chocolate lovers live longer real cocoa can help your muscles move better, promote graceful aging, enhance brain power, and reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer and alzheimer ’ s dr. phil maffetone off the northern coast of panama in the south caribbean sea lie the san blas islands. for generations, the kuna natives who live there continue to consume large amounts of the fruits from the malvaceae tree, an evergreen native to the tropics of the americas. the fruits are also known as theobroma cacao, or cocoa as it ’ s come to be known. theobroma is from the greek, meaning “ food of the gods. ” the kuna, whose main beverage is made from cocoa, have great longevity, and a very low incidence of many diseases. harvard medical school ’ s dr. norman hollenberg and colleagues studied the people living on the san blas islands, along with neighboring panamanians who ate similarly but did not use much cocoa. the researchers found the non - cocoa consumers had over a 1, 000 percent higher incidence of heart disease, and over 600 percent increase in cancer. many studies have long shown that a group of phytonutrients called flavonoids ( also referred to as bioflavonoids or flavanols ) could help prevent cardiovascular disease, cancer and many other chronic illnesses. cocoa is the richest natural food source of these nutrients. however, just grabbing a candy bar or instant hot chocolate won ’ t give you much healthy benefits because processed cocoa — the most common form available — has a significantly reduced content of flavonoids. most of these products also contain harmful, high - glycemic sugars, unhealthy dairy, and other ingredients that can actually contribute to illness ( see “ milk proteins : the good and the bad ” ). flavonoids exert powerful effects on blood vessels, one of the reasons they can reduce blood pressure and improve heart function. those with blood sugar problems are especially vulnerable to circulatory problems, and these individuals may benefit from cocoa ’ s nutrition as well. there are, perhaps, more than a billion of these people on earth who are carbohydrate intolerance — probably 100 million in the u. s. alone. their conditions include the full spectrum of diabetes, those with abnormal blood sugar regulation, and other problems with varying degrees that lead to blood vessel complications. when chronic, this circulatory distress can also damage the liver, muscles, and


. alone. their conditions include the full spectrum of diabetes, those with abnormal blood sugar regulation, and other problems with varying degrees that lead to blood vessel complications. when chronic, this circulatory distress can also damage the liver, muscles, and the nervous system, including the brain. these individuals should avoid all refined carbohydrates, especially sugar, and make their own low - glycemic, healthy cocoa - rich foods. cocoa ’ s phytonutrients include many other compounds, including the powerful group of polyphenols, but most research has focused on the health benefits of flavonoids. these include some very specific actions in the body. first is the increased natural production of nitric oxide, a compound that can significantly improve the function of blood vessels, which can increase circulation. this means more nutrient - rich blood is delivered to organs, glands, muscles and bones, and more metabolic byproducts are removed. in the case of the brain, consuming cocoa has been shown to improve circulation for two to three hours after consumption. this makes having a phil ’ s bar or other cocoa snack a valuable asset before an important meeting, a long drive or for students taking tests. but this idea can backfire if eating a high glycemic product, which can impair brain function. flavanol - rich cocoa may also work much like aspirin to promote better circulation by preventing blood platelets from sticking together. in addition to improving circulation, flavonoids are powerful antioxidants. as such they can control chemicals called free radicals, which cause us to age quicker and increase the risk of many diseases. ( see also, “ keys to successful aging. ” ) the production of nitric oxide and antioxidant action can also improve muscle function. this is particularly important when working out, and especially for competitive athletes — and, need i say, for aging muscles, which are more easily damaged by free radicals. don ’ t be fooled into thinking you can get all your antioxidants in a pill — you can ’ t. many studies in past decades have shown the vital need to obtain these key nutrients from foods, especially fresh fruits and vegetables, and cocoa, while other studies have failed to demonstrate dietary supplements containing antioxidants can accomplish the same. with all these wonderful healthy nutrients from a food consumed by millions of people in large amounts, one might think the benefits would be more apparent, such as less heart disease, high blood pressure and cancer


supplements containing antioxidants can accomplish the same. with all these wonderful healthy nutrients from a food consumed by millions of people in large amounts, one might think the benefits would be more apparent, such as less heart disease, high blood pressure and cancer. just like there are two kinds of healthy desserts — chocolate and everything else — there are two very different types of chocolate : health and unhealthy. most people eat unhealthy chocolate - containing foods in the form of desserts, shakes, energy bars and various types of candies. but it ’ s all junk food, including the vast majority of products sold in health stores — even the organic versions. as such, these foods diminish health starting with the first bite. this is due to the many bad ingredients used to make these products, most notably white sugar, often disguised as cane juice, beet sugar, and other fancy names. ( see, “ what really is junk food. ” ) when making your own chocolate recipes, use only pure cocoa — without sugar, dairy or other unwanted ingredients. while these forms of cocoa are not always easy to find ( because junk food cocoa is cheaper and more readily available ), healthy cocoa comes in powder and solid forms, as dark, unsweetened cocoa. use these options to make your own healthy desserts, snacks, shakes and other foods, sweetened with honey or fruit to maintain a low glycemic index. ( see recipes! ) while buying raw, organic cocoa for your recipes is the obvious choice, avoiding highly processed types are also important. this includes cocoa labeled, “ processed with alkali, ” which is also known as dutch processing or dutching. it might sound sexy, but this kind of cocoa contains significantly reduced levels of phytonutrients — up to 90 percent less flavonoids. ( the different types of cocoa i use are listed in recommended kitchen aids. ) another issue with chocolate, as reported by forbes online in 2011, is about the serious problem of child labor abuses in african cocoa farms. the international institute of tropical agriculture says that there were 284, 000 children working on such farms, often in dangerous conditions, often in some form of indentured servitude. these plantations supply chocolate to major us candy makers. you can avoid this issue by buying organic cocoa and making your own healthy treats. real, unsweetened cocoa typically contains significant protein content of about 7 or 8 grams per ounce. it is also low in carbohydra


us candy makers. you can avoid this issue by buying organic cocoa and making your own healthy treats. real, unsweetened cocoa typically contains significant protein content of about 7 or 8 grams per ounce. it is also low in carbohydrate — between 8 and 13 grams per ounce, with 50 to 60 percent or more of that carbohydrate coming in the form of fiber. like other beans, cocoa contains many vitamins and minerals, including natural folates, niacin, zinc, and magnesium. about half of the content of cocoa is natural fat. this cocoa butter also has great health benefits, with great taste a key reason it ’ s so delicious. while it can be used to make white chocolate, there is little to no flavonoids in cocoa fat. but cocoa butter does have nutritional attributes. more than a third is health - promoting monounsaturated oil, and it contains the essential fatty acid linoleic acid. it also has a moderate amount of stearic acid. though saturated, this fat can help reduce ldl cholesterol. because of its strong antioxidant ingredients, cocoa can help protect us against ldl - cholesterol damage. is cocoa addicting? many people are aware of the intense craving they have for chocolate. but the high levels of added sugar contained in most products are probably more addictive than the cocoa alone ( see, “ sugar addiction : is it real? ” ). however, psychoactive compounds present in cocoa, salsolinol being the main one, might be why chocolate itself can be addicting. also, a typical single serving of cocoa may contain 25 to 50 mg of caffeine ( compared to a cup of coffee which can have 100 to 300 mg, and black tea ’ s 50 to 140 mg of caffeine ), enough for many people to notice a buzz. the flavonoids and polyphenols in cocoa are much like those in grape skins. this might make cocoa the next red wine as research trends continue unlocking its many health mysteries.


time and again it has now been proven that timely access to care and even modest changes in diet, exercise and medication can reduce the risk of getting serious diseases or significantly slow their progression and impact. once a chronic condition develops, it is persistent, rarely curable and requires management over a long period of time. treatment continues, and the course is unpredictable. given these realities in health care today, we must pursue prevention, early intervention and aggressive self - care. partners in care ' s focus on changing the shape of healthcare concisely reflects our belief : as the dominant needs of health in america have shifted, we have to change the way health care is delivered. in the past, as new health problems emerged, we sought a cure and return to health. now, with chronic disease accounting for 78 % of health care expenditures, we seek prevention and self - care to prevent decline. today health care in america is in crisis. we spend vastly more than any other nation on earth, yet our health outcomes rank 37th. we have nearly 45 million uninsured, mostly working individuals. even for the insured, coverage does not always fit the needs. care is often difficult to access, and the one size offered often does not fit all. the needs of our society for health care and social services have changed dramatically. a longer life span, rising chronic illness, increased population diversity, dispersed families, financing constraints and the shift of care from the hospital to the home leave many people vulnerable. they confront increasing gaps in insurance coverage, little or no insurance and scant access to needed medical care and social services in a fragmented health care system. the need for change in the delivery of health care and social services is apparent, but the issues are complex. • the cost of family health insurance is rapidly approaching the gross earnings of a full - time minimum - wage worker, squeezing many out of access to care. • 50 % of all bankruptcies in this country are related to crushing medical expenses of the under or non - insured. • every child born after the year 2000 has a one in three chance of developing diabetes and for minorities the chance is one in two. diabetes and its consequences can lead to blindness, amputations, heart disease, kidney disease and other devastating problems. • although diabetes is one of the most common and most costly health problems ; it is also one of the most preventable. better management and education can reduce complications more than 50 %, delay the onset of complications by 15 years, and increase lifespan five years. • we know that


