a risk factor is something that increases your likelihood of getting a disease or condition. it is possible to develop psoriasis with or without the risk factors listed below. in fact, most cases of psoriasis are not associated with any of the risk factors listed below. however, the more risk factors you have, the greater your likelihood of developing psoriasis. if you have a number of risk factors, ask your doctor what you can do to reduce your risk. risk factors include : there is a strong genetic component to psoriasis. in about one third of all cases, there is a family history of psoriasis. medical conditions that are most likely to trigger psoriasis include : stress / emotional disorders : stress, suppressed anger, anxiety, depression, or other emotional disorders often trigger psoriasis outbreaks. infection : psoriasis frequently flares up after upper respiratory infections, such as tonsillitis, sinusitis, or strep throat. skin injuries : psoriasis may develop at the site of a previous skin injury or mild abrasion, such as a cut, burn, or injection. this delayed development of psoriasis at these injured skin sites is known as the kobner phenomenon. hiv / aids : psoriasis may become particularly severe in people infected with hiv / aids. obesity : there is some evidence that obesity may exacerbate psoriasis. alcoholism : it is not entirely clear whether alcoholism is a risk factor for developing psoriasis or vice versa ( due to the emotional burden of psoriasis ). in any case, consuming excessive amounts of alcohol should be discouraged, especially during periods of psoriasis exacerbation. certain medications have been associated with triggering or exacerbating outbreaks of psoriasis. these include : - beta - blocker and angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ) inhibitors : used to treat high blood pressure - lithium : used to treat severe depression or bipolar disorder - hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine : used to prevent malaria - non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) : certain types of nsaids, such as indomethacin, may cause or worsen psoriasis ; however, other types of nsaids may actually improve psoriatic symptoms. plaque psoriasis first appears during 2 peak age ranges. the first peak occurs in persons aged 16 - 22 years, and the second occurs in persons aged 57 - 60 years. it is considered quite rare in


memory. it is the internal scrapbook that defines one ’ s individuality — a sense of self that is crucial to the human psyche. nevertheless, due in large part to its longevity, memory is a difficult term to define. it appears to be ineffaceable, a solid entity of the past, yet it frequently eludes its owner, making one question the validity and transiency of memory. these large memory gaps of narratives are difficult to seal, thereby creating a disconnect between one stage of life and another. one of the most common and largest gap in the human memory bank consists of recollections of the first few years of infancy and babyhood. ever wonder why it is a struggle to remember an event prior to the age of two? or even the day you were born? one wonders why such a significant event as one ’ s birth fades into oblivion, never to be recovered. this inevitable condition is identified as infantile amnesia, a term forged by the renowned sigmund freud when he commenced his studies of this marvel in 1905 ( 1 ). significant light has been shed on the details concerning the nature of infantile amnesia since freud ’ s era, yet many mysteries remain. for example, how does autobiographical memory shape infantile amnesia? autobiographical memory or personal memory is a branch of memory that is established for encoding, storing, and retrieving events and experiences to construct one ’ s personal past. psychologists have demonstrated that autobiographical memory minimizes the constraints of this particular amnesia, but one question remains unclear — what inhibits autobiographical memory? it is a question that has beguiled psychologists for nearly half a century. this paper will investigate the different and oftentimes opposing theories that help explain the elusive phenomenon of infantile amnesia. mapping memory — a brief overview memory is a complex entity of the human brain. declarative and non - declarative memories are central, but distinct divisions exist that contribute to our notion of forming memories. declarative memory is devoted to processing names, places, events, and facts. semantic and episodic memories are the two subtypes of declarative memory. semantic memory supports retention of “ knowledge of facts and data that may not be related to any event ” ( 2 ), while episodic memory relates more heavily to unique events linked to place and time. perceptual and motor skills contribute to non - declarative memory, which does not necessitate the deliberate recall that declarative memory requires. furthermore, autobiographical memory is a component


more heavily to unique events linked to place and time. perceptual and motor skills contribute to non - declarative memory, which does not necessitate the deliberate recall that declarative memory requires. furthermore, autobiographical memory is a component of declarative memory that is particularly episodic because it is linked spatially and temporally to unique events. in any study, there is the likelihood of experimental error. in fact, errors are expected because 100 % accuracy is virtually impossible. but in the case studies concerning infantile amnesia, are the methods faulty or are the components of the human subconscious at fault? could both play an integral role in the results? stuart zola explores the reliability of memory in his 1998 case studies on infantile amnesia. people who have recovered memories help researchers understand the biological and behavioral factors of memory. zola ’ s objective was to answer two questions about memory : 1 ) do memories for traumatic events change over a period of time ; and 2 ) can memories be created for traumatic events that didn ’ t occur? infantile amnesia is the inability to recollect memory at certain stages of infancy. an explanation that zola gives for infantile amnesia points to the slow maturation of the cortical areas after birth. processing and storing information necessary for reconstruction of conscious memories occurs later. according to zola, infantile amnesia provides a restrictive component on recovered memory. yet, there are some cases in which recovered memories from early infancy were described in great detail ( 3 ). recently, researchers attempted to “ create ” memories for the subjects by collaborating with their families who were instructed to “ remind ” the participant of an early event that had never actually occurred. the participants were, of course, unaware of their family ’ s involvement in the experiment. they were asked several questions, and their answers were tape - recorded and replayed to their respective families for further analysis of accuracy and specificity. results showed that 25 % of the subjects “ recalled ” the false events and even furnished additional, fabricated details when asked by researchers to retell the event. this experimental data affirms forgery of false infantile memories ( 3 ). zola ’ s other studies have shown that there are other memory systems in the brain that may affect memory recall. the overall conclusion drawn from zola ’ s report speaks to the pliable nature of memory. memory is the materialization of ideas distributed across the brain, not localized in one region. zola claims that memory corresponds with regions of the brain that help dictate


drawn from zola ’ s report speaks to the pliable nature of memory. memory is the materialization of ideas distributed across the brain, not localized in one region. zola claims that memory corresponds with regions of the brain that help dictate the real from the imagined, and these regions establish the temporal position of the memory. in his report, zola makes note of the biological basis of memory and its distortions. zola provides anecdotal evidence as well as experimental evidence for his hypotheses, all of which seem to support his conclusion. his report informs future studies that it is important to take several types of memory into consideration, because relying on just one would give misleading results due to the fact that memory is controlled by multiple brain systems. and because it is difficult to understand clearly the causes of infantile amnesia, researchers should not assume that the recollections provided by participants in their research are complete and valid ( 3 ). revelations about autobiographical memory and its relation to language one of the most definitive factors of autobiographical memory is that it has the potential to be verbalized. if a memory can be expressed verbally and understood, others are given the opportunity to internalize that memory in a way that will help them associate it with the individuality of others. but to what extent are the implications of verbalization a factor of autobiographical memory? in their 1999 case experiment, keryn harley and elaine reese focused on the cognitive and social factors of autobiographical memory in 1. 5 to 2. 5 year - old children. according to harley and reese, autobiographical memory functions to facilitate individuals ’ learning about others by relating past experiences. harley and reese reviewed the experiments of self knowledge theorists who argued that the lack of understanding of personal self contributed to infantile amnesia. with the acknowledgement of the cognitive self, greater stores of autobiographical memory are produced. as awareness of self becomes stronger, there is more interplay among the different types of memory, which allows us to develop individuality ( 4 ). harley and reese drew on earlier studies that demonstrated that parents who are able to elaborate information about past events expand on their childrens ’ memory information. parents ’ “ talk ” assists in children ’ s “ memory talk, ” because it helps develop childrens ’ ability to describe autobiographical memories ( 4 ). in a 1993 study, harley and reese used several methods in a novel experiment that showed the interplay of howard and courage ’ s self - knowledge and parental styles of communication ( 4 ). in order to assess childrens ’ verbal memory


4 ). in a 1993 study, harley and reese used several methods in a novel experiment that showed the interplay of howard and courage ’ s self - knowledge and parental styles of communication ( 4 ). in order to assess childrens ’ verbal memory and maternal styles of reminiscing, mothers were asked to choose several one - time events that they shared with their children ( i. e. feeding ducks at the local pond, airplane flights ). the events were then introduced into a conversation between mother and child. conversations were videotaped and audio - taped by researchers in order to maintain a profile for each mother - child case. during designated monthly time intervals, children would be prompted to discuss past events with their mother. the purpose of the experiment was to determine how well the child ’ s elaboration of events depended on the mother ’ s maternal reminiscing style. they hypothesized that the extensiveness of the mother ’ s language style would result in stronger memory elaborations of the child. mothers facilitated recalls by giving three event - specific cues to prompt more detailed responses. event cues were observed to be effective if they overlapped with information already stored in the memory. the mothers were strongly discouraged to provide further assistance beyond just the cues ( 4 ). according to harley and reese, the role of the parent in interacting with the child is not only crucial to the child ’ s communication skills, but also significantly impacts the child ’ s autobiographical memory. parents who provide greater detail when speaking about the past with their children and who follow their child ’ s conversation cues, tend to engage their child in discussions more than parents who do not provide elaborative conversations. the parents that do not engage in discussions inhibit narrative construction of their children. children with parents who are more expressive and vocal develop the ability to recall and vocalize past events more lucidly, especially during the window of infantile amnesia. thus, maternal stylized elaborations encourage children to synthesize narratives heavy in diversified content and breadth as early as age three. this has lasting impressions on children because it increases and reinforces the amount that older children recall from earlier recollections. children who were capable of vocalizing thought at the time of an experience connect memory and language more naturally, because events can be encoded verbally ( 4 ). speculations about early and late memories harley & reese ’ s experiments are strongly suggestive of how excellent verbalization of recollections aid in the continuity of autobiographical memory. but one can


