in the name of allah ; most - merciful, most - compassionate. chivalry could be defined in a multitude of ways ; what follows in an attempt to describe chivalry from an islamic perspective and with a few examples - as explained and taught by our scholars, may allah preserve them. chivalry is an internalized power or strength possessing insight that reacts in order to give victory to truth. sincerity is its final goal, good character is its guide, mercy is its inward aspect and bringing about change is its outward manifestation. anything that does not combine all of these attributes is not chivalry. it is the ability to differentiate intentions ; to know when a decision is made for personal reasons and that which is done for the truth. chivalry is the ability to bring about positive change to the self and society based on truth and for the sake of truth. blind power is not chivalry ; insight is required for self - correction, even in the case of mistakes. demonstration of power is not its goal or method, except when used to uphold and give victory to the truth. responding to ones desires with a resounding ‘ no ’ is an aspect of internal chivalry, and that is why the prophet ( peace and blessings be upon him ) said that the strong man is the one who can overcome his own self when he is angry. the champion and leader of the people of chivalry is our beloved prophet ( peace and blessings be upon him ) ; he was never angry for himself but only became angry for the sake of allah while upholding and protecting the truth. when animal entrails were thrown on his back ( peace and blessings be upon him ) he did not take out personal vengeance. today such a person is considered weak, however chivalry is based upon principles - principles which are not broken for bane or mundane challenges. when the religion of islam was attacked and insulted allah ' s messenger ( peace and blessings be upon him ) stood against that - strongly and firmly. he reacted to give victory to the truth and this is chivalry. transgression and oppression have nothing to do with chivalry. taking another person ' s right is not chivalry. rather, it is based upon principles. it is enacted through good conduct and mercy, it is built with insight and a struggle to give victory to truth. having insight and wisdom allows for a person of chivalry to realize that power is to be used selectively and wisely. we can find endless examples in the prophetic


science fair project encyclopedia the holy spirit, or the holy ghost, is a religious term used in the christian tradition referring to the presence or power of god. in the new testament the greek words pneuma or chrisma are used. in some sects of christianity, the experience of the holy spirit is referred to as being anointed. in the african american gospel music tradition, the experience of the holy spirit is referred to as ' getting happy '. various interpretations of the term are held by various religious sects. in christianity the holy spirit is considered to be god himself, a part of the divine trinity. the holy spirit is first described in the new testament as ' descending ' on jesus ' like a dove ' during his baptism by john the baptist in the jordan river. for some christians, the holy spirit is related to god ' s will, but is not god ' s will personified. other sects deriving from the christian tradition, such as rastafarianism, have still different views of the holy spirit. christian views of the holy spirit in mainstream christianity, the holy spirit is one person of the trinity, co - equal with the father and the son ( jesus ), a part of the godhead. in many nontrinitarian sects such as unitarian churches, jehovah ' s witnesses and others that do not accept the doctrine of the trinity, the holy spirit is god ' s spirit or god ' s active force, and not a separate person. in the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints the holy spirit is considered a third and individual member of the godhead, distinct from the father and the son, having a body of spirit ( whereas the father and the son are believed to be resurrected individuals having immortalized bodies of flesh and bone ). christians believe it is the holy spirit who leads people to faith in jesus and the one who gives them the ability to lead a christian life. the spirit dwells inside every true christian. he is depicted as a ' counsellor ' or ' helper ' ( paraclete in greek ), guiding them in the way of the truth. the ' fruit of the spirit ' ( i. e. the result of his work ) is " love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self - control " ( galatians 5 : 22 ). the spirit is also believed to give gifts ( i. e. abilities ) to christians. these include the charismatic gifts such as prophecy, tongues, healing


, faithfulness, gentleness and self - control " ( galatians 5 : 22 ). the spirit is also believed to give gifts ( i. e. abilities ) to christians. these include the charismatic gifts such as prophecy, tongues, healing, and knowledge, which some christians, whose view is known as cessationism, believe were given only in new testament times. christians agree almost universally that certain more mundane " spiritual gifts " are still in effect today. these include the gifts of ministry, teaching, giving, leadership, and mercy ( see, e. g. romans 12 : 6 - 8 ). christians believe that it was the holy spirit whom jesus mentioned as the promised " comforter " in john 14 : 26. after his resurrection, christ also told his disciples that they would be " baptized with the holy ghost ", and would receive power from this event ( acts 1 : 4 - 8 ). these christians also believe that christ ' s promise of the holy spirit was fulfilled in the events of the second chapter of acts. on the first pentecost, jesus ' disciples were gathered in jerusalem when a mighty wind was heard and tongues of fire appeared over their heads. a multilingual crowd heard the disciples speaking, and each of them heard them speaking in his or her native language. the christian movement called pentecostalism derives its name from these events. the pentecostal movement places special emphasis on the work of the holy spirit, and especially on the gifts mentioned above, believing that they are still given today. many pentecostals believe in a ' baptism of the holy spirit ', in which the spirit ' s power is received by the christian in a new way. some pentecostal sects hold that the baptism of the holy spirit is the one sure sign of christianity in a person, or conversely, that until a person has experienced this baptism of the holy spirit, they cannot be certain of their salvation. the holy spirit is often depicted as a dove, based on the story of the holy spirit descending on jesus in the form of a dove when he was baptized in the jordan. the book of acts describes the holy spirit descending on the apostles at pentecost in the form of a wind and tongues of fire resting over the apostles ' heads. based on the imagery in that account, the holy spirit is sometimes symbolized by a flame of fire. in john ' s gospel of the new testament, the emphasis is placed not upon what the holy spirit did for jesus, but upon jesus giving the spirit


on the imagery in that account, the holy spirit is sometimes symbolized by a flame of fire. in john ' s gospel of the new testament, the emphasis is placed not upon what the holy spirit did for jesus, but upon jesus giving the spirit to his disciples. this " higher " christology, which was the most influential in the later development of trinity doctrine, sees jesus as a sacrificial lamb, and as coming among men in order to grant the spirit of god to humanity. although the language used to describe jesus ' receiving of the spirit in john ' s gospel is a parallel to accounts in other gospels, nevertheless, john reports this with the aim in view of showing that jesus is specially in possession of the spirit for the purpose of granting the spirit to his followers, uniting them with himself, and in himself also uniting them with the father. ( see raymond brown, " the gospel according to john ", chapter on pneumatology ). in john, the gift of the spirit is equivalent to eternal life, knowledge of god, power to obey, and communion with one another and with the father. the holy spirit is sometimes referred to as the holy ghost ( the name used in the king james version of the bible ), particularly by conservative pentecostal groups and the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints. the usage was also common before 1901. according to dispensationalism, we are now living in the age of the spirit. the old testament period, under this view, may be called the age of the father ; the period covered by the gospels, the age of the son ; from pentecost until the second advent of christ, the age of the spirit. " holy spirit " or " holy ghost " holy ghost was the common name for the holy spirit in english prior to the 20th century. it is the name used in the king james version of the bible, and is still the preferred name among conservative pentecostal groups and the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints. in 1901 the american standard version of the bible translated the name as holy spirit, as had the english revised version of 1881 - 1885 upon which it was based. almost all modern english translations have followed suit as the word ghost has lost its old meaning of the spirit or soul that is inside man and come to be identified almost exclusively with the concept of disembodied spirits, usually of the dead, which may " haunt " the living, an idea far from that intended by the king james translators.


spirit or soul that is inside man and come to be identified almost exclusively with the concept of disembodied spirits, usually of the dead, which may " haunt " the living, an idea far from that intended by the king james translators. jewish view of the holy spirit the jewish view of the holy spirit, or the holy ghost, is that it is an entirely christian concept with no bearing or basis whatsoever in judaism. people who claim otherwise often do so with the intention of proselytizing jews to christianity. rastafarian view of the holy spirit as a group that evolved out of christianity the rastafarians have evolved their own unique interpretation of both the holy trinity and the holy spirit. they believe it is haile selassie who embodies both god the father and god the son, while the holy spirit is to be found within rasta believers ( see ' i and i ' ), and within every human being. rastas also believe that the true church is the human body, and that it is this church which contains the holy spirit. - catholic apologetics of america - baptism of the holy spirit - the holy spirit as a person - a lutheran ' s view of what the holy spirit does - jewish perspective the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


16 december 2010. progranulin mutations cause some forms of frontotemporal dementia, but exactly what the protein does and how it fails in disease are open questions. the dying neurons possess one good progranulin gene, but do not make enough of the protein. new research presented at the annual society for neuroscience meeting, held 13 - 17 november 2010 in san diego, california, suggests that the deficiency stems from a vicious feedback loop that keeps progranulin expression in neurons low, even as neighboring microglia produce plenty of the protein. ezra rosen, a student in the laboratory of dan geschwind, and independent researcher eric wexler, all at the university of california in los angeles, presented a pair of posters detailing the pgrn - wnt connection. premature stop codons in the granulin gene ( grn ) that encodes progranulin are a common cause of frontotemporal dementia ( ftd ). in a chromosomal coincidence, grn sits just a megabase away from tau, another ftd - related gene on chromosome 17 ( see arf related news story on cruts et al., 2006 and baker et al., 2006 ). progranulin ’ s role in neurons is unknown. “ our very simplistic hypothesis is that progranulin is some sort of trophic factor, ” wexler told arf in an interview. unique among the dementias, wexler said, pgrn - associated ftd appears to be caused by a haploinsufficiency, with one valid grn gene still present. yet in the brains of people who had ftd, pgrn expression was actually higher than normal, wexler said, mostly due to pgrn in microglia ( see also philips et al., 2010 ). “ it does not correlate, ” he said. “ if the microglia can make it from the gene that is still good, why can ’ t the neurons? ” a clue turned up through wexler ’ s separate interest in wnt signaling, which is essential throughout the body, with roles in neurogenesis ( see arf related news story on lie et al., 2005 ) as well as in dementia ( see arf related news story on de ferrari et al., 2007 ). as outlined in one poster, wexler and rosen started with a study of wnt1 signaling in fetal human neural progenitors ( hnps ) that they differentiated into


