most troubling question for new york is not how much of its finance industry will move to other places, but how much will simply vanish altogether. at the height of the recent bubble, greater new york depended on the financial sector for roughly 22 percent of local wages. but most economists agree that by then the financial economy had become bloated and overdeveloped. thomas philippon, a finance professor at new york university, reckons that nationally, the share of gdp coming from finance will probably be reduced from its recent peak of 8. 3 percent to perhaps 7 percent — i suspect it may fall farther, to perhaps as little as 5 percent, roughly its contribution a generation ago. in either case, it will be a big reduction, and a sizable portion of it will come out of manhattan. lean times undoubtedly lie ahead for new york. but perhaps not as lean as you ’ d think — and certainly not as lean as those that many lesser financial outposts are likely to experience. financial positions account for only about 8 percent of the new york area ’ s jobs, not too far off the national average of 5. 5 percent. by contrast, they make up 28 percent of all jobs in bloomington - normal, illinois ; 18 percent in des moines ; 13 percent in hartford ; 10 percent in both sioux falls, south dakota, and charlotte, north carolina. omaha, nebraska ; macon, georgia ; and columbus, ohio, all have a greater percentage of population working in the financial sector than new york does. new york is much, much more than a financial center. it has been the nation ’ s largest city for roughly two centuries, and today sits in america ’ s largest metropolitan area, as the hub of the country ’ s largest mega - region. it is home to a diverse and innovative economy built around a broad range of creative industries, from media to design to arts and entertainment. it is home to high - tech companies like bloomberg, and boasts a thriving google outpost in its chelsea neighborhood. elizabeth currid ’ s book, the warhol economy, provides detailed evidence of new york ’ s diversity. currid measured the concentration of different types of jobs in new york relative to their incidence in the u. s. economy as a whole. by this measure, new york is more of a mecca for fashion designers, musicians, film directors, artists, and — yes — psychiatrists than for financial professionals. the great urbanist jane jacobs was among the first to identify cities ’ diverse economic and social structures as the true engines


is more of a mecca for fashion designers, musicians, film directors, artists, and — yes — psychiatrists than for financial professionals. the great urbanist jane jacobs was among the first to identify cities ’ diverse economic and social structures as the true engines of growth. although the specialization identified by adam smith creates powerful efficiency gains, jacobs argued that the jostling of many different professions and different types of people, all in a dense environment, is an essential spur to innovation — to the creation of things that are truly new. and innovation, in the long run, is what keeps cities vital and relevant. in this sense, the financial crisis may ultimately help new york by reenergizing its creative economy. the extraordinary income gains of investment bankers, traders, and hedge - fund managers over the past two decades skewed the city ’ s economy in some unhealthy ways. in 2005, i asked a top - ranking official at a major investment bank whether the city ’ s rising real - estate prices were affecting his company ’ s ability to attract global talent. he responded simply : “ we are the cause, not the effect, of the real - estate bubble. ” ( as it turns out, he was only half right. ) stratospheric real - estate prices have made new york less diverse over time, and arguably less stimulating. when i asked jacobs some years ago about the effects of escalating real - estate prices on creativity, she told me, “ when a place gets boring, even the rich people leave. ” with the hegemony of the investment bankers over, new york now stands a better chance of avoiding that sterile fate. in his 2005 book, the world is flat, thomas friedman argues, essentially, that the global economic playing field has been leveled, and that anyone, anywhere, can now innovate, produce, and compete on a par with, say, workers in seattle or entrepreneurs in silicon valley. but this argument isn ’ t quite right, and doesn ’ t accurately describe the evolution of the global economy in recent years. in fact, as i described in an earlier article for this magazine ( “ the world is spiky, ” october 2005 [ link opens pdf ] ), place still matters in the modern economy — and the competitive advantage of the world ’ s most successful city - regions seems to be growing, not shrinking. to understand how the current crisis is likely to affect different places in the united states, it ’ s important to understand the forces that have been slowly remaking our


of the world ’ s most successful city - regions seems to be growing, not shrinking. to understand how the current crisis is likely to affect different places in the united states, it ’ s important to understand the forces that have been slowly remaking our economic landscape for a generation or more. worldwide, people are crowding into a discrete number of mega - regions, systems of multiple cities and their surrounding suburban rings like the boston – new york – washington corridor. in north america, these mega - regions include sunbelt centers like the char - lanta corridor, northern and southern california, the texas triangle of houston – san antonio – dallas, and southern florida ’ s tampa - orlando - miami area ; the pacific northwest ’ s cascadia, stretching from portland through seattle to vancouver ; and both greater chicago and tor - buff - chester in the old rust belt. internationally, these mega - regions include greater london, greater tokyo, europe ’ s am - brus - twerp, china ’ s shanghai - beijing corridor, and india ’ s bangalore - mumbai area. economic output is ever - more concentrated in these places as well. the world ’ s 40 largest mega - regions, which are home to some 18 percent of the world ’ s population, produce two - thirds of global economic output and nearly 9 in 10 new patented innovations. some ( though not all ) of these mega - regions have a clear hub, and these hubs are likely to be better buffered from the crash than most cities, because of their size, diversity, and regional role. chicago has emerged as a center for industrial management and has rolled up many of the functions, such as finance and law, once performed in smaller midwestern centers. los angeles has a broad, diverse economy with global strength in media and entertainment. miami, which is being hit hard by the collapse of the real - estate bubble, nonetheless remains the commercial center for the large south florida mega - region, and a major financial center for latin america. each of these places is the financial and commercial core of a large mega - region with tens of millions of people and hundreds of billions of dollars in output. that ’ s not going to change as a result of the crisis. along with the rise of mega - regions, a second phenomenon is also reshaping the economic geography of the united states and the world. the ability of different cities and regions to attract highly educated people — or human capital — has diverged, according to research by edward glaeser of harvard and christopher berry of the


they wrote, “ the larger a city ’ s population, the greater the innovation and wealth creation per person. ” places like new york with finance and media, los angeles with film and music, and silicon valley with hightech are all examples of high - metabolism places. metabolism and talent - clustering are important to the fortunes of u. s. city - regions in good times, but they ’ re even more so when times get tough. it ’ s not that “ fast ” cities are immune to the failure of businesses, large or small. ( one of the great lessons of the 1873 crisis — and of this one so far — is that when credit freezes up and a long slump follows, companies can fail unpredictably, no matter where they are. ) it ’ s that unlike many other places, they can overcome business failures with relative ease, reabsorbing their talented workers, growing nascent businesses, founding new ones. economic crises tend to reinforce and accelerate the underlying, long - term trends within an economy. our economy is in the midst of a fundamental long - term transformation — similar to that of the late 19th century, when people streamed off farms and into new and rising industrial cities. in this case, the economy is shifting away from manufacturing and toward idea - driven creative industries — and that, too, favors america ’ s talent - rich, fast - metabolizing places. sadly and unjustly, the places likely to suffer most from the crash — especially in the long run — are the ones least associated with high finance. while the crisis may have begun in new york, it will likely find its fullest bloom in the interior of the country — in older, manufacturing regions whose heydays are long past and in newer, shallow - rooted sun belt communities whose recent booms have been fueled in part by real - estate speculation, overdevelopment, and fictitious housing wealth. these typically less affluent places are likely to become less wealthy still in the coming years, and will continue to struggle long after the mega - regional hubs and creative cities have put the crisis behind them. the rust belt in particular looks likely to shed vast numbers of jobs, and some of its cities and towns, from cleveland to st. louis to buffalo to detroit, will have a hard time recovering. since 1950, the manufacturing sector has shrunk from 32 percent of nonfarm employment to just 10 percent. this decline is the result of long - term trends — increasing foreign competition and, especially, the relentless replacement of


a hard time recovering. since 1950, the manufacturing sector has shrunk from 32 percent of nonfarm employment to just 10 percent. this decline is the result of long - term trends — increasing foreign competition and, especially, the relentless replacement of people with machines — that look unlikely to abate. but the job losses themselves have proceeded not steadily, but rather in sharp bursts, as recessions have killed off older plants and resulted in mass layoffs that are never fully reversed during subsequent upswings. in november, nationwide unemployment in manufacturing and production occupations was already 9. 4 percent. compare that with the professional occupations, where it was just a little over 3 percent. according to an analysis done by michael mandel, the chief economist at businessweek, jobs in the “ tangible ” sector — that is, production, construction, extraction, and transport — declined by nearly 1. 8 million between december 2007 and november 2008, while those in the intangible sector — what i call the “ creative class ” of scientists, engineers, managers, and professionals — increased by more than 500, 000. both sorts of jobs are regionally concentrated. paul krugman has noted that the worst of the crisis, so far at least, can be seen in a “ slump belt, ” heavy with manufacturing centers, running from the industrial midwest down into the carolinas. large swaths of the northeast, with its professional and creative centers, have been better insulated. perhaps no major city in the u. s. today looks more beleaguered than detroit, where in october the average home price was $ 18, 513, and some 45, 000 properties were in some form of foreclosure. a recent listing of tax foreclosures in wayne county, which encompasses detroit, ran to 137 pages in the detroit free press. the city ’ s public school system, facing a budget deficit of $ 408 million, was taken over by the state in december ; dozens of schools have been closed since 2005 because of declining enrollment. just 10 percent of detroit ’ s adult residents are college graduates, and in december the city ’ s jobless rate was 21 percent. to say the least, detroit is not well positioned to absorb fresh blows. the city has of course been declining for a long time. but if the area ’ s auto headquarters, parts manufacturers, and remaining auto - manufacturing jobs should vanish, it ’ s hard to imagine anything replacing them. when work disappears, city populations don ’ t always decline as fast as you