, because events can be encoded verbally ( 4 ). speculations about early and late memories harley & reese ’ s experiments are strongly suggestive of how excellent verbalization of recollections aid in the continuity of autobiographical memory. but one can ’ t help but question whether there are disparities between memories of early life and those of later years. in 1999, tiffany west and patricia j. bauer pioneered a study in which they attempted to characterize the differences between early and late memories. it is known that memory recall for most adults during the first years of life is limited. the few that have remained for recall have strong emotional impact on the individual. these memories, interestingly, are recalled in the third - person, rather than the first - person, perspective. this is most likely due to the fact that recognition of self has not fully developed. as later memories form, the perspective sharply changes to the first person west and bauer, in their research, studied the differences in memory storage in two stages in human development — from as early as age 5 to as old as age 10 ( 1 ). using the same methods in male and female test subjects, experimental evidence showed that there are few differences between early and later memories in both sexes when three variables — emotion, perceptual information, and perspective — are accounted for. in two sessions, west and bauer asked male and female students of university of minnesota to report events that they recalled from their childhood. in the first session, students had to report four memories from before the age of seven. in the second session, students were asked to report on memories after the age of seven. both sessions were conducted in one sitting and everyone had one week to complete the reports. it was important for accuracy and details to be accounted for equally. ( 1 ). delineating infantile amnesia memory can be difficult to interpret if the context in which it is described is not understood entirely by another party. in a 2005 study, darryl bruce examined the depth of memory expression in young adults, by focusing in on the nuances between first memory fragments and first event memories. bruce defines memory fragments as isolated memory moments that have no event context and are remembered as images, behaviors, and emotions. first - fragment memories are believed to form earlier in life than first event memories. bruce and his team concluded that the childhood amnesia is gradually supplanted by fragments of early childhood experiences, and not by episodic memories. in bruce ’ s experiment, the research team designed a web survey taken by 185


first event memories. bruce and his team concluded that the childhood amnesia is gradually supplanted by fragments of early childhood experiences, and not by episodic memories. in bruce ’ s experiment, the research team designed a web survey taken by 185 students from saint mary ’ s university. students were asked to provide information about their lives, in addition to their earliest memories. the students indicated the age at the time the memory had taken place and the corresponding confidence in this approximation. the participants believed that they were younger when they had their earliest fragmental memory. these results are reflected in the calculated mean ages of the participants who had been divided according to the information they were asked to provide. data showed consistency regarding the expected early timeframe of fragmental memory of the participants. results not only showed significant uncertainty in the times when the fragmental memory was estimated to have occurred, but also poorer content quality ( 5 ). autobiographical memories across a wide - age range studies of infantile amnesia frequently examine adult subjects, but few have used adolescent. in a 2005 study conducted by peterson, grant, and boland, memory recollection was investigated in 136 young children and adolescents in the 6 - 19 age range. involvement of parents was crucial, because they provided the facts that would help the researchers attain more accurate results ( 6 ). over several years, researchers visited the homes of the recruited participants to conduct the investigations. each participant had to answer several questions regarding the earliest recollections of their childhood. a parent or guardian provided confirmation of details as needed. if parents believed certain memories were incorrect, that information was discarded. also, if parents believed that certain recollections were based explicitly on photos and videos, those memories were excluded. the research team then developed a scoring system that took into account age of earliest recollections, nature of the event, emotional tone, structure, and social orientation surrounding the memories. children who were between 6 and 9 had earlier memories than older children. in contrast, older children tended to have more emotional memories than younger children, and there were few gender differences across all the children ’ s ages ( 6 ). culture and infantile amnesia zola, bruce, harley, reese, and bauer studied different factors that affect infantile amnesia, yet none took into account cultural implications on memory. in 2003, qi wang provided evidence that childhood environment can significantly affect autobiographical memory and infantile amnesia. just as there are different maternal styles of elaborations that affect memory, broader factors such as cultural difference also affect the


cultural implications on memory. in 2003, qi wang provided evidence that childhood environment can significantly affect autobiographical memory and infantile amnesia. just as there are different maternal styles of elaborations that affect memory, broader factors such as cultural difference also affect the degree of memory recall. in his recent cross - cultural study, wang recognized the differences in memory between eastern and western culture groups. wang and his team compiled memory narratives from american and chinese mothers and their three to four year old children. they had asked 154 chinese and american children a series of questions relating to early memories, which they took note of and documented in tape - recordings. on average, caucasians in western nations have a relatively good recollection of events by 3. 5 years in age. asians attained similar levels of recollection as caucasians, but generally after several months after 3. 5 years ( 7 ). not only does the average temporality of earliest memory vary between cultures, but the nature of event recall also seems to be quite different. wang ’ s testing of international subjects demonstrated that western childhood memories tended to be self - focused and emotionally detailed, while chinese childhood memories were more generic and not heavily focused on the individual. the results stem from different child - rearing practices and beliefs : western nations tend to place more emphasis on socializing children than eastern nations. this explains why american children provided more emotionally detailed memories than their chinese counterparts. traditionally, chinese families do not introduce social skills until the child reaches 6 years of age. by that age, children are disciplined in societal and filial duties ( 7 ). where the problems lie — the issue of infantile amnesia factors that are important in autobiographical memory formation are multitudinous and complex. although the multiple studies have different experimental focuses, they collectively show that autobiographical memory is dynamic and is closely related to infantile amnesia. before one can draw conclusions about infantile amnesia, one must first question the validity of autobiographical memory, and thus, the results of the experiments above. stuart zola ’ s study is most relevant in resolving the issue, because he addresses the fallacies of memory. we are all susceptible to different kinds of memory distortions. at times, distinguishing between the real and the imagined leads to confusion. such confusion is the result of the dynamism of memory. and so, memory cannot be categorized as a simple, well - understood entity. storage of autobiographical memory, for example, is affected by new events. consequently, certain components of a memory may differ from its original versions, facilitating the


. if all potential errors are set aside and the results are legitimate, then west and bauer ’ s discovery of similarities between stages of memory and its implications on autobiographical memory is telling ( 1 ). furthermore, there is a discrepancy between peterson ’ s, grant ’ s, and boland ’ s 2005 results and west ’ s and bauer ’ s 1999 results, even though both had studied similar subjects and their early and later memories. in the 2005 study, the researchers found that older children ’ s memories are likely to follow an articulate narrative form, unlike younger children ’ s memories, which likely account for specific moments in time. they then concluded that earliest memories of younger children reflect less elaborative narrative skill, which is quite similar to harley and reese ’ s findings in their 1999 study. basically, their results suggested that differences do exist between early and later memories ( 6 ). in many of the studies described above, researchers and participants alike had been reared according to western ideologies and practices. but what implications do their results suggest on a global scale? like suggested earlier about qi wang ’ s report, there may be slight flaws in the contemporary theories regarding infantile amnesia because they are rooted primarily in western views, which do not correlate exactly with other cultures. qi wang clearly details the facts about how infantile amnesia is not a standard condition because nurture — religion, behavioral lessons and expectations, philosophy and politics — plays a role. autobiographical memory is not only an expression of the individual, but it is also a product of culture. results on infantile amnesia should be considered carefully and with great caution, especially when other cultural standards may play a role ( 7 ). though we now know more about infantile amnesia than ever before, the data is still inconclusive. this is because memory is not simply an object one can place in a pitri dish to observe via a microscope. it has too many possible distortions and too many unaccountable gaps to draw incontestable conclusions. yet still, we cannot allow the unreliability of memory to deter further study and consideration of experimental data such as that of west and bauer ’ s 1999 experiment. these studies help us achieve a greater understanding of the elusiveness of memory. we could also learn more about ourselves, since infantile amnesia is tied so closely to autobiographical memory. we understand some of the neurological, cognitive, social, and cultural factors that explain why almost every human being has so few recollections of the first years of their


more about ourselves, since infantile amnesia is tied so closely to autobiographical memory. we understand some of the neurological, cognitive, social, and cultural factors that explain why almost every human being has so few recollections of the first years of their lives, but we need to explore the issue further. our scrapbooks still contain missing pages, but with more carefully conducted experiments, we will be able to reconstruct our pasts and live for a more enlightened future. 1. t. a. west, p. j. bauer, memory. 7, 3 ( 1999 ). 2. j. e. zull, the art of changing the brain : enriching the practice of teaching by exploring the biology of learning, stylus publishing, sterling, 2002, p. 81. 3. s. zola, clinical psychology review. 18, 8 ( 1998 ). 4. k. harley, e. reese, developmental psychology. 35, 5 ( 1999 ). 5. d. bruce, memory & cognition. 33, 4 ( 2005 ). 6. c. peterson, v. v. grant, l. d. boland, memory, 13, 6 ( 2005 ). 7. q. wang, memory. 11, 1 ( 2003 ).


