intensity of treatment in many cases and still get the same results. " but a study like this does raise awareness of the problem. if it means alarm bells ring earlier when there are symptoms in people who were treated for cancer as a child that would be a very good thing. " judith kingston, a consultant at barts and the london, said the paper highlighted the importance of following - up survivors to learn about the long - term effects and to investigate how treatments might be modified. " however for the children with " bad " or high risk tumours, we still need to give intensive chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy to effect a cure and this intensive therapy will come at the cost of potentially increasing that child ' s risk of developing a second cancer, " she said. " i am afraid it is a problem we have to recognise, be alert to and warn the parents about, but the risk needs to be put into perspective, as it affects a small minority of patients, whilst the majority of children will continue to lead healthy lives after treatment for childhood cancer. " ed yong, cancer research uk ' s health information manager, said : " more and more children are surviving an early fight against cancer and this study suggests that they still have a slightly higher risk of different cancers later on in life. " even so, when a child is diagnosed with cancer, the priority must be to save life. thanks to research, over the past few decades we have seen tremendous improvements in the treatment of childhood cancer. " in the 1960s, only a quarter of children who were diagnosed with cancer survived for more than five years. now around three quarters survive.


digitized film images originating from a datacine conversion process are high - resolution scans that preserve much of a film ' s resolution and colour depth. in flame, a lookup table ( lut ) is the primary colour management tool available to deal with different colour spaces. a lut is an ascii file used to map pixels or pixel components from one colour to another. to display logarithmic film scans properly, such as cineon files in the linear colour space native to flame, you can work with monitor, display, and image conversion luts. you can use one of two kinds of luts : 1d luts and 3d luts. digital film scans often consist of logarithmic data rather than linear data. linear data maps the luma range in equal intervals from black to white. logarithmic data allows for more subtlety in the lower luma ranges of an image. in flame, you can work with either logarithmic or linear data. when you want to work with linear data, you can use an image conversion lut on input to convert the logarithmic data to linear data. since flame assumes that input data is linear, it behaves more predictably when you work with linear data than when you work with logarithmic data. when you want to preserve the image data contained in logarithmic film scans and do not want to apply an image conversion lut, you can work directly with logarithmic clips. working with logarithmic clips prevents any data loss that could occur during the image conversion process. when you work with logarithmic clips, however, apply a lut for display purposes. display luts affect transient data only — no data conversion is committed to the clip. you can also change the display of an image you are working with to create a more plausible image display result. this allows you to display a video, logarithmic, or linear image in a context that is the same or similar to its final result.


petrified forest national park petrified forest national park is a united states national park that is in eastern arizona, in the southwest region of the united states. the park takes its name from the remnants of ancient trees which have been transformed into brilliantly colored minerals through a series of geological processes. petrified forest was set aside as a national monument in 1906 to preserve and protect the petrified wood for its scientific value. the monument became a national park in 1962, and legislation passed in 2004 more than doubled the park ' s area from 93, 533 acres to 218, 533 acres. petrified forest national park features one of the world ' s largest and most colorful concentrations of petrified wood, the multi - hued badlands of the chinle formation known as the painted desert, historic structures, archeological sites, and displays of 225 million year old fossils. the park is now recognized as protecting the best representation of the late triassic period in the world, and on average paleontologists discover about two new animal species each year. the park features one of the world ' s largest and most colorful concentrations of petrified wood, the multi - hued badlands of the chinle formation known as the painted desert, and displays of 225 million year old fossils. flora and fauna the park includes a grassland ecosystem and the badlands of the painted desert. the terrain changes quickly as you travel through the park, from the vistas of the painted desert, into the grassland of a large plateau, through grand geologic formations, and arrays of richly colored petrified wood. animal life at petrified forest includes amphibians, birds, insects, spiders, mammals, and reptiles. birds, lizards and some rodents are seen most frequently, though seasons and weather play a large role in determining what animals are active. nocturnal animals include kangaroo rats, woodrats ( also called packrats ) and most other small desert rodents, skunks, foxes, bobcats, bats and owls. animals that can be seen during the day include pronghorn, mule deer, coyotes, porcupines, desert cottontails, black - tailed jackrabbits, squirrels, hawks, snakes, lizards, golden eagles, and many songbirds. the park has summer daytime average temperatures in the 90s f and summer overnight temperatures in the 60s f. winters are mild, frequently freezing overnight but warming by mid - afternoon to an average of 40 f. park closures for weather are possible but not frequent. get in by car an automobile is the only feasible way of getting to


in the 60s f. winters are mild, frequently freezing overnight but warming by mid - afternoon to an average of 40 f. park closures for weather are possible but not frequent. get in by car an automobile is the only feasible way of getting to the park, located off of interstate 40 in northeastern arizona, 106 miles east of flagstaff and 178 miles west of albuquerque. westbound interstate 40 travelers should take exit 311, drive through the park and connect with highway 180 at the south end. highway 180 north returns to interstate 40 via holbrook. eastbound interstate 40 travelers should exit at holbrook and travel on highway 180 south to the park ' s south entrance. drive north through the park to return to interstate 40. by plane by train entrance fees are $ 5 for individuals on foot, bike or motorcycle, and $ 10 for private vehicles. the petrified forest annual pass is available for $ 20 and allows free park entry for one year. alternatively, the america the beautiful national parks pass is $ 80 and allows free entry to all national park areas for one year. get around petrified forest national park is open to the public every day of the year except for christmas day ( december 25 ). park access is prohibited at night without a permit. park hours are : unlike most western states, arizona does not observe daylight savings time, remaining on mountain standard time year - round. however, many visitors arriving from the navajo reservation ( which does observe dst ) travel with their clocks set an hour off. check the time to make sure you don ' t accidentally get locked in at night. by car a car is the easiest way of getting around in the park, with the 28 mile ( 45 km ) park road allowing visitors to travel through the park from end to end without backtracking. eastbound travelers should enter at the south off highway 180, and exit at the north onto interstate 40. westbound travelers should enter at the north at exit 311 off interstate 40, and exit at the south onto highway 180. by bicycle bicycles are permitted only on the established paved roadway and cannot be used on paved or dirt trails or off road at any time. in addition, if planning to see the park from a bicycle be aware of the potential for extreme heat, thunderstorms, or high winds and plan accordingly. [ add listing ] see [ add listing ] do [ add listing ] buy there are stores just outside the park which sell petrified wood souvenirs. these specimens were ( or were supposed to have been ) collected outside the park boundaries. this is


[ add listing ] see [ add listing ] do [ add listing ] buy there are stores just outside the park which sell petrified wood souvenirs. these specimens were ( or were supposed to have been ) collected outside the park boundaries. this is why rangers will ask about possession of petrified wood when you enter the park. additional souvenirs may be purchased at the gift shops located near the painted desert visitor center or the rainbow forest museum. both of these areas also offer bookstores selling books of local interest. [ add listing ] eat there is a snack shop located near the rainbow forest museum. the painted desert visitor center area offers a restaurant and travel store selling snacks. additional restaurants and grocery stores can be found 30 miles west in the town of holbrook. [ add listing ] drink the consumption of alcohol or the presence of open alcoholic containers is prohibited, except in picnic areas or concession food service facilities. water and other beverages can be obtained either near the rainbow forest museum or the painted desert visitor center. [ add listing ] sleep there are no organized campgrounds within the park. some of the souvenir shops located just outside of the park ' s southern entrance will allow camping or overnight parking on their properties as long as you purchase at least one item from them. for those who wish to stay overnight in the park ' s wilderness area, a free permit must be obtained at least one hour before the park closes. permits are issued from either the painted desert visitor center or rainbow forest museum. hikers must park their cars in the painted desert inn parking area and use the access trail on the northwest side of the building. backpackers must hike to a designated zone north of lithodendron wash before setting up camp. no campsites are maintained in the wilderness area, and you must carry all of your water in with you. stay safe the primary dangers in the park are from the weather. summer storms can bring lightning, high winds and flash floods, while the heat can cause dehydration and heat stroke. avoid open areas during storms, and drink plenty of water ( at least one gallon per day ). always be prepared for rapidly changing weather conditions ; from july through august expect afternoon monsoon thunderstorms, while from october through april expect cold temperatures and possibly snow. high winds are also common, and can bring blowing sand that makes hiking unpleasant if not dangerous. get out


secure sockets layer ( ssl ) in depth this week we ’ ve brought back dave hutchieson – with his scottish accent and technical expertise. to share with us details of how ssl works. this is fairly detailed subject – you ’ ll need the show notes graphics and links to help understand all the details. thanks do dave for his time in researching this subject and sharing his expertise with the rest of us. warning! – this is going to get pretty detailed. you might want to listen multiple times. symmetric keys, public keys, private keys, certificates and hashing secure sockets layer or ssl part 1 historical background in order to get the most from this audiocast, a basic knowledge of symmetric key encryption, public and private key mechanisms, digital certificates and hashing functions is assumed. if this is new material to anyone, or you feel you need a review, please refer to the tutorial weblink included in the show notes. a ladder diagram showing the step by step processes involved in ssl is also provided in the show notes. it is suggested that this diagram be referred to whilst the audiocast is in progress. wireless security is one of the most complex topics imagineable. one of the biggest problems is the number of acronyms and abbreviations that are in use. there are a number of security mechanisms in use such as eap - tls, eap - ttls, eap - peap, eap - fast etc etc. it would be nice if there was a common root that could be studied in order to get a foundation for how some of them work. one common type is eap - tls. eap - tls has it ’ s roots in tls or transport layer security. transport layer security in turn, has it ’ s roots in ssl or secure sockets layer. i have found that if you have a good understanding of how ssl works, that can provide a stepping stone to understanding many of the more complex wireless security methods such as peap. in this audiocast, we shall look at the ssl protocol in detail. ssl is not only used as a basis for several wireless security protocols but is also used in https [ hypertext transfer protocol secure ] which is often used for managing access points in a secure manner. there are support materials provided in the show notes section, and these have diagrams which may be viewed to accompany the audio portion. ssl is a very complex protocol and due to time constraints, we will not be able to discuss all the details that are involved


