constant. the 3 in the ic6 position, however, may seem puzzling at first. but, recall that 6 is its own inversion ; therefore, the number of invariant pcs is double the number in the ic6 position ; i. e., t6 also results in 6 invariant pcs ). as another example, consider set 6 - 7 *, 012678, with iv = 420243. the iv tells us that there will be 4 pcs invariant when t = 1 ( or t11 ), 2pcs invariant when t = 2 ( or t10 ), no pcs invariant when t = 3 ( or t9 ), 2 pcs invariant when t = 4 ( or t8 ), 4 pcs invariant when t = 5 ( or t7 ), and 6 pcs invariant when t = 6. inversion can and often does lead to pc invariance. but, this operation needs to be considered in combination with transposition, i. e., tni, representing a transposition n of the inversion. the easiest way to determine this type of pc invariance is to form an addition table with the set represented horizontally and vertically. let us take 2478 as an example. notice that the set is placed at the top, horizontally, and down the left side, vertically. the numbers within the table are the sums at the intersections of the pins. by tallying these numbers we can ascertain the invariant pcs under tni. for example, the two 9s reveal that there are 2 common pcs at t9i. further, the table tells us which pcs are invariant under this t, namely those that create the intersection : 2 and 7. the two 4s indicate 2 common pcs at t4i, and they are 2 and 8, etc.


phenology : changes in ecological lifecycles by zack guido | the university of arizona | september 12, 2008 lilac flowers bloom with cues from the weather. caribou give birth at the peak of plant abundance so that their newborns have plenty to eat. in the southwest, as well as all other parts of the world, variations in the climate trigger life cycle events in plants and animals. studying these events and their relation to climate is known as phenology. the information obtained is vital for understanding the impact climate change has on humans and ecosystems. a gila woodpecker feeding on the flowers of the giant saguaro cactus. the timing of blooming may shift in a changing climate. credit : ©frank leung, istockphoto. com phenology includes the timing of flower blooms, agricultural crop stages, insect activity, and animal migration. all of these events are changing as a result of climate change and these changes impact humans. the date flowers bloom, for example, controls the timing of allergens and infectious diseases — impacting human health — and alters when tourists visit regions to enjoy wildflowers, which impacts economies. variations in crop phases affect agriculture by influencing the timing of planting, harvesting, and pest activity. quantitative assessments of the impact of phenological changes on humans in the southwest are scant primarily because phenology is a relatively recent scientific endeavor in the southwest. however, increasing concern about climate change has amplified efforts in the following areas : - documenting observed phenological changes - projecting phenological changes from climate change - establishing a national phenological network phenology in the southwest is relatively young and there are only a few observational records more than 20 years old. nonetheless, records less than 20 years are sufficient to observe trends in phenological changes, and experts believe that changes in life cycle events in the southwest will be similar to those documented in other parts of the world where longer records exist. two of the more important and well - documented effects of climate change on phenology are changes in the date of flowering and food - chain disruptions. changes in flower blooms studies indicate an advance in the date that flowers bloom in the west. important conclusions include the following : - shrub specimens collected in the sonoran desert of the southwestern u. s. and northwestern mexico and biological models suggest that the spring bloom of shrubs may have advanced by 20 to 41 days between 1894 and 20041 - a study published in 2001 concluded that the average date of bloom for lilacs in


of the southwestern u. s. and northwestern mexico and biological models suggest that the spring bloom of shrubs may have advanced by 20 to 41 days between 1894 and 20041 - a study published in 2001 concluded that the average date of bloom for lilacs in the western u. s. advanced by 7. 5 days between 1957 and 1994, while the average bloom date of honeysuckle advanced by 10 days between 1968 and 1994. 2 - a 20 - year record of the timing of flower blooms for hundreds of plant species across 4, 000 vertical feet in the santa catalina mountains near tucson, arizona, suggests more than 15 percent of the surveyed species bloom at elevations as much as 1, 000 feet higher than they did in the past. 3 - the same 20 - year record showed the average total number of species in bloom per year increased over the 20 - year period by nearly three species per year at the highest elevations — this increase was associated with increasing summer temperatures. 4 food chain disruption important life cycle events in plants and animals are often triggered by each other. when the timing of life cycle events changes in one species, it can disrupt symbiotic relationships and affect other species. for example, in the northeastern u. s., nectar - producing trees currently bloom 25 days earlier than in the past. as a result, honey bees have switched their source of nectar from the tulip poplar tree to black locust tree, impacting the pollination of tulip poplars and causing their numbers to crash. 5 in the arctic, the peak in plant abundance and caribou births no longer coincide, causing a 400 percent jump in offspring mortality. future phenological changes will be localized, depending on the specific plant and animal species and the magnitude of climate change. some species may profit, while others suffer. in general, flowers will likely bloom earlier and food - chain disruptions will likely be more frequent. several changes are likely in the southwest : - because the date and abundance of flower blooms are highly correlated with winter snowpack, projected declines in snowpack will decrease flower abundance and advance the date of flowering. 6 - global warming may have a disproportionate effect on montane plant communities. some mountain species may not be able to respond to changes in temperature by migrating north or south. in addition, an upward shift in altitudinal range of species to encounter cooler temperatures will decrease habitat area. 2 - earlier flower blooms could have substantial impacts on plant and animal communities in the sonoran desert, especially on shrubs and migratory humming


. in addition, an upward shift in altitudinal range of species to encounter cooler temperatures will decrease habitat area. 2 - earlier flower blooms could have substantial impacts on plant and animal communities in the sonoran desert, especially on shrubs and migratory hummingbirds. 1 in addition, climate change will cause plant species to move in response to changes in temperature and precipitation. this may be most evident on mountains, where changes in elevation help create specific habitat zones within small areas. in the santa catalina mountains near tucson, arizona, for example, the habitat of many species has expanded upslope, and to a lesser extent downslope. the usa national phenology network ( npn ) is headquartered in tucson, arizona. its mission is to facilitate collection and dissemination of phenological data from the united states. npn primarily supports scientific research concerning interactions among plants, animals, and the lower atmosphere, especially the long - term impacts of climate change. npn encourages involvement in phenological research and provides opportunities for interested people to contribute to science. scholars, students of all grades, and citizens record the timing of life cycle events in key plant and animal species and submit their observations on - line. in this manner, a detailed database is growing. currently, 800 people in the u. s. participate in npn. among them, amateur scientists in the southwest have provided some of the more valuable and longer observational data. - bowers, j. e. 2007. has climatic warming altered spring flowering date of sonoran desert shrubs? the southwestern naturalist, 52 ( 3 ) : 347 - 355. - cayan, d. r., et al. 2001. changes in the onset of spring in the western united states. bulletin of the american meteorological society, 82 ( 3 ) : 399 - 415. - personal communication with dave bertelsen, august 4, 2008. - crimmins, t. h., m. a. crimmins, d. bertelsen and j. balmat. 2008. relationships between alpha diversity of plant species in bloom and climatic variables across an elevation gradient. international journal of biometeorology, 52 : 353 - 366. - personal communication with jake weltzin, july 21, 2008. - inouye, d. w., m. a. morales and g. j. dodge. 2002. variation in timing and abundance of flowering by delphinium barbeyi huth ( ranunculaceae ) : the roles of snowpack


this species may reach a length of 1 m and width of 25 mm or more. the worms, however, are exceptionally contractile and may be less than half their extended length ( c. marginatus ). the head is sharply tapered and bluntly pointed, with wide cephalic furrows ( c. marginatus - detail ). although it is stated that eyes are absent from this species, pigmented eyes are present. their small size, however, makes them easily overlooked in living individuals. the body behind the mouth is dorsoventrally compressed, with sharp lateral margins. transverse epidermal folds of varying sizes often give the nemerteans an irregularly wrinkled appearance, particularly when the body is contracted. the transparent caudal cirrus is slender. the colour is typically a uniform greyish - brown with whitish or transparent lateral margins through which the pink coloured lateral nerve cords are often visible. younger individuals are generally paler, and the dorsal pigmentation of older animals may be somewhat darker than that of the underside. variations in colour reported include dark greyish green, slate - blue or dull brown. both the mouth and cephalic slits are pale on their inner margins. in young specimens the cerebral ganglia and proboscis apparatus may show through the epidermis. cerebratulus marginatus is able to swim actively with strong dorsoventral undulatory movements. when swimming it often rotates about its own longitudinal axis and frequently projects its head above the water surface. it also readily fragments when handled. rarely found on the lower shore, cerebratulus marginatus is usually obtained when dredging in sandy or muddy sediments at depths of 20 - 150 m or more, although it may be caught on fishing lines when mussel flesh is used as bait. the species has a wide geographic range in the northern hemisphere. in european waters it extends from scandinavia and the british isles to the mediterranean and southwards to madeira ; it is widespread in the arctic ( king charles land, bremer sound, hinlopen strait, east spitzbergen ), and is found in the western north altantic from greenland, labrador and cape cod southwards beneath the off - shore arctic current, and in the pacific from alaska to san diego, california on the eastern seaboard and japan in the west.