the most common and most costly health problems ; it is also one of the most preventable. better management and education can reduce complications more than 50 %, delay the onset of complications by 15 years, and increase lifespan five years. • we know that medications save lives, yet a medication error claims a life in the united states every 71 minutes. every 71 minutes someone dies due to a preventable problem. many older adults – perhaps our parents - - suffer needlessly and die needlessly from medications errors — too much medication, too little, too many side effects, or the wrong medication. partners in care was born to address these issues, to help redesign the systems of care and payment, to facilitate the identification and testing of new interventions, to improve and advance care, and to strengthening people ’ s ability to actively promote their own health and mitigate the impact of chronic conditions. partners ’ mission is to serve as a catalyst to shape a new vision of care by partnering with organizations, families and community leaders in the work of changing healthcare systems, changing communities and changing lives. in all our work, partners relies on our operating principles – collaboration, innovation and impact – to find new ways of bringing more effective, more efficient health and social services to diverse individuals and communities. and to create innovations with the impact to affect a thousand lifetimes!


| date : | | 20th january 2010. | meaning of vasant panchmi : the vasant panchmi is also spell as basant panchami which reflects the arrival of spring season. the day is celebrated as the saraswati pooja where goddess saraswati is worshiped. the day is celebrated on the fifth day of the magh month of ‘ shukla paksh ’, therefore the vasant panchami is also called as the ‘ shree panchami ’ or ‘ saraswati panchami ’. maa saraswati - goddess of learning : goddess saraswati is worshiped on the day of vasant panchami. maa saraswati reflects the symbol of vedic knowledge and wisdom. goddess saraswati is the goddess of great learning, wealth of humanity and wealth of knowledge. according to the hindu mythology the goddess is sitting with the white attire, white flower and white pearl and sitting on the white lotus which is floating on the water. rituals : the mythological history of the goddess saraswati is associated with the holy rituals that are performed on the banks of river saraswati. she is also worshiped as the goddess of speech which is also attributed to the formation of words. celebrations : on the day of the festival there is the environment of great festivity and the festival also marks the end of the winters. on this day the yellow color is of great significance, people also offers the yellow flowers in worship and also puts yellow tilak on everyone ’ s forehead. at everyone ’ s home the kesar halwa is prepared on the day which is also in yellow color. the devotees also visits temples and offers the prayers to the various gods. the vasant panchmi is the festival that is celebrated in north india and is also the festival of nature and there is no story that is associated as it is in the case of the mostly hindu festivals. on the day of festival goddess saraswati is generally worshiped by the teachers and students in the northern and eastern part of the country. prasadam : the ‘ prasadam ’ of the goddess at the time of the basant panchami differs from place to place and community to community. some of the devotees offers ‘ ber ’, a fruit that is found in northern and eastern india or ‘ sangari ’ is the type of bean that is grown on the roots of the radish plant. related tour packages


taccle was one of our most successful projects. the original handbook on technology for learning went out in some 7000 hard copies in six languages, with a number of further languages being added by volunteer translators and regular reprints in different countries. this is not counting the thousand of downloads. the handbook was designed for teachers wanting to introduce e - learning into their practice. there was also a series of training events for teachers based on the handbook. both the handbook and the courses were rated highly by teachers but feedback from readers and from course participants was that there were still ‘ gaps ’ that needed to be filled. firstly, although teachers across the subject range said they found the both the courses and the handbook useful for developing generic technical skills there were many who still found difficulty in translating that into specific learning activities within their subject area or sector. secondly, although many teachers, as a result of reading the handbook or attending the courses, now feel confident about designing learning objects or using web 2. 0 applications, they are less confident about engaging pupils in producing and publishing their own. the taccle 2 project addresses these issues by providing a series of 5 supplementary handbooks ( in dutch, english, german, italian, spanish, portuguese and romanian ) written in the same style as the original, around specific subjects - primary education, maths, science and technology, key competences, arts and culture and humanities. nic daniels and jenny hughes are editing the first handbook on primary education now and we hope to publish it in october ( we will put out an order form in next couple of weeks ). nic has been working on the design of the handbook. and i loved this mock up template he has circulated to project partners. it gives an idea of what you can expect from the project. you can keep up to date with development on the project web site.


john ditraglia md there are two kinds of exercise, aerobic and resistance training. aerobic exercise is running, or swimming or cycling and exercises your heart and lungs mainly, and most of the big the muscles of the body more or less simultaneously. resistance training is also known as strength training or isometric exercise or body building. this type of exercise is sit - ups or push ups or weight lifting and exercises just more specific muscle groups with the aim of increasing their individual size. there is another thing called anaerobic exercise or interval training that happens when you exercise intensively to the point that you exceed oxygen delivery to the muscles and this leads to rapid fatigue. this may have certain different benefits too but that ’ s a discussion for another day. which method would be best for weight loss? this week there was an article examining this question. ( 1 ) these investigators from duke university got 119 sedentary, overweight or obese adults and put them through one of three exercise protocols for eight months : resistance training ( rt ), aerobic training ( at ) and combined training with both ( rt / at ). the combined resistance training - aerobic training group spent twice as long exercising. they found that the at and at / rt groups reduced total body mass and fat mass more that rt but they were not different from each other. rt and at / rt increased the muscle mass more than at as expected. so while rt did nothing to the fat mass it decreased the fat mass to lean body mass ratio because it made bigger muscles. they conclude that, “ balancing time commitments against health benefits, … aerobic training is the optimal mode of exercise for reducing fat mass and body mass. ” … unless you want to build up muscles. remember, we have said that exercise isn ’ t worth much when it comes to weight loss. so lets look closer at the details provided by this project. the aerobic training involved the equivalent of running 12 miles a week at 65 to 80 percent of peak ability. this group lost about four pounds out of 194 pounds or about 2 percent. most of that, but not all was fat, and their waist circumference decreased a little less than half inch. they measured total fat in the body and the at group lost 4 percent of that. the combined rt / at group lost about the same total weight but since they also built up some muscle, more of that weight loss was fat, actually twice as much and their waist circumference decreased a little more than half inch and almost seven percent of


genetics and sociality researchers show in the journal “ pnas ” how friends can relieve stress social support from family and friends is one of the most powerful protective factors against stress - related diseases - from heart attacks to depression. prof. markus heinrichs, professor of biological psychology at the university of freiburg, demonstrated in 2003 for the first time in humans that the neurohormone oxytocin plays a central role in both the control of stress and the stress - reducing effect of social support. he has also shown in a series of studies that oxytocin administered as a nasal spray increases trust and empathy for others and therefore has therapeutic potential for a range of mental disorders. but could the oxytocin system also help explain why support from close friends and family has very different effects on individuals? in the current issue of the prestigious scientific journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( pnas ), the freiburg psychologists and neuroscientists prof. markus heinrichs, dr. frances s. chen, dr. robert kumsta, and dr. bernadette von dawans, together with the researchers prof. richard p. ebstein and dr. mikhail monakhov of the national university of singapore, examined for the first time genetic modulation of social support ’ s effectiveness during stress through variants of the oxytocin receptor gene ( oxtr ). the hormonal and subjective stress responses of 200 adults to a standardized social stress test were studied ; half of the sample was asked to bring a close friend for support. “ the presence of a friend during preparation for the test reduced stress in most people ; interestingly, however, the group of people carrying a particular variant of the oxytocin receptor gene did not benefit from the support " said frances s. chen. for markus heinrichs, these results have far - reaching consequences for current research on new therapeutic approaches : " the ‘ psychobiological therapy ' we are currently developing involves a completely new combination of oxytocin and psychotherapy for mental disorders involving social deficits – here, it is of great relevance to understand how ‘ sensitive ’ this system is in different patients. ” chen, f. s. *, kumsta, r. *, von dawans, b., monakhov, m., ebstein, r. p. & heinrichs, m. ( 2011 ). common oxytocin receptor gene ( oxtr ) polymorphism and social support interact to reduce stress in humans. proceedings of the national


making imperial mentalities socialisation and british imperialism edited by j. mangan published december 8th 2011 by routledge – 244 pages this book discusses the way in which those born into the british empire were persuaded to accept it, often with enthusiasm. the study compares the perceptions of people at ‘ home ’, in the dominions and in the colonies. across the diversity of imperial territories it explores themes such as the diverse nature of political socialisation, the various agents and agencies of persuasion, reaction to the ‘ experience of dominance ’ by dominant and dominated, the paradoxical impact of the missionary and the subversive role of some women. it also considers the significant issues of colonial adaptation, resistance and rejection, and the post - imperial consequences of imperialism. introduction : making imperial mentalities j a mangan 1 slavery, social death and imperialism : the formation of a christian black elite in the west indies, 1800 - 1845 patricia rooke 2 sisters under the skin : imperialism and the emancipation of women in malaya, c1891 – 1941 janice n brownfoot 3 drill and dance as symbols of imperialism anne bloomfield 4 ‘ mothers for the empire ’? the girl guides association in britain, 1909 - 1939 allen warren 5 victorians, socialisation and imperialism : consequences for post - imperial india t v sathyamurthy 6 christian imperialists of the raj : left, right and centre gerald studdert kennedy 7 white supremacy and the rhetoric of educational indoctrination : a canadian case - study timothy j stanley 8 ‘ a part of pakeha society ’ : europeanising the maori child j m barrington and t h beaglehole 9 processes of colonial control : the bermuda school question, 1926 - 1954 robert nicholas berard 10 examinations and empire : the cambridge certificate in the colonies, 1857 – 1957 a j stockwell. index.