a long time. but if the area ’ s auto headquarters, parts manufacturers, and remaining auto - manufacturing jobs should vanish, it ’ s hard to imagine anything replacing them. when work disappears, city populations don ’ t always decline as fast as you might expect. detroit, astonishingly, is still the 11th - largest city in the u. s. “ if you no longer can sell your property, how can you move elsewhere? ” said robin boyle, an urban - planning professor at wayne state university, in a december associated press article. but then he answered his own question : “ some people just switch out the lights and leave — property values have gone so low, walking away is no longer such a difficult option. ” perhaps detroit has reached a tipping point, and will become a ghost town. i ’ d certainly expect it to shrink faster in the next few years than it has in the past few. but more than likely, many people will stay — those with no means and few obvious prospects elsewhere, those with close family ties nearby, some number of young professionals and creative types looking to take advantage of the city ’ s low housing prices. still, as its population density dips further, the city ’ s struggle to provide services and prevent blight across an ever - emptier landscape will only intensify. that ’ s the challenge that many rust belt cities share : managing population decline without becoming blighted. the task is doubly difficult because as the manufacturing industry has shrunk, the local high - end services — finance, law, consulting — that it once supported have diminished as well, absorbed by bigger regional hubs and globally connected cities. in chicago, for instance, the country ’ s 50 biggest law firms grew by 2, 130 lawyers from 1984 to 2006, according to william henderson and arthur alderson of indiana university. throughout the rest of the midwest, these firms added a total of just 169 attorneys. jones day, founded in 1893 and today one of the country ’ s largest law firms, no longer considers its cleveland office “ headquarters ” — that ’ s in washington, d. c. — but rather its “ founding office. ” many second - tier midwestern cities have tried to reinvent themselves in different ways, with varying degrees of success. pittsburgh, for instance, has sought to reimagine itself as a high - tech center, and has met with more success than just about anywhere else. still, its population has declined from a high of almost 700, 000 in the mid


. pittsburgh, for instance, has sought to reimagine itself as a high - tech center, and has met with more success than just about anywhere else. still, its population has declined from a high of almost 700, 000 in the mid - 20th century to roughly 300, 000 today. there will be fewer manufacturing jobs on the other side of the crisis, and the u. s. economic landscape will be more uneven — “ spikier ” — as a result. many of the old industrial centers will be further diminished, perhaps permanently so. that ’ s not to say that every factory town is locked into decline. you need only look at the geographic pattern of december ’ s senate vote on the auto bailout to realize that some places, mostly in the south, would benefit directly from the bankruptcy of gm or chrysler and the closure of auto plants in the rust belt. georgetown, kentucky ; smyrna, tennessee ; canton, mississippi : these are a few of the many small cities, stretching from south carolina and georgia all the way to texas, that have benefited from the establishment, over the years, of plants that manufacture foreign cars. those benefits could grow if the big three were to become, say, the big two. this phenomenon, a sort of lottery whereby some places win merely by outlasting others, will not be limited to towns built around automobiles, or even around manufacturing. as the recession continues and large companies in a variety of industries fail, their remaining competitors may grow stronger, along with the places where those competitors are situated. charlotte, north carolina, offers an interesting case study. the financial crisis left one of the city ’ s two big banks, wachovia, ailing ; this fall, wachovia was acquired by san francisco – based wells fargo, in a deal that will cost the city many thousands of jobs. but things could have been much worse ; the deal also preserved many jobs. what ’ s more, at roughly the same time, bank of america, charlotte ’ s other large bank ( and the biggest bank in the u. s. ) bought merrill lynch for pennies on the dollar. a business truism holds that when your competitors are retrenching, it ’ s a great time to grow your market share. deborah strumsky, an economist at the university of north carolina at charlotte, told me she believes that in the end, both charlotte ’ s banking industry and charlotte itself will emerge from the crisis all the stronger : “ the wells fargo deal has saved thousands


strumsky, an economist at the university of north carolina at charlotte, told me she believes that in the end, both charlotte ’ s banking industry and charlotte itself will emerge from the crisis all the stronger : “ the wells fargo deal has saved thousands of jobs by keeping wachovia afloat. more importantly, bank of america has taken to the banking crisis like a shopaholic with a new credit card ; it has been bargain - hunting and cutting some astonishing deals. bank of america will come out the other side far better than in any fantasy it might have entertained previously. ” in recent years, charlotte ’ s leaders have made some smart decisions about how to attract businesses and professionals, enabling the city to grow into the nation ’ s second - largest traditional banking center ; in the lottery of business failure and consolidation, it was well positioned to win. but it was also lucky, and last fall, it escaped losing, big - time, by no more than a hair ’ s breadth. overall, the roster of places that benefit from the failure of their champions ’ rivals will probably be pretty short, and the names on the roster somewhat unpredictable. especially among cities built around declining industries, more places will be weakened than strengthened ; as with all lotteries, most players will lose. for a generation or more, no swath of the united states has grown more madly than the sun belt. of course, the area we call the “ sun belt ” is vast, and the term is something of a catch - all : the cities and metropolitan areas within it have grown for disparate reasons. los angeles is a mecca for media and entertainment ; san jose and austin developed significant, innovative high - tech industries ; houston became a hub for energy production ; nashville developed a unique niche in low - cost music recording and production ; charlotte emerged as a center for cost - effective banking and low - end finance. but in the heady days of the housing bubble, some sun belt cities — phoenix and las vegas are the best examples — developed economies centered largely on real estate and construction. with sunny weather and plenty of flat, empty land, they got caught in a classic boom cycle. although these places drew tourists, retirees, and some industry — firms seeking bigger footprints at lower costs — much of the cities ’ development came from, well, development itself. at a minimum, these places will take a long, long time to regain the ground they ’ ve recently lost in local wealth and housing values. it ’ s not unthinkable that some of


’ development came from, well, development itself. at a minimum, these places will take a long, long time to regain the ground they ’ ve recently lost in local wealth and housing values. it ’ s not unthinkable that some of them could be in for an extended period of further decline. to an uncommon degree, the economic boom in these cities was propelled by housing appreciation : as prices rose, more people moved in, seeking inexpensive lifestyles and the opportunity to get in on the real - estate market where it was rising, but still affordable. local homeowners pumped more and more capital out of their houses as well, taking out home - equity loans and injecting money into the local economy in the form of home improvements and demand for retail goods and low - level services. cities grew, tax coffers filled, spending continued, more people arrived. yet the boom itself neither followed nor resulted in the development of sustainable, scalable, highly productive industries or services. it was fueled and funded by housing, and housing was its primary product. whole cities and metro regions became giant ponzi schemes. phoenix, for instance, grew from 983, 403 people in 1990 to 1, 552, 259 in 2007. one of its suburbs, mesa, now has nearly half a million residents, more than pittsburgh, cleveland, or miami. as housing starts and housing prices rose, so did tax revenues, and a major capital - spending boom occurred throughout the greater phoenix area. arizona state university built a new downtown phoenix campus, and the city expanded its convention center and constructed a 20 - mile light - rail system connecting phoenix, mesa, and tempe. and then the bubble burst. from october 2007 through october 2008, the phoenix area registered the largest decline in housing values in the country : 32. 7 percent. ( las vegas was just a whisker behind, at 31. 7 percent. housing in the new york region, by contrast, fell by just 7. 5 percent over the same period. ) overstretched and overbuilt, the region is now experiencing a fiscal double whammy, as its many retirees — some 21 percent of its residents are older than 55 — have seen their retirement savings decimated. mortgages limited, the state ’ s largest private commercial lender, filed for bankruptcy last summer. the city is running a $ 200 million budget deficit, which is only expected to grow. last fall, the city government petitioned for federal funds to help it deal with the financial


state ’ s largest private commercial lender, filed for bankruptcy last summer. the city is running a $ 200 million budget deficit, which is only expected to grow. last fall, the city government petitioned for federal funds to help it deal with the financial crisis. “ we had a big bubble here, and it burst, ” anthony sanders, a professor of economics and finance at asu, told usa today in december. “ we ’ ve taken kevin costner ’ s field of dreams and now it ’ s field of screams. if you build it, nobody comes. ” will people wash out of these places as fast as they washed in, leaving empty sprawl and all the ills that accompany it? will these cities gradually attract more businesses and industries, allowing them to build more - diverse and more - resilient economies? or will they subsist on tourism — which may be meager for quite some time — and on the social security checks of their retirees? no matter what, their character and atmosphere are likely to change radically. every phase or epoch of capitalism has its own distinct geography, or what economic geographers call the “ spatial fix ” for the era. the physical character of the economy — the way land is used, the location of homes and businesses, the physical infrastructure that ties everything together — shapes consumption, production, and innovation. as the economy grows and evolves, so too must the landscape. to a surprising degree, the causes of this crash are geographic in nature, and they point out a whole system of economic organization and growth that has reached its limit. positioning the economy to grow strongly in the coming decades will require not just fiscal stimulus or industrial reform ; it will require a new kind of geography as well, a new spatial fix for the next chapter of american economic history. suburbanization was the spatial fix for the industrial age — the geographic expression of mass production and the early credit economy. henry ford ’ s automobiles had been rolling off assembly lines since 1913, but “ fordism, ” the combination of mass production and mass consumption to create national prosperity, didn ’ t emerge as a full - blown economic and social model until the 1930s and the advent of roosevelt ’ s new deal programs. before the great depression, only a minority of americans owned a home. but in the 1930s and ’ 40s, government policies brought about longer - term mortgages, which lowered payments and enabled more people to buy a house. fannie mae was created to purchase those mortgages and lubricate the system.