hawaiian spinner dolphin info did you know …? in hawaii we called the dolphins nai ‘ a? they travel in groups called pods? they are called spinner dolphins because they leap out of the water and spin. that dolphins and whales are air breathing mammals, just like us? that dolphins are conscious breathers – meaning that they must be conscious to continue swimming and coming up for air? we are unconscious breathers – we go to sleep and continue to breathe unconsciously … so how do dolphins sleep if they must remain conscious? they have the unique ability to shut down one half of their brain at a time, while the other half remains awake … if you are in the water with them, you can tell which side of their brain is asleep because their eye will be closed on that side. hawaiian spinner dolphins are one of the smaller species of dolphin. adults are 5 ′ - 7 ’ long and will weigh about 120 lbs or so … they are very social beings, and quite affectionate with one another. they will play the leaf game with one another and sometimes they will let you join in! hawaiian spinner dolphins are all about love and joy … you only have to open up your heart and allow the magic … common questions about dolphins how do dolphins sleep? dolphins have to be conscious to breathe. this means that they cannot go into a full deep sleep, because then they would suffocate. dolphins have “ solved ” that by letting one half of their brain sleep at a time. this has been determined by doing eeg studies on dolphins. rem ( rapid eye movement ) sleep, usually associated with dreaming has been recorded only very rarely. some scientists claim dolphins do not have rem sleep at all. a dolphin ’ s behavior when sleeping / resting depends on the circumstances and can vary within different species of dolphins, and possibly on individual preferences. they can either : swim slowly and surface every now and then for a breath which is the pattern for the hawaiian spinner dolphins ; rest at the surface with their blowhole exposed ; or rest on the bottom ( in shallow water ) and rise to the surface every now and then to breathe. how intelligent are dolphins? during the past few decades, scientists have intensified their efforts to better understand the dolphin mind. this research led to a groundbreaking milestone in 2001. a study conducted at the wildlife conservation society ’ s new york aquarium demonstrated unequivocally that dolphins are self - aware, a complex, cognitive capacity previously known only in humans and great apes ( reiss & marino, 2001


milestone in 2001. a study conducted at the wildlife conservation society ’ s new york aquarium demonstrated unequivocally that dolphins are self - aware, a complex, cognitive capacity previously known only in humans and great apes ( reiss & marino, 2001 ). but just how intelligent are they? the short answer to this is that we do not yet know. there is no reliable method to measure intelligence in humans across cultures, so it is not surprising that comparing humans, dolphins, apes, dogs, etc. is impossible. there are some indications of their potential : they are fast learners and can generalize ( which is also true of pigs, by the way ). also they can learn to understand complicated language - like commands ( which is also true of the great apes ). how do dolphins communicate and do they have their own language? dolphins communicate mainly by means of sounds. these sounds include whistles, but also so - called pulsed sounds, which are often described as squawks, barks, rasps, etc. but they also use breaching ( jumping and falling back into the water with a loud splash ) and pectoral fin ( or flipper ) and tail ( or fluke ) slaps ( hitting the flipper or fluke on the water surface ). body posturing and jaw popping also have a role in communication. dolphins may be closer to humans than previously realized, with new research showing they communicate by whistling out their own “ names ”. the evidence suggests dolphins share the human ability to recognize themselves and other members of the same species as individuals with separate identities. the research, on wild bottlenose dolphins, will lead to a reassessment of their intelligence and social complexity, raising moral questions over how they should be treated. the research was carried out by vincent janik of the sea mammal research unit at st. andrews university, who has found bottlenose dolphins to be among the animal world ’ s quickest learners of new sounds. he said : “ each animal develops an individually distinctive signature whistle in the first few months of its life, which appears to be used in individual recognition. ” the research has its origin in the 1960s when dolphin trainers first noticed that captive animals each had their own personal repertoire of whistles. this prompted speculation that dolphins had their own language and might even have individual “ names ”. however, the theory was controversial among whale and dolphin researchers, and until now, there had been no means of testing it. janik ’ s work was based on a group of dolphins


had their own language and might even have individual “ names ”. however, the theory was controversial among whale and dolphin researchers, and until now, there had been no means of testing it. janik ’ s work was based on a group of dolphins living in sarasota bay, florida, who have been studied for more than 30 years. over that time researchers have built up a detailed picture of individual dolphins, their family ties and their “ social ” interaction. they have also made extensive recordings of the noises made by individual dolphins and isolated the sounds thought to be their “ signature whistles ” or names. in the study some of the sarasota bay animals were corralled in a net. the researchers then played synthetic versions of the signature whistles of other dolphins through underwater loudspeakers to see if they would evoke a response in the captive animals. the use of synthetic whistles ruled out the possibility that the animals might simply be recognizing the sound of each others ’ voices. they found that dolphins responded strongly to the whistles of their relatives and associates while generally ignoring those of dolphins to whom they had no link. janik said : “ bottlenose dolphins are the only animals other than humans to have been shown to transmit identity information independent of the caller ’ s voice. ” the findings are supported by other authorities. denise herzing, research director at the wild dolphin project at florida atlantic university, said it was already clear that many of the 77 known cetacean ( whale and dolphin ) species had rudimentary languages. “ we know that dolphins ’ brains are nearly as large and complex, relative to body size, as those of humans. they have evolved to be intelligent and that implies being able to communicate, ” she said. dolphins may, however, be just the first of many species where individuals are found to have their own names. other researchers have already found evidence for highly developed language skills in parrots, crows and primates. great apes, such as chimpanzees and orangutans, have been a popular subject for research because they are so closely related to humans. their limited vocal apparatus means they cannot speak but researchers at georgia state university have taught chimpanzees to communicate in english via computers equipped with customized keyboards and voice synthesizers. the african grey parrot is another renowned linguist, able not only to learn words but to use them in the right context. even some rodent species may have developed a rudimentary language. con slobodchikoff of northern arizona university recently


. the african grey parrot is another renowned linguist, able not only to learn words but to use them in the right context. even some rodent species may have developed a rudimentary language. con slobodchikoff of northern arizona university recently found that prairie dogs, a large rodent found in the western united states, shared a language of at least 100 words. donald broom, professor of animal welfare at cambridge university, said species living in large groups all had advanced communication skills. “ they have a complex social structure where they have to live with others, negotiate friendships and find mates. if dolphins are using names i expect we will find the same in other species with similar lifestyles.. ” how does dolphin sonar work? dolphins ( and other toothed whales ) can produce high pitched clicks. when these clicks hit an object, some of the sound will echo back to the “ sender ”. by listening to the echo and interpreting the time it took before the echo came back, the dolphins estimate the distance of the object. ( that ’ s why sonar is also called echolocation : with information from the echoes, a dolphin can locate an object ). depending on the material the object is made of, part of the sound may penetrate into the object and reflect off internal structure. if the object is a fish, some sound will reflect off the skin on the dolphin ’ s side, some of the bones, the internal organs and the skin on the other side. so one click can result in a number of ( weaker ) echoes. this will give the dolphin some information about the structure and size of the fish. by moving its head ( thereby aiming the clicks at other parts of the fish ) the dolphin can get more information on other parts of the fish. can dolphins combine information from their sonar with their vision? the short answer is : yes, they can. just like people can visualize an object by just touching it, dolphins can get an idea of what an object looks like by scanning it with their sonar. they can also identify objects with their sonar that they have only been able to see. whether they form a visual picture from the sonar information ( visualization ) or form an acoustical picture from visual information is still unresolved. this capability is called cross - modal transfer and it has been demonstrated in only a few animal species so far : the bottlenose dolphin and the california sea lion. what and how much do dolphins eat? dolphins eat several kinds of fish and squid. the composition of the diet depends very


transfer and it has been demonstrated in only a few animal species so far : the bottlenose dolphin and the california sea lion. what and how much do dolphins eat? dolphins eat several kinds of fish and squid. the composition of the diet depends very much on what is available in the area they live in and also on the season. the amount of fish they eat depends on the fish species they are feeding on. mackerel and herring have a very high fat content and consequently have a high caloric value, whereas squid has a very low caloric value, so to get the same energy intake ( calories ) they will need to eat much more if they feed on squid than if they feed on mackerel or herring. on average an adult dolphin will eat 4 - 9 % of its body weight in fish per day. how deep can dolphins dive? the deepest dive ever recorded for a bottlenose dolphin was 300 meters ( 990 feet ). this was accomplished by tuffy, a dolphin trained by the us navy. most likely dolphins do not dive very deep, though. many bottlenose dolphins live in fairly shallow water. in the sarasota bay area, the dolphins spend a considerable time in waters that are less than 2 meters ( 7 feet ) deep. other whale and dolphin species are able to dive to much greater depths. how fast can dolphins swim? the dolphin ’ s fast cruising speed ( a travelling speed they can maintain for quite a while ) is about 11 – 12. 5 km / hr. they can reach speeds of up to 16. 5 km / hr while travelling in this fashion. when they move faster, they will start jumping clear of the water ( porpoising ). they are actually saving energy by jumping. when chased by a speedboat, dolphins have been clocked at speeds of 26. 3 km / hr, which they maintained for about 1500 meters, leaping constantly. energetic studies have shown that the most efficient traveling speed for dolphins is between 6. 0 – 8. 2 km / hr. there have been reports of dolphins traveling at much higher speeds, but these refer to dolphins being pushed along by the bow wave of a speeding boat – they were getting a free ride. it is possible that dolphins can reach speeds over 15 knots during very short bursts ( like in preparation for a high jump ), but they can ’ t maintain that speed. where can you find dolphins? whales and dolphins can be found in almost every sea and ocean, from the arctic ocean, through the tropics all


bursts ( like in preparation for a high jump ), but they can ’ t maintain that speed. where can you find dolphins? whales and dolphins can be found in almost every sea and ocean, from the arctic ocean, through the tropics all the way to the antarctic. each species however has its own preferred type of habitat. some live in cold water only, others in tropical oceans only. there are also species that can be found in a large variety of environments, like the bottlenose dolphins, killer whales and sperm whales. source : p. g. h. evans ( 1987 ) the natural history of whales and dolphins. christopher helm publishers, london. can dolphins live in fresh water? there are a number of dolphin species that live in fresh water. they all belong to the river dolphin families. these are : the platanistidae ( ganges and indus river dolphins ), the iniidae ( the boto or amazon river dolphin ) and the pontoporiidae ( the baiji and the franciscana ). there is one species that can be found both in fresh water ( the amazon river ) and in coastal sea waters : the tucuxi ( sotalia fluviatilis ). in general, salt water species don ’ t do well in fresh water. they can survive for some time, but they will be come exhausted ( since they have less buoyancy in fresh water ) and after a while their skin will start to slough ( like our own skin after spending a long time in the bathtub ). how do dolphins get their water? most dolphins live in the ocean and the ocean water is too salty for them to drink. if they would drink sea water, they would actually use more water trying to get rid of the salt than they drank in the first place. most of their water they get from their food ( fish and squid ). also, when they metabolise ( burn ) their fat, water is released in the process. their kidneys are also adapted to retaining as much water as possible. although they live in water, they have to live as desert animals, since they have no direct source of drinkable water.