anyone who has faced a production problem with a need to solve it by using production data can relate to the notion of a brain teaser. the brain teasers presented here are based on real - world situations encountered by workers in manufacturing environments. the brain teasers have three parts : ( 1 ) the situation, ( 2 ) available data or other supporting information and ( 3 ) questions that various workers need answered for continual improvement. recommended solutions follow in the next issue and on the web at quality online ( www. qualitymag. com ). jill is the production manager for a small company that manufactures key blanks for a variety of different home door locks. in the past week, one customer - a large home supply chain - cancelled all of their business because 25 % of the keys made from one type of blank have been returned. the home supply chain recorded customer complaints ; the keys were too short or too long to work correctly. at a morning production team meeting, jill asked sara, the quality manager, to research the problem and provide a report for the afternoon meeting. sara located the most recent process behavior charts for the length of key blanks. current information indicates that the control limits were calculated in april based on data for one month of production during which time the process was predictable. data for the time period in question by the customer are summarized in the table, " length of key blanks. " the control limits in use during this time are provided in the table, " recent control limits for length of key blanks. " 1. using the most recent control limits calculated in april to analyze the data provided, what is the behavior of the process? what is the behavior of the process if the limits are recalculated? 2. from the available information, what could be investigated that might shed light on the customer complaints about the length of the key blanks? 3. is there any evidence on the process behavior chart that indicate that it would be beneficial to make separate charts for the two operators? 4. what should sara report for the afternoon meeting? recent control limits for length of key blanks upper control limit 2. 1050 central line, x 2. 1001 lower control limit 2. 0952 upper control limit 0. 0122 central line, r 0. 0047 as the new customer service representative for his company, travis must conduct capability analyses for all new products. one customer has stressed that all capability studies show predictable processes. for the short - term capability analyses, each based on 100 pieces from the process, travis is pleased


new customer service representative for his company, travis must conduct capability analyses for all new products. one customer has stressed that all capability studies show predictable processes. for the short - term capability analyses, each based on 100 pieces from the process, travis is pleased with the results for all but one study. in this study, all 100 pieces are in specification but the process in not predictable. a : an individuals and moving range chart for the 100 values of flatness shows an unpredictable process. there are five moving ranges outside the upper control limit that correspond to the jumps in the data values on the individuals chart. after each jump, the flatness data values appear to vary around a new average. see the graph, " individuals and moving range chart for flatness of polished parts. " q : what do the capability indexes indicate about this process? a : the capability indexes, cp and cpk, are not appropriate to use because they require a predictable process to be meaningful. the indexes, pp and ppk, are worst - case scenarios based on the lack of predictability. ppk = 1. 84 which indicates that the total variation from both routine and exceptional causes in this unpredictable process is still small enough for the current product to stay below the upper specification. however, as long as the process remains unpredictable it would be foolish to rely on this ppk value. see the graph, " 100 - piece capability study on polished parts. " q : what is the best way to approach the 100 - piece capability study for the polishing step? a : the individuals and moving range chart shows five jumps in the flatness values. both before and after each jump, the process appears to be relatively stable and the jumps occur after every 15 data values. because 15 parts are polished at a time, it appears that the variation within each set that are polished together is much smaller than the variation for pieces that are polished in different sets. an appropriate way to conduct a 100 - piece capability study at the polishing step would be to select one piece from each of 100 sets of polished pieces and analyze the flatness using an individuals and moving range chart. the capability of the polishing step from one set of pieces to the next can be evaluated using these 100 values. q : how should travis communicate this dilemma with the customer? a : travis could set up a meeting with the customer to demonstrate the situation with the sets of pieces that are polished at the same time. the variability that is critical to the customer will typically be dominated by the set - to -


ann arbor, mi ( prweb ) july 19, 2012 with the summer travel season in full swing, many are planning their vacations. although traveling to new destinations is a great way to experience different cultures? one of the biggest parts being new food? it can also bring people in contact with new germs and bacteria. travel, time zone changes, and late nights can weaken the immune system and increase the likelihood of getting sick. in fact, the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) estimates that more than 10 million overseas travelers contract diarrhea and other sicknesses each year from food and drinking water.? trying new foods when travelling is one way many travelers experience the culture of their destination, but any trip – at home or abroad – will quickly be ruined if you eat food that has been improperly cooked or handled,? said cheryl luptowski, public information officer for nsf international, an independent public health and safety organization committed to protecting and improving human health on a global scale.? at nsf international, we have developed food safety recommendations for travelers to help them recognize food safety warning signs and reduce the likelihood of getting food poisoning during their vacation.? to help protect travelers from being exposed to germs or consuming foods and beverages that might be contaminated with foodborne pathogens that make people sick, keep the following tips in mind : 1. sanitize “ high touch ” areas. germs linger longer on nonporous materials like plastic. when travelling via plane, train or bus, wipe down common surface areas such as tray tables, seat armrests and lavatory door handles with an alcohol - based wipe or gel before you use them. if you? re staying at a hotel, do the same for the tv remote controls, bathroom door handles and telephone. 2. be aware of who is handling the food. avoid establishments where the food handlers don? t practice good hygiene such as tying back their hair, wearing protective gloves and having clean hands and fingernails. if you see food servers touching their face, smoking, chewing gum, or sneezing or coughing near food, avoid purchasing food from that vendor. 3. look for crowds. when surveying the street food scene in any location, look for crowds — locals get sick, too, and won? t return to stalls suspected of serving unsafe food, so if there? s a crowd it? s usually a safer choice to make. 4. be selective when choosing foods. since raw food is subject to contamination,


sick, too, and won? t return to stalls suspected of serving unsafe food, so if there? s a crowd it? s usually a safer choice to make. 4. be selective when choosing foods. since raw food is subject to contamination, and does not have the benefit of a cooking process to reduce pathogens, travelers should try to avoid salads, uncooked vegetables and unpasteurized juices and milk products. dry foods such as cakes, cookies, and bread are safer options. 5. spice things up. become familiar with spices, such as chilies and turmeric, that are known to have anti - bacterial properties and seek out dishes that include them. acidic fruits, such as citrus fruits and pineapple, are also safer bets when traveling. 6. be aware of the local water quality. avoid consuming beverages that may be mixed with the local tap water supply, such as juices or sodas from sources such as fountain machines. be careful with beverages containing ice, since freezing does not kill most microorganisms. beverages made with boiled water and served steaming hot ( such as tea and coffee ) are generally safe to drink. 7. boil tap water before consuming. if you need to use tap water from an unknown source, be sure to boil it for several minutes first at a good rolling boil. 8. not all bottled water is safe. bottled water products in other countries can be impure or even counterfeit ( i. e. refilled from a local tap source ), so always check the seal to ensure it is intact. look for a certification mark on the bottle, such as the nsf mark. 9. avoid over handled foods. avoid foods that require a lot of handling before serving or that contain raw or under cooked meat or seafood. in most cases, foods that are boiled should be safe to consume. 10. wash vegetables and fruit prior to eating. if you purchase fresh produce from a roadside stand be sure to wash and peel them before eating. bacteria can be present on their exterior and when sliced can be carried into the edible section. if you are travelling in an area with unsafe water, be sure to wash the produce with bottled or filtered water. 11. eat hot foods hot and cold foods cold. if the dish you ordered is supposed to be served hot, make sure it is hot when it is served to you. the same is true for any foods that are intended to be served cold. otherwise, it may not be safe to eat. 12. remember the one


