an m - dwarf system would provide kepler - 32 ′ s edge - on orientation. combining that probability with the number of planetary systems kepler is able to detect, the astronomers calculated that there is, on average, one planet for every one of the approximately 100 billion stars in the galaxy. but their analysis only considers planets that are in close orbits around m dwarfs — not the outer planets of an m - dwarf system, or those orbiting other kinds of stars. as a result, they say, their estimate is conservative. in fact, says swift, a more accurate estimate that includes data from other analyses could lead to an average of two planets per star. m - dwarf systems like kepler - 32 ′ s are quite different from our own solar system. for one, m dwarfs are cooler and much smaller than the sun. kepler - 32, for example, has half the mass of the sun and half its radius. the radii of its five planets range from 0. 8 to 2. 7 times that of earth, and those planets orbit extremely close to their star. the whole system fits within just over a tenth of an astronomical unit ( the average distance between earth and the sun ) — a distance that is about a third of the radius of mercury ’ s orbit around the sun. the fact that m - dwarf systems vastly outnumber other kinds of systems carries a profound implication, according to johnson, which is that our solar system is extremely rare. “ it ’ s just a weirdo, ” he says. the fact that the planets in m - dwarf systems are so close to their stars doesn ’ t necessarily mean that they ’ re fiery, hellish worlds unsuitable for life, the astronomers say. indeed, because m dwarfs are small and cool,


says. the fact that the planets in m - dwarf systems are so close to their stars doesn ’ t necessarily mean that they ’ re fiery, hellish worlds unsuitable for life, the astronomers say. indeed, because m dwarfs are small and cool, their temperate zone — also known as the “ habitable zone, ” the region where liquid water might exist — is also further inward. even though only the outermost of kepler - 32 ′ s five planets lies in its temperate zone, many other m dwarf systems have more planets that sit right in their temperate zones. as for how the kepler - 32 system formed, no one knows yet. but the team says its analysis places constraints on possible mechanisms. for example, the results suggest that the planets all formed farther away from the star than they are now, and migrated inward over time. like all planets, the ones around kepler - 32 formed from a proto - planetary disk — a disk of dust and gas that clumped up into planets around the star. the astronomers estimated that the mass of the disk within the region of the five planets was about as much as that of three jupiters. but other studies of proto - planetary disks have shown that three jupiter masses can ’ t be squeezed into such a tiny area so close to a star, suggesting to the caltech team that the planets around kepler - 32 initially formed farther out. another line of evidence relates to the fact that m dwarfs shine brighter and hotter when they are young, when planets would be forming. kepler - 32 would have been too hot for dust — a key planet - building ingredient — to even exist in such close proximity to the star. previously, other astronomers had determined that the third and fourth planets from the star are not very dense, meaning that they are likely made of volatile compounds such as carbon dioxide, methane, or other ices and gases, the caltech team says. however, those volatile compounds could not have existed in the hotter zones close to the star. finally, the caltech astronomers discovered that three of the planets have orbits that are related to one another in a very specific way. one planet ’ s orbital period lasts twice as long as another ’ s, and the third planet ’ s lasts three times as long as the latter ’ s. planets don ’ t fall into this kind of arrangement immediately upon forming, johnson says. instead, the planets must have started their orbits farther away from the star before moving inward over time and settling into their current configuration. “ you look in detail at the architecture of this very special