nine ways to reduce plagiarism based on her research with postgraduate students in the department of media and communications, megan le masurier developed nine ways to avoid plagiarism. the nine steps are detailed in her article published in synergy and summarised below. step 1 : maximise student engagement since class size has been found to impact on student engagement and plagiarism, find ways to increase student participation by decreasing class size or introducing groupwork. step 2 : devise a subject - specific questionnaire a questionnaire will allow you to discover what your students know and don ’ t know about academic honesty and attribution practices. you will then be able to build course content around any gaps in knowledge. step 3 : fill the gaps in student knowledge after providing correct answers to the questionnaire, design simple exercises based on class needs. for example, students can be asked to attribute a quote using departmental guidelines. step 4 : test knowlegde of plagiarism ask your students to produce a written and signed response to the question what is plagiarism?. this will help you to identify students who are still confused about attribution and to assess english language competence. step 5 : encourage student language support use the written statements ( see step 4 ) to direct at risk students to available support. click here for more details. step 6 : make course content and assessment relevant select course content and assessment task which your students can relate to, for example on a cultural level. research suggests that this increases student engagement and diminishes the chance of plagiarism. step 7 : ask students to discuss their writing via consultation or email provide incremental and assessable feedback on how well students can discuss their own writing. step 8 : develop plagiarism ' unfriendly ' assessment design tasks which work against the possiblity of plagiarism. for instance stagger due dates to prevent students from being overwhelemed with assignment demands. request brief annotations with list of references, submission of essay plans and research notes, or ask for transcripts if interviews are part of the assignment. step 9 : prepare an assignment - specific checklist to the normal coversheet add a checklist which alerts students to possible instances of plagiarism in their assignments. for example ask them if you have quoted have you attributed the source in the text?.


this tutorial shows how to send modifications of code in the right way : by using patches. the word developer is used here for someone having a kde svn account. we suppose that you have modified some code in kde and that you are ready to share it. first a few important points : now you have the modification as a source file. sending the source file will not be helpful, as probably someone else has done other modifications to the original file in the meantime. so your modified file could not replace it. that is why patches exist. patches list the modifications, the line numbers and a few other useful information to be able to put that patch back into the existing code. ( this process is called " patching " or also " applying a patch. " ) the main tool for creating patches is a tool called diff, which makes the difference between two files. this tool has a mode called unified diff, which kde developers use. unified diffs have not just the difference between the file but also the neighborhood around the differences. that allows to patch even if the line numbers are not the same anymore. the most simple patch is created between the modified file ( here called source. cpp ) and the non - modified version of the file ( here called source. cpp. orig. ) diff - u - p source. cpp. orig source. cpp that lists the difference between the two files in the unified diff format ( and with function name information if possible. ) however it only displays it to screen, which is of course not the goal. so you need to redirect the output. diff - u - p source. cpp. orig source. cpp > ~ / patch. diff ~ / patch. diff is here an example and you can create the file where you prefer with the name that you prefer. ( you will soon find out that it is probably not a good idea to create a patch where the source is. ) but normally, you do not just change one file and you do not keep the original version around to be able to make the difference later. but here too, there is a solution. the program svn, which is used on the command line interact with the svn server, has a diff function too : svn diff. you can run it like this and it will give you the difference of the current directory and all sub - directories below it. of course, here too, you want to redire


, has a diff function too : svn diff. you can run it like this and it will give you the difference of the current directory and all sub - directories below it. of course, here too, you want to redirect the output. svn diff > ~ / patch. diff there are useful variants too ( shown here without redirection ) note : even if svn can make the difference of another directory ( svn diff mydirectory ), it is not recommended to do it for a patch that should be applied again. ( the problem is that the person that will apply the patch will have to be more careful about how he applies it. ) note : for simple diff, like those shown in the examples above, svn diff can be used offline, therefore without an active connection to the kde svn server. this is possible, as svn keeps a copy of the original files locally. ( this feature is part of the design of svn. ) by default, svn diff does not have a feature like the - p parameter of diff. but svn allows that an external diff program is called, so you can call diff : svn diff - - diff - cmd diff - - extensions " - u - p " the procedures described above work very well with text files, for example c + + source code. however they do not work with binary files, as diff is not made to handle them. and even if svn can internally store binary differences, svn diff is not prepared to do anything similar yet, mainly because it currently uses the unified diff format only, which is not meant for binary data. therefore, unfortunately, there is little choice but to attach binary files separately from the patch, of course attached in the same email. first, you need to make svn aware of files you have added. svn add path / to / new / file / path / to / another / new / file then run svn diff as before. note that if you do svn revert, for example, the files you created will not be deleted by svn - but svn will no longer care about them ( so they won ' t show up when you do svn diff, for example ). you will have to rm them manually. ( todo : are there any other issues with adding new files if you don ' t have commit access? ) now


they won ' t show up when you do svn diff, for example ). you will have to rm them manually. ( todo : are there any other issues with adding new files if you don ' t have commit access? ) now you are ready to share the patch. if your patch fixes a bug from kde bugs, then the easiest way is to attach it there, see next section. the main way of sharing a patch is to email to a mailing list. but be careful not to send big patches to a mailing list, a few 10kb is the limit. if you find that the patch is too big to send to a mailing list, the best is to create a bug report in kde bugs and to attach the patch there, after having created the bug report. another possibility, however seldom used, is to post the patch on a public web server ( be it by http or ftp ) and to send an email to the mailing list, telling that the patch is waiting there. another variant is to ask on the mailing list which developer is ready to get a big patch. ( try to give its size and ask if you should send it compressed, for example by bzip2. ) a last variant, if you know exactly which developer will process the patch and that you know or that you suppose that he currently has time, is to send the patch to a developer directly. ( but here too, be careful if your patch is big. some kde developers have still analog modems. ) in this section we assume that you have chosen to add your patch to an existing kde bug or that you have created a bug report just for your patch. even if this tutorial is more meant to send patches to a mailing list, most of it can be applied to adding a patch to kde bugs. you have two ways to do it : to send an email to a bug report, you can use an email address of the form firstname. lastname @ example. org where 12345 is the bug number. please be sure to attach your patch and not to have it inlined in your text. ( if it is inlined, it would be corrupted by kde bugs, as html does not respect spaces. ) note : if you send an email to kde bugs, be careful to use as sender the same email address as your login email address in kde bugs. otherwise kde bugs will reject your email. note : if


respect spaces. ) note : if you send an email to kde bugs, be careful to use as sender the same email address as your login email address in kde bugs. otherwise kde bugs will reject your email. note : if you create a new bug report just for your patch, be careful that you cannot attach a patch directly when creating a new bug. however as soon as the new bug is created, you can then attach files, one - by - one, therefore also patches. warning : sometimes your patch will be forgotten because the developers do not always closely monitor the bug database. in this case, try sending your patch by email as described below. if that also does not help, you can always talk to the developers on irc assuming that you have chosen to send the patch to a mailing list, you might ask yourself : to which one? the best destination for patches is the corresponding developer mailing list. in case of doubt, you can send any patch for kde to the kde - devel mailing list. ( however with an increased risk that you would miss the right developer. ) of course, if you know exactly which developer will process the patch and that you know or that you suppose that he currently has time, then you can send the patch to him directly. now you have a patch redirected into a file ( for this example called patch. diff ), you are ready to send it by email. but the first question : where? now that you have entered an email address, a good practice is to attach the patch to your file before writing anything else in the email. so you will not forget to attach it. a little note here : yes, in kde ( unlike for the linux kernel for example ), we prefer to have the patches sent as attachments. now you are ready to write the rest of the email. please think of a title that matches your patch. ( think of having to find it again in the archives in a few months or even years. ) a good habit is to precede the title by [ patch ]. so for example a title could be [ patch ] fix backup files. as for the body of the email, please tell to which file or directory your patch applies. for example for a file : the attached patch applies to the file koffice / kword / kwdoc. cpp or for a directory : the attached patch applies to the directory koffice / kword. this help the developers to have