“ the only disease category that is represented is dementia, and the only signaling pathway that is represented is wnt signaling, ” wexler said. among the dementia - linked genes with altered expression were glycogen synthase kinase 3β ( gsk - 3β ) protein phosphatase 2 a ( pp2a ), and apc, which are scaffolds mediating presenilin - 1 / β - catenin interactions. other affected genes were wnt1, frizzled - 2, and other signaling and pro - apoptotic genes. thus far, the researchers knew that wnt1, frizzled - 2, and pgrn were all involved together in lab - grown neurons. next, they sought to confirm their finding in human and animal studies. they compared their grn - influenced gene set to data from a previously published study on gene expression in brain samples from people who had ftd ( chen - plotkin et al., 2008 ). between the two datasets, a handful of genes overlapped. frizzled - 2 was one of the most highly expressed in both the human and cell studies, so the researchers analyzed this gene further. for an animal model, coauthor robert farese of the university of california in san francisco provided an as - yet unpublished grn knockout mouse. these animals show microglial activation by six months and neural loss by 18 months of age, but they had elevated frizzled - 2 in the neocortex at six weeks, suggesting frizzled - 2 upregulation is an early response to grn deficiency. frizzled - 2 upregulation might be a contributor to neurodegeneration, or might be an insufficient attempt to compensate for grn loss, the scientists posited. they found that frizzled - 2 knockdown in grn - deficient hnp - derived neurons led to an increase in cell death, suggesting it could be a neural protector of some kind. frizzled - 2 upregulation might be a useful early marker for ftd, wexler speculated. the researchers also looked at other dementia model mice, he told arf, but only saw upregulation of frizzled - 2 in grn knockout animals. “ it seems to be highly related to this disease, ” he said. indeed, gene association studies have not implicated frizzled - 2 in any other


saw upregulation of frizzled - 2 in grn knockout animals. “ it seems to be highly related to this disease, ” he said. indeed, gene association studies have not implicated frizzled - 2 in any other major neurodegenerative disease. interestingly, the frizzled - 2 gene is one of a handful of genes that sit between the tau and grn genes on chromosome 17. “ this does seem like a real coincidence, ” wexler said. he hypothesizes that non - coding rnas in the same region might somehow affect these neighboring genes in a manner that leads to disease, although he admits that is “ hand waving ” at this point. to address this hypothesis, wexler is collecting tissue samples from people with grn - mediated ftd and their unaffected siblings. he plans to make pluripotent stem cells, then neurons, from these samples and prepare rna libraries. then, he intends to sequence the rna to look for chromosome 17 patterns that are common among ftd cells. “ the identification of the interaction between progranulin and wnt signaling is important and requires further study, ” wrote philip van damme of vib leuven, belgium, who also studies grn - mediated neurodegeneration, in an e - mail to arf. “ an important issue will be to what extent wnt signaling mediates the functional consequences of progranulin deficiency. is it a secondary effect or integral part of the detrimental effects of progranulin deficiency? ” in sum, the research points to a role for wnt1 in silencing grn in ftd neurons, potentially aided and abetted by frizzled - 2. the wnt - grn pathway is thus a potential therapeutic target, but the widely interconnected signaling networks could complicate the search for a therapy, wexler suggested. “ this is as much a disease of dysregulation as of anything else, ” he said. “ it may not be as easy as giving people more progranulin. ” — amber dance.


sewers, water systems, and railroads everywhere. they would reform the archaic law and tax codes left over from the spanish, stimulate industry and finance, break up the old monastic estates and distribute their land to rural villagers. before long filipinos would enjoy the highest literacy rate in southeast asia. and vast improvements in public hygiene and health care would go a long way toward doubling the islands ’ population by 1920. “ compared to european colonialism, the united states was indeed a model of enlightenment, ” the journalist stanley karnow writes in his seminal work on the subject, in our image : america ’ s empire in the philippines. in 1916 an act of congress pledged eventual independence to the philippines ; the islands were made a semiautonomous commonwealth in 1935, and full independence, delayed by world war ii, became a reality in 1946. yet in karnow ’ s assessment, the americans ’ performance in the philippines “ was neither as brilliant as their publicists claimed nor as bleak as their critics contended. ” the americans tried to make the country over into another america but also made clear they considered the filipinos their racial inferiors. they preached democracy but dispersed patronage to those filipino politicians who supported u. s. policies. they fought side by side with their “ little brown brothers ” against the japanese, during some of the most ferocious combat in world war ii, and against southeast asian communism during the cold war, but also felt free to suborn the philippines ’ nascent democracy for years. since the reagan administration ’ s tardy but decisive support for cory aquino ’ s people power movement in the 1980s, u. s. - filipino relations have gotten on a more even keel, but not even enough to have kept the country from closing key american military bases for eight years in the 1990s. of course, iraq presents its own unique challenges and possibilities. among other differences, the united states does not view it as a colony at all and certainly not as a possession. but if we can learn anything from our long adventure into the philippines, it is that we need a policy that will be consistent not only in deed but in word and attitude as well, one that will avoid condescension and be directed toward making a restored, democratic iraq truly independent.


- historic sites inventing the presidency as america goes into its fifty - fifth presidential election, we should remember that there might have been only one — if we hadn ’ t had the only candidate on earth who could do the job october 2004 | volume 55, issue 5 such pleas did not fall on deaf ears. working closely with knox, washington devised a policy designed to create several sovereign indian “ homelands. ” he concurred when knox insisted that “ the independent tribes of indians ought to be considered as foreign nations, not as the subjects of any particular state. ” treaties with these tribes ought to be regarded as binding contracts with the federal government, whose jurisdiction could not be compromised : “ indians being the prior occupants possess the right of the soil.... to dispossess them... would be a gross violation of the fundamental laws of nature and of that distributive justice which is the glory of a nation. ” a more coercive policy of outright confiscation, washington believed, would constitute a moral failure that “ would stain the character of the nation. ” he sought to avoid the outcome — indian removal — that occurred more than 40 years later under andrew jackson. instead, he envisioned multiple sanctuaries under tribal control that would be bypassed by the surging wave of white settlers and whose occupants would gradually, over the course of the next century, become assimilated as full - fledged american citizens. attempting to make this vision a reality occupied more of washington ’ s time and energy than any other foreign or domestic issue during his first term. success depended on finding leaders willing to negotiate yet powerful enough to impose a settlement on other tribes. knox and washington found a charismatic creek chief of mixed blood named alexander mcgillivray, a literate man whose diplomatic skills and survival instincts made him the indian version of france ’ s talleyrand, and in the summer of 1790 washington hosted mcgillivray and 26 chiefs for several weeks of official dinners, parades, and diplomatic ceremonies more lavish than any european delegation enjoyed. ( mcgillivray expected and received a personal bribe of $ 1, 200 a year to offset the bribe the spanish were already paying him not to negotiate with the americans. ) washington and the chiefs locked arms in indian style and invoked the great spirit, and then the chiefs made their marks on the treaty of new york, redrawing the borders for a sovereign creek nation. washington reinforced the terms of the treaty by issuing the proclamation of 1790, an executive order forbidding private or state encr


, and then the chiefs made their marks on the treaty of new york, redrawing the borders for a sovereign creek nation. washington reinforced the terms of the treaty by issuing the proclamation of 1790, an executive order forbidding private or state encroachments on all indian lands guaranteed by treaty with the united states. but the president soon found that it was one thing to proclaim and quite another to sustain. the georgia legislature defied the proclamation by making a thoroughly corrupt bargain to sell more than 15 million acres on its western border to speculators calling themselves the yazoo companies, thereby rendering the treaty of new york a worthless piece of paper. in the northern district above the ohio, no equivalent to mcgillivray could be found, mostly because the six nations, which washington could remember as a potent force in the region, had been virtually destroyed in the war for independence and could no longer exercise hegemony over the ohio valley tribes. washington was forced to approve a series of military expeditions into the ohio valley to put down uprisings by the miamis, wyandots, and shawnees, even though he believed that the chief culprits were white vigilante groups determined to provoke hostilities. the indian side of the story, he complained, would never make it into the history books : “ they, poor wretches, have no press thro ’ which their grievances are related ; and it is well known, that when one side only of a story is heard, and often repeated, the human mind becomes impressed with it, insensibly. ” worse still, the expedition commanded by arthur st. clair was virtually annihilated in the fall of 1791 — reading st. clair ’ s battle orders is like watching custer prepare for the little bighorn — thereby creating white martyrs and provoking congressional cries for reprisals in what had become an escalating cycle of violence that defied washington ’ s efforts at conciliation. eventually the president was forced to acknowledge that his vision of secure indian sanctuaries could not be enforced. “ i believe scarcely any thing short of a chinese wall, ” he lamented, “ will restrain land jobbers and the encroachment of settlers upon the indian country. ” knox concurred, estimating that federal control on the frontier would require an arc of forts from lake erie to the gulf of mexico, garrisoned by no less than 50, 000 troops. this was a logistical, economic, and political impossibility. washington ’