ordered is supposed to be served hot, make sure it is hot when it is served to you. the same is true for any foods that are intended to be served cold. otherwise, it may not be safe to eat. 12. remember the one - hour rule. don? t consume any perishable foods that have been sitting out beyond one hour. 13. wash hands before eating or handling food. wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds before eating or handling food. if fresh water is scarce, use antibacterial hand gels or wipes to help keep your hands clean, especially after using a restroom and before eating. if you are traveling with children, be sure they wash their hands, too.? following this food safety advice on vacation will reduce the likelihood of coming in contact with bacteria that can cause food poisoning,? said cheryl luptowski.? however, if you do get sick while traveling, remember to drink lots of fluids to avoid dehydration. if you experience severe abdominal cramps or pain, high fever, blood or mucus in your stool, and / or severe dehydration, contact a medical professional.? additional food safety information can be found in by visiting http : / / www. nsf. org / consumer / newsroom / kit _ food _ safety. asp or contacting nsf consumer affairs office at info ( at ) nsf ( dot ) org. about nsf international : nsf international ( http : / / www. nsf. org ) has been testing and certifying products for safety, health and the environment for nearly 70 years. as an independent, public health and safety organization, nsf is committed to protecting and improving human health on a global scale. nsf is working hard to protect families by testing and certifying thousands of consumer goods each year, including kitchen products and appliances, cleaners, dietary and sport supplements, bottled water, toys, pool and spa equipment, water treatment systems, plumbing fixtures, and many other products used in homes every day. look for the nsf mark on products you purchase. operating in more than 150 countries, nsf is committed to protecting families worldwide and is a world health organization collaborating centre for food and water safety and indoor environment. in addition, nsf also and certifies organic food and personal care products through quality assurance international ( qai ).


about the wildlife conservation society founded in 1895 as the new york zoological society, the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) was one of the first conservation organizations in the u. s. the society began with a clear mandate : advance wildlife conservation, promote the study of zoology, and create a first - class zoo. the bronx zoo opened its gates to the public on november 8, 1899, joining the ranks of new york city ’ s most beloved cultural institutions. its success led wcs to acquire four more wildlife parks over the course of the twentieth century. in 1902, wcs took over management of the new york aquarium, then in manhattan ’ s battery park, and in the mid - 1950s, relocated it to coney island, brooklyn. in 1988, the former menagerie in manhattan ’ s central park reopened as wcs ’ s central park zoo. the queens zoo and prospect park zoo opened in 1992 and 1993, respectively. together, the five parks draw more than 4 million visitors a year. the wildlife conservation society is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) public charity. connecting people to wild nature wcs is committed to teaching children and adults about wild animals and wild habitats, creating new advocates for their protection. our pioneering environmental education programs reach millions from the bronx to bhutan and brooklyn to bolivia. children enjoy the wildlife theater players ’ musical puppet performances, teens participate in wildlife science career exploration programs, and international educators learn techniques in building conservation awareness in their home countries. read more about wcs ' s education programs protecting wildlife and wild places wcs has been at the forefront of conservation and field research since its earliest days, beginning with a successful effort to save the american bison from extinction in 1907. to date, our work has helped to create more than 100 protected areas around the world, in landscapes and seascapes ranging from the coastal forests of gabon to the coral reefs of belize. these areas encompass some of the wildest places that remain on earth, and are home to animals that are vulnerable to extinction, important to humans, and powerful icons of nature. read more about the wcs global conservation program


murder at the cellular level mortal chemical combat typifies the world of bacteria sciencedaily ( nov. 18, 2010 ) — like all organisms, bacteria must compete for resources to survive, even if it means a fight to the death. new research led by scientists from the university of north carolina at chapel hill school of medicine and the university of california, santa barbara, describes new complexities in the close chemical combat waged among bacteria. and the findings from this microscopic war zone may have implications for human health and survival. " it has been known for a long time that bacteria can produce toxins that they release into their surroundings that can kill other bacteria, sort of like throwing hand grenades at enemies, " said peggy a. cotter, phd, associate professor in the microbiology and immunology department at unc. " our data suggests that the situation is far more complex that we thought. " cotter points out that it was in david a. low ' s lab at u. c. santa barbara, where the discovery was made that bacteria can also produce proteins on their surface that inhibit the growth and end the life of other bacteria upon contact. " so it appears that some bacteria participate in ' man to man ' ( or ' bacteria to bacteria ' ) combat using poison - tipped swords, " cotter said. " what we have discovered is that each bacterium can have a different poison at the tip of their sword. for each poison, there is a specific protective ( immunity ) protein that the bacteria also make so that they don ' t kill themselves and are not killed by other members of their same ' family '. " the new research by senior co - authors cotter and low and others appear on - line november 18, 2010 in the journal nature. as to " swords, " the metaphor lives close to reality. bacteria use proteins to interact with a host, including disease - causing bacteria, such as bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough and burkholderia pseudomallei, found in soil throughout southeast asia and a cause of a frequently fatal tropic disease. in these and other gram - negative bacteria, large proteins appear as rods on the surface of cells. " in the soil or in humans, different bacteria bump into each other all the time and bump into their own ' family, ' too. they have to touch each other and recognize each other and then one can inhibit the growth of the other, non - family, bacteria. " cotter said. according to the unc


the time and bump into their own ' family, ' too. they have to touch each other and recognize each other and then one can inhibit the growth of the other, non - family, bacteria. " cotter said. according to the unc scientist, this system may represent a primitive form of kin selection, whereby organisms kill organisms that are genetically different but not those that are closely related. " as an additional twist, we have found that some bacteria can have two or three ( or possibly more ) systems. our data suggest that these bacteria will be protected from killing by bacteria that produce any of three types of poison swords and they will be able to kill other bacteria that lack at least one of those types of immunity proteins. " moreover, there ' s evidence here that these bacteria acquire these additional systems by horizontal gene transfer from other bacteria. " in other words, it seems that they may be able to kill their enemy and then steal the poison - tipped sword and protective ( immunity ) protein from the dead enemy, increasing their own repertoire of weapons. " by teasing out the genetics of these bacterial close combat mysteries, it may someday be possible to " engineer an organism, a non - pathogenic variant, and by putting it out in the environment, such as soil, you can potentially get rid of other pathogens, " cotter said. " or you could decontaminate an area, if the new knowledge is applied to biodefense. " " experiments are the only means of knowledge at our disposal. the rest is poetry, imagination. " max planck


green tea chemical combined with another may hold promise for treatment of brain disorders scientists at boston biomedical research institute ( bbri ) and the university of pennsylvania have found that combining two chemicals, one of which is the green tea component egcg, can prevent and destroy a variety of protein structures known as amyloids. amyloids are the primary culprits in fatal brain disorders such as alzheimer ’ s, huntington ’ s, and parkinson ’ s diseases. their study, published in the current issue of nature chemical biology ( december 2009 ), may ultimately contribute to future therapies for these diseases. " these findings are significant because it is the first time a combination of specific chemicals has successfully destroyed diverse forms of amyloids at the same time, " says dr. martin duennwald of bbri, who co - led the study with dr. james shorter of university of pennsylvania school of medicine. for decades a major goal of neurological research has been finding a way to prevent the formation of and to break up and destroy amyloid plaques in the brains and nervous systems of people with alzheimer ’ s and other degenerative diseases before they wreak havoc. amyloid plaques are tightly packed sheets of proteins that infiltrate the brain. these plaques, which are stable and seemingly impenetrable, fill nerve cells or wrap around brain tissues and eventually ( as in the case of alzheimer ’ s ) suffocate vital neurons or brain cells, causing loss of memory, language, motor function and eventually premature death. to date, researchers have had no success in destroying plaques in the human brain and only minimal success in the laboratory. one reason for these difficulties in finding compounds that can dissolve amyloids is their immense stability and their complex composition. yet, duennwald experienced success in previous studies when he exposed amyloids in living yeast cells to egcg. furthermore, he and his collaborators also found before that daph - 12, too, inhibits amyloid production in yeast. in their new study, the team decided to look in more detail at the impact of these two chemicals on the production of different amyloids produced by the yeast amyloid protein known as psi +. they chose this yeast amyloid protein because it has been studied extensively in the past, and because it produces varieties of amyloid structures that are prototypes of those found in the damaged human brain. thus, psi + amyloids are excellent experimental paradigms to study basic properties of all amyloid proteins. the team ’ s first step was to expose two different


varieties of amyloid structures that are prototypes of those found in the damaged human brain. thus, psi + amyloids are excellent experimental paradigms to study basic properties of all amyloid proteins. the team ’ s first step was to expose two different amyloid structures produced by yeast ( e. g., a weak version and a strong version ) to egcg. they found that the egcg effectively dissolved the amyloids in the weaker version. to their surprise, they found that the stronger amyloids were not dissolved and that some transformed to even stronger versions after exposure to egcg. the team then exposed the yeast amyloid structures to a combination of the egcg and the daph - 12 and found that all of the amyloid structures broke apart and dissolved. the next steps for the research team will be to explore the mechanism and potency of such a combinatorial therapy for the treatment of diverse neurodegenerative diseases. " our findings are certainly preliminary and we need further work to fully comprehend the effects of egcg in combination with other chemicals on amyloids. yet, we see our study as a very exciting initial step towards combinatorial therapies for the treatment of amyloid - based diseases, " says duennwald. on the net :