part of complete coverage on ' robosquirrel ' deployed to research relationship with rattlesnakes researchers in california have built a robot squirrel in a bid to better understand real one ' s ( pictured ) behavior. robot squirrel aids animal behavior study - researchers in california create robot squirrel to study behavior of rattlesnakes - " robosquirrel " replicates two key behaviors observed in the wild when confronted by the predator ( cnn ) - - this might sound a bit nutty, but u. s. researchers are using robot squirrels to learn more about how real ones interact with their main predator, rattlesnakes. the lifelike robot, built by a team from the university of california, davis, can replicate two behaviors squirrels display when confronted by a rattlesnake. research by the late donald owings, professor of psychology at uc davis, observed that rather than scamper off squirrels would approach a snake " head - first in an elongated posture, making flagging movements with their tails. " he also discovered their tails heat up, which is picked up by a snake ' s infrared sensor. but in the wild there is no way to separate the " heat " and the " flagging, " say researchers. and that ' s where the robot comes in. snakes will rarely strike a flagging adult squirrel, and if they do they almost always miss rulon clark, university of california, davis out in the field near san jose, researchers set up " robosquirrel " and a video camera near a foraging snake before retreating out of sight. the snakes observed appear to accept the robot as real, with one snake even biting the robot ' s head, according to researchers. this doesn ' t happen often in the wild says clark, because squirrels possess a " remarkable ability " to dodge a snake attack. " snakes will rarely strike a flagging adult squirrel, and if they do they almost always miss, " said rulon clark, assistant professor of biology at san diego state university. it ' s still not clear why squirrels approach such a deadly predator, but clark says they maybe trying to assess the nature of the threat. in some cases snakes will leave the area after an encounter. " robosquirrel " joins a growing list of robot creatures created by uc davis which include a robot lizard - - used to study display behavior in anole lizards in the puerto rican jungle. another saw the use of a robot sage grouse hen to study their real - life mating habits. part of complete coverage on


by uc davis which include a robot lizard - - used to study display behavior in anole lizards in the puerto rican jungle. another saw the use of a robot sage grouse hen to study their real - life mating habits. part of complete coverage on january 21, 2013 - - updated 0230 gmt ( 1030 hkt ) patricia wu looks at efforts to combat food waste in hong kong. january 14, 2013 - - updated 0233 gmt ( 1033 hkt ) cnn ' s pauline chiou goes to hong kong ' s annual toy fair to find out about the growing market for eco - friendly toys. december 31, 2012 - - updated 0415 gmt ( 1215 hkt ) cnn ' s liz neisloss reports on a roof that is only a sample of the greening of singapore ' s skyline. december 19, 2012 - - updated 0216 gmt ( 1016 hkt ) a dam project in cambodia could destroy livelihoods and ecosystems, says conservation international december 18, 2012 - - updated 0322 gmt ( 1122 hkt ) shipping lines, port authorities and technology companies are taking the initiative to go green and reduce costs. december 10, 2012 - - updated 0206 gmt ( 1006 hkt ) less than 20 miles from singapore ' s skyscrapers is a completely different set of high - rise towers. december 6, 2012 - - updated 1104 gmt ( 1904 hkt ) the pitcairn islands might only have 55 human inhabitants, but the waters surrounding them are teeming with marine life. december 3, 2012 - - updated 0322 gmt ( 1122 hkt ) biofuel made from sugar cane waste in brazil could revolutionize the global energy industry. november 26, 2012 - - updated 0258 gmt ( 1058 hkt ) many believe that fuel - cell cars will overtake electric vehicles in the near future. november 19, 2012 - - updated 0820 gmt ( 1620 hkt ) modern and sustainable buildings in the uae are taking cues from an ancient arabic design tradition. november 12, 2012 - - updated 0409 gmt ( 1209 hkt ) one man ' s artistic vision is distracting divers from cancun ' s threatened underwater ecosystem. november 12, 2012 - - updated 1746 gmt ( 0146 hkt ) lake victoria, africa ' s largest lake, has been plagued by water hyacinth plants for over two decades. just how much are natural wonders like the great barrier reef worth in monetary terms? today