example for a file : the attached patch applies to the file koffice / kword / kwdoc. cpp or for a directory : the attached patch applies to the directory koffice / kword. this help the developers to have an overview of which code has been modified. also tell for which branch it is meant, for example for trunk. then tell what your patch does. if it fixes a bug, then please give the bug number too. if the bug was not registered in kde bugs, then please describe instead the bug that is fixed. similarly, if you know that the patch fixes a bug introduced from a precise svn revision, please add the revision number. tell also what could be useful to the developers, for example if you could not completely test the patch ( and why ), if you need help to finish fixing the code or if it is a quick & dirty solution that should be fixed better in long - term. now check the email again to see if you have not forgotten anything ( especially to attach the patch ) and you can send the email. one popular way of submitting patches is kde ' s reviewboard. a big advantage over using the bugtracker of kde is that the patches are less likely to be forgotten here. also, the reviewboard allows inline review of diffs and other gimmicks. first you need to check if the project you ' ve created the patch for is actually using reviewboard. for this, go to the groups section and see if the project ' s group is listed there. if it is listed there, you should use the reviewboard, otherwise send the patch by other means. for sending a patch, you first need to register. then simply click new review request and fill out the form. the most important parts of the form are : after you completed the form, a notification mail will be sent to the developers and they will answer you. now you have to wait that a developer reacts on your patch. ( if you are not subscribed to the mailing lists where you have sent the patch, then monitor the mailing list archives ] for such a message. ) the reaction is normally one of the following : the first case is when nobody has answered. that perhaps means that you have chosen the wrong mailing list. perhaps you have not explained correctly what the patch fixes or you have given a title that is not precise enough. if this happens, the developer might have overlooked the patch. perhaps the developer that should


direct execution is the most basic way to execute a statement. an application builds a character string containing a transact - sql statement and submits it for execution using the sqlexecdirect function. when the statement reaches the server, sql server compiles it into an execution plan and then immediately runs the execution plan. direct execution is commonly used by applications that build and execute statements at run time and is the most efficient method for statements that will be executed a single time. its drawback with many databases is that the sql statement must be parsed and compiled each time it is executed, which adds overhead if the statement is executed multiple times. sql server significantly improves the performance of direct execution of commonly executed statements in multiuser environments and using sqlexecdirect with parameter markers for commonly executed sql statements can approach the efficiency of prepared execution. when connected to an instance of sql server, the sql server native client odbc driver uses sp _ executesql to transmit the sql statement or batch specified on sqlexecdirect. sql server has logic to quickly determine if an sql statement or batch executed with sp _ executesql matches the statement or batch that generated an execution plan that already exists in memory. if a match is made, sql server simply reuses the existing plan rather than compile a new plan. this means that commonly executed sql statements executed with sqlexecdirect in a system with many users will benefit from many of the plan - reuse benefits that were only available to stored procedures in earlier versions of sql server. this benefit of reusing execution plans only works when several users are executing the same sql statement or batch. follow these coding conventions to increase the probability that the sql statements executed by different clients are similar enough to be able to reuse execution plans : do not include data constants in the sql statements ; instead use parameter markers bound to program variables. for more information, see using statement parameters. use fully qualified object names. execution plans are not reused if object names are not qualified. have application connections as possible use a common set of connection and statement options. execution plans generated for a connection with one set of options ( such as ansi _ nulls ) are not reused for a connection having another set of options. the sql server native client odbc driver and the sql server native client ole db provider both have the same default settings for these options. if all statements executed with sqlexecdirect are coded using these conventions, sql server can reuse execution


“ the dog is everywhere what society makes him, ” wrote charles dudley warner in the january 1896 issue of harper ’ s new monthly magazine. elaine ostrander and heidi parker update that message in the november 2005 issue of the online journal, public library of science — genetics : “ the domestication of the dog from its wolf ancestors is perhaps the most complex genetic experiment in history, and certainly the most extensive. ” undeniably, the results of that experiment are directly manifest in the appearance and behavior of the dog. since hitching its evolutionary fate to that of humans some 9, 000 canine generations ago, the dog has proven the most adaptable, versatile and steadfast of companions, serving as a guard ; draft animal ; hunter ; herder ; warrior ; entertainer ; finder of explosives, contraband, disease and lost souls ; healer, therapist ; physical and spiritual guide ; and friend. with the public unveiling last month of the fully sequenced and richly annotated dog genome — the approximately 2. 4 billion base pairs of dna ( a [ adenine ], which always binds with t [ thymine ], and c [ cytosine ], which binds with g [ guanine ] ) that form its genetic code — the dog might now also add to its monikers, shall we say, “ genomic consort. ” of course, the dog is not the first mammal other than humans to have its genome fully sequenced — the mouse, rat and chimp got theirs first — but because of its architectonic breed structure, it might prove the most illuminating. to shift metaphors : geneticists can now use the dog genome sequence like a combination zoom and telephoto lens, zeroing in on specific genes and even minute changes within genes, or jetting back to examine broad patterns and interrelationships within it and between it and other genomes that reveal the evolutionary history of an individual, a breed, a population, or the entire species and genus. dog as cultural construct a cultural and biological construct from the start, the dog is a mash of intensive human tinkering and the natural proclivities both of its wolfish fore bearer and of its randomly breeding dog ancestors. indeed, the newly released analysis of the sequenced dog genome points to two unmistakable genetic bottlenecks — about 9, 000 generations ( taken by the sequencers as 27, 000 years ) ago, when perhaps as few as two tamed wolves produced the first litters of what became dogs. since then


homeowners can prepare their lawn for possible drought homeowners, armed with a weather forecast predicting severe drought can take proper preparations that can greatly improve the chances of their home lawn surviving, even with very limited water. the lawn institute in suburban chicago has assembled the following tips to manage turf during a drought. - reduce or eliminate nitrogen fertilizer because at this time of year it overly promotes leaf growth, at the cost of rooting activity. plan on fertilizing in the fall when top growth slows - down and root growth increases. - avoid all weed killers ( herbicides ) because most can also lessen the vigor of grass roots, the last thing you want to do prior to or during a drought. - reduce thatch and compaction as early in the year as possible so that moisture and air can reach the roots as easily as possible. thatch can act like a sponge, capturing water before it reaches roots while compaction will increase rapid run - off at the cost of deep saturation. - sharpen the mower blade several times during the turf - growing season because dull blades shred rather than cleanly cut grass and shredded turf can greatly increase water losses. - mow less or when it ' s cooler because no matter how you cut it, grasses lose moisture after every mowing. less plant moisture will be lost when mowing takes place at cooler times of the day. - mow as high as possible to promote deep rooting and maximize soil shading. although studies have shown that taller grasses can use more water, there is a greater benefit to deep roots and reduced soil moisture loss from evaporation. - leave clippings, not clumps to add moisture, nutrients and a mulching effect ; however, remove clumps because they will block the sun and heat up as they decay, killing the under - lying grass. - water right … defend your right to use water to save your landscape by participating in public water hearings, while practicing proper watering techniques. - water early in the morning to take advantage of cooler temperatures and less evaporative losses to the afternoon winds and hot sun. - water infrequently and deeply to encourage roots to go deeper where moisture remains available for longer periods of time. - let the grass go dormant naturally by withholding water, except for a quarter - inch every four to six weeks to keep the vital grass crowns hydrated and capable of greening up when temperatures cool and moisture is again available. - reduce traffic on the lawn at all


the t. i. s. p., or teacher in space project was initiated by president ronald reagan on august 27th 1984. the project ’ s main goal was to uplift the inspiration to new generations in enthusiasts in mathematics, space, and scientific research exploration. due to unfortunate circumstances the cancelation of the program was installed in 1990 after the death of teacher christa mcauliffe during the fatal 1986 challenger flight and disaster. but, this was not to be the complete end to the project and its related program e. a. p. ( educator astronaut project ). for it would be reborn in the early years the 21st century. due to its controlled release to the private sector, billionaire companies were able to establish their mark on the space and aerospace industries by enabling teachers wanting to participate in the program, via their monetary support. in 2005, teacher in space candidate pam leestma, a second - grade teacher and cousin of space shuttle astronaut david leestma, flew a training flight aboard a mig - 21 operated by x - rocket, llc. this project an escalating outpouring of applicants to similar companies that also offered space flight as an option for teachers and educators. flights continued into 2008, for in 2009 t. i. s. p. announced the seven chosen teachers from around the u. s.. they are : maureen louis adams, james kuhl, lanette oliver, stephen heck, rachael manzer, chantelle rose, and robert schmidt. “ becoming a teacher may have its benefits … you may get to go to space! ” by : thomas mcgregor


the tonawanda news tonawanda news — knowledge is power and my favorite form of knowledge is vocabulary. when i took a field course in costa rica for three weeks studying rainforest animals i committed to memory a few terms that i use often when talking about animals and pets and when they sleep. in college i was also taught that one of the best ways to not only remember, but to truly understand a concept is to teach the idea to a friend. this is probably one of the reasons why i still have the following party - worthy words ready to go at a moment ’ s notice. as soon as i learned them, i began sharing. understanding your pet ’ s behavior directly relates to understanding your pet ’ s health. since about third grade we ’ re all familiar the word “ nocturnal. ” nocturnal animals are those animals that are active during night and sleep during the day. sugar gliders, rats, hamsters, bats and owls are popular examples. a slightly less - known vocabulary word would be the term that describes the opposite : those animals that are active during the day and sleep during the night. it is silly to think that humans, who are mostly “ diurnal, ” seldom know that word for their behavior. there are many examples of diurnal animals, we see them every day when we are awake. if you can take one thing away from america ’ s favorite series of vampire - themed fantasy, twilight is an activity time as well. “ crepuscular ” animals are active during twilight, such as dawn and dusk. the word crepuscular is derived from the latin crepusculum, meaning “ twilight. ” knowing if your pets are truly crepuscular might resolve your original thoughts of your animals being lethargic. the more likely answer is that they are active when you are sleeping. want to know why your cat starts kneading your arm at 5 a. m. or why your dog starts tugging on your blanket at 5 : 45 a. m.? it has to do with their activity level. hamsters, housecats, dogs, rabbits, ferrets, guinea pigs, hedgehogs and rats might fall into the crepuscular group better then the previously mentioned categories. in a study of stray dogs, the researchers found that most of the dogs were active during dawn and dusk. while most of our house dogs are diurnal, this is likely to be a result of their human activity level. one advantage of being crepuscular in a hot region