- historic sites a man to match the mountains to david thompson — who died blind, penniless, and bypassed by history — we owe our first knowledge of the american continent ’ s rugged northwest october 1960 | volume 11, issue 6 usually, his only companions were indians or halfbreeds who helped him find passages for his canoe and supplied him with fish and deer and caribou meat. in the face of an unending procession of hardships and close calls with death, he learned to live and travel like the natives, moving with speed and exactness across vast stretches of land, pausing only to seek protection from gales and blizzards or to gum the leaking seams of his cedar canoe with pine pitch. his sole comforts were the fair - weather lapping of lake water, the warming flames of evening fires, and the clean forest smell of pine - needle beds. despite his increasing interest in exploring and surveying, the hudson ’ s bay company wanted him to confine his activities to trading, and in 1797, when his term with that company ended, he joined the more aggressive north west company, whose partners were more appreciative of his special skills. unhampered by the problems of trade, he set off at once on an unprecedented mapping tour for his new employers, traveling south across the plains to the mandan indian villages on the missouri river in present - day north dakota, charting the red river country and the wild - rice lake district of northern minnesota, coming within a few miles of correctly identifying the source of the mississippi river ( it was not found until 1832 ), and going on to survey for the first time the entire shore line of lake superior. during this trip, he met alexander mackenzie ( see “ first by land, ” american heritage, october, 1957 ), at sault ste. marie and was told by that great north west company explorer that he had accomplished more in ten months than the company expected could be done in two years. in those months, which included the worst wintry traveling seasons of the year, thompson “ had covered a total of 4, 000 miles of survey. ” during the next two years, he mapped canada ’ s cold and remote churchill and athabaska regions, again probing unexplored forests and barrens, knowing the howl of wolves and the nightly call of loons, and charting rapids and gale - whipped lakes across hundreds of miles of bleak, quiet land. in the summer of 1800, he returned to the birch and aspen groves on the eastern slopes


, knowing the howl of wolves and the nightly call of loons, and charting rapids and gale - whipped lakes across hundreds of miles of bleak, quiet land. in the summer of 1800, he returned to the birch and aspen groves on the eastern slopes of the rocky mountains, second in command of a party seeking to cross the mountains and open trade with indians in the upper basin of the columbia river, where whites had not yet been. the plan failed when the leader of the expedition came down with an attack of rheumatism, but thompson reached the high precipices of the canadian rockies, west of what is now banff. there he met some kutenai indians from the west side of the mountains, and gathered information about what lay beyond. when the groups parted, thompson recorded that he sent two of his men, “ la gasse and le blanc, ” to live with the indians. they were the first two men of white blood from eastern canada known to have entered the columbia basin. for the time being, the north west company postponed further attempts to expand across the rockies, and during the following years thompson continued his exploring and trading activities in the more northerly regions of lesser slave lake, the peace river, and the “ muskrat country ” between the nelson and churchill rivers. in 1806, the canadians were alarmed by the lewis and clark expedition, which threatened to flank british traders on the west, and once more the north west company ordered thompson to try to cross the continental divide. this time he was successful. setting out from the saskatchewan river on may 10, 1807, he led a trade group up the mountains into “ stupendous & solitary wilds covered with eternal snow, & mountain connected to mountain by immense glaciers, the collection of ages & on which the beams of the sun makes hardly any impression.... ” on june 25, they finally topped the pass now called howse and five days later, after following down the “ foaming white ” blaeberry river, reached the upper columbia river. since it flowed north at that point, thompson did not recognize it as the columbia. he named it the kootenai after the indians of the area, and on it built the “ kootanae house, ” a crude storage post for his trade goods and furs. [ note the many absurd differences in the modern spelling of this word. canadian and american officials who were unaware of thompson ’ s original version, kootanae, stamped approval on all sorts of later local preferences. ]


take back the classroom and make a positive difference in your students ' lives many teachers today are facing problems and discipline issues they never dreamed of when they decided to become teachers. combine violence, behavioral disorders, and downright defiant attitudes from students with the age - old problems of bullying, poor attendance, and more, and the mix is positively lethal. however, there are effective, positive strategies for restoring order and turning the teacher - student relationship into one of mutual respect. applicable to all grade levels, this comprehensive a to z guide addresses modern - day problems and practical solutions for establishing an effective learning environment. inside, you ' ll discover : · the 17 fundamental tools of positive discipline · real - life stories of proven positive discipline strategies · suggestions for establishing and maintaining respectful, nurturing relationships with students · and much more! " overcome obstacles and get back to why you became a teacher in the first place : to empower students with confidence, self - respect, and resourcefulness. " — bill scott, principal, birney elementary school, murietta, georgia " an inspiring, information - packed book. all teachers — from those just beginning to those with many years of experience — will find the tools of positive discipline easy to use. " — phillip harris, ed. d., director, center for professional development and services, phi delta kappa international


what ' s a mangrove? and how does it work? if you ' ve ever spent time by the sea in a tropical place, you ' ve probably noticed distinctive trees that rise from a tangle of roots wriggling out of the mud. these are mangroves — shrub and tree species that live along shores, rivers, and estuaries in the tropics and subtropics. mangroves are remarkably tough. most live on muddy soil, but some also grow on sand, peat, and coral rock. they live in water up to 100 times saltier than most other plants can tolerate. they thrive despite twice - daily flooding by ocean tides ; even if this water were fresh, the flooding alone would drown most trees. growing where land and water meet, mangroves bear the brunt of ocean - borne storms and hurricanes. there are 80 described species of mangroves, 60 of which live exclusively on coasts between the high - and low - tide lines. mangroves once covered three - quarters of the world ' s tropical coastlines, with southeast asia hosting the greatest diversity. only 12 species live in the americas. mangroves range in size from small bushes to the 60 - meter giants found in ecuador. within a given mangrove forest, different species occupy distinct niches. those that can handle tidal soakings grow in the open sea, in sheltered bays, and on fringe islands. trees adapted to drier, saltier soil can be found farther from the shoreline. some mangroves flourish along riverbanks far inland, as long as the freshwater current is met by ocean tides. one ingenious plant how do mangroves survive under such hostile conditions? a remarkable set of evolutionary adaptations makes it possible. these amazing trees and shrubs : - cope with salt : saltwater can kill plants, so mangroves must extract freshwater from the seawater that surrounds them. many mangrove species survive by filtering out as much as 90 percent of the salt found in seawater as it enters their roots. some species excrete salt through glands in their leaves. these leaves, which are covered with dried salt crystals, taste salty if you lick them. a third strategy used by some mangrove species is to concentrate salt in older leaves or bark. when the leaves drop or the bark sheds, the stored salt goes with them. - hoard fresh water : like desert plants, mangroves store fresh water in thick succulent leaves. a waxy coating on the leaves of some mangrove species seals in water and minimizes evaporation. small hairs on the leaves


them. - hoard fresh water : like desert plants, mangroves store fresh water in thick succulent leaves. a waxy coating on the leaves of some mangrove species seals in water and minimizes evaporation. small hairs on the leaves of other species deflect wind and sunlight, which reduces water loss through the tiny openings where gases enter and exit during photosynthesis. on some mangroves species, these tiny openings are below the leaf ' s surface, away from the drying wind and sun. - breathe in a variety of ways : some mangroves grow pencil - like roots that stick up out of the dense, wet ground like snorkels. these breathing tubes, called pneumatophores, allow mangroves to cope with daily flooding by the tides. pneumatophores take in oxygen from the air unless they ' re clogged or submerged for too long. roots that multitask root systems that arch high over the water are a distinctive feature of many mangrove species. these aerial roots take several forms. some are stilt roots that branch and loop off the trunk and lower branches. others are wide, wavy plank roots that extend away from the trunk. aerial roots broaden the base of the tree and, like flying buttresses on medieval cathedrals, stabilize the shallow root system in the soft, loose soil. in addition to providing structural support, aerial roots play an important part in providing oxygen for respiration. oxygen enters a mangrove through lenticels, thousands of cell - sized breathing pores in the bark and roots. lenticels close tightly during high tide, thus preventing mangroves from drowning. the mangroves ' niche between land and sea has led to unique methods of reproduction. seed pods germinate while on the tree, so they are ready to take root when they drop. if a seed falls in the water during high tide, it can float and take root once it finds solid ground. if a sprout falls during low tide, it can quickly establish itself in the soft soil of tidal mudflats before the next tide comes in. a vigorous seed may grow up to two feet ( about 0. 6 m ) in its first year. roots arch from the seedling to anchor it in the mud. some tree species form long, spear - shaped stems and roots while still attached to the parent plant. after being nourished by the parent tree for one to three years, these sprouts may break off. some take root nearby while others fall into the


species form long, spear - shaped stems and roots while still attached to the parent plant. after being nourished by the parent tree for one to three years, these sprouts may break off. some take root nearby while others fall into the water and are carried away to distant shores. a world traveler botanists believe that mangroves originated in southeast asia, but ocean currents have since dispersed them to india, africa, australia, and the americas. as alfredo quarto, the head of the mangrove action project, puts it, “ over the millions of years since they ' ve been in existence, mangroves have essentially set up shop around the world. ” the fruits, seeds, and seedlings of all mangrove plants can float, and they have been known to bob along for more than a year before taking root. in buoyant seawater, a seedling lies flat and floats fast. but when it approaches fresher, brackish water — ideal conditions for mangroves — the seedling turns vertical so its roots point downward. after lodging in the mud, the seedling quickly sends additional roots into the soil. within 10 years, as those roots spread and sprout, a single seedling can give rise to an entire thicket. it ' s not just trees but the land itself that increases. mud collects around the tangled mangrove roots, and shallow mudflats build up. from the journey of a single seed a rich ecosystem may be born. more about this resource... our innovative science bulletins are an online and exhibition program that offers the public a window into the excitement of scientific discovery. this essay was published in may 2004 as part of the mangroves : the roots of the sea bio feature. - it begins by explaining that these remarkably tough shrub and tree species can live in water up to 100 times saltier than most other plants can tolerate and thrive despite twice - daily flooding by ocean tides. - it then details the remarkable set of evolutionary adaptations that allow mangroves to survive under such hostile conditions. - the essay concludes with a note about how botanists believe that mangroves originated in southeast asia, but ocean currents have since dispersed them to india, africa, australia, and the americas. supplement a study of biology with a classroom activity drawn from this science bulletin essay. - have students read the essay ( either online or a printed copy ). - working individually or in small groups, have them investigate the explore a mangrove forest interactive.


