that you can ’ t possibly feel whether they are raised or not unless the hair has sustained significant damage. test two – the water test take some shed hair ( or pull out a strand of freshly washed and dried hair ), a stop watch and a tall glass of water. drop the hair into the glass and wait for one minute. after the minute has passed check to see whether your hair is floating or has sunk. if your hair is floating on top of the water, than you have low / poor porosity. if your hair is floating just under the water, your hair has average porosity. if your hair has sunk to the bottom of the cup then your hair is highly porous. if part of your hair is floating and part of it is sinking, you have spotty porosity issues. healthy hair should not sink at all or only sink slightly ( in one minute that is ). the rate that the hair sinks is an indication of how quickly it absorbs ( and will lose ) moisture. the faster the moisture is absorbed into the hair, the more porous it is. hair should naturally absorb moisture at a slow pace and should be capable of holding it for long periods of time. if hair absorbs enough moisture within one minute to cause it to sink in water, it is absorbing too fast and indicates high porosity. correcting porosity issues after you have determined whether your hair has low, average or high porosity you may be wandering how to correct any issues. here are some suggestions if you find your hair does not absorb water well than you need to focus on moisture rich products more than protein. deep conditioning with heat ( a hooded dryer ) is highly recommended. the heat will cause the cuticles to open and will allow the much needed moisture to enter into the cortex. highly porous hair can be treated in two ways depending on the type of damage caused to the cuticle. lifted cuticles – ph if your hair is highly porous and you don ’ t necessarily use chemicals or heat and are generally quite gentle with your strands then it is possible that the cuticles are raised. rebalancing your hair ’ s ph may be all that is required to help return your porosity level to normal. acidic rinses such as apple cider vinegar ( acv ) rinses are an effective way of bringing the ph of your hair back down to optimal levels, thus closing your cuticles and correcting high porosity. for more on ph and hair click here. damaged cuticles – protein if


acv ) rinses are an effective way of bringing the ph of your hair back down to optimal levels, thus closing your cuticles and correcting high porosity. for more on ph and hair click here. damaged cuticles – protein if your hair is highly porous and you regularly use heat and / or chemicals, brush or comb your hair very roughly and / or without slippery products such as conditioner or you have tried correcting your porosity with ph and it hasn ’ t really helped, then you have sustained cuticle damage. you may have missing, cracked or chipped cuticles. you cannot permanently repair damaged hair but you can patch it up temporarily with protein treatments. protein helps to reinforce the hairs structure and can help fill in the gaps where the cuticles are chipped or missing. this creates a complete layer over your cortex that can resist moisture loss, keeping the hair moisturised for longer and will help to correct high porosity. again heat can and should be used to help create stronger bonds between the protein and your hair so that the protein is not simply washed down the drain but actually remains on your hair after rinsing. uneven porosity can be corrected by either or both of the suggestion listed above. using ph and protein will help fill in or flatten the cuticles in those places that are causing the spotty porosity problems. product layering can also be very effective where the porosity issues are uneven, such as at the ends. if you have dry ends, then layering more moisture and oil / butter on the ends will help to create a thicker barrier where your hair is most susceptible to moisture loss and will help your hair retain moisture evenly. the best treatment of all i ’ m sure you know what i ’ m about to say. prevention is better then cure! reducing those things can cause the hair to sustain damage is the best ‘ treatment ’ we could possibly administer. - treat your hair gently. - detangle only when your hair is loaded with conditioner to reduce damage caused by friction - avoid chemical treatments as much as possible - avoid the overuse of heat styling tools - avoid harsh sulfate shampoos and alkaline soaps this brings us to the end of the ‘ getting to know your hair series ’. i hope you ’ ve enjoyed learning about the different things that can affect the hair and what it takes to keep it healthy. knowledge is the best tool in any successful hair journey! if you have any comments, suggestions or questions regarding anything we ’ ve discussed in


agricultural research service ( ars ) scientists have discovered that a common swine vaccine used to fight disease is significantly compromised when a concurrent parasite infection is present. the discovery was made by researchers at the ars diet, genomics and immunology laboratory in beltsville, md. ars microbiologist joseph urban collaborated with nina steenhard of the institute for veterinary disease biology at the university of copenhagen in denmark. in the study, 36 pigs raised on a pathogen - free farm were split into four groups and studied for about three months, to compare three treated groups with an untreated group. the three groups included pigs that had been continuously exposed to a common worm infection ; pigs that were exposed to the same worm infection but vaccinated for mycoplasmal pneumonia at week three ; and a worm - free group that was similarly vaccinated against mycoplasma at week three. all pigs were infected with live mycoplasma bacteria via aerosol four weeks after vaccine was administered. another four weeks later, the tissues of all pigs were evaluated. all worm - free, vaccinated pigs infected with mycoplasma developed vaccine - derived antibodies. but only 78 % of the vaccinated pigs that had been worm infected developed serum antibodies. the other 22 % were considered vaccine failures. the worm - infected pigs also had a higher percentage of lung infections than non - worm - infected pigs after vaccination and exposure to mycoplasma bacteria. researchers conclude the findings confirm the importance of parasite control during vaccination.


4. checklist for the next decade as i have been careful to stress the basic tenets of inflation + cold dark matter have not yet been confirmed definitively. however, a flood of high - quality cosmological data is coming, and could make the case in the next decade. here is my version of how " maybe " becomes " yes. " - map of the universe at 300, 000 yrs. cobe mapped the cmb with an angular resolution of around 10° ; two new satellite missions, nasa ' s map ( launch 2000 ) and esa ' s planck surveyor ( launch 2007 ), will map the cmb with 100 times better resolution ( 0. 1° ). from these maps of the universe as it existed at a simpler time, long before the first stars and galaxies, will come a gold mine of information : among other things, a definitive measurement of a determination of the hubble constant to a precision of better than 5 % ; a characterization of the primeval lumpiness ; and possible detection of the relic gravity waves from inflation. the precision maps of the cmb that will be made are crucial to establishing inflation + cold dark matter. - map of the universe today. our knowledge of the structure of the universe is based upon maps constructed from the positions of some 30, 000 galaxies in our own backyard. the sloan digital sky survey will produce a map of a representative portion of the universe, based upon the positions of a million galaxies. the anglo - australian 2 - degree field survey will determine the position of several hundred thousand galaxies. these surveys will define precisely the large - scale structure that exists today, answering questions such as, " what are the largest structures that exist? " used together with the cmb maps, this will definitively test the cold dark matter theory of structure formation, and much more. - present expansion rate h0. direct measurements of the expansion rate using standard candles, gravitational time delay, sz imaging and the cmb maps will pin down the elusive hubble constant once and for all. it is the fundamental parameter that sets the size - in time and space - of the observable universe. its value is critical to testing the self consistency of cold - cold dark matter. a key element of theory is the cold dark matter particles that hold the universe together ; until we actually detect cold dark matter particles, it will be difficult to argue that cosmology is solved. experiments designed to detect the dark matter that holds are own galaxy together are now operating with sufficient sensitivity to detect both neutralino


the universe together ; until we actually detect cold dark matter particles, it will be difficult to argue that cosmology is solved. experiments designed to detect the dark matter that holds are own galaxy together are now operating with sufficient sensitivity to detect both neutralinos and axions. in addition, experiments at particle accelerators ( fermilab and cern ) will be hunting for the neutralino and its other - nature of the dark energy. if the universe is indeed accelerating, then most of the critical density exists in the form of dark energy. this component is poorly understood. vacuum energy is only the simplest possibly for the smooth dark component ; there are other possibilities : frustrated topological defects or an evolving scalar field ( see e. g., caldwell et al, 1998 ; turner & white, 1997 ). independent evidence for the existence of this dark energy, e. g., by cmb anisotropy, the sdss and 2df surveys, or gravitational lensing, is crucial for verifying the accounting of matter and energy in the universe i have advocated. additional measurements of sne1a could help shed light on the precise nature of the dark energy. the dark energy problem is not only of great importance for cosmology, but for fundamental physics as well. whether it is vacuum energy or quintessence, it is a puzzle for fundamental physics and possibly a clue about the unification of the forces and particles.


like many other things in the region, water is in hot dispute between the israelis and the palestinians. the river jordan ( white line, top right ) is a crucial water source in the region under international law, israel is committed to supplying drinking water to the palestinians and not denying them. but israel itself is a very arid area surrounded by desert. it rains only a few months a year - and for the past few years the region has been in the grip of drought. " we have a chronic water shortage, and it is getting worse year to year, " jacob kaidar, the director of multilateral peace talks coordination and water issues in the israeli foreign ministry, told bbc world service ' s politics of water programme. " basically we have a drought almost every year, we have to cut our water supplies almost every year. " the water that israel receives comes mainly from the jordan river system, the sea of galilee and two underground sources. the supply is shared between israelis and palestinians, but, as ever, is a source of great controversy. at the third world water conference in kyoto, former soviet president mikhail gorbachev outlined the history of water conflict around the world. he said there had been 21 armed disputes over water in recent history - and 18 of them involved israel. " it ' s highly unfair, " said yehezkel lein, a water expert for israeli human rights group b ' tselem, who help to solve water problems in palestinian areas. " we are talking about mainly the mountain aquifer and the jordan river system. regarding the first one israel exploits approximately 80 % of the renewal water resources, and the palestinians the remaining 20 %. " regarding the jordan river system, the palestinians do not have any access. " mr lein added that the conflict in the region had dramatically exacerbated the problem. the sea of galilee can supply parts of israel, but not the palestinian areas " there is a clear linkage between the gap in water availability, and the occupation, " he said. " israel has taken advantage of its control of the west bank in order to appropriate more water sources and to prevent palestinians from developing new water sources that are under the land. " israel has controlled water supplies in the west bank and gaza strip since it first occupied the areas in 1967. the 1993 oslo peace accord stated that the palestinians should have more water resources and greater control, although the israelis disagree, insisting they supply 40 million cubic metres of water. many palestinians struggle, however, as they remain unconnected to any water infrastructure


