of exercise on bone recovery is not clear. some studies have identified a skeletal benefit from weight bearing activity in anorectics. however, the potential benefits of exercise need to be weighed against the risk of fracture, delayed weight gain, and exercise induced amenorrhea. the impact of estrogen preparations on bone density in affected girls and young women is also unclear. estrogen may offer a limited benefit in some patients, but it should not be a substitute for nutritional support. the longer the duration of anorexia nervosa, the less likely it is that bone mineral density will return to normal. while the possibility for complete recovery of normal bone mineral density is low, weight gain and the resumption of menses increase the likelihood that some gains in bone density will occur. unfortunately a significant number of girls and young women will suffer a permanent reduction in bone density which places them at risk for osteoporosis and fracture throughout their lifetime. - an estimated 1. 1 percent to 4. 2 percent of females have bulimia nervosa in their lifetime. symptoms of bulimia nervosa include : - recurrent episodes of binge eating, characterized by eating an excessive amount of food within a discrete period of time and by a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode - recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain, such as self - induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or other medications ( purging ) ; fasting ; or excessive exercise - the binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months - self - evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight. - because purging or other compensatory behavior follows the binge - eating episodes, people with bulimia usually weigh within the normal range for their age and height. however, like individuals with anorexia, they may fear gaining weight, desire to lose weight, and feel intensely dissatisfied with their bodies. people with bulimia often perform the behaviors in secrecy, feeling disgusted and ashamed when they binge, yet relieved once they purge. binge eating disorders : community surveys have estimated that between 2 percent and 5 percent of americans experience binge - eating disorders in a 6 - month period. symptoms of binge - eating disorder include : recurrent episodes of binge eating, characterized by eating an excessive amount of food within a discrete period


between 2 percent and 5 percent of americans experience binge - eating disorders in a 6 - month period. symptoms of binge - eating disorder include : recurrent episodes of binge eating, characterized by eating an excessive amount of food within a discrete period of time and by a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode. the binge - eating episodes are associated with at least 3 of the following : eating much more rapidly than normal ; eating until feeling uncomfortably full ; eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry ; eating alone because of being embarrassed by how much one is eating ; feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty after overeating. - marked distress about the binge - eating behavior. - the binge eating occurs, on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. - the binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors ( e. g., purging, fasting, excessive exercise ). binge eating disorder : people with binge - eating disorder experience frequent episodes of out - of - control eating, with the same binge - eating symptoms as those with bulimia. the main difference is that individuals with binge - eating disorder do not purge their bodies of excess calories. therefore, many with the disorder are overweight for their age and height. feelings of self - disgust and shame associated with this illness can lead to bingeing again, creating a cycle of binge eating. should people with binge eating disorder try to diet? people who are not overweight should avoid dieting because it sometimes makes their binge eating worse. dieting here means skipping meals, not eating enough food each day, or avoiding certain kinds of food ( such as carbohydrates ). these are unhealthy ways to try to change your body shape and weight. many people with binge eating disorder are obese and have health problems because of their weight. these people should try to lose weight and keep it off. people with binge eating disorder who are obese may find it harder to stay in a weight - loss program. they also may lose less weight than other people, and may regain weight more quickly. ( this can be worse when they also have problems like depression, trouble controlling their behavior, and problems dealing with other people. ) these people may need treatment for binge eating disorder before they try to lose weight. how can people with binge eating disorder be helped? people with binge eating disorder


like depression, trouble controlling their behavior, and problems dealing with other people. ) these people may need treatment for binge eating disorder before they try to lose weight. how can people with binge eating disorder be helped? people with binge eating disorder, whether or not they want to lose weight, should get help from a health professional such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker for their eating behavior. even those who are not overweight are usually upset by their binge eating, and treatment can help them. there are several different ways to treat binge eating disorder. cognitive - behavioral therapy teaches people how to keep track of their eating and change their unhealthy eating habits. it also teaches them how to change the way they act in tough situations. interpersonal psychotherapy helps people look at their relationships with friends and family and make changes in problem areas. drug therapy, such as antidepressants, may be helpful for some people. researchers are still trying to find the treatment that is the most helpful in controlling binge eating disorder. the methods mentioned here seem to be equally helpful. for people who are overweight, a weight - loss program that also offers treatment for eating disorders might be the best choice. if you think you might have binge eating disorder, it ' s important to know that you are not alone. most people who have the disorder have tried but failed to control it on their own. you may want to get professional help. talk to your health care provider about the type of help that may be best. the good news is that most people do well in treatment and can overcome binge eating. eating disorders can be treated and a healthy weight restored. the sooner these disorders are diagnosed and treated, the better the outcomes are likely to be. because of their complexity, eating disorders require a comprehensive treatment plan involving medical care and monitoring, psychosocial interventions, nutritional counseling and, when appropriate, medication management. at the time of diagnosis, the clinician must determine whether the person is in immediate danger and requires hospitalization. treatment of anorexia calls for a specific program that involves three main phases : ( 1 ) restoring weight lost to severe dieting and purging ; ( 2 ) treating psychological disturbances such as distortion of body image, low self - esteem, and interpersonal conflicts ; and ( 3 ) achieving long - term remission and rehabilitation, or full recovery. early diagnosis and treatment increases the treatment success rate. use of psychotropic medication in people with anorexia should be considered only


esteem, and interpersonal conflicts ; and ( 3 ) achieving long - term remission and rehabilitation, or full recovery. early diagnosis and treatment increases the treatment success rate. use of psychotropic medication in people with anorexia should be considered only after weight gain has been established. certain selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) have been shown to be helpful for weight maintenance and for resolving mood and anxiety symptoms associated with anorexia. the acute management of severe weight loss is usually provided in an inpatient hospital setting, where feeding plans address the person ' s medical and nutritional needs. in some cases, intravenous feeding is recommended. once malnutrition has been corrected and weight gain has begun, psychotherapy ( often cognitive - behavioral or interpersonal psychotherapy ) can help people with anorexia overcome low self - esteem and address distorted thought and behavior patterns. families are sometimes included in the therapeutic process. the primary goal of treatment for bulimia is to reduce or eliminate binge eating and purging behavior. to this end, nutritional rehabilitation, psychosocial intervention, and medication management strategies are often employed. establishment of a pattern of regular, non - binge meals, improvement of attitudes related to the eating disorder, encouragement of healthy but not excessive exercise, and resolution of co - occurring conditions such as mood or anxiety disorders are among the specific aims of these strategies. individual psychotherapy ( especially cognitive - behavioral or interpersonal psychotherapy ), group psychotherapy that uses a cognitive - behavioral approach, and family or marital therapy have been reported to be effective. psychotropic medications, primarily antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ), have been found helpful for people with bulimia, particularly those with significant symptoms of depression or anxiety, or those who have not responded adequately to psychosocial treatment alone. these medications also may help prevent relapse. the treatment goals and strategies for binge - eating disorder are similar to those for bulimia, and studies are currently evaluating the effectiveness of various interventions. people with eating disorders often do not recognize or admit that they are ill. as a result, they may strongly resist getting and staying in treatment. family members or other trusted individuals can be helpful in ensuring that the person with an eating disorder receives needed care and rehabilitation. for some people, treatment may be long term. research findings and directions research is contributing to advances in the understanding and treatment of eating disorders. scientists and others continue to investigate the


in ensuring that the person with an eating disorder receives needed care and rehabilitation. for some people, treatment may be long term. research findings and directions research is contributing to advances in the understanding and treatment of eating disorders. scientists and others continue to investigate the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions, medications, and the combination of these treatments with the goal of improving outcomes for people with eating disorders. research on interrupting the binge - eating cycle has shown that once a structured pattern of eating is established, the person experiences less hunger, less deprivation, and a reduction in negative feelings about food and eating. the two factors that increase the likelihood of bingeing — hunger and negative feelings — are reduced, which decreases the frequency of binges. several family and twin studies are suggestive of a high heritability of anorexia and bulimia, and researchers are searching for genes that confer susceptibility to these disorders. scientists suspect that multiple genes may interact with environmental and other factors to increase the risk of developing these illnesses. identification of susceptibility genes will permit the development of improved treatments for eating disorders. other studies are investigating the neurobiology of emotional and social behavior relevant to eating disorders and the neuroscience of feeding behavior. scientists have learned that both appetite and energy expenditure are regulated by a highly complex network of nerve cells and molecular messengers called neuropeptides. these and future discoveries will provide potential targets for the development of new pharmacologic treatments for eating disorders. further insight is likely to come from studying the role of gonadal steroids. their relevance to eating disorders is suggested by the clear gender effect in the risk for these disorders, their emergence at puberty or soon after, and the increased risk for eating disorders among girls with early onset of menstruation. what are the symptoms of eating disorders? - anorexia nervosa - people who have anorexia develop unusual eating habits such as avoiding food and meals, picking out a few foods and eating them in small amounts, weighing their food, and counting the calories of everything they eat. also, they may exercise excessively. - bulimia nervosa - people who have bulimia eat an excessive amount of food in a single episode and almost immediately make themselves vomit or use laxatives or diuretics ( water pills ) to get rid of the food in their bodies. this behavior often is referred to as the " binge / purge " cycle. like people with anorexia, people with bulim


