health illustrated encyclopedia multimedia - symptoms itching is a tingling or irritation of the skin that makes you want to scratch the affected area. itching may occur all over the whole body or only in one location. itching may occur all over the whole body ( generalized ) or only in one location ( localized ). there are many causes of itching, including : - aging skin - atopic dermatitis - contact dermatitis ( poison ivy or poison oak ) - contact irritants ( such as soaps, chemicals, or wool ) - dry skin - insect bites and stings - parasites such as pinworm, body lice, head lice, and pubic lice - pityriasis rosea - rashes ( may or may not itch ) - seborrheic dermatitis - superficial skin infections such as folliculitis and impetigo generalized itching may be caused by : - allergic reactions - childhood infections ( such as chickenpox or measles ) - iron deficiency anemia - kidney disease - liver disease with jaundice - reactions to medications and substances such as antibiotics ( penicillin, sulfonamides ), gold, griseofulvin, isoniazid, opiates, phenothiazines, or vitamin a for persistent or severe itching, see your health care provider for a diagnosis and treatment instructions. in the meantime, you can take some steps to help deal with the itch : - avoid scratching or rubbing the itchy areas. keep fingernails short to avoid damaging the skin from scratching. family members or friends may be able to help by calling attention to your scratching. - wear cool, light, loose bedclothes. avoid wearing rough clothing, particularly wool, over an itchy area. - take lukewarm baths using little soap and rinsing thoroughly. try a skin - soothing oatmeal or cornstarch bath. - apply a soothing lotion after bathing to soften and cool the skin. - use moisturizer on the skin, particularly in the dry winter months. dry skin is a common cause of itching. - apply cold compresses to an itchy area. - avoid prolonged exposure to excessive heat and humidity. - take part in activities that distract from the itching during the day and make you tired enough to sleep at night. - try over - the - counter oral antihistamines such as diphenhydramine ( benadryl ), but be aware of possible side


that distract from the itching during the day and make you tired enough to sleep at night. - try over - the - counter oral antihistamines such as diphenhydramine ( benadryl ), but be aware of possible side effects such as drowsiness. - try over - the - counter hydrocortisone cream on itchy areas. call your health care provider if call your doctor or nurse if you have itching and : - other, unexplained symptoms - is severe - does not go away - cannot be easily explained most itching does not require medical evaluation. look for an obvious cause of itching at home. it is sometimes easy for a parent to find the cause of a child ' s itching. looking closely at the skin will help you identify any bites, stings, rashes, dry skin, or irritation. often the cause of itching is fairly obvious, such as a mosquito bite. have the itching checked out as soon as possible if it keeps returning and does not have an obvious cause, you have total body itching, or you have hives that keep returning. unexplained itching may be a symptom of a disease that could be serious. what to expect at your health care provider ' s office your doctor or nurse will examine you and ask questions about your medical history and symptoms. you may be asked the following questions : - how long have you had this itch? - does it itch all the time? - does it seem to get worse, and has it spread? - what do you think caused this itch? - have you ever had this kind of itch before? what caused it then? - did you recently come in contact with any irritating substance? - do you have any allergies or sensitivities? - what medications are you taking? - have you started using any new product recently? what was it? - have you used any new soaps, fabric softeners, perfumes, deodorants, fabrics such as wool, or chemicals? - have you been around animals? - have you eaten shellfish or nuts recently? - have you had insect bites recently? - do you use lotions on your skin? - have you been in the sun recently? - what part of your body itches? - is it all over your body ( generalized itch )? - is the itch limited to a specific area? what area? - what does the skin that itches


been in the sun recently? - what part of your body itches? - is it all over your body ( generalized itch )? - is the itch limited to a specific area? what area? - what does the skin that itches look like? - is there a rash? if so, are there blisters or scales? - are you being treated for other medical conditions? - what other symptoms do you have? norris da. structure and function of the skin. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 443. habif tp. atopic dermatitis. in : habif tp, ed. clinical dermatology. 5th ed. st. louis, mo : mosby elsevier ; 2009 : chap 5. habif tp. urticaria and angioedema. in : habif tp, ed. clinical dermatology. 5th ed. st. louis, mo : mosby elsevier ; 2009 : chap 6. habif tp. infestations and bites. in : habif tp, ed. clinical dermatology. 5th ed. st. louis, mo : mosby elsevier ; 2009 : chap 15. reviewed by : linda j. vorvick, md, medical director and director of didactic curriculum, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, department of family medicine, uw medicine, school of medicine, university of washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc.


as in the portrait of a scholar by chae yongsin ( 2012. 329 ), the subject here — a young woman wearing a traditional korean dress ( hanbok ) comprising a short jacket over a floor - length skirt — appears in front of a folding screen atop a patterned straw mat, though she sits on a chair in three - quarter view. floral motifs abound, highlighting the decorative quality of the painting : flanked by potted plants and a vase with floral decoration, the sitter holds a spray of peonies ; the blue tablecloth is dotted with small flowers ; and the background screen, faintly painted in monochrome ink, shows flowering trees rather than a landscape, the more standard backdrop for portraits of this time. curiously, greater care and visual emphasis have been placed on the setting and objects — note, for example, the gold - painted planter — than on the sitter. there are very few extant portraits of women in korean painting prior to the twentieth century. the confucian belief in strict separation of the sexes and in female modesty deemed inappropriate the practice of a woman sitting for a male artist. this representation of an unmarried woman ( as indicated by her long, braided hairstyle ) is unusual in that it is neither allegorical nor part of a husband - and - wife double portrait. purchased in 1943, this painting was recently cleaned and is displayed here for the first time.


- health library - research a disease or condition - lookup a symptom - learn about a test - prepare for a surgery or procedure - what to do after being discharged - self - care instructions - questions to ask your doctor - nutrition, vitamins & special diets pvl ; brain injury - infants periventricular leukomalacia ( pvl ) is a type of brain injury that affects infants. the condition involves the death of small areas of brain tissue around fluid - filled areas called ventricles. the damage creates " holes " in the brain. " leuko " refers to the brain ' s white matter and " periventricular " refers to the area around the ventricles. pvl is much more common in premature infants than in full - term infants. a major cause is thought to be changes in blood flow to the area around the ventricles of the brain. this area is fragile and prone to injury, especially before 32 weeks of gestation. infection around the time of delivery may also play a role in causing pvl. the more premature your baby is and the sicker your baby is, the higher the risk for pvl. premature babies who have intraventricular hemorrhage ( ivh ) are also at increased risk for developing this condition. exams and tests tests used to diagnose pvl include ultrasound and mri of the head. there is no treatment for pvl. the baby ' s heart, lung, intestine, and kidney functions will be monitored and treated so they remain as normal as possible. pvl often leads to nervous system and developmental problems in growing babies, usually during the first to second year of life. it may cause cerebral palsy ( cp ), especially tightness, or increased muscle tone ( spasticity ) in the legs. babies with pvl are at risk for major nervous system problems, especially involving movements such as sitting, crawling, walking, and moving the arms. these babies may need physical therapy. a baby who is diagnosed with pvl should be monitored by a developmental pediatrician or a pediatric neurologist, in addition to the child ' s regular pediatrician. volpe jj. neurology of the newborn. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2008 ; chap 8. reviewed by : kimberly g lee, md, msc, ibclc, associate professor of pediatrics, division of neonatology, medical university of south carolina, charleston, sc. review provided by


- crayola® model magic® - white - creatology™ chenille stem - crayola® markers - wire cutter - follow package directions on crayola® model magic® and shape the bugs. let dry. - use markers to color bugs with polka dots and stripes as desired. use your imagination to combine colors. - adult : cut small pieces of chenille stem, poke into sides of bugs and bend to shape legs. tipsmodel magic® is an air - drying modeling compound, so read all the instructions on the package about drying time. it does not dry hard all the way through but will have a hard shell - like feel that still lets you easily insert the chenille stem for legs. craft notesadult supervision is required at all times. wire cutter for adult use only. backgroundif possible, use microscopes or magnifying glasses to have students examine insect and spider specimens. if that ' s not possible, provide books or posters with detailed pictures of insects and spiders. have students list the characteristics of each and compare and contrast. discuss the differences between the two species : • spiders have two body parts, eight legs, fangs, and most have eight eyes. they come in many different colors. • spiders lack wings and antennae. • insects, on the other hand, have three body parts, six legs, antennae, two eyes, and sometimes have wings. after the exploration, have students make their own insects and spiders to demonstrate their knowledge of the differences between the two species.


a mask of money - in part one of this series we dealt with the names of men who gained control of the harvard corporation in the early 1800 ' s - - whose self - appointed successors still maintain control of the funds of that institution today. we showed how those men made their family fortunes by trading in slaves and drugs ( opium ). we also showed how they purchased respectability by donating enough money to harvard to allow them to continue their control of the university management, a position which makes their status as " drug dealers " almost impossible to be believed by the average american. the drug syndicate was first set up to smuggle the narcotic opium into china, alongside the british east india company ' s smugglers, who defied the laws of the chinese emperor and then got the british government to fight two wars under the banner of " free trade " in order to sell the lucrative drug to the chinese people. the american syndicate was operated from newburyport, massachusetts, and london, england, and was initially financed - - as was the east india company - - by britain ' s baring bank. this commercial enterprise, smuggling chiefly turkish opium, provided the bulk of the y fortunes for the cabots and other prominent ` ` blue - blood ' ' boston families. - in part two we showed that the same harvard men in massachusetts who made their wealth from transporting drugs were connected by family and business relationships to the board of the yale corporation. the various families who began the " industry " cashed out by allowing a consolidation of the perkins, sturgis and forbes companies into russell & company - - which started skull and bones at yale. but the harvard control was still intact through russell & co. ' s warren delano, jr., whose family included franklin delano roosevelt, who served as u. s. president from 1933 until his death in 1945. this final chapter, part three, has two primary goals : - first to show that the successors of the opium smuggling companies in america quickly established a system to use their dirty profits as " venture capital " for direct investment into the most advanced technology of their day and - second, that profits from the drug trade were funneled as " charitable " donations into educational institutions in order to use the huge tax - exempt endowments of the universities and, at the same time, to give the profiteers a mask of respectability and philanthropy to hide the true nature of their character and the source of their funds. drug money financed at & t robert bennet forbes - - whose father ralph bennet