are support materials provided in the show notes section, and these have diagrams which may be viewed to accompany the audio portion. ssl is a very complex protocol and due to time constraints, we will not be able to discuss all the details that are involved. however, it is hoped that by the end of the audiocast, and with the support of the show notes, that you should have a good foundation for further study. in a future audiocast, we shall look at how tls was developed from ssl and how eap - tls was developed from tls. imagine that you are on holiday and are looking out at the countryside. you decide that there are a number of different places that you want to visit on the landscape. you use a paper map to navigate around the landscape. in the early 80 ’ s, an english scientist, tim berners - lee developed the foundation of the world wide web. however, it was a young student called marc andreessen from the university of illinois who developed the first commercial browser. this browser allowed us to navigate from place to place on the electronic landscape. thus, his browser allowed you to navigate the electronic network landscape or netscape. thus, the term netscape navigator came into being. it wasn ’ t long before the commercial aspects of the internet began to be developed. companies sprouted up all over the place trying to sell goods and services to people. there was a major problem, however, and that was the issue of security. if someone wanted to buy something, that would probably mean that they would have to provide their credit card number over an open line. a method of hiding that number from prying eyes had to be developed. the issue of confidentiality or privacy had to be covered. there was also the problem of having confidence that the company that you are going to buy something from was actually that company and not an imposter. the issue of authentication had to be covered. it was from this background that the secure sockets layer or ssl was developed. part 2 ssl overview ssl was designed to work on top of a secure transport layer protocol, such as tcp or transmission control protocol. we can get a clue about this from the use of the term “ sockets ” in the phrase ssl. the designers wanted ssl to accomplish three main goals : 1. to provide privacy of information 2. to provide authentication [ although as we shall see later, this is not always mutual authentication ]. 3. to provide a method of message integrity which would allow us


wanted ssl to accomplish three main goals : 1. to provide privacy of information 2. to provide authentication [ although as we shall see later, this is not always mutual authentication ]. 3. to provide a method of message integrity which would allow us to detect if a message had been tampered with on - route from the sender to the destination. the ssl protocol has two layers which sit on top of a reliable transport protocol. in our discussion, we shall assume that protocol is tcp. the uppermost layer comprises three sub - protocols : 1. the ssl handshake protocol 2. the ssl change cipher spec protocol 3. the ssl alert protocol. the lowermost layer comprises the ssl record protocol the ssl record protocol performs a number of functions. firstly, it takes the application data and divides it into a number of fragments when necessary. the fragment size should be no more than 16, 384 bytes in length. the specification says that we can compress these fragments. this is rarely if ever carried out in practice due to compression usually having occurred further up the protocol stack. a message authentication code is then added to each fragment. each fragment is now encrypted and an ssl header is added. the secure, integrity enabled fragments are now passed onto the transport layer. we will see later how we obtain the keys used for the actual encryption process. part 3 ssl in detail we shall now look at the three uppermost protocols, the change cipher spec protocol, the alert protocol and the handshake protocol. the change cipher spec protocol the change cipher spec protocol allows us to change from one encryption state to another in an organized manner. we shall see more of this later. the alert protocol the alert protocol allows warning messages to be passed between the two parties. for example, if an incorrect message authentication code is received, an alert protocol message would be sent from one party to the other. the handshake protocol the handshake protocol is the meat of the entire system, and is the most crucial component for tls and eap - tls. imagine that you are a police officer and your lieutenant tells you that you have to go over to the united nations to talk to a un security officer about a very important matter. the officer will be waiting for you at the entrance. upon arrival, you walk up to him and say “ hello ”. he looks at you with puzzled eyes. you realize that your boss has not told you what language he speaks. you say “ guten


will be waiting for you at the entrance. upon arrival, you walk up to him and say “ hello ”. he looks at you with puzzled eyes. you realize that your boss has not told you what language he speaks. you say “ guten tag ”. no reponse. you say “ bonjour ” no response. you finally say “ buenos dias ”. his eyes light up and he says “ ah, buenos dias, como esta usted? ” you shake hands. you show each other your id badges and start talking. in social situations, we don ’ t usually just walk up to someone and start talking. we usually say hello and shake hands. sometimes we need to establish a common language. so it is with ssl. instead of just starting to communicate, hellos need to be said and handshakes need to take place. there are four main phases to ssl : 3. key exchange 4. ongoing communications let ’ s look at each phase now. during the negotiation phase, the client and server introduce each other, and decide which encryption, authentication and compression protocols will be used. it should be noted that even though the capability for compression exists in the ssl specification, it is rarely, if ever used. in the authentication phase, the server proves itself to the client via a digital certificate. the server may also ask the client to prove itself via a digital certificate. it should be noted that in the case of internet shopping, this is rarely, if ever done. in the key exchange phase, a key is exchanged which will be used in creating a master key for encrypted communications. there are several methods by which this can be done, including the diffie - hellman method, which i shall discuss in a future audiocast. for now, we shall only discuss what is called the rsa method. firstly, the client randomly generates a key called the pre - master secret key [ or pmsk ] by means of a method that will be covered when we discuss ssl in detail a little later on. firstly, the client encrypts the pmsk with it ’ s own private key. this allows the server [ who has a copy of the client ’ s public key ] to authenticate that the pmsk did indeed come from the client. the whole assembly [ that is the pmsk encrypted with the client ’ s private key ] is now encrypted with the server ’ s public key [ which came via the server ’ s certificate


did indeed come from the client. the whole assembly [ that is the pmsk encrypted with the client ’ s private key ] is now encrypted with the server ’ s public key [ which came via the server ’ s certificate ] and sent to the server. the server decrypts the package with it ’ s own private key. this now leaves the original pmsk which has been encrypted with the client ’ s private key. the server decrypts this package with the client ’ s public key and hence authenticates the original pmsk. this original key is not the final key in the process, but is used along with some other items to create the final symmetric key, also known as the master key. from the master key, session keys can be derived. now that both sides have the symmetric or master key, they can exchange messages in an encrypted manner. digital signatures can also be provided to help ensure authentication and message integrity. now we are now ready to discuss the detailed step by step operation of the ssl handshake protocol. step 1. client hello this message begins the entire process. the client _ hello message is sent from the client to the server. there are four main things that are included in the message : 1. a random number called clienthello. random. this random number will be used to create a key later on in the process. the random number consists of a 32 bit timestamp along with 28 bytes created by a random number generator. 2. a list of cyphersuites and compression methods that the client supports. 3. the highest version of ssl that the client supports 4. a session identifier that indicates whether the client wishes to establish a new connection on the current session or establish a new connection on a new session the session identifier is useful for “ going back ” to previous webpages for example. so what is a cyphersuite? a cyphersuite consists of a listing of encryption methods, certificates and integrity checking methods. the client cannot just simply say “ i am going to use this value of encryption, this certificate and this integrity checking method ”. it has to check with the server to see if the server is actually capable of using any of the methods. step 2. server hello the server hello message is sent from the server to the client. there are four main things that the message contains : 1. a random number called serverhello. random. this number will also be used to


the methods. step 2. server hello the server hello message is sent from the server to the client. there are four main things that the message contains : 1. a random number called serverhello. random. this number will also be used to create a key later on in the process. 2. the cyphersuite that the server wishes to use, chosen from the list supplied by the client 3. the lowest common value of the version given by the client and the highest that the server supports. for example, if the client suggested 2. 0 and the server supports up to 3. 0, the 2. 0 version would be used. 4. a session id number. this number uniquely identifies the current session and helps with security. the cipher suite is made up two main parts : a. the key exchange method. that is, how the keys will be exchanged. for example, this could be the rsa method, diffie - hellman method, etc. b. the cipherspec itself, which has fields which tell us the algorithm being used [ for example rc4, des etc ], the mac algorithm [ for example md 5 or sha - 1 ] the cipher type [ for example stream cipher or block cipher ] the hashsize [ for example up to 16 bytes for md5 and up to 20 bytes for sha - 1 ] up to this point, unique random numbers have been exchanged, an encryption method has been agreed to, and a unique session identifying number called the “ session id ” has been generated. step 3. server cerificate at this point, the server sends the client it ’ s digital certificate. this point is very important, as not only will the client use a key provided in the certificate to encrypt messages back to the server, but the certificate provides proof that the server is what it says it is, and not an impostor. the client will have previously been provided with a public key from the certification authority. this authority could be a reputable organization such as verisign for example. at this stage, we have to carefully distinguish between the two public keys mentioned : the first public key has been provided by the certificate authority, that is, an independent certifier, who basically says : “ if you can validate the certificate that you have just received from your server using the public key that i provided to you, you can be certain that the server is who he says he is ” once the certificate has been verified, the client extracts the server ’