or use laxatives or diuretics ( water pills ) to get rid of the food in their bodies. this behavior often is referred to as the " binge / purge " cycle. like people with anorexia, people with bulimia have an intense fear of gaining weight. - binge - eating disorder - people with this recently recognized disorder have frequent episodes of compulsive overeating, but unlike those with bulimia, they do not purge their bodies of food. during these food binges, they often eat alone and very quickly, regardless of whether they feel hungry or full. they often feel shame or guilt over their actions. unlike anorexia and bulimia, binge - eating disorder occurs almost as often in men as in women. what medical problems can arise as a result of eating disorders? - anorexia nervosa - anorexia can slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure, increasing the chance of heart failure. those who use drugs to stimulate vomiting, bowel movements, or urination are also at high risk for heart failure. starvation can also lead to heart failure, as well as damage the brain. anorexia may also cause hair and nails to grow brittle. skin may dry out, become yellow, and develop a covering of soft hair called lanugo. mild anemia, swollen joints, reduced muscle mass, and light - headedness also commonly occur as a consequence of this eating disorder. severe cases of anorexia can lead to brittle bones that break easily as a result of calcium loss. - bulimia nervosa - the acid in vomit can wear down the outer layer of the teeth, inflame and damage the esophagus ( a tube in the throat through which food passes to the stomach ), and enlarge the glands near the cheeks ( giving the appearance of swollen cheeks ). damage to the stomach can also occur from frequent vomiting. irregular heartbeats, heart failure, and death can occur from chemical imbalances and the loss of important minerals such as potassium. peptic ulcers, pancreatitis ( inflammation of the pancreas, which is a large gland that aids digestion ), and long - term constipation are also consequences of bulimia. - binge - eating disorder - binge - eating disorder can cause high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. other effects of binge - eating disorder include fatigue, joint pain, type ii diabetes, gallbladder


of bulimia. - binge - eating disorder - binge - eating disorder can cause high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. other effects of binge - eating disorder include fatigue, joint pain, type ii diabetes, gallbladder disease, and heart disease. what is required for a formal diagnosis of an eating disorder? - anorexia nervosa - weighs at least 15 percent below what is considered normal for others of the same height and age ; misses at least three consecutive menstrual cycles ( if a female of childbearing age ) ; has an intense fear of gaining weight ; refuses to maintain the minimal normal body weight ; and believes he or she is overweight though in reality is dangerously thin. - bulimia nervosa - at least two binge / purge cycles a week, on average, for at least 3 months ; lacks control over his or her eating behavior ; and seems obsessed with his or her body shape and weight. - binge - eating disorder - at least two binge - eating episodes a week, on average, for 6 months ; and lacks control over his or her eating behavior. how are eating disorders treated? - anorexia nervosa - the first goal for the treatment of anorexia is to ensure the person ' s physical health, which involves restoring a healthy weight. reaching this goal may require hospitalization. once a person ' s physical condition is stable, treatment usually involves individual psychotherapy and family therapy during which parents help their child learn to eat again and maintain healthy eating habits on his or her own. behavioral therapy also has been effective for helping a person return to healthy eating habits. supportive group therapy may follow, and self - help groups within communities may provide ongoing support. - bulimia nervosa - unless malnutrition is severe, any substance abuse problems that may be present at the time the eating disorder is diagnosed are usually treated first. the next goal of treatment is to reduce or eliminate the person ' s binge eating and purging behavior. behavioral therapy has proven effective in achieving this goal. psychotherapy has proven effective in helping to prevent the eating disorder from recurring and in addressing issues that led to the disorder. studies have also found that prozac, an antidepressant, may help people who do not respond to psychotherapy. as with anorexia, family therapy is also recommended. - binge - eating disorder - the goals and strategies for treating binge - eating disorder are similar to


an antidepressant, may help people who do not respond to psychotherapy. as with anorexia, family therapy is also recommended. - binge - eating disorder - the goals and strategies for treating binge - eating disorder are similar to those for bulimia. binge - eating disorder was recognized only recently as an eating disorder, and research is under way to study the effectiveness of different interventions what is eating disorders prevention? prevention is any systematic attempt to change the circumstances that promote, initiate, sustain, or intensify problems like eating disorders. - primary prevention refers to programs or efforts that are designed to prevent the occurrence of eating disorders before they begin. primary prevention is intended to help promote healthy development. - secondary prevention ( sometimes called " targeted prevention " ) refers to programs or efforts that are designed to promote the early identification of an eating disorder - - - to recognize and treat an eating disorder before it spirals out of control. the earlier an eating disorder is discovered and addressed, the better the chance for recovery. basic principles for the prevention of eating disorders 1. eating disorders are serious and complex problems. we need to be careful to avoid thinking of them in simplistic terms, like " anorexia is just a plea for attention, " or " bulimia is just an addiction to food. " eating disorders arise from a variety of physical, emotional, social, and familial issues, all of which need to be addressed for effective prevention and treatment. 2. eating disorders are not just a " female problem " or " something for the girls. " males who are preoccupied with shape and weight can also develop eating disorders as well as dangerous shape control practices like steroid use. in addition, males play an important role in prevention. the objectification and other forms of mistreatment of women by others contribute directly to two underlying features of an eating disorder : obsession with appearance and shame about ones body. 3. prevention efforts will fail, or worse, inadvertently encourage disordered eating, if they concentrate solely on warning the public about the signs, symptoms, and dangers of eating disorders. effective prevention programs must also address :


“ the rover works perfectly, ” she said. at a jpl press conference, curiosity project scientist john grotzinger compared one of the new images sent from mars to the mojave desert. “ it ’ s quite an experience to be looking at a place that feels really comfortable ” and familiar, he said. “ what ’ s going to be interesting is finding out all the ways that it ’ s different. ” curiosity landed in gale crater, which offers opportunities for research that hasn ’ t been possible on mars. scientists know that the crater was covered with water in the past, and the rover itself may well be sitting on the edge of what was once a river delta. three - mile high mount sharp also sits in the midst of the 100 miles in diameter crater, and will be a major focus of the mission. high - resolution close - up images released wednesday also show what appear to be pebbles and gravel over a layer of what scientist believe is bedrock. one set of images also shows a small nearby indentation with exposed rock. “ you can see a harder, rocky surface under gravel and pebbles, ” grotzinger said, indicating that the site could become the rover ’ s first destination. the curiosity team expects to spend one to two weeks checking out the basic systems of the rover - the most complex ever sent to another planet - seeing if the 10 science instruments on board are in working order, and switching to a different software system. curiosity landed in gale crater, which offers opportunities for research that haven ’ t been available on mars before. the ability of the rover to move may be tested during this time, grotzinger said, but no firm decisions have been made as the vehicle and its environment are checked out. while some of the new mars images are striking, the lead of the curiosity film and photography team, michael malin, said that far more precise and dramatic images will come when the more powerful cameras are deployed.


greenland ' s glaciers are sliding into oceans at a faster pace than previously known, but they may contribute less to an expected rise in global sea level than feared, scientists reported thursday. from 2000 to 2010, researchers at the university of washington and ohio state university monitored the vast rivers of ice that course across the world ' s largest island. their results, published this week in the peer - reviewed journal science, found that glaciers in northwestern and southeastern greenland flowing toward the arctic and atlantic oceans picked up speed by about 30 %, on average. " glaciers are continuing to accelerate, which means they are continuing to put more ice into the ocean, " said university of washington at seattle glaciologist twila moon, the paper ' s lead author. " and as soon as that ice hits the ocean, it ' s contributing to sea - level rise. " but moon said her group ' s data suggests that contribution will be less than existing worst - case scenarios. earlier estimates suggested melting greenland ice could contribute as much as half a meter ( about 19 inches ) to the projected 2 - meter increase in average sea levels by 2100 as a result of a warming global climate, moon said. her team ' s research doesn ' t point to a specific figure, " but we can say some of the worst numbers aren ' t there at this point. " " they are speeding up. that ' s certainly not a question, " she said. " but they are not speeding up at some of the rates that we would consider a remote possibility. " " speeding " is a relative term. many of the roughly 200 glaciers studied move less than the length of a football field per year ; others flow about a mile annually. one glacier in northern greenland was clocked going from 50 meters to 650 meters a year ( about 160 feet to 2, 100 feet ) over the course of seven years. the research was funded by nasa and the national science foundation. most of greenland is covered by a sheet of ice that averages more than a mile thick. nasa says its observations indicate the ice sheet is shedding up to 50 billion tons of water a year. researchers are also watching the behavior of the ice that covers antarctica, where a study published last week concluded that warmer ocean currents are eating away at the ice shelves around the rim of the continent. in the same issue of science that included the greenland research, scientists from nasa and australia said that more detailed observations are needed to figure out what that will mean for human populations.


just three latin words unlock the meanings of most cloud names : stratus meaning layer ; cumulus, the word for lump or heap ; and cirrus, which means wispy or curly. add to this basic group the word nimbus, which means ' pouring down rain, ' alto, the word meaning middle, and fracto for broken and you ' ve got almost the entire sky covered. stratocumulus? that ' s easy - a layer of lumpy clouds. cirrostratus - a wispy, curly layer of clouds. cumulo - nimbus - big lumpy clouds that can pour down rain. how about fractostratus - a smooth layer of clouds that looks sort of torn apart. our system of cloud names was created by an english pharmacist named luke howard back in 1803. though it has been refined and expanded over the years by various meteorologists, howard ' s basic nomenclature remains in use today. a modest man of science and a dedicated amateur weather observer, howard was also evidently something of a poet, for the latin names he proposed for the clouds have proven to be as memorable, as apt, and as seemingly inevitable as some of the great lines of shakespeare. luke howard ' s latin cloud names. nearly 200 years old, and unlike the latin names of plants and animals, have not been superceded by a non - latin moniker. thanks today to writer david laskin. our show is funded by subaru and by the national science foundation.