researchers found that most of the dogs were active during dawn and dusk. while most of our house dogs are diurnal, this is likely to be a result of their human activity level. one advantage of being crepuscular in a hot region is avoiding the sun. taking a midday siesta can be beneficial to animals, especially if their food sources are also absent. many animals use the changing of sun to moon or vice versa to feed, look for water and engage in other behaviors because of the reduced risk of predators. visibility is challenging, making it easier for animals to hide from potential predators. another term that we can use to describe our pets is “ cathemeral. ” animals that are cathemeral have very interesting habits. they are active / inactive throughout the 24 hour period. they can be up for two hours, then asleep for four hours, then up for 10 min, then inactive for one hour. some primates can be described as cathemeral ( maybe even humans ) and the most famous pet that does this would be the house cat. it gives new meaning to the term “ catnap. ” knowing your pet ’ s activity will serve as another instrument to assess whether or not animals are stressed, frustrated or ill. the last vocab word that i would like to discuss is not related to activity levels but rather eating habits. “ coprophagy ” is the consumption of fecal material. now, before you put down the paper, i will try to explain why this is important. unsurprisingly pigs do this, but so do pandas, kolas, kittens, dogs, rabbits, hamsters, kangaroos and chinchillas. hamsters, guinea pigs and chinchillas eat their own droppings, which are thought to be a source of vitamins b and k, produced by bacteria in the gut. animals such as rabbits are referred to as hindgut fermenters, which digest cellulose ( plant material / dietary fiber ) with the help of bacteria in their gut. giving it a second pass through the system, allows better chance for absorption. now that you are verbally equipped with new vocabulary terms, you can now share this information, retain it and enjoy sunday brunch. kenny coogan has a b. s. in animal behavior. please email your questions to email @ example. com, or search for " critter companions by kenny coogan " on facebook.


some people may look at stonehenge and think it ’ s just a big, old pile of rocks, thinking “ yeah, so what? ” okay, it is a big, old pile rocks, sure, but it ’ s much more than that. i ’ m not a religious person or even spiritual by any means, but i found stonehenge quite captivating. maybe because there ’ s so much mystery surrounding the monument. maybe because so many people are drawn to it. maybe because it has stood on that patch of land for thousands of years. i don ’ t know. or maybe it ’ s because spinal tap did a song about it. there is nothing like stonehenge anywhere else in the world. it was a burial site, ritual site, temple, community meeting place and a calendar for the people of the neolithic and bronze ages. some people say that the druids used the site for pagan festivals during the summer and winter solstices, but there is conflicting information on whether or not the druids had anything to do with stonehenge. it is thought that the name stonehenge could mean “ stones hanging in the sky, ” but the word “ henge ” means a circular ditch with a bank outside and one or more entrances. at this site, on the salisbury plain, this ditch, or henge, was believed to have been created over 5, 000 years ago. about 4, 600 years go, a wooden structure was built in the center and then about 4, 500 to 3, 500 years ago the stones were added and re - arranged for almost 1, 000 years. one of the biggest mysteries of the site is how it was built. over 5, 000 years ago there obviously were no tools like we have today. and the population of britain was much, much smaller, so there wasn ’ t an unlimited supply of workers. the stones are not from the area, some coming from 240 miles away in wales. so, how did these gigantic stones get transported to the site and lifted into place? the largest stones weight about 45 tons each! it is thought that it could have taken several thousands of years to build stonehenge. i can see that. what else did these people have to do with their lives? if so much time and effort was spent on building this monument, it must have had great importance. it was originally much, much larger than it is today. it was in use for more than 1, 500 years by nomadic people as a gathering site for different events


solar power at the ‘ tipping point ’ the holy grail of the solar industry — reaching grid parity — may no longer be a distant dream. solar power may have already reached that point, at least when compared to nuclear power, according to a new study by two researchers at duke university. it ’ s no secret that the cost of producing photovoltaic cells ( pv ) has been dropping for years. a pv system today costs just 50 percent of what it did in 1998. breakthroughs in technology and manufacturing combined with an increase in demand and production have caused the price of solar power to decline steadily. at the same time, estimated costs for building new nuclear power plants have ballooned. the result of these trends : “ in the past year, the lines have crossed in north carolina, ” say study authors john blackburn and sam cunningham. “ electricity from new solar installations is now cheaper than electricity from proposed new nuclear plants. ” if the data analysis is correct, the pricing would represent the “ historic crossover ” claimed in the study ’ s title ( pdf ). two factors not stressed in the study further bolster the case for solar. 1 ) north carolina is not a “ sun - rich ” state ( pdf ). the savings found in north carolina are likely to be even greater for states with more sunshine – arizona, southern california, colorado, new mexico, west texas, nevada and utah. 2 ) the data include only pv - generated electricity, without factoring in what is likely the most encouraging development in solar technology : concentrating solar power ( csp ). csp promises utility scale production and solar thermal storage, making electrical generation practical for at least six hours after sunset. power costs are generally measured in cents per kilowatt hour – the cost of the electricity needed to illuminate a 1, 000 watt light bulb ( for example ) for one hour. when the cost of a kilowatt hour ( kwh ) of solar power fell to 16 cents earlier this year, it “ crossed over ” the trend - line associated with nuclear power. ( see chart below ) the authors point out that some commercial scale solar developers are now offering electricity at 14 cents a kwh in north carolina, a price which is expected to continue to drop. while the study includes subsidies for both solar and nuclear power, it estimates that if subsidies were removed from solar power, the crossover point would be delayed by a maximum of nine years. the report is significant not only because it shows solar to be a cheaper source of energy than nuclear. the results


population change in tyler and texas will impact economic development and education the tyler area is seeing an ever growing hispanic population but has one of the highest percentages of hispanics without high school degrees in the state, demographer dr. steve h. murdock reported monday. from 2000 to 2010, the tyler area ' s population grew by 20 percent to 209, 714 people. in the last decade, the tyler area saw 33. 3 percent of its population growth come from white non - hispanics and 66 from all minorities, including 47. 3 percent for hispanics, he said. murdock estimated that by 2050, 87 percent of smith county ' s population growth will be because of the hispanic population. about 40 percent of hispanic population have less than a high school degree in texas, with 60 percent in the tyler area. the local figure is higher than houston and dallas, which each saw about 50 percent of its hispanic population without a high school degree, and about 28 percent in san antonio, murdock reported. " it reinforced what we see out in the community, " price arredondo, director of the hispanic business alliance, said of murdock ' s presentation monday. he said the hispanic population has an impact from an economic standpoint, as well as the educational system. " we need to work as a community to create a better system, " arredondo said, adding that about 40 percent of students in kindergarten through 12th grade in tyler are hispanic. he said they can be a contributor or a burden to the community. arredondo said tyler ' s high percentage rate of hispanics without a high school degree took him back. " i knew it was high, but that number really opened my eyes, " he said, adding that the community needs to focus more on pre - kindergarten programs, such as ninos de promesa, which teaches 3 - and 4 - year - old spanish - speaking children english so they can enter into mainstream public schools. murdock said not only do changes need to be made to the public school system statewide, but also to the cost of public colleges and universities. murdock, director of the hobby center for the study of texas and the allyn r. and gladys m. cline professor of sociology at rice university, the first official state demographer of texas before serving as director of the u. s. bureau of the census from 2007 to 2009. he presented the " population change in texas and tyler : implications for education and economic development " to a group of