home. but in the 1930s and ’ 40s, government policies brought about longer - term mortgages, which lowered payments and enabled more people to buy a house. fannie mae was created to purchase those mortgages and lubricate the system. and of course the tax deduction on mortgage - interest payments ( which had existed since 1913, when the federal income - tax system was created ) privileged house purchases over other types of spending. between 1940 and 1960, the homeownership rate rose from 44 percent to 62 percent. demand for houses was symbiotic with demand for cars, and both were helped along by federal highway construction, among other infrastructure projects that subsidized a new suburban lifestyle and in turn fueled demand for all manner of household goods. more recently, innovations in finance like adjustable - rate mortgages and securitized subprime loans expanded homeownership further and kept demand high. by 2004, a record 69. 2 percent of american families owned their home. for the generation that grew up during the depression and was inclined to pinch pennies, policies that encouraged freer spending were sensible enough — they allowed the economy to grow faster. but as younger generations, weaned on credit, followed, and credit availability increased, the system got out of hand. housing, meanwhile, became an ever - more - central part of the american dream : for many people, as the recent housing bubble grew, owning a home came to represent not just an end in itself, but a means to financial independence. on one level, the crisis has demonstrated what everyone has known for a long time : americans have been living beyond their means, using illusory housing wealth and huge slugs of foreign capital to consume far more than we ’ ve produced. the crash surely signals the end to that ; the adjustment, while painful, is necessary. but another crucial aspect of the crisis has been largely overlooked, and it might ultimately prove more important. because america ’ s tendency to overconsume and under - save has been intimately intertwined with our postwar spatial fix — that is, with housing and suburbanization — the shape of the economy has been badly distorted, from where people live, to where investment flows, to what ’ s produced. unless we make fundamental policy changes to eliminate these distortions, the economy is likely to face worsening handicaps in the years ahead. suburbanization — and the sprawling growth it propelled — made sense for a time. the cities of the early and mid - 20th century were dirty, soo


eliminate these distortions, the economy is likely to face worsening handicaps in the years ahead. suburbanization — and the sprawling growth it propelled — made sense for a time. the cities of the early and mid - 20th century were dirty, sooty, smelly, and crowded, and commuting from the first, close - in suburbs was fast and easy. and as manufacturing became more technologically stable and product lines matured during the postwar boom, suburban growth dovetailed nicely with the pattern of industrial growth. businesses began opening new plants in green - field locations that featured cheaper land and labor ; management saw no reason to continue making now - standardized products in the expensive urban locations where they ’ d first been developed and sold. work was outsourced to then - new suburbs and the emerging areas of the sun belt, whose connections to bigger cities by the highway system afforded rapid, low - cost distribution. this process brought the sun belt economies ( which had lagged since the civil war ) into modern times, and sustained a long boom for the united states as a whole. but that was then ; the economy is different now. it no longer revolves around simply making and moving things. instead, it depends on generating and transporting ideas. the places that thrive today are those with the highest velocity of ideas, the highest density of talented and creative people, the highest rate of metabolism. velocity and density are not words that many people use when describing the suburbs. the economy is driven by key urban areas ; a different geography is required. the housing bubble was the ultimate expression, and perhaps the last gasp, of an economic system some 80 years in the making, and now well past its “ sell - by ” date. the bubble encouraged massive, unsustainable growth in places where land was cheap and the real - estate economy dominant. it encouraged low - density sprawl, which is ill - fitted to a creative, postindustrial economy. and not least, it created a workforce too often stuck in place, anchored by houses that cannot be profitably sold, at a time when flexibility and mobility are of great importance. so how do we move past the bubble, the crash, and an aging, obsolescent model of economic life? what ’ s the right spatial fix for the economy today, and how do we achieve it? the solution begins with the removal of homeownership from its long - privileged place at the center of the u. s. economy. substantial incentives for homeownership ( from


fix for the economy today, and how do we achieve it? the solution begins with the removal of homeownership from its long - privileged place at the center of the u. s. economy. substantial incentives for homeownership ( from tax breaks to artificially low mortgage - interest rates ) distort demand, encouraging people to buy bigger houses than they otherwise would. that means less spending on medical technology, or software, or alternative energy — the sectors and products that could drive u. s. growth and exports in the coming years. artificial demand for bigger houses also skews residential patterns, leading to excessive low - density suburban growth. the measures that prop up this demand should be eliminated. if anything, our government policies should encourage renting, not buying. homeownership occupies a central place in the american dream primarily because decades of policy have put it there. a recent study by grace wong, an economist at the wharton school of business, shows that, controlling for income and demographics, homeowners are no happier than renters, nor do they report lower levels of stress or higher levels of self - esteem. and while homeownership has some social benefits — a higher level of civic engagement is one — it is costly to the economy. the economist andrew oswald has demonstrated that in both the united states and europe, those places with higher homeownership rates also suffer from higher unemployment. homeownership, oswald found, is a more important predictor of unemployment than rates of unionization or the generosity of welfare benefits. too often, it ties people to declining or blighted locations, and forces them into work — if they can find it — that is a poor match for their interests and abilities. as homeownership rates have risen, our society has become less nimble : in the 1950s and 1960s, americans were nearly twice as likely to move in a given year as they are today. last year fewer americans moved, as a percentage of the population, than in any year since the census bureau started tracking address changes, in the late 1940s. this sort of creeping rigidity in the labor market is a bad sign for the economy, particularly in a time when businesses, industries, and regions are rising and falling quickly. the foreclosure crisis creates a real opportunity here. instead of resisting foreclosures, the government should seek to facilitate them in ways that can minimize pain and disruption. banks that take back homes, for instance, could be required to offer to rent each home


commercial dominance by changing its building code and widening its streets after the catastrophic fire of 1666. the united states rose to economic preeminence by periodically developing entirely new systems of infrastructure — from canals and railroads to modern water - and - sewer systems to federal highways. each played a major role in shaping and enabling whole eras of growth. the obama administration has declared its intention to open the federal government ’ s pocketbook wide to help us get through this recession, and infrastructure spending seems poised to play a key role. done right, such spending could position the united states for the next round of growth. but that will entail more than patching up roads and bridges. if there is one constant in the history of capitalist development, it is the ever - more - intensive use of space. today, we need to begin making smarter use of both our urban spaces and the suburban rings that surround them — packing in more people, more affordably, while at the same time improving their quality of life. that means liberal zoning and building codes within cities to allow more residential development, more mixed - use development in suburbs and cities alike, the in - filling of suburban cores near rail links, new investment in rail, and congestion pricing for travel on our roads. not everyone wants to live in city centers, and the suburbs are not about to disappear. but we can do a much better job of connecting suburbs to cities and to each other, and allowing regions to grow bigger and denser without losing their velocity. finally, we need to be clear that ultimately, we can ’ t stop the decline of some places, and that we would be foolish to try. places like pittsburgh have shown that a city can stay vibrant as it shrinks, by redeveloping its core to attract young professionals and creative types, and by cultivating high - growth services and industries. and in limited ways, we can help faltering cities to manage their decline better, and to sustain better lives for the people who stay in them. but different eras favor different places, along with the industries and lifestyles those places embody. band - aids and bailouts cannot change that. neither auto - company rescue packages nor policies designed to artificially prop up housing prices will position the country for renewed growth, at least not of the sustainable variety. we need to let demand for the key products and lifestyles of the old order fall, and begin building a new economy, based on a new geography. what will this geography look like? it will likely be sparser in the midwest


sustainable variety. we need to let demand for the key products and lifestyles of the old order fall, and begin building a new economy, based on a new geography. what will this geography look like? it will likely be sparser in the midwest and also, ultimately, in those parts of the southeast that are dependent on manufacturing. its suburbs will be thinner and its houses, perhaps, smaller. some of its southwestern cities will grow less quickly. its great mega - regions will rise farther upward and extend farther outward. it will feature a lower rate of homeownership, and a more mobile population of renters. in short, it will be a more concentrated geography, one that allows more people to mix more freely and interact more efficiently in a discrete number of dense, innovative mega - regions and creative cities. serendipitously, it will be a landscape suited to a world in which petroleum is no longer cheap by any measure. but most of all, it will be a landscape that can accommodate and accelerate invention, innovation, and creation — the activities in which the u. s. still holds a big competitive advantage. the stanford economist paul romer famously said, “ a crisis is a terrible thing to waste. ” the united states, whatever its flaws, has seldom wasted its crises in the past. on the contrary, it has used them, time and again, to reinvent itself, clearing away the old and making way for the new. throughout u. s. history, adaptability has been perhaps the best and most quintessential of american attributes. over the course of the 19th century ’ s long depression, the country remade itself from an agricultural power into an industrial one. after the great depression, it discovered a new way of living, working, and producing, which contributed to an unprecedented period of mass prosperity. at critical moments, americans have always looked forward, not back, and surprised the world with our resilience. can we do it again? the print version of this piece also incorrectly identified christopher berry as a harvard economist. he is an assistant professor at the university of chicago ' s harris school of public policy studies.