x - ray is a series of pictures of the bones in your face. one type of facial x - ray ( called a paranasal sinus x - ray series ) looks at the air - filled cavities ( sinuses ) around the nose and eyes. are a form of radiation, like light or radio waves, that are focused into a beam, much like a flashlight beam. x - rays can pass through most objects, including the human body. x - rays make a picture by striking a detector that either exposes a film or sends the picture to a computer. dense tissues in the body, such as bones, block ( absorb ) many of the x - rays and look white on an x - ray picture. less dense tissues, such as muscles and organs, block fewer of the x - rays ( more of the x - rays pass through ) and look like shades of gray on an x - ray. x - rays that pass only through air look black on the picture. see a picture of the bones of the face. a facial x - ray helps find bone fractures, tumors, foreign objects, infections, and abnormal growths or changes in bone structure or size. an x - ray of the eye ( orbital cavity ) may be taken if the eye has been injured. a computed tomography ( ct ) scan may be needed to check any problems seen on x - ray. why it is done a facial or sinus x - ray may be done - find problems of the sinuses of the face and nose, such as sinusitis or abnormal growths ( polyps or - find fractures of the facial bones and - check the bones around the eye ( orbital - check the sinuses before surgery. - check for metal objects around the eyes before a magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) - look for the cause of pain in the face. how to prepare before the x - ray test, tell your doctor if you are or might be pregnant. pregnancy and the risk of radiation exposure to your unborn baby ( fetus ) must be considered. the risk of damage from the x - rays is usually very low compared with the potential benefits of the test. if a facial x - ray is absolutely necessary, a lead apron will be placed over your abdomen to shield your baby from exposure to the x - rays. you don ' t need to do anything else before you have this test.


is there a link between blood pressure medication and cancer - - particularly kidney cancer? dec. 3, 1999 ( new york ) - - do blood - pressure - lowering drugs ( antihypertensive agents ) cause cancer? could they possibly prevent it? these issues were addressed here at a special session on cancer risks at the 14th scientific meeting of the american society of hypertension ( ash ). although one study found ace inhibitors to be protective, another sparked controversy by linking diuretics to renal cell carcinoma ( a form of kidney cancer ). treatment with an ace inhibitor not only can lower blood pressure and protect kidneys but also can significantly reduce one ' s risk of dying from cancer - - especially a woman ' s risk of death from breast or gynecologic cancers, according to john l. reid, professor of medicine at the university of glasgow in scotland. reid is the lead researcher for a study of 5, 297 patients taking antihypertensive medications who were followed - up for 16 years. reid tells webmd that recent studies suggest that some antihypertensive treatments are cancer - causing, but he disagrees with these findings. " the only cancer in which we have seen a slight increase in incidence [ in patients taking antihypertensives ] is renal cancer, and let me say that this is a very, very rare cancer, " he says. in the study, 1, 559 patients with high blood pressure were treated with an ace inhibitor, while the other patients were treated with a variety of other antihypertensive agents. among the patients treated with ace inhibitors, there were 60 cancers ; there were 267 cancers among the patients taking other agents. according to reid, among the patients taking ace inhibitors, the risk of death from cancer was a third less than the risk for patients never treated with an ace inhibitor. women taking ace inhibitors had only half the risk of cancer - related death - - and only one - third the risk of dying from a sex - specific cancer such as breast or ovarian disease. reid says that there are several theories about why ace inhibitors are protective against cancer, but " i think the most likely explanation is that angiotensin ii [ the body substance that ace inhibitors block ] is known to stimulate cells to divide - - so blocking that action is protective, " he says. " additionally, it blocks [ blood vessel growth ], thus reducing blood supply. " in contrast to reid, franz h. messerli, md, presented his analysis of multiple


divide - - so blocking that action is protective, " he says. " additionally, it blocks [ blood vessel growth ], thus reducing blood supply. " in contrast to reid, franz h. messerli, md, presented his analysis of multiple past research studies that suggests long - term diuretic use increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma, especially in middle - aged women. messerli is medical director of the division of research at the alton ochsner clinic in new orleans. reid says, however, " in our much larger [ study ] database, we found no increased risk for treatment with diuretics. " most of the audience of physicians attending the session criticized messerli ' s finding, but reid said that he agreed with messerli ' s position that middle - aged women should not be routinely given diuretics. " i come to this conclusion for a different reason, " reid says. " i think these women have a low risk of a cardiovascular event, and i think that this population tends to be overtreated. " john h. laragh - - master professor of medicine at new york hospital - cornell medical center - - tells webmd, " i think that it is worth looking at these issues of antihypertensives and cancer, but further studies are needed, because the evidence is so preliminary and so weak that i wouldn ' t make any recommendations. " but - - illustrating the variety of medical opinion on these issues - - laragh, who is a past president of the american society of hypertension and is director of the cardiovascular center at new york hospital - cornell medical center, says that he doesn ' t use long - term diuretic therapy because he thinks it puts patients at risk for salt depletion.


general information about skin cancer nonmelanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis often appear as a change in the skin. not all changes in the skin are a sign of nonmelanoma skin cancer or actinic keratosis, but a doctor should be consulted if changes in the skin are seen. possible signs of nonmelanoma skin cancer include the following : - a sore that does not heal. - areas of the skin that are : - small, raised, smooth, shiny, and waxy. - small, raised, and red or reddish - brown. - flat, rough, red or brown, and scaly. - scaly, bleeding, or crusty. - similar to a scar and firm. possible signs of actinic keratosis include the following : - a rough, red, pink, or brown, raised, scaly patch on the skin. - cracking or peeling of the lower lip that is not helped by lip balm or petroleum jelly. tests or procedures that examine the skin are used to detect ( find ) and diagnose nonmelanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis. the following procedures may be used : - skin examination : a doctor or nurse checks the skin for bumps or spots that look abnormal in color, size, shape, or texture. - biopsy : all or part of the abnormal - looking growth is cut from the skin and viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to see if cancer cells are present. there are 3 main types of skin biopsies : - shave biopsy : a sterile razor blade is used to " shave - off " the abnormal - looking growth. - punch biopsy : a special instrument called a punch or a trephine is used to remove a circle of tissue from the abnormal - looking growth. punch biopsy. a hollow, circular scalpel is used to cut into a lesion on the skin. the instrument is turned clockwise and counterclockwise to cut down about 4 millimeters ( mm ) to the layer of fatty tissue below the dermis. a small sample of tissue is removed to be checked under a microscope. skin thickness is different on different parts of the body. - excisional biopsy : a scalpel is used to remove the entire growth. certain factors affect prognosis ( chance of recovery ) and treatment options. the prognosis ( chance of recovery ) depends mostly on the stage of the cancer and the type of treatment used to remove the cancer. treatment options depend on


it can be easy to overlook planning nutritious lunches. " but don ' t count out lunch, " says elizabeth ward, registered dietitian, mother of three and author of " myplate for moms, how to feed yourself & your family better : decoding the dietary guidelines for your real life. " in fact, students who eat a nutritious, balanced diet are better prepared to learn, reports the association for supervision and curriculum development. " school lunch is more than just a meal - it ' s an opportunity for good nutrition and teaching during children ' s prime learning hours, " says ward. " children are always growing and developing, both physically and mentally, so providing them with great lunch nutrition keeps them healthy in and out of the classroom. " ward offers the following tips to help keep your child eating healthy during school hours : - talk to your children. ask them what they would like to eat for lunch and teach them where food comes from. involving children in meal planning will make the process more fun. packing lunch with their favorite character on their lunch kit will make their meal even more enjoyable. - check with the school to see how close snack time is to lunch. this will help you determine how much food to pack for your children. portion control is important for a healthy, balanced diet. since children are smaller than adults, they should eat smaller portions, too. - lunch can be more than just the traditional milk, sandwich and fruit. eating the same thing every day may get boring fast. as long as the food is healthy, you don ' t need to get hung up on serving a traditional lunch. alternate cold meals and hot to keep your child ' s interest. if your child craves pizza, make one at home with low - fat cheese and vegetables. use sunflower seed butter or olive oil instead of regular butter, and make sure milk, cheese and yogurt are low or nonfat. if you want to send a sandwich for lunch, try making it on a whole - wheat bagel, pita pocket or sandwich wrap. - give your child an alternative to sugary soda and juice drinks by packing ice water with fruit slices in a bottle. the fruit will add the sweet taste your child craves, without the added sugar. there is no nutritional value to sugary drinks, so cutting them out of your child ' s diet and helping them understand why you ' re doing so early on will benefit them in the long run. - provide a balanced meal. keep kids fueled during and after