monkeys understand basic counting skills a team of researchers studying old world monkeys have found that the primates have better numerical skills than previously believed, bbc news reports. they found, using a basic numeracy test, that long - tail macaques were able to determine which of two plates had more raisins. however, in strange fashion, the macaques only excelled in the basic test if they were not allowed to eat the raisins used in the experiment. the results of the experiments show that the animals have the ability to understand the concept of relative quantities. the researchers, from the german primate center in goettingen, germany, first tested the macaques by showing them two different amounts of raisins. the primates were then fed the raisins that they pointed to. but the researchers noted that in this test, the monkeys usually got it wrong — choosing the smaller pile of raisins. vanessa schmidt, lead researcher on the study, said that instead of thinking about the quantities, the monkeys were thinking more about how much they wanted to eat the raisins. “ this impulsiveness impaired their judgment, ” schmidt told bbc news. “ but when we repeated the test, this time showing them two plates of inedible objects – pebbles – they did much better. ” to find out if the monkeys could actually distinguish quantities, the team decided to try another experiment. “ we wanted to know if they could simultaneously maintain two mental representations of the food items, first as choice, and second as food reward, ” said schmidt. in the new experiment, which was a little more complex than the original, the macaques were shown plates of raisins, but the reward for pointing to the correct plate was to be fed raisins that were actually hidden underneath. “ they perform as well in this task as they do when choosing the pebbles, ” said schmidt. “ this seems to show that they see the raisins as signifiers – representations of the food rewards they ’ re going to receive. ” professor julia fischer, the study ’ s co - researcher, said that young children displayed the same difficulty in suppressing their impulses. “ there ’ s a well - known experiment called the reverse reward paradigm, ” she said. “ you have two heaps of candies – one big, and one small. the child obviously points at the big heap – which is then given to another child, while the [ first ] child itself gets the small heap, ” fischer explained. “ young


political leader of a municipal corporation. mayors are either appointed or elected for a limited term. in europe until the mid - 19th century, most mayors were appointed by the central government ; in france, they are still agents of the central government. in the u. s., they are either directly elected by the populace or chosen by an elected council. some fulfill only ceremonial functions, executive power being held by a professional manager hired by the legislature. a mayor ' s powers may include the power to make appointments, veto legislation, administer budgets, and manage administrative functions. seealso city government. learn more about mayor with a free trial on britannica. com. born in sandwich, new hampshire, john wentworth was a huge man, towering 6 ft 6 in ( 1. 98 m ) high and weighing more than 300 pounds ( 136 kg ). he drank at least a pint of whiskey each day and would eat from 30 - 40 different foods during a single meal. wentworth was educated at the new hampton literary institute and dartmouth college graduating from the latter in 1836. later that year, he left for chicago, arriving in the city on october 25. he was managing editor of chicago ' s first newspaper, the chicago democrat, eventually becoming its owner and publisher. he started a law practice, and eventually entered politics. in 1844, he married roxanna marie loomis. he served for six terms in the u. s. house of representatives ( march 4, 1843 – march 3, 1851 and march 4, 1853 – march 3, 1855 as a democrat ; and march 4, 1865 – march 3, 1867 as a republican ). while in the house, a controversial vote arose by which wisconsin claimed land in illinois as far as the tip of lake michigan. if wentworth voted to give the land, including chicago, to wisconsin, he was promised a senate seat. wentworth declined the offer. as a republican, wentworth served as mayor of chicago for two terms, 1857 – 1858 and 1860 – 1861. wentworth instituted chain gangs in the city and tried to clean up the city ' s morals. to do this, he hired spies to determine who was frequenting chicago ' s brothels. in 1857, wentworth led a raid on the sands, chicago ' s red - light district, which resulted in the burning of the area. wentworth was a personal friend of abraham lincoln. he authored the wentworth genealogy - english and american. 1878, 3 volumes, 2241 pages. the first volume chronicles the ancestry of elder william wentworth, the first of this


1. the ‘ prophet ’ here refers to muhammad 2. the implied meaning is that they showed such indifference to the predictions mentioned in their own book as if they were never aware of them. 3. instead of acknowledging muhammad ( sws ) and following him they went about causing harm to him and for this they started following their enchanters and wizards who would teach spiritual disciplines and witchcraft. in surah falaq, the prophet ( sws ) is directed to keep seeking refuge in the almighty from these very miscreants among the jews in the words : شر النفاثات في the evil of those who blow into knots ). 4. the actual qur ’ anic words used are : ‘ على ملك سليمان ’. as per the linguistic principles of the arabic language, an elision of an ‘ annexed noun ’ ( mudaf ) has occurred before ‘ على ’. thus the implied meaning is : على ’. it is evident from this that in the time of the prophet solomon ( sws ) satanic disciplines like witchcraft and sorcery were rampant among people because of their interaction with the jinn - folk. the devils among men who evinced keen interest in these disciplines even had them compiled in a formal way. because of their existence in the time of the prophet solomon ( sws ), the jews in the later periods started to attribute this nonsense to the prophet solomon ( sws ) himself. consequently, even today people who are involved in these disciplines generally ascribe them 5. in reality, the words كفر سليمان ’ up to الناس السحر ’ are a parenthetical sentence. it is placed here within the discourse to absolve the prophet solomon ( sws ) of the blames which were cast on him by the jews as if such is the distaste felt by addresser on these remarks that before waiting for the discourse to finish, it is refuted. also, a little deliberation shows that the manner in which this refutation is done points to the fact that witchcraft and sorcery is an obvious matter of disbelief. 6. as stated above, the previous sentence is a parenthetical one. consequently, this sentence is necessarily co - ordinated to the portion ما تتلوا الشياطين ’. it is evident from this co - ordination, from the words for this discipline


) he goes on to write : in my opinion, it is the remnants of this very discipline which one section of our mediums and mystics have adopted and they have even given certain benefits to people through it and some incidents also bear witness that in some circumstances they were instrumental in proving the supremacy of islam and muslims against the yogis and astrologers. however, just as after moral decadence set in the jews, this discipline became a part of sorcery and a means to earn money, similarly among the muslims too it became a means to blackmail the common man and many evil elements crept into it because of which people got influenced by it in the very way the qur ’ an has referred to here. ( islahi, amin ahsan, tadabbur - i - qur ’ an, 2nd ed., vol. 1, ( lahore : faran foundation, 1986 ), p. 286 ) 7. like the sentence beginning كفر سليمان ’, the sentence beginning with يعلمان من احد ’ and ending on تكفر ’ is also a parenthetical sentence which occurs here to exonerate the two angels harut and marut from any blame. the implication is that the angels never taught this discipline without warning the people that they should not misuse it and thereby enter into disbelief. 8. although this discipline could have been taught in the manner that these angels would assume the form of human beings and then teach, it is more probable that people through certain exercises and workouts would come in spiritual contact with the angels and then learn from them this discipline. 9. the actual qur ’ anic word used is ‘ فتنة ’. it means ‘ trial ’ and ‘ test ’. in the qur ’ an, this generally implies those things which originally are beneficial to man but because of their misuse man often ends up in a state of trial. ascribing this discipline to the two angels is evidence enough that this discipline was by its nature not something evil. 10. in the actual qur ’ anic words the negative imperative is as per the consequences. the implication being that the discipline they teach is a two edged sword ; it is more probable that people will use it for evil purposes and as a result get themselves involved in disbelief and polytheism. 11. one can judge from this how deep the jews were in moral degeneration, corruption and decadence. the qur ’ an tells us that in spite of being sounded a warning from


a result get themselves involved in disbelief and polytheism. 11. one can judge from this how deep the jews were in moral degeneration, corruption and decadence. the qur ’ an tells us that in spite of being sounded a warning from the angels they showed keen interest in charms which created dents in the relationship of love between husband and wife whereas it is this very relationship on which depends the stability of the society. 12. this sentence too is an emendation and it is evident from it that it is the requirement of faith in monotheism that firstly a believer is required to stay away from such things ; secondly, if he does come across them, he should not consider them to be absolute in their influence without the permission of the almighty ; thirdly, if any harm from them is feared, one should only turn to god and one should not turn to charms and spells and people who are well versed with them. the reason is that whether disciplines are good or evil, they can only prove good and evil if the almighty allows them to be so. 13. so base was their mentality that a discipline which could be both harmful and beneficial for people, was used by them to harm people. 14. the jews were well aware of this fact because the torah had stopped them unequivocally from getting involved in such mischief : when you enter the land the lord your god is giving you, do not learn to imitate the detestable ways of the nations there. let no one be found among you who sacrifices his son or daughter in the fire, who practices divination or sorcery, interprets omens, engages in witchcraft, or casts spells, or who is a medium or spiritist or who consults the dead. anyone who does these things is detestable to the lord, and because of these detestable practices the lord your god will drive out those nations before you. ( deuteronomy 18 : 9 - 12 ) 15. instead of following the sorcerers to harm the prophet ( sws ), had they professed faith in him and adopted righteousness they would not have been even able to imagine the reward they would have reaped from the almighty. 16. muslims are being warned of the objections raised by the jews and the mischief they were guilty of as a reaction to the truth which the qur ’ an had made manifest to them in a manner that they were left with no excuse to deny it. being cornered to the utmost, they were panting with rage and