can validate the certificate that you have just received from your server using the public key that i provided to you, you can be certain that the server is who he says he is ” once the certificate has been verified, the client extracts the server ’ s public key from the certificate. this key is very important. any messages encrypted with this key can only be decrypted by the server using it ’ s own private key. step 4 server key exchange a server - key - exchange message may be sent in this step. only some systems require this. in our example of using regular rsa, we do not require this step. step 5 client certificate request in this step, the server may request a certificate from the client via a certificate _ request _ message. this message has two areas of interest. firstly a certificate type parameter. the certificate type would cover rsa or diffie - hellman for example. the second item concerns certificate authorities. this would give a list of the distinguished names of certificate authorities whom the server deems to be “ reliable ”. step 6 server hello done at this point, the server hello done message is sent from the server to the client. this is the end of the first phase of the proctocol exchange. hello messages have been sent from the client and server. an encryption method and other security parameters have been agreed to. the client has it ’ s own random number and that of the server. the server has it ’ s own random number and that of the client. a certificate has been sent from the server to the client, and possibly one from the client to the server. the public key of the server has been extracted from the server ’ s certificate, ready for use in the second phase. a point to note : there are no formal first and second phases in the tls specification. i have simply broken up the process into two parts in order to, hopefully, make the process easier to undertstand. in a future audiocast, i ’ ll be covering another eap method which does have two officially defined phases. step 7 client certificate in this step, if the server has requested a certificate, then the client will send one. in the classic case of ssl being used in https for internet transactions with say an on - line clothing company, the customer or client would not normally have to provide any formal identification with the exception of say a credit card number. this is obviously somewhat a problem, as it means that fraud could and in fact does occur. step


an on - line clothing company, the customer or client would not normally have to provide any formal identification with the exception of say a credit card number. this is obviously somewhat a problem, as it means that fraud could and in fact does occur. step 8 client key exchange in common with many other security protocols, a true master secret key is not sent between the two parties. instead, a key called the pre - master secret is created and sent from the client to the server. this pre - master secret will then be used at both ends of the link to create a master secret key. a random number is generated at the client and this number is referred to as the pre - master secret key or pmsk firstly, the client encrypts the pmsk with it ’ s own private key. this private key is known only to the client. this allows the server [ who has a copy of the client ’ s public key ] to authenticate that the pmsk did indeed come from the client. the whole assembly [ that is the pmsk encrypted with the client ’ s private key ] is now encrypted with the server ’ s public key [ which came via the server ’ s certificate ] and sent to the server via a client _ key _ exchange message. the server decrypts the package with it ’ s own private key. the server ’ s private key should be known only to the server. this now leaves the original pmsk which has been encrypted with the client ’ s private key. the server decrypts this package with the client ’ s public key and hence authenticates the original pmsk. at this stage, both sides have the pre - master secret key. in the next part, the actual or master secret key will be calculated at both ends of the link. the master secret is calculated using a complex hash function involving the pre - master secret, the clienthello. random and the serverhello. random variables or nonces that were described earlier. the master key is 48 bytes in length. from the master key, a number of other keys are derived. these keys are used for encrypting data sent by the server, for mac operations performed by the server, for encrypting data sent by the client and for mac operations performed by the client. initialization vector values are produced for the situation in which block ciphers in cbc mode are used. step 9 client certificate verification a certificate _ verify message is sent if the client previously provided a certificate to


client and for mac operations performed by the client. initialization vector values are produced for the situation in which block ciphers in cbc mode are used. step 9 client certificate verification a certificate _ verify message is sent if the client previously provided a certificate to the server. this message is only used with certificates that have signing capabilities. step 10 change cipher spec it should be noted that the change cipher spec protocol is a separate protocol from the handshake protocol. it has been included here due to it ’ s critical function within the handshake protocol itself. ssl keeps a record of two states called the current state and the pending state. we can think of these two states as “ conditions that are happening now ” and “ conditions that will happen later ”. when ssl is first initialized, both states are zero. once the master key is established, that key is used for a pending state. both sides end up with a pending encryption process waiting in the wings so to speak. the pending cipherspec is copied into the current cipherspec. we just need some form of agreement between both ends as to when to begin implementing the encryption. this occurs in the next step. step 11 finished the finished message is used to tell the other end that the key exchange and authentication procedures were successful. this message is encrypted with one of the newly produced keys, and authenticated as well. once the server receives the encrypted finished message from the client, it is able to send it ’ s own change _ cipher _ spec and finished messages in steps 12 and 13 of the process. finally we are able to encrypt any data that needs to be sent from either party. that was quite a lot of material, but the core of the whole process [ as for many other security protocols ] consists of : negotiation, authentication, key exchange and ongoing communications in the show notes section, i have included an interesting trace of a client to server communication process i hope that this audiocast was useful, and thank you for listening. we ’ d love to have you subscribe to our rss feed – just click the button in the upper right corner of the web page. until next week, thanks for listening! if you have any feedback on the show – please drop an e - mail to feedback @ wirelesslanprofessionals. com.


fri february 15, 2013 bat disease found in two more state parks a disease responsible for killing millions of bats in north america has spread to caves at two state parks in eastern kentucky that are homes to federally endangered bats, parks officials said friday. white - nose syndrome has been detected in caves at carter caves state resort park and kingdom come state park, said state parks department spokesman gil lawson. small numbers of bats have died so far from the disease, he said. it ' s the latest red flag in the fight to prevent the spread of the disease in kentucky, home to large numbers of bats that hibernate in a vast network of caves. the disease has been found in 10 kentucky counties - bell, breckinridge, carter, christian, edmonson, hart, letcher, trigg, warren and wayne, lawson said. white - nose was confirmed earlier this year at cumberland gap national historic park and in one of the caves at mammoth cave national park. diseased bats were found recently at carter caves in caves that are not open to the public. the three caves were closed in 2008 as part of a pre - emptive effort to stop the spread of the fungus causing the disease, lawson said. carter caves naturalist coy ainsley said the discovery was regretful but inevitable given the area ' s large number of bats. " we are not surprised by this, " he said. " we knew it was coming. it was just how long was it going to take to get here. we are taking precautions to try and prevent other large jumps say from carter caves to a state or two away. " the carter caves system, near olive hill, is home to about 40, 000 indiana bats, which are federally endangered. the majority of those are found in one of the closed - to - the - public caves where the disease was detected, lawson said. state parks officials plan to continue allowing public tours in two caves at carter caves state resort park, he said. as a precaution, visitors are required to disinfect their footwear and not wear clothing that was worn in other caves. those steps began in fall 2011 as part of the effort to limit the spread. meanwhile, a bat with the disease was found early this year at line fork cave at kingdom come state park during a routine cave survey, lawson said. the letcher county cave is gated and not open to tourists. it ' s also home to the federally protected indiana bats. white - nose syndrome, named for the sugary smudges found


tue february 19, 2013 wmu speaker considers " health equity " the federal government says black babies are up to three times more likely to die than white infants. and the centers for disease control and prevention say more african - americans suffer from high blood pressure than whites do. those and other disparities in health and health care are the subject of the annual burian lecture on wednesday, february 20th, at western michigan university. brian gibbs is an assistant professor at the johns hopkins university school of medicine. he says the problem involves much more than differences in rates of disease. that ’ s because minorities disproportionately live in areas with high poverty rates and more pollution as well as lower access to health care services and healthy food. gibbs says differences in a person ’ s situation can have big effects on the results of health care that is available. he says the first step toward solving the problem is getting more and better data to determine what exactly the challenges are. the training of physicians, nurses, and other health care workers is also an issue. gibbs says doctors and others should be trained to be able to deal appropriately with patients from all backgrounds. gibbs ’ public presentation health inequality : barriers, challenges, and solutions at wmu ’ s fetzer center starts wednesday at 5 : 30 p. m. and is sponsored by western ’ s college of health and human services. gibbs will also give the keynote address diversity and inclusion : preparing ourselves to advance health equity at a conference thursday in western ’ s health and human services building. the conference is from 8 a. m. to 4 : 30 p. m. and is also open to the public.