william camden, author and antiquary, was buried in the south transept of westminster abbey on 19 november 1623. through the influence of dean gabriel goodman he had been appointed second master at westminster school in 1575 and he became head master 1593 - 97. he was also librarian of westminster abbey 1587 - 97 and sang in the choir 1584 - 5. he was author of the first guidebook to the monuments in the abbey, published in 1600. his monument of white marble is on the west wall of the transept with a bust ( unfortunately the inscription gives an incorrect age ). he has his left hand on his famous book britannia and in his right he holds some gloves. in the arcade behind is a gilded coronet ( referring to his king of arms office ) and two shields of arms. the latin inscription can be translated : william camden, clarenceux king of arms, who illustrated the british antiquities, by ancient truth and indefatigable industry, and adorned his innate simplicity with useful literature, and illustrated his pleasantness of humour with candour and sincerity, lies here quietly, in hopes of a certain resurrection in christ. he died 9 november 1623, aged 74. the bust was damaged during the civil war but the monument was restored by the university of oxford in the late 18th century. the coats of arms show “ argent, st george ’ s cross, on a chief gules a lion of england ” ( for clarenceux king of arms ) impaling “ argent a fess engrailed between six crosses crosslet fitchee sable ” ( for camden ). william was born on 2 may 1551 in london, son of sampson and his wife elizabeth ( curwen ). he was educated at christ ’ s hospital, st paul ’ s school and oxford university. during his time at westminster school he was able to travel extensively around the country during the holidays collecting antiquarian and topographical information. in 1586 his book britannia ( a description of britain and ireland ) was published, which went into many editions. one of his pupils was the elizabethan poet ben jonson and camden made many improvements at the school, with patronage from lord burghley. his greek grammar became a standard work and his other major work was the annals of the reign of queen elizabeth i. although a layman william was appointed to the prebend of ilfracombe at salisbury cathedral and in 1597 he was appointed clarenceux king of arms ( one of the three principal officers or heralds at the college of arms


( newsusa ) - want to get outdoors, improve your health and socialize with friends? it might be time to put on your walking shoes. regular physical activity may help control weight and lower the risk for certain diseases. some exercise is always better than none. if you ' re not used to exercise, walking is a great way to become more active. walking requires a pair of sturdy walking shoes to get started, and proves a viable way to burn calories, build bone density, reduce the risk of chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes and heart disease, and socialize with friends. not sure how to get started? sisters together : move more, eat better, a national initiative of the weight - control information network ( win ) designed to encourage black women to exercise and eat healthier foods, offers the following tips to get moving : * make it fun. find a partner. your walking partner should be able to match your speed. * find proper footgear. wear shoes with proper arch support, a firm heel and thick, flexible soles. * wear clothes that will keep you dry and comfortable. look for synthetic fabrics that absorb sweat and remove it from your skin. * divide your walk into sections. warm up by walking slowly for five minutes. then, increase your speed and do a fast walk. finally, cool down by walking slowly again for five minutes. do light stretching after your warm - up and cool - down. * try to walk as often as possible. to avoid stiff or sore muscles and joints, start gradually. over several weeks, begin walking faster, going farther, and walking for longer periods of time. aim for 30 minutes of walking a day on most, if not all, days of the week. * set goals and rewards. a goal might be participating in a fun walk or walking continuously for 30 minutes. reward yourself when you meet a goal, but not with high - calorie foods. for more information and tips, visit the win site at www. win. niddk. nih. gov.


nicaragua is the second poorest country in latin america, where wfp has worked with governments for 40 years to reduce hunger and undernutrition. nicaragua is also the fourth country most affected by natural disasters between 1990 and 2010. when disasters occur, and hunger and epidemics constantly strike the population, women, children, the elderly and the ill are the most vulnerable. because nicaragua has shores on both the pacific and atlantic oceans, it is vulnerable to hurricanes. in fact there is a risk of natural disaster every year during the hurricane season. nicaraguan women are an essential part of mitigation efforts and the response to natural disasters. in food assistance programmes, women receive the food directly to guarantee their families nutrition. drought is the most recurrent phenomenon in the north and west of the country. in the “ dry corridor ” drinkable water is scarce, limiting the farming on family and community orchards. the lack or irregularity of rain affects subsistence farmers. through “ water harvesting ” — techniques for soil and water conservation - -, and water collection and drip irrigation systems, families deal with the drought. women, who are heads of households in large proportions, get training about ways to implement these practices that benefit their families. the world economy has also caused internal crises in nicaragua that affect the food and nutritional security of the poorest families. the constant fluctuations in the price of coffee, the main agro - exporting product, and coffee diseases, such as fungal rust, have caused salary reductions and job losses, impacting drastically in the health and nutrition, especially of women and children. prevention plans and social programmes to protect the families have been implemented with the support of the wfp. one of the phenomena that had the greatest impact in the households of the miskitas and mayaganas indigenous communities, in the northern zone, bordering honduras, was a sudden plague of rats, which ruined crops and overran the houses of these towns in hard - to - reach areas. without food for their families, the women placed themselves in the frontline and joined a wfp airlift to provide food and the resources to control the plague, in cooperation with the ministry of agriculture and forestry. migration is another social phenomenon seen in nicaragua in the past few years. in the “ dry corridor ” men and women migrate to neighboring countries to work in agricultural fields. migration has led to new crises for those who are left behind : the loss of family unity, children being raised by their grandparents or relatives, severed family ties, school drop - outs, and an uncertain future and economic


countries to work in agricultural fields. migration has led to new crises for those who are left behind : the loss of family unity, children being raised by their grandparents or relatives, severed family ties, school drop - outs, and an uncertain future and economic deprivation, among others. wfp ’ s strategy is to support families with development programmes so that parents take part in productive activities that generate food and income, and rule out migration as an option. the elderly and people with disabilities face greater risks and need special assistance during emergencies. they also need special nutritional and healthcare assistance. the issue of prioritizing the attention of these social groups, together with women and children, during emergency interventions was included in the agenda of a recent training about “ nutrition and health in emergency situations ” given to local officials from different municipalities. female leadership is fundamental for the prevention and response to natural disasters. in el cedro, in the mountains at the north of nicaragua, women placed their humble homes to the authorities ’ disposal for the storage of food and took the responsibility of distributing rations to every family as a way to help in the response to the affected population. the commitment and attention of these women to their communities was a noble labor. the nicaraguan woman is entrepreneurial and dynamic. they are mothers, daughters and wives on the frontline in the fight against hunger and poverty. “ they are not easily discouraged, even when they face tough crises in their families or communities. they are tireless workers and manage very well their food and homes. they are wfp ’ s best partners to guarantee that the foods are being consumed in the home, that children go to school and that they themselves and their children receive medical attention when they are pregnant and after birth. they are the axis of food security in their homes ”, said wfp representative helmut w. rauch on the eve of international women ’ s day, celebrated on march 8. 30 april 2013 nicaragua : international workers´ day


preventive therapy and intensified case finding for tb in people living with hiv the who hiv / aids and stop tb departments hosted a joint meeting with key experts, 25 - 27 january 2010 to prepare guidelines on preventive therapy and intensified case finding for tb in people living with hiv. the who / unaids 1998 policy statement on preventive therapy against tb in people living with hivwill be updated to produce new who guidelines, reconceptualising tb preventive therapy and intensified tb case finding, as integral parts of hiv treatment, care and support services. tuberculosis ( tb ) is the most frequent life threatening opportunistic disease among people living with hiv ( plhiv ) and is the leading cause of death and yet tb is preventable and curable. at the end of 2007, approximately 33. 2 million people were living with hiv and approximately 2 billion people ( one third of the world ’ s population ) were infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. in the same year there were 1. 37 million new tb cases among plhiv and 456 000 tb related deaths. the global tb control report 2009 states that that one in four tb deaths is hiv related. these facts point to an urgent need to find prevent and treat tb in people living with hiv. the three i ’ s, isoniazid preventive treatment ( ipt ), infection control ( ic ) and intensified case finding ( icf ) are three priority public health actions to prevent and treat tb in people living with hiv, other vulnerable patients and the community. despite the considerable benefits of the three i ’ s, many countries have been slow to implement these tb - reducing services. in 2008, for example, of the estimated 33. 4 million plhiv, only 50 000 were offered ipt, which has resulted in missed opportunities to prevent many unnecessary cases of tb and related deaths. to address the significant gap in progress in scaling up the three i ’ s, who convened a meeting with other key partners in april 2008, which called for an update of the who / unaids policy on preventive therapy against tuberculosis in people living with hiv. in response to the three i ’ s meeting, who hiv / aids and tb departments will host a joint meeting with key experts 25 - 27 january, to reconceptualise ipt and icf as integral parts of hiv treatment, care and support services. the overall objective of the meeting is to update the who / unaids 1998 policy statement on preventive therapy against tb in people living with hiv


##onceptualise ipt and icf as integral parts of hiv treatment, care and support services. the overall objective of the meeting is to update the who / unaids 1998 policy statement on preventive therapy against tb in people living with hiv [ pdf 507kb ] to prepare new who guidelines on preventive therapy and case finding of tb in people living with hiv. the specific objectives of the meeting are to : - determine the best combination of signs, symptoms and diagnostic procedures ( e. g., smear microscopy, radiography, serum - based tests such as igra, etc. ) as screening tools to determine eligibility for latent tb infection ( ltbi ) treatment and to diagnose tb among plhiv ; - determine whether treatment for ltbi among plhiv leads to significant developments of mono - resistance against the drugs used for ltbi treatment ; - define the optimal duration and drug regimen ( e. g., inh, rif, etc. ) for treatment of ltbi to reduce the risk of developing tuberculosis among plhiv ; - define the optimal time to start considering ipt ( i. e., should immune status be considered and should ipt be started with art ) ; - determine whether low adherence rates to ltbi treatment are a barrier to the implementation of ltbi treatment among plhiv ; - determine whether the provision of treatment for ltbi is cost - effective ; - discuss purified protein derivative ( ppd ) in resource - limited settings ; - determine whether plhiv who had received tb treatment in the past are provided secondary treatment of ltbi to prevent re - infection or recurrence of tuberculosis. approximately 69 people representing 5 regions and 25 different countries will take part in the meeting. the meeting will bring together a broad range of stakeholders : researchers, programme implementers, representatives of ministries of health, policy makers, civil society representatives, people living with hiv, gender advocates, un agencies and donor agencies. who will circulate a report after the consultation, with an overview of key recommendations and next steps.