, at the same time, to give the profiteers a mask of respectability and philanthropy to hide the true nature of their character and the source of their funds. drug money financed at & t robert bennet forbes - - whose father ralph bennet forbes was married to margaret perkins, a sister of thomas handasyd perkins - - became the foreign affairs manager for a merchant named houqua, who had himself been made responsible for all of china ' s foreign relations with the west by the chinese emperor. the other son, john murray forbes, took over managing houqua and china ' s foreign relations, after robert ' s death, and amassed a great fortune. profits made in china by the family firm were invested in the newest technology of that day ( the telephone ) invented by alexander graham bell. john murray forbes ' son, william hathaway forbes, was before long elected president of the consolidated companies incorporated as american bell telephone company. william married the daughter of transcendalist author, ralph waldo emerson, and they had a son named ralph emerson forbes, who married a cousin, elise cabot, daughter of walter channing cabot ( 1829 - 1904 ). ralph and elise were the parents of ruth forbes paine, whose son michael and daughter - in - law ruth hyde paine, were often mentioned in connection with marina oswald in the jfk assassination. ruth ' s first husband ( michael ' s father ) was george lyman paine, jr., a descendant of a signer of the declaration of independence. ( the forbes family history appears in minor musings at forbes clan and unititled aristocracy. here we will take a look at the cabot family into which elise was born. ) there was an almost endless stream of samuel cabots, thus making it difficult to keep one generation separate from another. the first of note was samuel cabot ( born in 1785 ), who married eliza perkins, a daughter of thomas handasyd perkins ( thus making china traders robert bennet and john murray forbes her first cousins ). samuel joined his wife ' s family ' s shipping firm - - j. and t. h. perkins. their son, known as dr. samuel cabot, was born in 1815 and became a physician after graduation from harvard medical school in 1839. he then married hannah lowell jackson. a son named samuel cabot, born to them in 1850, studied at massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) and switzerland ' s zurich polytechnicum. cabot ' s papers, including account books, letters


1839. he then married hannah lowell jackson. a son named samuel cabot, born to them in 1850, studied at massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) and switzerland ' s zurich polytechnicum. cabot ' s papers, including account books, letters, books, and travel diaries are on microfilm in the massachusetts historical society series. there is a wealth of correspondence from cabot and perkins family members to other prominent traders and members of boston ' s economic elite as well as vivid descriptions of travel accounts concerning the lucrative opium trade in which these families were heavily involved. trade with china was one of the largest growth segments of the boston mercantile establishment during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. this collection provides insight into the two boston families that were the most powerful china merchants : - samuel cabot, jr. and his wife ' s father foundation laid for nasa and operation paperclip elise cabot forbes, mentioned above, was also sam and eliza ' s daughter. their son who was also called samuel cabot, was born in 1850, graduated m. i. t. in 1872, and then studied chemistry in zurich, switzerland and explored chemical factories in germany. he returned to chelsea, massachusetts, where he set up a laboratory. sam and his brother, godfrey cabot ( harvard 1882 ) bought a plant in worthington, pennsylvania to process coal tar into paints and other products. godfrey also spent a year studying in zurich and two years traveling in other parts of europe. after his return the brothers built a plant in west virginia. their biggest customer would come to be standard oil. in 1896, godfrey went back to europe and also visited russia. back in the u. s. in time for the new century, he became fascinated with airplanes and became a pilot before world war i, after which he founded the national aeronautic association in washington, d. c. this group would form the base on which the national aeronautic and space administration ( nasa ) was founded, using technology gleaned from operation paperclip nazi scientists rescued from war crimes prosecution in germany. godfrey cabot ' s wife was maria moors ( daughter of john farwell moors ), and one of their sons, thomas dudley cabot, born in 1897, received his bachelor ' s degree in engineering from harvard in 1919. their cabot corporation became the major producer of carbon black with nine plants in texas and oklahoma - - establishing an inroad into synthetic rubber production and the manufacturing of paints and other chemicals. thomas ' son, louis w. cabot, also


. their cabot corporation became the major producer of carbon black with nine plants in texas and oklahoma - - establishing an inroad into synthetic rubber production and the manufacturing of paints and other chemicals. thomas ' son, louis w. cabot, also a harvard graduate, was sent to england to build a carbon black plant in stanlow, using technology the british had taken from the germans after world war ii ended. thomas dudley cabot, his brother, john moors cabot, and another relative, kermit roosevelt - - all graduates of harvard - - were involved in the coup in guatemala in the 1950s. john moors cabot, born in 1901, a 1923 harvard graduate, was a vice consul in peru 1927 - 28, in the dominican republic from 1929 - 31, mexico 1931 - 32, brazil 1932 - 35, then to the netherlands until 1938 and sweden in 1939. from 1939 - 41 he was in guatemala, becoming the chief of the division of caribbean and central american affairs in 1944. he was thereafter stationed in argentina, yugoslavia and shanghai, china, before becoming minister to finland, then ambassador to pakistan, ambassador to colombia ( 1957 - 59 ) ; ambassador to brazil ( 1959 - 61 ) ; and ambassador to poland ( 1962 - 65 ). in 1953 he was the assistant secretary of state for inter - american affairs ( all according to who ' s who in america 1954 - 55 ). trail of the octopus - - the forbes family and thomas jefferson coolidge the boston fruit company had been incorporated in 1885 to raise capital for its ship - captain owner, lorenzo dow baker, and his partners in boston. demand for bananas they imported from the caribbean had increased so much by 1898 that the bostonians merged with their chief rival, minor cooper keith of new york, who owned a great deal of land in costa rica, as well as the intercontinental railways of central america. the new corporation was organized in 1899 by thomas jefferson coolidge and took the name united fruit. in 1930 united fruit bought out the competing banana company of sam zemurray in new orleans who had plantations in honduras and guatemala - - giving him stock in the new company and making him its largest shareholder. in 1936 zemurray demanded to have a part in the management, and at the same time the company formalized an agreement to operate keith ' s railroad system. but the company ' s only concern was making a bigger and bigger profit - - a goal which set them at odds with the interests of guatemala ' s people and its leaders. t. j. coolidge,


to operate keith ' s railroad system. but the company ' s only concern was making a bigger and bigger profit - - a goal which set them at odds with the interests of guatemala ' s people and its leaders. t. j. coolidge, who represented the interest of the boston concern ' s investment in united fruit after 1899, was the son of joseph coolidge, jr. a man who, in 1836 had been hired by the scottish investment firm, jardine matheson company, to run opium past the chinese police. the chinese, in an effort to stop the british from flooding china with opium, forbade jardine matheson ships from docking in chinese ports. coolidge ' s clipper ships from boston did the job for a mere $ 10 million from jardine, giving him and his financiers a fortune to reinvest in legitimate enterprise. during 1873 these venture capitalists, formerly known as the " boston concern, " including john murray forbes and thomas jefferson coolidge, started expansion of the atchison, topeka and santa fe railroad, which suddenly began building across kansas to colorado. their securities were marketed by the baring brothers bank in england, sponsor of the world narcotics traffic throughout the nineteenth century. baring ' s american agent for many years was t. w. ward, who was followed by his sons samuel g. ward and george cabot ward. although the bank was based in england, it had originated in bremen, germany, prior to its move to exeter, england in 1717. by the end of that century, the bank had two american partners - - joshua bates and russell sturgis - - who were closely connected to the opium trade. [ source : dorothy r. adler, british investment in american railways, 1834 - 1898 ]. drug money builds a shortcut to the orient through texas the leaders of the santa fe railroad throughout the 1870 ' s attempted to prevent the construction of the competing denver & rio grande railroad from expanding its line into mexico. in march 1875 another railroad had been chartered by the corpus christi, san diego and rio grande narrow gauge railroad company. the railroad was promoted by uriah lott - - with the financial support of richard king and mifflin kennedy ( ship captains during the mexican war, who had built a fortune by blockade running, using their profits to acquire the world ' s biggest ranch in south texas. their partner was charles stillman whose son james stillman used his profit to set up national city bank of new york and marry off two of his daughters to william rockefeller


running, using their profits to acquire the world ' s biggest ranch in south texas. their partner was charles stillman whose son james stillman used his profit to set up national city bank of new york and marry off two of his daughters to william rockefeller ' s sons ). in 1881 lott and kennedy exchanged the stock in their railroad for stock in a new company called the texas mexican railway company, and completed the remaining 110 miles to laredo in september 1881 with money derived from the new infusion of capital from t. j. coolidge ' s backers, jardine, matheson, the leading british firm in the china trade. [ source : economist, sl ( july 8, 1882 ), p. 848 ]. the committee which issued the bonds in 1882, in addition to matheson, included robert fleming and dillwyn parrish, both of whom were associated with scottish investment trusts. these same trusts would later steer much of their u. s. venture capital investments through the investment bank of brown brothers harriman - - including companies set up by george h. w. bush. the texas mexican absorbed the texas mexican northern railway company in 1906 and in 1930 acquired the san diego and gulf railway company. it is an interesting side note ( maybe more relevant than we realize ) that one of the residents of san diego, texas in 1882 was infant william frank buckley - - father of william f. buckley, jr. - - whose father john buckley was a merchant along the railroad line between laredo and corpus christi. [ source : w. f. b. - - an appreciation, privately printed by the buckley family in 1959 ]. incidentally, w. f. buckley, sr. and his brother grew up in tiny san diego and were educated at the university of texas law school where they were acquainted with many of the men who would become executives of oil companies in dallas and houston. both buckley brothers spent years in mexico during the oil boom at the same time the pearson interests from england were operating the mexican eagle there. the buckleys created their own oil company called pantipec, which would later employ a number of men who have been connected to the cia and to the assassination of john f. kennedy. the railroads competed viciously for a route through texas which would give the central interior of the u. s. quick access to the gulf of mexico, and from there to china. laredo is now the major port of entry for railroad traffic between the united states and mexico, and the texas mexican presently handles international traffic through