materials required : the trumpet of the swans written by eb white concepts taught : reading, ssr, think aloud the trumpet of the swan think aloud technique i keep the owl questions in mind throughout the chapters and the days. i seldom cover each question on one day, but i do use the vocabulary, i observe, i wonder, this links to me ….. to teach the children how to interact with text and to think about their thinking, i decided to read the trumpet of the swan, written by e. b. white aloud. after each chapter, i am going to think - aloud about the chapter. first read the title and the book jacket or back cover ( or both ). think aloud : “ i wonder who louis is. i wonder if louis is the trumpeter swan. how did sam beaver and the swans start talking to each other? ” read chapter 1 ′ s title : sam. think aloud : “ oh the back cover said that sam agrees to help. i wonder if sam is the boy on the cover. read chapter 1 just the first page then revisit the first paragraph. think aloud : reread the beginning : “ walking back to camp through the swamp, sam wondered whether to tell his father what he had seen. “ i know one thing, ” he said to himself. “ i ’ m going to that little pond again tomorrow. and i ’ d like to go alone. if i tell my father what i saw today, he will want to go with me. i ’ m not sure that ’ s a very good idea. ” then think aloud, “ i am curious about why he doesn ’ t want his dad to come. ” finish chapter 1 think aloud : hmmmmmm i wonder what is going to happen? i am a little bit interested in the story but not very interested. i am going to read more tomorrow. i observed that sam likes to write things down because right here on page 5 it says, “ on the day he found the swan ’ s nest, this is what sam wrote in his diary. ” side note : because this is the first time the kids are hearing a chapter book i am not going to start recording the swan facts yet. i am going to read three chapters then suggest to the class that we keep a class notebook about swans. then i will reread chapters 1 - 3 skimming for facts and we ’ ll record them on a notebook chart. what book did we start yesterday? does anyone remember who wrote the book? ( e. b. white


notebook about swans. then i will reread chapters 1 - 3 skimming for facts and we ’ ll record them on a notebook chart. what book did we start yesterday? does anyone remember who wrote the book? ( e. b. white ) who did we read about? ( sam seeing a swan, not wanting to tell dad ) who is the main character? ( sam ) read chapter 2 ′ s title the pond think aloud : i wonder if sam is going to the pond alone or with his dad. read chapter 2 think aloud : what didn ’ t the swans know i wonder? i wonder if sam ’ s dad is following sam and sam doesn ’ t know it? do you think sam should tell his dad? i am more interested in the book now. i wish we had more time to read another chapter. read chapter 3 ′ s title a visitor think aloud : i wonder who the visitor is? i wonder if the guest is sam because he sees the swans or maybe his dad might be spying on sam. i wonder if the swans see sam or sam sees the swans — maybe both are visitors. read chapter 3 think aloud : my favorite part of this chapter was where the boy says he felt happy when he was in a wild place among the wild creatures. sitting on his log, watching the swans, he had the same good feeling some people get when they are sitting in church. it reminds me of when i am at the beach in the summer, watching my two kids lay in the water and feeling the sun warming my skin. do you remember how the first chapter ended? reread the last line from his journal : why does a fox bark? i think the author is foreshadowing - hinting - about the trouble with the fox in this chapter. do rivet for the word : cygnets the title of chapter 4 is the cygnets what is that? a newborn trumpeter swan. i wonder if we should keep track of the facts we are learning about trumpeter swans. let ’ s keep a list like sam is. brainstorm what we know so far. if your students can ’ t think of any, here are some pages. i would slow this way down and reread parts of the book. it isn ’ t the point to only concentrate on the swan facts. we study animals and i like finding new facts about animals so i tie this into the book. this shouldn ’ t be a distraction. if it bugs you don ’ t do it. page 2 — first long paragraph page


concentrate on the swan facts. we study animals and i like finding new facts about animals so i tie this into the book. this shouldn ’ t be a distraction. if it bugs you don ’ t do it. page 2 — first long paragraph page 5 — second line page 8 — last half of page page 9 - 14 — all of it think aloud at this point i read the title and show wonder in my eyes saying, i bet cygnets are the baby trumpeter swans. let ’ s find out about those babies! i bet the mama is as excited as i was when i had my babies! read chapter 4. think aloud i wonder why sam fell asleep wondering about what he would be when he grew up. i thought that he would think about those baby cygnets. read chapter 5 ′ s title louis. think aloud i think that we are going to find out about louis. read chapter 5. think aloud this reminds me of how my mom and dad treated me. they loved me even though i started talking at around age 7 or 8. doctors said that i would not be able to read or talk. and here i am! read chapter 6 ′ s title off to montana and jump right into reading chapter 6. think aloud i wonder if sam will see the swans again? i wonder if sam will ever tell his dad? read chapter 7 ′ s title school days read the chapter. ( note to teachers — this is a good chapter to lead into problem solving in math. ) think aloud i noticed that this class is unusual. it has a swan, the math lessons have more than one answer. the kids are reading big words like catastrophe in first grade. ( i would also use this chapter as a spring board for recording what happens in the classroom. teachers could go and reread the journals that sam has written and see if it tells an overview of the book. ) read chapter 8 ′ s title love read the chapter think aloud i wonder what cob was going to try and do? why don ’ t cob and the wife have names? the cob and wife want to fix louis ’ problem. i think cob is going to do something but i don ’ t know if it will be a good plan. read chapters 9 - 11 continuing with making comments about the book. read chapters 12 - 15 read chapters 16 - 18 read chapter 19 read chapter 20 read chapter 21 filed under : comprehension, comprehension strategies, independent reading, reading aloud, reading strategies, reading workshop, rereading, ssr, writing |


acting in the public interest “ the public interest ” is a very broad term, but in the context of journalism, it has been explicitly defined. the press complaints commission, which regulates british print media, defines the public interest as : ( i ) detecting or exposing crime or a serious misdemeanour. ( ii ) protecting public health and safety. ( iii ) preventing the public from being misled by some statement or action of an individual or organisation. since the public is the ultimate source of income for media, acting in their interest is both an ethical and pragmatic concern for journalists. maintaining the public ’ s trust journalists strive to keep the public ’ s trust, because it is on the foundation of trust that information is collected and exchanged. the public must trust journalists to provide accurate and valuable information, or the journalists ’ works will be neither sought out nor believed. sources of information must trust journalists to protect their identity, where applicable, and not to misrepresent them or their views. this can be seen as an ethical value, but it is also a pragmatic one : a media outlet cannot do business if it cannot obtain sources or be believed by the public. finally, there is the pragmatic concern of financial solvency. no media outlet wants to have to choose between accurately presenting an important story and turning a profit, but these objectives sometimes conflict. staying in business is, of course, the primary concern in such situations. when faced with a decision about what stories should be published, or how to portray a particular issue, the press is often more likely to publish a story that portrays events and issues unambiguously and straightforwardly ( galtung and ruge, 1965 ). often this results in an oversimplification of complex issues, or even a substitution of sensationalized stories for important ones. harcup and o ’ neill ( 2001 ) identified ten elements that journalists look for when assessing the viability of a story : - the power elite : stories concerning powerful individuals, organizations or institutions ; - celebrity : stories concerning people who are already famous ; - entertainment : stories concerning sex, showbusiness, human interest, animals, an unfolding drama, or offering opportunities for humorous treatment, entertaining photographs or witty headlines ; - surprise : stories with an element of the unexpected and / or contrast ; - bad news : stories with negative overtones such as conflict or tragedy ; - good news : stories with positive overtones such as rescues and cures ; - magnitude : stories perceived as sufficiently significant either in


unless proper electronic - waste recycling is established in developing countries, they will face serious environmental and public health consequences, a united nations report says. the urgency in addressing e - waste disposal is driven by the sharp rise in sales of electronic products expected over the next 10 years in countries like china and india, across continents such as africa, and over large regions including latin america, the u. n. said. such imports are expected to add millions of tons of e - waste in regions where recycling efforts are inadequate to handle even current e - waste levels. for example, most e - waste in china is improperly handled today, with much of it incinerated by backyard recyclers to recover valuable metals like gold. such practices release steady plumes of toxic pollution and yield very low metal recovery rates compared to state - of - the - art industrial facilities. while such grossly inadequate recycling efforts are not being properly addressed, the mountain of e - waste that exists today is growing. for example, e - waste from old computers is expected to jump from 2007 levels by 200 % to 400 % in south africa and china and by 500 % in india. e - waste from discarded mobile phones will be about seven times higher than 2007 levels in china and 18 times higher in india, the report released monday from the u. n. environment programme said. e - waste from televisions will be 1. 5 to two times higher in china and india. this year, china is expected to produce about 2. 3 million tons of e - waste domestically, second only to the united states with about 3 million tons. " this report gives new urgency to establishing ambitious, formal, and regulated processes for collecting and managing e - waste via the setting up of large, efficient facilities in china, " said achim steiner, u. n. under - secretary general and executive director of unep, in a statement. in calling for action in e - waste recycling in developing nations, the u. n. report, " recycling - - from e - waste to resources, " points out that boosting recycling rates can generate employment, cut greenhouse emissions, and recover a wide range of valuable metals, including silver, gold, palladium, copper, and indium. " by acting now and planning forward, many countries can turn an e - challenge into an e - opportunity, " steiner said. in places like china, developing an effective national recycling scheme will be difficult and slow because of the lack of a comprehensive e - waste collection network, combined with competition from


naad yoga and the healing power of sound compiled by guru tera k. khalsa from the aquarian teacher level 1 training manual we live in a sea of sound. even in silence, we can hear the beat of our own hearts. how often have you used sound to uplift your spirits when you are feeling sad or bad? do you sing a song, play a cd, call a friend and talk? how often have you brought yourself and others down by words used in anger and frustration? can the sounds we utter heal ourselves and others? the sounds we hear around us affect our health and vitality. the universe is made up of vibration and sound is not only a most potent tool in maintaining and creating our sense of well - being, but also can be used to heal the body, mind, and spirit. naad means “ the essence of all sound, ” the vibrational harmony of the infinite. naad yoga is based on the experience of how sound vibrations affect the body, mind, and spirit through the movement of the tongue and mouth, and changes in the chemicals of the brain. when we consciously regulate the sounds we make through the use of mantra, breath, and rhythm, we can produce profound effects on our health and well - being. the ability we have to affect our immune system through our thoughts and emotions has been scientifically documented. mantra, rhythm, and breath used together can create a healing response in the immune system. psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the connection between the mind and emotions, and the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. the link between these body systems and our sensations, thoughts, and emotions, is the limbic system which is made up of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal glands. sound, breath, and rhythm are intrepreted like a code by the hypothalamus. there are eighty - four meridian points on the upper palate. with each stroke of the breath and the tongue striking the meridian points, it is like a beat of a baton that releases waves of neuro - chemical messages to activate the pituitary gland. the pituitary gland commands all the other glands, which in turn, regulate our immune function and emotions. there is a special connection between the higher functions of the pineal gland and the use of the breath. when the breath is very slow ( 4 breaths per minute or less ), a channel is opened by the hypothalamus between the pituit