a team of university of missouri and columbia university researchers have found a way to create these biological joints in animals, and they believe biological joint replacements for humans aren ' t far away. thursday, january 6, 2011 - 10 : 45 in a study published today in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( early edition ahead of print ), a team of researchers from the kennedy krieger institute and four collaborating institutions, identified a new and unexpected biological pathway that appears to contribute to the development of glaucoma and its resulting vision loss. tuesday, january 4, 2011 - 11 : 18 friday, december 10, 2010 - 14 : 27 the american physiological society condemns all acts of violence or intimidation against individuals engaged in legitimate scientific inquiries intended to advance knowledge and improve health. friday, december 10, 2010 - 14 : 16 stem cells taken from the brain of a 13 - year - old girl were transplanted into newborn mice and developed into a variety of brain cells almost identical to the animals ' own — a procedure that someday could be used to replace the misfiring cells in some epilepsy patients, the researchers said. wednesday, december 8, 2010 - 12 : 01 ( schaumburg, illinois ) december 1, 2010 — citing its policy on the use of animals in research, testing and education, the american veterinary medical association ( avma ) today condemned the recent actions of animal rights activists who have targeted a university of california research neuroscientist. wednesday, december 1, 2010 - 14 : 51 a gene therapy technique which aims to ease memory problems linked to alzheimer ' s disease has been successfully tested in mice. us scientists used the technique to increase levels of a chemical which helps brain cells signal to each other. tuesday, november 30, 2010 - 12 : 33 harvard scientists at dana - farber cancer institute say they have for the first time partially reversed age - related degeneration in mice, resulting in new growth of the brain and testes, improved fertility, and the return of a lost cognitive function. tuesday, november 30, 2010 - 12 : 24 metformin, a drug used in type 2 - diabetes might have the potential to also act against alzheimer ' s disease. this has been shown in a study from scientists of the german center for neurodegenerative diseases ( dzne ), the university of dundee and the max - planck - institute for molecular genetics. wednesday, november 24, 2010 - 12 : 43 researchers have found evidence that an environmental pollutant may play an important role in


wednesday, november 3, 2010 - 18 : 07 new research published in the journal of leukocyte biology suggests that a purified form of a product modified from simple sugar molecules can eradicate killer viruses by mobilizing white blood cells. wednesday, november 3, 2010 - 18 : 01 a team of scientists from japan and the university of california, san diego school of medicine have created a new mouse model that confirms that mutations of a protein called beta - synuclein promote neurodegeneration. wednesday, november 3, 2010 - 17 : 48 a molecular pathway within the brain ’ s reward circuitry appears to contribute to alcohol abuse, according to laboratory mouse research supported by the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism ( niaaa ), part of the national institutes of health ( nih ). the findings, published online today in proceedings of the national academy of sciences, also provide evidence that the pathway may be a promising new target for the treatment of alcohol problems. tuesday, november 2, 2010 - 17 : 09 university scientists are using a seemingly unlikely animal to study development, cell function and the effects of debilitating human diseases. ninety percent of zebrafish ' s amino acids are in the same order as a human ' s. because of these similarities, zebrafish make excellent model organisms for research on human diseases. tuesday, november 2, 2010 - 17 : 01


scanned text contains errors. brated as a statesman and lawgiver in his native place, and lived, according to perizonius ( ad aelian. v. h. ii. 23 ), at the time of artaxerxes mnemon. the foolish aelian, who has preserved this statement, declines any further discussion of this relation, although he knew more about it, under the pretext that he thought it objectionable to say anything in praise of a man who was so hostile to the gods ( seats ex ^ po ^ aiayopa ^. but still he informs us, that diagoras assisted nicodorus in his legislation, which he himself praises as very wise and good. wachsmiith ( hellen. aherth. i. 2, p. so ) places this political activity of the two friends about the beginning of the peloponnesian war. we find diagoras at athens as early as b. c. 424, for aristophanes in the clouds ( 830 ), which were performed in that year,. alludes to him as a well - known character ; and when socrates, as though it were a mistake, is there called a melian, the poet does so in order to remind his hearers at once of diagoras and of his attacks upon the popular religion. in like manner hippon is called a melian, merely because he was a follower of diagoras. it can scarcely be doubted that diagoras was acquainted with socrates, a connexion which is described in the scholia on aristophanes as if he had been a teacher of socrates. fifteen years later, b. c. 411, he was involved, as diodorus ( xiii. 6 ) informs us, by the democratical party in a lawsuit about impiety ( sia€o \ 7js tu % coj / e - rr ' dcregeta ), and he thought it advisable to escape its result by flight. religion seems to have been only the pretext for that accusation, for the mere fact of his being a melian made him an object of suspicion with the people of athens. in b. c. 416, melos had been conquered and cruelly treated by the athenians, and it is not at all impossible that diagoras, indignant at such treatment, may have taken part in the party - strife at athens, and thus have drawn upon himself the suspicion of the democratic


and cruelly treated by the athenians, and it is not at all impossible that diagoras, indignant at such treatment, may have taken part in the party - strife at athens, and thus have drawn upon himself the suspicion of the democratical party, for the opinion that heterodoxy was persecuted at athens, and that the priests in particular busied themselves about such matters, is devoid of all foundation, ( bernhardy, gescli. d. grieoji. lit. i. p. 322. ) all the circumstances of the case lead us to the conclusion, that the accusation of diagoras was altogether and essentially of a political nature. all that we know of his writings, and especially of his poems, shews no trace of irreligion, but on the contrary contains evidence of the most profound religious feeling. ( philodemus in the herculanens. ed. drummond and walpole, p. 164. ) moreover, we do not find that out of athens the charge of dcre€eta was taken notice of in any other part of greece. all that we know for certain on the point is, that diagoras was one of those philosophers who, like socrates, certainly gave offence by their views concerning the avorship of the national gods ; but we know what liberties the attic comedy could take in this respect with impunity. there is also an anecdote that diagoras, for want of other fire - wood, once threw a avooden statue of heracles into the fire, in order to cook a dish of lentils, and, if there is any truth in it, it certainly shews his liberal aqcavs respecting polytheism and the ' rude avorship of images. ( meier, i. c. p, 445. ) in like manner he may have ridiculed the common notions of the people respecting the actions of the gods, and their direct and personal interference ' with human affairs. this, too, is alluded to in several very characteristic anecdotes. for example ^ on his flight from athens by sea to pallene he avas overtaken by a storm, and on hearing his fellow - passengers say, that this storm avas sent them by the gods as a punishment, because they had an atheist on board, diagoras shewed them other vessels at some distance avhich avere struggling avith the same storm avithout having a diagoras on board


endeavoured to lower in public estimation, and he is said to have prevented many persons from becoming initiated in them. these at least are the points of which the ancients accuse him ( craterus, ap. scliol. aristopji. 1. c. ; tarrhaeus, ap. suid. ; lysias, c. andocid. p. 214 ; joseph, c. apion. ii. 37 ; tatian, adv. grace, p. 164, a. ), and this statement is also supported by the circumstance, that melanthius, in his work on the mysteries, mentions the decree passed against diagoras. but, notwithstanding the absence of accurate information, ave can discover political motives through all these religious disputes. diagoras avas a melian, and consequently belonged to the doric race ; he avas a friend of the doric mantiiieia, avhich was hated by athens, and had only recently given up its alliance avith athens ; the dorians and lonians avere opposed to each other in various points of their avorship, and this spark of hostility was kindled into a gioaving hatred by the peloponnesian avar. diagoras fled from athens in time to escape the consequences of the attacks avhich his enemies had made upon him. he avas therefore punished by stelitetisis., that is, he was condemned, and the psephisma avas engraved on a column, promising a prize for his head, and one talent to the person