1967. the 1993 oslo peace accord stated that the palestinians should have more water resources and greater control, although the israelis disagree, insisting they supply 40 million cubic metres of water. many palestinians struggle, however, as they remain unconnected to any water infrastructure. one such place is beit furik, a village in the west bank near the palestinian town of nablus. " the real problem is at the beginning of their hot summer - they will have used up their water and they will begin to suffer, " explained beit furik ' s mayor, atef atif hanani. " we have about 12 tanks to collect water from nablus, but during the intifada the israeli authorities have imposed checkpoints on the roads. " these checkpoints started to forbid these tanks from reaching nablus, so sometimes they have to wait for about five or six hours - and some days they were forbidden. " he added that even when the tanks were allowed through, sometimes israeli soldiers would undo the valves and let the water back out. israel ' s water minister mr kaidar said he was " not happy " about a lack of co - operation, acknowledging that turning water trucks away was " totally unacceptable. " " israel is committed to supplying drinking water to the palestinians, and not to deny them, " he added. but jacob dallal of the israel army said that delays were unfortunate, but necessary to stop the militants. " this is the nature of this conflict when people are trying to smuggle things including suicide bombers through the west bank and into israel, " he said. oxfam says israeli soldiers target palestinian water tanks " we have to be very careful, but at no time lose sight of the importance of getting essential materials to people. " we do have to check because in the past, as has been the case with ambulances, people have taken advantage of vehicles that are supposed to be only for humanitarian purposes. " some statistics suggest that, in large part because of these constant arguments at checkpoints, the palestinians use on average four times less water than the israelis. the mother of one family in beit furik, fuaz hanani, told politics of water that they were only able to wash every two weeks, such was the shortage of water. " i feel angry that israeli settlers in itmar drink clean water while my dear family drink water from a well which sometimes has dirty or polluted water, " mrs hanani said. however, jacob kaidar insisted that, while he hoped co - operation between the two sides would


settlers in itmar drink clean water while my dear family drink water from a well which sometimes has dirty or polluted water, " mrs hanani said. however, jacob kaidar insisted that, while he hoped co - operation between the two sides would be better in the future, mrs hanani should direct her anger towards her own people. he said palestinians were stealing water from israeli pipes and drilling illegal wells. " in gaza we have some 2, 000 illegal wells, in the west bank the report is 250 or more, " he said. according to oxfam, an additional problem is that what little infrastructure the palestinians do have is targeted by the israelis. " we are helping very poor families to build new tanks on their roofs... unfortunately it ' s a really good target for israeli soldiers to shoot at, " oxfam ' s ton berg stated. " we ' ve just finished a really big water tank that would serve half a village in el boursh and now the israeli defence forces have announced that they will destroy it, because they need land that is officially palestinian to build a wall. " so that whole village this summer will again be without clean drinking water. " with the publication of the roadmap to peace, there had been hopes that political leaders would begin to look more closely at the water crisis in the region. but with the roadmap apparently in crisis, it seems the palestinians may be thirsty for a good while longer.


illustration courtesy l. calcada, eso published may 16, 2012 a nasa spacecraft has witnessed hundreds of " superflares " coming from sunlike stars — and the observations suggest that the trigger for such massive outbursts remains a mystery. on our sun, solar flares aimed at earth can send huge amounts of energy colliding with our planet. if a flare is strong enough, it can cause a solar storm that might cripple satellites and even knock out the power grid. astronomers have also recorded similar but much more powerful flares coming from a variety of stars. these superflares can be millions or even a billion times more powerful than an average sun eruption, packing enough energy to roast nearby planets whole. it ' s not likely, but if a superflare were to engulf earth, for example, our protective ozone layer would be instantly obliterated, said brad schaefer, an astrophysicist at louisiana state university ( lsu ) who wasn ' t involved in the new study. with no more atmospheric ozone, dangerous ultraviolet rays from the sun would flood the planet, and all life would get fried to a crisp. " if you got rid of the ozone layer on earth, you would sunburn in one second, " schaefer said. the new study is the first to take a detailed look at superflares on sunlike stars, few of which have been seen until now. using data from the kepler space telescope, hiroyuki maehara and colleagues at kyoto university in japan found 365 superflares coming from 148 sunlike stars. a popular theory proposed by schaefer and colleagues suggested that superflares are linked to the presence of hot jupiters — large gas giant planets that orbit very close to their host stars. ( related : " distant planet mapped for first time, ' hot jupiter ' features fierce winds. " ) surprisingly, though, " none have been discovered around the stars that we have studied, indicating that hot jupiters associated with superflares are rare, " the study authors write in their paper. a strike against hot jupiters scientists think that solar flares are driven by the sun ' s magnetic field lines — invisible, tightly wound loops of energy connected to magnetically active regions known as sunspots when a field line snaps, it whips an arc of light and charged particles away from the sun and into space. ( related : " solar flare sparks biggest eruption ever seen on sun " ) according to the widely accepted theory, a similar mechanism likely powers superfl


line snaps, it whips an arc of light and charged particles away from the sun and into space. ( related : " solar flare sparks biggest eruption ever seen on sun " ) according to the widely accepted theory, a similar mechanism likely powers superflares, except that instead of being anchored to two star spots, a magnetic field line rises from the star and connects to a nearby hot jupiter. only by anchoring one end of the field line to another object can a star create a magnetic loop large enough to generate a truly immense flare when it snaps, schaefer explained. " this was a very reasonable idea, " he said. " you can ' t get enough energy unless you have something else nearby.... so this hot jupiter idea has been taken by everyone as the default model. " based on this theory, " we predicted that hot jupiters should be detectable around about 10 percent of the superflare stars, " schaefer said. but with the new observations from maehara and colleagues, this prediction failed, schaefer said, and " that ' s a fairly substantial strike against the hot jupiter model. " earth safe from superflares even with the new data, schaefer thinks the model linking planets to superflares can work — it just needs a few tweaks. for example, instead of using a hot jupiter as an anchor, superflare stars may be using closely orbiting rocky planets — hot earths or hot super - earths — to ground their magnetic field lines. " that would work just as well, " schaefer said. " the basic idea is not dead. " testing this version of the theory will be a bit more challenging. kepler looks for the tiny dip in starlight as a planet transits — or crosses in front of — its host star as seen from earth. the craft can ' t yet make out the signal from less massive, rocky planets in tight orbits around sunlike stars. but in either scenario, earth is safe from superflares, schaefer added : mercury, the innermost planet in our solar system, isn ' t close enough to our star and its magnetic field is too weak for the body to anchor a superflare - generating field line. the new superflare study was published online this week by the journal nature. a new species of dinosaur - era reptile is rewriting the books on the evolution of so - called sea monsters, a new study claims. the world ' s highest peak has been shedding snow


light in space 1. according to the books, the speed of light in a vacuum is 300, 000 km per second. if you send out a sudden pulse of light in space, does it have to accelerate to that speed? 2. if you could make a _ very _ long tube in space, with a mirror at both ends ( perfect mirrors, and perhaps long enough to reach from earth to venus ), could you open one end, shine a bright light in for a few seconds, then slide the mirror back in place, trapping the beam of light in there? would the light beam keep bouncing back and forth? 1. no, light starts out at the speed of light - it does not have to accelerate. what does happen is that the amplitude ( of the electric and magnetic fields ) gradually increases so that at the start of the pulse the amplitude is small, it then rises to a peak, and then falls back down to 2. yes, you sure could do that. in fact, that is essentially the way some experiments on fiber optics work ( and somewhat related to the way lasers work ). apparently a recent experiment by some japanese researchers has sent light pulses round and round a fiber optic cable for some 180 million miles - that is getting into astronomical distances right here on earth! but why does not light " have to accelerate "? in truth it does, but the acceleration to light speed is instantaneous. that is because light is made up of massless photons. the force that creates the photons gives them infinite acceleration, so they reach the speed of light click here to return to the physics archives update : june 2012


if you ' re a backpacker you need a reliable yet lightweight method for purifying and filtering water in the wild. most commercial methods are either bulky and heavy or need supplies such as salt and / or batteries. instead you can make a gravity water filtration system using two water bladders, a $ 17 aquamira frontier pro filter or likewise, and a pack of chlorine dioxide purification tablets. youtube user and veteran backpacker jason klass demonstrates the light weight, versatility, and low cost ( around $ 40 for everything ) of this setup. basically you fill your " dirty " water bottle directly from a river, lake, or stream, add a purification tablet, and connect your clean water bottle to the aquamira filter. the other side of the filter is connected to the water resevoir you drink from. hang the dirty water from a tree branch and keep the clean water on the ground and in half an hour you ' ll have a couple of liters of clean water to drink. why does this system use both a chemical and a mechanical filter? the aquamira filter is good at keeping out dirt and objects that would change the taste of your water but does not filter closely enough to remove most bacterias and viruses. a chlorine dioxide chemical treatment ( same as what most municipal water supplies use ) will kill 99. 999 % of all viruses and bacterias and shouldn ' t change the taste of the water. if you run out of purification tablets while on the trail you can always gravity filter the water into a pot and boil it.