back to home page or contents page or judaism or index nehushta ( hebrew, nchshthn, " brass object " ) is the serpent of brass made by moses and placed on a pole ( numbers 21 : 8 - 9 ) to cure the israelites of the venomous bites of the fiery serpents in the wilderness. the word nehushtah " thing of brass " contains a hebrew pun, the first three letters, nchsh, mean " serpent " and the final two, thn, mean " dragon. " in christian interpretation, the lifting up of the brass serpent on a pole is generally held to be a prefigurement of christ, to cure humanity from the " snakebite " of original sin. by hebrew gematria there is some basis for this assumption, the numerical value of mshich, " messiah " and nchsh " serpent " are identical, 358. during the first and second centuries ce the serpent was worshipped with reverence by the christian gnostic sects of the ophites and naasseners. these sects worshipped the biblical serpent of the garden of eden that gave knowledge to adam and eve. the serpent was considered the hero because he supplied " gnosis " to the first people which god, considered the demiurge, kept from them. some magical theorists claim that nehushtan, the brass serpent, resides in the upper astral plane possesses redemptive powers while nachash, the serpent of the tree of knowledge, resides in the lower astral and possesses negative powers. a. g. h. greer, john michael. the new encyclopedia of the occult. st. paul, mn, llewellyn worldwide. p. 325


the institute of electrical and electronics engineers this 6 - minute video chronicles the efforts of inventor / physicist dean kamen to develop a robotic arm with the functionality and dexterity of its human counterpart. " prosthetic legs are in the 21st century, " says kamen. " with prosthetic arms, we ' re in the flintstones. " the result of the project was the " luke arm ", controlled with non - invasive measures using an interface like a joystick. this video is part of a series about advances in prosthetic arms, published by inside technology spectrum a magazine sponsored by the institute of electrical and electronics engineers ( ieee ). please note that this resource requires editor ' s note : studying robotics promotes understanding of system inputs and outputs, engineering design, force interactions, transfer of energy, and much more. see related materials for a lesson plan and interactive simulation on modeling bionic arms. more advanced students may be ready to do the force calculations to be found in " how to build a robot ". metadata instance created march 15, 2012 by caroline hall march 15, 2012 by caroline hall last update when cataloged : june 30, 2011 aaas benchmark alignments ( 2008 version ) 3. the nature of technology 3b. design and systems 6 - 8 : 3b / m3bc. the essence of control is comparing information about what is happening to what people want to happen and then making appropriate adjustments. this procedure requires sensing information, processing it, and making changes. 6 - 8 : 3b / m4b. the most common ways to prevent failure are pretesting of parts and procedures, overdesign, and redundancy. 3c. issues in technology 6 - 8 : 3c / m3. throughout history, people have carried out impressive technological feats, some of which would be hard to duplicate today even with modern tools. the purposes served by these achievements have sometimes been practical, sometimes ceremonial. 4. the physical setting 4d. the structure of matter 6 - 8 : 4d / m9. materials vary in how they respond to electric currents, magnetic forces, and visible light or other electromagnetic waves. 4e. energy transformations 6 - 8 : 4e / m2. energy can be transferred from one system to another ( or from a system to its environment ) in different ways : 1 ) thermally, when a warmer object is in contact with a cooler one ; 2 ) mechanically, when two objects push or pull on each other over a distance ; 3 ) electrically, when an electrical source such as


environment ) in different ways : 1 ) thermally, when a warmer object is in contact with a cooler one ; 2 ) mechanically, when two objects push or pull on each other over a distance ; 3 ) electrically, when an electrical source such as a battery or generator is connected in a complete circuit to an electrical device ; or 4 ) by electromagnetic waves. 9 - 12 : 4f / h1. the change in motion ( direction or speed ) of an object is proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass. 8. the designed world 8b. materials and manufacturing 6 - 8 : 8b / m2. manufacturing usually involves a series of steps, such as designing a product, obtaining and preparing raw materials, processing the materials mechanically or chemically, and assembling the product. all steps may occur at a single location or may occur at different locations. 11. common themes 6 - 8 : 11a / m2. thinking about things as systems means looking for how every part relates to others. the output from one part of a system ( which can include material, energy, or information ) can become the input to other parts. such feedback can serve to control what goes on in the system as a whole. 6 - 8 : 11a / m3. any system is usually connected to other systems, both internally and externally. thus a system may be thought of as containing subsystems and as being a sub - system of a larger system. 9 - 12 : 11a / h2. understanding how things work and designing solutions to problems of almost any kind can be facilitated by systems analysis. in defining a system, it is important to specify its boundaries and subsystems, indicate its relation to other systems, and identify what its input and output are expected to be. < a href = " http : / / www. thephysicsfront. org / items / detail. cfm? id = 11753 " > institute of electrical and electronics engineers. dean kamen ' s artificial arm. institute of electrical and electronics engineers, june 30, 2011. < / a > dean kamen ' s artificial arm. ( 2011, june 30 ). retrieved june 19, 2013, from institute of electrical and electronics engineers : http : / / spectrum. ieee. org / video / biomedical / bionics / dean - kamens - artificial - arm institute of electrical and electronics engineers. dean kamen ' s artificial arm. institute of electrical and electronics engineers, june 30, 2011. http : / / spectrum. ieee. org / video


/ bionics / dean - kamens - artificial - arm institute of electrical and electronics engineers. dean kamen ' s artificial arm. institute of electrical and electronics engineers, june 30, 2011. http : / / spectrum. ieee. org / video / biomedical / bionics / dean - kamens - artificial - arm ( accessed 19 june 2013 ). % t dean kamen ' s artificial arm % d june 30, 2011 % i institute of electrical and electronics engineers % u http : / / spectrum. ieee. org / video / biomedical / bionics / dean - kamens - artificial - arm % o application / flash % 0 electronic source % d june 30, 2011 % t dean kamen ' s artificial arm % i institute of electrical and electronics engineers % v 2013 % n 19 june 2013 % 8 june 30, 2011 % 9 application / flash % u http : / / spectrum. ieee. org / video / biomedical / bionics / dean - kamens - artificial - arm disclaimer : compadre offers citation styles as a guide only. we cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. please refer to the style manuals in the citation source information area for clarifications. a series of articles on the science and technology of the new generation of high - tech prosthetic arms, written for spectrum, a magazine sponsored by the institute of electrical and electronic engineers.


website detail page published by the annenberg channel these eight free professional development workshops for k - 8 teachers present science concepts on the nature of light and its behavior. each workshop is structured around a one - hour video that features footage of a complete science lesson by a master teacher. as each lesson unfolds, science and education experts provide commentary to expand on key points. graphics, animations, and video demonstrations provide background information on reflection, refraction, color, human vision, light energy, and more. the workshops are designed so that teachers come away with an understanding that will help them engage students in their own explorations. this resource also includes a series of self - tests to gauge understanding. the workshop videos may be viewed at no cost online. registered users may also participate in forums and teacher talk email lists. dvd ' s are available on the website at an additional cost. teachers who participate in the entire workshop series are eligible for two graduate credits from colorado state university ( tuition applies ). see related materials for a link to course enrollment information. please note that this resource requires flash. compadre is beta testing citation styles! disclaimer : compadre offers citation styles as a guide only. we cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. please refer to the style manuals in the citation source information area for clarifications. citation source information the apa style presented is based on information from apa style. org : electronic references. the chicago style presented is based on information from examples of chicago - style documentation. the mla style presented is based on information from the mla faq. science in focus : shedding light on science : is associated with shedding light workshops : graduate credit this link takes you to the course enrollment page to pursue graduate credit for the annenberg media series " science in focus : shedding light on science ". ( 2 credit hours offered by colorado state university. ) relation by caroline hall accompanies science in focus : force and motion workshops a set of eight video - based workshops by the same publisher on the topic of force & motion. relation by caroline hall accompanies science in focus : energy a set of eight video - based workshops by the same publisher on the topic of energy and how to teach it in grades k - 8. relation by caroline hall know of another related resource? login to relate this resource to it. is associated with


antidepressants may be harmful for the elderly antidepressants, specifically selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs in the united states, and they may be harmful for older patients. their popularity has led to a marked decline in the use of the older, generally cheaper, tricyclic antidepressants. both types of antidepressants are equally effective, the st. louis post reported. a recent article in the british medical journal used a large collection of anonymous health records called q research to examine the side effects of antidepressants on the elderly, of whom 10 percent get depression. british researchers studied over 60, 000 people older than 65 who had depression. they found that people who took the older, tricyclic antidepressants had a lower death risk from the drug than those taking the modern antidepressants. two commonly used drugs, trazodone and mirtazapine [ remeron ], were linked to higher death risk and hisher risk of attempted suicide. the study has raised major questions about the potential dangers of antidepressants for older people. patients should discuss with their physicians the potential side effects of all types of antidepressants and consider using behavior therapy as another option. " the field is waiting for the next breakthrough in terms of new treatments, through new mechanisms, " said dr. alan schatzberg, the chairman of psychiatry at stanford university school of medicine. " that ' s what people are hungering for. "