growing up on black mesa in northeast arizona on the navajo nation, we often lived like nomads, following our sheep. as a child, i wasn ’ t aware that other people in america stayed put, living in one place. whenever i returned home from boarding school during a break, i ’ d often find my family living somewhere new on the mesa. i have distinct memories of one particular camp, tsenitaahotsoh, which in navajo means “ the green grass at the base of the rock. ” i would get up before sunrise and take our sheep to a seep there to drink, because right around 4 a. m., pools of water would miraculously appear on the dry arroyo bed. then when the sun came up a few hours later, the seeps would disappear. our livelihoods depended on those springs, and i remember moving with our herds to follow the water all the way through my high school years, until i left for college in 1987. i returned home 10 years later, university degree in hand, ready to take my place as a productive member of my community. but as i began building my home at tsenitaahotsoh, i discovered that the seeps had vanished, not just with the rising sun each day, but for good. in fact, the springs at all of the camps from my childhood were drying up. over 20 years, the natural economy of my ancestors had disappeared. the navajo aquifer is the only source of drinking water for 50, 000 native people and 14 communities on black mesa. navajo and hopi people who live on the plateau have relied on the aquifer for generations. it is more than a thousand feet deep, and it provides some of the cleanest water in the southwest when it emerges as seeps on the surface. what has happened to this precious resource that sustained so many hardworking locals for so long, allowing them to make their living in a challenging landscape? the answer isn ’ t hard to find on black mesa ; it is the 2, 250 - megawatt navajo generating station near grand canyon national park. decades ago, when the $ 5 billion central arizona project needed power to push colorado river water uphill over 300 miles of canals from western arizona to phoenix and tucson, the u. s. government approached the navajo nation. what would we get in return? a coal - fired power plant on the reservation if the tribe waived its rights to the upper basin colorado river for 50 years. my community on black mesa would strip mine and sell the


. government approached the navajo nation. what would we get in return? a coal - fired power plant on the reservation if the tribe waived its rights to the upper basin colorado river for 50 years. my community on black mesa would strip mine and sell the coal, and the u. s. bureau of reclamation would receive cheap “ indian ” energy to subsidize its operation of one of the largest, and costliest, publicly funded water works and energy projects in u. s. history. central and southern arizona benefitted most from the low - cost electricity and the subsidized water ; meanwhile, the aquifer suffered. from 1971 to 2005, the coal industry removed water from the navajo aquifer at the rate of 4, 000 - 6, 000 acre - feet a year, more than three times the aquifer ’ s known ability to recharge. since 2005, the peabody mining company has decreased its use to less than 2, 000 acre - feet a year, but that is still more than 13 million gallons a year for an area that gets less than 8 inches of annual rainfall. the name “ navajo generating station ” gives the impression that navajos own the plant. that ’ s not true. the tribe has an interest in it, but the largest share belongs to the u. s. government. the navajo nation receives some revenue and jobs from the coal operations, but at a heavy price. air pollution from the plant hurts public health, and the mining and coal - ash waste disposal damage water quality. about four decades ago, the decision was made at a crossroads in arizona history to build a coal plant to power the central arizona project canal pumps. now we are at another crossroads : leases for coal operations are up soon, and the navajo generating station faces huge costs to deal with pollution and update an outdated facility. today, we can chart a new path. we know the devastation to our water that comes with coal. today, we have the technology to harness our region ’ s stunning solar resources instead. that ’ s enough energy to power the canal pumps, and more. having had the privilege of seeing the land as the creator left it for us, i know that the wise management of the basic elements of life – land, air, water and the sun – are necessary if we are to fulfill our responsibility to ensure a decent quality of life for the next generation. it ’ s time for the u. s. government to divest from the navajo generating station and start building commercial - scale renewable energy projects on


| air toxics : mercury & power plants | | the epa exempted power plants from clean air act regulations, even though these power plants emit into the air tons of mercury and other toxins - - known threats to human health. in february 2008, a federal appeals court ruled that the epa did not have the authority to exempt the power plants. | greenhouse gases & global warming | | the environmental protection agency has taken the position that it will not regulate carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases as " pollutants " under the clean air act. earthjustice challenged that position in court, on behalf of sierra club. on april 2, 2007, the u. s. supreme court said that the clean air act does give the epa the authority to regulate these emissions from cars. | | eight - hour ozone standards | | on april 30, 2004, the environmental protection agency released final rules to control smog. unfortunately, the rules fall well short of what public health and the law require. an earthjustice suit is pending in federal court. | | power plant threat in yellowstone | | the government blessed a new coal - fired power plant planned for central montana that would pollute the air over yellowstone and other clean - air places despite objections from the national park service and the fish and wildlife service. earthjustice challenged the plant in court, the government withdrew the approval, and the case was dismissed. | | wolverines : legal protection needed | | the wolverine is generally intolerant of human disturbance in its habitat. its presence in a area signifies untrammeled, uncompromised wilderness. this lawsuit asked a federal court to overturn the u. s. fish and wildlife service ' s refusal to consider new legal protections for the wolverine. in october 2006, a federal judged ruled that the fws wrongly rejected scientific information regarding the wolverine that " shows a dramatic loss in range, the tangible decrease in population with the commensurate threat of genetic isolation of subpopulations, and the threat posed by human encroachment on wolverines. " tens of thousands of communication towers dot landscapes across the country. in texas alone, there are over 10, 000 of these towers ; the fcc receives approximately 20 - 25 new applications for tower construction each month. these towers pose a significant threat to endangered bird species, especially migratory birds. this filing sought to compel the fcc to revise its rulemaking and consider the impacts within an environmental impact study that a new tower may pose. in february 2008, a federal appeals


pose a significant threat to endangered bird species, especially migratory birds. this filing sought to compel the fcc to revise its rulemaking and consider the impacts within an environmental impact study that a new tower may pose. in february 2008, a federal appeals court ruled that the fcc did not follow the law to carefully consider the possible adverse effects to migratory birds when it issues permits for towers. otero mesa is a desert grassland in new mexico that provides habitat for several federally protected species. conservationists and the state of new mexico want to protect the most sensitive areas, while the bush administration wanted to throw it all open to oil and gas development. on april 28, 2009, the 10th circuit court of appeals issued a decision invalidating the bush administration drilling plan for otero mesa. | air toxics : enforcing deadlines | | lawsuits to compel epa to create overdue regulations to control air toxic emissions and protect public health | | air toxics : challenging weak standards | | earthjustice has filed several suits to force epa to establish more effective regulations for key industrial categories | | appeals reform act | | the bush administration has put forward new regulations that would eliminate the right of ordinary citizens to participate in the management of their nation ' s forests. earthjustice has challenged the regulations in court. | | pesticide impacts on salmon & steelhead | | back to court to force epa to abide by court order. | | coastal cutthroat listing | | cutthroat trout that live in coastal rivers in the pacific northwest and california have declined sharply owing primarily to habitat destruction, but the fish and wildlife service refuses to protect them. a lawsuit aims to rectify that dire situation. | | columbia river hydropower reform | | a combination of dams, diversions, pollution, and other factors has reduced the populations of wild salmon in the watershed of the columbia to a tiny fraction of their historic size. earthjustice is involved in several lawsuits aimed at restoring the salmon and making the river more hospitable to them. | | smog in the nation ' s capital | | the environmental protection agency has repeatedly approved inadequate plans to impove air quality in the nation ' s capital and earthjustice has repeatedly filed suit to force the agency to obey the law. the agency - - and the city - - are stubborn, however, and the case goes on. | | nfma rule challenge | | a 1976 law requires the forest service to protect wildlife on the national forests and allow citizens to participate in management decisions. the bush


- plastics production produces 14 percent of toxic air emissions in the u. s., and each plant emits an average of 300 - 500 gallons of contaminated wastewater per minute. ( it ’ s easy being green book ) - 100 million plastic bottles dumped in us every year. each bottle will take over 1, 000 years to biodegrade. ( sigg ) - bpa ( a plastic hardening agent prevalent in bottles, cups and lined tin cans ) is so prevalent in food packaging and other consumer items that prior research has detected its presence in at least 90 % of americans. a group of 20 san francisco residents had 66 % less bpa in their urine after three days on a diet of fresh, organic and unpackaged food, scientists found. ( silent spring institute ) - 500 billion plastic bags or wraps are thrown away in america each year and are created with 12 million barrels of oil. ( droptheplasticbag. org ) find out the facts about plastic for yourself with these resources ; plastic disclosure is a great website that offers facts and information about the harmful effects of plastic. greenbiz released this article a few weeks ago about the plastic use in corporations. new york times released this article on the issue of plastic and waste if you want a more lighthearted approach, view the movie bag it, that was released early in 2011. it discusses all the issues with plastic. for a review, go to this blog entry.


these collections contain over 80, 000 rare books, magazines and government publications from the 1600s to the 1940s. this rare collection of documentary heritage will be of interest to scholars, genealogists, history buffs and anyone who enjoys reading about canada ' s early days. the early canadiana online collection of rare books, magazines and government publications has over 80, 000 titles ( 3, 500, 000 pages ) and is growing. the collection includes material published from the time of the first european settlers to the first four decades of the 20th century. you will find books written in 21 languages including french, english, 10 first nations languages and several european languages, latin and greek. the early canadian periodicals collection includes over 1, 000 magazines, totaling over 65, 000 issues. it covers a wide range of topics such as political satire, agriculture, religion, medicine and health, as well as many men ’ s, women ’ s and children ’ s popular magazines. this collection even includes the first magazine ever published in canada, the nova scotia magazine ( 1789 - 1792 ). it offers a remarkable record of the development of thought and opinion on diverse issues of the nation in its formative years. many of canada ' s initial prominent poets, novelists, scientists and great minds were first known through their works published in these magazines. they give an entertaining window into society and individual lives of the early canadians with their stories, articles, advertisements, cartoons, drawings and photographs. browse this collection » this online collection consists of 60 publications focused on the lives of the early governors general of canada. browse this collection » the early official publications collection includes over 1. 5 million digitized pages of historical pre - 1901 colonial and federal government documents. this collection includes government acts, bills, committee reports, court rules, debates, journals, ordinances, a selection of official publications from france and great britain, sessional papers, regulations, royal commission reports, and treaties. browse this collection » this collection of 875 works includes fiction, drama, songs, and poetry, as well as biography, travel literature and exploration accounts. it is comprised of books published from 1697 to 1900, and from a variety of countries ( canada, united kingdom, united states, switzerland ). browse this collection » this collection of periodicals and books relates to the field of health and medicine and covers almost 100 years of medical thought, news, practice and research in canada. here you will find writings on : public health, human anatomy, promotion of health, pharmacology, diet