academic programs in plant science touch on plant culture, plant health, landscape horticulture and biotechnology. plant science programs provide students with a broad understanding of the science of plant use in society and are typically a combination of classroom instruction, laboratory instruction and field internships. inside plant science plant science encompasses the study of the life and development of edible, ornamental and native vegetation including grasses, vines, shrubs and trees. undergraduate, master ' s and doctoral degrees are all available in plant science and include labs and field work in addition to classroom studies. undergraduate degree programs often cover broad topics such as plant diseases and pathogens, horticulture, botany, plant pathology and landscape design. graduates are prepared for careers in commercial and residential landscape design and greenhouse, golf course or athletic field management and environmental journalism as well as work in zoos, botanical gardens or national parks. plant science bachelor ' s degree programs often include concentrations in landscape design and construction, crop production, horticulture science, turfgrass science or biotechnology. graduate programs provide students with a more advanced study of plant science fundamentals, emphasizing technical writing and research. additional training is offered in the areas of soils and irrigation, biotechnology, plant pathology, weed science, crop management, plant ecology and crop biochemistry. the degree required to enter the workforce depends greatly on what professional path is chosen by the student. learn more about plant science if you are considering a career in the field of plant science, read on to learn more. education - portal. com has articles with the information you need to get started. the career you want will dictate the degree you must earn. plant science degrees are offered at all levels. - associate ' s degree programs in biotechnology - bachelor ' s degree in agricultural science - agronomy degree and certification program - agriculture phd program - plant biotechnology programs read on to learn about the career opportunities for those with a background in plant science. - agricultural managers - agricultural scientist - plant science careers - plant breeding technician - plant breeder within the plant science field, there are many different concentrations and specializations. plant science related articles - recently updated at its core, plant science is simply the study of plants, but a plethora of specializations and career options are opened up to students who... plant biotechnologists combine the disciplines of agriculture and science to manipulate plants for human and environmental purposes. some... horticulture businesses include florist shops, plant nurseries, greenhouses and landscaping firms. many horticulture businesses want... - top


anatolian weights and measures roman and byzantine steelyards and scales in the roman and byzantine periods we find the steelyard ( statera ) being used as well as the scales or balance ( libra ) that had been the only means of weighing in antiquity. the steelyard consists of a square - section arm fitted with a sliding weight, and a hook for hanging the object to be weighed. two or three faces of the arm are graduated with notches at equal intervals enabling light, medium and heavy loads to be weighed. a balance consists of a horizontal beam pivoted onto a vertical support, with pans attached by silk strings of equal length to the two ends of the beam. scales of this kind were used to measure precious metals, coins, and other light but valuable substances. examples in museums and private collections enable us to track the modifications made to steelyards from the roman and byzantine periods until modern times ( use of the steelyard continuing until about two decades ago ). for example while roman and byzantine steelyards had three hooks, those used by by the seljuks and ottomans had only two. the traditional balance, on the other hand, has not changed at all over the centuries, and remains in use with the same form today. anatolian weights and measures in islamic period during pre - islamic times the arabs, who were among those engaged in mediterranean trade, probably used the same units of measurement as the sassanians, romans and byzantines. after the advent of islam, however, they introduced their own system. glass weights known as sanja dating from the early islamic era were used both for commercial purposes and as standards for checking the weight of coins made of precious metals. glass weights known as rıtl ( a word derived from rotolo, an italian unit of weight ) were used during the umayyad, abbasids, ayyubid and fatimid periods. although no complete example has survived, making it impossible to determine the weight precisely, existing fragments show that these were 110 mm in diameter. an abbasid weight known as a double rıtl weighs 759. 79 grams. glass weights were used for checking the weight of silver coins by the romans and byzantines, as well as the arabs. research has shown that byzantine coin weights weighed the same as the byzantine dinar or solidus, being equivalent to 68 grains ( 4. 406 grams ). the arabic dirhem was equivalent to 66 grains or 4. 276 grams. in time islamic coin weights attained their classical forms. some bore