another principle of understanding the violent sections of the bible is to understand the incarnation of god. we typically think of the incarnation as something that happened only when jesus christ became human, that is, when he was born of a virgin, grew up as a boy under the parentage of joseph and mary, became a man, and then lived, taught, ministered, suffered, and died. strictly speaking, this is probably true. the definition of “ incarnate ” is “ to become flesh. ” so prior to the coming of jesus christ in the flesh, it is not exactly accurate to say that god was in the flesh — that god was human. god only became human when he entered the womb of a woman and grew up as a human, just like one of us. yet there is something about the incarnation of god in the person of jesus christ which teaches us how god has always entered into the world and interacted with human in history. just as jesus took on human flesh with all its weaknesses and limitations, so also god, in the old testament “ incarnated ” himself into the affairs of humanity with all of our weaknesses and limitations. just as the human body of jesus could get tired, feel pain, hunger, thirst, and even die, and just as the words and intentions of jesus could be misunderstood, misrepresented, and misapplied, so also, when god entered into human affairs in various times and places in the old testament, he did so with all the frailties, weaknesses, and limitations of humanity, and his words also could be misunderstood, misrepresented, and misapplied. god became incarnate in human history through human events by to say that god became incarnate in human history — and specifically israelite history — is not to say that god became flesh, but to say that god entering into history and allowed himself to be limited by the events, ideas, and methods of the world at that time. jesus certainly knew of better ways of traveling than by walking ( and after his resurrection, he shows one of these by appearing and disappearing at will ), but as god in human flesh, he limited himself to walking because this was the available method for most humans at that time. based on this principle, it seems possible that there might be some instances in the old testament where god chose to allow israel to act in a certain way because he had also limited himself to the methods that were available to him at that time. war is never god ’ s plan or desire


a letter received by someone who owned land in what is now oak ridge with the war on, the government was in a hurry. people lived on land that the military wanted were told that the government would be buying their property immediately. many of them were told about the project - - referred to in public documents as the clinton engineer works - - only weeks before they were supposed to be off their farms. the k - 25 plant quickly the site was cleared and three large manufacturing plants were built. the plants were known as x - 10, y - 12, and k - 25. and, although the details of what went on in these massive facilities is above the scope of this web site, suffice it to say that each of the buildings was involved in trying to separate uranium 235 - - used in the atomic bomb - - from uranium 238. of course, we know this now, but most of the people who working at oak ridge during world war ii didn ' t know anything about uranium 235 or an atomic bomb. " the manager of one plant, for example, was kept completely isolated from other plants where different processes and methods were used, " the new york times later said. " work was so compartmentalized that each worker knew only his own job, and had no inkling of how his part fitted into the whole. " various types of early oak ridge housing tens of thousands of people were brought in from all over the country to work at these facilities, and in the early years these people were housed in all types of structures. as you can see from these pictures, most people lived in tiny houses that were built rather quickly. 1. " oak ridge : the way it was " - - bill carey for thfk 2. " a letter received " - - bill carey for thfk 3. " k - 25 " - - ed westcott 4. " oak ridge housing " - - ed westcott 5. " residents celebrate " - - ed westcott


one of several small intervals with a size of about an eighth - tone [ = 0. 25 semitone = 25 cents ]. they occur in a system of just - intonation, or when considering intervals as ratios. the three commas which are most commonly encountered are the syntonic comma, the pythagorean comma, and the septimal comma. when used unqualified, " comma " generally refers specifically to the syntonic comma. ( greek : " cut ", " crack " ; plural : commata ) any of several small intervals near an eighth of a tone ( 25a¢ ). the best known of these are the syntonic comma, the pythagorean comma ( 24a¢ ) which is the difference between twelve perfect fifths and seven octaves, and the septimal comma ( 27a¢ ). from : dave keenan date : sat feb 8, 2003 7 : 42 pm subject : that poor overloaded word " comma " [ much snipped... ] at least now the word " comma " only has to carry two meanings, where one is a generalisation of the other. here ' s my suggestion. a difference between pitch ratios that is typically smaller than a scale step. may include schismas, kleismas, commas ( 2 ), dieses, limmas and small semitones [ thus, in the range from imperceptibly small to around 125 cents ]. a difference between pitch ratios that is typically in the range 12 to 33 cents, as opposed to schismas and kleismas being smaller, and dieses, limmas and small semitones being larger. [ the following paragraph and graph added by monzo. ] the graph below shows an approximate range for this second definition of " comma ", with other categories of small intervals also named. keenan ' s first definition of " comma ", above, covers all the interval categories on this graph. below is the data for the comma category cutoffs which george secor and dave keenan found most useful while developing sagittal notation. the boundaries occur at the square roots of the given ratios, which is why the cent values are half. square of boundary boundary name 2, 3 - monzo ratio ~ cents [ - 106 67, > ( numbers too big ) 115. 492529 > apotome [ 62 - 39, > ( numbers too big ) 111. 8774831 >


boundary boundary name 2, 3 - monzo ratio ~ cents [ - 106 67, > ( numbers too big ) 115. 492529 > apotome [ 62 - 39, > ( numbers too big ) 111. 8774831 > large - semitone [ - 3 2, > 9 / 8 101. 9550009 > limma [ - 49 31, > ( numbers too big ) 80. 30251341 > small - semitone [ - 30 19, > 1073741824 / 1162261467 68. 57250822 > large - diesis [ - 11 7, > 2187 / 2048 56. 84250303 > ( medium - ) diesis [ 8 - 5, > 256 / 243 45. 11249784 > small - diesis [ 27 - 17, > 134217728 / 129140163 33. 38249264 > comma [ - 19 12, > 531441 / 524288 11. 73000519 > kleisma [ 317 - 200, > ( numbers too big ) 4. 499913461 > schisma [ - 84 53, > ( numbers too big ) 1. 807522933 > schismina [ 0 0, > 1 / 1 0


singapore is a city of gardens and the heart of south east asia. it is here that the journey begins on the eastern and oriental express, a nostalgic train journey that has all the exotic atmosphere of colonial times. the history of singapore began in 1819 with thomas stamford raffles, a young official who worked for the british east india company. raffles estimated that the natural harbor was perfect for trading ships and thus bought the land from the sultan of johor and founded a trading settlement. the train station exudes the ambience of british colonialism and is an ideal setting for those who love nostalgia. the journey begins and soon we arrive at the malaysian border. this is the first section of our extraordinary train journey from singapore to kuala lumpur. after eight hours, we reach kuala lumpur, malaysia ’ s modern capital city that is relatively young and was established in the middle of the 19th century at the junction of the gombak and klang rivers. the journey continues along a splendid route through the jungle that since 1923, has connected singapore with bangkok, with butterworth as the next station from where a bridge and ferry boat lead to the island of penang, that is also known as the pearl of the orient. the next section travels further north to kanchanaburi in thailand and to the bridge on the river kwai, a somewhat inconspicuous bridge that once brought infamy to this region. for those who are fascinated by the evocative atmosphere of colonial times, the extra special train journey from singapore to bangkok must surely be the journey of a lifetime!


start your visit withhistorical timelines general interest maps on january 20, 1969, the day of richard m. nixon ' s first inauguration, the soviet government offered to hold negotiations on the issues of nuclear arms control. nixon immediately accepted and the strategic arms limitation talks, commonly known as salt, were arranged. they took place in two phases : salt i ran from 1969 to 1972 and resulted in the anti - ballistic missile treaty and the interim agreement between the united states of america and the union of soviet socialist republics on certain measures with respect to the limitation of strategic offensive arms. salt ii, begun in late 1972, produced a treaty that was never ratified by the u. s. senate. in 1982, president ronald reagan abandoned salt and undertook the strategic arms reduction treaty talks, commonly known as the start talks, instead. as the third decade of the atomic age began, the continued development of the technology of nuclear weapons and delivery systems led the united states and the soviet union to realize the futility of an unlimited arms race in those devices. in 1968, president lyndon b. johnson announced that soviet premier alexei nikolayevich kosygin had agreed to meetings on the issue, but those talks never came about. when the soviet union reopened the matter in 1969, president richard nixon seized the opportunity, and the first meeting was held in helsinki in november. with the help of secretary of state henry kissinger, the united states negotiated the abm treaty and an interim agreement that essentially froze nuclear arsenals at their existing levels. nixon and soviet general secretary leonid brezhnev signed the abm treaty and the interim agreement on may 26, 1972, at a summit meeting in moscow. the interim agreement, commonly called the salt i treaty, froze the total number of inter - continental ballistic missiles, but allowed the replacement of old missiles with new ones. in the interests of achieving an actual reduction and preventing qualitative advances in destructive technology, the two nations began salt ii talks in november of the same year in geneva. in a meeting in vladivostok in november 1974, president gerald ford and brezhnev agreed to a basic framework for a salt ii treaty. however, international political considerations prevented the treaty from being completed until 1979. president jimmy carter sent the salt ii treaty to the u. s. senate for its advice and consent on june 22, 1979. objections arose and the treaty had not been ratified when the soviets invaded afghanistan, which chilled u. s. and soviet relations. on january 3, 1980, carter asked that the senate delay further