descriptioncalculus may not seem very important to you but the lessons and skills you learn will be with for your whole lifetime! calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change. it helps you practice and develop your logic / reasoning skills. it throws challenging problems your way which make you think. although you may never use calculus ever again after school or college, you will definitely hold on to the lessons that calculus teaches you. things like time management, how to be organized, how to accomplish things on time, how to perform under pressure, how to be responsible are just some of the things calculus helps you become proficient in. traits that will help you succeed. calculus plays a big role in most universities today as students in the fields of economics, science, business, engineering, computer science, and so on are all required to take calculus as prerequisites. our pre - calculus guide is a preliminary version of calculus containing over 300 rules, definitions, and examples that provides you with a broad and general introduction of this subject. a valuable pocket reference to have on your phone. 1. matrix definition 2. matrix addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication 3. matrix multiplication 4. matrix multiplication example 5. augmented matrix for a system of equations 6. solving augmented matrices 7. solving by gauss - jordan elimination 8. gauss - jordan elimination ( continued ) 9. special types of matrices 10. 2 x 2 matrix determinant 11. 3 x 3 matrix determinant : expansion by minors 12. determinant of a 3 x 3 diagonal multiplication 13. cramer ’ s rule for solving 2 linear equations 14. cramer ’ s rule - example of solving 2 equations 15. cramer ’ s rule for 3 equations in 3 unknowns 16. cramer ’ s rule - example of solving three equations 17. inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix 18. system of equations by inverse matrices 19. area of a triangle using matrices 20. test for collinear points using matrices 21. finding equation of a line given two points 22. conic sections 24. ellipse whose center is at the origin 25. ellipse with center at the origin example 26. ellipse translation 27. ellipse translation example 28. equation of an ellipse in standard form 30. hyperbola standard form 31. hyperbola standard form ( continued ) 32. hyperbola centered at the origin example 33. hyperbola translation 34. hyperbola centered at the origin example 36. parabola equation with vertex at the origin 37. diagrams of previous page parabolas


aquarium of the pacific - online learning center - species print sheet conservation status : safe for now ( novaculichthys taeniourus ) bony fishes this wrasse has a number of common names : rockmover, dragon, and reindeer. rockmover comes from the behavior in which they move coral fragments and rubble to find prey. reindeer and dragon describe the first two dorsal fin spines of juveniles that are elongated. at the aquarium who gets to eat the mussels, the rockmover wrasse or spiny lobster? the wrasse certainly tries to steal the lobsters ’ dinner but is seldom successful. it ’ s more difficult to tangle with a lobster than it is to move a rock to find food. hawaii south to central polynesia, west to micronesia and melanesia, through the east indies and across the indian ocean to the coast of africa adult fish live on shallow semi - exposed reef flats and in lagoons and seaward reefs to depths of 14 - 25 m ( 46 - 82 ft ). they prefer hard - bottomed grassy areas of mixed sand and rubble where there is exposure to a mild surge. juveniles favor shallow areas on rubble among large patch reefs or protected open patches on reef crests. rockmover wrasses have an oblong compressed body and a wedge - shaped head. except for two scales on the upper part of the gill coverings and an almost vertical row of small scales behind each eye. their head is scaleless. in juveniles the first two dorsal fin spines are long and extended, drooping over the fish ’ s forehead to form a “ cowlick ”. as the fish mature, the elongated rays are lost. adult fish have a dark greenish - brown body with an elongated white spot on each scale. their head is a gray - blue with brown lines radiated from their eyes. there are two black spots in front of the dorsal fin and a wide vertical white bar on base of the caudal fin. the posterior part of their caudal fin and pelvic fins are black. juveniles found in hawaii are usually green and those in the western pacific are burgundy to brownish. both are spotted in white. rockmover wrasses are 27 - 30 cm ( 10. 6 - 12 in ) in length. diet and feeding rockmover wrasses are opportunistic, feeding on a wide variety of bottom dwelling animals usually hidden under rocks, such as worms, snails, crabs, and brittle stars. both juvenile and adult rockmover wrasses over


feeding rockmover wrasses are opportunistic, feeding on a wide variety of bottom dwelling animals usually hidden under rocks, such as worms, snails, crabs, and brittle stars. both juvenile and adult rockmover wrasses overturn coral fragments and rubble to expose target prey. although little is known about reproduction of these fish, it is believed that, like other wrasses, they probably are able to change sex and are pelagic spawners, broadcasting eggs and sperm into the water column. these fish are highly territorial. large adults, usually in pairs, move over “ their ” large section of a reef. one fish turns or shifts large pieces of debris or rubble grabbing or pulling it with its mouth or pushing it with its snout. when the working member of the pair has revealed the prey, the other fish quickly grabs and eats it. juveniles do not usually work in pairs, doing all the work themselves. facing danger, these wrasses quickly dive into the sand for protection. juveniles resemble algae and mimic the movements of detached, drifting seaweed by swaying back and forth in the currents. japanese researchers observed rockmover wrasses using coral fragments for mound construction. the wrasses heaped 4 - 70 pieces of fragments on each sand mount, diving into the mount just before sunset. it appeared that they returned to their own mount repeatedly. rockmover wrasses are not on the iucn red list. they are market fish but with only minor commercial value. there is a small demand in the aquarium trade. although called rockmover wrasses, these fish do not move rocks. they move rubble and coral fragments.


born : august 26, 1915 ; oxford, england died : may 12, 1982 ; london, england this british composer created a highly expressive and personal style by uniting elements of twelve - tone music with traditional subjects and dramatic spirit. his output includes three operas, six symphonies, two piano concertos, several ballets, and a considerable number of fine chamber and vocal works. searle ' s education is described in charming detail in his memoir, quadrille with a raven. he began at winchester, then went to oxfordread more where he was a classical scholar. he studied composition with gordon jacob and john ireland at the royal college of music ( 1937 ) and continued at the new vienna conservatory ( 1937 - 1938 ) while studying privately with anton webern who strongly affected searle ' s thinking. at an early age, searle was attracted to the music of franz liszt ; he became a noted scholar of the composer, and drew connections between liszt and the newly emerging twelve - tone style in his book the music of liszt ( 1954 ). in 1938, searle joined the bbc as a program producer, then served in army intelligence and in the paratrooper training division from 1940 until 1946. surprisingly, he found time for composition and performances during this period, creating two suites for string orchestra ( 1942, 1944 ), night music for chamber orchestra ( 1943 ), vigil for piano ( 1944 ), his romantic piano concerto no. 1 ( 1944 ), and a quintet for bassoon and strings ( 1945 ). after 1946, almost all of searle ' s music employed twelve - tone compositional procedures but, like alban berg, he felt free to employ tonal progressions when they were expressively appropriate. searle aided trevor - roper in his research for the book the last days of hitler while still living in germany, and then returned to the bbc until 1948. various freelance work occupied him from 1948 - 1951, during which time he wrote gold coast customs, op. 15 ( 1949 ), a setting of a poem by edith sitwell for speakers, male chorus, and chorus. this was searle ' s first large - scale twelve - tone work. by accentuating the word imagery, dramatic structure, and the euphonious nature of words as divorced from meaning, searle was able to express lyrical and satirical qualities while bypassing dry, formalist serialist mannerisms. this was true for the other two parts of this trilogy, the riverrun, op. 20 ( 1951 ), with words by james joyce,


##rle was able to express lyrical and satirical qualities while bypassing dry, formalist serialist mannerisms. this was true for the other two parts of this trilogy, the riverrun, op. 20 ( 1951 ), with words by james joyce, and the shadow of cain, op. 22 ( 1952 ), with words by sitwell. searle ' s operas, the one - act the diary of a madman ( 1958 ) ( with a text by the composer based on gogol and sound - effects heightening the mad scenes ), the photo of the colonel ( 1964 ) ( on a text by eugene ionesco with many sound effects and vocal mannerisms ), and the three - act hamlet ( 1965 - 1968 ) all incorporate the approaches initiated in this first trilogy. searle ' s six symphonies progress from traditional format to programmatic ( especially the excellent no. 5, a sort of musical biography of webern ). from 1951 to 1957, searle was a music advisor to the sadler ' s wells ballet and has since been with many organizations promoting modern music. he was one of the most respected british composition teachers of his generation ; he held professorships at the royal college of music and also served as guest professor at stanford university in california, the aspen music festival in colorado, and the staatliche hochschule fur musik in karlsruhe. he was installed as a cbe in 1968 and became an honorary fellow of the rcm in 1969. read less there are 10 humphrey searle recordings available.


caring for student health by naomi dillon it makes perfect sense : if you don ’ t feel well, you won ’ t perform well. professional athletes know this. medical professionals know this. moms and dads know this. and in an increasing number of public schools, district officials know it, too. and many are doing something about it, in the form of more than 2, 000 school - based health centers across the nation. known also by their acronym ( sbhcs ), these clinics take many shapes and forms, sometimes occupying a wing in a school building, a mobile unit on school grounds, or an old shuttered campus retrofitted as a modern medical facility. most provide preventative and wellness care, although more are adding mental health, dental, and eye care services to their list of offerings. “ lots of times, people like to describe them as a doctor ’ s office, but often they are more comprehensive than that, ” says linda juszczak, executive director of the national assembly on school - based health care. numerous studies have shown that sbhcs can improve student health while lowering hospitalizations and medicaid expenses. several have noted sharp reductions in absenteeism and tardiness rates in schools where health centers exist. at least one study has determined that students who frequented the clinics for mental health services had higher grade point averages than those who didn ’ t use the centers. meanwhile, a 2010 study published in the journal of community health estimated that a nationwide school - based clinic program would cost $ 4. 5 billion but save nearly $ 25 billion in medical and opportunity costs for missed work and premature death from asthma. that same year, as part of president obama ’ s health care reform bill, congress appropriated $ 200 million for school - based health programs. “ it ’ s a triumph of common sense, ” u. s. secretary of education arne duncan told the denver post last summer. “ schools should be the heart of the neighborhood. you ’ re putting a critical, critical resource right there at the school building. ” juszczak says the federal government ’ s support has sent the message “ that the clinics are here to stay, that they are filling a role that ’ s appreciated and essential in the communities that need them. ” “ that ’ s changed the attitude that people have of these programs, ” she says. subscribers please click here to continue reading. if you are not a subscriber, please click here to purchase this article or to obtain a subscription to asbj.