, the first official state demographer of texas before serving as director of the u. s. bureau of the census from 2007 to 2009. he presented the " population change in texas and tyler : implications for education and economic development " to a group of about 250 people monday at a luncheon put on by the tyler area chamber of commerce and the tyler area business - education council. " in the last decade, the hispanic population has grown significantly more than any other group in texas and the country and will continue to do so in the coming decades. " the hispanic population will exceed, by far, that of every other population group, " he said. " the future of texas is tied to its minority populations. and how well they do is how well texas will do and how well the u. s. will do, " he said. based on 2010 census data, there was a 4. 2 percent growth of the white / non - hispanic population in the country and 42 percent growth of the hispanic population in the past decade. about 10 percent of the state ' s growth is due to the anglo population while about 85 percent is hispanic, he said. of the population 18 and older in texas, one - third is hispanic, while one - third of the state ' s children are white and one - half are hispanic, he said. murdock said the country saw a net decline of about 4. 3 million anglo children from 2000 to 2010, and a 4. 8 million growth in hispanic kids. all 50 states in the u. s. had an increase in the hispanic population of children while 46 of 50 states had a decline in the number of anglo children. " these demographic characteristics are tied to socioeconomic characteristics, " he said. when the population demographic changes, the socioeconomic factors, such as education and employment, also must change, he added. murdock said the average household in the u. s. was significantly poorer in 2010 than in 1999, and there is a three - to - one poverty rate in texas. he said if the population changes the way they believe it will and the income levels don ' t change with it, the average american household will be $ 7, 759 poorer in 2050, compared to 2010. but if the country can get its educational levels for all population groups up, it could see the poverty level drop, he said. while texas did a lot better than the country with its percentage change for civilian employment for people 16 years and older, the tyler area didn ' t fare as well as


today, a billion heartbeats. the university of houston ' s college of engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity stephen jay gould asks us to muse upon the allotted lifetimes of mammals. gerbils live only a few years, most dogs get beyond twelve, elephants and the big whales live about as long as we do. now, says gould, if our reaction is pity for those short - lived species, let ' s ask just how we should measure the length of a the clock on the wall is misleading. in another episode, i talk about the way smaller creatures have to perceive the passage of time much differently than we do. a small creature, watching you and me, has to see us as though we ' re moving through molasses think about heartbeats and respiration, says gould. your heart or mine might beat seventy - two times per minute, while we breathe eighteen times per minute. the next time you hold your cat, take note of its pulse and breath. both are much more rapid than yours. a waking cat lives on a faster track than we it turns out that any mammal ' s heart beats about four times per breath. however, pulse and respiration each decrease roughly as the fourth root of body mass. that means a twenty - five pound whippet breathes twice as fast as a four - hundred pound gorilla. so let us look upon that clock on the wall, not as measuring minutes, but rather heartbeats of the creature watching it. it turns out that all animals live for roughly a billion heartbeats. with a heartbeat clock, our lifetimes would all be roughly the same. well, not exactly... we humans are statistical outliers. we mature far more slowly than other creatures and our hearts typically beat around three billion times. however, that ' s still the same order - of - magnitude as the rest of the animal kingdom. gauging life in heartbeats or breaths reveals, once more, how deeply subjective time is. the second law of thermodynamics tells us that we experience time moving only from past to future. that ' s because the world we perceive is statistically irreversible. and the rate at which we see time moving in only one direction, is dictated by our hearts and lungs. i watch the clock on my wall — its second hand ticking at a rate very close to my own heartbeat — and i better understand the old song about a ninety years without slumbering tick,


one direction, is dictated by our hearts and lungs. i watch the clock on my wall — its second hand ticking at a rate very close to my own heartbeat — and i better understand the old song about a ninety years without slumbering tick, tock, tick, his life seconds numbering tick, tock, tick, and it stopped short — never to go again when the old man died. it is quite wondrous to view all animals as one universal creature scaled up or down. the sizes of brains increases roughly as the three - quarters power of body mass. the cross - sectional area of a leg increases as the square of mass. we may be statistical outliers, we humans. but it ' s a lot harder to put on airs when we can see ourselves as scaled up cats, or scaled down elephants. and, at the same time, i also read in that a fine dimension of hope. i ' m john lienhard, at the university of houston, where we ' re interested in the way inventive minds s. j. gould, the panda ' s thumb : more reflections in natural history. new york : w. w. norton & company, inc. 1980. gould deals with many of these issues here, but see especially, chapter 8. the engines of our ingenuity is copyright © 1988 - 2003 by john h.


“ clementine had a zest for political life second to none ” as it happened, clementine richard attlee, 1st earl attlee, wha, ti, stt, his ( 3 january 1883 – 8 october 1967 ) was a british politician, who served as prime minister of the united kingdom from 1945 to 1951, and leader of the labour party from 1935 to 1955. attlee is often described as the first british prime minister to be part fruit, but this is incorrect as william gladstone was 3 / 8ths kumquat, whilst recent research has revealed that benjamin disraeli to have a little fruit in him which he chose to hide from public knowledge as that sort of thing could get you hung back then. attlee was born in putney, london, england, into a middle - class family, the seventh of a punnet of eight children. his father was henry attlee ( 1841 – 1908 ) who was a solicitor, whilst his mother was a mandarin orange ( 1847 – 1920 ). he was educated at bramley school, ribston pippin and st mango ' s university college, oxford, where he graduated with a second class honours ma in modern fructarianism in 1904. attlee first came into the public conciousness in a 1893 edition of the daily mail which focused on children named after fruit, a popular and widespread craze amongst the victorians for a number of decades. the piece featured the ten year old clementine, who already had a keen interest in the world of politics as well as a fondness for dressing up. unlike the other children featured within the article, such as apples tompkins, banana o ' flaherty and peachie saxe - coburg - gotha, attlee was the only one who was actually part fruit. marriage and children suggestions that clementine was a fruit were squashed when he met violet tangerine on a trip to italy in 1921. within a few weeks of their return the pear were engaged and married on january 10, 1922 following a ceremony spoken entirely in mandarin. theirs would be a devoted marriage until she died in 1964 from consumption. the couple had four children : lady satsuma helen ( b. 1923 ), lady tangor ann ( 1925 - 2007 ), martin, 2nd earl clementine ( 1927 - 1991 ) and lady mikan elizabeth ( b. 1930 ). the procreation was met with wholesale surprise as clementine was assumed to be seedless. attlee became involved in


2007 ), martin, 2nd earl clementine ( 1927 - 1991 ) and lady mikan elizabeth ( b. 1930 ). the procreation was met with wholesale surprise as clementine was assumed to be seedless. attlee became involved in local politics in the immediate post - war period, becoming mayor of the metropolitan borough of stepney in 1919. whilst being mayor in 1920 he put his creative juices onto paper with his first book " the social squeeze ". this work set out many of the principles which underlay his political philosophy, and which underlay the actions of his government in latter years. the book attacked the idea that drinks made from diluted concentrate were an adequate replacement to that made from freshly prepared citrus products. he wrote that : | orange cordial is a cold grey loveless thing. if a man wants to provide a truly refreshing drink he should gladly use real citrus fruit, not dole out cordial on a whim. | he went on to write : | in a civilised community, although it may be composed of self reliant individuals, there will be some persons who will be unable at some period of their lives to obtain all their necessary vitamins and minerals, and the question of what is to happen to them may be solved in three ways - they may be neglected, they may be given a nutritious, enjoyable, freshly squeezed citrus drink, or they may drink cordial and take vitamin supplements. the first way is intolerable, and as for the third : drinking cordial is not possible without loss of taste and freshness between equals. a right established by law, such as that to an old age pension, is less galling than an allowance given by vitamin supplements, dependent on his view of the recipient ’ s character, and terminable at his caprice. | thanks to attlee ' s involvement in the fresh vs concentrate debate it became possible for large scale production of non - dilute citrus drinks to begin. the increased availability allowed that for the first time the masses as a whole to were able to enjoy a really satisfying, refreshing drink regardless of class, gender or personal circumstance. he strongly supported the addition of sliced lemons to non - citrus drinks led by george lansbury in 1921. this put him into conflict with many leaders of the london labour party including herbert morrison who supported the addition of olives and umbrellas. member of parliament at the united kingdom general election, 1922, attlee became mp for the constituency of limehouse in stepney.


conflict with many leaders of the london labour party including herbert morrison who supported the addition of olives and umbrellas. member of parliament at the united kingdom general election, 1922, attlee became mp for the constituency of limehouse in stepney. his first taste of ministerial office came in 1924, when he served as under - secretary of fruit in the short - lived first labour government, run by macdonalds. in the years that would follow, attlee would squeeze out his competitors and would serve as acting leader for nine months from december 1933 due to then leader george lansbury fracturing his thigh after slipping on a banana skin. during this period, he felt the financial squeeze and was almost forced to quit politics, as his wife was ill, and as leader of the opposition he was paid peanuts. he was persuaded to stay on, however, by stafford cripps, a wealthy socialist who agreed to pay him an additional celery. like most labour mps ( in concert with the liberal party ) attlee opposed rearmament in the interwar period, a position criticised by winston churchill in his book " what the hell are you idiots talking about, the bosh are total fucking nutters and some serious shit is going to kick off ". when war broke out in september 1939 an attempt to repel the germans by throwing rotten tomatoes failed in norway, resulting in a motion of no confidence in the government of neville chamberlain. a coalition government was formed between labour and the liberals which would be led by winston churchill. churchill never really did get the smug look off his face afterwards. only attlee and churchill remained in the war cabinet throughout world war ii. attlee was lord privy orange ( 1940 – 1942 ), deputy prime fruit ( 1942 – 1945 ), avocado secretary ( 1942 – 1943 ), and lord president of the limes ( 1943 – 1945 ). during the war rationing had limited the availability of truly fresh thirst quenchers, leading the public to require a profound change in how fruit products were distributed. this mood was epitomised in the beverage report. the report assumed that the maintenance of full freshness would be the aim of postwar governments. all major parties were committed to this aim, but perhaps attlee and labour were seen by the electorate as the best candidates to follow through with the programme. the landslide 1945 election saw labour sweep to power and attlee become prime minister. clementine lived to the ripe old age of 84. his death was a sad loss to the many


the electorate as the best candidates to follow through with the programme. the landslide 1945 election saw labour sweep to power and attlee become prime minister. clementine lived to the ripe old age of 84. his death was a sad loss to the many who admired him, especially percy montrose who released the song " oh my darling, mr attlee " to commemorate his life. - mr. chamberlain ' s budget was the natural expression of the character of the present government. there was hardly any increase allowed for the services which went to build up the life of the people, education and health. everything was devoted to piling up the instruments of death. the chancellor expressed great regret that he should have to spend so much on armaments, but said that it was absolutely necessary and was due only to the actions of other nations. one would think to listen to him that the government had no responsibility for the state of world affairs. - shurrup, fruitboy. - ↑ honest. - ↑ this is the famous scotch egg and whisky burger brothers, james and ramsay macdonald. just to make clear. - ↑ winston churchill ' s wife was also called clementine. he was to say in his war diaries i did the war my way that sleeping and working with ' the clementines ' made him permanently fruity during the war.