senate for its advice and consent on june 22, 1979. objections arose and the treaty had not been ratified when the soviets invaded afghanistan, which chilled u. s. and soviet relations. on january 3, 1980, carter asked that the senate delay further consideration of the treaty. the treaty was never ratified by the senate, but was formally honored by the u. s. and the soviet union. in may 1982, president ronald reagan declared that the united states would not violate the provisions of the treaty if the soviets agreed to do the same. the soviets did agree, although reagan declared in 1984 and 1985 that the soviet union had violated that pledge. a new round of talks, called the strategic arms reduction treaty, or start, replaced salt beginning in 1983. the agreement would put a cap of 1, 600 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles and 6, 000 " accountable " warheads for each country, while enabling them to continue modernizing their weaponry.... not had any since the 20th ulto [ a ] s to my self i care but little whether i have any with my meat or not ; provided the meat is fat, having from habit become entirely cearless [ sic ] about my diat [ sic ] … ” private joseph whitehouse also... while the text of article i prescribes july 1, 1972, as the freeze date, the united states and the soviet union understand that, pending ratification and acceptance of the agreements, neither will take any action that will be prohibited thereby... scioto salt licks the salt licks on the scioto river were important sites historically and archaeologically speaking and are in danger of being destroyed by development. they are often mentioned in contemporary accounts of the indian wars of ohio. worth reading i...


antiaging food has been a hot topic recently. everybody is aware of that you are alleged to eat a lot of fruit and vegetables to guard yourself from aging. however are all fruits and veggies equally smart? notice what specific foods are thought of best when it comes to anti - aging diet. 1. avocado for younger looking skin individuals who keep low fat diet sometimes avoid avocado as a result of it contains a lot of fat. however actually it is high in monounsaturated fat that reduces cholesterol level within the body. avocado is a terribly smart source of vitamin e, which is essential for keeping your skin swish and young. also avocado contains potassium that prevents high blood pressure. avocado is great to use in sandwiches rather than butter spread. 2. berries as antiaging antioxidants most berries especially blackberries, blueberries, blackcurrants contain phytochemicals which are powerful antioxidants. antioxidants facilitate to protect your body against injury caused by free radicals so they are terribly important for antiaging nutrition. red grape is technically not a berry, but it ' s similar properties. 3. fish for protein and omega 3 fats your body desires quality proteins and some fat, and it ' s a lot of higher to take fish as a source of these and not red meat. fish provides us with omega 3 fatty acids that stimulate the immune system and lowers risk of heart disease. some studies have shown that individuals who eat a lot of fish have lower risk of colorectal, esophageal and stomach cancers. 4. carrots for cancer protection carrots are an excellent supply of beta carotene which may be a powerful antioxidant that fights aging and several diseases. studies have shown that individuals who eat one medium carrot daily considerably reduced risk of lung cancer. beta carotene conjointly keeps your vision sharp protecting your eyes from age related diseases. it is also necessary for keeping your immune system strong. carrots offer you most edges if eaten uncooked. if you don ' t feel like eating a row carrot, attempt adding it to your salads, it gives slightly sweet style to a salad. alternatively drink carrot juice once during a whereas - the juice may be a targeted supply of beta carotene. 5. nuts to bust your immune system raw nuts are very high in fiber ; they are additionally a good supply of vitamins and potassium, zinc, iron, magnesium, copper and se


the juice may be a targeted supply of beta carotene. 5. nuts to bust your immune system raw nuts are very high in fiber ; they are additionally a good supply of vitamins and potassium, zinc, iron, magnesium, copper and selenium. they management cholesterol level and strengthen your immune system. the sole downside of nuts is that they ' re high in fat, so a couple table spoons daily is nice however not more. solely row nuts are smart anti - aging food. avoid salted and roasted nuts, they are doing more injury to your health than bring benefits. a good way to feature nuts to your everyday diet is to sprinkle them over a salad or to add them to cereals. 6. whole meal pasta and brown rice for energy these contain complicated carbohydrates, to insure that you feel full of energy all day. brown rice is high in fiber and b cluster vitamins. solely don ' t create fried rice out of it - steamed brown rice is the simplest choice. whole meal pasta is high in fiber and iron. 7. water to detoxify and keep swish skin water is absolutely essential for our health. you probably have heard that you should drink eight glasses of water every day, however do you follow the recommendation? water helps to induce rid of toxins. additionally adequate intake of water insures that your skin looks young and healthy. moisturizing anti - aging creams and lotions are sensible, however if you drink enough water your skin will be less dry while not creams. pure bottled water is very good for you, but not exciting. therefore you ' ll be able to replace it with other nutritious liquids - juices with no added sugar, herbal teas or mineral water. fresh fruits conjointly are smart supply of water, for example watermelon is largely 90 % water. 8 glasses on a daily basis could be a rule of thumb, but in hot or windy weather you would possibly would like more. nikky has been writing articles online for nearly 2 years now. not only does this author specialize in anti aging you can also check out his latest website about : white gold diamond stud earrings which reviews and lists the best white diamond stud earrings


february 14, 2011 your word documents are composed of sections, which you use to vary the layout. insert section breaks to divide the document into sections, and then format each section the way you want. you can change the page orientation, margins, paragraph formatting, add columns, add or change page numbering and text in headers or footers, etc. for example, you may have a chart that is landscape in layout, but your main document is oriented to be portrait. insert a section break, change the page orientation, add your chart, and then insert another section break to change the page orientation back to portrait. you can have a cover page with no numbering, a table of contents with roman numerals and the main document with regular page numbers, and different margins - all by using section breaks. click the page layout tab / page setup group / breaks to open the dialog box. in the bottom half are the section breaks choices : - next page inserts a new page with a new section. - continuous inserts a new section on the same page. ( useful for starting or ending columns ) - even page and odd page are used when you want the new section to begin on the next even or odd page. ( an example would be at the beginning of each new chapter where you would want the first page to be on an odd page. ) note : an important thing to remember about headers and footers in new sections is to make sure that link to previous is not highlighted if you want different text or page numbers in the header or footer in the new section. to change this, double - click in the header or footer and look in the navigation group. click on link to previous to turn it off.


the gallbladder is an organ that normally functions to store bile excreted from the liver. bile is a solution composed of water, bile salts, lecithin, cholesterol and some other small solutes. changes in the relative concentration of these components may cause precipitation from solution and formation of a nidus, or nest, around which gallstones are formed. gallstones can become large and block the opening from the gallbladder or cystic duct. this produces pain in the right upper quadrant or midepigastrum ( above the belly button ) in the abdomen that feels like cramping. last reviewed 5 / 24 / 2012 by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., and george f. longstreth, md, department of gastroenterology, kaiser permanente medical care program, san diego, california. - the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. - a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. - call 911 for all medical emergencies. - links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


spasticity is stiff or rigid muscles. it may also be called unusual " tightness " or increased muscle tone. reflexes ( for example, a knee - jerk reflex ) are stronger or exaggerated. the condition can interfere with walking, movement, or speech. see also : muscle cramps muscle stiffness ; hypertonia spasticity is usually caused by damage to the part of the brain that is involved in movements under your control. it may also occur from damage to the nerves that go from the brain to the spinal cord. symptoms of spasticity include : - abnormal posture - carrying the shouler, arm, wrist, and finger at an abnormal angle because of muscle tightness - exaggerated deep tendon reflexes ( the knee - jerk or other reflexes ) - repetitive jerky motions ( clonus ), especially when you are touched or moved - scissoring ( crossing of the legs as the tips of scissors would close ) spasticity may also affect speech. severe, long - term spasticity may lead to contracture of muscles, which can reduce range of motion or leave the joints bent. this list does not include all conditions that can cause spasticity. exercise, including muscle stretching, can help make your symptoms less severe. home - based physical therapy is also helpful. call your health care provider if contact your health care provider if : - the spasticity gets worse - you notice deformity of the affected areas what to expect at your health care provider ' s office your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms, including : - when was it first noticed? - how long has it lasted? - is it always present? - how severe is it? - what muscles are affected? - what makes it better? - what makes it worse? - what other symptoms are present? your doctor may refer you to a physical therapist. physical therapy involves different exercises, including muscle stretching and strengthening exercises. physical therapy exercises can be taught to parents who may then help their child do them at home. medicines for spasticity include baclofen, benzodiazepines ( such as diazepam ), clonidine, dantrolene, gabapentin, and tizanidine. botulinum toxin can be injected into the spastic muscles. in rare cases, a pump may be inserted into the spinal fluid to directly deliver medicine to the nervous system. sometimes, a person may need surgery to release the tendon or to cut the nerve - muscle


can be injected into the spastic muscles. in rare cases, a pump may be inserted into the spinal fluid to directly deliver medicine to the nervous system. sometimes, a person may need surgery to release the tendon or to cut the nerve - muscle pathway. dobkin bh. principles and practices of neurological rehabilitation. in : bradley wg, daroff rb, fenichel gm, jankovic j, eds. bradley : neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : butterworth - heinemann elsevier ; 2008 : chap 52. griggs r, jozefowicz r, aminoff m. approach to the patient with neurologic disease. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 418. last reviewed 2 / 5 / 2011 by david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by joseph v. campellone, md, division of neurology, cooper university hospital, camden, nj. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. - the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. - a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. - call 911 for all medical emergencies. - links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