a timeline of management and leadership 1880 - scientific management frederick taylor decides to time each and every worker at the midvale steel company. his view of the future becomes highly accurate : " in the past man was first. in the future the system will be first. " - frederick taylor in scientific management the managers were elevated while the workers ' roles were negated. " science, not rule of thumb, - frederick taylor the decisions of supervisors, based upon experience and intuition, were no longer important. employees were not allowed to have ideas of responsibility. yet the question remains — is this promotion of managers to center - stage justified? 1929 - taylorism the taylor society publishes a revised and updated practitioner ' s manual : scientific management in american industry. 1932 - the hawthorne studies elton mayo becomes the first to question the behavioral assumptions of scientific management. the studies concluded that human factors were often more important than physical conditions in motivating employees to greater productivity. 1946 - organization development social scientist kurt lewin launches the research center for group dynamics at the massachusetts institute of technology. his contributions in change theory, action research, and action learning earn him the title of the “ father of organization development : ” the systematic application of behavioral science knowledge at various levels ( group, intergroup, and total organization ) to bring about planned change. lewin is best known for his work in the field of organization development and the study of group dynamics. his research discovered that learning is best facilitated when there is a conflict between immediate concrete experience and detached analysis within the individual. also see organizational behavior. 1949 - sociotechnical systems theory a group of researchers from london ' s tavistock institute of human relations, led by eric trist, studied a south yorkshire coal mine in 1949. their research leads in the development of the sociotechnical systems theory which considers both the social and the technical aspects when designing jobs. it marks a 180 - degree departure from frederick taylor ' s scientific management. there are four basic components to sociotechnical theory : - environment subsystem - social subsystem - technical subsystem - organizational design. 1954 - hierarchy of needs maslow ' s hierarchy of needs theory is published in his book motivation and personality. this provides a framework for gaining employees ' commitment. 1954 - leadership / management drucker writes the practice of management and introduces the 5 basic roles of managers. he writes : the first question in discussing organization structure must be : what is our business and what should it be? organization structure must be designed so as to make possible the


colleague, tom peters, to step in at the last minute and make a presentation that leads to in search of excellence. thus tom peters spawns the birth of the “ management guru business. ” 1990 - learning organization peter senge popularized the learning organization in the fifth discipline : the art and practice of the learning organization. he describes the organization as an organism with the capacity to enhance its capabilities and shape its own future. a learning organization is any organization ( e. g. school, business, government agency ) that understands itself as a complex, organic system that has a vision and purpose. it uses feedback systems and alignment mechanisms to achieve its goals. it values teams and leadership throughout the ranks. he called for five disciplines : - system thinking - personal mastery - mental models - shared vision - team learning 1995 - ethics on december 11, 1995 a fire burned most of malden mills to the ground and put 3, 000 people out of work. most of the 3, 000 thought they were out of work permanently. ceo aaron feuerstein says, “ this is not the end ” — he spent millions keeping all 3, 000 employees on the payroll with full benefits for 3 months until he could get another factory up and running. why? he answers, “ the fundamental difference is that i consider our workers an asset, not an expense. ” related concept — ethos and leadership. business process management ( bpm ) - 2000 this is actually a slow advance in process management that has the following roots : - record management - workflow - 1970 - business process re - engineering ( bpr ) - 1990 - business process management ( bpm ) - 2000 return to the main history page


herman melvillea€™s moby dick may paint a picture of the sperm whale as a terrifying, ferocious creature that destroys ships and attacks the sailors on them, but modern research shows that sperm whales are compassionate and social creatures, dangerous only to the fish and squid that the giant whale feasts on for dinner, or to the orca whales that prey on sperm whale calves. a heartwarming and unusual recent discovery does even more to distinguish the sperm whale from its deadly reputation, as a group of sperm whales were observed a€sadoptinga€t a bottlenose dolphin with a spinal malformation. behavioral ecologists alexander wilson and jens krause discovered this unique phenomenon when they set out to observe sperm whales off the island of pico in the azores in 2011. upon arriving there, they discovered a whale group of adult sperm whales, several whale calves, and an adult male bottlenose dolphin. over the next eight days, the pair observed the dolphin with the whales six more times, socializing and even nuzzling and rubbing members of the group. at times, the sperm whales seemed merely to tolerate the dolphina€™s affection, while at others, they reciprocated. " it really looked like they had accepted the dolphin for whatever reason, " wilson reports to sciencenow. " they were being very sociable. " exploring the oceans from one of these animals points of view would be an exciting ( and eye opening ) experience. so what marine animal would you be if you had the chance to be any creature in the ocean? we posed this question to our ocean heroes finalists, and herea€™s what they had to say. see if you can match their responses to the pictures above ( answers at the bottom of this post )! michele hunter a€ “ harbor seal hardy jones a€ “ sperm whale kristofor lofgren a€ “ mako shark dave rauschkolb a€ “ porpoise richard steiner a€ “ polar bear ( i like the odds and the challenge they face ) donald voss a€ “ humpback whale sara brenes a€ “ tiger shark calvineers a€ “ blue whale sam harris a€ “ tiger shark james hemphill a€ “ hawksbill sea turtle ( i have always been amazed at all the colors on its shell and how gracefully and peacefully it swims ) teakahla whitecloud a€ “ dolphin make sure to vote for your favorite ocean heroes, open from now until july 11th. stay tuned to learn


been amazed at all the colors on its shell and how gracefully and peacefully it swims ) teakahla whitecloud a€ “ dolphin make sure to vote for your favorite ocean heroes, open from now until july 11th. stay tuned to learn more about our finalists! photo credits ( clockwise from top left ) : sperm whale : oceana / juan cuentos, tiger shark : albert kok, harbor seal : noaa, hawksbill turtle : noaa / caroline rogers, porpoise : noaa, tiger shark : austin gallagher, humpback whale : noaa, dolphin : oceana / eduardo sorenson, mako shark : noaa, polar bear : noaa, blue whale : noaa ( middle ) therea€™s no shortage of blame to go around when it comes to climate change. individuals are responsible for poor consumer choices ; we drive the wrong cars, use the wrong light bulbs, even wash our laundry on the wrong setting. even the poor dairy cow shares the blame for having the nerve to burp methane emissions. but bessie isna€™t the only creature catching a bad rap. sperm whales have been criticized for breathing. yes, breathing. apparently the carbon dioxide emitted from the roughly 210, 000 sperm whales in the southern ocean is contributing to global warming, producing in the ballpark of 17 million tons of carbon a year. but new research suggests that wea€™re missing a very big factor in the calculation. ita€™s not just what the whales put out, but also what they take in.


front page titles ( by subject ) on the lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of deposition and extent of denudation. - the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, vol. 2 return to title page for the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, vol. 2 the online library of liberty a project of liberty fund, inc. search this title : also in the library : on the lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of deposition and extent of denudation. - charles darwin, the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, vol. 2 the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, with additions and corrections from the sixth and last english edition, in two volumes ( new york : d. appleton and co., 1896 ). volume 2. part of : the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, 2 vols. about liberty fund : liberty fund, inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. the text is in the public domain. fair use statement : this material is put online to further the educational goals of liberty fund, inc. unless otherwise stated in the copyright information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. it may not be used in any way for profit. on the lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of deposition and extent of denudation. independently of our not finding fossil remains of such infinitely numerous connecting links, it may be objected that time cannot have sufficed for so great an amount of organic change, all changes having been effected slowly. it is hardly possible for me to recall to the reader who is not a practical geologist, the facts leading the mind feebly to comprehend the lapse of time. he who can read sir charles lyell ’ s grand work on the principles of geology, which the future historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in natural science, and yet does not admit how vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume. not that it suffices to study the principles of geology, or to read special treatises by different observers on separate formations, and to


and yet does not admit how vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume. not that it suffices to study the principles of geology, or to read special treatises by different observers on separate formations, and to mark how each author attempts to give an inadequate idea of the duration of each formation, or even of each stratum. we can best gain some idea of past time by knowing the agencies at work, and learning how deeply the surface of the land has been denuded, and how much sediment has been deposited. as lyell has well remarked, the extent and thickness of our sedimentary formations are the result and the measure of the denudation which the earth ’ s crust has elsewhere undergone. therefore a man should examine for himself the great piles of superimposed strata, and watch the rivulets bringing down mud, and the waves wearing away the sea - cliffs, in order to comprehend something about the duration of past time, the monuments of which we see all around us. it is good to wander along the coast, when formed of moderately hard rocks, and mark the process of degradation. the tides in most cases reach the cliffs only for a short time twice a day, and the waves eat into them only when they are charged with sand or pebbles ; for there is good evidence that pure water effects nothing in wearing away rock. at last the base of the cliff is undermined, huge fragments fall down, and these, remaining fixed, have to be worn away atom by atom, until after being reduced in size they can be rolled about by the waves, and then they are more quickly ground into pebbles, sand, or mud. but how often do we see along the bases of retreating cliffs rounded boulders, all thickly clothed by marine productions, showing how little they are abraded and how seldom they are rolled about! moreover, if we follow for a few miles any line of rocky cliff, which is undergoing degradation, we find that it is only here and there, along a short length or round a promontory, that the cliffs are at the present time suffering. the appearance of the surface and the vegetation show that elsewhere years have elapsed since the waters washed their base. we have, however, recently learnt from the observations of ramsay, in the van of many excellent observers — of jukes, geikie, croll, and others, that subaerial degradation is a much more important agency than coast - action, or the power of the waves. the