central interior of the u. s. quick access to the gulf of mexico, and from there to china. laredo is now the major port of entry for railroad traffic between the united states and mexico, and the texas mexican presently handles international traffic through laredo for the southern pacific line - - now merged with the union pacific. the tex mex became part of the kansas city southern ( the old kansas city, mexico & orient railway ) system in 1995 when kcsi acquired 49 percent of the tex mex from mexican partner transportacion maritima mexicana ( tmm ) - - a company repeatedly accused of drug smuggling, and its associated banks with money laundering. [ see article " family affairs, " insight on the news, march 29, 1999 by jamie dettmer. also see al giordano narco news bulletin. ] transportation - - the key to drug distribution another railroad into which drug money was poured was the chicago, burlington & quincy railroad co., stretching to burlington, iowa, and quincy, illinois, on the mississippi river. dominated by john murray forbes of boston, who was in turn assisted by charles perkins, president of the company from 1881 to 1901, the railroad eventually reached denver, its western terminus, and reached east to the chicago, kansas city and st. louis gateways. cb & q lines also went to omaha, nebraska, and st. joseph, missouri. by 1910 the rail line from corpus christi had not been connected to colorado, but the santa fe encouraged that expansion by men such as sam lazarus and b. f. yoakum, who got financing in st. louis through the firm of g. h. walker & co. in 1912, only seven years before walker left st. louis to set up the harrimans ' investment bank. given the fact that the atchison, topeka and santa fe railroad was based in st. louis, it is highly likely that walker had worked closely with its owners in handling financing of the various shorter lines which eventually were acquired by the atsf. in so doing, he would have come in contact with with thomas jefferson coolidge, of boston, who in 1880 was chosen president of the atchison, topeka & santa fe railroad company and all its branches. another railroad which made up a part of the atsf system was gulf, colorado and santa fe railway, purchased in 1879 by the sealy banking family of galveston. in 1911 george sealy ii, then manager of the line, bought several oil properties which he used to found magnolia petroleum company


the atsf system was gulf, colorado and santa fe railway, purchased in 1879 by the sealy banking family of galveston. in 1911 george sealy ii, then manager of the line, bought several oil properties which he used to found magnolia petroleum company ( which he named for his wife manolia willis sealy ). magnolia was absorbed by standard oil company of new york ( socony ) in 1925 and is today part of exxon - mobil. the texas assets, many drilled on land grants given to the railroad absorbed by the atsf, were transferred to magnolia petroleum company. the magnolia pipe line company was also organized in november 1925 as a transporting subsidiary of the petroleum company. in 1931, when the standard oil company of new york and the vacuum oil company merged to form soconyvacuum oil company, magnolia became an affiliate of the new company. in 1949 all of magnolia pipeline ' s shares were owned by soconyvacuum except for qualifying shares owned by members of the board of directors. general offices were in dallas in 1949. the magnolia petroleum company merged with socony mobil oil company on september 30, 1959. more research needs to be done to determine what mineral rights were owned in these lands by the various interests. it is very possible that the rights were split among the coolidge faction from boston, the g. h. walker group including bush and the rockefeller group. the pipeline company would thus have been closely involved with dresser industries, which controlled the patent on the coupling joint used in all petroleum pipelines. dresser ' s stock was purchased in 1911 by w. a. harriman & company, inc., supposedly with the intention of reselling, but apart from subsequent stock flotations, the investment bank ( brown brothers, harriman ) continued to control what became dresser industries, inc. in 1944. the initial stock issue in 1928 was underwritten by roland ( bunny ) harriman and prescott bush while g. h. walker was president of the w. a. harriman firm. prescott bush served on the board of directors continuously until he went to the u. s. senate in 1953. it is very interesting that magnolia moved its headquarters to dallas at about the same time that dresser moved there. the cabots set up the cfr and learn from nazis thomas jefferson coolidge ( a descendant of thomas jefferson ) was, of course, a large donor to harvard - - one gift being the memorial jefferson laboratory. a generation later, archibald cary coolidge, a harvard history professor who


& co. in 1907, the step - daughter of clarence barron, jane waldron barron, married hugh bancroft, son of general william a. bancroft ( harvard 1878 ), who was first elected mayor of cambridge, mass. in 1893 and reelected three times. he was chairman of the brahmin - owned boston elevated railway, and was a member of the board of overseers of harvard university from 1893 to 1903. hugh bancroft also attended harvard, where he was admitted to the elite hasty pudding club. in 1912, bancroft was made treasurer of dow jones, the holding company of the journal. he became president in 1928, upon clarence barron ' s death. by that time, bancroft and his family controlled the majority of dow jones & company ' s shares. the bancroft descendants have continued among the most significant shareholders of dow jones and the wall street journal. the mysterious michael paine michael paine, sixth in descent from robert treat paine, a signer of the declaration of independence, was also a great - great - grandson of ralph waldo emerson. his mother ' s grandfather william hathaway forbes, was the first president of the american bell telephone company after the company consolidated a number of local telephone networks. his son, ralph emerson forbes, left an estate of $ 2. 5 million in 1937, in which ruth had a share. ralph ' s brother, ruth ' s " uncle cam, " ( harvard 1892 ), had started his career as a clerk with jackson & curtis, before moving to work as a partner in john murray forbes & co. he was elected a director of at & t, united fruit, and stone & webster, inc. in order to look after the family ' s large holdings in those companies. he was also appointed to the philippine commission and as vice governor of the islands until 1913. after that he was a receiver of a brazilian railway, and a presidential appointee to " study conditions " in the philippines and in haiti. he served as an overseer of harvard during 1914 - 20, then became a life member of mit corporation. from 1930 - 32 he was ambassador to japan. [ who ' s who in america, 1954 - 55 ]. michael paine was descended from the cabots on both his father ' s and his mother ' s side ; he was thus a second cousin once removed of thomas dudley cabot and a cousin of alexander cochrane forbes, who married a daughter of warren delano robbins ( fdr ' s cousin ) and served as a director of united fruit and trustee of cabot,


was thus a second cousin once removed of thomas dudley cabot and a cousin of alexander cochrane forbes, who married a daughter of warren delano robbins ( fdr ' s cousin ) and served as a director of united fruit and trustee of cabot, cabot and forbes. paul f. hellmuth ( among the first catholic laymen to serve on the board of notre dame ), and a vice - president of cabot, cabot and forbes was a trustee of the j. frederick brown foundation, a cia " conduit ", along with g. c. cabot. thus the paine family [ had ] links with the blue - blood intelligence circles of the oss and cia, in the summer of 1963 it was ruth ( michael ' s wife ), rather than michael paine, who maintained close relations with the patrician paine and forbes families, traveling east in july to stay with her mother - in - law at the traditional forbes clan retreat of naushon island near wood ' s hole, massachusetts ( ce 416, 17 h 119 ). [ source : peter dale scott, the dallas conspiracy, ch. iv, pp. 2 - 4, as quoted in websites linked above ]. hellmuth ' s name would appear in 1974 in jack anderson ' s column as the law partner of richard nixon ' s impeachment attorney, allegedly involved in an industrial security company that was " wholly owned " by the cia and used to shred documents to maintain secrecy. how george h. w. bush ' s career developed by his use of sources of capital when george h. w. bush arrived in texas after graduation from yale, his career began with an interview with neil mallon, president of dresser industries in dallas. dresser, which owned the patent for the coupling joint used in laying petroleum pipelines, was a corporation wholly owned by the investment bank brown brothers, harriman. prescott bush was a director of dresser for decades, as well as being a partner in brown brothers harriman - - which had resulted from the merger of the bank set up by prescott ' s father - in - law, george herbert walker, at the request of the sons of union pacific railroad tycoon e. h. harriman. walker had previously had his own investment bank in st. louis where he financed railroads which eventually became part of the system known as the atchison, topeka and santa fe. an investment bank still exists in st. louis under the operation of the walker side of the family,


own investment bank in st. louis where he financed railroads which eventually became part of the system known as the atchison, topeka and santa fe. an investment bank still exists in st. louis under the operation of the walker side of the family, but that city is also the home of george h. w. bush ' s brother, william h. t. " bucky " bush, who is a past missouri gop state finance chairman. neil mallon had been hired as dresser ' s first president after it was purchased from the dresser heirs by brown brothers harriman. it was his first real job after he completed his education, plus at least six months in the european alps, where it might be worth noting that allen dulles had been stationed from 1942 until after the end of world war ii. the mallon family had strong ties to the tafts, who had been involved in the formation of the russell trust ( eventually to become known as skull and bones ). mallon gave george his first job after graduation from the same university and as a member of the same secret society - - an elite group to which george walker, prescott bush and both harriman sons belonged. when mallon went to work for dresser, the company was based in cleveland, ohio, where he was very active in the council on world affairs, which had been organized in the mid - 1930s by brooks emeny. the council on foreign relations, set up in new york in 1921, was quickly imitated by the chicago council on foreign relations in 1922. dresser relocated its headquarters to dallas in 1950, and mallon helped to organize another council on world affairs in that city. its operation was his " chief outside interest. " [ source : darwin payne, initiative in energy, pp. 248 - 49. ] one of the employees mallon hired was hans bernd gisevius, given the assignment of working on a worldwide economic development program called the " institute on technical cooperation. " [ source : richard bartholomew, " possible discovery of an automobile used in the jfk conspiracy " - - published online, p. 48 ; and bruce campbell adamson, " oswald ' s closest friend : the george demohrenschildt story " - - unpublished manuscripts, 1993 ) - - bush chapter, p. 31. adamson accused mallon of using dresser as a cover for cia activities. ] gisevius was a german abwehr ( german intelligence ) agent whose diplomatic cover was vice - consul at the german consulate in zurich while allen dulles was there