jews and the mischief they were guilty of as a reaction to the truth which the qur ’ an had made manifest to them in a manner that they were left with no excuse to deny it. being cornered to the utmost, they were panting with rage and to give vent to their emotions they would show disrespect to the prophet ( sws ) and try to humiliate him in the eyes of the muslims. 17. the word ‘ راعنا ’ is an imperative from the verbal noun ‘ مراعاة ’. literally, it means ‘ please take us into account ’. if the words of a speaker are not heard or not understood properly, these words are said to elicit his attention. in the english language, on such occasions we say : ‘ i beg your pardon ’. at another place, the qur ’ an has clarified that the jews would pronounce this word by twisting their tongue in such a manner that it would totally change in meaning. this they did to ridicule the religion of allah and his prophet ( sws ) and to mock and deride them. for this very reason, the qur ’ an stopped the muslims from using this word from the social etiquette they followed and instructed them to use another word ‘ انظرنا ’ in its place. this word was customary for a similar connotation and it was also not possible to distort its pronunciation. 18. literally, it means ‘ to give respite ’ and ‘ to wait ’. 19. the qur ’ anic word used ‘ اسمعوا ’. here, in this verse, it is used in its complete form implying : ‘ listen carefully and understand what is being said so that you do not need to continually call the prophet ’ s attention ’. 20. it is this punishment which awaits the jews who are bent upon deliberately denying the prophet ( sws ). they would come to the prophet ’ s gatherings neither to listen to him nor to understand his message ; on the contrary, they would only come to give vent to their emotions by trying to find an opportunity to insult the prophet 21. the implication is that it is not just the case of the use of a word ; the fact of the matter is that the jews and the idolaters are burning with hatred on the fact that the qur ’ an has been revealed to the prophet ( sws ). 22. abrogation is replacement of a directive of the shari ‘ ah by another


is that the jews and the idolaters are burning with hatred on the fact that the qur ’ an has been revealed to the prophet ( sws ). 22. abrogation is replacement of a directive of the shari ‘ ah by another one. 23. the actual qur ’ anic word ‘ انساء ’ which means ‘ to cause to forget ’. the reference is to those directives of the torah to which the jews showed indifference and which, as retribution, were obliterated from their minds. 24. the actual qur ’ anic words بخير منها او مثلها ’. the particle is for division. the implication is that the principles of the torah which were abrogated because of evolution of society and change of circumstances were replaced by better ones and the ones that were caused to be forgotten were replaced by similar ones. none of these two sorts of replacement can be objected to. the first of them was a natural requisite of the change in circumstances and the other was necessary to compensate for the loss caused by the jews to the corpus of religion. 25. the qur ’ anic word used is ‘ سوال ’. it has several meanings in the arabic language. here it is evident from the way it is used in the given context that it means questions which are actually objections. 26. just as in the previous verse the jews were warned, here people among the muslims who were behaving as their representatives are warned. since it was the jewish mind that was found in the background of these questions, hence the qur ’ an by very subtly alluding to the fact that such questions were asked from moses ( sws ) as well has warned these elements among the muslims that he is well aware of these evil promptings and conspiracies. 27. the qur ’ anic word used is ‘ عفو ’. just as it means ‘ to forgive ’, it also means ‘ to ignore ’ and ‘ pay no heed ’. it is used in this latter shade in 5 : 15. 28. this decision manifested in the form of killing, exiling and imposing jizyah on the jews once they had deliberately rejected the truth after they were convinced about it. 29. according to the qur ’ an, the foundation of religion and the basis of reformation and instruction are the institutions of the prayer and the zakah. consequently, on such occasions, it urges muslims to adhere to them in order to fight the mischief of the enemies of


qur ’ an, the foundation of religion and the basis of reformation and instruction are the institutions of the prayer and the zakah. consequently, on such occasions, it urges muslims to adhere to them in order to fight the mischief of the enemies of islam. 30. the implication is that the jews and the christians have become united on one platform against islam and just as both of them have implanted the objection of abrogation in the minds of the muslims to create doubts in their minds, they have also started doing the propaganda that one must either choose judaism or christianity if one is to achieve salvation in the hereafter. they further contend that since the qur ’ an also acknowledges the divine origin of their religions then why is a new religion required in their presence and also that this new religion is nothing but mischief originated in their society by its 31. the reference is to those who followed all the directives of the shari ‘ ah. 32. the qur ’ anic word used is ‘ احسان ’. it means to fulfil a task in a befitting manner. if a religious deed is carried out in a manner that a balance is kept between its form and spirit and all its constituents are fully and perfectly given due regard then such an attitude is called ‘ احسان ’. the word ‘ محسن ’ is made from this very word. the prophet ( sws ) while explaining it has said that when a person worships the almighty in a manner as if he is seeing him, then this is called 33. the implication is that contrary to these jews and christians, it is these people who will be regarded worthy 34. the people of the book are very graciously calling one another the inmates of paradise in enmity with the prophet ( sws ) ; however, aside from this, their own enmity between each other is so profound that they do not even accept that the other has any 35. the similarity referred to here means similarity in intention and motives which the jews had in saying such a thing. 36. this refers to the idolaters of arabia. since they were unaware of any prophet or divine book for centuries, they are called thus. 37. a little deliberation shows that here just as there is a warning for the addressees of the verse, there exists assurance for the prophet ( sws ) as well that he is only responsible to communicate the truth in this dispute. nothing more is required beyond this from him. 38. this is a reference to the tu


the addressees of the verse, there exists assurance for the prophet ( sws ) as well that he is only responsible to communicate the truth in this dispute. nothing more is required beyond this from him. 38. this is a reference to the tussle that took place between the jews and the christians in the baytu ’ l - maqdis to stop one another from remembering god and worshipping him. even outside the baytu ’ l - maqdis they continued with this brawl wherever they got the opportunity. 39. it was not befitting at all for them to ruin the place of worshipping god after receiving guidance from the prophets of allah. the right attitude for them was to enter such places with fear and apprehension. 40. the baytu ’ l - maqdis was the qiblah of both the jews and the christians. it seems that the christians had made its eastern side their qiblah owing to the fact that maryam had sat there for i ‘ tikaf and the jews in their opposition adopted its western side as the qiblah. subsequently, as a result of this difference, a grave fight took place between the two and each of them violated the sanctity of the other ’ s place of worship ruthlessly. 41. the implication is that no specific direction is reserved for allah. hence, after regarding the baytu ’ l - maqdis as their qiblah, in whatever direction they turned, they would have faced the almighty. his power and profundity of knowledge embraces 42. the implication is that how foolish is it to ascribe sons and daughters to a being who needs no one, who is beyond everyone and is all powerful. 43. a reference to the idolaters of arabia, who for centuries were not aware of any divine book or revelation. 44. the implication being that since they are the leaders of the quraysh, why does not the almighty directly address them. at some other instances, the qur ’ an has answered this objection but not here. the reason is to allude to the fact that this demand is so foolish that silence is its only answer. the extent to which keeping silence could hit their vanity and conceit could not have been matched by answering 45. by signs they meant something so pronounced that after witnessing it the person who showed it could be regarded as a messenger of god by everyone. for example, an angel should descend with the prophet and proclaim his prophethood all over the land or at least some trailer of


meant something so pronounced that after witnessing it the person who showed it could be regarded as a messenger of god by everyone. for example, an angel should descend with the prophet and proclaim his prophethood all over the land or at least some trailer of punishment be shown to them at his initiation – the punishment which they were being warned with by him. 46. the sign that these people are demanding was similarly demanded before them by the nations of other prophets prior to them. those people also were guilty of stubbornness in demanding a sign once the truth had been irrefutably made clear to them and these jews too were following suit. consequently, just as the hearts of those people had become locked, similar was the case with the hearts of the jews. 47. the implication is that for those who want to believe in the prophethood of muhammad ( sws ) now do not need a miracle or a sign for its verification because all its proofs drawn from the world around man or that within him as well as from history have been very clearly delineated in the qur ’ an. 48. the companions of hell are individuals that have become liable to this fate because of their utter defiance and obduracy. 49. the behaviour adopted by the jews and christians has been termed as following their desires because a person who insists on following his own way after divine guidance has come to him is like a person who is following his own desires. 50. here though the prophet ( sws ) is addressed, the warning and wrath found in the address is directed towards the jews and the christians. 51. the expression حق تلاوته ’ is an accusative of state from the accusative pronoun in ‘ اتيناهم ’ and the words يومنون به ’ is the enunciative of the inchoative اتيناهم الكتاب يتلونه حق تلاوته ’. a subtle aspect worth noting in this sentence is that since the righteous among the people are mentioned, the expression used is ‘ اتيناهم الكتاب ’ and not ‘ اوتو who are aware of the diction of the qur ’ an cannot ignore this difference. 52. it is now clarified at the end of this section that those who used to value the truth will now also be divinely blessed with the urge to accept it. in other words, only they will