what is the difference between an mri technician and ultrasound technician? magnetic resonance imaging, known as mri for short, is a medical imaging technique. this is fairly new technology, having been put into practice for the first time in 1973. the way this technology works is basically as follows : the equipment creates a high intensity magnetic field with respect to the part of the body to be imaged. this magnetic field has the effect of aligning the magnetic properties of some atoms in the body. what this basically means is that the atom ’ s electromagnetic field becomes aligned coherently with those of other atoms. once this has been accomplished, radio waves are used to basically “ shake ” the collective magnetic field of the aligned atoms. the radio waves do this in a cyclical, rhythmic manner, in turn causing the magnetism of the atoms themselves to rotate. the resultant cycling or rotating magnetic field is read by electromagnetic scanning equipment and this data is used to produce a detailed image. an mri technician is someone who operates, adjusts, and maintains mri equipment. they are responsible for administering mri procedures and doing purely technical analysis of the images obtained. the actual diagnoses based on the images are handled by a physician. mri technology is considered a branch of radiology in general, which includes other imaging techniques such as x - ray technology, ct scans, and mammography. mri scans are used to detect differences between tissue types or different chemical compounds in the body. since these different types respond to the electromagnetic fields being produced differently, they can be differentiated from each other by the scanning equipment. this creates a very effective mri image. mainly the advantage of this type of images over other techniques such as ultrasound and x - rays is its accuracy and clarity in certain imaging situations. one of the main areas where mri scans are used is in scanning the brain. these scans can accurately image what is going on in the grey matter. it tends to be used in cases of head trauma, aneurysms, stroke, and brain tumors. these various conditions appear with clarity in the images that are created. mri scans also prove useful in investigating injuries and conditions of the spinal cord. it accurately images both the interior spinal cord itself and the vertebrae and disks of the spine. this is often done after accidents in which patients have received trauma to the spinal column. the heart can also be accurately imaged by an mri scan and thus used to diagnose cardiac problems. it ’ s main advantages here is that it is noninvasive and may give better imaging than echocardiography (


the spinal column. the heart can also be accurately imaged by an mri scan and thus used to diagnose cardiac problems. it ’ s main advantages here is that it is noninvasive and may give better imaging than echocardiography ( discussed a bit below ) and some other techniques. mri technicians are responsible for administering these and other types of mri scans. they often discuss the procedure with patients before hand, handle the actual procedure, adjust equipment, and reposition patients as the process continues. afterwards they make various technical analyses of the images taken in order to assist physicians in interpreting them. ultrasound is an entirely different type of technology. it sends high frequency sound waves toward the body of the patient. these waves penetrate and strike various parts of the interior of the body, then bounce off. what is basically occurring is that this sound is echoing. though this is not audible to the human ear, these echoes can be gathered by the imaging equipment and used to create an image. an ultrasound technician, like an mri technician, is responsible for handling the entire technical end of the ultrasound imaging process. they explain the procedure to patients, run the actual ultrasound procedure, adjust equipment, positions patients, and perform technical analyses after the images are taken. this kind of imaging is considered quite accurate in many situations. it may be used for some of the following applications : ultrasound can be used to create images of the fetus in the womb and a woman ’ s reproductive system in general. the use of ultrasound in cardiology is known as echocardiography. this is an accurate and relatively safe technique that produce clear images of the heart. ultrasound can clearly show muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments, connective tissue, and so on. this is especially useful in situations of traumatic injury such as breaks and sprains. ultrasound technicians do not solely deal with imaging for diagnostic purposes. there is also a whole branch of the field that deals with the therapeutic effects of ultrasound. it may be used, for instance, to break through blood clots, dissolve cysts or tumors, or treat cataracts. the main difference between these modalities then is the technology used and its resulting applications. this just depends on the specifics of a given medical and imaging situation. it ’ s also important to note that mri and radiology in general is considered more dangerous than ultrasound, so mri technicians usually must be licensed in order to practice, while with sonography this is not a requirement. either of these professionals may also deal with other imaging techniques, but it


hydrogen fuel cells are an appealing source of clean energy because they have the potential to power anything that uses electricity — from computers and cell phones to cars and ships — without toxic emissions. thayumanavan, who is an authority on charge transport and molecular design, was recently chosen as the campus ’ s first spotlight scholar in recognition of his research and innovation in clean energy science. thayumanavan co - directs the massachusetts center for renewable energy science and technology ( masscrest ). with colleagues ryan hayward, polymer science, and mark tuominen, physics, he discovered a new material that improves charge transport — a key energy - generating process for efficient and affordable hydrogen fuel cell design. using a polymer nanostructure that provides an excellent conduit for transporting protons from one side of a fuel cell membrane to another, they demonstrated how to improve proton conductivity under very low humidity conditions, where fuel cells prefer to operate but where few materials perform well. hydrogen fuel cells are an appealing source of clean energy because they have the potential to power anything that uses electricity — from computers and cell phones to cars and ships — without toxic emissions. the discovery could lead to commercial development of fuel cell membranes that stay chemically and mechanically stable much longer than current materials allow. the results are so promising that thayumanavan received $ 40, 000 from the massachusetts clean energy center to help demonstrate the technology ’ s viability. “ our work should lead to a lighter, more efficient and sustainable source of clean power, ” says thayumanavan. thayumanavan, who came to umass amherst in 2003, earned high praise from spotlight scholar nominators for his multi - faceted work, noting that his research in molecular design is also relevant to the life sciences. he ’ s created a nanoscopic gel that can effectively encapsulate and then release drug molecules inside cells. such a feature is useful in selectively delivering chemotherapeutic drug molecules to cancer cells. the campus ’ s technology transfer office and thayumanavan are pursuing commercial venture opportunities for bringing this technology to clinical trial.


side events - rio + 20 know our ocean, protect our marine treasures, empower ocean citizens © unesco / eric hanauer marshall islands. global and concrete solution are needed to deal with threats to marine environment this side event will be the occasion to discuss and present a number of initiatives that supports the rio + 20 ocean targets leading to the sustainable use of the ocean. the side event will be structured around three inter - connected themes : ( i ) know our ocean ; ( ii ) protect our marine treasures ; ( iii ) empower ocean citizens. this event will demonstrate the need for inter - related actions to move towards the sustainable use of our undivided ocean ’ s resources. for each of the 3 themes, the side event will seek to address a serie of central issues. ( i ) knowing our ocean : how can science and technology be put at the service of coastal nations for managing ocean and coastal resources sustainably, and for protecting their coastal populations, and maintaining ecosystem services. ( ii ) protecting our marine treasures : how can we better preserve the natural and cultural heritage of the ocean and coasts and the essential services that ocean provides to society? ( iii ) empowering ocean citizens : how do we empower ocean citizen and society? effective ocean stewardship requires the participation of all part of society in defining a common ocean future and in promoting behavioural change towards the ocean. | type of event | | category 8 - symposium | | start | | 20. 06. 2012 09 : 00 local time | | end | | 20. 06. 2012 10 : 30 local time | | date to be fixed | | 0 | | focal point | | barbiere, julian | | city | | rio de janeiro | | venue | | room t - 9 riocentro | | permanent delegation contact | | language of event | | english | | estimated number of participants | | link 1 | | ioc website | | link 2 | | unesco ' s rio + 20 web site |


most recent stories most popular stories uni professor hatches young scientists one university of northern iowa professor, with the help of several uni students, is helping middle school students at hoover middle school in waterloo broaden their understanding of science. using plastic culture dishes, saline solution and an incubator from uni, darrell wiens, uni professor of biology ( http : / / www. biology. uni. edu / ), helped lesley taylorson ' s science class incubate a batch of fertile eggs and hatch them. following uni students ' demonstration the elementary students isolated the embryos, put them in a dish and examined them under a microscope. the image from the microscope was viewed on a magnified tv screen so the class could discuss their observations. wiens says the early chick embryo forms the same fundamental anatomy as humans, only much faster. leslie taylorson, hoover middle school seventh grade science teacher, looks on as her students discover the chick embryos first hand. wiens says, " lesley taylorson ' s science room is full of all kinds of interesting things to do - - lots of living creatures and on - going experiments. we just bring additional science experiments every february. i think it ' s important to introduce younger students to these experiments to help promote their interest in science. "