31. adamson accused mallon of using dresser as a cover for cia activities. ] gisevius was a german abwehr ( german intelligence ) agent whose diplomatic cover was vice - consul at the german consulate in zurich while allen dulles was there as the head of u. s. intelligence. while in switzerland dulles began a long - lasting love affair with a woman named mary bancroft. mary ' s mother ' s adopted father was clarence w. barron, then publisher of the wall street journal, which he purchased in 1902. in 1907, jane barron, whose mother jessie waldron had married c. w. barron in 1900, became mary ' s stepmother by marrying hugh bancroft. bancrofts were among the first settler families that, in 1632, founded lynn, massachusetts in essex county. during the next 50 years, the family was the sole exporter for the massachusetts bay colony, of sugar and tobacco, a trade that made it immensely wealthy. in 1943 dulles asked mary bancroft, who was working as a spy in zurich, and who was also having an affair with dulles, to translate a book written by gisevius about the third reich. gisevius and some of his fascist abwehr associates had been the planners of the july 20th plot to kill hitler with the idea of forming an alliance with britain and the u. s. against russia. [ source : mary bancroft, autobiography of a spy ( new york : william morrow, 1983 ), pp. 187 - 88. ] according to bancroft : " i told allen it all made sense to me. difficult as it might be to believe, the conspirators actually hoped that if they got rid of hitler they would be able to take over the whole country and to negotiate peace with the anglo - americans. their hopes went even further : they envisaged the western allies joining them in a crusade against russia - - and communism. gisevius had been sent to switzerland to get in touch with the western allies. other emissaries were making similar contacts in sweden and elsewhere. " [ source : bancroft, autobiography..., pp. 161, 168 - 170. ] mary bancroft ' s report back to dulles reminds us of what eventually did occur in operation paperclip, when dulles helped certain nazis avoid prosecution for war crimes, transfer nazi assets into u. s. corporations, and set up the military - industrial infrastructure within the united states. mary bancroft ' s first husband, sherwin badger, was a harvard graduate whose first job had been in the


prosecution for war crimes, transfer nazi assets into u. s. corporations, and set up the military - industrial infrastructure within the united states. mary bancroft ' s first husband, sherwin badger, was a harvard graduate whose first job had been in the head office of united fruit in cuba. after a year in cuba he became a journalist in boston, later moving to the wall street journal and barron ' s in new york, both of which were published by mary ' s step - grandfather, clarence walker barron. mary also had a long friendship with the trotsky follower, architect george lyman paine, and his wife ruth forbes paine, whose son michael paine and his wife ruth befriended marina oswald the year prior to john kennedy ' s assassination. michael paine ' s uncle, eric schroeder, was a friend and investment associate of geologist everette degolyer, a long - time dresser industries director, who served on the dresser board with prescott bush. schroeder was a cousin of alexander " sandy " forbes, former director of united fruit who " belonged to the elite tryall golf club retreat in jamaica with... paul raigorodsky. " [ source : richard bartholomew, " possible discovery, " p. 38. see also mary bancroft, autobiography of a spy ( new york : william morrow, 1983 ). degolyer was an advisor to the university of texas board of regents and its chairman, harry huntt ransom, and was also a business partner of lewis macnaughton in the dallas oil exploration firm degolyer and macnaughton. macnaughton had many cia contacts and his personal accountant, george bouhe, was one of oswald ' s chief russian guardians in dallas in 1962. see lon tinkle, mr. de : a biography of everette lee degolyer, ( boston, ma : little, brown, 1970 ), pp. 224, 239 and peter dale scott, the dallas conspiracy, ch. iii, p. 6. bartholomew also cites as a source : peter dale scott, " government documents and the kennedy assassination, " ( unpublished manuscript ), ch. ii, p. 4, and states : " note : the st. nicholas parish was a cia - subsidized russian orthodox church outside russia, restricted to aristocratic anti - bolshevik russians who had been ' checked, rechecked, and double checked ' by the cia - subsidized tolstoy foundation. ( 9 h 5, 7, cited in scott,


orthodox church outside russia, restricted to aristocratic anti - bolshevik russians who had been ' checked, rechecked, and double checked ' by the cia - subsidized tolstoy foundation. ( 9 h 5, 7, cited in scott, government documents..., ch. ii, p. 1. ) " ] everett degolyer became a famous geologist from oklahoma, who spent virtually his entire career working for the pearson oil companies controlled by the same titled family that owned both the media conglomerate and lazard brothers investment bank. he was a long - time dresser director in dallas where he was a geophysical consultant for all the oil companies. his work as a geologist got a boost when as a young man he was employed by the mexican eagle oil co., owned by sir weetman pearson, who called him to london in 1918 and asked him to sell mexican eagle to royal dutch shell. the proceeds from the sale were invested by pearson in the creation of a new oil company founded and operated by de golyer in 1919 called amerada ( which some years later merged into amerada hess ), a big percentage of which was owned by the british government. degolyer maintained offices in houston as well as dallas and was well - known in the houston and dallas petroleum clubs frequented by george bush and the liedtkes. one of degolyer ' s daughters married george c. mcghee, a u. s. state department official, who was present in may 1954 at the first bilderberg meeting with george ball, david rockefeller, prince bernhard of holland and dr. joseph retinger. [ source : william engdahl, a century of war, p. 149. ] mcghee later served as a trustee of the aspen institute for humanistic studies, set up to shape the " limits to growth " agenda. [ source : engdahl, p. 160. ] by that time mcghee had left the state department to become a director of mobil oil, the company which absorbed magnolia oil company, a rockefeller company which was initially founded by galveston banking interests involved in constructing a railroad from the galveston - houston area to st. louis, which came to be part of the atchison, topeka and santa fe railroad financed by g. h. walker & co.


ed ( 1 ) bsd reference manual ed ( 1 ) ed - the standard text editor ed [ - ] [ - sx ] [ - p string ] [ file ] ed is a line - oriented text editor. it is used to create, display, modify, and otherwise manipulate text files. if invoked with a file argument, then a copy of file is read into the editor ' s buffer. changes are made to this copy and not directly to file itself. upon quitting ed, any changes not explicitly saved with a w command are lost. editing is done in two distinct modes : command and input. when first in - voked, ed is in command mode. in this mode, commands are read from the standard input and executed to manipulate the contents of the editor buffer. a typical command might look like :, s / old / new / g which replaces all occurrences of the string " old " with " new ". when an input command, such as a ( append ), i ( insert ), or c ( change ) is given, ed enters input mode. this is the primary means of adding text to a file. in this mode, no commands are available ; instead, the standard input is written directly to the editor buffer. lines consist of text up to and including a newline character. input mode is terminated by enter - ing a single period ( '. ' ) on a line. all ed commands operate on whole lines or ranges of lines ; e. g., the d command deletes lines ; the m command moves lines, and so on. it is possi - ble to modify only a portion of a line by means of replacement, as in the example above. however, even here, the s command is applied to whole lines at a time. in general, ed commands consist of zero or more line addresses, followed by a single character command and possibly additional parameters ; i. e., commands have the structure : [ address [, address ] ] command [ parameters ] the address ( es ) indicate the line or range of lines to be affected by the command. if fewer addresses are given than the command accepts, then de - fault addresses are supplied. many ed commands and line addresses support basic regular expressions ( bres ). see re _ format ( 7 ) for more information on regular expressions. the options are as follows : - same as the - s option ( deprecated ). - p string specifies a command prompt. this may be toggled on and off with


re _ format ( 7 ) for more information on regular expressions. the options are as follows : - same as the - s option ( deprecated ). - p string specifies a command prompt. this may be toggled on and off with the p command. - s suppress diagnostics. this should be used if ed standard input is from a script. - x prompt for an encryption key to be used in subsequent reads and writes ( see the x command ). file specifies the name of a file to read. if file is prefixed with a bang ( '! ' ), then it is interpreted as a shell command. in this case, what is read is the standard output of file execut - ed via sh ( 1 ). to read a file whose name begins with a bang, prefix the name with a backslash ( ' \ ' ). the default filename is set to file only if it is not prefixed with a bang. an address represents the number of a line in the buffer. ed maintains a current address which is typically supplied to commands as the default address when none is specified. when a file is first read, the current address is set to the last line of the file. in general, the current ad - dress is set to the last line affected by a command. a line address is constructed from one of the bases in the list below, optionally followed by a numeric offset. the offset may include any com - bination of digits, operators ( e. g., ' + ', ' - ', and ' ^ ' ), and whitespace. addresses are read from left to right, and their values are computed re - lative to the current address. one exception to the rule that addresses represent line numbers is the address 0 ( zero ). this means " before the first line ", and is legal wher - ever it makes sense. an address range is two addresses separated either by a comma or semi - colon. the value of the first address in a range cannot exceed the value of the second. if only one address is given in a range, then the second address is set to the given address. if an n - tuple of addresses is given where n > 2, then the corresponding range is determined by the last two addresses in the n - tuple. if only one address is expected, then the last address is used. each address in a comma - delimited range is interpreted relative to the current address. in a semi -