and books relates to the field of health and medicine and covers almost 100 years of medical thought, news, practice and research in canada. here you will find writings on : public health, human anatomy, promotion of health, pharmacology, diet, physical fitness, dentistry, surgery, obstetrics, childbirth, pediatrics, etc. browse this collection » the 732 french language books in this collection relate to the history of french settlement and french culture in canada. in the collection are books published from 1575 to the early 20th century, and from a variety of countries ( canada, france, united kingdom, netherlands ). topics covered include : the discovery and exploration of canada ; religious works, including those of the jesuits ; history of acadia ; first nations settlements ; scholarly writings on the french language ; french canadian songs and poems ; education ; biographies ; geography ; politics ; law ; social life and customs ; commerce, and natural resources. browse this collection » the hudson ' s bay company ( hbc ) collection consists of 160 titles ( 20, 000 pages ) that detail the rich history of one of the oldest and still active companies in the world. browse this collection » the jesuit relations is a 73 - volume set of books ( 22, 500 pages ) in the original italian, latin and french with commentary and translation into english by reuben thwaites ( 1853 - 1913 ). most of the relations are annual missionary reports written between 1632 and 1678 by the jesuits in new france for their superiors in france. through their relations, the jesuits provide details of colonial life during the french regime in canada. browse this collection » this collection of 900 titles relating to canada ’ s early first nations peoples was published from 1558 to 1900 in a variety of countries ( canada, germany, switzerland, united kingdom, united states ) and in a variety of languages ( e. g. micmac, iroquois, mohawk, chipewyan, nootka, chinook, ojibwa ). here you will find writings on : customs, folklore, spirituality, history, languages, treaties, battles, biographies, relations with the government, cultural assimilation, education, etc. browse this collection » this collection of 683 titles consists of the early published writings of canadian women authors, as well as canadian publications written about women or " women ' s issues ". the collection covers many genres, including memoirs, diaries and collected letters, drama, exploration and travelers ' accounts, printed ephemera, political pamphlets, and much more.


people and other living beings depend on natural resources for food, shelter, and protection, as well as for generating energy and all the products we manufacture. with current consumption patterns, people are using these resources at an unsustainable rate. many resources are at risk of becoming depleted. the u. s. has about 5 percent of the world ' s population, but accounts for about 40 percent of the world ' s resources consumption ( u. n. human development report ). if everyone lived like the average north american, the combined " ecological footprint " — the land and resources needed to support humanity — would be at least five earths. developed nations have by far the biggest global impact, but developing nations also experience strain on local environments and their limited resources. fossil fuels, groundwater, forests, minerals, cropland soils, marine fisheries, and other natural resources are being depleted much more quickly than they can be replenished. resources are also under pressure for other reasons, such as climate change leading to the melting of the himalayan glaciers that are the source of major asian rivers. as resources dwindle, the likelihood of resource wars increases ( shah, " human population " ). we are living well beyond the earth ' s carrying capacity, a measure of the number of people and the kinds of activities that the environment can sustain indefinitely. overconsumption — taking more than than the earth can provide — is threatening sustainability. schooling for sustainability includes everything from learning from the school ' s efforts to conserve resources to studying the global patterns that tax the planet ' s capacity. references cited in this article may be found in " references " in the resources page of our website.


- emergency contacts - current weather conditions - iwatch suspicious activity reporting - la emergencies and threats - hazards awareness map - monthly bulletin - publications and references - get prepared - just for kids - en espanol - partners in preparedness - homeland security - emergency plans and annexes - training and exercises - family readiness - community readiness - neighborhood disaster planning - business readiness - hazard mitigation la emergencies and threats los angeles is prone to 13 of 16 possible federally - identified natural and man - made threats. los angeles is particularly vulnerable to the destructive affects wildfires, flooding, mudslides and earthquakes. because of the many threats that los angeles faces, the importance of readiness as a city and for residents cannot be overstated. part of disaster preparedness is being aware of the kinds of hazards and disasters you might be subject to living in as a los angeles resident. here ’ s a list. back to top the federal emergency management agency places california in the “ very high risk ” category for earthquakes. in fact, california experiences the most frequent damaging earthquakes ; however, alaska experiences the greatest number of large earthquakes — most of which are located in uninhabited areas. the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ) is the leading agency that provides the public and policymakers with a clear understanding of natural hazards and provides comprehensive real - time earthquake monitoring. the many fault systems running throughout the los angeles area can lead to earthquakes of all types and sizes. many of the buildings have been retrofitted to withstand severe shaking, but you could still face many hazards and dangers. • southern california has about 10, 000 earthquakes each year, though most are so small that they are never felt. • large earthquakes create an aftershock sequence that can produce additional earthquakes for many months. • earthquakes can occur in cold, hot, rainy or dry weather ; there is no such thing as “ earthquake weather. ” • the san andreas fault zone stretches for 800 miles. • most earthquakes occur less than 50 miles below the earth ’ s surface. • only four states - florida, iowa, north dakota and wisconsin - have not had earthquakes in the past 30 years. back to top fire is extremely powerful. in less than 30 seconds, small flames can race out of control, with temperatures reaching 600 degrees. the heat and poisonous gases from fires can be more deadly than the flames. here in the los angeles area, wildfires, as well as residential or structural fires, are part of our everyday lives. that ’ s why it ’ s important to have a familiar plan, in


from fires can be more deadly than the flames. here in the los angeles area, wildfires, as well as residential or structural fires, are part of our everyday lives. that ’ s why it ’ s important to have a familiar plan, in case a fire should occur. residential fires are the third - leading cause of accidental death in the home, with yearly property losses reaching billions of dollars. cooking, careless smoking, arson and faulty heating are often the cause of fires in the home. many fire - related deaths and damages are avoidable with a proper smoke alarm system or residential sprinklers. check the smoke alarms in your home every few months to make sure they are working properly. one of the most important functions for the los angeles fire department ( lafd ) is fire prevention. this includes both enforcement and education programs. lafd inspectors work with homeowners and business executives to ensure that the lafd fire code is followed. these programs have a proven track record relative to reducing the losses from fire. unpredictable wind conditions in los angeles can cause dense brush and dry hillsides and canyons. these areas are prone to bursting quickly into flames, starting deadly wildfires that are also known as brush fires. these fires can move at incredible speeds and their heat can quickly rise to thousands of degrees. one of the best ways to keep these fires a safe distance from your home is to make sure that nearby brush is cleared away, according to city and county regulations. all homes should be equipped with properly maintained smoke detectors and a fire extinguisher that you have been trained to use. • each year, fire kills more americans than all other natural disasters combined. • careless smoking is the leading cause of fire - related deaths. • cooking is the major cause of home fires in the u. s. • about 2 million fires are reported each year, though thousands more go unreported. • wildfires are most common in the summer, fall and during droughts when branches, leaves and other materials dry out, leaving them susceptible to earily catching fire. severe weather and flooding | back to top los angeles is a semi - desert area of mountains, canyons, ravines and vast basins. this can create problems when major thunderstorms, high winds and other bad weather strike. flooding can quickly occur in the mountain passes and valleys, and mudslides are common on hillsides with very little vegetation. southern california ’ s dry rivers, creek beds and deep slot canyons can be especially dangerous for those caught


bad weather strike. flooding can quickly occur in the mountain passes and valleys, and mudslides are common on hillsides with very little vegetation. southern california ’ s dry rivers, creek beds and deep slot canyons can be especially dangerous for those caught by a rapidly moving flash flood. • floods can occur at any time, though many happen after heavy spring rains, tropical storms and the melting of winter snow. • just six inches of rapidly moving flood water can knock a person down. • it only takes two feet of water to float a large vehicle. • floods can be slow or fast rising but most develop over a period of days. • mudslides can easily travel faster than 10 miles per hour • flash floods can turn a calm landscape into a raging river in a matter of minutes. • most flash floods are caused by slow - moving thunderstorms, hurricanes or tropical storms, but also by dam or levee failures. • flash floods can move boulders, rip out trees, knock down bridges and destroy buildings. • walls of water, often filled with debris, can reach up to 20 feet. • if you receive a warning or are caught in a flash flood, move immediately to higher ground. | back to top the blazing sun can become incredibly hot in los angeles, especially during summer days. even indoors, temperatures can be just as uncomfortable if you don ' t have air conditioning or strong fans blowing cool air. for most of us, it ’ s unpleasant. for others, it can be deadly. • approximately 400 people die in the u. s. each year from weather - related heat, and many more die from health conditions made worse by the rising temperatures. • those at greatest risk for heat - related illness include infants and small children, the elderly, people who are overweight and those who take certain medications. • during hot weather, people should drink a lot of liquid – up to four 16 - ounce glasses per hour if exercising in the heat. • drinking alcoholic beverages in unusually hot weather can lead to heat - related illnesses. | back to top heavy snowfall and extreme cold can immobilize an entire region. even areas that normally experience mild winters can be hit with a major snowstorm or freezing temperatures. winter storms can result in flooding, storm surge, closed highways, blocked roads and downed power lines. weather of this nature can also cause hypothermia. while southern california is usually warm and sunny, temperatures in our nearby mountains and even the deserts can drop dramatically. without proper heating, some homes within the