the same as the byzantine dinar or solidus, being equivalent to 68 grains ( 4. 406 grams ). the arabic dirhem was equivalent to 66 grains or 4. 276 grams. in time islamic coin weights attained their classical forms. some bore arabic inscriptions such as aslahu allah, ekremehu allah or emta ' allah lehu, or quotations from the koran. early sanja bore a stamp only on one side, but from the abbasid period onwards they began to be stamped on both sides ; the declaration of god ' s unity on one side and the names of caliphs, governors, imams etc. on the other. sanjas of different colours were obtained by the addition of different chemicals ; copper and iron oxide for blue, sulphur and carbon for amber, and manganese for dark blue. seljuk and beylik period weights and measures the pre - ottoman turkish system of measurement had its origins in central asia as a result of trade relations with iran and china. the 11th century dictionary of turkish dialects, divanu lugati ' t - turk, is an important source of information about units of weight and measurement, defining the artık as half a yuk ( load ), the kırklım as a pile, and the sagu as a measure of cereals, for example. sources dating from the 14th century reveal that the pre - ottoman anatolian system of measurements was based on the lodra, an iranian - ilkhanid unit of weight, the kantar, okka and batman ( menn ) ; and that the main units of grain measurement were the kile and mudd. the most important source of information about seljuk period weights and measures are the deeds of pious endowments. from these we learn that the ukiyye, irdeb, mud and batman were the basis of the measuring system of this period that was largely adopted by the turkish principalities and the ottoman empire. the expansion of trade relations between the mentese and aydınogulları turkish emirates in western anatolian and the byzantines, venetians and genoese, led to the introduction of byzantine and italian units of measurement, which began to be used in anatolia in the 14th century. one example was the italian rotolo, used in western anatolia.


dutch empire / origins of an empire the coastal provinces of holland and zeeland had for a long time prior to spanish rule been important hubs of the european maritime trade network. their geographical location provided convenient access to the markets of france, germany, england and the baltic. the war with spain led many financiers and traders to emigrate from antwerp, capital of flanders and then one of europe ' s most important commercial centres, to dutch cities, particularly amsterdam, which became europe ' s foremost centre for shipping, banking, and insurance. efficient access to capital enabled the dutch in the 1580s to extend their trade networks beyond northern europe to new markets in the mediterranean and the levant. in the 1590s, dutch ships began to trade with brazil and the gold coast of africa, and towards the indian ocean and the source of the lucrative spice trade. this brought the dutch into direct competition with portugal, which had dominated these trade networks for several decades, and had established colonial outposts on the coasts of brazil, africa and the indian ocean to facilitate them. the rivalry with portugal, however, was not entirely economic : from 1580 the portuguese crown had been joined to that of spain in an " iberian union " under phillip ii. by attacking portuguese overseas possessions, the dutch forced spain to divert financial and military resources away from its attempt to quell dutch independence. thus this began the dutch - portuguese war, which would last until the 1650 ' s. in 1594, a " company of far lands " was founded in amsterdam, with the aim of sending two fleets to the spice islands of maluku. the first fleet sailed in 1596 and returned in 1597 with a cargo of pepper, which more than covered the costs of the voyage. the second fleet, departing in 1598 and returning in 1599, returned its investors a 400 % profit. the success of these voyages led to the founding of a number of companies competing for the trade. the competition was counterproductive to the companies ' interests as it threatened to drive up the price of spices at their source in indonesia while driving them down in europe.


a. r. radcliffe - brown | born | | alfred reginald brown 17 january 1881 | died | | 24 october 1955 | social and cultural subfields | radcliffe - brown was born in sparkbrook, birmingham, england. after studying at trinity college, cambridge, he travelled to the andaman islands ( 1906 – 1908 ) and western australia ( 1910 – 1912, with biologist and writer e. l. grant watson and daisy bates ) to conduct fieldwork into the workings of the societies there, serving as the inspiration for his later books the andaman islanders ( 1922 ) and the social organization of australian tribes ( 1930 ). however at the 1914 meeting of the british association for the advancement of science, in melbourne he was accused by bates of plagiarizing her work. in 1916 he became a director of education in tonga, and in 1920 moved to cape town to become professor of social anthropology, founding the school of african life. further university appointments were university of cape town ( 1920 – 25 ), university of sydney ( 1925 – 31 ) and university of chicago ( 1931 – 37 ). among his most prominent students during his years at the university of chicago was sol tax and fred eggan. after these various far - flung appointments, he finally returned to england in 1937 to take up an appointment to the first chair in social anthropology at oxford in 1937, a post he held until his retirement in 1946. while he founded the institute of social and cultural anthropology at oxford, according to rodney needham his absence from the institute during the war years prevented his theories and approach from having a major influence on oxford anthropology. he has been described as " the classic to bronisław malinowski ' s romantic ". radcliffe - brown brought french sociology ( namely emile durkheim ) to british anthropology, constructing a rigorous battery of concepts to frame ethnography. greatly influenced by the work of emile durkheim, he saw institutions as the key to maintaining the global social order of a society, analogous to the organs of a body, and his studies of social function examine how customs aid in maintaining the overall stability of a society. concept of function radcliffe - brown has often been associated with functionalism, and is considered by some to be the founder of structural functionalism. nonetheless, radcliffe - brown vehemently denied being a functionalist, and carefully distinguished his concept of function from that of malinowski, who openly advocated functionalism. while malinowski ' s functionalism claimed that social practices could be directly explained by their ability to satisfy basic biological needs,