ever heard the line, " water, water, everywhere and not a drop to drink? " never is that more true than during a hurricane. superstorm sandy came ashore monday night, flooding parts of the east coast. after a natural disaster, your water may not be safe for use, according to the centers for disease control and prevention. this includes any water used for drinking, cooking, food preparation and / or personal hygiene. residents in sandy ' s path should be on the lookout for boil water advisories from their local and state departments of health, as well as from utility companies. these signify that your water may be contaminated. still, even if no notice has been issued, consumers should never assume that water in a flood - affected area is safe to drink, the rhode island department of health says. floodwaters may permeate the public water supply or private wells, bringing disease - causing organisms like viruses and parasites. " limit toilet flushing and showering, and avoid using dishwashers and washing machines, " rhode island ' s emergency site states. " these appliances all drain water into the sewage treatment system. continual use could cause sewage backup and overflow. " using bottled water is, of course, the easiest option. otherwise, boiling is the most effective way to disinfect water, according to the cdc. to properly kill bacteria, boil water for a full minute. if you cannot boil your water due to power outages, you may add 1 / 8 teaspoon of unscented, liquid bleach into a gallon of water and wait for 30 minutes before use. if your water is cloudy, filter if first through a paper towel or coffee filter. it ' s important to note, the cdc says, that boiling or bleaching water will not detoxify water contaminated with fuel or other chemicals. seek another water source if you suspect yours is toxic. for more information, visit the cdc ' s website at http : / / emergency. cdc. gov


american academy of ophthalmology recommends baseline eye exam at age 40 for those without risk factors or symptoms ; women more likely to be affected by certain eye diseases san francisco – october 8 is world sight day and through its eyesmart™ campaign the american academy of ophthalmology reminds the public that a baseline eye exam is a simple yet important measure for protecting your vision. world sight day this year is dedicated to raising awareness of women and eye health. worldwide, 314 million people are visually impaired, of whom 45 million are blind. nearly two - thirds of people affected by vision loss are female. “ many eye diseases progress without any warning signs, ” says michael brennan md, president of the academy. “ gradual changes in vision often go unnoticed but can have a devastating impact on your ability to function independently. the earlier that your eye m. d. can detect and treat an eye disease, the better your chances are of preserving precious vision. ” the academy recommends that individuals with no signs or risk factors for eye disease know the importance of getting a baseline eye disease screening at age 40 — the time when early signs of disease and changes in vision may start to occur. based on the results of the initial screening, an ophthalmologist will prescribe the necessary intervals for follow - up exams. for individuals at any age with symptoms of or at risk for eye disease, such as those with a family history of eye disease, diabetes or high blood pressure, the academy recommends that individuals see their ophthalmologist to determine how frequently their eyes should be examined. by 2020, 43 million americans will face significant vision loss or blindness from age - related eye diseases, such as cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and macular degeneration, an increase of more than 50 percent over the current number of americans with such diseases. because women in the united states live longer than men, they are disproportionately affected by age - related eye diseases. learn about eye injuries or find an eye m. d. in your area by visiting www. geteyesmart. org. consumers can also submit questions about eye health to an ophthalmologist at www. geteyesmart. org / askaneyemd about the american academy of ophthalmology aao is the world ' s largest association of eye physicians and surgeons — eye m. d. s — with more than 27, 000 members worldwide. eye health care is provided by the three “ o ’ s ” –


osteoporosis is when bones become weak and brittle. if left unchecked, it can lead to bone breaks ( fracture ). any bone can be affected. fractures of special concern are of the copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. throughout life, old bone is removed and new bone is added to your skeleton. during childhood and adolescence, new bone is added faster than old bone is removed. as a result, bones become heavier, larger, and denser. peak bone mass is reached around age 30. from that point, more bone is lost than replaced. if not treated, bone loss may lead to osteoporosis. osteoporosis is more likely to occur if full bone mass was not achieved during your bone - building years. bone density also plays a role in bone health. bone density is determined by the amount of minerals within the bone framework. these include calcium, phosphorus, and others. as the mineral content of a bone ( especially calcium ) decreases, the bone weakens. getting enough calcium, vitamin d, and regular exercise can keep bones strong throughout life. there are many risk factors that may increase your chance of developing osteoporosis. some of the risk factors include : - increasing age - low weight - alcohol abuse - history of falls certain conditions, such as : - use of certain medicines ( such as antidepressants, warfarin [ coumadin ], long - term heparin, corticosteroids, thyroid medicine, anticonvulsants, antacids ) - low hormone levels ( low estrogen levels in women, low testosterone levels in men ) - inactive lifestyle certain restrictive diets ( for example, not getting enough - too little sunlight ( the effect of sun on the skin is a primary source of vitamin d ) more women than men develop osteoporosis. some specific risk factors that affect women include : - family history of osteoporosis - postmenopausal status ( no menstrual periods ) - gastrointestinal malabsorption - having another endocrine disorder ( such as thyroid disorder or diabetes ) - pain when bones break or collapse - severe back pain with fracture of the vertebrae, wrists, hips, or other bones - loss of height with stooped posture ( kyphosis ) copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. he or she will do a physical exam. early signs of osteoporosis can be seen with


height with stooped posture ( kyphosis ) copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. he or she will do a physical exam. early signs of osteoporosis can be seen with bone density testing : - dual - energy x - ray absorptiometry — measures bone density in the entire body - for older men, the american college of physicians ( acp ) recommends that your doctor check for risk factors for osteoporosis. the acp also recommends that you have this test if you are at an increased risk and are a candidate for drug therapy. ask your doctor about what is right for you. - single - energy x - ray absorptiometry — measures bone density in the arm or heel - ultrasound bone density measurement — measures bone density in fingers, heels, and leg bones other tests may include : - blood and urine tests — to test for calcium levels or substances created when bone is broken down decrease your intake of caffeinated beverages and alcohol. eat a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin d. calcium is in : - dairy products - green leafy vegetables - canned fish with bones - calcium - fortified products do not smoke. if you smoke, exercise improves bone health. it also increases muscle strength, coordination, and balance. do weight - bearing and strength - training exercises for maximum benefit. balance training may prevent falls and fractures. people who cannot eat enough calcium from food might want to take calcium supplements. calcium citrate has the best absorption and is well - tolerated. other vitamins and minerals may be recommended, including vitamin d, vitamin k. a study showed that japanese postmenopausal women who took vitamin k supplements had a reduced rate of fractures. talk to your doctor before taking herbs or supplements. your doctor may prescribe medicine to prevent bone loss, increase bone density, and reduce your risk of spine and hip fractures : ( such as evista ) [ such as fosamax ], [ such as actonel ], [ such as boniva ], [ such as reclast ] ) - recombinant parathyroid hormone ( such as teriparatide ) - denosumab ( prolia ) ( including estrogen replacement therapy [ ert ] ) can cut your risk of osteoporosis in half. however, research shows a strong association between longer - term hrt and / or ert a significantly increased risk of invasive heart attacks, and blood clots.


[ ert ] ) can cut your risk of osteoporosis in half. however, research shows a strong association between longer - term hrt and / or ert a significantly increased risk of invasive heart attacks, and blood clots. be sure to discuss all of the health risks and benefits of hormone therapy with your doctor to find out if it is right for you. hrt therapy may include : - estrogen alone ( ert ) estrogen and progestin — frequently preferred for women with an intact uterus because ert slightly increases the risk of - reduce bone loss - increase bone density - reduce the risk of hip and spinal fractures in postmenopausal women falls can increase the chance of fracture in someone with osteoporosis. here are ways to prevent falls : - wear rubber - soled shoes for traction. - use plastic or carpet runners when possible. - keep rooms free of clutter. - install grab bars in bathrooms. building strong bones throughout your early years is the best defense against osteoporosis. there are four steps to prevent osteoporosis : - balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin d - weight - bearing exercise - healthy lifestyle ( no smoking, drink alcohol only in moderation ) bone density testing and medicines where appropriate : fall prevention. national osteoporosis foundation website. available at : http : / / www. nof. org / patientinfo / fall _ prevention. htm. accessed june 10, 2008. ho - pham lt, nguyen nd, et al. effect of vegetarian diets on bone mineral density : a bayesian meta - analysis. am j clin nutr. 2009 ; 90 : 943 - 950. khosla l, melton lj. clinical practice : osteopenia. n engl j med. 2007 ; 356 : 2293 - 2300. strong women, strong bones : everything you need to prevent, treat, and beat osteoporosis. new york, ny : putnam ; 2000. osteoporosis. ebsco dynamed website. available at :. updated march 2010. accessed march 12, 2010. osteoporosis : frequently asked questions. womens health. gov. available at : http : / / www. womenshealth. gov / faq / osteoporosis. cfm # c. updated september 22, 2009. accessed december 22, 2009. osteoporosis : risk factors. mayo