blocked roads and downed power lines. weather of this nature can also cause hypothermia. while southern california is usually warm and sunny, temperatures in our nearby mountains and even the deserts can drop dramatically. without proper heating, some homes within the city can become dangerously cold in the winter, especially for the ill and elderly. when it comes to cold weather, below are some quick facts that will keep you informed and prepared : • extreme cold can cause the body ’ s temperature to lower dramatically, causing hypothermia and even death. stay warm with extra clothing and blankets. • space heaters can cause fires during winter and should be kept at least three feet from drapes and furniture. • areas with the mildest winters normally have higher death rates from cold than those with colder winters, primarily because people do not prepare properly and they have poor information. | back to top general erosion, heavy rains and other factors help to cause landslides. most common during severe storms, earthquakes, volcanoes and wildfires, landslides can cause injury or even death. debris and mud flows, ( which are rivers of rock, earth and other debris saturated with water ) can occur following heavy rain. they develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground, during heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt, changing the earth into a flowing river of mud or “ slurry, ” a thick fluid that often results from such conditions. they can flow rapidly, striking with little or no warning at avalanche speeds. the ground moves very quickly during a landslide. even if it ’ s not directly underneath or above you, it can quickly affect any area close by. they also can travel several miles from their source, growing in size as they pick up trees, boulders, cars, and other materials. • landslides occur in all 50 states of the u. s., though the most common areas are those with mountainous terrain such as california. • landslides in this country result in costs of more than $ 4 billion annually. • between 25 and 50 people are killed by landslides in the u. s. each year. • landslides cause tremendous damage to the natural environment and also impact agricultural productivity. • one of southern california ’ s best - known landslides in recent history occurred on march 4, 1995, in la conchita, california, along the ventura county coast. • landslides can be activated by human factors such as deforestation ( removal of trees and vegetations ), poor irrigation, water leakage from utilities, mining activities, improper excavation


in la conchita, california, along the ventura county coast. • landslides can be activated by human factors such as deforestation ( removal of trees and vegetations ), poor irrigation, water leakage from utilities, mining activities, improper excavation of a slope and hillside construction, among others. | back to top hurricanes are powerful tropical storms that form in the southern atlantic ocean, caribbean sea, gulf of mexico and the eastern pacific ocean. they carry high winds and heavy rain that can be dangerous. powered by heat from the sea, they are steered erratically by the easterly trade winds and the temperate westerly winds, as well as by their own energy. as they move ashore, they bring with them a storm surge of ocean water along the coastline, high winds, tornadoes, torrential rains and flooding. many of these remain over the ocean with little or no impact on the continental united states. however, about five hurricanes strike the united states coastline every three years. of these five, two will be major hurricanes measuring a category 3 or higher ( defined as having winds above 111 miles per hour ) on the saffir - simpson scale. these storms can end up costing our nation millions, if not billions, of dollars in damages. it is important to follow the course of the storm to know whether to evacuate or remain inside to wait for it to pass. here are a few facts you should know. • hurricanes feature severe winds of at least 74 miles per hour, usually accompanied by heavy rains. this powerful combination can damage buildings, trees and cars. • a hurricane can extend for hundreds of miles across, from end to end. • the official hurricane season runs from june 1 to nov. 30, but these storms can occur at any time of the year. • when a hurricane hits land, its wind speed usually weakens, but the resulting storm surge can raise ocean levels by several feet. • the worst hurricane in u. s. history roared across galveston island, tx., on september 8, 1900, killing 8, 000 people. | back to top a tornado can destroy an entire neighborhood in a matter of seconds. its spinning, funnel - shaped cloud extends up from the ground with winds that can flatten houses, commercial buildings and telephone lines. while tornados are most like to occur in southern states, they can occur in california. the last reported tornado to hit california occurred in 2004 in inglewood, ca. it ripped off a roof, snapped trees and damaged vehicles. • whirling tornado winds can reach 300 miles


to occur in southern states, they can occur in california. the last reported tornado to hit california occurred in 2004 in inglewood, ca. it ripped off a roof, snapped trees and damaged vehicles. • whirling tornado winds can reach 300 miles per hour. • the storm ’ s path of damage can extend one mile wide and up to 50 miles long. • tornados normally appear near the trailing edge of a thunderstorm, so it is not unusual to see clear blue skies behind a tornado. • tornados known as waterspouts can form over large bodies of water. • peak tornado season is from march through may in the southern states, and from late spring to early summer in the northern states. | back to top tsunamis ( pronounced soo - na - mees ), also known as seismic sea waves ( mistakenly called “ tidal waves ” ), are a series of enormous waves created by an underwater disturbance such as an earthquake, landslide, volcanic eruption or meteorite. a tsunami can move hundreds of miles per hour in the open ocean and smash into land with waves as high as 100 feet or more. those that strike in the pacific ocean basin are normally caused by large earthquakes. drowning is the most common cause of death associated with a tsunami. though tsunamis are rare in our region, they can be extremely deadly. while we have not had a tsunami in los angeles, a tsunami warning was issued for the coastline beaches in 2009 following the samoan earthquake, in 2010 following the chilean earthquake and in 2011 following the earthquake in japan. • a tsunami includes a series of waves, sometimes increasing in size. • tsunamis can move at a very fast rate of speed. • sometimes a tsunami causes water near the shore to recede initially, exposing the ocean floor. • tsunami wave activity can move boats and other large debris hundreds of feet inland and demolish houses. • tsunami danger can last for several hours after the first wave hits. • the indian ocean tsunami in 2004 killed more than 150, 000 people and left millions homeless. | back to top terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the united states. the purpose of these acts are typically intimidation, coercion or ransom. terrorists often use threats to : • create fear among the public • try to convince citizens that their government is powerless to prevent the violence • get immediate publicity for their causes acts of terrorism can manifest themselves in the form of assassinations, kidnappings, hijackings, bomb scares and bombings, cyber attacks


the public • try to convince citizens that their government is powerless to prevent the violence • get immediate publicity for their causes acts of terrorism can manifest themselves in the form of assassinations, kidnappings, hijackings, bomb scares and bombings, cyber attacks ( computer - based crimes ), the use of chemical, biological, nuclear and radiological weapons and threats of terrorism itself. effective april 2011, the national terrorism advisory system ( ntas ), replaced the color - coded homeland security advisory system ( hsas ). this new system will more effectively communicate information about terrorist threats by providing timely, detailed information to the public, government agencies, first responders, the private sector and airports and other transportation hubs. the ntas recognizes that americans all share responsibility for the nation ' s security, and should always be aware of the heightened risk of a terrorist attack in the united states and what they should do. the new alert system starts with the premise that the u. s. is at an elevated risk for attack. if intelligence officials determine that the threat rises above that baseline, the public will be notified that there is an elevated risk of attack using facebook, twitter or through email subscriber alerts. register for alerts and get more information about how this new system will operate at www. dhs. gov / files / programs / ntas. shtm. there you will also find : • ntas public guide • ntas frequently asked questions • sample ntas alert | back to top cybercrime is committed against network communications devices such as the internet, a telephone line or mobile network. these hackers and spammers use computer viruses and other elaborate tactics that affect everything from personal computers to huge corporate and government network systems. cybercrime is a criminal activity committed on the internet. this is a broad term that describes everything from electronic hacking to computer attacks that cause electronic commerce sites to lose money. cybercrimes can be basically divided into three major categories : 1. cybercrimes against persons : these include various crimes such as the transmission of child - pornography and the harassment of an individual with the use of a computer, such as via email. the trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography and indecent exposure, constitutes one of the most important cybercrimes known today 2. cybercrimes against property : crimes include computer vandalism and the transmission of harmful programs. 3. cybercrimes against government : these are crimes committed by individuals and groups to threaten international governments and


cybercrimes known today 2. cybercrimes against property : crimes include computer vandalism and the transmission of harmful programs. 3. cybercrimes against government : these are crimes committed by individuals and groups to threaten international governments and subsiquently terrorize the citizens of a country. this crime manifests itself into terrorism when an individual breaks into a government or military - maintained website. | back to t public health threats are events and disasters that spread in communities through the air, water supply and food chain and can also spread following human and animal contact. public health threats are caused by disease outbreaks, natural disasters, hazardous accidents and terrorist attacks. there are also many things in our environment that can be harmful such as chemicals, fumes, viruses and bacteria. however, when these substances reach a threshold considered unsafe, they become urgent public health threats. in these cases, the los angeles county department of public health will issue an advisory instructing residents of steps and precautions they can take to protect their health and safety. visit their site at www. publichealth. lacounty. gov. | back to top hazardous materials can be found in our homes, stores, hospitals and gas stations. they are routinely transported by trucks on local streets and highways. consequently, there is always the possibility of an accident occuring. when accidents or small hazardous spills occur on our highways, these incidents can cause the public traffic delays. in the event of a major spill resulting in a chemical emergency, authorities will instruct you on the best course of action. be sure to listen to media reports for instructions. when incidents occur in the home, seek medical attention as soon as possible. the los angeles county department of public health has a poison control hotline at ( 800 ) 222 - 1222 if you have specific questions about hazardous substances in the home.