being a functionalist, and carefully distinguished his concept of function from that of malinowski, who openly advocated functionalism. while malinowski ' s functionalism claimed that social practices could be directly explained by their ability to satisfy basic biological needs, radcliffe - brown rejected this as baseless. instead, influenced by the process philosophy of alfred north whitehead, he claimed that the fundamental units of anthropology were processes of human life and interaction. because these are by definition characterised by constant flux, what calls for explanation is the occurrence of stability. why, radcliffe - brown asked, would some patterns of social practices repeat themselves and even seem to become fixed? he reasoned that this would at least require that other practices must not conflict with them too much ; and that in some cases, it may be that practices grow to support each other, a notion he called ' coadaptation ', deriving from the biological term. functional analysis, then, was just the attempt to explain stability by discovering how practices fit together to sustain that stability ; the ' function ' of a practice was just its role in sustaining the overall social structure, insofar as there was a stable social structure ( radcliffe - brown 1957 ). this is far from the ' functional explanation ' later impugned by carl hempel and others. it is also clearly distinct from malinowski ' s notion of function, a point which is often ignored by radcliffe - brown ' s detractors. while levi - strauss ( 1958 ) claimed that social structure and the social relations that are its constituents are theoretical constructions used to model social life, radcliffe - brown only half - agreed. he argued ( 1957 ) that social relations are real, and even directly observable ; but that social structure is a theoretical construction posited by the scientist on the basis of his or her observation of social relations. he shared with levi - strauss the notion that a major goal of social anthropology was to identify social structures and formal relationships between them, and that qualitative or discrete mathematics would be a necessary tool to do this. in that sense radcliffe - brown may be considered one of the fathers of social network analysis. in addition to identifying abstract relationships between social structures, radcliffe - brown argued for the importance of the notion of a ' total social structure ', which is the sum total of social relations in a given social unit of analysis during a given period. the identification of ' functions ' of social practices was supposed to be relative to this total social structure. levi - strauss saw social structure as a model. a