galileo finds veritable chemical factory on europa news story originally written on march 29, 1999 scientists using instruments aboard the galileo spacecraft have found hydrogen peroxide on jupiter ' s moon europa. this is added to the list of chemicals such as sulfur dioxide, water ice, and carbon dioxide that have already been discovered there. the hydrogen peroxide is created by the intense radiation coming from jupiter. hydrogen peroxide isn ' t found naturally on earth ' s surface because we aren ' t hit by as much radiation as europa. shop windows to the universe science store! learn about earth and space science, and have fun while doing it! the games section of our online store includes a climate change card game and the traveling nitrogen game you might also be interested in : europa was first discovered by galileo in 1610, making it one of the galilean satellites. it is jupiter ' s 4th largest moon, 670, 900 km from jupiter. with a diameter that is about half the distance across... more the picture to the left shows examples of the many amazing different surface features of europa. many exciting discoveries were made about europa during the galileo mission. the surface of europa is unusual,... more it was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. it seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. either way, nasa led the way to a great century of discovery. unfortunately,... more the space shuttle discovery lifted off from kennedy space center on october 29th at 2 : 19 p. m. est. the weather was great as discovery took 8 1 / 2 minutes to reach orbit. this was the united states ' 123rd... more a moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid, eugenia. this is only the second time in history that a satellite has been seen circling an asteroid. a special mirror allowed scientists to find the moon... more will russia ever put the service module for the international space station in space? nasa officials want an answer from the russian government. the necessary service module is currently waiting to be... more a coronal mass ejection ( cme ) happened on the sun early last month. the material that was thrown out from this explosion passed the ace spacecraft. the swics instrument on ace has produced a new and very... more


source code : lib / cgi. py support module for common gateway interface ( cgi ) scripts. this module defines a number of utilities for use by cgi scripts written in python. a cgi script is invoked by an http server, usually to process user input submitted through an html < form > or < isindex > element. most often, cgi scripts live in the server ’ s special cgi - bin directory. the http server places all sorts of information about the request ( such as the client ’ s hostname, the requested url, the query string, and lots of other goodies ) in the script ’ s shell environment, executes the script, and sends the script ’ s output back to the client. the script ’ s input is connected to the client too, and sometimes the form data is read this way ; at other times the form data is passed via the “ query string ” part of the url. this module is intended to take care of the different cases and provide a simpler interface to the python script. it also provides a number of utilities that help in debugging scripts, and the latest addition is support for file uploads from a form ( if your browser supports it ). the output of a cgi script should consist of two sections, separated by a blank line. the first section contains a number of headers, telling the client what kind of data is following. python code to generate a minimal header section looks like this : print " content - type : text / html " # html is following print # blank line, end of headers the second section is usually html, which allows the client software to display nicely formatted text with header, in - line images, etc. here ’ s python code that prints a simple piece of html : print " < title > cgi script output < / title > " print " < h1 > this is my first cgi script < / h1 > " print " hello, world! " begin by writing import cgi. do not use from cgi import * — the module defines all sorts of names for its own use or for backward compatibility that you don ’ t want in your namespace. when you write a new script, consider adding these lines : import cgitb cgitb. enable ( ) this activates a special exception handler that will display detailed reports in the web browser if any errors occur. if you ’ d rather not show the guts of your program to users of your script, you


cgitb cgitb. enable ( ) this activates a special exception handler that will display detailed reports in the web browser if any errors occur. if you ’ d rather not show the guts of your program to users of your script, you can have the reports saved to files instead, with code like this : import cgitb cgitb. enable ( display = 0, logdir = " / tmp " ) it ’ s very helpful to use this feature during script development. the reports produced by cgitb provide information that can save you a lot of time in tracking down bugs. you can always remove the cgitb line later when you have tested your script and are confident that it works correctly. to get at submitted form data, it ’ s best to use the fieldstorage class. the other classes defined in this module are provided mostly for backward compatibility. instantiate it exactly once, without arguments. this reads the form contents from standard input or the environment ( depending on the value of various environment variables set according to the cgi standard ). since it may consume standard input, it should be instantiated only once. the fieldstorage instance can be indexed like a python dictionary. it allows membership testing with the in operator, and also supports the standard dictionary method keys ( ) and the built - in function len ( ). form fields containing empty strings are ignored and do not appear in the dictionary ; to keep such values, provide a true value for the optional keep _ blank _ values keyword parameter when creating the fieldstorage instance. for instance, the following code ( which assumes that the content - type header and blank line have already been printed ) checks that the fields name and addr are both set to a non - empty string : form = cgi. fieldstorage ( ) if " name " not in form or " addr " not in form : print " < h1 > error < / h1 > " print " please fill in the name and addr fields. " return print " < p > name : ", form [ " name " ]. value print " < p > addr : ", form [ " addr " ]. value... further form processing here... here the fields, accessed through form [ key ], are themselves instances of fieldstorage ( or minifieldstorage, depending on the form encoding ). the value attribute of the instance yields the string value of the field. the getvalue ( ) method returns


accessed through form [ key ], are themselves instances of fieldstorage ( or minifieldstorage, depending on the form encoding ). the value attribute of the instance yields the string value of the field. the getvalue ( ) method returns this string value directly ; it also accepts an optional second argument as a default to return if the requested key is not present. if the submitted form data contains more than one field with the same name, the object retrieved by form [ key ] is not a fieldstorage or minifieldstorage instance but a list of such instances. similarly, in this situation, form. getvalue ( key ) would return a list of strings. if you expect this possibility ( when your html form contains multiple fields with the same name ), use the getlist ( ) function, which always returns a list of values ( so that you do not need to special - case the single item case ). for example, this code concatenates any number of username fields, separated by commas : value = form. getlist ( " username " ) usernames = ", ". join ( value ) if a field represents an uploaded file, accessing the value via the value attribute or the getvalue ( ) method reads the entire file in memory as a string. this may not be what you want. you can test for an uploaded file by testing either the filename attribute or the file attribute. you can then read the data at leisure from the file attribute : fileitem = form [ " userfile " ] if fileitem. file : # it ' s an uploaded file ; count lines linecount = 0 while 1 : line = fileitem. file. readline ( ) if not line : break linecount = linecount + 1 if an error is encountered when obtaining the contents of an uploaded file ( for example, when the user interrupts the form submission by clicking on a back or cancel button ) the done attribute of the object for the field will be set to the value - 1. the file upload draft standard entertains the possibility of uploading multiple files from one field ( using a recursive multipart / * encoding ). when this occurs, the item will be a dictionary - like fieldstorage item. this can be determined by testing its type attribute, which should be multipart / form - data ( or perhaps another mime type matching multipart / * ). in this case, it


be a dictionary - like fieldstorage item. this can be determined by testing its type attribute, which should be multipart / form - data ( or perhaps another mime type matching multipart / * ). in this case, it can be iterated over recursively just like the top - level form object. when a form is submitted in the “ old ” format ( as the query string or as a single data part of type application / x - www - form - urlencoded ), the items will actually be instances of the class minifieldstorage. in this case, the list, file, and filename attributes are always none. a form submitted via post that also has a query string will contain both fieldstorage and minifieldstorage items. new in version 2. 2. the previous section explains how to read cgi form data using the fieldstorage class. this section describes a higher level interface which was added to this class to allow one to do it in a more readable and intuitive way. the interface doesn ’ t make the techniques described in previous sections obsolete — they are still useful to process file uploads efficiently, for example. the interface consists of two simple methods. using the methods you can process form data in a generic way, without the need to worry whether only one or more values were posted under one name. in the previous section, you learned to write following code anytime you expected a user to post more than one value under one name : item = form. getvalue ( " item " ) if isinstance ( item, list ) : # the user is requesting more than one item. else : # the user is requesting only one item. this situation is common for example when a form contains a group of multiple checkboxes with the same name : < input type = " checkbox " name = " item " value = " 1 " / > < input type = " checkbox " name = " item " value = " 2 " / > in most situations, however, there ’ s only one form control with a particular name in a form and then you expect and need only one value associated with this name. so you write a script containing for example this code : user = form. getvalue ( " user " ). upper ( ) the problem with the code is that you should never expect that a client will provide valid input to your scripts. for example, if a curious user appends another user = foo pair to the query