a - level english / wise children / past paper questions past paper questions on wise children ( aqa ) short questions - examine the ways carter uses ideas about time, youth and age in the novel. - explore carter ' s use of shakespeare in the novel - what purpose does peregrine serve in the novel? - who do you consider to be wise children?. - consider the presentation and importance of shakespeare in ' wise children. - consider the importance of melchior and the way in which carter presents this character. - explore the way carter uses the theme of fathers and daughters in the novel. - how appropriate do you find this extract as the opening of the novel? you should consider the subject matter and style. - examine the ways carter presents the theme of what of what dora calls the “ wrong side of the tracks ”. - consider the importance and presentation of perry in the novel. - examine carter ’ s use of doubles in the novel. - examine how carter presents parents and children in the novel - explore the ways in which the theme of illusion is presented in wise children longer, quotation - based questions - using the following extract as a starting point, consider the ways carter presents the characters of lady atalanta, imogen and saskia. all in good time i shall reveal to you how it has come to pass that we inherited, in her dotage and, come to that, in ours, the first wife of our illegitimate father. suffice to say that nobody else would have her. least of all her own two daughters. bloody cows. ' the lovely hazard girls ', they used to call them. huh. lovely is as lovely does ; if they looked like what they behave like, they ' d frighten little children. we ' ve been storing wheelchair in the basement for well - nigh thirty years. we ' ve got quite attached to her. earlier on, nora used to take her out shopping, give her some fresh air and that, until she nearly starts a riot, she says to the bloke at the salad stall : ' have you got anything in the shape of a cucumber, my good fellow? ' after that, we had to keep her home for her own sake. sometimes she goes on a bit, on and on, on and on and bloody on, in fact, worrying away at how melchior took the best years of her life then deserted her for a hollywood harlot - his number two bride - and how the ' lovely hazard girls ' did her


, on and on and bloody on, in fact, worrying away at how melchior took the best years of her life then deserted her for a hollywood harlot - his number two bride - and how the ' lovely hazard girls ' did her out of all her money and how she fell downstairs and can never walk again and on and on and on and on until you want to throw a blanket over her, like you do to shut up a parrot. but there ' s not a scrap of harm in her and, besides, we owe her one from way back. - using the following extract as a starting point, consider carter ' s presentation of family conflicts and disappointments in the novel. he watched expectantly as they tore off the wrappings. the boxes were of metal, it turned out, with little holes drilled in the top. curiouser and curiouser. imogen got hers open first, peered in, then gave a little scream and dropped it. saskia looked at hers and said : ' good god! ' inside each box was a little nest of leaves and, inside the nest, a caterpillar. ' named after you, ' said peregrine. ' saskia hazard. imogen hazard. two of the most beautiful butterflies in all the rainforest. you ' ll go down in all the textbooks. as long as people love butterflies, your names will be on their lips, you ' ll have a kind of beautiful eternity. they are rare species, just like you both. ' saskia and imogen stared blankly at their boxes. no doubt they ' d hoped for a little oil well each. ' is that all? ' said imogen. she poked the caterpillar with her fork. it did not stir. ' i think mine ' s dead, ' she said. saskia snapped her box shut and dropped it on the table. ' thanks a lot, ' she said, with heavy irony. - how typical is this extract of dora ' s reaction to her experiences throughout the novel? and my heart stood still, i was seventeen again, i was a virgin powdering my nose with beating heart, for there was lilac, lilac everywhere. in bowls in jars in cornucopias. white lilac, the evening ' s floral theme. i was all misty because of the smell of lilac as we processed in the long line towards where our father was receiving in an alcove, seated on a sort of throne. he wasn ’ t wearing a monkey suit or tails unlike


theme. i was all misty because of the smell of lilac as we processed in the long line towards where our father was receiving in an alcove, seated on a sort of throne. he wasn ’ t wearing a monkey suit or tails unlike most of his gusts, but had on a rather majestic and heavily embroidered purple caftan. i thought, colostomy ; but that caftan made a lovely contrast to his longish, pewter coloured hair, still thick and heavy. there were rings on his fingers, like a king, or a pope, and a big gold medallion around his neck. he looked regal but festive. my heart gave a thump and the beat started to speed up. we waited patiently in line to wish him ' happy birthday ', standing in line between a theatrical knight and a tv presenter who babbled insanities at one another across us which pissed us off, but we decided to tolerate the invisibility of old ladies - note that, even dressed up like four penny ham - bones, our age and gender still rendered us invisible - because it was special occasion, although as a general rule, we debate invisibility hotly. i snatched at the champagne a couple of times as it waltzed past i was bloody nervous, i can tell you. - using the following extract as a starting point, consider the ways in which carter uses grandma chance and kitty in the novel. nine months later, her heart gave out when we were born. apart from that i don ' t know anything about her. we don ' t even know what she looked like, there isn ' t a picture. she was called kitty, like a little stray cat. fatherless, motherless. perhaps mrs. chance ' s house was even a haven to her, in spite of the stairs - she must have run up and down the stairs twenty times a day, thirty times a day. and the grates to be leaded, the front steps to be scoured. not that mrs chance was what the french called exigeante. she didn ’ t run the fanciest boarding house in brixton, it barely managed to cling to respectability by the skin of its teeth, and you could have said the same of her. there were boston ferns, in green glazed pots, on stands, and turkey rugs, but the whole place never looked plausible. it looked like the staged set of a theatrical boarding house, as if grandma had done it up to suit a role she ’ d chosen on


, in green glazed pots, on stands, and turkey rugs, but the whole place never looked plausible. it looked like the staged set of a theatrical boarding house, as if grandma had done it up to suit a role she ’ d chosen on purpose. she was a mystery was mrs. chance. - the following is the ending of wise children. how appropriate do you find it as the conclusion to the novel? the window on the second - floor front window of 41 bard road went up, a head came out. dreadlocks. that rastafarian. ‘ you two, again, ’ he said. ‘ have a heart! ’ we said. ‘ we ’ ve got something to celebrate, tonight! ’ ‘ well, you just watch it, in case a squad car comes by, ’ he said. ‘ drunk in charge of a baby carriage at your age. ’ we ’ d got so many songs to sing to our babies, all the old songs, that we didn ’ t pay him any attention. ‘ gee, we ’ d like to see you looking swell, babies! ’ and the hazard theme song, ‘ is you is or is you ain ’ t ’. then there were songs from the show that nobody else remembers. ‘ 2b or not 2b ’, ‘ hey nonny bloody no ’, ‘ mistress mine ’, and broadway tunes and paper moons, and lilacs in the spring, again. we went on dancing and singing. ‘ diamond bracelets woolworths doesn ’ t sell. ’ besides it was our birthday wasn ’ t it, we ’ d got to sing the silly song about charlie chaplin and his comedy boots all the kinds were singing and dancing in the street the day we were born. there was singing and dancing all along bard road that day and we ’ ll go on singing and dancing until we drop in our tracks, won ’ t we kids? what a joy it is to dance and sing. - the following extract is taken from the novel after the fire in melchior ’ s house when he believes his father ’ s paper crown is lost. using the passage as a starting point, explore how the writer uses the idea of a ‘ flimsy bit of make - believe ’ through the novel. ‘ my crown, my foolish crown, my paper crown of a king of shreds and patches, ’ he lamented. ‘ the crown my father wore as lear – to have survived so many deaths, so much heartbreak, so many travels … and now, gone


my foolish crown, my paper crown of a king of shreds and patches, ’ he lamented. ‘ the crown my father wore as lear – to have survived so many deaths, so much heartbreak, so many travels … and now, gone up in smoke! oh, my dear girl, we mummers are such simple folk... superstitious as little children. the fire was welcome to take everything, the frills and furbelows, the toys and the gewgaws, the oil paintings, the cloisonne, the elizabethan oak.... but, oh, my crown! that cardboard crown, with the gold paint peeling off. do you know, can you guess, my dear, how much it meant to me? more than wealth, or fame, or women, or children... ’ i ’ d better believe that, what he said about children. i was amazed to see him so much moved, and on account of what? a flimsy piece of make - believe. a nothing. ‘ what shall i do without my crown? othello ’ s occupation gone! ’ - remind yourself of the following extract which describes the set of the film of a midsummer night ’ s dream. using the extract below as a starting point, consider the importance of the film - making episode in the novel. the wood near athens covered an entire stage and was so thickly art - directed it came up all black in the rushes, couldn ’ t see a thing, so they spayed it in parts with silver paint to lighten it up. the concept of this wood was scaled down to fit the size of fairy folk, so it was all twice as large as life. larger. daisies as big as your head and as white as spook, foxgloves as tall as the tower of pisa that chimed like bells if shook. gnarled, fissured tree - trunks ; sprays of enormous leaves – oak, ash, thorn, like parasols, or gilder planes, or awnings. bindweed in streamers and conkers, deposited at intervals in heaps on the ground. yes, conkers. all spikes. and rolling around at random underfoot, or stuck on buds, or hanging in mid - air as if they ’ d just rolled off a wild rose or out of a cowslip, imitation dewdrops, that is, big faux pearls, suspended on threads. and clockwork birds as well – thrushes


or hanging in mid - air as if they ’ d just rolled off a wild rose or out of a cowslip, imitation dewdrops, that is, big faux pearls, suspended on threads. and clockwork birds as well – thrushes finches, sparrows, larks – that lifted up their wings and lowered their heads and sang out soprano, mezzo, contralto, joining in the fairy songs. - using the following extract as a starting point, consider how carter presents melchoir in the novel. and my heart stood still, i was seventeen again, i was a virgin powdering my nose with beating heart, for there was lilac, lilac everywhere. in bowls in jars in cornucopias. white lilac, the evening ' s floral theme. i was all misty because of the smell of lilac as we processed in the long line towards where our father was receiving in an alcove, seated on a sort of throne. he wasn ’ t wearing a monkey suit or tails unlike most of his gusts, but had on a rather majestic and heavily embroidered purple caftan. i thought, colostomy ; but that caftan made a lovely contrast to his longish, pewter coloured hair, still thick and heavy. there were rings on his fingers, like a king, or a pope, and a big gold medallion around his neck. he looked regal but festive. my heart gave a thump and the beat started to speed up.