the east frankish and west frankish chant dialects during the middle ages the low countries formed the border line between the regions of the west frankish and the east frankish chant dialects. the difference between these two dialects is most manifest in the tendency of the east frankish repertoire variant to turn b into c, e into f, while in west frankisch manuscripts b and e are preserved. besides this, there is a certain exchange of neumes, for instance a torculus in east frankisch manuscripts and a clivis in west frankish manuscripts ( see m. e. heisler in studia musicologia 27 ( 1985 ) pp. 67 - 82, where the semitone - differences, only discernible in diastematic notations, are considered ' melodische variante ' and the neume - differences, discernible in all notations, ' graphische variante ' ). on this website, to each manuscript the dialect variant has been added, using the terms ' western ' for descendants of the west frankish repertoire variant, and ' eastern ' for those of the east frankish variant. this is mainly based on the melodic variants, i. e. the tendency to raise the semitones ; research on dutch manuscripts covering the entire subject is lacking. use of these terms on this home page must be considered to be no more than a first attempt to bring more clarity in this matter, which might perhaps be more complicated than it seems at first sight. the geographical distribution of the repertoire variants is connected with the spread of notation types. generally it can be stated that square notation manuscripts display the western variant, while hufnagelschrift manuscripts and manuscripts with low countries notation contain the eastern variant, though many transitional variants can be observed. some observations can be of particular interest for the study of the two repertoire dialects. the manuscript nl - uc bmh 20, is a gradual, manufactured in the late 15th century in zuid - holland for the amsterdam agnesklooster. it os provided with hufnagelschrift, but with some characteristics that strongly resmind of square notation : staves in red paint, no quilismata, vertical bars drawn in the staves. besides, the original versions of the melodies show the western repertoire variant, but later these were changed into the eastern variant. all this suggests that this manuscript was copied from a square notation manuscript with only one change : hufnagelschrift instead of square notation, while keeping the western chant variant - erroneously, because in amsterdam this variant was unusa


the eastern variant. all this suggests that this manuscript was copied from a square notation manuscript with only one change : hufnagelschrift instead of square notation, while keeping the western chant variant - erroneously, because in amsterdam this variant was unusal. hence the many corrections in this manuscript ; they give us a clear insight in the differences between the two repertoire variants ( see : het gregoriaans in de lage landen ). that the tendency of the east frankish repertoire variant to turn b into c ( and e into f ) was still an active process during the late middle ages can be observed in several manuscripts. firstly, a difference exists between the older and younger manuscripts of the utrecht mariakerk, dating from the 12th up to the 16th century. whereas the 12th and 13th century manuscripts of this church still have a relatively ancient practice ( having kept some e and b inflections ), the 14th and 15th century manuscripts display a more modern practice ( the e ' s and b ' s having developed into f and c ). secondly, the two 15th century rijnsburg manuscripts, a summer antiphoner nl - dhk 73 e 8 and a hymnal nl - dhk 71 j 70, have some semitone corrections ( b corrected into c, e into f ) that may indicate a shift from a more ancient eastern tradition into a more modern one. the office for st gudula, that partly has been preserved in both square notation and hufnagelschrift, displays some characteristic differences between the two dialects, even though this is a relatively young and local repertoire.


by anthony on 08 / 10 / 11 at 12 : 50 am checkboxes and radio buttons are an essential part of forms. but most of the time, they ’ re not easy to click. this is because their click targets are small. the smaller a click target is, the more difficult it is to click it. luckily, there are three things you can do to your checkboxes and radio buttons to make them easy for users click. 1. use label tags at the most basic level, your checkboxes and radio buttons should have label tags on them. this allows users to click the label to toggle the checkbox or radio button. this is easier for users to do because the label is usually a larger target to click than the checkbox or radio button itself. it also makes your checkboxes and radio buttons accessible to users who use screen readers. 2. add hover effects to them a checkbox or radio button may have label tags, but most users won ’ t know that they can click the label unless there ’ s a visual affordance that tells them that. a hover effect is a clear visual affordance that lets users know they can simply click the labels to toggle the controls. 3. place them on a button zone the last way to make your checkboxes and radio buttons easy to click is possibly the best way. placing them on a button zone clearly tells users where they can click to toggle the controls. not only can users click the label, but they can also click outside the label. this makes their click targets even bigger and easier to click. when users click on a checkbox or radio button, the button zone should highlight in color to tell users that it ’ s selected. this gives users the clear visual feedback they need when they ’ re looking at a dense area of checkboxes and radio buttons. there ’ s a lot you can do to make your checkboxes and radio buttons more usable and accessible. if your form has a lot of them, try using these techniques to take the burden off your users. making your checkboxes and radio buttons easier to click will increase the chances of users completing your form. this is exactly what you want to do if you have a long form that asks for a lot of information.


january 17, 2006 homework syllabus for all sect consider the following algorithm for getting a drink of water in an apartment in which n roomates share n cups. procedure get - drink ( dirty : int, clean : int, n : int ) if ( clean = 0 ) then for ( j = 1 to n ) do wash - cup ( j ) ; dirty = 0 ; clean = n ; return ( dirty + 1, clean - 1, n ) question 1 use the accounting trick method to show that this algorithm runs in amortized constant time ( meaning that it is o ( 1 ) when using amortized anlaysis ). how many " tokens " will you deposit with each procedure call? which instruction will you pick as the barometer instruction to measure withdrawals on each function call? can you prove that the account will never go negative? question 2 suppose that rather than using the get - drink algorithm above, the roomates decided to implement a " you use it, then you wash it " policy instead. under policy, one would get a drink of water then immediately wash the cup so that all cups were clean at all times. compare and contrast the amount of time required to get a drink of water under both policies. how does this related to the design of algorithms and data structures? question 3 problem 4. 19 page 142 question 4 problem 6. 1 page 214 note : problem 6. 2 and the question about nephite coinage were moved to homework # 4 for jan. 23 ( so if you started them already, you are still ahead on your homework ). posted by jones at january 17, 2006 12 : 03 pm post a comment thanks for signing in,. now you can comment. ( sign out ) ( if you haven ' t left a comment here before, you may need to be approved by the site owner before your comment will appear. until then, it won ' t appear on the entry. thanks for waiting. )


water resources of the united states date : thu, 06 sep 2012 17 : 18 : 33 edt summary : drought conditions worsen significantly throughout nebraska in the last week. summary of event impact : drought conditions have significantly worsened throughout nebraska in the last week. this drought has been referred to as a “ flash drought ” due to the rapidity of its onset. the u. s. drought monitor has categorized the majority of nebraska as being in the exceptional drought category. the state climatologist has claimed this drought is in the top three observed in nebraska over the last 110 years. usgs crews have continued to provide additional time and effort in monitoring low - flows, acquiring gzfs ( gage heights of zero - flow ) and streamgage maintenance activities. event information : hydrologic conditions : drought conditions deepened slightly throughout nebraska this past week. the u. s. drought monitor currently shows 100 percent of the state in severe drought, with 98 percent of the state in extreme drought status, and 71 percent in the exceptional status category ( up by 48 percent from last week ). fifteen usgs streamgages in nebraska are at zero flow. of 60 long - term usgs streamgages ( > 30 years record ) in nebraska, 12 ( or 20 percent ) are at no flow ( a slight decrease from last week ). 22 percent of the long - term gages are equal to or exceed the 7 - day low - flow average record for nebraska. flow is returning to the dry sections of the platte river as surface water irrigation demands are reduced due to the end of the growing season. over 95 percent of nebraska received zero to less than one - quarter inch of rainfall this past week. throughout the state, more than two dozen public water systems are restricting water use because of water level problems. nearly 50 more are restricting water use as a preventive measure. most are in the eastern half of the state, away from access to the ogallala aquifer. restrictions range from voluntary every - other - day lawn watering to mandatory bans on any outside water use. four usgs newsc field crews continued to make additional low - flow measurements, extend and repair pressure lines, and verify gzf ’ s at more than 10 streamgages and made 22 extra streamflow measurements over the past week ( about 227 extra measurements over the past 8 weeks ). crews are currently making 2 measurements per week at the elkhorn river at waterloo, platte river at ashland, platte river at venice, and platte river at