, interpformcontentdict ) are present for backwards compatibility with really old applications only. these are useful if you want more control, or if you want to employ some of the algorithms implemented in this module in other circumstances. parse a query in the environment or from a file ( the file defaults to sys. stdin ). the keep _ blank _ values and strict _ parsing parameters are passed to urlparse. parse _ qs ( ) unchanged. this function is deprecated in this module. use urlparse. parse _ qs ( ) instead. it is maintained here only for backward compatiblity. this function is deprecated in this module. use urlparse. parse _ qsl ( ) instead. it is maintained here only for backward compatiblity. parse input of type multipart / form - data ( for file uploads ). arguments are fp for the input file and pdict for a dictionary containing other parameters in the content - type header. returns a dictionary just like urlparse. parse _ qs ( ) keys are the field names, each value is a list of values for that field. this is easy to use but not much good if you are expecting megabytes to be uploaded — in that case, use the fieldstorage class instead which is much more flexible. note that this does not parse nested multipart parts — use fieldstorage for that. parse a mime header ( such as content - type ) into a main value and a dictionary of parameters. robust test cgi script, usable as main program. writes minimal http headers and formats all information provided to the script in html form. format the shell environment in html. format a form in html. format the current directory in html. print a list of useful ( used by cgi ) environment variables in html. convert the characters ' & ', ' < ' and ' > ' in string s to html - safe sequences. use this if you need to display text that might contain such characters in html. if the optional flag quote is true, the quotation mark character ( " ) is also translated ; this helps for inclusion in an html attribute value delimited by double quotes, as in < a href = "... " >. note that single quotes are never translated. there ’ s one important rule : if you invoke an external program ( via


an html attribute value delimited by double quotes, as in < a href = "... " >. note that single quotes are never translated. there ’ s one important rule : if you invoke an external program ( via the os. system ( ) or os. popen ( ) functions. or others with similar functionality ), make very sure you don ’ t pass arbitrary strings received from the client to the shell. this is a well - known security hole whereby clever hackers anywhere on the web can exploit a gullible cgi script to invoke arbitrary shell commands. even parts of the url or field names cannot be trusted, since the request doesn ’ t have to come from your form! to be on the safe side, if you must pass a string gotten from a form to a shell command, you should make sure the string contains only alphanumeric characters, dashes, underscores, and periods. read the documentation for your http server and check with your local system administrator to find the directory where cgi scripts should be installed ; usually this is in a directory cgi - bin in the server tree. make sure that your script is readable and executable by “ others ” ; the unix file mode should be 0755 octal ( use chmod 0755 filename ). make sure that the first line of the script contains #! starting in column 1 followed by the pathname of the python interpreter, for instance : make sure the python interpreter exists and is executable by “ others ”. make sure that any files your script needs to read or write are readable or writable, respectively, by “ others ” — their mode should be 0644 for readable and 0666 for writable. this is because, for security reasons, the http server executes your script as user “ nobody ”, without any special privileges. it can only read ( write, execute ) files that everybody can read ( write, execute ). the current directory at execution time is also different ( it is usually the server ’ s cgi - bin directory ) and the set of environment variables is also different from what you get when you log in. in particular, don ’ t count on the shell ’ s search path for executables ( path ) or the python module search path ( pythonpath ) to be set to anything interesting. if you need to load modules from a directory which is not on python ’ s default module search path, you can change the path


executables ( path ) or the python module search path ( pythonpath ) to be set to anything interesting. if you need to load modules from a directory which is not on python ’ s default module search path, you can change the path in your script, before importing other modules. for example : import sys sys. path. insert ( 0, " / usr / home / joe / lib / python " ) sys. path. insert ( 0, " / usr / local / lib / python " ) ( this way, the directory inserted last will be searched first! ) instructions for non - unix systems will vary ; check your http server ’ s documentation ( it will usually have a section on cgi scripts ). unfortunately, a cgi script will generally not run when you try it from the command line, and a script that works perfectly from the command line may fail mysteriously when run from the server. there ’ s one reason why you should still test your script from the command line : if it contains a syntax error, the python interpreter won ’ t execute it at all, and the http server will most likely send a cryptic error to the client. assuming your script has no syntax errors, yet it does not work, you have no choice but to read the next section. first of all, check for trivial installation errors — reading the section above on installing your cgi script carefully can save you a lot of time. if you wonder whether you have understood the installation procedure correctly, try installing a copy of this module file ( cgi. py ) as a cgi script. when invoked as a script, the file will dump its environment and the contents of the form in html form. give it the right mode etc, and send it a request. if it ’ s installed in the standard cgi - bin directory, it should be possible to send it a request by entering a url into your browser of the form : if this gives an error of type 404, the server cannot find the script – perhaps you need to install it in a different directory. if it gives another error, there ’ s an installation problem that you should fix before trying to go any further. if you get a nicely formatted listing of the environment and form content ( in this example, the fields should be listed as “ addr ” with value “ at home ” and “ name ” with value “ joe blow ” ), the cgi. py script has been installed correctly. if you follow


form content ( in this example, the fields should be listed as “ addr ” with value “ at home ” and “ name ” with value “ joe blow ” ), the cgi. py script has been installed correctly. if you follow the same procedure for your own script, you should now be able to debug it. this should produce the same results as those gotten from installing the cgi. py file itself. when an ordinary python script raises an unhandled exception ( for whatever reason : of a typo in a module name, a file that can ’ t be opened, etc. ), the python interpreter prints a nice traceback and exits. while the python interpreter will still do this when your cgi script raises an exception, most likely the traceback will end up in one of the http server ’ s log files, or be discarded altogether. fortunately, once you have managed to get your script to execute some code, you can easily send tracebacks to the web browser using the cgitb module. if you haven ’ t done so already, just add the lines : import cgitb cgitb. enable ( ) to the top of your script. then try running it again ; when a problem occurs, you should see a detailed report that will likely make apparent the cause of the crash. if you suspect that there may be a problem in importing the cgitb module, you can use an even more robust approach ( which only uses built - in modules ) : import sys sys. stderr = sys. stdout print " content - type : text / plain " print... your code here... this relies on the python interpreter to print the traceback. the content type of the output is set to plain text, which disables all html processing. if your script works, the raw html will be displayed by your client. if it raises an exception, most likely after the first two lines have been printed, a traceback will be displayed. because no html interpretation is going on, the traceback will be readable. | | | note that some recent versions of the html specification do state what order the field values should be supplied in, but knowing whether a request was received from a conforming browser, or even from a browser at all, is tedious and error - prone. |


the texas state railroad is owned and operated by the american heritage railways, and operates a variety of vintage steam and diesel locomotives over 24 miles of track between its depots at palestine and rusk in east texas. the railroad ' s history was patchy to say the least, and with hindsight it probably should not have been built. however it was, and miraculously it survived long enough into the 1960s to become a viable option for preservation. the line re - opened as a preserved / tourist line under state park ownership in 1976. as the first steam tourist steam line in texas, it was a great success. although visitor numbers have dropped after other lines have opened, the texas state railroad continues to be a success. more recently, the poor financial condition of texas state parks & wildlife threatened to close the texas state railroad. luckily american heritage railways were able to purchase the operation and keep it open. the texas state railroad started life in 1881 with the completion of a large new prison at rusk in east texas. as well meeting the needs of a growing prison population, the prison was intended to operate a local iron smelter using iron ore extracted from local hills. the prison service planned to be self sufficient by by selling the resulting pig iron and farming implements, but this would never happen without an operating railroad near the prison. two railroads had already bypassed rusk in 1872, and the rusk transportation company had tried to build an ill - conceived wooden - rail railroad to jacksonville. the 3ft gauge kansas & gulf shortline railroad company ( k & gsl ) was persuaded to detour in the direction of rusk in return for the use of prison labour during construction. the k & gsl chose to use as much of the rusk transportation route as possible, but would still only pass within about 1. 5 miles of the prison due to the presence of a large hill. a spur was required and the prison service had to build it. the spur route required a lot of grading and bridge - building, and was operational by 1883. initially the k & gsl operated trains over the prison spur, but ceased this service in 1886. hence the prison purchased a lightweight 2 - 6 - 0 mogul and flatcar to operate its own services. ironically the orders for this new development were issued by governor ireland, aka. " oxcart john ", who was notorious for his opposition of railroad land grants. the prison railroad proved useful, and over the years a number of short spurs and logging camps were built out into prison - owned forest.