| part of a series on | the nyaya sutras are an ancient indian text on of philosophy composed by aksapada gautama ( also gotama ; c. 2nd century bce ). the sutras contain five chapters, each with two sections. the core of the text dates to roughly the 2nd century bce, although there are significant later interpolations. the nyaya is sometimes called tarka - vidya or the science of debate, vada - vidya or the science of discussion. tarka is the special feature of the nyaya. thus some of its features and categories are better understood from that perspective. gotama is sometimes given the honorific titles " aksapada " ( probably in the sense " having his eyes fixed in abstraction on his feet " ) and " dirghatapas " ( " performing long penance " ). he is also sometimes accorded the religious titles " rsi " or " maharsi ". in the nyaya sutras gotama developed and extended the vaisesika epistemological and metaphysical system through 528 aphorisms. later commentaries expanded, expounded, and critically discussed gotama ' s work, the first being by vatsyayana ( c. 450 – 500 ce ), followed by the nyayavarttika of uddyotakara ( c. 6th – 7th century ), vacaspati misra ' s tatparyatika ( 9th century ), udayana ' s tatparyaparisuddhi ( 10th century ), and jayanta ' s nyayamanjari ( 10th century ). purpose of the nyaya sutras " gautama rsi, in his nyaya sutras, proposes that one can attain liberation by negating both illusion and unhappiness : duhkha - janma - pravrtti - dosa - mithya - jnananam uttarottarapaye tad - anantarabhavad apavargah. " by successively dispelling false conceptions, bad character, entangling action, rebirth and misery - - the disappearance of one of these allowing the disappearance of the next - - one can achieve final liberation. " ( nyaya sutra 1. 1. 2 ) but since nyaya philosophers believe that awareness is not an essential quality of the soul, they teach that a liberated soul has no consciousness. the nyaya idea of liberation thus puts the soul in the condition of a dead stone. this attempt by the ny


but since nyaya philosophers believe that awareness is not an essential quality of the soul, they teach that a liberated soul has no consciousness. the nyaya idea of liberation thus puts the soul in the condition of a dead stone. this attempt by the nyaya philosophers to kill the soul ' s innate consciousness is here called sato mrtim by the personified vedas. but the vedanta - sutra ( 2. 3. 17 ) unequivocally states, jno ' ta eva : " the jiva soul is always a knower. " in the opening sutra of the nyaya sutra, it was claimed that the ultimate purpose of it is the attainment of liberation ( nihsreyasa ), attained by knowledge of the sixteen categories ( padartha ), which are : - means of valid knowledge ( pramana ) ; - objects of valid knowledge ( prameya ) ; - doubt ( samsaya ) ; - purpose ( prayojana ) ; - example ( drstanta ) ; - conclusion ( siddhanta ) ; - the constituents of a syllogism ( avayava ) ; - argumentation ( tarka ) ; - ascertainment ( nirnaya ) ; - debate ( vada ) ; - disputations ( jalpa ) ; - destructive criticism ( vitanda ) ; - fallacy ( hetvabhasa ) ; - quibble ( chala ) ; - refutations ( jati ) ; and - points of the opponent ' s defeat ( nigrahasthana ). means of attaining valid knowledge according to the nyaya sutras, there are four means of attaining valid knowledge : perception, inference, comparison, and verbal testimony. the sutra ultimates implicitly develop a theory of causation. cause and effect should be homogeneous in nature, and yet the effect is a new beginning and was not already contained in the cause. the buddhist thesis that all things are negative in nature ( inasmuch as a thing ' s nature is constituted by its differences from others ) is rejected, as is the view that all things are eternal or that all things are noneternal. both these latter views are untrue to experience. thus, the resulting metaphysics admits two kinds of entities : eternal and noneternal. the whole is a new entity over and above the parts that constitute it. also, the idea that god is the material cause of the universe is rejected. god is viewed as the efficient cause, and human deeds produce


: eternal and noneternal. the whole is a new entity over and above the parts that constitute it. also, the idea that god is the material cause of the universe is rejected. god is viewed as the efficient cause, and human deeds produce their results under the control and cooperation of god. the five part syllogism the nyaya sutra supports a five - part syllogism, widely followed in the indian tradition : - this hill is fiery ( pratijna : a statement of that which is to be proved ). - because it is smoky ( hetu : statement of reason ). - whatever is smoky is fiery, as is a kitchen ( udaharana : statement of a general rule supported by an example ). - so is this hill ( upanaya : application of the rule of this case ). - therefore this hill is fiery ( nigamana : drawing the conclusion ). the characteristic feature of the nyaya syllogism is its insistence on the example, which suggests that the nyaya logician wanted to be assured not only of formal validity but also of material truth. types of logical error five kinds of fallacious " middle " ( hetu ) are distinguished : - the inconclusive ( savyabhicara ), which leads to more conclusions than one ; - the contradictory ( viruddha ), which opposes that which is to be established ; - the controversial ( prakaranasama ), which provokes the very question that it is meant to settle ; - the counterquestioned ( sadhyasama ), which itself is unproved ; and - the mistimed ( kalatita ), which is adduced " when the time in which it might hold good does not apply ". - nandalal sinha, mahamahopadhyaya satisa chandra vidyabhusana, the nyaya sutras of gotama, the sacred books of the hindus, 1930 ; motilal banarsidass, 1990 reprint, isbn 978 - 81 - 208 - 0748 - 8 ; munshiram manoharlal reprint, 2003, isbn 978 - 81 - 215 - 1096 - 7. - ganganatha jha, nyaya - sutras of gautama ( 4 vols. ), motilal banarsidass, 1999 reprint, isbn 978 - 81 - 208 - 1264 - 2. sources and reading - sue hamilton, indian philosophy : a very short introduction ( oxford university press, 2001


but tomales bay. his ship, the sonora, anchored in the lee of tomales point on october 3, 1775, departing the next day. bodega y quadra named tomales bay puerto de la bodega. " there is no evidence in the journal or on the charts that bodega y quadra ever saw the entrance to [ present day ] bodega harbour or knew of the lagoon to the north ". bodega y quadra planned to return, but was not able to. later, as commandant of the naval base at san blas, new spain, bodega y quadra sent other expeditions to bodega bay with the intention of establishing a colony and mission there. it was decided, however, that the location was non - ideal. " with the failure of the bodega settlement, the spanish left the field clear for russian occupation " the first russians to see bodega bay were the supervisors of the aleut hunting parties aboard the american otter hunting ship peacock in 1807. timofei osipovich tarakanov of the russian - american company returned to novo arkhangelsk, alaska and reported the location to alexander andreyevich baranov the chief administrator of the rac. baranov instructed his assistant kuskov to reconnoiter the area for a settlement. commerce counselor ivan alexandrovich kuskov, of the russian - american company, sailing in the kodiak, entered bodega bay on january 8, 1809. instructed by baranov to leave " secret signs " ( possession plates ), kuskov buried possession plaques at trinidad harbour, bodega head, ( or tomales point ) and on the north shore of san francisco bay, indicating the company ' s intention to claim this section of northern california for russia. temporary buildings were erected to house the kodiak ' s complement of 190 crew ( 130 native alaskan males, 20 native females, and 40 russians ) the kodiak remained in bodega bay until october, 1809, returning to alaska with over 2, 000 otter pelts. kuskov returned to novo arkhangelsk, alaska, reporting abundant fur bearing mammals, fish, timber and tillable lands. baranov instructed kuskov to return and establish a permanent settlement in the area. in 1811 kuskov returned, this time aboard the chirikov but found fewer otter in bodega bay ( only 1, 160 otter skins were taken ). three american ships were also operating in the


establish a permanent settlement in the area. in 1811 kuskov returned, this time aboard the chirikov but found fewer otter in bodega bay ( only 1, 160 otter skins were taken ). three american ships were also operating in the area from a base in drake ' s bay, sending hunters into san francisco bay and the surrounding bays. kuskov sailed the brig chirikov back to present day bodega harbour on march 15, 1812, and " since bodega anchorage and bodega harbour had not been claimed or named by the spanish " kuskov named it rumyantzev, in honor of the russian minister of commerce, count nikolai petrovich rumiantzof. zaliv rumiantsev ( rumiantsev bay ) appears on the earliest russian charts of bodega bay ( 1817 – 1819 ) identifying present day bodega bay and bodega harbour. bodega head was named mouis rumiantsev ( point rumiantsev ) while tomales point was named point great bodega and tomales bay great bodega bay, more or less conforming to bodega y quadra ' s original naming. on his return kuskov found otter now scarce in bodega bay, the harbour having been frequented by numerous american and english otter - hunting expeditions. after exploring the area they ended up selecting a place 15 mi ( 24 km ) north that the native kashaya pomo people called mad shui nui or metini. metini, the seasonal home of the native kashaya pomo people, had a modest anchorage and abundant natural resources and would become the russian settlement of fort ross. by 1817 sea otter in the area were practically eliminated by international over - hunting. zaliv rumiantsev continued to be the main entre ' port for the russian colony until january, 1842, and the earliest european structures built at bodega bay were the wharf, warehouse and barracks of the russian - american company. bodega bay remained an active harbor for shipping lumber until the 1870s, when the north pacific coast railroad was built, bypassing the coast in favor of a more inland route. bodega bay was the setting for the 1963 alfred hitchcock film, the birds, starring rod taylor, tippi hedren and suzanne pleshette. the original 1980 horror film the fog was also filmed in both bodega bay and the town as both locations are subject to thick and heavy fog. pacific gas