determined by the last two addresses in the n - tuple. if only one address is expected, then the last address is used. each address in a comma - delimited range is interpreted relative to the current address. in a semi - colon - delimited range, the first address is used to set the current address, and the second address is interpreted relative to the first. the following address symbols are recognized :. the current line ( address ) in the buffer. $ the last line in the buffer. n the nth line in the buffer, where n is a number in the range [ 0, $ ]. - or ^ the previous line. this is equivalent to - 1 and may be repeated with cumulative effect. - n or ^ n the nth previous line, where n is a non - negative number. + the next line. this is equivalent to + 1 and may be repeated with cumulative effect. + n the nth next line, where n is a non - negative number., or % the first through last lines in the buffer. this is equivalent to the address range 1, $. ; the current through last lines in the buffer. this is equivalent to the address range., $. / re / the next line containing the regular expression re. the search wraps to the beginning of the buffer and continues down to the current line, if necessary. " / / " repeats the last search.? re? the previous line containing the regular expression re. the search wraps to the end of the buffer and continues up to the current line, if necessary. "?? " repeats the last search. ' lc the line previously marked by a k ( mark ) command, where lc is a lower case letter. all ed commands are single characters, though some require additional parameters. if a command ' s parameters extend over several lines, then each line except for the last must be terminated with a backslash ( ' \ ' ). in general, at most one command is allowed per line. however, most com - mands accept a print suffix, which is any of p ( print ), l ( list ), or n ( enumerate ), to print the last line affected by the command. an interrupt ( typically ^ c ) has the effect of aborting the current com - mand and returning the editor to command mode. ed recognizes the following commands. the commands are shown together with the default address or address range supplied if none is specified ( in parentheses ), and other possible


effect of aborting the current com - mand and returning the editor to command mode. ed recognizes the following commands. the commands are shown together with the default address or address range supplied if none is specified ( in parentheses ), and other possible arguments on the right. (. ) a appends text to the buffer after the addressed line. text is en - tered in input mode. the current address is set to last line en - tered. (.,. ) c changes lines in the buffer. the addressed lines are deleted from the buffer, and text is appended in their place. text is entered in input mode. the current address is set to last line entered. (.,. ) d deletes the addressed lines from the buffer. if there is a line after the deleted range, then the current address is set to this line. otherwise the current address is set to the line before the deleted range. e file edits file, and sets the default filename. if file is not speci - fied, then the default filename is used. any lines in the buffer are deleted before the new file is read. the current address is set to the last line read. e! command edits the standard output of! command, ( see! command below ). the default filename is unchanged. any lines in the buffer are deleted before the output of command is read. the current address is set to the last line read. e file edits file unconditionally. this is similar to the e command, ex - cept that unwritten changes are discarded without warning. the current address is set to the last line read. f file sets the default filename to file. if file is not specified, then the default unescaped filename is printed. ( 1, $ ) g / re / command - list applies command - list to each of the addressed lines matching a reg - ular expression re. the current address is set to the line current - ly matched before command - list is executed. at the end of the g command, the current address is set to the last line affected by command - list. if no lines were matched, the current line number remains unchanged. each command in command - list must be on a separate line, and every line except for the last must be terminated by a backslash ( ' \ ' ). any commands are allowed, except for g, g, v, and v. a newline alone in command - list


be on a separate line, and every line except for the last must be terminated by a backslash ( ' \ ' ). any commands are allowed, except for g, g, v, and v. a newline alone in command - list is equivalent to a p command. ( 1, $ ) g / re / interactively edits the addressed lines matching a regular expres - sion re. for each matching line, the line is printed, the current address is set, and the user is prompted to enter a command - list. at the end of the g command, the current address is set to the last line affected by ( the last ) command - list. if no lines were matched, the current line number remains unchanged. the format of command - list is the same as that of the g command. a newline alone acts as a null command list. a single ' & ' repeats the last non - null command list. h toggles the printing of error explanations. by default, explana - tions are not printed. it is recommended that ed scripts begin with this command to aid in debugging. h prints an explanation of the last error. (. ) i inserts text in the buffer before the current line. text is entered in input mode. the current address is set to the last line entered. (.,. + 1 ) j joins the addressed lines. the addressed lines are deleted from the buffer and replaced by a single line containing their joined text. the current address is set to the resultant line. (. ) klc marks a line with a lower case letter lc. the line can then be ad - dressed as ' lc ( i. e., a single quote followed by lc ) in subsequent commands. the mark is not cleared until the line is deleted or oth - erwise modified. (.,. ) l prints the addressed lines unambiguously. if a single line fills more than one screen ( as might be the case when viewing a binary file, for instance ), a " - - more - - " prompt is printed on the last line. ed waits until the return key is pressed before displaying the next screen. the current address is set to the last line print - ed. (.,. ) m (. ) moves lines in the buffer. the addressed lines are moved to after the right - hand destination address, which may be the address 0 ( zero ). the current address is set to the last line moved. (.,


. ) m (. ) moves lines in the buffer. the addressed lines are moved to after the right - hand destination address, which may be the address 0 ( zero ). the current address is set to the last line moved. (.,. ) n prints the addressed lines along with their line numbers. the current address is set to the last line printed. (.,. ) p prints the addressed lines. the current address is set to the last line printed. p toggles the command prompt on and off. unless a prompt was speci - fied with the command - line option - p string, the command prompt is by default turned off. q quits ed. q quits ed unconditionally. this is similar to the q command, except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning. ( $ ) r file reads file to after the addressed line. if file is not specified, then the default filename is used. if there was no default filename prior to the command, then the default filename is set to file. otherwise, the default filename is unchanged. the current address is set to the last line read. ( $ ) r! command reads to after the addressed line the standard output of! command, ( see! command below ). the default filename is unchanged. the current address is set to the last line read. (.,. ) s / re / replacement / (.,. ) s / re / replacement / g (.,. ) s / re / replacement / n replaces text in the addressed lines matching a regular expression re with replacement. by default, only the first match in each line is replaced. if the g ( global ) suffix is given, then every match is replaced. the n suffix, where n is a positive number, causes only the nth match to be replaced. it is an error if no substitutions are performed on any of the addressed lines. the current address is set the last line affected. re and replacement may be delimited by any character other than space and newline ( see the s command below ). if one or two of the last delimiters is omitted, then the last line affected is printed as though the print suffix p were specified. an unescaped ' & ' in replacement is replaced by the currently matched text. the character sequence \ m, where m is a number in the range [ 1, 9 ], is replaced by the mth backreference expression of the matched text. if


. ( 1, $ ) w! command writes the addressed lines to the standard input of! command, ( see! command below ). the default filename and current address are un - changed. ( 1, $ ) w file appends the addressed lines to the end of file. this is similar to the w command, except that the previous contents of file are not clobbered. the current address is unchanged. x prompts for an encryption key which is used in subsequent reads and writes. if a newline alone is entered as the key, then encryption is turned off. otherwise, echoing is disabled while a key is read. encryption / decryption is done using the bdes ( 1 ) algorithm. (. + 1 ) zn scrolls n lines at a time starting at addressed line. if n is not specified, then the current window size is used. the current ad - dress is set to the last line printed. ( $ ) = prints the line number of the addressed line. (. + 1 ) newline prints the addressed line, and sets the current address to that line.! command executes command via sh ( 1 ). if the first character of command is '! ', then it is replaced by text of the previous! command. ed does not process command for ' \ ' ( backslash ) escapes. however, an unes - caped ' % ' is replaced by the default filename. when the shell re - turns from execution, a '! ' is printed to the standard output. the current line is unchanged. / tmp / ed. * buffer file ed. hup where ed attempts to write the buffer if the terminal hangs up the ed utility exits 0 on success, and > 0 if an error occurs. when an error occurs, ed prints a '? ' and either returns to command mode or exits if its input is from a script. an explanation of the last error can be printed with the h ( help ) command. since the g ( global ) command masks any errors from failed searches and substitutions, it can be used to perform conditional operations in scripts ; e. g., g / old / s / / new / replaces any occurrences of " old " with " new ". if the u ( undo ) command occurs in a global command list, then the command list is executed only once. if diagnostics are not disabled, attempting to quit ed or edit another file before writing a modified buffer results in an error. if the command is entered a


undo ) command occurs in a global command list, then the command list is executed only once. if diagnostics are not disabled, attempting to quit ed or edit another file before writing a modified buffer results in an error. if the command is entered a second time, it succeeds, but any changes to the buffer are lost. bdes ( 1 ), sed ( 1 ), sh ( 1 ), vi ( 1 ), re _ format ( 7 ) " a tutorial introduction to the unix text editor ", / usr / share / doc / usd / 09. edtut /. " advanced editing on unix ", / usr / share / doc / usd / 10. edadv /. b. w. kernighan and p. j. plauger, software tools in pascal, 1981, addison - wesley. the ed utility is compliant with the ieee std 1003. 1 - 2008 ( " posix " ) specification. the flag [ - x ] as well as the commands w, x, and z are extensions to that specification. an ed command appeared in version 1 at & t unix. ed processes file arguments for backslash escapes, i. e., in a filename, any characters preceded by a backslash ( ' \ ' ) are interpreted literally. if a text ( non - binary ) file is not terminated by a newline character, then ed appends one on reading / writing it. in the case of a binary file, ed does not append a newline on reading / writing. miros bsd # 10 - current april 9, 2011 6 generated on 2013 - 04 - 27 00 : 20 : 00 by $ miros : src / scripts / roff2htm, v 1. 77 2013 / 01 / 01 20 : 49 : 09 tg exp $ these manual pages and other documentation are copyrighted by their respective writers ; their source is available at our cvsweb, anoncvs, and other mirrors. the rest is copyright © 2002 ‒ 2013 the miros project, germany. this product includes material provided by thorsten glaser. this manual page ’ s html representation is supposed to be valid xhtml / 1. 1 ; if not, please send a bug report – diffs preferred.