is the sum total of social relations in a given social unit of analysis during a given period. the identification of ' functions ' of social practices was supposed to be relative to this total social structure. levi - strauss saw social structure as a model. a popular view in the study of tribal societies had been that all societies follow a unilineal path ( ' evolutionism ' ), and that therefore ' primitive ' societies could be understood as earlier stages along that path ; conversely, ' modern ' societies contained vestiges of older forms. another view was that social practices tend to develop only once, and that therefore commonalities and differences between societies could be explained by a historical reconstruction of the interaction between societies ( ' diffusionism ' ). according to both of these views, the proper way to explain differences between tribal societies and modern ones was historical reconstruction. radcliffe - brown rejected both of these views because of the untestable nature of historical reconstructions. instead, he argued for the use of the comparative method to find regularities in human societies and thereby build up a genuinely scientific knowledge of social life. to that end, radcliffe - brown argued for a ' natural science of society '. he claimed that there was an independent role for social anthropology here, separate from psychology, though not in conflict with it. this was because psychology was to be the study of individual mental processes, while social anthropology was to study processes of interaction between people ( social relations ). thus he argued for a principled ontological distinction between psychology and social anthropology, in the same way as one might try to make a principled distinction between physics and biology. moreover, he claimed that existing social scientific disciplines, with the possible exception of linguistics, were arbitrary and did not have any principled reason to exist ; once our knowledge of society is sufficient, he argued, we will be able to form subdisciplines of anthropology centred around relatively isolated parts of the social structure. but without extensive scientific knowledge, it is impossible to know where these boundaries will be drawn. radcliffe - brown carried out extensive fieldwork in the andaman islands, australia, and elsewhere. on the basis of this research, he contributed extensively to the anthropological ideas on kinship, and criticized levi - strauss ' s alliance theory. he also produced structural analyses of myths, including on the basis of the concept of binary distinctions, an idea later echoed by levi - strauss. radcliffe - brown was often criticized for failing to consider the effect of historical changes in the societies he studied, in particular changes brought about by colonial


myths, including on the basis of the concept of binary distinctions, an idea later echoed by levi - strauss. radcliffe - brown was often criticized for failing to consider the effect of historical changes in the societies he studied, in particular changes brought about by colonialism, but he is now considered, together with bronisław malinowski, as the father of modern social anthropology. among radcliffe - brown ' s many works are : - 1922, the andaman islanders ; a study in social anthropology. - 1931, social organization of australian tribes. - 1940, on joking relationships : africa : journal of the international african institute, vol. 13, no. 3 ( jul., 1940 ), pp. 195 – 210 doi : 10. 2307 / 1156093 - 1952, structure and function in primitive society : posthumously - 1957, a natural science of society : based on a series of lectures at the university of chicago in 1937 and posthumously published by his students - adam kuper, anthropology and anthropologists : the modern british school ( penguin, 1973, pp. 45 - 46 ) - rodney needham - kuper, anthropology and anthropologists, p. 34 - kuper, anthropology and anthropologists, p. 36 - levi - strauss, c. anthropologie structurale ( 1958, structural anthropology, trans. claire jacobson and brooke grundfest schoepf, 1963 ) | | this article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. ( february 2008 ) | | wikimedia commons has media related to : alfred radcliffe - brown |


geography of north america north america is the third largest continent, and is also a portion of the second largest supercontinent if north and south america are combined into the americas and africa, europe, and asia are considered to be part of one supercontinent called afro - eurasia. with an estimated population of 460 million and an area of 24, 346, 000 km² ( 9, 400, 000 mi² ), the northernmost of the two continents of the western hemisphere is bounded by the pacific ocean on the west ; the atlantic ocean on the east ; the caribbean sea, atlantic and pacific oceans, and south america on the south ; and the arctic ocean on the north. the northern half of north america is sparsely populated and covered mostly by canada, except for the northwestern portion which is occupied by alaska, the largest state of the u. s. the central and southern portions of the continent are represented by the united states, mexico, and numerous smaller states primarily in central america and in the caribbean. the continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the darien watershed along the colombia - panama border, placing all of panama within north america. alternatively, a less common view would end north america at the man - made panama canal. islands generally associated with north america include greenland, the world ' s largest island, and archipelagos and islands in the caribbean. the terminology of the americas is complex, but " anglo - america " can describe canada and the u. s., while " latin america " comprises mexico and the countries of central america and the caribbean, as well as the entire continent of south america. natural features of north america include the northern portion of the american cordillera, represented by the geologically new rocky mountains in the west ; and the considerably older appalachian mountains to the east. the north hosts an abundance of glacial lakes formed during the last glacial period, including the great lakes. north america ' s major continental divide is the great divide, which runs north and south down through rocky mountains. the major watersheds all drain to the east : the mississippi / missouri and rio grande into the gulf of mexico, and st. lawrence into the atlantic. climate is determined to a large extent by the latitude, ranging from arctic cold in the north to tropical heat in the south. the western half of north america tends to have milder and wetter climate than other areas with equivalent latitude, although there are steppes ( known as " prairies " ) in the central and western portions, and deserts in