observations of ramsay, in the van of many excellent observers — of jukes, geikie, croll, and others, that subaerial degradation is a much more important agency than coast - action, or the power of the waves. the whole surface of the land is exposed to the chemical action of the air and of the rain - water with its dissolved carbonic acid, and in colder countries to frost ; the disintegrated matter is carried down even gentle slopes during heavy rain, and to a greater extent than might be supposed, especially in arid districts, by the wind ; it is then transported by the streams and rivers, which when rapid deepen their channels, and triturate the fragments. on a rainy day, even in a gently undulating country, we see the effects of subaerial degradation in the muddy rills which flow down every slope. messrs. ramsay and whitaker have shown, and the observation is a most striking one, that the great lines of escarpment in the wealden district and those ranging across england, which formerly were looked at as ancient sea - coasts, cannot have been thus formed, for each line is composed of one and the same formation, whilst our sea - cliffs are everywhere formed by the intersection of various formations. this being the case, we are compelled to admit that the escarpments owe their origin in chief part to the rocks of which they are composed having resisted subaerial denudation better than the surrounding surface ; this surface consequently has been gradually lowered, with the lines of harder rock left projecting. nothing impresses the mind with the vast duration of time, according to our ideas of time, more forcibly than the conviction thus gained that subaerial agencies which apparently have so little power, and which seem to work so slowly, have produced great results. when thus impressed with the slow rate at which the land is worn away through subaerial and littoral action, it is good, in order to appreciate the past duration of time, to consider, on the one hand, the masses of rock which have been removed over many extensive areas, and on the other hand the thickness of our sedimentary formations. i remember having been much struck when viewing volcanic islands, which have been worn by the waves and pared all round into perpendicular cliffs of one or two thousand feet in height ; for the gentle slope of the lava - streams, due to their formerly liquid state, showed at a glance how far the hard, rocky beds had once extended into the open


pared all round into perpendicular cliffs of one or two thousand feet in height ; for the gentle slope of the lava - streams, due to their formerly liquid state, showed at a glance how far the hard, rocky beds had once extended into the open ocean. the same story is told still more plainly by faults, — those great cracks along which the strata have been upheaved on one side, or thrown down on the other, to the height or depth of thousands of feet ; for since the crust cracked, and it makes no great difference whether the upheaval was sudden, or, as most geologists now believe, was slow and effected by many starts, the surface of the land has been so completely planed down that no trace of these vast dislocations is externally visible. the craven fault, for instance extends for upwards of 30 miles, and along this line the vertical displacement of the strata varies from 600 to 3000 feet. professor ramsay has published an account of a down - throw in anglesea of 2300 feet ; and he informs me that he fully believes that there is one in merionethshire of 12, 000 feet ; yet in these cases there is nothing on the surface of the land to show such prodigious movements ; the pile of rocks on either side of the crack having been smoothly swept away. on the other hand, in all parts of the world the piles of sedimentary strata are of wonderful thickness. in the cordillera i estimated one mass of conglomerate at ten thousand feet ; and although conglomerates have probably been accumulated at a quicker rate than finer sediments, yet from being formed of worn and rounded pebbles, each of which bears the stamp of time, they are good to show how slowly the mass must have been heaped together. professor ramsay has given me the maximum thickness, from actual measurement in most cases, of the successive formations in different parts of great britain ; and this is the result : — — making altogether 72, 584 feet ; that is, very nearly thirteen and three - quarters british miles. some of the formations, which are represented in england by thin beds, are thousands of feet in thickness on the continent. moreover, between each successive formation, we have, in the opinion of most geologists, blank periods of enormous length. so that the lofty pile of sedimentary rocks in britain gives but an inadequate idea of the time which has elapsed during their accumulation. the consideration of these various facts impresses the mind almost in the same manner as does the vain endeavour to


. so that the lofty pile of sedimentary rocks in britain gives but an inadequate idea of the time which has elapsed during their accumulation. the consideration of these various facts impresses the mind almost in the same manner as does the vain endeavour to grapple with the idea of eternity. nevertheless this impression is partly false. mr. croll, in an interesting paper, remarks that we do not err “ in forming too great a conception of the length of geological periods, ” but in estimating them by years. when geologists look at large and complicated phenomena, and then at the figures representing several million years, the two produce a totally different effect on the mind, and the figures are at once pronounced too small. in regard to subaerial denudation, mr. croll shows, by calculating the known amount of sediment annually brought down by certain rivers, relatively to their areas of drainage, that 1000 feet of solid rock, as it became gradually disintegrated, would thus be removed from the mean level of the whole area in the course of six million years. this seems an astonishing result, and some considerations lead to the suspicion that it may be too large, but even if halved or quartered it is still very surprising. few of us, however, know what a million really means : mr. croll gives the following illustration : take a narrow strip of paper, 83 feet 4 inches in length, and stretch it along the wall of a large hall ; then mark off at one end the tenth of an inch. this tenth of an inch will represent one hundred years, and the entire strip a million years. but let it be borne in mind, in relation to the subject of this work, what a hundred years implies, represented as it is by a measure utterly insignificant in a hall of the above dimensions. several eminent breeders, during a single lifetime, have so largely modified some of the higher animals, which propagate their kind much more slowly than most of the lower animals, that they have formed what well deserves to be called a new sub - breed. few men have attended with due care to any one strain for more than half a century, so that a hundred years represents the work of two breeders in succession. it is not to be supposed that species in a state of nature ever change so quickly as domestic animals under the guidance of methodical selection. the comparison would be in every way fairer with the effects which follow from unconscious selection, that is the preservation of the most useful or beautiful animals


book review : ice, mice and men : the issues facing our far south by geoff simmons & gareth morgan antarctica brings to mind nature documentaries and penguins. beautiful snowscapes and adventure. maybe even of science and scientists working in harsh conditions. but what about its ecological and political importance? well, some climate change deniers / contrarians / sceptics / cranks have lately turned their attention to antarctica in an attempt to “ balance ” the record breaking summer ice loss in the arctic. i guess that ’ s a start – but what role do the antarctic and the southern ocean really play in climate change. what about its natural resources and unique species? what are the governance issues – so many countries are interested in the area and many have a presence? and what does this all mean for new zealand? the first figure in this book ( see below ) shows our political and economic territorial interests in this area and suggest why we should perhaps pay more attention. especially as the rest of the world is. but there is also climate change – which interests all of us. geoff simmons & gareth morgandescribe the southern ocean as : “ the engine room of the global ocean, and of the world ’ s climate. that is what many of us don ’ t realise and in our ignorance we ’ re complacent about the changes it is undergoing. ” so it ’ s about time the world, and new zealand in particular, learned more about this region because the political, economic and ecological changes will eventually effect all of us. that makes this book very timely. the book proves to be successful in its aim. it provides a very readable overview of the important issues : the history of the region ; its resources and the battle to exploit them ; international governance – the nature of the treaties covering the region and their problems ; the ecology of the region – the threats to rare species, management of fisheries and problems with introduced species ; climate change – the key role of the southern ocean and the antarctic circumpolar current ( acc ) in circulating nutrients around the world ’ s oceans and as an important sink for heat and carbon dioxide ( co2 ). the book describes the formation of the acc this way : “ some 34 million years ago, australia and zealandia separated from antarctica, and along with a mobile south america created a passage of deep water all the way around the southern hemisphere. the opening of this last gap, between the tip of south america and the antarctic peninsula ( known as the drake passage ) allowed the westerly winds and currents an un


mobile south america created a passage of deep water all the way around the southern hemisphere. the opening of this last gap, between the tip of south america and the antarctic peninsula ( known as the drake passage ) allowed the westerly winds and currents an unimpeded romp around the globe. this accident of geography created the world ’ s greatest current system – the acc. and it was the inauguration of the acc that directly contributed to a massive shift in the earth ’ s climate from hot to cold,.. “ this current, together with churning of the sea by wind, resulted in removal of carbon dioxide and heat from the atmosphere as well as transport of nutrients from the sea bed. the result, a cooling of the global climate, appearance of ice sheets in antarctica, and a key role for the acc in nutrient supply to the world oceans. as the authors say : without the acc “ we would have a much warmer planet, which means higher sea levels, and less land – and frankly, it ’ s quite likely we wouldn ’ t exist. ” the key role of the acc in global climate, the world ’ s weather systems and insulation of the antarctica continues today. the churning of sea by the wind and the low temperature of the water enables the current to carry heat and co2 to middle depths and transport them around the world. the result : “ 40 % of the carbon stored in the ocean is taken in between 30 degrees south and 50 degrees south. ” the acc needs to be monitored closely – it ’ s important and climate change seems to be changing the workings of the acc itself. there have been changes of wind and current speed and of location of the acc which could have global consequences simmons and morgan summarise it this way : our far south “ is a place of incalculable importance to new zealand and to the entire world. the ecosystem, climate and the actions of humankind are irrevocably intertwined – maybe here more than anywhere else on the planet... having a continent on our southern pole, surrounded by ocean and carrying an immense quantity of ice is part of what makes our planet ’ s current climate so hospitable ” even from the perspective of climate change alone we need to be more aware of what is happening in our southern oceans. although the sea floor of the ross sea and similar places are exceptions, most of our far south is not very diverse biologically. this makes it sensitive to losses of even a few species. differences between the southern ocean and northern hemisphere add to this sensitivity