measurements over the past week ( about 227 extra measurements over the past 8 weeks ). crews are currently making 2 measurements per week at the elkhorn river at waterloo, platte river at ashland, platte river at venice, and platte river at louisville with increased frequency of visits to the platte river at duncan, north bend, and overton and the loup river at genoa, all key forecast points for omaha and lincoln municipal water systems. lincoln and omaha get most of their drinking water from well fields in and adjacent to the lower platte river and depend upon adequate streamflow in the river for their supply. newsc has completed 2 additional low - end rating extensions this past week for a total of 34 across the state in the last 8 weeks. groundwater levels groundwaterwatch shows over half of the nebraska real - time groundwater observation wells in the below normal, much below normal, or low ( new low ) categories. the groundwaterwatch water - level network readings were mostly completed in the spring before the onset of the drought. the city of lincoln municipal well field on the platte river is approaching operational limits and is currently more stressed than during the 2002 drought. usgs crews continue to take weekly groundwater level readings ( typically monthly ) at about 20 wells. several natural resources districts ( nrd ) are reporting that some domestic wells and irrigation wells are going dry and are concerned about municipal supplies. one native american tribe has also reported dry domestic wells. one nrd is providing emergency assistance to homeowners with well repairs and replacements, or providing drinking water. several communities are also reporting domestic water problems. water quality the center continues normal operation of a network of stream temperature stations, and several multi - parameter water - quality stations. in the past week, no water - quality issues have arisen that differ from previous updates. special projects none. communications and outreach the newsc drought page has been updated and expanded at http : / / ne. water. usgs. gov / drought /. a drought information message has been created and provided to all field staff to provide usgs information to the public and for media requests. usgs staff have answered numerous media requests for drought information to date ( none within the past week ). a www page is available. the url is : http : / / ne. water. usgs. gov / drought / twitter. @ usgsneb no news release is planned, but we have been using our landing page of http : / / ne. water. usgs. gov to provide updates and link to


the kinna ' s are another fine example of a pioneer family contributing to the development of the eckville area in the early 20th century. john kinna was born in 1854 in waimela, estonia. in 1903 john, along with his wife marie and their five children, immigrated to canada and settled on a homestead north of eckville, adjacent to the medicine river. john and his sons soon built a five - room, two - storey house from surrounding trees. john and marie lived here until 1942 when they retired from homesteading to take up a quiet life in the town of eckville. john ' s background as a labourer in estonia facilitated the cultivation of land in alberta ' s rugged wilderness. john was well trained in leather work and often repaired shoes, mittens, and harnesses. the topography around eckville also provided ideal fishing locations. john ' s first significant purchase was in livestock when he bought four cows and numerous chickens. when killick ' s general store opened its doors, the kinna family delivered butter and eggs in exchange for other groceries. to earn additional revenue, the kinnas contracted a modest mail route and made three trips a week to neighboring towns and villages. a horse - drawn sleigh equipped with a tent, food and bedding was used to deliver the mail. the family ' s earnings typically went toward the purchase of farm tools and livestock. the kinna ' s often butchered pigs at home and produced a variety of pork products. sausages, lard, smoked hams and blood sausages were mixed with barley to create traditional estonian cuisine. since canning had not yet been widely developed, root vegetables stored in the cellar were frequently used. rye and oats were the first crops grown. marie would use the oats to create " kiisla ", another popular estonian meal. in 1909 john ' s son fritz began establishing plans for building and operating a water - powered mill adjacent to the medicine river. a dam and a 50 - yard canal were also to be built. the project was successfully completed in 1912, and farmers soon arrived from miles around to pay the kinnas to grind grain. john and marie died in 1950. they had six children, all born in estonia. fritz was born 30 september 1881 in waimela, estonia. he was an active member of the eckville community participating in school board functions and serving as a director for the eckville co - operative association. olga was born 29 march 1883. she married charlie raabis and they


neurons that can multitask greatly enhance the brain ’ s computational power, study finds. three mit researchers have completed a study to explain the apprehension outside japan caused by that nation ' s plans for a " plutonium economy. " the report, " international responses to japanese plutonium programs, " was written by professor eugene skolnikoff of the mit department of political science ; dr. tatsujiro suzuki, research associate in mit ' s center for international studies ( cis ) ; and professor kenneth a. oye, cis director. the study was carried out under the auspices of the center. the authors note that the japanese nuclear power program has long included an extensive commitment to use plutonium removed from the spent fuel of light - water reactors for recycling or as fuel for breeder reactors. the plans are approaching commercialization as construction of a major reprocessing plant at rokkasho has begun. the stated goal is to derive maximum energy from uranium, but concerns have been raised outside japan about proliferation risks, safety and possible diversion for terrorist purposes. the authors point out in particular that " proceeding with commercial - scale plutonium programs increases the likelihood that other countries will follow the japanese example, perhaps with less physical security against theft by subnational groups or diversion for weapons use. " the authors note that " long - term r & d intended to maintain technology options. would not raise similar concerns. " the international reaction is fueled by the unconvincing nature of the official rationales for the program in a context in which concerns over proliferation, safety and terrorism are considered by many to be of paramount importance. the authors state that the energy security, economic and environmental benefits claimed for the program by japan do not appear to others to justify the major commitments that have been made. they cite, as one of the explanations for continuation of the programs in the face of inadequate justification, a number of " background factors, found in one form or other in all countries, " including " local politics, inertia of large organizations, limited transparency of the policy process, industrial interests and cultural considerations. " the authors note that these factors, which are major drivers of the programs, are little appreciated outside japan. the researchers ' primary recommendations to mitigate international concerns are to : - diversify aspects of the fuel - cycle program to avoid undue reliance on plutonium. - emphasize long - term r & d to maintain a technology option. - avoid premature commercialization of plutonium. - open further the policy process. - enhance international confidence - building measures


neurons that can multitask greatly enhance the brain ’ s computational power, study finds. the movie " 21, " a fictional work loosely based on the story of the mit blackjack team that won millions of dollars from casinos across the country, opens in theaters friday. throughout the 1990s, several mit students were part of a team that used advanced card - counting techniques to improve their chances of winning at blackjack. their story became ben mezrich ' s book " bringing down the house, " which served as the basis for the fictional " 21. " most notably, the character played by kevin spacey, portrayed as an mit professor, is entirely fictional. while his irresponsible acts may enliven the hollywood script, they are entirely unrepresentative of the institute. those familiar with mit should not be surprised that its students are capable of the calculations and observations necessary to outsmart casinos. in addition to its global leadership in science and engineering, mit remains a mathematics powerhouse. as just one example, the mit math team recently finished third at the prestigious william lowell putnam intercollegiate mathematics competition, garnering 21 out of the top 74 scores. and while shots of killian court and other mit exteriors dot " 21, " the movie was actually filmed at boston university, at the christian science center in boston and in las vegas. the careful mit observer will notice several alumni also have small credited roles in the film, including irobot co - founder colin angle ' 89, sm ' 91, who provided the movie robot ; jeffrey ma ' 94 ; and henry houh ' 89, ' 90, sm ' 91, phd ' 98.


ulum al qur ' an contents online library ' literal ' and ' understood ' meanings the meaning of certain ayat is derived from the literal wording ( mantdq ) while that of others is derived from what is understood ( mafhum ) by them : of the literal understanding there are several kinds. the first concerns a clear text, i. e. a text clear and without ambiguity. ' but if he cannot afford it, he should fast three days during the hajj and seven days on his return, making ten days in all ' ( al - qur ' an 2 : 196 ). in other cases the text may be somewhat ambiguous in its expression but obvious as far as the meaning is concerned. ' and do not approach them until they are clean ' ( al - qur ' an 2 : 222 ). the arabic word tatahharna may refer to the end of the woman ' s menstrual period, or the completion of the bath after the period ; the second being more obvious. [ qattan, m. : mabahith it ' ulum al - qur ' an, riyadh. 1971. ] still other verses imply a meaning through the context, although the wording itself is not clear. ' and out of kindness reward to them the wing of humility ' ( al - qur ' an 17 : 24 ). this applies to parents, and not to all human beings in general, as the context of this verse suggests.


[ back ] cancers from chemo and radiation cancer risk for child survivors 27 may 2009 survivors of childhood cancer have a higher life - long risk of developing a new form of the disease, a study shows. the journal of the national cancer institute study blames potent therapies rather than genetics, and is the first to show the risk is so long - term. the study of 50, 000 also found those diagnosed after 1975 appeared to have a slightly higher risk of cancer as treatments became more aggressive. but they also led to a big improvement in child cancer survival rates. a team from the institute of cancer epidemiology in copenhagen studied 47, 679 people who were diagnosed with cancer before the age of 20, between 1943 and 2005. they were drawn from the cancer registries of denmark, finland, iceland, norway and sweden. in all, they were three times more likely to develop a new cancer than their contemporaries - and the risk remained even as people approached their seventies. among survivors, the generation diagnosed between 1975 to 2005 were more likely to have developed second cancers at comparable ages than either the generation treated between 1960 and 1974, which saw first - generation chemotherapy, and the period before 1960, with no chemotherapy at all. this increase occurred despite the advances in radiation treatment in which doses were markedly reduced, leading the team to point the finger at chemotherapy - either as an independent factor or one which exacerbates the carcinogenic effects of radiation. brain tumours were found to affect survivors more than the general population, due to the susceptibility of the brain to cancer treatments. " what we need now is two - fold : new treatment ideas to decrease the risk of later effects, and much better surveillance of childhood cancer survivors during adulthood, " said dr jorgen olsen, who led the research. " cancer treatments don ' t just increase the risk of other cancers, but can lead to all sorts of other problems - from cardiovascular to reproductive. " dr james nicholson, a paediatric oncologist at addenbrooke ' s hospital in cambridge welcomed the research as one of the most comprehensive studies yet, but stressed change to treatment was already afoot. " we have known about this for a while, and we are now in a position where we can decrease the intensity of treatment in many cases and still get the same results. " but a study like this does raise awareness of the problem. if it means alarm bells ring earlier when there are symptoms in people who were treated for cancer as a child that would be