south sudan, 1 november 2012 : a role model for girls against child marriage in lakes state by kujang sam laki & sid shrestha rumbek, south sudan, 1 november 2012 - “ i can ’ t imagine what my life would be if i had been married, but i refused thanks to the support of my family ” said 15 old mary ( name changed to protect identity ) from matanggai primary school of rumbek central county, lakes state. just a few months ago, a man nearly three times her age had approached her father to ask for her hand in marriage and in exchange would give her father 60 cows. in south sudan, child marriage continues to affect thousands of girls hence undermining their survival, development prospects and participation in other developmental activities. the 2010 shhs indicates that about 40 percent of girls are married when they are still children. early marriage is also one of the main reasons, why there are very few girls who complete primary school – 6. 2 percent. mary sighs heavily as she begins to tell her story “ some of my uncles were trying to force me to marry, ” says mary with a look of dissent. “ they even would come and search for me in the house and try to talk and convince me. ” mary says her uncles were persistent in trying to convince her father that they should at least go and see the cows. fortunately for mary, her father gave her a choice and she said no to early marriage. “ i told them no, i would like to stay in school, ” says mary with a firm voice. “ my uncles were very pushy, but i told them why did you send me to school if you want to remove me before i complete my schooling? ” mary says that her father had to remove her from the house and send her to live with another family member to seek refuge from her forceful uncles. “ it took about a month for my uncles to leave me alone, but the man says he is still waiting for me. ” mary says she refused because she wanted to finish school. “ how can i abandon my education and settle with a cattle keeper? ” questioned mary. “ i want to study hard and become a nurse one day. ” a friend of mary ’ s, yar nyikok, 17 from the same school says her decision not to get married was simple, “ child marriage is not good. when you marry earlier, you cannot complete your school. i ’ ve seen some friends and family members who married young and some of them have resulted in


the same school says her decision not to get married was simple, “ child marriage is not good. when you marry earlier, you cannot complete your school. i ’ ve seen some friends and family members who married young and some of them have resulted in early and unwanted pregnancies, posing life - threatening risks for them ”. matanggai is a school that is championing the fight against early marriage in lakes state through their child clubs which also promote other health behaviours such as hygiene and sanitation. “ i ’ m proud of the work our child club is doing but would like to coordinate with the local government to inform the public about certain laws like the south sudan child act of 2008, where child marriage is mentioned, ” said arop majok, head teacher at matanggai primary school. with support from unicef and partners, the ministry of social development is developing and strengthening various structures to reduce the practice of child marriage and accelerate girls ’ enrolment and retention. lakes state will be the first to implement the communication strategy for the prevention of child marriage in south sudan. “ preventing child marriage will protect girls ’ rights and help reduce their risks of violence, early pregnancy, hiv infection, and maternal death and disability, ” said joyce mutiso, programme specialist, unicef greater bahr al gazal region. “ when girls are able to stay in school and avoid being married early, they can build a foundation for a better life for themselves and their families and participate in the progress of their nations ”. more stories from south sudan more on child protection


mines other than anti - personnel mines ( motapm ) what are motapm? mines other than anti - personnel mines ( motapm ) refers to anti - vehicle mines. unlike anti - personnel mines, this type of mine is activated by a vehicle driving over it, rather than a person stepping on it. motapm includes anti - tank mines. background on motapm within the ccw the issue of motapm prior and during the second review conference humanitarian concerns related to motapm had been raised during the negotiations of the convention of protocol ii in the 1970s, but with limited consideration. motapm were part of the negotiations on amended protocol ii during the first ccw review conference in 1995 - 1996. at the time, efforts were focused on addressing the significant humanitarian impact of anti - personnel landmines. for this reason, amended protocol ii includes specific restrictions on the employment of anti - personnel mines and only general provisions concerning restrictions on the use of all types of mines. at the preparatory committee for the second review conference in 2000 - 2001, denmark and the united states of america tabled an official proposal for a new protocol on motapm. due to persistent divergent views, the december 2001 second review conference did not adopt a new protocol on motapm, and instead decided to create an open - ended group of governmental experts ( gge ) to address the issue. period between the second and third review conferences, 2001 to 2006 during this period, various international organizations and non - governmental organizations continued to emphasize the importance of agreeing on a legally binding instrument on motapm. for example, a july 2002 report by the icrc called for additional measures namely “ requiring that all av mines should be detectable and equipped with either self - destruct or self - neutralization features as well as requiring that remotely delivered av mines contain self - destruct or self - neutralization features. ” new ideas were brought forward for the development of more effective controls over motapm, which included : motapm with sensitive fuses ; motapm with anti - handling devices ; motapm laid outside marked and fenced areas ; warnings to civilians ; the use of motapm by non - state actors ; transfers ; transparency and confidence - building measures ; and international cooperation and assistance. a new protocol on motapm incorporated all additional proposals and was co - sponsored by 31 states. however, despite efforts made by the gge on motapm between 2001 and 2006, it was not possible to eliminate differences, specifically with


assistance. a new protocol on motapm incorporated all additional proposals and was co - sponsored by 31 states. however, despite efforts made by the gge on motapm between 2001 and 2006, it was not possible to eliminate differences, specifically with regard to issues of detectability and active life. the third review conference of the ccw could not agree on a new protocol containing legally binding rules with regard to motapm. rather, the states parties decided to maintain the issue of motapm on the agendas of annual meetings of the states parties to the ccw. due to the concerns regarding the humanitarian impact of motapm, several ccw states parties committed politically in a special declaration their intention to take the necessary steps to adopt as a matter of national policy the practices that were developed in the draft protocol on motapm. these states declared : “ if circumstances change in the future, and it appears possible that consensus may be achieved on a protocol on anti - vehicle mines … they would join other governments in renewed efforts to adopt such a protocol, building on the work done on this subject over the last five years by the ccw coordinators. ” report of the 2012 meeting of experts on mines other than anti - personnel mines ( motapm ) the fourth review conference high contracting parties decided : to discuss further the implementation of international humanitarian law as it pertains to mines other than anti - personnel mines, and to submit a report to the 2012 meeting of the high contracting parties to the convention. the 2012 meeting of experts discussed the following issues : current status of international humanitarian law on motapm ; measures taken by states and existing international humanitarian law ( ihl ) ; humanitarian impact of motapm use ; national policies on the use of motapm ; possible measures to address the humanitarian impact of motapm use. in past ccw discussions and during the 2012 meeting of experts, the requirement for motapm to be detectable was a key issue. one of the major problems is that undetectable motapm create considerable difficulties and costs for clearance operations, which in turn can drastically slow down or halt the delivery of humanitarian aid and movement in an area. however, the argument against detectability is that the financial costs of making motapm detectable are prohibitive and the military utility of non - detectable motapm much too valuable to forgo. another crucial issue was reducing the active life of motapm through self - destruct, self - neutralisation and self - deactivation devices. other


and the military utility of non - detectable motapm much too valuable to forgo. another crucial issue was reducing the active life of motapm through self - destruct, self - neutralisation and self - deactivation devices. other issues focused on the protection of civilians through perimeter marked areas ; monitoring and security of minefields containing motapm ; addressing sensitive fuses and anti - handling devices ; victim assistance ; and cooperation and assistance. the motapm meeting of experts as required by its mandate submitted a report to the meeting of high contracting parties to the ccw, which took place from 15 to 16 november 2012. although the ccw meeting “ welcomed the report of the meeting of experts on motapm and expressed its appreciation for the work carried out by colonel jim burke of ireland for his role as friend of the chair on motapm ”, the experts were unable reach agreement on further work on this matter. instead motapm will be on the agenda for the 2013 meeting of high contracting parties. high level statements on motapm at the beginning of the 2012 meeting of the high contracting parties to the ccw, the united nations secretary general, mr. ban ki - moon stated : " first, in my last report to the security council on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, i welcomed the work carried out on anti - vehicle mines this year under the aegis of the convention. i strongly urge high contracting parties to continue to explore all possible avenues for ensuring that these weapons no longer harm civilians, impede the delivery of humanitarian aid or obstruct social and economic development. in doing so, i encourage parties to consider the views and field experiences of united nations entities. " the report of the secretary - general on the protection of civilians in armed conflict is attached here is an article on motapm by the director - general of the united nations office at geneva, mr. kassym - jomart takoyev. go to top


- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb northern confederacy. 1when jabin, king of hazor, * learned of this, he sent a message to jobab, king of madon, to the king of shimron, to the king of achshaph, 2and to the northern kings in the mountain regions and in the arabah near chinneroth, in the shephelah, and in naphath - dor to the west. a 3these were canaanites to the east and west, amorites, hittites, perizzites, and jebusites in the mountain regions, and hivites at the foot of hermon in the land of mizpah. b 4they came out with all their troops, an army numerous as the sands on the seashore, and with a multitude of horses and chariots. c 5all these kings made a pact and together they marched to the waters of merom, * where they encamped to fight against israel. 6the lord said to joshua, “ do not fear them, for by this time tomorrow i will present them slain to israel. you must hamstring their horses and burn their chariots. ” 7joshua with his whole army came upon them suddenly at the waters of merom and fell upon them. 8the lord delivered them into the power of the israelites, who defeated them and pursued them to greater sidon, to misrephoth - maim, d and eastward to the valley of mizpeh. they struck them all down, leaving no survivors. 9joshua did to them as the lord had commanded : he hamstrung their horses and burned their chariots. conquest of northern canaan. 10at that time joshua, turning back, captured hazor and struck down its king with the sword ; for hazor formerly was the chief of all those kingdoms. 11he also struck down with the sword every person there, carrying out the ban, till none was left alive. hazor itself he burned. 12all the cities of those kings, and the kings themselves, joshua captured and put to the sword, carrying out the ban on them, as moses, the servant of the lord, had commanded. e 13however, israel did not destroy by fire any of the cities built on their mounds, except hazor, which joshua burned. 14all the spoil and livestock of these