the portable antiquities scheme ( pas ) exists to record objects found by members of the public and enter them onto an online database. since it began in 1997, pas has recorded over 750, 000 objects of all periods of history from palaeolithic flints to eighteenth - century coins and has become an important source of new archaeological data to be used by students and academics in their research. initially based on a small group of pilot regions, recording was extended to cover the whole of england and wales in 2003, at which point oxfordshire became a part of the scheme with the employment of a local finds liaison officer ( flo ) in the county. alongside recording ordinary objects, pas also deals with objects which come under remits of the treasure act 1996, which include gold and silver artefacts and coin hoards. the ashmolean has been officially involved with the pas since 2004 when the scheme ’ s ‘ national finds advisor for medieval and post - medieval coinage ’ became a part of our heberden coin room. a further strengthening of the ties between the ashmolean and pas came with the re - opening of the museum in 2009 when the coin room and department of antiquities started a monthly ‘ identification service ’ for artefacts and coinage, at which the oxfordshire flo also attends. through this service, pas has recorded hundreds of objects, many of which would probably not have come to pas ’ s attention in any other way. the importance of pas and local finds to the ashmolean can be seen in the displays of local material around the museum, especially the ‘ england 400 - 1600 ’ and ‘ money ’ galleries, the latter housing a set of drawers including a range of finds made by a local metal - detectorist. find out more about :


- pregnancy & childbirth - attachment parenting - family nutrition - family wellness as an example of how closeness regulates a baby ' s breathing, a mother shared the following story with me : " my baby was born four weeks premature at five pounds, fifteen ounces. i held her all day long and never put her in a bassinet. she breastfed well. she seemed perfectly healthy, pink, and breathed normally. the evening the pediatrician came to check her, she took her into the nursery and put her in a bassinet. as soon as our baby was lying in the bassinet alone she had a stop - breathing episode, which alarmed the neonatologists, and she was put into intensive care for nine days. they never found out why she had apneic episodes, although they thought it was due to a ' slight seizure disorder. ' all they had to do was touch her and she would start breathing again. she never had any stop - breathing episodes when she was in my arms, only when she was lying alone. the doctors told me she was a prime candidate for sids. they convinced me that she needed to be on an infant monitor at home. i agreed, but it turned out to be a nightmare for our whole family. they told me not to put her in my bed, so she slept alone with the monitor. the monitor went off all night long, probably from false alarms, and no one got any sleep. i left her on the monitor but put her next to me in bed. we both slept wonderfully, and the monitor alarm never sounded. i strongly feel that my presence stimulated her to breathe until she outgrew her stop - breathing tendencies. my touch and closeness to her was all she needed. in fact, while she was in my arms, all day long, in the hospital no one ever knew she had a ' breathing problem. ' " 2. motion regulates babies. motion calms babies. carried infants show a heightened level of quiet alertness, the behavioral state in which infants best interact with and learn from their environment. researchers believe that during the state of quiet alertness, the child ' s whole physiological system works better. 3. carried babies cry less. parents in my practice commonly report, " as long as i wear her, she ' s content! " parents of fussy babies who try babywearing relate that their baby seems to forget to fuss. this is more than just my own impression. in 1986, a team of pediatricians in montreal reported on a study


, she ' s content! " parents of fussy babies who try babywearing relate that their baby seems to forget to fuss. this is more than just my own impression. in 1986, a team of pediatricians in montreal reported on a study of ninety - nine mother - infant pairs, half of whom were assigned to a group which was asked to carry their babies for at least three extra hours a day and were provided with baby carriers. the parents in this group were encouraged to carry their infants throughout the day regardless of the state of the infant, not just in response to crying or fussing, although the usual practice in western society is to pick up and carry the baby only after the crying has started. in the control, or non - carried group, parents were not given any specific instructions about carrying. after six weeks, the infants who received supplemental carrying cried and fussed 43 percent less than the non - carried group. anthropologists who travel throughout the world studying infant - care practices in other cultures agree that infants in babywearing cultures cry much less. in western culture we measure a baby ' s crying in hours per day, but in other cultures, crying is measured in minutes. we have been led to believe that it is " normal " for babies to cry a lot, but in other cultures this is not accepted as the norm. in these cultures, babies are normally " up " in arms and are put down only to sleep — next to the mother. when the parent must attend to her own needs, the baby is in someone else ' s arms. in addition to the physiological effects of vestibular stimulation, there appear to be psychological benefits. sling babies seem to show a feeling of rightness, enabling them to adapt to all that is unfamiliar about the world to which they are now exposed, lessening their anxiety and need to fuss. as baby senses mother ' s rhythmic breathing while worn tummy - to - tummy and chest - to - chest, the babywearing mother acts as a regulator of her infant ' s biology.


web programming is the process of creating internet applications. any application that uses the internet in a way, can be considered an internet application. they can be classified into four common categories : - web applications - applications based on the client / server architecture over the internet. the client / server architecture is composed of a server, which is responsible for providing services to the other computer systems - clients. typically, there is a single server which handles requests from multiple clients and responds to these requests by providing the client with the appropriate information. in a web application, the server is the machine where the web page is stored and the clients employ web browsers to view the application. such a server is called a web server. web services - web services are components that expose processing services from a server to other applications over the internet. the services themselves are executed remotely in the server hosting them. internet enabled applications - any stand - alone application that uses the internet falls into this category. such an an application uses the internet for online registration / activation, help, updates, etc. peer - to - peer applications - these are stand - alone applications that use the internet to communicate with other users running their own instances of the application. they use decentralized network architecture where there is no central server, rather individual nodes. examples of such applications can include the famous bit torrent client. note : - in this tutorial, we would be involved with web application only. working of the web applications as mentioned before, the client side of the web application includes a web browser, which interprets hypertext markup language ( html ) transferred by the server and displays the user interface. the server itself runs the web applications under microsoft internet information services ( iis ) which is responsible for managing the application, passing request from clients to the application and returning the application ' s responses to the client. the intricate communication involved in this process is done by using a standard set of rules ( protocols ) known as the hypertext transfer protocol ( http ). the responses generated by the web application is made from the resources ( executable code running on the server, web forms, html pages, images and other media files ) found on the server. these responses are similar to traditional web sites with html pages, except that they are dynamically generated. consider a university ' s web site which releases the exam results. do they take the pain of creating different html pages for each of the student ' s mark sheet? no, they use web applications to retrieve data ( marks, subjects, student name,


consider a university ' s web site which releases the exam results. do they take the pain of creating different html pages for each of the student ' s mark sheet? no, they use web applications to retrieve data ( marks, subjects, student name, roll no, etc ) from a database and dynamically generate the html output which is then sent to the client ' s browser. the executable portion of the web application is responsible for overcoming the limitations of static web pages. they can be used to : - - collect information from the user and store the information on the server ( in a database ). - performing tasks for the user such as placing an order for a product, performing complex calculations, or retrieving information from a database. - identify a user and present customized user interface. asp. net is the platform that allows us to create web applications and services that run under iis. one must note that asp. net is not the only platform to develop web applications. other platforms such as common gateway interface ( cgi ) can also be used to create web applications. asp. net is unique in the way it is tightly integrated with microsoft server, programming, data access and security tools. it forms a part of the microsoft. net suite of products and is composed of : - - visual studio. net web development tools - these are graphical user interface ( gui ) based tools to facilitate easy designing of web pages using what you see is what you get ( wysiwyg ) editors, project management and deployment tools. - the system. web namespaces - these form a part of the. net framework base class libraries and include the programming classes that deal with web specific items such as http requests and responses, browsers and e - mail. - server and html controls - the user interface components such as text box, label, button, listbox, etc. that are used to gather information from and provide to users. - microsoft ado. net database classes and tools - database access is one of the key components of modern web applications. these tools provide methods to access and use microsoft sql server and odbc databases. - microsoft application center test ( act ) - testing environment for web applications. why choose asp. net? the following are the advantages that asp. net has over other platforms : - - faster execution - executable portions of web applications are compiled to facilitate faster performance. - on the fly updates of deployed web applications thus preventing the need to restart the server. - the amount


that asp. net has over other platforms : - - faster execution - executable portions of web applications are compiled to facilitate faster performance. - on the fly updates of deployed web applications thus preventing the need to restart the server. - the amount of code to be written is greatly reduced because of the access to. net framework base class libraries which includes classes and methods to perform common operations. - language independent - developers have the choice to write codes in the friendly visual basic programming language or the type safe c # language. other third party. net compliant languages can also be used. - automatic state management for controls on a web page ( server controls ) makes the controls behave more like the windows controls. - new controls can be created and existing controls can be extended. - built in security through the windows server or through other authentication / authorization methods. - integration with ado. net to provide database access and database design tools from within visual studio. net - full support for extensible markup language ( xml ) and cascading style sheets ( css ) - automatic intelligent caching of frequently requested web pages, localizing content for specific languages and cultures and detecting browser capabilities. previous tutorial - the. net framework & clr : basic introduction edited by turbopowerdmaxsteel, 06 april 2007 - 09 : 35 am.