although the sea floor of the ross sea and similar places are exceptions, most of our far south is not very diverse biologically. this makes it sensitive to losses of even a few species. differences between the southern ocean and northern hemisphere add to this sensitivity. for example the lack of land mean there are no terrestrial sources of iron, no dust blowing of deserts. algae require iron and even trace amounts make a huge difference to biological production. circulation of nutrients to the global ocean by the acc means conservation and study of the southern ocean and antarctica is important. unfortunately scientific research is under pressure to support commercial exploitation of the resources, rather than conservation. one area new zealand scientists has had success is in eradication of introduced pests from islands to our south. and this work is continuing. one of the authors, gareth morgan, supports this work through a charitable trust. so it ’ s fitting that he gives an invitation to readers at the end of the book : the rush to exploit resources antarctica and the southern oceans have probably fared better than the arctic region in the race for territory and resources. nevertheless, there has been a rush here and new zealand has contributed to this, as well as benefited from it : “ thanks to our rapacious sealing, whaling and farming in the subantarctic islands ( a legacy from which they are still recovering ), new zealand was able to secure sovereignty over those rocky isles. this in turn gained us one of the largest areas of eez ( extended economic zone ) in the world. i am old enough to remember the scientific activity and the cooperative spirit behind it during the international geophysical year in 1957. this enthusiasm provided political support for an international agreement on management of antarctica and a treaty was signed in 1959. the antarctic treaty temporarily resolved territorial disputes on that continent by agreeing to disagree over sovereignty. this treaty has proved incredibly successful at ensuring the continent is dedicated to peace and science. this is in our interest : we are just too small to get into a turf war. it left new zealand with the ross dependency. that, together with our eez, one of the largest in the world, and our extended continental shelf ( see first figure ) makes us an important player in the region, politically and economically. but the treaty simply froze the status quo from the 1950s and the balance of world power is changing. of course this means new zealand also has huge responsibilities in the political future of the region and exploitation of its natural resources. we really should be paying more attention here. whaling, and the threat of extinction to some species


balance of world power is changing. of course this means new zealand also has huge responsibilities in the political future of the region and exploitation of its natural resources. we really should be paying more attention here. whaling, and the threat of extinction to some species, has reached the attention of the new zealand public which has an awareness of its relevance to our region and the southern ocean. while international negotiation and political protest action concentrate on whaling itself, and those nations which still kill whales, there is also a threat to whales in the region from climate change. the subtle change in nutrient flows influence the populations of species which whales feed on. many of us are also vaguely conscious of an ongoing struggle between conversation and exploitation of fish in our far south. * this is hugely controversial because science is used to manage fisheries, but also to exploit the same fisheries. it ’ s often hard to know who is winning – but most of us suspect commercial and not conservation interests prevail. on the other hand it is true that sensible conservation must often allow for controlled exploitation. toothfish in the southern oceans has been very much in the news lately. some scientists are very critical of it ’ s commercial exploitation because so little is known about the species. however, others believe it to be one of new zealand ’ s success stories. the authors discuss the controversy and their sympathies lie with the fisheries. they say “ our fishing industry is by no means perfect, but the toothfish fishery really is an example of them at their best ” despite the success of the antarctic treaty it does present problems because of the presence of so many countries and interests in the region and unresolved differences over sovereignty. the book discusses these current problems as well as the future problems we must grapple with as treaties and agreements are renegotiated. this book provides an excellent resource for information on the southern oceans, our subarctic islands and antarctica. it will provide students and layperson new zealanders with an access to wide - ranging material on the history, politics, economics, ecology and natural and mineral resources of the region. references provide avenues for deeper study. but it ’ s also very readable. there is an absolute minimum of technical language – and what there is often gets treated with humour. mind you, it ’ s kiwi humour so some overseas readers may miss the occasional digs against the aussies. some advice for the reader, though. i read this book on an ereader and learned again that such devices are currently not always suitable for technical books, even


##wi humour so some overseas readers may miss the occasional digs against the aussies. some advice for the reader, though. i read this book on an ereader and learned again that such devices are currently not always suitable for technical books, even those written in a popular style like this one. in this case only because many of the figures are colour coded. i can see a real need for colour eink screens in ereaders – which can ’ t be far off anyway. and tablets such as the ipad are ideal for this book. in summary, this book is important because it ’ s about an important region of the world which influences the globe. it ’ s especially important for new zealanders because it ’ s our backyard – we have territorial rights to large parts of it. and finally it ’ s important because most of us, including most new zealanders, are ignorant of the important role it plays. it ’ s the most important place you didn ’ t know about. fortunately this readable and informative book will help overcome that problem. prime tv : the last ocean next tuesday 8 : 30 pm “ the ross sea, antarctica, is the most pristine stretch of ocean on earth. but the fishing industry is targeting the lucrative antarctic toothfish, and unless stopped, will destroy its ecosystem. ”


more children in the united states than ever before are being diagnosed with some form of autism. take a look at the skyrocketing numbers from the centers for disease control : - 2000 : 1 out of every 150 kids had autism - 2006 : 1 out of every 110 kids had the disorder - 2008 ( most recent numbers ) : 1 out of every 88 kids has autism. it ' s even higher for boys, 1 out of 54 while experts continue to research and debate the cause, many frustrated families are left wondering what they can do to lower their risk. a board - certified tampa pediatrician has created an experimental prevention program that includes three ways to increase your chances of having a healthy baby. " i think every mother is concerned about how their child is going to turn out, " says newly pregnant mother orel zwiebel. some parents in the tampa bay area, like orel, are taking a proactive approach. they ' re looking for ways to prevent autism before pregnancy. even with one healthy child, orel took extra steps the second time around. she turned to tampa pediatrician dr. david berger from wholistic pediatrics for suggestions. he admits this is a controversial area. dr. berger specializes in kids with autism and, over the past decade, developed a pre - pregnancy testing program to check for vitamin deficiencies and toxins. 10 news anchor heather van nest recently interviewed the doctor to find out if his methods are effective. heather van nest : can you really prevent autism? dr. berger : so far, we have had a tremendous amount of success. in over 10 years and hundreds of children born into our practice, we know of no children who have gone on to develop autism, even in families who have had one child already. those high risk families already have a one - in - seven chance of having another child with autism. heather : so how did you come up with these suggestions? dr. berger : it was really out of necessity. families who had a child with autism, who started nutritional and toxin testing, we found these things in the child, so the family started asking, " is it possible that the mom could have these types of findings? " heather : there are a lot of doctors out there who would say this is controversial. " how can he say autism can be prevented? " what do you say to them? dr. berger : i would say yes, we need more research, but the experience we ' ve had a lot of success with, the types of things that we ' re talking


say autism can be prevented? " what do you say to them? dr. berger : i would say yes, we need more research, but the experience we ' ve had a lot of success with, the types of things that we ' re talking about are nutritional things that are well known and should be done to support pregnancy in the first place. however, it ' s not common for doctors to proactively check for these things ahead of time. here are three things dr. berger checks and corrects before pregnancy : # 1 nutritional deficiencies : including iron, b - vitamins, omega - 3 fatty acids and vitamin d levels. dr. berger says low levels of vitamin d in the mother have been linked to delayed language development and weaker immune systems. # 2 thyroid health : untreated hypothyroidism is a known cause of developmental delays in children. including pesticides, lead, and mercury, which have been linked to learning disorders. for moms like orel, the early testing motivated her to make changes. " mentally, it gives me peace of mind and physically my pregnancy is a lot easier. i don ' t feel drained or tired and i feel like i have good energy, and that ' s an important factor, " she says. dr. berger wrote an article that includes all of his nutritional and environmental strategies to lower the risk of autism in autism science digest. click here to read. many researchers suspect autism may have genetic and environmental triggers. the children ' s environmental health center at mount sinai school of medicine created a research - based list of the " top 10 toxic chemicals suspected of causing autism and other learning disabilities. " click here to read. in response to some viewer comments, we have included this editorial from dr. berger : as a person with both adhd and sensory integration issues, i have had life experiences similar to some people who are on the autism spectrum. in no way am i attempting to extinguish autistic existence. if anyone took that as my message - then i truly am sorry. i embrace the individuality of all. my approach towards people with autism is to help them obtain their maximum potential, not eliminate them. families seek out my assistance and i try to provide whatever help they need. when a child with autism cannot communicate his / her needs or explain what is bothering them, or is irritable much of the day, or who sleeps poorly, it is difficult for parents to care for all of their family ' s needs. usually when these symptoms are improved