governor ireland, aka. " oxcart john ", who was notorious for his opposition of railroad land grants. the prison railroad proved useful, and over the years a number of short spurs and logging camps were built out into prison - owned forest. these harvested all types of timber to make charcoal for the smelter. the logging and charcoal camps were noted for being uncomfortable. being in secluded locations, escapes and killings were not uncommon. by the 1890s, transshipment of the pig iron and products from the 3ft k & gsl to standard gauge railroads was proving problematic. originally it had been hoped that the iron smelting operations would have attracted other railroads to the area, but they never came. during the 1880s, the concept of extending the state railroad westwards to the international & great northern ( i & gn ) had been suggested on a number of occasions. this came to nothing until jim hogg became governor in 1891. hogg had already made a name for himself fighting the railroad corporations as the texas attorney general. arguing that railroads were similar to public highways that should serve the public interest, he founded the texas railroad commission later in 1891. although he argued against government ownership of the railroads, he was not against a small railroad or two operated by the state penitentiary. in 1892, hogg ordered the huntsville state prison to build a short narrow gauge railroad to carry logs to its sawmill. he then directed the rusk prison line to be extended westwards to join the i & gn at palestine. the new line would be standard gauge and would tap the state forest through which it would pass. construction started in november 1893. for a while during the 1890s, the original spur was laid with 3 rails allowing the standard gauge locomotive to haul cars of both gauges. by 1894, seven miles were graded and five miles had track. joseph d. sayers became the new governor in january 1899. the rusk iron operations had never been profitable, and sayers ' advisers recommended the complete abandonment of all iron operations. instead, they were seriously curtailed. although the railroad continued to be extended to reach available timber, the original plan of connecting with the i & gn was dropped. s. w. t. lanham became governor in 1903, and he was determined to make rusk profitable. he fitted a new, larger furnace to the smelting plant, and the railroad extension was restarted. in 1903 a new route was chosen and six miles of the old extension were abandoned. by 1904 the railroad extended a total of


rusk profitable. he fitted a new, larger furnace to the smelting plant, and the railroad extension was restarted. in 1903 a new route was chosen and six miles of the old extension were abandoned. by 1904 the railroad extended a total of nine miles from the prison. by this time, the k & gsl had been converted to standard gauge and sold to the cotton belt railroad. the new furnace needed coke instead of charcoal, and extension of the state railroad stopped again. thomas m. campbell became governor in january 1907. as a native of rusk, he was very interested in a railroad link between rusk and palestine. one of his first priorities was the texas state railroad bill which was passed in april 1907. this gave the prison commission the powers to extend the railroad westwards to palestine, and northwards to the texas & new orleans railroad ( t & no ). eminent domain and common carrier status were both granted. despite the new powers, construction continued to be slow due to the use of convict labour. by april 1909, the t & no had built its own extension to rusk. dogged by cost over - runs, the state railroad finally reached palestine in july 1909. the final length was 32. 5 miles long, including the prison spur at rusk. public trains started in august 1909. initial services consisted of one return mixed train per day. the first passenger - only train is thought to have been a labor day special that year. on september 27th of that year, the state sawmill at mewshaw burnt to the ground. with the loss of the mill and the scattered nature of the remaining timber, it was deemed uneconomic to renew operations. the state ' s logging shay locomotive was sold, and the mill prisoners were returned to rusk prison. the iron smelter continued to lose money and was finally closed in 1910. although originally intended as the primary commodity, the state railroad only ever carried a small amount of iron. the blast furnace was sold in 1919, re - acquired by default in 1929, and finally demolished in 1931. the prison closed in 1917, and re - opened in 1919 as the rusk state hospital. with the loss of the iron traffic and the sawmill, uncut lumber would become the railroad ' s primary traffic until 1921. this was carried to the prison where it was used by a prison - operated box factory. several private sawmills were located along the route, and spurs were laid connecting them to the railroad. during the state ' s operation of the railroad, it became the


was carried to the prison where it was used by a prison - operated box factory. several private sawmills were located along the route, and spurs were laid connecting them to the railroad. during the state ' s operation of the railroad, it became the subject of repeated investigations and reports. performance was described as " crippled " by at least one employee. speed limits were officially 12mph with trestle speeds of 4 - 6mph. despite this, safety concerns usually led to about one quarter of the track operating at a maximum speed of 9mph. construction was shoddy and required constant maintenance. crossties ( sleepers ) were made from local untreated pine. the track was unballasted and regularly slumped in the marshy ground. under such conditions, the ties were lucky to survive beyond 3 years. as early as 1910, ties were being replaced at a terrific rate of 20, 000 rotted ties per year ( 20 % / yr ). the trestle bridges did not fair much better. bean ' s creek trestle was completely replaced in 1912. faulty and broken locomotives and rolling stock led to further unreliability. oil - burning locomotives and their crews often had to be leased from the i & gn. between 1910 and 1920, the texas state railroad never made a profit. in fact the expenses were almost double the income, with an average operating ratio over 175 %. calls for the state to sell the railroad started to appear as soon as it opened. although most people were calling for it to be sold or abandoned, $ 100, 000 were appropriated for improvements in 1915 and provisions were allowed for an extension to dallas. the extension debate continued until 1917 when governor william p. hobby attempted to lease the ' white elephant ' railroad. by 1921 the management of the state railroad was passed to a committee of " experienced, practical railroad men ". unfortunately they were only given $ 25, 000, so they could only afford to partially rehabilitate the line with federal war - surplus rail. old rail, locomotives, and rolling stock were sold to pay for other repairs. the line was then leased to the t & no who promised to maintain the railroad in a " good and safe condition ". the original lease was for five years, but was continually extended until 1962. the lease also demanded that the t & no paid the state of texas half of all net operating income. net income continued to be low or non existent, so the net effect was for the texas to avoid the expenses of operating the railroad.


1962. the lease also demanded that the t & no paid the state of texas half of all net operating income. net income continued to be low or non existent, so the net effect was for the texas to avoid the expenses of operating the railroad. the railroad tended to do better under t & no operations and even included an overnight pullman service to dallas during the 1920s. mixed freight and passenger operations appear to have continued operating until the early 1950s, when the railroad became freight only. original t & no haulage was in the form of light 2 - 6 - 0 and 4 - 4 - 0 steam engines. during the 1950s, these were replaced with lightweight diesel - electric switchers ( shunters ). the t & no lease finished in 1962, and the texas state railroad was leased by the texas south - eastern railroad ( ts - e ) until 1969. a profit was only made in two of the lease ' s seven years. shortly after the end of the ts - e lease, j. b. langhorne created the cherokee and southwestern tourist railroad with leon edwards and paul cox of the rusk chamber of commerce. tourism was just beginning to develop in east texas and the rusk chamber of commerce was keen to be involved with this new venture. by early 1970, the state railroad lease had been negotiated. a locomotive was purchased, and the rolling stock was purchased or leased. the cherokee southwestern tourist railroad was dedicated on 10th april 1970. with all the news media present, the opening was an embarrassment. the locomotive failed earlier in the day and never left the staging area. with a lack of sufficient financing and equipment, the cherokee and southwestern had little chance of success and closed before the end of the year. despite this failure, there was still a large public interest in the state railroad opening as a steam - operated tourist line. in early 1971 the ex - wells banker jack r. stone was appointed to the texas parks & wildlife commission. at about this time, stone had been discussing the railroad with rusk ' s mayor emmett h. whitehead. both were keen on re - opening the railroad as a steam tourist venture, but both knew it would require millions of dollars to be a success. feasibility studies were conducted in late 1971. by march 1972, the texas state railroad was transferred to the parks & wildlife commission and was followed by a $ 3 million appropriation in august. the funding was to refurbish 26 miles of the original 33 mile route, with stations at the west end of palestine, and the east end of rus


the parks & wildlife commission and was followed by a $ 3 million appropriation in august. the funding was to refurbish 26 miles of the original 33 mile route, with stations at the west end of palestine, and the east end of rusk. rusk and palestine were asked to provide supporting facilities such as campsites. prison labour was used again ; this time to clear brush during 1973. although light rail was originally used, traffic levels were low and only a few sections had to be replaced. later rail replacements have used heavier modern rail. the initial restoration was without ballast ( as originally laid ), but ballast was added during the late 1970s. despite cost over - runs at both the state and city level, the texas state railroad met its bicentennial deadline of 1976. the line reopened on 25th june with no. 200 painted in red, white, and blue. locomotives were acquired from a number of sources and in a variety of conditions. swaps and deals have managed to replace partial engines for new boilers to return another locomotive to service. the pictures on this page are of no 300, a baldwin ' general pershing ' 2 - 8 - 0 build for the us army during world war 1. this mainly worked at fort polk in louisiana. it was purchased by the tremont & gulf railway in the 1940s, who sold it to temple in 1955. temple retired it from service in the 1960s and donated it to the texas state railroad in november 1972. needing a new boiler, it did not enter service until 1996. about half of the passenger cars are commuter coaches built in 1923 by the standard steel car company for the chicago, rock island & pacific railroad. other cars come from a variety of sources including the santa fe, and the pennsylvania. operations typically involve two return trip workings per day. trains leave palestine and rusk at the same time in the morning, and pass at mewshaw. after lunch, both trains then return to their start points. operating limitations were experienced when the neches river trestle had to be replaced. this led to the addition of a turntable at maydelle, and a wye at jarvis. these allow short excursions to be operated from both palestine and rusk. these excursions have proved popular for special events and school trips. more recently, the poor financial condition of texas state parks & wildlife threatened to close the texas state railroad. luckily american heritage railways were able to purchase the operation in 2007 and keep it open. although the texas state railroad now sees competition from the two other steam


for more information, please contact : karl scheidegger, fisheries biologist at email @ example. com each spring, hundreds of volunteers have an opportunity to guard sturgeon at their spawning sites on the wolf river and protect the fish from poaching. when the sturgeon are spawning along the rocky shorline of the wolf river, they are fairly oblivious to nearby human activity and are very susceptible to illegal harvest. the volunteers of the “ sturgeon patrol ” guard the spawning fish 24 hours a day throughout the spawning season, which is typically in late april and early may. while it is impossible to predict the exact dates that spawning will occur year, guards are routinely scheduled from april 15th through may 5th. spawning generally occurs over a seven to 10 day period within that time window. while we do our best to get all scheduled guards out on the riverbank to see fish, invariably we must cancel some scheduled shifts if the fish are simply not active. we try in those cases to re - schedule guards into an active period. more on sturgeon season : more headlines and video | tweets collected during the season | browse photos from the 2013 season | browse photos from the 2012 season | share your sturgeon photos | watch cameras on the wolf river | watch cameras positioned in stockbridge how to be a sturgeon guard volunteer come join the fun! make volunteering a family outing by bringing a son or daughter your spouse or a friend. for many being a sturgeon guard volunteer has become an annual tradition. sign up to become a sturgeon guard volunteer. more news from the wisconsin department of natural resources.