smart - 1 final days | smart - 1 artist ' s impression. after sixteen months orbiting the moon, esa ' s lunar mission is preparing for the end of its scientific exploration. on 19 june, smart - 1 mission controllers initiated a 17 - day series of manoeuvres aimed at positioning the spacecraft to enhance science data return as the mission winds down. smart - 1, europe ' s successful first moon mission, is scheduled to end on 3 september 2006, impacting on the moon ' s surface in a disposal plan similar to that of many earlier lunar missions and almost three years to the day after its 2003 launch. the recently started manoeuvre campaign aims to avoid having the spacecraft intersect with the moon at a disadvantageous time from the scientific point of view, as it would have naturally about 17 august if left alone. instead, this ' extension ' to mission operations will provide new opportunities for low - altitude scientific observations and give optimum science returns during and after the spacecraft ' s controlled impact on the moon. in preparation for mission end, spacecraft controllers at esoc, esa ' s spacecraft operations centre in darmstadt, germany, have started a series of thruster firings to give a ' delta - velocity, ' or change in velocity, of approximately 12 metres per second. this will raise the orbit perilune ( point of closest passage over the moon ) by about 90 kilometres, and will shift the impact to 3 september. " the shift in date, time and location for moon intersection is also optimised to favour scientific observations from earth, " said gerhard schwehm, esa ' s smart - 1 mission manager. " projections based on the current orbit indicated that the spacecraft, if left as is, would impact the moon on the far side, away from ground contact and visibility. the new location is on the moon ' s near - side, at mid - southern latitudes. " for the manoeuvre campaign, the use of the electric propulsion system ( the ion engine ) had to be ruled out since all xenon propellant reserves were exhausted during the mission. the mission control team have instead developed an imaginative approach. | possible impact projection for smart - 1. credit : esa " the manoeuvre strategy consists of a series of reaction - wheel off - loadings combined with about three hours of intermittent thrust centred at apolune ( point of furthest distance from the moon ) during the next 74 orbits, " said octavio camino, spacecraft operations manager at esoc. the off - loading


- loadings combined with about three hours of intermittent thrust centred at apolune ( point of furthest distance from the moon ) during the next 74 orbits, " said octavio camino, spacecraft operations manager at esoc. the off - loading consists of braking a set of spinning wheels inside the spacecraft, which has the effect of transferring angular momentum from the wheels to the spacecraft and hence changing its velocity. " we use asymmetric firing of the attitude thrusters to produce a small velocity variation aligned with the flight direction. this will change the orbit by an accumulative effect, " added camino. " after these manoeuvres, science activities will resume until the impact, with short interruptions for two trim manoeuvres to adjust the impact time, one around the end of july and one at the beginning of september, " he concluded. this manoeuvre campaign and the following trim manoeuvres will make it possible to predict the exact time and location for the smart - 1 impact with more accuracy. smart - 1 is the first in a series of ' small missions for advanced research and technology ' in which elements of the platform and miniaturised payload technology have been conceived as a demonstration for future scientific missions and an early opportunity for science. smart - 1 used an innovative ion - propulsion system powered by a small quantity of onboard xenon and solar energy to generate electricity used to ionise the fuel to travel to the moon. | mosaic of lunar images from smart - 1. moon image using amie ' s clear filter. after a 27 september 2003 launch, smart - 1 spiralled out over a 14 - month period until being captured by the moon on 15 november 2004, thus successfully achieving the primary objective of demonstrating solar electric propulsion during interplanetary travel. in addition to helping prove new technology from the perspective of satellite design, the mission has also provided an opportunity to develop new ways of conducting ground control operations based on both increased satellite autonomy and improved tools for ground automation. the wealth of scientific data from smart - 1 are still being processed and analysed. thanks to smart - 1, scientists all over europe and around the world will have access to the best - resolution surface images ever taken from lunar orbit, as well as a better knowledge of the moon ' s minerals. for the first time from orbit, smart - 1 detected calcium and magnesium using an x - ray instrument. it measured compositional changes from the central peaks of craters, volcanic plains and giant impact basins. the camera studied impact


in ages past rulers were not only makers of law but interpreters of law and dispensers of justice as well. subjects would journey to the place where the ruler was domiciled, i. e. the “ court ”, in order to present petitions, to settle disputes and to seek his decision on a variety of matters brought before him. a court was thus a ) the dwelling of a sovereign ruler and his retinue and b ) the place where justice is administered. later, as civilization became more complex, the authority to determine controversies and to dispense justice was delegated to an organized body, with defined powers, meeting at certain times and places for the hearing and decision of cases and other matters brought before it. we still refer to both these organized bodies and the places where they meet as courts. now as then, however, a court ’ s power to adjudicate is not inherent but derived – from the sovereign! who then is the sovereign? you are! you were born free and unless you have knowingly, intentionally and voluntarily signed away your sovereignty and your inalienable rights and agreed to be the subject / slave of another man or group of men, you are still a sovereign, although, most likely, you are completely unaware of it because this fact is intentionally hidden from you! the authority of a court is derived from sovereign men and women – people like you and me! a court needs standing in order to act on a matter. for the court to have standing to take up a matter one party must make an accusation against another. the accusation must be backed up by an affidavit, i. e. a statement sworn under oath, otherwise it lacks validity to engage the court. so the first point about courts to note is that it is people who actually create the court! even when a person has created the court by filing a writ, complaint or claim the court is not able to do as it pleases in taking the case forward. more people power is needed first. in order to become the arbiter in the dispute / controversy both parties must agree to accept the court ’ s ruling. if one of the parties refuses to authorize the court ’ s action then it is disempowered. the court cannot lawfully proceed! the second point to note about courts is : they are nothing to be afraid of. we, the people, have the power! the very fact that the judiciary feels the need to employ intimidation and manipulation, misinformation, lies and sub


! the second point to note about courts is : they are nothing to be afraid of. we, the people, have the power! the very fact that the judiciary feels the need to employ intimidation and manipulation, misinformation, lies and subterfuge, denial of due process and other criminal practices, ought to tell anyone that they are well aware of the fact that they are essentially powerless. most people have been indoctrinated to see themselves as subject to the demands of the court and government officials, and therefore unable to resist the impositions, judgements and demands made by a court or government official. because agreement to the authority of the court is essential for the court to exercise authority over people a series of apparently authoritative processes has been put in place to intimidate and manipulate people into accepting the role of the court in their affairs. such things as a summons, court order, judgement, penalty and fine carry the impression of authority but they are rarely worth the paper they are printed on. did you know that a summons, for instance, is nothing more than an invitation / offer to enter into a contract with the court in order to do business? invitations can be lawfully declined, can ’ t they? you bet! courtroom architecture and processes give people the impression that individuals have no real standing and that the court has all the authority. this really stands out when one views the victorian magistrates court virtual courtroom on their website. the images and video clips show the magistrate sitting high and above all, presiding over the whole realm of the court. the witness box appears like a small prison cell and it is seen as a tough place to be. the lawyers have the right to stand before the magistrate, but the real people, with the real issue to be resolved, are slumped in chairs in the background, as powerless ones, watching other people deliberate about their lives. court rooms are divided into two sections : a ) the public gallery ( where the audience sits and where the defendant waits until his case is called ) and b ) the area where the proceedings take place. the boundaries are always clearly marked by some sort of barrier. the two sections are connected either by a simple opening as shown below or an actual gate. unfortunately, too few people are aware of the significance of this architecture. a look at the illustration below will show you what the legal fraternity is hiding from you : the public gallery represents dry land. here you are under the jurisdiction and protection of common law, also known as the law of the land. under common law you


a look at the illustration below will show you what the legal fraternity is hiding from you : the public gallery represents dry land. here you are under the jurisdiction and protection of common law, also known as the law of the land. under common law you are presumed to be innocent until proven guilty and furthermore, you have the inalienable right to trial by jury. the other part of the court room represents a sea - going vessel. here you are under the jurisdiction of admiralty law, also known as the law of the sea. things are topsy - turvy here : you are considered guilty unless you can prove your innocence and the right to trial by jury has been abolished. step from the the public gallery into the other part of the court room and you are considered to have boarded a ship ; you now come under the jurisdiction of admiralty law, administered by the captain of the imaginary vessel, the magistrate / judge. this ship, however, is flying false colors, i. e. it is making itself out to be a lawful court when in reality it is nothing more than a commercial outfit operating for profit / plunder. to put it bluntly : you have fallen amongst pirates! if you, from the safety of the public gallery and the protection of common law, unequivocally tell the magistrate / judge of a court of summary judgement that you do not consent to his / her jurisdiction – guess what? – s / he does not have jurisdiction! they will almost certainly attempt to manipulate you into thinking that you are misinformed. they may also threaten to have you arrested. that is nothing but more of their bluff and bluster. stand your ground! you are free to walk out! if they touch you after you have denied consent in order to drag you into their jurisdiction they are committing a crime, i. e. assault, unless there is probable cause, i. e. you have committed a breach of the peace! another of the traps they might set for you is to threaten you with contempt of court. do not fall for that! contempt of court is an invention of the judiciary designed by them to remove themselves even further from the law than they already are. it allows them to do pretty much anything they fancy without fear of consequences – this device serves two purposes a ) to gain control over anyone who challenges them and b ) to weasel out of accepting liability for any unlawful conduct! should that happen ask them : “ is this criminal or civil? ” a criminal offense needs to be based on an affidavit