cannot communicate his / her needs or explain what is bothering them, or is irritable much of the day, or who sleeps poorly, it is difficult for parents to care for all of their family ' s needs. usually when these symptoms are improved, i often get the opportunity to see a beautiful mind grow. i fully agree that the road to improving the life of a child on the spectrum is through education and traditional therapies, but often we can remove roadblocks that permit the child to flourish at a faster pace. i often ask families if they are content with how their child is doing. if a family is comfortable with where the child is at, then we try to back off the various biomedical therapies and see how things progress. i am also a strong supporter of the emotional well being of families that have children with special needs. i encourage families to find ways to gain acceptance of their life events. i know there are many doubters of the biomedical approach, mostly because of the lack of good research that supports its use. but with each child having his / her own combination of genes and exposures, it is very difficult to study these kids. however, i have seen countless children have a quick, remarkable decrease in their hyperactivity, irritability, or abdominal symptoms when they respond to an antifungal therapy, a dietary change, or an amino acid. it is my experience that there is no single biomedical therapy that a majority of children respond to - but a strong majority will respond to something. early on in my career, parents of children on the autism spectrum asked me if there were things that they could consider to decrease the likelihood of having another child with challenges. the issues that i bring up in the autism science digest article are real concerns that many have reported on and researched. this is a review article that raises many questions and contains my personal observations. there is no family who has made every change that is discussed in this article. there seems to be significance to the approach we are taking in that it has helped to keep children born into our practice healthy and well - developing. and i am not talking just about neurodevelopmental issues. i rarely see these children have an ear infection. i cannot recall the last time a child developed asthma. these kids have not developed colitis, diabetes, cancer, or significant immune problems either. if a family wishes to make one or more changes in their lifestyle, or try to correct an imbalance, in an attempt to improve their child ' s


gospel of matthew authorship and writing of the gospel although the document is internally anonymous, the authorship of this gospel has been traditionally ascribed to st. matthew. the surviving testimony of the church fathers is unanimous in this view, and the tradition had been accepted by christians at least as early as the 2nd century up to modern times. in addition, the title " according to matthew " is found in the earliest codexes, which date to the fourth century. 1 according to tradition, after pentecost st. matthew preached the good news of the lord ' s resurrection throughtout palestine. then, " at the request of the jewish converts at jerusalem, the holy apostle matthew wrote his gospel describing the earthly life of the savior before leaving to preach the gospel in faraway lands. " 2 he then left to preach his gospel in syria, media, persia, parthia, before being martyred in ethiopia. because it was first recorded in palestine, there is some speculation and evidence that matthew ' s gospel was originally written in aramaic, though the earliest surviving version now in existence is in greek. according to oca, " many of the linguistic and cultural - historical peculiarities of the greek translation give indications of it [ the gospel ' s original aramaic form ]. " it was probably written somewhere from ad 60 - 65, though more liberal scholars put the date at 80 - 100. for convenience, the book can be divided into its four structurally distinct sections : two introductory sections ; the main section, which can be further broken into five sections, each with a narrative component followed by a long discourse of jesus ; and finally, the passion and resurrection section. - containing the genealogy, the birth, and the infancy of jesus ( matthew 1 ; matthew 2 ). - the discourses and actions of john the baptist preparatory to christ ' s public ministry ( matthew 3 ; matthew 4 : 11 ). - the discourses and actions of christ in galilee ( 4 : 12 – 26 : 1 ). - the sermon on the mount, concerning morality ( ch. 5 – 7 ) - the missionary discourse, concerning the mission jesus gave his twelve apostles. ( 10 – 11 : 1 ) - the parable discourse, stories that teach about the kingdom of heaven ( 13 ). - the " church order " discourse, concerning relationships among christians ( 18 – 19 : 1 ). - the eschatological discourse, which includes the olivet discourse and judgement of the nations, concerning his second coming and the end of the age ( 24 – 25 ). - the sufferings


among christians ( 18 – 19 : 1 ). - the eschatological discourse, which includes the olivet discourse and judgement of the nations, concerning his second coming and the end of the age ( 24 – 25 ). - the sufferings, death and resurrection of jesus, the great commission ( 28 : 16 – 20 ). the one aim pervading the book is to show that jesus of nazareth was the promised messiah — he " of whom moses in the law and the prophets did write " — and that in him the ancient prophecies had their fulfillment. this book is full of allusions to passages of the old testament which the book interprets as predicting and foreshadowing jesus ' life and mission. this gospel contains no fewer than sixty - five references to the old testament, forty - three of these being direct verbal citations, thus greatly outnumbering those found in the other gospels. the main feature of this gospel may be expressed in the motto " i am not come to destroy, but to fulfill " ( 5 : 17 ). the apostle matthew preached among people who were awaiting the messiah. his gospel manifests itself as a vivid proof that jesus christ is the messiah foretold by the prophets, and that there would not be another ( mt. 11 : 3 ). the preaching and deeds of the savior are presented by the evangelist in three divisions, constituting three aspects of the service of the messiah : as prophet and law - giver ( ch. 5 - 7 ), lord over the world both visible and invisible ( ch. 8 - 25 ), and finally as high priest offered as sacrifice for the sins of all mankind ( ch. 26 - 27 ). the theological content of the gospel, besides the christological themes, includes also the teaching about the kingdom of god and about the church, which the lord sets forth in parables about the inner preparation for entering into the kingdom ( ch. 5 - 7 ), about the worthiness of servers of the church in the world ( ch. 10 - 11 ), about the signs of the kingdom and its growth in the souls of mankind ( ch. 13 ), about the humility and simplicity of the inheritors of the kingdom ( mt. 18 : 1 - 35 ; 19 13 - 30 ; 20 : 1 - 16 ; 25 - 27 ; 23 : 1 - 28 ), and about the eschatological revelations of the kingdom in the second coming of christ within the daily spiritual life of the church ( ch. 24 - 25 )


the color treatment of the pan - american exposition by edward hale brush in determining to give color treatment to the buildings of the pan - american exposition the management well understood that to create an exposition whose outward aspect should be essentially different from anything of the kind created heretofore would be a task of exceeding difficulty. indeed, it was feat to be well nigh an impossibility to attain success unless the buildings could be colored. there could not be another " white city. " to create one would simply challenge comparison with chicago ' s supreme achievement in the columbian exposition of 1893, and occasion unfavorable comment rather than the reverse. color there must be, but how was it to be accomplished? the practical difficulties in the way of giving suitable and artistic coloring to the temporary staff without consuming all the funds of the exposition in the purchase of paint seemed almost insurmountable. but persistent and intelligent study of the problem has won the day, and in this respect, as well as others, the pan - american exposition now bids fair to be a signal success. the selection of the spanish renaissance style of architecture for the buildings of the exposition was a fortunate one in view of the need to make unique in appearance and give the exteriors of the structures color. to prepare a color scheme suitable to classic architecture would have been a dubious task indeed. but with buildings in the spanish style color is a natural and fitting adjunct and rich, warm tints may appropriately be used in abundance, for they but enhance the beauty of form the structures themselves possess ; and with courts and fountains and floral and horticultural effects such as the pan - american exposition will have in profusion, the charm of a setting tropical in its richness is attained. having determined upon giving the pan - american exposition buildings color, the next thing was to find a man capable of putting it on. from the very first the aim of the creators of this exposition has been to make it on the artistic side a complete and harmonious ensemble. to this end there has been the closest co - operation between every department. every effort has been made to avoid haphazard work and jarring contrasts. the avoidance of the incongruous and inartistic in the laying on of the color was of especial importance and also of unusual difficulty in view of the fact that there were few precedents to follow, so that he who would achieve success must possess in a marked degree the creative instinct. in charles y. turner, n. a., president of the art students ' league, of


view of the fact that there were few precedents to follow, so that he who would achieve success must possess in a marked degree the creative instinct. in charles y. turner, n. a., president of the art students ' league, of new york, and a leading member of the national society of mural painters, the exposition management found an artist who has proved equal to the task. mr. turner has had the assistance of other mural painter ' s of national reputation, and the problems to be solved have been studied with the greatest care on both the practical and the artistic side. the accompanying views give the reader some idea of the work that has been going on in mr. turner ' s studio at no. 35 west fourteenth street, new york city. as will be seen from these pictures, a large corps of artists has been engaged in working out from models of the buildings the color scheme of the exposition in detail. in the first place, the general character of the color plan was determined upon. this was not left to chance or mere fancy, but was studied out with a special reference to the purposes and situation of the different buildings and the character of the whole exposition. the spanish renaissance architecture is especially adapted to convey the impression of joyousness and festivity. it lends itself readily to enrichment by ornate sculptural adornment and fantastic treatment in both form and color. it gives an opportunity for decorative enrichment of pinnacles and minarets, of arches and colonnades, of dome interiors and the frames of doors and windows, and all this profusion of color, provided it is harmonious and artistic, heightens the pleasing effects, gives striking contrasts, and is in keeping as a whole with the feeling of gaiety, of buoyancy of spirits which is characteristic of the pleasure - seeking multitude of a great exposition. these colors as laid on at the pan - american will, in many places, particularly in the pavilions, arches over doorways, and colonnades, give the impression of mosaic work. other pleasing effects will be produced, as, for instance, the grill work over the main entrances to the machinery building, which will be colored to resemble bronze. similar effects will be produced in the principal entrances to other structures. the color is now being applied on some of the buildings, and some idea can therefore be obtained already of the artistic effects which will be produced. experiments have been made with all kinds of paint, and an especially prepared oil paint has been adopted which is found, after