ginger has been used as both seasoning and medicine for over 50 years. during the middle ages, it was used against the plague. today, it is used for ailments that run from simple colds and sniffles to rheumatoid arthritis. its effectiveness against headaches has been documented. taken at the first sign of migraine, ginger can reduce the symptoms and severity of headaches by blocking prostaglandins, the chemicals that cause inflammation in blood vessels in the brain. this anti - inflammatory activity in ginger can shorten the discomfort of headaches, colds and flu. ginger blocks the production of substances that cause bronchial congestion and stuffiness. its main compounds, gingerols, are natural cough suppressants. it works as well to reduce joint swellings in people who suffer from rheumatoid arthritis. a recent study found that ginger eased the symptoms in 55 percent of people with osteoarthritis and 74 percent of those with rheumatoid arthritis. considering the health implications of drugs like vioxx and celebrex, ginger seems a much safer and more cost - effective alternative. ginger works like aspirin to thin the blood. a study involving danish women between the ages of 25 to 65 years, one group of whom consumed 70 grams of raw onion daily while a second group consumed 5 grams of ginger daily for one week, showed unequivocally the benefits of ginger. when the researchers tested both groups of women, they found that ginger, more clearly than onion, reduced thromboxane production by almost 60 percent. thromboxane compounds stimulate the clumping of blood platelets and the constricting of blood vessels. by dissolving the clumping quality of blood platelets, ginger reduces blood clots and the risk of heart attacks and strokes. ginger can also relieve menstrual cramps. chemical compounds in ginger act as anti - spasmodics inhibiting painful contractions of both smooth muscles of the digestive tract and the uterus. garlic is no less powerful. the restorative powers of garlic have been known to the ancient egyptians who gave garlic to slaves constructing the pyramids in order to increase their efficiency and stamina. garlic, like ginger, reduces the tendency of blood to clot. garlic improves blood flow throughout the body, not just in the coronary arteries. it acts as a vasodilator by causing blood vessels to expand and blood pressure to drop. researchers at the garlic


reduces the tendency of blood to clot. garlic improves blood flow throughout the body, not just in the coronary arteries. it acts as a vasodilator by causing blood vessels to expand and blood pressure to drop. researchers at the garlic research bureau in suffolk, england, recently reported that “ even small amounts of garlic, say 3 or 4 grams, will have a pronounced effect on fibrinolytic ( breaking down of blood clots ) activity in doses from 25 grams ( 10 cloves ) to 50 grams. garlic seems to be highly effective in promoting beneficial changes in blood fat composition and platelet adhesiveness. ” garlic also lowers cholesterol, tryglycerides and ldl cholesterol levels while also increasing the beneficial cholesterol hdl. garlic also has anti - tumor properties. garlic oil inhibits enzymes that curtail the production of protaglandins ( many cancers are prostaglandin dependent ). research in china also shows an inverse relationship between the incidence of stomach cancer and garlic intake. studies even suggest that garlic may lower the risk of colon cancer by 35 percent and stomach cancer by as much as 50 percent. garlic inhibits the formation of nitrites, chemicals that could trigger stomach cancer. there is also laboratory evidence that garlic can shrink cancers of the breast, skin and lungs. finally, the essential oils in garlic are excreted through the lungs, which means that it is particularly effective for clearing respiratory ailments. research papers and references - “ characterization of food antioxidants, illustrated using commercial garlic and ginger preparations ” by okezie i. aruoma, jeremy p. e. spencera, donna warrena, peter jennera, john butlerb, barry halliwella in food chemistry volume 60, issue 2, october 1997, pages 149 - 156 antioxidants in food. abstract : www. sciencedirect. com / science / article / pii / s0308814695002545 - “ intake of garlic and its bioactive components ” by harunobu amagase, brenda l. petesch, hiromichi matsuura, shigeo kasuga and yoichi itakura. journal of nutrition. 2001 ; 131 : 955s - 962s. abstract : http : / / jn. nutrition. org / content / 131 / 3 / 955s. short - “ traditional indian spices and their health significance ” by kamala krishnasw


; 131 : 955s - 962s. abstract : http : / / jn. nutrition. org / content / 131 / 3 / 955s. short - “ traditional indian spices and their health significance ” by kamala krishnaswamy. asia pac j clin nutr 2008 ; 17 ( s1 ) : 265 - 268. full article : http : / / apjcn. nhri. org. tw / server / apjcn / volume17 / vol17suppl. 1 / 265 - 268s15 - 2. pdf - “ changes in platelet function and susceptibility of lipoproteins to oxidation associated with administration of aged garlic extract ” by steiner, m. ; lin, r. s. in journal of cardiovascular pharmacology : june 1998 – volume 31 – issue 6 – pp 904 - 908. abstract : http : / / journals. lww. com / cardiovascularpharm / abstract / 1998 / 06000 / changes _ in _ platelet _ function _ and _ susceptibility _ of. 14. aspx - “ health - promoting properties of common herbs ” by winston j craig in american journal of clinical nutrition, vol. 70, no. 3, 491s - 499s, september 1999. abstract : http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pubmed / 10479221


motorcycle history : part 2 in the first part of this series, we discussed the multiple paths taken by the self - propelled bicycle through the 1800s on its two - wheeled way to becoming a recognized motorcycle powered by gasoline fed, internal - combustion engines. here we sample the frantic pace of development as the 19th rumbles into the 20th century, as engines and chassis benefit from milestone - making innovations. 1899 orient : america ’ s first production motorcycle fans of the original indian motorcycle often like to remind their harley buddies that their springfield splendor preceded production of the milwaukee marvel by two years ; indian first appeared in 1901, harley - davidson in 1903. but both indian and harley were upstaged in the history books ( generally unread, it appears ), by a massachusetts bicycle concern called the waltham manufacturing company founded in 1893 by one charles h. metz. the name of his machine, and rightful heir to the title “ first usa production motorcycle ” was the orient - aster, better known simply as the orient. the aster relates to the machine ’ s french - built engine, a copy of the ubiquitous dedion - bouton. its history is traceable back to those so - called “ safety bicycles. ” one of the early such designs was produced by charles h. metz, apparently a rocket scientist on wheels, who conjured up the “ orient ” bicycle, apparently a very hot seller. motivation for attaching an internal combustion engine to a bicycle came about when metz wanted a means by which to train his bicycle racing team. metz constructed a tandem pacer bicycle with the pilot sitting up front, the rear passenger operating the dedion - bouton engine housed in the rear section, then put it to work on the waltham bicycle training track intent of giving his team something to shoot for. the idea worked, the orient bicycle team gaining victory after victory, which naturally translated to increased bicycle sales for the company. a light bulb went off in metz ’ s head. it occurred to metz that a self - propelled vehicle, minus the sweat of the brow propulsion, might interest the buying public, and his pacer motorcycle was the bridge between the two worlds. in 1898 he had tinkered up various tricycle and quadracycle versions, eventually focusing on a heavy - duty version of his production bicycle into which he stuffed the aster / dedion - bouton engine. apparently it wasn ’ t the best handling contraption, but it moved under its own power, and several prototypes were seen trundling around the waltham bicycle


his production bicycle into which he stuffed the aster / dedion - bouton engine. apparently it wasn ’ t the best handling contraption, but it moved under its own power, and several prototypes were seen trundling around the waltham bicycle track. a big believer in advertising, metz launched a media blitz of his day and made history when his 1899 catalog listed his pace machines as “ orient motor - cycles ” apparently the first published catalog usage of the term motorcycle. previously the ads and literature of the day had referred to them as motor - bicycles, so metz can also be one of several credited with officially coining the name “ motorcycle. ” the official public debut took place on july 31, 1900 when metz launched his invention at the charles river race park in boston which also happened to be the occasion for the first officially recorded motorcycle speed contest in the united states. the orient won. about a year later, in may 1901, the orient appeared in the winner ’ s circle again, this time venturing to the first west coast bike race which took place at a one - mile los angeles horse track. the factory rider was ralph hamlin who pied - pipered three other riders across the finish line, the 10 - lap race completed in 18. 5 minutes which factors out to be about 32 mph. the orient would go on to establish the american record for the mile at one minute and ten seconds. as a result of these much publicized successes, orients were soon being piloted around by adventuresome riders in many major u. s. cities. so confident was metz in his new motorcycle that he said good - bye to the waltham co. and opened his own business behind the woolworth store at whitney ave. and moody st. he was going to build his own motorcycles. sticker shock circa 1902 : $ 250 the orient motorcycle was relatively expensive at an msrp of $ 250, quite a lump sum more than a century ago. what you got was a 2 - hp gasoline engine that carried about five quarts of fuel, good enough to take you 100 miles, again a fair piece at the turn of the century, especially considering the quality of the roads. about four years later, metz introduced a two - cylinder version that doubled the horsepower of the single to 4. 0. at this point metz teamed up with the marsh co. of brockton, ma, the merger producing the high quality marsh - metz motorcycle appearing in 1908. the marsh brothers, w. t. and a. r., had first built their 1


at this point metz teamed up with the marsh co. of brockton, ma, the merger producing the high quality marsh - metz motorcycle appearing in 1908. the marsh brothers, w. t. and a. r., had first built their 1 - hp single - cylinder bike in 1899 as the marsh motor bicycle. by 1902 they had built a 6 - hp belt - drive racer that could reach 60 mph. after the merger to form the american motor company, the motorcycles bore the name marsh & metz or m. m. and would mark another milestone when it produced the first 90 - degree v - twin in the u. s. marsh and metz also sold engines to other builders such as peerless, arrow and haverford, but by 1913 the company was no more, charles metz switching gears to automobiles. 1903 - first u. s. transcontinental bike ride the short - lived “ california ” was built by the california motor company of san francisco. it was founded in 1901 and made history in both the short run and the long run. in 1903 a benchmark in motorcycling history was accomplished aboard a 90cc california piloted by an intrepid fellow by the name george wyman when he became the first motorcyclist to make a transcontinental trip across america. make that the first ever to make the trip by means of any kind of motorized vehicle. starting in san francisco, he traveled over 3800 miles on his spindly 1. 25 - hp machine over non - existent roads. he arrived at new york city 50 days later, missing 1903 ’ s fourth of july by just two days. his hands were wrapped in bandages and he had to pedal the motorcycle the final 150 miles! newspapers and magazines of the day gave extensive coverage to the event, putting the name of the company, george and the state of california in the public ’ s eye. the california eventually morphed into the yale motorcycle after the original company was bought by the consolidate manufacturing co. of toledo. the first yale - badged bikes appeared in 1909, by then having grown to 3. 5 hp. considered a gentleman ’ s machine, with a stalwart reputation for reliability, the yale came appointed in elegant gray accentuated by polished nickel hardware. fuel is carried in the distinctive cylinder slung under the top frame member, while the large canister set astride the handlebar contained acetylene for powering the headlamp designed to light the way on a dark night ’ s ride. starting was via pedaling with