piracy is defined as any illegal act of violence, detention, or any act of depredation committed for private ends against a ship on the high seas or otherwise outside of the jurisdiction of a state. incidents of armed robbery against ships, similar acts which happen while a ship is within the territorial waters of a state, have also been included. figure 1 provides the time series plot on the monthly number of incidents of international piracy, from 1995 to the present. whereas the 1995 - 1997 period appeared to have maintained an overall level of approximately 20 incidents per month, the subsequent peiord seems less uniform. how much of this is attributable to seasonality? how much is due to a shift in the underlying trend? the next graph separates the seasonal component from the data. figure 1 - international piracy figure 2 - monthly seasonal variation figure 2 provides a plot of the monthly seasonal variation, calculated over the period of january 1995 through march 2002, for the number of international piracy incidents. the month of january experiences the highest number of incidents on average, and february experiences the lowest number on average. the remaining months vary slightly from the average, but only january and february showed significant seasonal variations ( at alpha = 0. 05 ). the next set of analyses study changes in the data, once seasonality has been removed as a source of variation. the search can now be conducted to find unexpected changes in the underlying trend ; the results of this analysis are provided in figure 3. figure 3 - international piracy with interventions statistical process control ( spc ) procedures were applied to the model to search for additional shifts in the data. march 2000, indicated by the red point on the graph, indicates when a significant one - period drop occurred ; the effect of this decrease was only experienced for that one month. the green points on the curve highlight changes in the data that resulted in longer - term changes in the underlying level. overall, there is no continuous long - term upward slope to this set of data from 1995 through 2001, but there were three periods of significant upward drift around january 1999, november 1999 and september 2000. a significant downward drift was signaled on march 2001. these changes in 2000 were driven primarily by an increase in incidents in the indian ocean and the malacca straits. we would expect to see changes in the underlying trends around these periods of significant change. figure 4 provides the final underlying trend to the data. as suggested by preliminary visual analysis, the general level number of incidents from 1996 through 1998 was steady, followed by a significant rise in the 1999 and early 2000.


tunnel construction : fourth is the charm california tunnelers break through at caldecott bore in the hopes of banning congestion tunnelers in california worked carefully forward until, on nov. 29, 2011, the crews from oakland on the west end and orinda on the east broke through to form a continuous open passage. they had to dig carefully, because the rock of the east bay hills, separating alameda and contra costa counties, is fractured and requires support. the tunnelers were familiar with the conditions, since this tunnel is the fourth bore of the caldecott tunnel through the east bay hills to add lanes to s. r. 24. the first two bores — one for each direction of traffic — opened in 1937. the third opened to traffic in 1964 and made it possible to switch the direction of traffic in the middle bore so four lanes were always available for the heavier traffic flow and two lanes served the lighter flow. the fourth bore project is a partnership between the federal highway administration, the california department of transportation ( caltrans ), the metropolitan transportation commission, the contra costa transportation authority and the alameda county transportation commission. the $ 390 million project is primarily funded through the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 ( $ 180 million ) ; through a local transportation sales tax ( measure j ) passed by contra costa voters in 2004 ; and by regional measure 2 ( bay - area bridge tolls ). when the fourth bore opens to traffic in 2013, it will eliminate the need to reverse the traffic twice a day in the middle bore and dedicate four lanes each to westbound and eastbound traffic. it will accommodate two 12 - ft traffic lanes, with a 10 - ft shoulder on the north side and a 2 - ft shoulder on the south. because of the fractured nature of the rock, the contractor, tutor - saliba corp., has employed a 130 - ton wirth roadheader to dig from the east end, while a modified caterpillar 330 excavator digs from the west end. the roadheader was used to break through the final wall of rock about 200 meters from the west end of the tunnel. a tunnel - boring machine was not appropriate for this project in part because the fractured rock could have potentially collapsed around it and impeded progress. with the roadheader, the contractor can dig forward a meter or two at a time, spray shotcrete 8 - 10 in. thick onto the walls and ceiling, install other measures to support the newly exposed rock and then continue digging. the support measures


roadheader, the contractor can dig forward a meter or two at a time, spray shotcrete 8 - 10 in. thick onto the walls and ceiling, install other measures to support the newly exposed rock and then continue digging. the support measures needed depend on the properties of the rock, which can change from one round to the next. it takes a support system “ the support measures include rock dowels that are radial to the tunnel alignment, shotcrete, which is just sprayed - on concrete reinforced with plastic fibers, ” bill bornman, a construction manager at caltrans, told roads & bridges. “ they use lattice girders, which are steel trusses that go against the excavated rock to help stabilize it. in some categories of the rock they have to install spiles, which are steel dowels that go at an angle forward where we have not yet excavated in order to stabilize the ground above the tunnel. they ’ re installed ahead of where we ’ ve already excavated so that when we excavate the next round they support the newly excavated ground until the shotcrete can be applied. ” employing this process, called the new austrian tunneling method, or the sequential excavation method, they advanced between 1 meter a day where the rock was very hard and up to 4. 2 meters where the rock was soft. “ it utilizes the natural distribution of stresses in the ground to help stabilize the tunnel. it ’ s not like they used to do tunnel excavation a hundred years ago, when... they tried to support all the loads with huge timbers. now we actually use the ground to help support itself by installing these other measures. ” the tunnel is a total of 990 meters long. when it is finished it will be 15 meters wide and 11 - 12. 3 meters high with a roadway clearance of 5. 1 meters. the part now excavated, what they call the “ topheading, ” is not that high. tutor - saliba still has what it calls the “ bench ” below the topheading to excavate. the contractor will follow the same sequential method to excavate and support the bench. the diggers also do periodic testing of the rock they are about to dig into. “ every day, they would evaluate the rock that they encountered in the previous excavation, ” bornman said. “ we have geologists that look at the face of the newly exposed rock and determine what that ’ s like. periodically, they would do test cores ahead to see if they were getting into


they encountered in the previous excavation, ” bornman said. “ we have geologists that look at the face of the newly exposed rock and determine what that ’ s like. periodically, they would do test cores ahead to see if they were getting into weaker rock or stronger rock as they moved forward to try and anticipate what was going to happen a meter from now, two meters from now. they could guess what support needed to be installed. ” the bare ground is self - supporting for some period of time, and the crews apply shotcrete as soon as possible. “ in some areas of the tunnel, we had to excavate in portions, ” bornman said, “ and the reason we did that is because the ground was not self - supporting long enough to excavate the entire width and then apply shotcrete. “ i anticipate that we ’ ll have some issues with that during the bench excavation. we ’ ll excavate the side of the tunnel, get enough room that they can get in there with their shotcrete equipment and spray it with shotcrete before they excavate it the whole way across. “ there were no cave - ins or anything like that. we had some areas where there was overbreak, which is just where there was more material than we wanted to excavate that came down, but no catastrophic failures or anything like that. ” the breakthrough took place about 200 meters from the western portal, but unfortunately the conditions inside precluded a ceremony marking the event. even in the 21st century, tunneling is a dirty business, especially in a passage classified as “ gassy ” by the california occupational safety and health administration. out with the old ; in with the new “ when you ’ re excavating, you can hit pockets of gas in the rock that you ’ re digging through, ” bornman explained, but once it dissipates, it is not a problem. after the tunnel is lined and finished, there should be no gas entering it. now that the excavation has broken through from one end to the other, there will be some natural ventilation because of atmospheric differences between the two ends of the tunnel. “ in the summer, the west side is cooler and the east side is warmer, so you have a natural air flow in the tunnel, ” said bornman. “ we also have ventilation systems that deal with the exhaust produced by the cars, for example. our ventilation systems handle that with no problem. ” all workers in the tunnel have