( ivanhoe newswire ) – what if you could predict your chances of having a heart attack years ahead of time? new research shows the coronary artery calcium score ( cacs ) may be useful in doing just that. a northwestern university feinberg school of medicine study found that considering the cacs along with traditional risk factors for heart disease is a better method of predicting future heart attacks than using traditional in a group of volunteers, researchers tried to predict the risk of future coronary heart disease by using their traditional risk factors, such as age, gender, tobacco use, blood pressure and cholesterol level, and also by evaluating traditional factors plus cacs. they then compared which method did a better job of predicting who would experience a heart attack or serious chest pain. researchers found that the cacs was a major factor in classifying people in the most extreme categories. " ours is the first study to show that the cacs test, applied in a large population, actually puts more people who experience events in the high - risk category and more people who do not have events in the low - risk category, " senior author philip greenland, m. d. was quoted as saying. " so the test is effective. it sorts people properly, " the downsides to getting the test are that it is not covered by most insurance companies and exposes the patient to a high amount of radiation. source : journal of the american medical association, april 28, 2010


- n. plural form of sect. “ i, for my part, after a pretty long experience now, have seen so little of that said bitter rivalry between the nonconformist sects, _ as sects _, that to me it is all but non - existent. ” “ anyway, only certain sects of buddhism have many gods. ” “ it is impermissible and arbitrary for the government to confer benefits on groups it classifies as " religions " while denying benefits and enacting oppressive measures against groups it classifies as " sects ". ” “ personally i dont believe in sects and i fully agree that this shia sunni tag has cost us a lot. ” “ if this is who he looks up to spiritually it is obvious religion and relationships with certain sects of religion can make you do very questionable things ( ahhem mr bush ). ” “ there are just certain sects he is not reaching that she can bring into the voting booth … …. ” “ the lack of class analysis, and the easy substitution of a story about feuding sects, is part of the newly formed conventional wisdom. ” “ false christendom, divided into very many sects, is truly babylon, that is, confusion. ” “ man is taught more than the beasts of the earth, and made wiser that the fowls of heaven, and yet is so degenerated that he may learn wisdom from the meanest in sects and be shamed by them. ” “ the one nation party, a political party that organizes rallies against religious groups that it terms sects, claims that organizations like the jehovah ' s witnesses, which decline military service, " aim to destroy armenia, hiding behind the name of religious organizations. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ sects ’. words i absolutely will not say aloud to people unless i ' m sure they know exactly what i ' m talking about. also words that require great diligence in pronunciation, so no one is offended by a slight... words that could get you in trouble around those who don ' t know what they mean looking for tweets for sects.


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. mathematics an irrational number, such as √2. - n. linguistics a voiceless sound in speech. - adj. linguistics voiceless, as a sound. century dictionary and cyclopedia - not having the sense of hearing ; deaf. - that cannot be discriminated by the ear (? ). - in mathematics, not capable of being expressed in rational numbers : as, a surd expression, quantity, or number. see ii., 1. - in phonetics, uttered with breath and not with voice ; devoid of vocality ; not sonant : toneless : specifically applied to the breathed or non - vocal consonants of the alphabet. see ii., 2. - meaningless ; senseless. - n. in mathematics, a quantity not expressible as the ratio of two whole numbers, as √ 2, or the ratio of the circumference of a circle to the diameter. the name surd arises from a mistranslation into latin of the greek αλογος, which does not mean ‘ stupid ’ or ‘ unreasonable, ’ but ‘ inexpressible. ’ - n. in phonetics, a consonantal sound uttered with breath and not with voice ; a non - sonant consonant ; a non - vocal alphabetic utterance, as p, f, s, t, k, as opposed to b, v, z, d, g, which are sonants or vocals. - to render dim or soft ; mute. - containing or involving a surd : thus [ 1 + ½ ] ½ is a surd expression but not a surd, since 1 + ½ is not a rational expression. - n. in mathematics : an indicated root whose value is irrational, but whose radicand is rational, as ½. a surd is quadratic, cubic, of order n, according as its exponent is ½, ⅓, 1 / n ;. - n. arithmetic an irrational number, especially one expressed using the √ symbol. - n. linguistics a voiceless consonant. gnu webster ' s 1913 - adj. obsolete net having the sense of hearing ; deaf. - adj. obsolete unheard. - adj. ( math. ) involving surds ; not capable of being expressed in rational numbers ; radical ; irrational. - adj. ( phonetics ) uttered, as an element of speech, without tone, or proper vocal sound ; voiceless ; unintonated


math. ) involving surds ; not capable of being expressed in rational numbers ; radical ; irrational. - adj. ( phonetics ) uttered, as an element of speech, without tone, or proper vocal sound ; voiceless ; unintonated ; nonvocal ; atonic ; whispered ; aspirated ; sharp ; hard, as f, p, s, etc. ; - - opposed to sonant. see guide to pronunciation, § § 169, 179, 180. - n. ( math. ) a quantity which can not be expressed by rational numbers. - n. ( phon. ) a surd element of speech. see surd, a., 4. - n. a consonant produced without sound from the vocal cords - adj. produced without vibration of the vocal cords - medieval latin surdus, speechless, surd ( translation of arabic ( jadr ) ' asamm, deaf ( root ), surd, translation of greek alogos, speechless, surd ), from latin. ( american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) “ jeremy piven winning an emmy three years in a row for that role, is up surd. ” “ so even though she may find her own action inexplicable or “ surd, ” she is in fact acting rationally, although she does not know it. ” “ county monachan, whereat samething is rivi - sible by nighttim, may be involted into the zeroic couplet, palls pell inhis heventh glike noughty times i, find, if you are not literally cooefficient, how minney combinaisies and per - mutandies can be played on the international surd! pthwndxrclzp!, hids cubid rute being extructed, taking anan illitterettes, ififif at a tom. ” “ must it needs be, that a daughter of the same father and mother must be more silly, more unsteady, more ab - surd, more impertinent, than her brother? ” “ or, rather of what ab - surd things does it make its votaries guilty? ” “ hence, as in augustine, there is no intrinsic or surd evil ; evil is justified as the means of developing man from bondage to self - conscious participation in the ” “ for ' voiceless, ' ' surd


##ies guilty? ” “ hence, as in augustine, there is no intrinsic or surd evil ; evil is justified as the means of developing man from bondage to self - conscious participation in the ” “ for ' voiceless, ' ' surd, ' ' hard, ' or ' tenuis ' are sometimes used. ” “ coercion is the surd in almost all social theory, except the ” “ do you mean to say that you are not able to tell me what a surd is? ” “ after certain consonants it was hard to pronounce clearly, and so the sonant was changed into the easier surd, and such words as pushed and clipped became, in ordinary conversation, pusht and clipt. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ surd ’. a list of words you more frequently hear used with prefixes than without. new words or spelling issues words looked up recently from reading guy davenport these come from gamma meditation, i think. " luciferous logolepsy is a collection of over 9, 000 obscure english words. though the definition of an ' english ' word might seem to be straightforward, it is not. there exist so many adopted, deriv... what follows is an exercise in ordinary eternal hyperlexity, prepared in the fashion of paper matches. phonetic concepts that are fascinating or novel. an open - ended list, so this can also include abstract or linguistic terms. i imagine most of these will be anglo - saxon, not likely to crop up in the average day ' s conversation, and thus excellent for scrabble. ( " most " is too common, likewise " will " and even " crop ", in an... interesting words appearing in samuel johnson ' s dictionary ( 1755 ). some are interesting for their unfamiliarity, and some for the meanings then assigned by johnson. my imaginary lexicon for future megastar and visionary zamboni palin. everyone ' s got their favorites. here are some of mine. words gathered while reading pale fire. well everyone ' s lists are favourites or pets or useful terms, no? these are mine. words gathered while reading a portrait of the artist as a young man by james joyce. looking for tweets for surd.


century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. an order of polypetalous plants, the bean - caper family, belonging to the series discifioræ and the cohort geraniales. it is characterized by flowers which usually bear a fleshy disk, five free glandless sepals, filaments augmented each by a small scale, and a furrowed angled or lobed ovary with two or more filiform ovules in each of the four or five cells. it incluldes about 110 species, classed in 18 genera, natives of tropical and warm climates, especially north of the equator. they are commonly shrubs or herbs with a woody base, bearing divaricate branches joiuted at their nodes. their leaves are usually opposite and pinnate or composed of two entire leaflets ; the twin persistent stipules are sometimes developed into spines. the flowers are white, red, or yellow, very rarely blue, usually solitary in the axils of the stipules. the principal genera are zygophyllum ( the type ), tribulus, guaiacum, and fagonia ; 10 genera are monotypic ; two species of guaiacum ( lignum - vitæ ) become moderate trees. the woody species are remarkable for the extreme hardness of their wood, and several, as guaiacum, produce a bitter and acrid bark. their detersive foliage is used in the west indies to scour floors. some of the family are so abundant in the egyptian desert as to constitute a characteristic feature of its vegetation. sorry, no example sentences found. ‘ zygophylleæ ’ hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for zygophylleæ.