distinctive cylinder slung under the top frame member, while the large canister set astride the handlebar contained acetylene for powering the headlamp designed to light the way on a dark night ’ s ride. starting was via pedaling with the rear wheel up on its centerstand, while belt - drive propelled the bike. the “ 4p ” emblazoned on the gas tank along with the yale logo stood for the rated horsepower, sufficient for a well - mannered 45 mph. the yale became of the more successful of the early independent motorcycle manufacturers, the main factor being that the company was better capitalized than most other bike builders of the day. as a result they were able continue with their single - cylinder machines and also develop a v - twin model. the company was in production until 1915 when it switched to building more profitable products for wwi. 1905 – some 28, 000 motorcycles are officially registered in england. motorcycle sales are starting to boom, although several busts fell among the hundreds of motorcycle companies that came and went. 1905 also saw the debut of the world ’ s first v - twin, the 2300cc czech - designed laurin & klement ccr. 1907 – the fastest man in the world : glenn h. curtiss “ bullets are the only rivals of glenn h. curtiss of hammondsport. " - 1907 newspaper headline on january 24, 1907, glenn curtiss roared across ormond beach on the east coast of florida at 136. 3 mph to set a land - speed record that would stand for 11 years – and then only surpassed by an automobile. it would not be until 1930 that a motorcycle would best his feat of daring - do and mechanical design. curtiss is a true american hero and a larger - than - life personality whose exploits would even inspire a popular series of youth books " the adventures of tom swift " penned by victor appleton. and yes, there was one volume circa 1910 titled “ tom swift and his motor - cycle or fun and adventures on the road. ” curtiss was always looking for new adventures on or off the road, whether in cars, boats or airplanes. back in 1907, the 29 - year old curtiss had already invented or developed many of the more than 500 designs and components he would conjure up during his lifetime, including a hand in the development of the wright brothers first airplane and additional aeronautical experiments in partnership with alexander graham bell that included developing and patenting the aircraft aileron now universally intrinsic to controlled flight. whether it was propeller - powered or rolled on wheels


including a hand in the development of the wright brothers first airplane and additional aeronautical experiments in partnership with alexander graham bell that included developing and patenting the aircraft aileron now universally intrinsic to controlled flight. whether it was propeller - powered or rolled on wheels, curtiss was always pushing the envelope. while his lasting fame would rest with aircraft, it all began with motorcycles. as a result of his experience as a bicycle racer, western union bicycle messenger and bicycle shop owner curtiss became interested in motorcycles. in 1901 he began motorizing bicycles with his own single - cylinder internal combustion engines, initially fashioned from tomato cans. he not only talked the talk, he walked the walk, racing what he built and earning the accolade in 1903 as the “ first american motorcycle champion ” by reaching 54. 6 mph. by 1905, he set the world speed records for one -, two - and three - mile events. besides piloting his speedsters, he also tinkered out a number of advancements, including the handlebar twistgrip throttle control. his new record - breaking bike came into existence due to the ever increasing demand for more powerful aircraft engines for the burgeoning production of early 20th - century flying machines. the bike was basically a rolling, but not quite flying, test bed for the new curtiss 40 - hp “ monster ” motor. the configuration was based on a very square 3. 25 x 3. 25 inch bore and stroke that displaced a potent 269 cubic inches. while his preceding engines were primarily single cylinder and 50 - degree v - twins, curtis went to a 90 - degree design featuring cast - iron f - type heads as utilized on his smaller displacement powerplants. moreover, it dispensed with head gaskets thanks to the quality of its design and manufacture. inside the massive hunk of metal lurked a solid billet steel crank, while internal lubrication was handled via a dry sump and random splash system. under the valve covers, inlet valves were activated by atmospheric pressure while pushrods actuated the exhaust valves. fed by twin carbs, also curtiss designs, the throttle cables were hidden inside the handlebars. the electrical system relied upon jump - spark ignition energized by dry - cell batteries. while it looked ungainly with its 4000cc engine suspended in what was a heavily beefed up bicycle frame with a 64 - inch wheelbase, the overall design benefited from a power to weight ratio ( one hp per 6. 8 pounds ) that was advanced by any standard, especially


with its 4000cc engine suspended in what was a heavily beefed up bicycle frame with a 64 - inch wheelbase, the overall design benefited from a power to weight ratio ( one hp per 6. 8 pounds ) that was advanced by any standard, especially by those of 1907. the bike supposedly tipped the scales at merely 275 lbs. the four - mile course at ormond beach was divided into a two - mile section for reaching top speed, a third mile for timing purposes, and last but not least, a “ slow down and stop ” mile. as the bike was shaft - driven with no clutch and but one tall gear, it was an all or nothing proposition. one kept twisting the throttle and let the speed build while the screaming unmuffled pipes scattered sea birds for miles. as the curtiss museum director comments, “ it must have sounded like the wrath of god! ” curtis was clocked at 136. 3 mph in the timed section of the course. he would be the first man to travel one mile in 25. 25 seconds, a feat of mechanical design and personal courage that earned him the title of the fastest man on earth. armchair pundits of the day reportedly snorted with disbelief, espousing their firm belief that is was a hoax or fable since no mortal man could breathe at the reported speed. it would be the v8 ’ s one and only day in the sun, the only time glenn curtiss would take it up to speed. but once was enough. if you want to see the real mccoy, you ’ ll find it at the new smithsonian steven f. udvar - hazy center located adjacent to the dulles international airport in chantilly, va ( http : / / www. nasm. si. edu / ). 1908 indian “ camelback ” the year 1908 was a time of prodigious american achievements that would reshape the world. henry ford rolled out the first model t, aka the “ tin lizzy, ” opening the door and roadways to millions with an affordable automobile. in the same year his competition, a company called general motors, was also founded. but whether four wheels or two, the roads traveled by either car or motorcycle were an endurance challenge for machine and passengers. the indian motorcycle co. of springfield, massachusetts, endeavored to smooth out the rough ride with a cartridge - spring front fork for its 213cc single - cylinder - powered machine. another major improvement over previous models included twist grips that could now control both the throttle and the spark advance / retard,


offered to the public in 1908. it is estimated that only 20 of the first edition of the camelback still exist today. 1910 – more than 86, 414 british bike riders have registered their machines. by this year 31 u. s. motorcycle companies are in still in production, although several have fallen by the wayside the flying merkel in 1911, the u. s. - built flying merkel came in both race and street trim. the touring version was one of the first motorcycles to employ suspension beyond just seat springs and rubber tires. a monoshock system mounted beneath the seat supported the rear wheel, while twin springs suspended the front fork. the advanced suspension design reportedly produced the addition of " flying ” term to the merkel name, while others say it was its speed and performance that left its competitors literally in the dust. 1911 pierce - the four - cylinder luxury motorcycle pierce had become in 1909 the first american motorcycle offering a four - cylinder engine. the company was at the leading edge in all things with wheels, including bicycles, cars and motorcycles. the company ’ s guiding force, george n. pierce, started all the wheels rolling as the founder of both the great arrow motor car company and the pierce cycle company, both enterprises located in buffalo, new york. pierce - arrow automobiles were the acknowledged “ prestige cars ” circa 1901 - 38. but it was george ’ s son, percy, who steered the company toward motorcycles after he was given charge of the company ’ s bicycle activities in 1908. it seems that percy had a been bitten by the bike bug after a trip overseas to belgium where he encountered the now famous fn four - cylinder machine designed by paul kelecom. so impressed, in fact, that percy purchased one and brought it home to buffalo and went on to develop the pierce line of fine motorcycles in keeping with the reputation for fine motor cars. the introduction of the pierce four engine design in 1909 literally astounded the american motorcyclist of the day, as it was that much of a “ quantum ” leap over the standard single - and twin - cylinder fare available. while the pierce did appear to be a clone of the belgian fn, it differed from the fn ’ s intake - over - exhaust design in several ways. instead of using a side - valve arrangement with intake valves on one side of the engine and exhaust found on other, the pierce used a two - cam system that took on the name “ t - head. ” the 696cc engine was used as a stressed member of


side - valve arrangement with intake valves on one side of the engine and exhaust found on other, the pierce used a two - cam system that took on the name “ t - head. ” the 696cc engine was used as a stressed member of the chassis, and its four cylinders and 7 horsepower could vault it to a heady 55 mph. its shaft - driven rear wheel was the first such final - drive application in an american motorcycle. early models were direct drive, but by 1910 it was available with a clutch and two - speed transmission. the sophisticated lines of the elegantly designed machine can be attributed to the 3. 5 inch diameter, 18 - gauge steel frame tubes that were internally copper plated. the upper and rear frame tubes could hold seven quarts of fuel while the front downtube carried five pints of oil. the pierce, later available with a 592cc single - cylinder engine, was described as “ the vibrationless motorcycle, ” with exports to 14 different countries. but the expensive - to - produce machines weren ’ t profitably to build, and by 1913, pierce ceased its motorcycle operations. 1912 henderson four cylinder – elegance in motion or at rest detroit - based tom and william henderson had started building their four - cylinder machines in 1912. four individually cast cylinders were mated to an aluminum crankcase on three main bearings, producing a purported 7 horsepower via 965cc and good for a claimed 55 - mph top speed in 1913. it was uprated in 1914 to 1065cc and 8 hp. instead of pedal start, standard for the day, the design employed a car - style crankshaft, the very nature of the inline - four imparting an automotive aura to the long wheel - based machine that exuded elegance, refinement and grace of movement. it offered the rider the smooth transmission of power, fine handling and easily controllable operation. it would establish a benchmark for others to follow. from 1912 - 1916 the henderson four round tank, long wheelbase was produced in a variety of configurations, but the 1912 and 1913 garner the most favor. while the early machines are single speed and do not have transmissions, they did feature a small clutch on the motor sprocket chain drive. a two - speed transmission became available in 1914. other features included a rear band brake, rear - mounted tool box, dual brake pedals and interesting footboards. in a not so hostile takeover, bicycle mogul ignaz schwinn acquired the vaunted excelsior company in 1911 and then