: http : / / www. womenshealth. gov / faq / osteoporosis. cfm # c. updated september 22, 2009. accessed december 22, 2009. osteoporosis : risk factors. mayo clinic website. available at :. updated december 2009. accessed december 22, 2009. prevention : who ' s at risk? national osteoporosis foundation website. available at : http : / / www. nof. org / patientinfo / fall _ prevention. htm. accessed december 22, 2009. sambrook p, cooper c. osteoporosis. 10 / 6 / 2006 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : cockayne s, adamson j, lanham - new s, et al. vitamin k and the prevention of fractures : systematic review and meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials. arch intern med. 2006 ; 166 : 1256 - 1261. 5 / 16 / 2008 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : qaseem a, snow v, shekelle p, hopkins r jr, forciea ma, owens dk ; clinical efficacy assessment subcommittee of the american college of physicians. screening for osteoporosis in men : a clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians. ann intern med. 2008 ; 148 : 680 - 684. 1 / 30 / 2009 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : loke yk, singh s, furberg cd. long - term use of thiazolidinediones and fractures in type 2 diabetes : a meta - analysis. cmaj. 2009 ; 180 : 32 - 39. epub 2008 dec 10. 12 / 29 / 2009 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : hippisley - cox j, coupland c. predicting risk of osteoporotic fracture in men and women in england and wales : prospective derivation and validation of qfracturescores. 6 / 4 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : fda approves new injectable osteoporosis treatment for postmenopausal women. us food and drug administration website. available at :. published june 1, 2010. accessed june 4, 2010. last reviewed september 2011 by rosalyn carson - dewitt, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think


in the coming weeks, the national research council will announce nationwide recommendations for science education standards. states are under no obligation to incorporate these standards into curricula. the standards are a milestone at a critical moment in science education nationwide. states can integrate some, all or none of these suggestions into their curricula. for those of us committed to empowering america ’ s youth with the most accurate and up - to - date scientific information, it is imperative the standards incorporate the scientific consensus on the evidence of climate change and its extraordinary risks to humanity. we — those who work on the ground — must challenge ongoing attempts to institutionalize climate change denial. the heartland institute ’ s plan to weave denialism into american classrooms might be the most egregious example, but several states have passed or are considering laws that perpetuate myths that a bona fide climate change “ debate ” exists. just this month tennessee passed a law that protects the teaching of climate change denial. much like the industry - sponsored propaganda in the 1970 ’ s surrounding tobacco ’ s connection to lung cancer, these tactics seek to systematically confuse and spread misinformation. these efforts undermine students ’ mastery of critical scientific concepts. the notion of a debate despite scientific consensus ( 98 % of scientists surveyed for 2010 national research council reports said that global warming exists and is caused by human activities ) is not only inaccurate ; the tactic seriously jeopardizes future generations ’ ability to understand, manage and thrive amid 21st century challenges. history shows us that there is no greater force for good than an educated, passionate group of young americans. time and time again, young people worked as the agents of change to push for progress and innovation — even when some of the country wasn ’ t ready for it. if today ’ s youth are going to once more lead the world in innovation, they will have to enter the workforce armed with knowledge and motivated by the urgency of energy independence. but that solid understanding has to start now and be reinforced from year to year — it ’ s up to those of us responsible for their education to make sure they have the necessary tools to do so. the alliance for climate education ( ace ) exists to explain the science behind climate change in a fun, interactive way. we outline the potential consequences, including damage to economic, social and environmental systems worldwide, but we emphasize realistic solutions. to date, more than 1. 2 million high school students have seen our award - winning multimedia presentation, and tens of thousands have engaged in sustainability and energy savings projects in their schools and communities


social and environmental systems worldwide, but we emphasize realistic solutions. to date, more than 1. 2 million high school students have seen our award - winning multimedia presentation, and tens of thousands have engaged in sustainability and energy savings projects in their schools and communities. youth across the country are taking action and learning in the process, but their education will be undermined if teachers don ’ t accurately — and with the support of their supervisors and communities — convey the science behind existing climate change and the pathways to reducing its impact. we often hear from teachers that accurate and, importantly, workable lesson plans on climate change aren ’ t available from their schools. ace is working hard to fill that gap. neither ace nor individual teachers and administrators who understand the importance of climate change education can work in a vacuum, however. success — a generation of young minds armed with the knowledge and will to tackle climate change solutions — requires collaboration across ideological, demographic and regional lines. we can start by prioritizing climate change education in these new standards. we must then support the leaders within our administrations and in the legislation who insist state curricula incorporate consensus climate science. last, we must prevent attempts to confuse our youth with inaccurate information. whether generated by groups that are primarily funded by fossil fuel interests such as heartland or others, the systematic support of denial undermines the education system beyond the science classroom. in our schools, quality science education, based on scientific consensus, must trump political agendas.


what pet owners say about laser surgery what is a laser? laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. a laser is an opto - electronic device that produces highly concentrated light rays. laser power may range from milliwatts ( in cd - rom drives and laser pointers ) to dozens of watts ( industrial and medical applications ) and over trillions of watts ( pulsed lasers in scientific and military applications ). what is laser surgery? interaction of laser light with tissue provides a fundamentally different approach to surgery. in laser surgery, a highly focused laser beam can efficiently ablate ( either vaporize or chip away ) the living tissue. at the same time, it seals ( welds ) capillaries, small blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve endings, with significant benefits to both patients and surgeons. what is the most efficient soft - tissue surgical laser? soft tissue laser surgery is different from hard tissue laser surgery ( bones and teeth in dentistry ) and laser eye surgery ( eye sight corrective surgeries ) by particular types of lasers. lasers differ from each other by the wavelength of light they produce. the most commonly used surgical laser in soft tissue surgery is the co2 laser. the co2 laser wavelength ( 10. 6 micrometers ) is highly absorbed by water contained in soft tissue. because of its outstanding versatility and precision, the co2 surgical laser is the most efficient and dominant soft tissue surgical laser since the 1960s. laser surgery is widely practiced in many applications of human as well as veterinary medicine. laser surgery benefits for patients as it cuts, the laser seals small blood vessels. this drastic reduction in bleeding enables a number of new surgical procedures that are not practical with conventional scalpel. the co2 laser beam seals nerve endings and lymphatics, resulting in less edema and pain. the patient experiences a far more comfortable post - operative recovery. reduced risk of infection : this is one of the unique features of the co2 laser beam. it efficiently kills bacteria in its path, producing a sterilizing effect. quicker recovery time : reduced risk of infection, less bleeding, less pain and less swelling often allow the patient a far quicker recovery after the surgery. laser surgery benefits for surgeons unique surgical capabilities : laser surgery improves many surgical procedures by making them simpler and reducing risk. this enables surgeries that are not practical with conventional methods. enhanced visibility of the surgical field : the laser light seals capillaries and small blood vessels as it cuts, thereby dramatically reducing bleeding. this results in a


making them simpler and reducing risk. this enables surgeries that are not practical with conventional methods. enhanced visibility of the surgical field : the laser light seals capillaries and small blood vessels as it cuts, thereby dramatically reducing bleeding. this results in a much clearer and drier surgical site. increased precision and control : the focal spot size of the beam may be adjusted down to a small fraction of a millimeter or expanded for a much wider coverage. the laser power may be set for rapid removal of relatively large tissue amounts, or adjusted to remove only one cell layer at a time. reduction of surgery time : the hemostatic effect of the laser beam and the improved visibility of the surgical field often reduce the duration of the surgery. veterinary laser surgery general surgery procedures : traumatic wound debridement, perianal tumors, toe nail lasing, amputations, tumor bed ablations, ceruminous adenocarcinoma, vaginal fold excision, chemodectoma chronic, mast cell tumors, colorectal tumor debulking or resection, cranial cruciate ligament rupture debridement, granulation tissue shaving, cystotomy, deep mass removal, everted saccule resection, vital pulpotomy, fibrosarcoma, graft bed preparation - infected wounds, hemangiopericytoma, hepatic carcinoma - hepatic lobectomy, lipoma & liposarcoma resections, operculectomy, perianal urethostomy stricture revisions, pericardectomy, rhabdomyxoma of flank, subtotal prostatectomy, tendon sheath tumors hemangiopericytoma, scc and infiltrating lipoma, thyroidectomy, enterotomy, transitional cell carcinoma of bladder, perianal fistulas, tumor / mass removal, urethral prolapse resections, urinary bladder polyps, vaginal tumor excisions - leiomyoma, scc and fibrosarcoma, anal saculectomy. "... laser surgery offers better hemostasis and visibility, less post - operative swelling, and decreased post - operative pain. in certain procedures, better hemostasis and visibility will reduce overall surgical time. " timothy l. holt, dvm and fred a mann, dvm, ms " soft tissue application of lasers " vet clin small