now being applied on some of the buildings, and some idea can therefore be obtained already of the artistic effects which will be produced. experiments have been made with all kinds of paint, and an especially prepared oil paint has been adopted which is found, after sufficient trial on the staff work, to hold its color well and stand drying like any other paint. as i have said, the general chromatic scheme is planned with reference to the purposes of the buildings, their situation and the general character of the group. the same is true of the sculpture, produced under the direction of karl bitter, and the landscape settings, under the supervision of rudolf ulrich. mr. turner ' s scheme has been to follow out the main ideas of the composition, as the architects and sculptors have been doing. the roofs, as a whole, will be in red the staff walls tinted in yellows and grays and delicate tones of ivory at varying hues. these light walls and red roofs with heavy foliage banked below and the blue sky above reflected in the interspersed lagoons mr. turner calls his primary colors. in this large and comprehensive effect is to be the great picture of the exposition. the smaller pictures will be discovered in studying the detail. in general the plan is to have the coloring of the buildings progress in intensity as one enters the triumphal bridge in the southern portion of the grounds, where one gets the first comprehensive view of the exposition as a whole and where one ' s first impressions of its grandeur are obtained. in the transverse court, the profile of which faces one at the approach of the grounds, there will be the richest coloring. to the left the walls of the mines, horticulture and graphic arts building will be a warm buff color ; the roofs, a medium dark terra cotta. on the right the walls of the government buildings will be more yellowish. together these buildings will be the lowest in key in the main vista. in comparison with the rest of the coloring, mr. turner calls this crude and strong. from there the buildings on the sides of the court of fountains, the main court running directly away from the entrance, will be lighter and - more refined in coloring, changing frown yellows into grays, the roofs being in hues of lighter reds. first the buildings of machinery and manufactures and liberal arts will have walls of light yellow and drab or gray, then the electricity building and the agricultural building opposite will be of a warm light yellow and french gray. the architectural climax of the exposition, the electric tower, by john


and manufactures and liberal arts will have walls of light yellow and drab or gray, then the electricity building and the agricultural building opposite will be of a warm light yellow and french gray. the architectural climax of the exposition, the electric tower, by john galen howard, standing at the head of the court of the fountains, will strike the highest key of all, being of ivory white with the open work panel on the shaft a broken mass of delicate green, blue and gold. the figure surmounting the tower at a height of 375 feet, the goddess of light, will be gilded, and in the rays of the sun will be a dazzling object, visible many miles away. the accompanying views show how the work of putting on these colors has been studied. mr. turner has models prepared of the different buildings, so as to give in miniature an exact reproduction of the entire exposition. these twenty carefully finished architectural models, each about 15 inches high and on a scale of about one - sixteenth of an inch to the foot, were grouped according to the plan of the exposition, and upon them and upon other models in plaster, some of which were worked out in most elaborate and perfect detail, the colors are being tried. by comparing the effects of the color upon the models inharmonious results are avoided. preliminary color studies and experimental treatment of the models prepared the way for the filling in of the details of the general plan and the making of watercolor drawings to be used as guides in laying the colors on the staff of the buildings themselves. i say " guides " advisedly, because they cannot be followed precisely, various conditions requiring change in some details when the paint is tried upon the staff in the open air. in mr. turner ' s studio the blue sky was represented by a painted scroll 8 feet high, and even green shrubbery and trees were reproduced in miniature, so that none of the effects and contrasts of the real exposition might be lost. take as an instance of the color scheme in detail one of the entrances to the machinery building. these entrances are elaborate in their sculptural and mural enrichment. the general principle followed in laying on the color is to give the columns and relief work light tints and obtain contrasts and a rich effect by darker and warmer hues in the background. thus, in this entrance the pillars are given an ivory tint, the ornamental bases and capitals of the fluted columns are enriched with golden background and the main wall at the back is a light soft red, while the arches of the doorways are


gargantua the great, probably the most famous circus animal of the 20th century, was orphaned when he was only a month old and lived with missionaries in africa until a sea captain purchased him and brought him to boston in 1931. there, after being disfigured with nitric acid by a sailor with a grudge against the captain, he was bought by gertrude davies lintz, who was determined to save the severely burned gorilla. mrs. lintz named him buddha, “ buddy ” for short, and tenderly nursed him back to health. however, his face was permanently disfigured and his mouth twisted into a fierce snarl. in 1937 lintz offered buddy, who then weighed an estimated 460 pounds, to the ringling bros. and barnum & bailey circus. a delighted henry ringling north ( yale ’ 33 ) renamed him “ gargantua the great ” after one of the giants in rabelais ’ gargantua and pantagruel. as gargantua, buddy was transformed into the greatest of circus attractions by a flamboyant advertising campaign that saved the circus from imminent bankruptcy. for 12 years the circus toured the country and millions stood in line to see the lowland gorilla. buddy died of double pneumonia in november 1949 at the age of 20. north donated gargantua ’ s skeleton to the yale peabody museum in 1950.


european painting before 1900, johnson collection benjamin franklin drawing electricity from the skymade in england, europe benjamin west, english ( born america ), 1738 - 1820 oil on slate 1958 - 132 - 1gift of mr. and mrs. wharton sinkler, 1958 labelthis dramatic painting by benjamin west commemorates the 1752 experiment in philadelphia in which benjamin franklin demonstrated that lightning is a form of electricity. west was born in swarthmore, pennsylvania, in 1738, when the american colonies were still part of the british empire, and became an renowned history painter and the second president of england ’ s royal academy of arts. while in london, west befriended franklin, a fellow pennsylvanian, but did not render this likeness of the celebrated scientist and american statesman until after his death, creating it as a study for a larger, unrealized portrait that he planned to give to pennsylvania hospital, an institution franklin founded in philadelphia. west intended to display the larger picture with another of his compositions and a self - portrait, perhaps as an homage to americans who had achieved international acclaim in science and the arts. social tags [? ] allegory [ x ] america [ x ] benjamin franklin [ x ] clouds [ x ] founder [ x ] invention [ x ] key [ x ] lightning [ x ] nhd 1783 to 1815 event [ x ] nhd 1783 to 1815 portrait [ x ] nhd 1783 to 1815 tools [ x ] putti [ x ] science [ x ] storm [ x ] tools [ x ] [ add your own tags ] * works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.


" then the lord rained on sodom and gomorrah brimstone and fire from the lord out of heaven ; and he overthrew those cities, and all of the valley, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and what grew on the ground. " okay, that ' s the mythical biblical version and carries some weight for the fundamentally religious but from a scientific perspective it isn ' t that simple and over the years conjectures have been varied : massive flooding, volcanic, an asteroid, and earthquake [ great rift valley ]. " searching for sodom and gomorrah " biblical archaeology review biblical archaeology review sodom and gomorrah. they are perhaps the most infamous cities of the bible, inhabited by men and women so vile and wicked that only their utter annihilation could appease god ’ s wrath ( genesis 19 ). but where does the bible locate these legendary dens of iniquity, and does any trace of them still exist? it is clear from various biblical passages that sodom and gomorrah should be located in the dead sea region. when abraham and his nephew lot part ways ( genesis 13 : 8 - 13 ), lot chooses to settle in the jordan valley " in the direction of zoar " and moves his tents to " the cities of the plain " as far as sodom. according to genesis 14, the " cities of the plain, " which include sodom, gomorrah, zoar, zeboiim and admah, join forces to battle a coalition of mesopotamian kings in the " valley of siddim ( that is, the salt sea ), " a clear reference to the dead sea region. another clue is found in genesis 10 : 19, which describes the southern border of canaan as extending east from gaza " in the direction of sodom, gomorrah, admah, and zeboiim, " again placing the cities in the vicinity of the dead sea. but biblical scholars have long been divided about where exactly around the dead sea the cities were located. most traditional theories place the cities at the southern end of the dead sea, in and around the well - watered and fertile plains and valleys south of the lisan peninsula. at the southern end of this region, the bible and other sources, including the first - century a. d. historian josephus and the sixth - century a. d. madaba map, locate zoar, one of the cities of the plain and the place to which lot


, the bible and other sources, including the first - century a. d. historian josephus and the sixth - century a. d. madaba map, locate zoar, one of the cities of the plain and the place to which lot and his daughters fled following the destruction of sodom ( genesis 19 : 22 - 23 ). * finding no clear archaeological evidence for sodom and gomorrah in the vicinity of zoar, however, w. f. albright and others conjectured that the remaining cities of the plain lay submerged beneath the shallow waters of the dead sea ' s southern basin. they argued that during the time of abraham, when the level of the dead sea was possibly much lower, the entire southern basin would have been a lush valley watered by rivers flowing down from the highlands of moab. by the late 1970s, when the level of the dead sea had begun to drop considerably due to industrial exploitation and damming projects, archaeologists had an unprecedented opportunity to search the now mostly dry southern basin for remains of the lost cities. but alas, not a sherd was found ; there was no evidence that the cities had been submerged beneath the salt sea. while exploring the high fertile banks along the southeastern shore of the dead sea, however, the same archaeological expedition discovered the ruins of four towns that had been inhabited during the early bronze age ( 3300 - 2000 b. c. ). * * some scholars, though certainly not all, * * * date the origins of the stories of abraham and lot to the end of this period. the expedition, headed by archaeologists thomas schaub of indiana university of pennsylvania and walter rast of valparaiso university, excavated two of the largest sites in the plain — bab edh - dhra and numeira — and discovered that both had been thriving bronze age cities that were destroyed at almost exactly the same time, about 2350 b. c. rast proposed that the biblical story of the destruction of sodom and gomorrah originated from ancient traditions surrounding the near - simultaneous demise of these once - prosperous twin cities. 1 although many have adopted rast ' s view of the southern provenance of the sodom and gomorrah tradition, others have proposed that the bible actually locates the fabled cities at the northern end of the dead sea. the most vocal proponent of the northern theory is dr. steven collins of trinity southwest university, who argues that lot ’ s apportioned territory and all the " cities of the plain "