included a rear band brake, rear - mounted tool box, dual brake pedals and interesting footboards. in a not so hostile takeover, bicycle mogul ignaz schwinn acquired the vaunted excelsior company in 1911 and then in 1917 acquired another " trophy " company in the form of the henderson motorcycle co., purveyors of the now iconic henderson four seen here. it is estimated that less than half a dozen 1913 henderson fours have appeared worldwide over the past two decades. 1913 – bike registrations in england have jumped to 180, 000, adding nearly 100, 000 riders over the previous three years. 1914 – cyclone whips up on the competition for a brief but brilliant moment, the american - made cyclone was in the spotlight, its prowess earning it praise as “ the most feared competition machine of the era. ” its first appearance took place in early 1914 at a california dirt tracks facing off against the top dogs of the day, harleys and the new indian 8 - valve racer that was also making its first showing at the tracks. when the checkered flag fell, it had vanquished all that came up against, reaching speeds of 105 mph. it even set a record when racing and winning against the reigning king of speed, barney oldfield driving his then - famous 300 - hp racecar. just as suddenly as its star had risen, the cyclone faded from the race tracks, the company falling into financial hard times and folding altogether in 1915. cyclones in private hands continued to appear in events for several years, as late as 1922, cyclone motorcycles were banned from many competitions because “ they were too fast for the tracks. ” or too fast for the other manufacturers still in the business of selling motorcycles to the public? the war years on a sunny sunday, june 28, 1914, two pistol shots fired in the streets of sarajevo, bosnia by a 19 - year old would change the world forever. empires would fall away and the machine age would catapult warfare into a catastrophic new dimension as europe and eventually the u. s. would be embroiled in the “ war to end all wars. ” this was an international upheaval that would dramatically affect the world ' s motorcycle industry, as civilian production was diverted to the demands of the military on all fronts, but which would eventually “ trickle ” down in the post - war years to benefit the consumer, both on the street and on the track. motorcycle history : part 1


press release from mars hill college mars hill college will host a program on monday, march 4, which will explore the usda ’ s forest service forwarn system, a set of satellite - based forest assessment tools for examining threats for healthy forests. the program, titled " forwarn : a forest disturbance change detection system to aid forest managers, " will take place at 7 pm in room 135 of the ferguson math and science center. it will be led by dr. bill hargrove, research ecologist with the usda ’ s forest service eastern forest environmental threat assessment center. the event is free and open to the public since 2006, dr. hargrove has worked at the efetac, on a satellite - based forest disturbance monitoring system for the contiguous united states. the system delivers new forest change images every eight days and provides tools for attributing abnormalities to insects, disease, wildfire, storms, human development or unusual weather. according to dr. scott pearson, professor of biology at mars hill college, healthy forests are important because they provide clean water, timber products, and recreational opportunities. “ dr. hargrove and his collaborators at efetac have developed forwarn, an innovative system to monitor the health of forest ecosystems nationwide, ” he said. “ this system can alert scientists and the general public to changes due to insects outbreaks, fires, weather events, and human activities. forwarn integrates satellite data, gis mapping, and multivariate statistics to create accurate, up - to - date maps of these threats. his talk will give students and the public insight into how creative scientists can harness the power of data and complementary technologies to address a practical problem. ” this program will also serve as the topic for the march meeting of sigma xi, a scientific research society of scientists and engineers based at unc asheville, warren wilson college, brevard college, and mars hill college. mars hill college is a private, liberal arts institution offering over 30 baccalaureate degrees and one graduate degree in elementary education. founded in 1856 by baptist families of the region, the campus is located just 20 minutes north of asheville in the mountains of western north carolina. www. mhc. edu 1 - 866 - mhc - 4 - you. read the full article


in superinfection, an individual already infected with the hepatitis b virus becomes infected with hepatitis d virus. this might occur in a drug user who already has chronic hepatitis b and continues to inject drugs. superinfection with the hepatitis d virus may be associated with a sudden worsening of liver disease and symptoms such as jaundice. the blood alt and ast activities may become more elevated. individuals with chronic hepatitis b who are superinfected with hepatitis d virus usually become chronically infected with hepatitis d virus, too. the risk of developing cirrhosis is greater in individuals chronically infected with both the hepatitis b and hepatitis d viruses compared to those infected with hepatitis b virus alone. as many as 80 percent of individuals chronically infected with both of these viruses may ultimately develop cirrhosis. more information on multaq and liver damage the hepatitis d virus is transmitted in ways similar to the hepatitis b virus. one mode of transmission is intravenous drug use. transmission from multiple blood transfusions is also possible, but screening of the blood supply for hepatitis b virus eliminates the hepatitis d virus. sexual transmission of the hepatitis d virus is less efficient than for the hepatitis b virus. although hepatitis d virus can be transmitted from mothers to their newborn babies, transmission by this route is rare. the global distribution of hepatitis d virus infection is similar to that for hepatitis b virus. in some parts of the world, such as southern italy and russia, hepatitis d virus infection is fairly common among individuals chronically infected with hepatitis b. it is found in about 20 percent of so - called chronic carriers and in as many as 60 percent of individuals with clinical hepatitis caused by hepatitis b virus. in northern italy, spain, and egypt, about 10 percent of asymptomatic chronic carriers infected with hepatitis b and about 30 to 50 percent of symptomatic patients with hepatitis b are infected with the hepatitis d virus. in most of china and other parts of southeast asia where the prevalence of chronic hepatitis b virus infection approaches 10 percent of the entire population, hepatitis d virus infection is rare. information from other sources on multaq and liver damage diagnosis of hepatitis d virus infection is determined by blood testing. in acute co - infection, igm and igg antibodies to hepatitis d virus are detectable during the course of infection. igm antibodies will be detected earlier after acute infection and igg later or while the patient is recovering. igg antibody concentrations in blood generally fall to levels that cannot be detected after the acute infection resolve


virus are detectable during the course of infection. igm antibodies will be detected earlier after acute infection and igg later or while the patient is recovering. igg antibody concentrations in blood generally fall to levels that cannot be detected after the acute infection resolves. there is no reliable marker that persists to indicate past infection with hepatitis d virus. in hepatitis d virus superinfection, high levels of both igxvi and igg antibodies against the hepatitis d virus become detectable after infection. both igm and igg antibodies persist in serum as long as the patient remains infected. hepatitis d virus co - infection often is not diagnosed. in cases in which acute hepatitis b is not too severe, the doctor will not search for hepatitis d co - infection. if liver disease is unusually severe in a highrisk individual, testing for antibodies against hepatitis d virus may be performed and the diagnosis of acute co - infection made. in chronic hepatitis d, which occurs usually as superinfection, the presence of igg antibodies in blood against hepatitis d virus, in a patient with detectable blood hbsag, establishes the diagnosis. testing will usually be performed in a patient with known chronic hepatitis b whose condition deteriorates. our use of the term or terms multaq and liver damage is for descriptive purposes only. there is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. our use of the words recall, class action lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. refer to the website of the united states food and drug administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. if a class action lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the class action is formed. a class action lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post. to keep up to date on multaq and liver damage visit our site often.


there are different types of power of attorney. the greatest need for a power of attorney is made in anticipation of a medical emergency or disability. that is, if you are in an accident, or suffer a disease or disorder that may leave you unable to articulate your own wishes, a medical power of attorney form allows you to choose in advance who will represent your interests, and can impose upon them the restrictions you wish. you may wish to make clear, for example, that the person is not authorized to override your “ living will ”, a document which limits the right of doctors and hospitals to resuscitate you or to utilize invasive life support to keep you alive. a medical power of attorney is a document, signed by a competent adult, i. e., “ principal, ” designating a person that the principal trusts to make health care decisions on the principal ’ s behalf should the principal be unable to make such decisions. the individual chosen to act on the principal ’ s behalf is referred to as an “ agent. ” the agent should be knowledgeable about your wishes, values, and religious beliefs, and in whom you have trust and confidence. in the event your agent does not know of your wishes, that agent should be willing to make health care decisions based upon your best interests. the person must be 18 years of age or older or a person under 18 years of age who has been legally emancipated. an agent may make health care decisions on your behalf only if your attending physician certifies in writing that you are incompetent. treatment may not be given to or withheld from you if you object. this is true whether or not you are incompetent. under a medical power of attorney, an agent is given wide latitude when consenting to treatment on your behalf. however, an agent cannot consent to : - commitment to a mental institution - convulsive treatment - neglect of comfort care and in the medical power of attorney document itself, you may limit the agent ’ s decision - making authority. the medical power of attorney is not legally effective unless you sign a disclosure statement that you have read and understood the contents of the medical power of attorney before signing the medical power of attorney itself. if you do not have a medical power of attorney, in the event of incapacity your loved ones may be forced to seek a court order to appoint somebody, usually called a “ guardian ”, who will be authorized to oversee your medical care, where you receive your care, and to enforce