heat in the south. the western half of north america tends to have milder and wetter climate than other areas with equivalent latitude, although there are steppes ( known as " prairies " ) in the central and western portions, and deserts in the southwestern united states of arizona, colorado, california, nevada, new mexico, utah, oklahoma, and texas ; along with the mexican states of baja california, baja california sur, sonora, chihuahua, coahuila, nuevo leon and tamaulipas. seventy percent of north america is underlain by the laurentia craton, which is exposed as the canadian shield in much of central and eastern canada around the hudson bay, and as far south as the u. s. states of michigan, wisconsin, and minnesota. the continental crust started to form 4 billion years ago ( ga ), and six of the microcontinents collided to form the craton about 2 ga. this core has been enlarged by plate tectonics, most notably between 1. 8 and 1. 65 ga when a piece currently stretching from arizona to missouri fused with the south and west portion of the craton. the craton started to rift about 1. 1 ga, and the fissure ( now the midcontinent rift system ) ran between kansas and lake superior before stopping, perhaps due to the grenville collision in the east. otherwise the craton has remained relatively stable, with some rocks dating from 2. 5 to 4 ga, including what may be the world ' s oldest known rock : specimens from the nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt on the coast of the hudson bay have been dated to 4. 38 ga, though the dating methods are disputed. periodic flooding by inland seas, most recently the western interior seaway during the cretaceous, caused the layer of sedimentary rock over the remainder of the craton. the laurentia craton is the center of the proterozoic supercontinent rodinia in most models, and was also part of the later laurussia, pangea, and laurasia supercontinents. roughly 3 million years ago ( ma ), the volcanic isthmus of panama formed between the north and south american continents creating a bridge over what was the central american seaway and allowing the migration of flora and fauna between the two landmasses in the great american interchange. starting 2. 58 ma, the quaternary glaciation covered much of the continent with ice, centered west of hudson bay, the floor of which is slowly rebound


of flora and fauna between the two landmasses in the great american interchange. starting 2. 58 ma, the quaternary glaciation covered much of the continent with ice, centered west of hudson bay, the floor of which is slowly rebounding after being depressed by the great weight of the ice. glaciers descended the slopes of the rocky mountains and those of the pacific margin. extensive glacial lakes, such as glacial lake missoula, bonneville, lahontan, agassiz, and algonquin, formed by glacial melt water. " remnants of them are still visible in the great basin and along the edge of the canadian shield in the form of the great salt lake, the great lakes, and the large lakes of west central canada. " the last glacial period of the current ice age caused a lowering of the sea level, exposing the bering land bridge between alaska and siberia, which resulted in human migration from asia to the americas between 40, 000 and 15, 000 years ago. - canadian shield - this is a geologically stable area of rock dating between 2. 5 and 4 gya that occupies most of the northeastern quadrant, including greenland. - appalachian mountains - the appalachians are an old and eroded system that formed about 300 ma and extends from the gaspe peninsula to alabama. - atlantic coastal plain - the plain is a belt of lowlands widening to the south that extends from south new england to mexico. - interior lowlands - the lowlands extend down the middle of the continent from the mackenzie valley to the atlantic coastal plain, and include the great plains on the west and the agriculturally productive interior plains on the east. - north american cordillera - the cordillera is a complex belt of mountains and associated plateaus and basins some of which were formed as recently as 100 – 65 ma, during the cretaceous. the cordillera extend from alaska into mexico and includes two orogenic belts — the pacific margin on the west and the rocky mountains on the east — separated by a system of intermontane plateaus and basins. the coastal plain and the main belts of the north american cordillera continue in the south in mexico ( where the mexican plateau, bordered by the sierra madre oriental and the sierra madre occidental, is considered a continuation of the intermontane system ) to connect the transverse volcanic range, a zone of high and active volcanic peaks south of mexico city. the vast majority of north america is located on the north american plate, centered on the laurentia craton. parts of california