) to gain control over anyone who challenges them and b ) to weasel out of accepting liability for any unlawful conduct! should that happen ask them : “ is this criminal or civil? ” a criminal offense needs to be based on an affidavit of probable cause ( who was harmed? what is the harm done? what is the remedy sought? ) a civil offense needs to be based on a contract. needless to say they will not be able to produce either an affidavit or a contract to back up an offense that does not exist. if you do not want to fall prey to pirates : never walk into a court room without witnesses. do not enter their jurisdiction by stepping from the public gallery onto their pirate ship. clearly and unequivocally deny them your consent to proceed. do not ever carry out any order or instruction ( that will give them jurisdiction ). do not allow them to touch you. do not fall for their “ contempt of court ” lie. there are two types of courts : common law courts ( de - jure courts ) and courts of summary judgement ( de - facto courts ). courts of summary judgement require your consent to have jurisdiction over you. the judiciary knows this, of course, but keeps it well hidden from you ; they will often brazenly lie to you in order to prevent you from finding out this simple truth. in most cases, though, they employ manipulation to get jurisdiction. that is easy for them because you have been kept in the dark about your rights and you will walk right into their traps : here are a few examples of the traps they use : “ what is … / state your full name? ” “ how do you plead? guilty or not guilty? ” “ do you understand the charges against you? ” these questions or instructions sound innocuous, don ’ t they? but beware! state your name or move from the public gallery or answer yes to the question about charges and you are considered to have granted the court jurisdiction. enter a plea, regardless of whether you plead guilty or not guilty – and you grant them jurisdiction! in fact, carry out any of their instructions and they acquire jurisdiction! common law courts operate with a jury ; they are the only true courts – everything else is fraud ( unless you have consented to be without a jury ). regardless of the nature of the offence you are charged with it is your inalienable right to be tried by a jury. denying you this right is a crime! there is no way in the world


have consented to be without a jury ). regardless of the nature of the offence you are charged with it is your inalienable right to be tried by a jury. denying you this right is a crime! there is no way in the world i would ever entertain the idea of hiring a lawyer. lawyers are officers of the court ; their loyalty is to the court, not, i repeat not, to their clients. to put it crudely : your lawyer will hold your hand and console you while the court is raping you! hire a lawyer and you are deemed to be a “ ward ” of the court, i. e. somebody not competent to manage his / her own affairs, such as a minor or a mentally disabled person. as a result of this diminished legal status the court will handle your affairs and woe to you, then! the most important consideration for my wife and myself is this : we do not want to waste our precious time on fools and thugs. our strategy is therefore quite simple : rather than enter a court in order to argue with the judiciary about the law and the merits of a case we deny them jurisdiction right from the start! this is the only strategy that we use and it works! we have learnt from numerous dealings with courts and police, both in writing and in personal confrontations, that it is entirely useless to employ courtesy. true, you catch more flies with honey than with vinegar but this approach will not work – these guys are not regular flies but dung beetles! here is the skeleton of our approach : we tell them in an affidavit well before the scheduled appearance in court, submitted in the form of registered mail with delivery confirmation, that they do not have nor will they get in personam jurisdiction. it is almost certain that they will ignore the affidavit. we are therefore prepared for the fact that they will go ahead with their kangaroo court proceedings. if they know that they do not have jurisdiction, and if they know that we know why would they still continue? first of all, the lower levels of the judiciary do not necessarily know the law. strange, but true! furthermore, used to having their way they simply won ’ t accept that they are up against somebody who not only knows his rights but is also ready to assert them. they always assume that they can intimidate you into submission or manipulate you into granting jurisdiction unwittingly. when our names are called we rise and remain standing! some people make a show of not rising, arguing that the court will


them. they always assume that they can intimidate you into submission or manipulate you into granting jurisdiction unwittingly. when our names are called we rise and remain standing! some people make a show of not rising, arguing that the court will not show the same courtesy to them. we rise, not out of respect for the court, but for a far more practical reason : psychologically speaking, you enhance your presence and your impact by standing. quite literally, we stand up for ourselves and our rights! we are also more visible to everybody in the room and at the same time we are now more or less level with the magistrate or judge who usually is placed a bit higher than everybody else. last but not least it is also easier to be assertive in a standing position. we do not shy away from interupting – rudely if it must be we raise our voice – if necessary to shout the magistrate / judge down just think of the impression this makes on the audience : they see and hear somebody who fearlessly faces a court, denies jurisdiction, humiliates and embarrasses the court and walks away! in fact, i once had one man come up to me after i had walked out of the court room giving me the thumbs up and saying, with a broad smile : “ good show! ” he may or may not be ready to do the same but this is one man who now knows that these scoundrels in fancy dress and fancy wigs are essentially nothing but powerless pathetic clowns and he is likely to talk to his friends about what he witnessed and they in turn.... we do not ever cross the bar that separates the public gallery from the actual court ; if we did we would be stepping from the jurisdiction and protection of common law, also known as the law of the land, into admiralty jurisdiction, or the law of the sea. in the fantasy world of the legal fraternity you are considered to have boarded a ship if you cross the bar. having crossed the bar you have lost the protection of common law and the captain ( the magistrate or judge ) of the imaginary vessel ( a pirate ship ), will deal with you according to the law of the sea. this captain, however, is nothing like the roguish but likeable and ultimately decent pirate captain jack sparrow ; this captain will lie and steal and rape and cut your throat! we deal with the court from the public gallery, i. e. from dry land, and always from the last row! they cannot physically force us


ultimately decent pirate captain jack sparrow ; this captain will lie and steal and rape and cut your throat! we deal with the court from the public gallery, i. e. from dry land, and always from the last row! they cannot physically force us to cross the bar! if they did they would be committing a breach of the peace, i. e. assault, a criminal offence. neither can they arrest us to get us into their jurisdiction ; without probable cause such an arrest is likewise a breach of the peace, a criminal offence. after rising we announce that we are not the name that has just been called ; our names are bernard or edith. we are agents for the legal fiction! we refuse instructions to come forward : they are really nothing more than invitations to board their ship and enter into their admiralty jurisdiction. we do not respond to being addressed as mr or mrs... we tell the magistrate / judge that we claim protection of common law and that we do not consent to his or her jurisdiction! furthermore, we never carry out any orders they may give ; doing so would grant them jurisdiction. we address the audience in the court room, asking this simple question : does anybody here have a claim against me? note : claims must be backed up by an affidavit of probable cause or sworn statement showing amongst other things : the breach of the peace for which you have been summonsed, the name of the plaintiff who must be a human being ( not a legal fiction such as a government agency or police ) and the nature and extent of the harm done to the plaintiff. alternatively, the plaintiff needs to produce a lawful contract which you entered into knowingly and intentionally and which was subsequently not honored by you, thus causing the plaintiff harm. obviously, few cases meet those criteria. if you are up for driving without a license, for instance, ask yourself : what is the harm done? no harm was done to anyone! is the plaintiff a human being or a legal fiction? the police officer who booked you is a human being but he has not been personally harmed, has he? he therefore has no case against you! the police, however, is a legal fiction and can neither make a claim nor sign an affidavit! do you have a contract with police that obliges you to take out a drivers license? i don ’ t and neither do you! to sum it up : without an affidavit there is no criminal case and without a contract there is no civil case! we allow a few moments of


a growing proportion of australian wines now have a higher alcohol concentration than was the case a decade or more ago. while such wines, which are typically full - bodied, rich, with ripe - fruit flavour, have undoubtedly contributed to the success of the australian wine sector, their relatively high alcohol content can compromise their desirability, particularly in overseas markets. the big wine style described above is essentially the product of relatively dry climatic conditions, which facilitate lengthy maturation of grapes. these conditions, however, lead to grapes with high sugar levels, and this, in turn, leads to wines with high levels of alcohol. high alcohol content can be problematic because it potentially compromises wine flavour, increases export costs in countries where taxes are levied according to ethanol content, and raises health concerns associated with excessive alcohol consumption. therefore, the wine sector is pursuing strategies to lower the ethanol content of wine without compromising quality or increasing input costs. the use of wine yeasts that produce wine with less alcohol than those currently available to winemakers is one of the strategies we are exploring. therefore, we are trying to generate novel strains of wine yeast which metabolise sugar in such a way that substantially less ethanol is produced while maintaining high wine quality. we are applying both, non - genetically modified ( non - gm ) and genetically modified ( gm ) approaches ; the latter approach is being used for research purposes to inform us better about what might be possible. although the australian wine industry does not use genetically modified organisms ( gmos ), we use this technology since it will ( i ) enable the identification of targets for non - gm approaches to wine yeast strain development, ( ii ) show how far we can push the low - ethanol phenotype in wine yeast without compromising quality, and ( iii ) deliver the best ‘ low - ethanol ’ strains in readiness for adoption by winemakers if / when the industry and consumers are accepting of gmos. we are also researching other strategies to lower alcohol concentration in wine described in an awri fact sheet we have developed. indeed, we have established a multi - disciplinary approach to assess the impact of harvesting time and grape maturity on tannin development, alcohol content, wine flavour, sensory profile and consumer preference. we have generated a genetically modified ( gm ) wine yeast, awri2532, which was able to decrease ethanol concentration by 3. 5 % ( v / v ), i. e. from 15. 7 % v / v to 12. 2 % v / v, when fermenting chardonnay and cabern