the fabled cities at the northern end of the dead sea. the most vocal proponent of the northern theory is dr. steven collins of trinity southwest university, who argues that lot ’ s apportioned territory and all the " cities of the plain " ( genesis 13 : 8 - 13 ) should be located in the broad circular plain where the jordan river meets the dead sea. first, according to collins, genesis 13 places the separation scene between abraham and lot somewhere around ai and bethel, an area that has commanding views over the northern dead sea and southern jordan valley, not the southern dead sea region. second, the passage describes lot ’ s territory as the " circular " or " disc - shaped " plain ( heb. kikkar ) of the jordan, a term which collins argues refers specifically to the broad alluvial plain of the southern jordan valley just north of the dead sea. what is more, collins believes he has located the actual site of biblical sodom on a high bank overlooking the valley. the site, tell el - hammam, is one of the largest mounds in the plain and supported almost continuous occupation from the chalcolithic to the byzantine period. although the site has substantial early bronze age remains ( as at bab edh - dhra and numeira ), collins believes that the extensive and well - fortified middle bronze age city ( c. 2000 - 1550 b. c. ) represents the sodom known to lot and abraham, biblical figures that he and many others believe should be dated to the first half of the second millennium b. c. in one area of the middle bronze age city, collins located a massive destruction layer over 3 feet thick. could this layer be the archaeological residue of god ’ s infamous judgment on sodom? whatever the case, collins hopes to uncover even more evidence of the biblical story in future seasons of excavations at the site. but whether one locates sodom and gomorrah south or north of the dead sea, there is plenty of reason to suspect that the biblical tradition surrounding the doomed cities of the plain was more than just fanciful legend. as suggested by amos frumkin in his may / june 2009 bar article on the salt pillar known as lot ' s wife, the sodom story told in the bible likely represents an ancient memory of a single catastrophic event that affected the cities and peoples of the dead sea region nearly 4, 000 years ago. * konstantinos politis, " where lot ' s daughters seduced their father, " bar, january / february


in john doris ( ed. ), moral psychology handbook. oxford university press ( 2010 ) | abstract | | in this chapter, we begin with a discussion of motivation itself, and use that discussion to sketch four possible theories of distinctively moral motivation : caricature versions of familiar instrumentalist, cognitivist, sentimentalist, and personalist theories about morally worthy motivation. to test these theories, we turn to a wealth of scientific, particularly neuroscientific, evidence. our conclusions are that ( 1 ) although the scientific evidence does not at present mandate a unique philosophical conclusion, it does present formidable obstacles to a number of popular philosophical approaches, and ( 2 ) theories of morally worthy motivation that best fit the current scientific picture are ones that owe much more to hume or aristotle than to kant. | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles c. daniel batson ( 2011 ). what ’ s wrong with morality? emotion review 3 ( 3 ) : 230 - 236. donald c. hubin ( 1999 ). what ' s special about humeanism. nous 33 ( 1 ) : 30 - 45. c. daniel batson ( 2008 ). moral masquerades : experimental exploration of the nature of moral motivation. phenomenology and the cognitive sciences 7 ( 1 ). donald c. hubin ( 1996 ). hypothetical motivation. nous 30 ( 1 ) : 31 - 54. nick zangwill ( 2009 ). non - cognitivism and motivation. in constantine sandis ( ed. ), new essays on the explanation of action. palgrave macmillan. sergio tenenbaum ( 2011 ). externalism, motivation, and moral knowledge. in susana nuccetelli & gary seay ( eds. ), ethical naturalism : current debates. cambridge university press. caj strandberg ( 2007 ). externalism and the content of moral motivation. philosophia 35 ( 2 ) : 249 - 260. ragnar francen ( 2010 ). moral motivation pluralism. journal of ethics 14 ( 2 ) : 117 - 148. ralph wedgwood ( 1995 ). theories of content and theories of motivation. european journal of philosophy 3 ( 3 ) : 273 - 288. simone de colle & patricia h. werhane ( 2008 ). moral motivation across ethical theories : what can we learn for designing corporate ethics programs? journal of business ethics 81 ( 4 ) : 751 - 764. constantine sandis ( 2009 )


colle & patricia h. werhane ( 2008 ). moral motivation across ethical theories : what can we learn for designing corporate ethics programs? journal of business ethics 81 ( 4 ) : 751 - 764. constantine sandis ( 2009 ). hume and the debate on ' motivating reasons '. in charles pigden ( ed. ), hume on motivation and virtue. palgrave macmillan. ryan nichols ( 2004 ). moral motivation and christian theism. faith and philosophy 21 ( 2 ) : 175 - 194. robert noggle ( 1997 ). the nature of motivation ( and why it matters less to ethics than one might think ). philosophical studies 87 ( 1 ) : 87 - 111. eve garrard & david mcnaughton ( 1998 ). mapping moral motivation. ethical theory and moral practice 1 ( 1 ) : 45 - 59. jonathan dancy ( 1995 ). why there is really no such thing as the theory of motivation. proceedings of the aristotelian society 95 : 1 - 18. added to index2010 - 09 - 20 total downloads113 ( # 4, 758 of 548, 984 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 3 ( # 25, 729 of 548, 984 ) how can i increase my downloads?


during the turkish wars the wild hordes of riders advanced as far as purbach. on such occasions the townspeople of purbach fled into the nearby leitha mountains to seek refuge there from the hordes. during one such attack andreas grein remained at home. when the turkish horde found grein, they placed him in handcuffs, tied him to a horse ' s tail, and thus forced him to run along behind. the turks took grein back to their country, where he was housed in a stall and forced to pull a plow by day. for food he received nuts and millet. after seven years of terrible suffering he succeeded - - with the help of a fellow countrywoman - - in escaping from turkey. in october 1647, after traveling on foot for many months, he arrived at purbach. he stopped to rest on his own property, about 1000 steps from the town. he then went to his home, where he encountered his wife, who had recently remarried. she did not recognize grein, because of his wild appearance. after much discussion she recognized her husband from his voice. she asked him for forgiveness, and they lived happily together until they died. the second husband, of course, had to step aside. at the place where he had rested, grein erected a holy trinity column, inscribed with the year 1647.


this last section on companion planting ( cp ) sums up practical ways to cultivate a healthy garden with some “ built - in ” natural protection. intercropping vs. monoculture by this time, you should be convinced that intercropping to create a diverse vegetable garden “ habitat ” is most effective to naturally protect your garden from pests, and can potentially enhance the yield of your favorite crops. monoculture not only makes your valuable veggies more susceptible to pests in one season ; sometimes, despite your efforts to work in rich, organic fertilizers, the same family of plants grown in the same area will fail in later seasons. we learned this the hard way as we were initially concerned about having too many different veggies with too little yields. as it turned out, yields started falling in later years as our broccoli became more susceptible to pests ( btw – brassica family, unlike tomato plants, generally like to be moved around ). so be daring, be bold, and experiment with different veggies – even those you think you ’ d never like! exploiting garden warfare your lovely spring garden or the woods near your home may look “ serene ”, but in truth, there ’ s constant warfare going on at a physical and chemical level. so why not take advantage of it? for instance, sunflowers may be great weed deterrents as they were found to be strongly allelopathic to weeds like wild mustard, jimsonweed and ragweed ( ref 1, p. 310 ). or what about selecting a “ sacrificial plant or soldier ” to protect the more valuable crops? for instance, kale can be planted at borders of other more valuable cabbage family plants to draw pests away. or black nightshade can be used as a decoy plant to attract colorado potato beetles away from your potato plants. this may not be the best option for those of you with tiny gardens, but try to think of creative ways – even using containers which can easily be moved around – in deploying “ soldiers ” to protect your cash crops. and while we ’ re on the subject of war, keep in mind that cp is not necessarily a mutually beneficial combination. some gardening experts believe that it is almost one - directional, though this can be difficult to ascertain. for instance, you might consider that if carrots were planted next to peas or tomatoes ( as our comparison of cp guides suggest ), would yields from peas or tomatoes be greater at the expense of


, though this can be difficult to ascertain. for instance, you might consider that if carrots were planted next to peas or tomatoes ( as our comparison of cp guides suggest ), would yields from peas or tomatoes be greater at the expense of the carrots? using ornamentals to attract beneficials and help control pests many gardeners certainly deploy ornamentals like nasturtiums and marigolds to protect plants from pests like aphids, detrimental nematodes, white flies, and other pests. but having herbs and flowering plants ( esp. daisy and parsley families ) also benefits the vegetable garden by attracting beneficial insects and birds that eat nasty bugs or pollinate plants. we have had success growing tomatoes and beans with marigolds in containers, but have yet to attribute the yields / health of the plants to the marigolds. some cp guides will suggest different varieties of marigolds for different pests ( african, french and golden marigolds appear to be the best varieties ). nasturtiums ( whose flowers are a mildly peppery but delicious and attractive addition to your salad! ) do have to be kept in check as they can take over an entire area, and are an incredible snail magnet on the west coast. recording your own companion planting results if you ’ re really intrigued by companion planting and want to put it to work for your garden, then record your observations. your best cp guide is your own gardening experience, though keeping in mind that results may not always be reproducible ( see part i ). a simple notebook or spreadsheet works perfectly well ( of course, there ’ s plangarden, too ) some variables to keep in mind are the yield and planting distance in the control vs. experiment plots. for the die - hard garden geeks, we refer to anna carr ’ s excellent book ( ref. 1, pp. 332 - 355 ) that offers experimental techniques. good luck and may the companion forces be with you!