- operative pain. in certain procedures, better hemostasis and visibility will reduce overall surgical time. " timothy l. holt, dvm and fred a mann, dvm, ms " soft tissue application of lasers " vet clin small anim 32 ( 2002 ) 569 - 599, elsevier science ( usa ) " the carbon dioxide laser is a very effective tool for treating diseases of the perianal region. the skin of the perianal region is thin and sensitive. the carbon dioxide laser offers a ‘ no touch ’ method of excising these lesions, which helps decrease postoperative discomfort and irritation. the carbon dioxide laser is very effective in controlling hemorrhage from vessels smaller than 0. 5 mm. this is sufficient in controlling most hemorrhage caused from the rich blood supply of the perianal region. the perianal region is contaminated with bacteria. the carbon dioxide laser photothermally vaporizes bacteria, so that bacterial numbers are decreased, which helps reduce the risk of postoperative infections. these factors help the patient recover quicker and return to function sooner. the light emitted from a carbon dioxide laser has a wavelength of 10, 600 nm, which is in the far - infrared light spectrum. this wavelength of light is highly absorbed by water, creating a thermal effect. because all soft tissues in the body are composed mainly of water, the carbon dioxide laser penetrates very shallow into tissue, and there is very little collateral thermal damage. this interaction makes the carbon dioxide laser a useful tool for incising, excising, and photoablating soft tissue and allows for fine, controlled dissection of tissue. the axiom of ‘ what you see is what you get ’ applies to the properties of the carbon dioxide laser. finally, the carbon dioxide laser seems to have a lower learning curve when compared with other types of lasers. " bert a. shelley, dvm, ms " use of the carbon dioxide laser for perianal and rectal surgery. ” " vet clin small anim 32 ( 2002 ) 621 - 637, elsevier science ( usa ) opthamology surgery procedures : conjunctiva treatment, cherry eye, distichia, ectopic cilia, lacrimal punctotomy for epiphora, entropion, meibomium gland excision, eyelid tumor removal, hemangioma removal, scleral corneal mass removal, keratectomy, mast cell tumors, squamous


vaporizing soft tissue with hemostasis. co2 lasers intended for dental applications are cw lasers. the co2 wavelength is absorbed by the water content of oral tissues. thermal necrosis zones of 100 to 300 lm at cut tissue edges are typical, providing better oral structure safety compared with other lasers ( neodymium : yttrium aluminum garnet [ nd : yag ], argon, and diode ), which may penetrate up to several millimeters. with the co2 laser, ‘ what you see is what you get ’ compared with the nd : yag laser where no immediately visible change appears in the tissue surrounding the zone of vaporization. with the nd : yag laser, it is difficult to estimate the true extend of thermal necrosis. this advantage of replacing traditional excisional techniques with co2 laser ablation permits removal of the damaged epithelium with as little as 0. 1 to 0. 2 mm of reversible thermal injury to the submucosa. co2 lasers are used for oral, soft tissue procedures, such as gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, frenectomy, and biopsy. tissue vaporization is more efficient with the co2 laser than with other lasers discussed because of the direct absorption of this wavelength by water.. " jan bellows, dvm " laser use in veterinary dentistry " vet clin small anim 32 ( 2002 ) 673 - 692. elsevier science, ( usa ) dermatology surgery procedures : acral lick granuloma ablation, cutaneous masses : skin tags, follicular cysts and tumors, gingival hyperplasia and epulis, hyperkeratosis of digital pads / nasal planum, hemostasis, malignant melanoma, localized demodex, inclusion cysts, papillomas, epibulbar melanoma, pigmented viral plaques, actinic keratosis, pinnal tumors, feline ceruminous cystomatosis, calcinosis circumscripta, squamous cell carcinoma removal, viral papillomas, wound management ( acute and chronic ), nodular sebaceous hyperplasia, plasma cell pododermatitis. " the co2 laser proved to be an excellent choice for laser surgery because of the ability to limit the zones of damage to microsurgery with little to no collateral damage. this laser is the primary laser


, plasma cell pododermatitis. " the co2 laser proved to be an excellent choice for laser surgery because of the ability to limit the zones of damage to microsurgery with little to no collateral damage. this laser is the primary laser in use today in veterinary dermatology. the operator can easily control the device for use in three ways : skin incision, lesion excision, and ablation. it can be readily controlled for precise microsurgery or can be used for ablating larger lesions. because of its high absorption by water, there is little to no collateral tissue damage with this laser when used properly.... the ability for the operator to control the effect of the laser beam essentially to the area that you can see with no collateral damage, has led to wide use of this laser in many areas of medicine, including veterinary dermatology... " david duclos, dvm " lasers in veterinary dermatology " vet clin small anim 36 ( 2006 ) 15 - 37, elsevier science ( usa ) avian and exotic surgery procedures : traumatic wound debridement, eyelid polyp removal, stripping of tendons, avian pox lesion removal, diptheroid membrane obstructing, anal sac removal, choanal opening, fibrosarcoma removal, vocal fold excision, granulation tissue ablation, histiocytoma of forepaw, lipoma removal, xanthoma removal, liver mass removal, gonadectomy, adrenal gland removal, constricted toe syndrome, lymph node biopsy, ovary ablation, papilloma removal, caesarian section, renal adenocarcinoma, sebaceous adenomas, skin incisions, canthoplasty for lid deformities, synovial cell sarcoma removal, bumblefoot, nasal polyp removal, uterine adenocarcinoma, hysterectomy. " there are many benefits of the co2 laser in exotic animal practice. their use is limited only by the imagination... the benefits of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) laser use in exotics include decreased blood loss, pain, surgery time, and healing time. because the co2 laser seals small vessels as it cuts, there is a decreased blood loss, which is of great benefit because many of the exotic species are quite small and therefore have a small blood volume. the use of co2 lasers


healing time. because the co2 laser seals small vessels as it cuts, there is a decreased blood loss, which is of great benefit because many of the exotic species are quite small and therefore have a small blood volume. the use of co2 lasers for surgery also decreases pain because they seal nerve endings as they cut, which may also decrease selfinduced trauma after surgery. decreased pain may also lessen postsurgical fear and anxiety. lasers make surgery safer and provide a quicker recovery period. ablation of cutaneous masses is simplified, with minimal loss of blood. many exotics develop a capsule surrounding an abscess. if this capsule is not removed or is only partially removed, there is a high recurrence rate. the co2 laser allows for the ablation of the capsule. " agnes e. rupley, dvm and terri parrott - nenezian, dvm " the use of surgical lasers in exotic and avian practice " vet clin small anim 32 ( 2002 ) 703 - 721. elsevier science ( usa ) equine surgery procedures : sarcoid removal, acute scrotal hernia repair, fibroma / neurofibroma, umbilical hernia repair, basal cell mastocytoma, entrapped epiglottis procedure, granulation tissue removal, lymphoid polyps, cryptorchidectomy, melanoma, palmer digital neurectomy, castration, removal of hydroceles, scirrhous cord resection, neoplasia, squamous cell carcinoma, guttural pouch membrane ablation, ethmoid hematoma, ablation of penile and cervical lesions, proud flesh. " … surgical lasers have extended the operative precision, range, and morbidity reduction …. equine upper airway surgery has also been revolutionized, and there are certainly many applications yet to be developed. " stephen w. crane, dvm " lasers in medicine and surgery " vet clin small anim 32 ( 2002 ) xi - xii. elsevier science ( usa )


air traffic control - part 2 by roger meyer in september 1946 the provisional international civil aviation organisation ( picao ) appointed a special radio technical committee to evaluate the wartime developments in navigation, communications and air traffic control which could be used by civil aviation in peacetime. icao later issued a series of annexes which established uniform standards to be observed by member states. interestingly, under australian regulations air traffic controllers were not required to be licensed until 1961. australias air navigation regulations were re - drafted to embody, as far as possible, the picao recommendations. the new regulations, issued in august 1947, gave legal authority to the establishment and functions of the air traffic control service. a new manual of air traffic control was issued at the same time. a steady growth in air traffic, particularly on the main air routes between brisbane, sydney and melbourne led to congestion in the vicinity of these aerodromes where aircraft were on descent from their cruising height prior to landing. the already overloaded radio communications facilities did not allow a sufficiently rapid means of communication between atc and the pilots of aircraft flying in these critical areas, especially in conditions of bad weather. a separate service called approach control was introduced, and evaluated on a trial basis at essendon, mascot and archerfield in july 1947. by 1950 it was introduced at other locations where traffic density warranted such units. at the same time australian and new guinea airspace was divided into ten large areas of responsibility, called flight information regions. the next major innovation was the flight progress board ( fpb ), which was based on an american model. the flight progress board was introduced from 1950, and performed two separate control functions. first, it looked after aircraft travelling on controlled air routes. at a distance of more than 60 miles from the major airport aircraft were under the control of an area controller, who used aeradio stations for communications with aircraft. second, within a 60 mile radius of a major airport, the arrivals controller was in direct radio communications with all aircraft so that control was positive and carried out with least possible delay, thus providing control of aircraft converging on a busy airport. at least four people were needed to work the board. on one side was an assistant who used an aircrafts flight plan to prepare coloured flight progress strips with each flights details prior to its departure. on the opposite side, air traffic controllers actually directed the traffic using the data prepared by the assistant, updated as the flight progressed. finally, the senior area controller supervised and coordinated all activities. click here to see photos of essendon area