intermontane system ) to connect the transverse volcanic range, a zone of high and active volcanic peaks south of mexico city. the vast majority of north america is located on the north american plate, centered on the laurentia craton. parts of california and western mexico form the partial edge of the pacific plate ; the two plates meet along the san andreas fault. the southern portion of the caribbean and parts of central america compose the much smaller caribbean plate. the western mountains have split in the middle, into the main range of the rockies and the coast ranges in california, oregon, washington, and british columbia with the great basin ( a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts ) in between. the highest peak is mount mckinley / denali in alaska. the geographic center of north america is approximately " 6 miles west of balta, pierce county, north dakota " at 48⁰ 10 ′ north, 100⁰ 10 ′ west, and a 15 foot ( 4. 5 m ) field stone obelisk in rugby, north dakota ( ~ 15 miles or 25 km away ) claims to mark the center. three countries ( canada, the united states, and mexico ) make up most of north america ' s land mass ; they share the continent with 34 other island countries in the caribbean south of mexico. surface and climate the great plains is the broad expanse of prairie and steppe which lies east of the rocky mountains in the united states and canada. the narrow plains in the mexican coast and the savannas of the mississippi are analogous to, respectively, the patagonian steppes and the pampas of the piranha, paraguay, and rio de la plata. thus the appalachians and the mountain chains of brazil are regarded as creating similar interruptions to the plains community. north america extends to within 10° of latitude of both the equator and the north pole. it embraces every climatic zone, from tropical rain forest and savanna on the lowlands of central america to areas of permanent ice cap in central greenland. subarctic and tundra climates prevail in north canada and north alaska, and desert and semiarid conditions are found in interior regions cut off by high mountains from rain - bearing westerly winds. however, most of the continent has temperate climates very favorable to settlement and agriculture. prairies, or vast grasslands cover a huge amount in mountain ranges. north america ' s greatest snowfalls | 24 hours | | silver lake, colorado | | april 14 – 15, 1921 | | 76 | | 195. 6 | | 1 month | |


, or vast grasslands cover a huge amount in mountain ranges. north america ' s greatest snowfalls | 24 hours | | silver lake, colorado | | april 14 – 15, 1921 | | 76 | | 195. 6 | | 1 month | | tamarack, california | | january 1911 | | 390 | | 991 | | one storm | | mt. shasta ski bowl, calif. | | february 13 – 19, 1959 | | 189 | | 480 | | one season | | mount baker, wash | | 1998 – 1999 | | 1, 140 | | 2, 895. 6 | river systems north american rivers include : - approaching the atlantic ocean - approaching the pacific ocean climate and vegetation the climate in north america is typically cool and humid. the rainy zone disproportionately extends in america, and as the continent stretches over the climatic zones, vegetation is remarkably distinctive. great indentations of the shoreline make insular conditions to prevail in much of its interior. the area along the west coast tends to be milder and wetter than other areas with the same latitude. there are various plant life distributions in north america. plant life in the arctic includes grasses, mosses, and arctic willows. coniferous trees, including spruces, pines, hemlocks, and firs, are indigenous to the canadian and western u. s. mountain ranges as far south as san francisco. among these are giant sequoias, redwoods, great firs, and sugar pines. sugar pines are generally confined to the northwestern area of the united states. the central region of the country has hardwoods. southern states grow extensive yellow pines. in addition, mahogany, logwood, and lignumvitae - all tropical in nature - are grown. the southwest has desert plants, including yucci and cacti. the cultivated native plants of north america are tobacco, maize, potato, vanilla, melons, cacao, gourds, indigo plant, and bean. | major habitat types of the united states and canada | | ecoregions map of canada, united - states and mexico | north america is home to many native mammal species. several species of deer, including elk, caribou, moose, mule deer, and the abundant white - tailed deer are found throughout various regions, along with the bison and musk ox in the central and northern plains, respectively. three species of bear, several subspecies of wolf, and various other carnivores such as ra