you have a natural air flow in the tunnel, ” said bornman. “ we also have ventilation systems that deal with the exhaust produced by the cars, for example. our ventilation systems handle that with no problem. ” all workers in the tunnel have to wear a respirator near the rock face during excavation. when the excavation is complete, they will smooth out the shotcrete, which is a concrete mix with small aggregate and sand but not large aggregate. shot in the dark “ before we could start doing the shotcrete, we had to have the mix design approved, ” said bornman, “ and they had to demonstrate to us that it could be applied successfully in the geometric configuration of the tunnel. they had to mock up a ceiling and walls, and they had to spray it. we also do continuous testing to make sure that it gets the properties that it needs to stabilize the ground. ” over the top of the smoothed shotcrete is applied a waterproofing membrane 7 mm thick made of a polymer - based material. for the final lining of the tunnel, the contractor will cast a wall of reinforced concrete by assembling a cage of rebar, constructing formwork to contain the concrete and pouring the concrete through holes in the forms and then plugging the holes when the wall space is filled. they will do the casting in sections about 15 meters long. when one section is set, they will advance the formwork and cast the next section. the driving surface for the tunnel will be 285 mm of jointed plane concrete pavement over 150 mm of lean concrete base over 300 mm of aggregate sub - base. the rock will sit on top of the in - situ rock of the tunnel except in a few areas such as the first 60 meters in from the west portal. “ the first 60 meters of the tunnel from the west, ” said bornman, “ they had to excavate below the structural section level and place shotcrete to close the perimeter of the tunnel. that ’ s because the ground is relatively weak in that area. ” with any tunnel, there is the question of how to make sure you are digging in the right direction. “ when they were excavating, they had lasers that were fixed to the walls of the tunnel that showed them where to dig, ” bornman said. “ they would shine a green dot on the face so the roadheader operator could excavate to those green dots and know that he was where he was supposed to be. “ for most of its alignment,


dig, ” bornman said. “ they would shine a green dot on the face so the roadheader operator could excavate to those green dots and know that he was where he was supposed to be. “ for most of its alignment, the tunnel is straight. it was fairly easy for them to control rough alignment with the lasers. then when they got done excavating, they came in with a scanner and it would tell them how much they actually excavated. it would give them a 3 - d profile of the tunnel. they also had surveyors who would come in and survey the alignment as they moved forward. ” the west tunnel broke through only 5 mm vertically and 13 mm horizontally away from the east tunnel. “ i figured they were going to be close, ” bornman commented, “ but to be within half an inch one way and a quarter of an inch the other way is pretty good. ” r & b more like this coment has introduced the netwaveline series of wireless ethernet transmission products, consisting of point - to - point kits as well as point to... dialight ’ s next - generation streetsense led roadway sign light offers flexible mounting options and a pivoting head, ideal for both new construction... safelane surface overlay is a vital anti - icing tool that helps prevent ice and frost from forming on walkways, roadways and bridges. the patented... earthcam ' s mobile trailercam is the ultimate tool for monitoring work - zone activity and documenting road and bridge project progress. this... a no - dig solution to culvert lining and rehab challenges, snap - tite ’ s patented joint and installation system replaces failing culvert piping without... continuing the cedarapids and cmi brand legacy under its yellow paint scheme, bomag unveiled at world of asphalt 2013 the cedarapids cr462 mainline... pennzsuppress d is an effective, eco - friendly dust control, soil stabilization and erosion control solution specially... the glasgrid pavement reinforcement system, manufactured by adfors - st. gobain and distributed by tensar, is a pavement interlayer that resists the... safetywall ada - compliant pedestrian barricade provides continuous, obstacle - free guidance through pedestrian work zones. safetywall creates... geoshack direct, your gps experts, bring you the sokkia grx2 gnss receiver. with features like 226 universal channels, longer battery


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painting birds often involves long periods outside, in all kinds of weather and at all times of year, but it ' s a job i feel privileged to have. one of the difficulties in capturing an accurate sketch or painting of a bird is their sheer dynamism. granted, herons, swans and many of the larger birds are generally slow - moving, and offer extended opportunities for the wildlife artist to capture a portrait on paper, but the smaller songbirds tend to be fast - moving. many are skulking and some, like the goldcrest and wren, are so tiny and quick that a glimpse is all that may be obtained. nevertheless, a few pencil lines here, then a few more from another brief glimpse, and the image can be pieced together and gradually built on. i am often asked if i use photographs, but i find that paintings done from photos can be stiff and lifeless. i ' ve seen photos of friends or family, where the frozen instant, that photographic split second, has made their facial features seem so odd that it is difficult to recognize them. with bird portraits it ' s the same. the few sparse pencil lines, if done well, can portray the bird well. the fruit of long experience of the species and its postures movements and looks, a good painting will capture the character and vitality of a bird photographs do provide a useful reference for the minutiae of bird plumage and structure. how long a particular feather is in relation to other ones etc? what colour are the claws? just how much white fringing was there on the wing feathers? this additional accuracy in the detail can add the final stamp of realism if the image demands it, but only if the character of the bird has already been imposed on the painting. spring is a great time to paint birds. not only are the birds in pristine plumage, but the males, in particular, are at their showiest and will often sing from exposed perches for a considerable time. many of my best views of wrens, for example, have been in spring, when they emerge from dense cover into the open and start proclaiming their territories. with so much bird activity in spring, the source of artistic activity is endless. a chaffinch on a flowering hawthorn ; a skylark singing constantly, hovering high over sand dunes, a blackbird singing from an apple tree. the dynamism and energy of irish birds in spring is inspirational in every sense. who is not captivated by the sheer exuberance of a dawn chorus and the energy


mirena ( generic : levonorgestrel ) is a prescription medication that is a hormone - releasing system placed in your uterus ( intrauterine device or iud ) to prevent pregnancy for up to 5 years. mirena belongs to a group of drugs called progestins which change the lining of the uterus, alter cervical mucus, and make it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus. this medication comes in the form of a plastic device that is inserted by a healthcare provider into the uterus. common side effects of mirena include irregular menstrual periods, back pain, headache, and nausea. mirena can cause serious side effects including : - pelvic inflammatory disease ( pid ). some iud users get a serious pelvic infection called pelvic inflammatory disease. pid is usually sexually transmitted. you have a higher chance of getting pid if you or your partner have sex with other partners. pid can cause serious problems such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy or pelvic pain that does not go away. pid is usually treated with antibiotics. more serious cases of pid may require surgery. a hysterectomy ( removal of the uterus ) is sometimes needed. in rare cases, infections that start as pid can even cause death. - tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any of these signs of pid : long - lasting or heavy bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge, low abdominal ( stomach area ) pain, painful sex, chills, or fever. - life - threatening infection. life - threatening infection can occur within the first few days after mirena is placed. call your healthcare provider if you develop severe pain within a few hours after mirena is placed. - embedment. mirena may become attached to the uterine wall. this is called embedment. if embedment happens, mirena may no longer prevent pregnancy and you may need surgery to have it removed. - perforation. mirena may go through the uterus. this is called perforation. if your uterus is perforated, mirena may no longer prevent pregnancy. it may move outside the uterus and can cause internal scarring, infection, or damage to other organs, and you may need surgery to have mirena removed. common side effects of mirena include : - pain, bleeding or dizziness during and after placement. if these symptoms do not stop 30 minutes after placement, mirena may not have been


organs, and you may need surgery to have mirena removed. common side effects of mirena include : - pain, bleeding or dizziness during and after placement. if these symptoms do not stop 30 minutes after placement, mirena may not have been placed correctly. your healthcare provider will examine you to see if mirena needs to be removed or replaced. - expulsion. mirena may come out by itself. this is called expulsion. you may become pregnant if mirena comes out. if you notice that mirena has come out, use a backup birth control method like condoms and call your healthcare provider. - missed menstrual periods. about 2 out of 10 women stop having periods after 1 year of mirena use. if you do not have a period for 6 weeks during mirena use, call your healthcare provider. when mirena is removed, your menstrual periods will come back. - changes in bleeding. you may have bleeding and spotting between menstrual periods, especially during the first 3 to 6 months. sometimes the bleeding is heavier than usual at first. however, the bleeding usually becomes lighter than usual and may be irregular. call your healthcare provider if the bleeding remains heavier than usual or if the bleeding becomes heavy after it has been light for a while. - cyst on the ovary. about 12 out of 100 women using mirena develop a cyst on the ovary. these cysts usually disappear on their own in a month or two. however, cysts can cause pain and sometimes cysts will need surgery. tell your doctor about all the medicines you take including prescription and non - prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. especially tell your doctor if you take : - st. john ’ s wort - hiv protease inhibitors - non - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors - mirena does not protect against hiv infection ( aids ) and other sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ). - cigarette smoking increases the risk of serious cardiovascular ( cv ) events. risk increases with age ( > 35 yrs ) and with the number of cigarettes smoked. - should not be used by women who are > 35 yrs of age and smoke. do not use mirena if you : - might be pregnant - have had a serious pelvic infection called pelvic inflammatory disease ( pid ) unless you have had a normal pregnancy after the infection went away - have an untreated pelvic infection now - have had a serious pelvic infection in the past 3 months after