the birds, starring rod taylor, tippi hedren and suzanne pleshette. the original 1980 horror film the fog was also filmed in both bodega bay and the town as both locations are subject to thick and heavy fog. pacific gas & electric planned to build the first commercially viable nuclear power plant in the usa at bodega bay. the proposal was controversial and conflict with local citizens began in 1958. in 1963 there was a large demonstration at the site of the proposed bodega bay nuclear power plant. the conflict ended in 1964, with the forced abandonment of plans for the power plant. marine protected areas near bodega bay like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems. - russian river state marine reserve and russian river state marine conservation area - bodega head state marine reserve & bodega head state marine conservation area - estero americano state marine recreational management area - estero de san antonio state marine recreational management area see also - " national register information system ". national register of historic places. national park service. 2010 - 07 - 09. - " bodega bay and harbor ". office of historical preservation, california state parks. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 15. - state of california water quality control plan north coastal basin 1b july 1975 p. 13 - " sonoma county regional parks ". - " access genealogy : miwok indian tribe ". - " drake latitudes on the coast of california in 1579 ". retrieved 2009 - 08 - 21. - clinton r. edwards, pacific historical review, 1964 vol. 33 : wandering toponyms : puerto de la bodega and bodega bay - adele ogden, the california sea otter trade, 1784 - 1848, pg. 58 - hubert howe bancroft, alfred bates, ivan petroff, william nemos ( 1887 ). history of alaska : 1730 - 1885. san francisco, california : a. l. bancroft & company. p. 482. retrieved jan. 10, 2010. - thompson, r. a. ( 1896 ). the russian settlement in california known as fort ross, founded 1812... abandoned 1841 : why they came and why they left. santa rosa, california : sonoma democrat publishing company. p. 3. isbn 0 - 559 - 89342 - 6. retrieved jan. 9, 2010. - suzanne stewart and adrian praetzellis ( november, 2003 ). archeological research issues for the point reyes national seashore - golden gate national recreation area


constitution of the year viii the constitution of the year viii ( french : constitution de l ' an viii ) was a national constitution of france, adopted december 24, 1799 ( during the year viii of the french revolutionary calendar ), which established the form of government known as the consulate. the coup of 18 brumaire ( november 9, 1799 ) effectively gave all power to napoleon bonaparte, and in the eyes of some, ended the french revolution. after the coup, napoleon and his allies legitimized his position by creating the " short and obscure constitution of the year viii " ( as malcolm crook has called it ). the constitution tailor - made the position of first consul to give napoleon most of the powers of a dictator. it was the first constitution since the revolution without a declaration of rights. the executive power was vested in three consuls, but all actual power was held by the first consul, bonaparte. this was no longer robespierre ' s republic, which was more radical, or the oligarchic liberal republic of the directory, but the autocratic roman republic of caesar augustus, a conservative republic, which reminded the french of stability, order, and peace. to emphasize this, napoleon used classical roman terms in the constitution : consul, senator, tribune. the constitution of year viii established a legislature of three houses, which was composed of : a conservative senate of 80 men over the age of 40, a tribunate of 100 men, and a legislative body ( corps legislatif ) of 300 men. the constitution also used the term “ notables. ” the term “ notables ” was a common usage under the monarchy ; every frenchman understood it, and it was comforting. it referred to prominent, " distinguished " men : landholders, merchants, scholars, professionals, clergymen, officials. the people in each district chose a slate of " notables " by popular vote. the first consul, tribunate, and corps legislatif each nominated one senatorial candidate to the rest of the senate, which chose one candidate from among the three. once all of its members were picked, it would then appoint the tribunate, the corps legislatif, the judges of cassation, and the commissioners of accounts from the slate of notables. napoleon held a plebiscite on the constitution in december. the vote was not binding, but it allowed napoleon to maintain a veneer of democracy. the vote was 3, 000, 000 in favor, and 1, 500 against. this constitution


| jmol - 3d images | | image 1 | | molar mass | | 380. 91 g mol−1 | | ( what is : /? ) except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 °c, 100 kpa ) dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon originally produced in 1948 by j. hyman & co, denver, as an insecticide. dieldrin is closely related to aldrin, which reacts further to form dieldrin. aldrin is not toxic to insects ; it is oxidized in the insect to form dieldrin which is the active compound. both dieldrin and aldrin are named after the diels - alder reaction which is used to form aldrin from a mixture of norbornadiene and hexachlorocyclopentadiene. originally developed in the 1940s as an alternative to ddt, dieldrin proved to be a highly effective insecticide and was very widely used during the 1950s to early 1970s. endrin is a stereoisomer of dieldrin. however, it is an extremely persistent organic pollutant ; it does not easily break down. furthermore it tends to biomagnify as it is passed along the food chain. long - term exposure has proven toxic to a very wide range of animals including humans, far greater than to the original insect targets. for this reason it is now banned in most of the world. it has been linked to health problems such as parkinson ' s, breast cancer, and immune, reproductive, and nervous system damage. it can also adversely affect testicular descent in the fetus if a pregnant woman is exposed to it. legislation and history the chemicals dieldrin and aldrin were widely applied in agricultural areas throughout the world. both are toxic and bioaccumulative. aldrin does break down to dieldrin in living systems, but dieldrin is known to resist bacterial and chemical breakdown processes in the environment. aldrin was used to control soil pests ( namely termites ) on corn and potato crops. dieldrin was an insecticide used on fruit, soil, and seed. it persists in the soil with a half - life of five years at temperate latitudes. both aldrin and dieldrin may be volatilized from sediment and redistributed by air currents, contaminating areas far from their sources. they have been measured in arctic wildlife,


of five years at temperate latitudes. both aldrin and dieldrin may be volatilized from sediment and redistributed by air currents, contaminating areas far from their sources. they have been measured in arctic wildlife, suggesting long range transport from southern agricultural regions. both aldrin and dieldrin have been banned in most developed countries, but aldrin is still used as a termiticide in malaysia, thailand, venezuela and other parts of africa. in canada, their sale was restricted in the mid - 1970s, with the last registered use of the compounds in canada being withdrawn in 1984. toxin description ipcs quotes the world health organization as stating dieldrin is prohibited for use in agriculture in, among others, brazil, ecuador, finland, the german democratic republic, singapore, sweden, yugoslavia, and the ussr. the european community legislation prohibits the marketing of phytopharmaceutical products containing dieldrin. in argentina, canada, chile, the federal republic of germany, hungary, and the usa, its use is prohibited, with some exceptions. the use of dieldrin is restricted in india, mauritius, togo, and the united kingdom. its use in industry is prohibited in switzerland and its manufacture and use in japan is under government control. in finland, the only accepted use for dieldrin is as a termiticide in one glue mixture for exported plywood. india requires registration and licences for all importation, manufacture, sale, or storage. organochlorines and other chemicals were originally discovered in the 1930s for use as insecticides and pesticides. ddt became famous worldwide in 1939 after its use in overcoming a typhus infestation in naples. the use of organochlorines increased during the 1950s and peaked in the 1970s. their use in australia was dramatically lowered between the mid 1970s and the early 1980s. the first restrictions on the use of dieldrin and related chemicals in australia were introduced in 1961 - 2, with registration required for their use on produce animals, such as cattle and chickens. this coincided with increasing concerns worldwide about the long - term effects of persistent pesticides. the publication of silent spring ( a widely read and highly influential popular account of the environmental and health effects of pesticides ) by rachel carson in 1962 was a key driving force in raising this concern. the phase - out process was driven by government bans and deregistration, in turn promoted by changing public perceptions that food containing residues of these chemicals was less acceptable and possibly


rachel carson in 1962 was a key driving force in raising this concern. the phase - out process was driven by government bans and deregistration, in turn promoted by changing public perceptions that food containing residues of these chemicals was less acceptable and possibly hazardous to health. throughout this time, continuous pressure was maintained by relevant committees, for example the technical committee on agricultural chemicals ( tcac ), to reduce approved organochlorine use. by 1981, the use of dieldrin worldwide was limited to sugarcane and bananas, and these uses were deregistered by 1985. in 1987, a nationwide recall system was put into place, and in december of that year, the government prohibited all imports of these chemicals into australia without express ministerial approval. in 1994, the national registration authority for agricultural and veterinary chemicals published a use of organochlorines in termite control, recommending the phase - out of organochlorines used in termite control upon development of viable alternatives. the same year, the agriculture and resource management council of australia and new zealand decided to phase out remaining organochlorine uses by 30 june 1995, with the exception of the northern territory. in november 1997, the use of all organochlorines other than mirex was phased out in australia. remaining stocks of mirex are to be used only for contained baits for termites in plantations of young trees in the northern territory until stocks run out, which is expected in the near future. the recognition of negative impacts on health has stimulated the implementation of multiple legislative policies in regards to the use and disposal of organochlorine pesticides. for example, the environment protection ( marine ) policy 1994 became operational in may 1995 in south australia. it dictated the acceptable concentration of toxicants such as dieldrin in marine waters and the manner in which these levels must be tested and tried. momentum against organochlorine and similar molecules continued to grow internationally, leading, to negotiations which matured as the stockholm convention on the use of persistent organic pollutants ( pops ). pops are defined as hazardous and environmentally persistent substances which can be transported between countries by the earth ' s oceans and atmosphere. all pops ( including dieldrin ) bioaccumulate in the fatty tissues of humans and other animals. the stockholm convention banned 12 pops, nicknamed “ the dirty dozen ”. ( these include : aldicarb, toxaphene, chlordane and heptachlor, chlordimeform, chlorobenzilate, dbcp, dd