to its departure. on the opposite side, air traffic controllers actually directed the traffic using the data prepared by the assistant, updated as the flight progressed. finally, the senior area controller supervised and coordinated all activities. click here to see photos of essendon area control centre ' s fpbs in the late 1950s. it was soon realised that there was a need for some positive means of coordination between a control tower and the associated air traffic control centre in the assignment of aircraft altitudes. without this coordination, there was the ever present possibility that the same altitude for different aircraft could be assigned and although the control tower was responsible for the control of aircraft only in a restricted area, there existed the possibility of double assignment of altitudes. in order to obviate this difficulty, altitude assignment boards were developed, one of which was designed for building into the tower console, and the other for the flight progress board in the atc centre. to assign an altitude, the controller in the tower plugged into his board a flight progress strip, and the fact that this altitude was then assigned was indicated by a lamp in the control tower and a corresponding indication was presented on the flight progress board. if an attempt was made at the flight progress board to assign the same altitude to another aircraft by plugging in a flight strip, alarms in both the tower and at the centre operated. click here to read more about the altitude assignment board. this method of separating air traffic within controlled airspace continued to be used until the mid - 1960s when area approach control centres ( aaccs ) were established, which now leads us, inevitably, to the introduction of radar. this quantum leap changed what had been a static display of a dynamic situation with the flight progress board, to a completely dynamic radar display. possibly the most dramatic impact on atc in australia was the introduction of radar. radar was invented in britain in 1935, and its contribution to the allied war effort is well documented. the department of civil aviation, after the war, experimented with a number of ex - wartime radar installations at essendon airport. some were, by todays standards, positively primitive, such as the australian light weight air warning ( lw / aw ) radar, housed under a canvas tent. another was the 276 radar with its daylight plotter in the tower. an operator worked in a small, darkened building on the airport, tracking aircraft on his screen. the x and y coordinate voltages, representing the location of the aircraft, were connected to the tower by a control cable, and traced as a brown line on a


worked in a small, darkened building on the airport, tracking aircraft on his screen. the x and y coordinate voltages, representing the location of the aircraft, were connected to the tower by a control cable, and traced as a brown line on a sheet of chemical - impregnated blotting paper. in 1959, short - range raw display cossor radars were provided at sydney and melbourne airports to facilitate control of arriving and departing aircraft within up to 50 miles of each respective airport. the displays were located in the tower cab at melbourne / essendon, and in a room under the tower in sydney. being raw displays, they were only viewable in semi - darkness. in 1961, dca produced a long - term plan outlining surveillance radar requirements, recommending the provision of dual - purpose radars for approach and area control at brisbane, sydney, melbourne, adelaide and perth. scan - converted bright radar display systems were incorporated in new aaccs at sydney, melbourne and brisbane. the aaccs were commissioned, respectively, in 1965, 1967 and 1969. in 1964 the upper limit of controlled airspace was increased to 40, 000 feet in 1964 to accommodate the introduction of domestic jet services. a further enhancement was secondary surveillance radar ( ssr ) which required target aircraft to be fitted with a receiver / transmitter ( transponder ) which responded to a recognised signal radiated from the ground radar beacon. in early systems only a symbol, different depending on the code being squawked by the aircraft, was displayed superimposed on the aircrafts primary radar return. in later display systems, such as the fully synthetic, computerised atcards system, an aircrafts callsign, altitude and computed ground - speed were displayed against the aircraft target on the operators screen. this is a very brief overview of the some of the many innovations which atc and the supporting airways engineering organisation implemented in response to the vastly increased volume of air traffic, and the introduction of jet aircraft. click here to read part 1 back to the air traffic services index page


here ’ s a scary halloween statistic. oct. 31 marks the beginning of the holiday season, the time of year when the average american gains the most weight. in my last article, i discussed how it all starts with the simple equation, calories in versus calories out. in this article i will strive to help you ward off the horrors of becoming a weight - gain statistic by exposing another myth. is it possible to be overweight because of a slow metabolism? the answer is, probably not. you may know someone who eats nothing but junk food and never seems to gain an ounce, so you assume they have a fast metabolism. for the same reason that no particular type of food makes us fat other than the calories supplied, it is also possible to stay lean eating junk food. it may be tempting to blame your metabolism for weight gain, but only in rare cases do you get excessive weight gain from a medical problem that slows metabolism. metabolism is the process by which your body converts what you eat and drink into energy. even at rest, your body needs energy for functions such as breathing, circulating blood and cellular repair. the number of calories your body uses for these basic functions is known as your basal metabolic rate ( bmr ). similar to your bmr is your resting metabolic rate ( rmr ), which is just slightly higher and is the amount of calories burned while your body is awake and at total rest. energy needs for your body ’ s basic functions stay fairly consistent and aren ’ t easily changed. your resting metabolic rate accounts for about 60 to 75 percent of the calories you burn every day. the variables that determine metabolic rate are : — your body size and composition. the bodies of people who are larger or have more muscle burn more calories, even at rest. — your sex. men usually have less body fat and more muscle than do women of the same age and weight, therefore burn more calories. — your age. as you get older, the amount of muscle tends to decrease and fat accounts for more of your weight, slowing down calorie burning. other factors that can contribute to lowering your metabolic rate include heredity, certain medications, lack of sleep, and starvation diets. although your metabolism influences your body ’ s basic energy needs, weight / fat loss is determined by your daily caloric deficit. you create a caloric deficit through your total daily energy expenditure ( tdee ). in addition to your basal metabolic rate, another factor that determines how many cal


s basic energy needs, weight / fat loss is determined by your daily caloric deficit. you create a caloric deficit through your total daily energy expenditure ( tdee ). in addition to your basal metabolic rate, another factor that determines how many calories your body burns each day is food processing ( thermogenesis ). digesting, absorbing, transporting and storing the food you consume also takes calories. this accounts for about 10 percent of the calories used each day. exercise adds to your daily calorie needs, and as long as you don ’ t consume more to compensate ( keeping your intake below your needs ) the body must draw on its fat stores and you ’ ll lose fat. aerobic / cardio exercise is the most efficient way to burn calories and includes activities such as walking or bicycling. remember, the more active you are, the greater the benefits. strength training helps counteract muscle loss associated with aging. and since muscle tissue burns more calories than fat tissue does, muscle mass is a key factor in weight loss. with both cardio and strength training, you have the benefit of what ’ s called epoc ( excess post - exercise oxygen consumption ), meaning a higher metabolic rate for an extended period of time after your exercise session is completed. lifestyle activities including all your daily walking, recreation, work, and house chores add up to more than you would imagine ( it ’ s called non exercise activity thermogenesis, or n. e. a. t. ). there ’ s no magic pill, so don ’ t look to dietary supplements claiming to speed up your metabolism. these products are often more hype than help, and some may cause undesirable or even dangerous side effects. dietary supplement manufacturers aren ’ t required by the fda to prove that their products are safe or effective, so view these products with caution, and always let your doctor know about any supplements you take. it ’ s simple but not always easy, especially over the holidays, but take in fewer calories than you burn, and you will lose weight and avoid the halloween to new year ’ s creep. perry buchanan, owner of pt gym, is certified as health fitness specialist through the american college of sports medicine and has been in the fitness industry for over 30 years.


phaeophyceae : brown algae the brown colour of these algae results from the dominance of the xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin, which masks the other pigments, chlorophyll a and c ( there is no chlorophyll b ), beta - carotene and other xanthophylls. food reserves are typically complex polysaccharides, sugars and higher alcohols. the principal carbohydrate reserve is laminaran, and true starch is absent ( compare with the green algae ). the walls are made of cellulose and alginic acid, a long - chained heteropolysaccharide. there are no known unicellular or colonial representatives ; the simplest plant form is a branched, filamentous thallus. the kelps are the largest ( up to 70 m long ) and perhaps the most complex brown algae, and they are the only algae known to have internal tissue differentiation into conducting tissue ; there is, however, no true xylem tissue as found in the ‘ higher ’ plants. most brown algae have an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. the haploid thalli form isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous gametes and the diploid thalli form zoospores, generally by meiosis. the haploid ( gametangial ) and diploid ( sporangial ) thalli may be similar ( isomorphic ) or different ( heteromorphic ) in appearance, or the gametangial generation may be extremely reduced ( fucales ). the brown giant kelp macrocystis pyrifera ( above ) is harvested off the coasts of california for feeding abalone. it used to be used for alginate extraction, but this now mostly comes from atlantic ascophyllum nodosum and laminaria hyperborea. alginates, derivatives of alginic acids, are used commercially for toothpastes, soaps, ice cream, tinned meats, fabric printing, and a host of other applications. it forms a stable viscous gel in water, and its primary function in the above applications is as a binder, stabilizer, emulsifier, or moulding agent. saccharina japonica, formerly laminaria, and other species of the genus are grown on ropes in china, korea and japan for food and alginate production. undaria pinnatif


##ulsifier, or moulding agent. saccharina japonica, formerly laminaria, and other species of the genus are grown on ropes in china, korea and japan for food and alginate production. undaria pinnatifida is also cultivated in japan, korea and china for production of wakame, a valuable food kelp. small amounts are also grown in atlantic france for the european market. about 16, 000 tonnes of ascophyllum nodosum ( feamainn bhui in irish, referring to the yellow colour in summer ) are harvested each year in ireland, dried and milled in factories at arramara teo., cill chiarain ( kilkerrin ), co. galway ; and some 3, 000 t of the resulting seaweed meal is exported and processed in scotland for the production of alginic acid. laminaria hyperborea stipes ( sea rods ) are harvested in norway and used to be collected in drift in scotland and ireland. the rods are used for the manufacture of high - grade alginates. other brown algae are used for the extraction of agricultural sprays ( ‘ liquid seaweed extracts ‘ ). these extracts are used at low concentrations on crops and their hormone - like activities are thought to be due to betaines, cytokinenins, etc. there are about 1800 species of brown algae, and most are marine. in general, brown algae are larger and more species are found in colder waters. virtually all the biomass worldwide comes from a relatively small number of species in the orders laminariales and fucales. the total wholesale value of dried brown algae worldwide collected in the wild or cultivated is less than $ 100 million dollars.